text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Feb 27, 1962
|Filing date
|Jan 13, 1958
|Priority date
|Jan 16, 1957
|Publication number
|Alexis Donnet Jean-Baptiste
|Original Assignee
|Etude Des Ind Du Petrole Au Po
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (39), Classifications (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Feb. 27, 1962 JEAN'BAPTISTE A. DONNET 3,023,118
WATER-SOLUBLE CARBON BLACK AND PRODUCTION THEREOF Filed Jan. 13, 1958 2 Sheets-Sheet l 40 Hour:
40 Hours Feb. 27, 19 2 JEAN-BAPTISTE A. DONNET 3,023,118
WATER-SOLUBLE CARBON BLACK AND PRODUCTION THEREOF Filed Jan. 13, 1958 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 4% COOH 24 hours 16 hours 7hours 20minules 4 hours i n I I 0 50 HNO concentration tates Carbon black as commerc'ally manufactured at this time is an extremely divided substance consisting of particles the size of which may range from about ten to a few thousands of angstroms according to the process of manufacture, the particles having however a common character, that of be'ng definitely organophilic and not yielding stable aqueous suspensions.
The production of stable aqueous solutions of carbon black has been effected to this day by adding a dispersing agent such as a sodium salt of lignin or a lignosulphonic or naphthalene sulphonic acid or the like; such agents adsorbed on the surface of the black impart a hydrophlic character thereto. It is that technique which has been mostly used for producing master batches from carbon black and rubber latex.
Another technique is described by Godfrey L. Cabot in the US. Patent No. 2,439,442 of April 13, 1948; ac-
cording to the same, an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hypochlorite is reacted with carbon black, which thereby becomes water-soluble.
I have now found that generaly any suitable oxidizing treatment enables of converting carbon black to a hydroph lic product which disperses in water, yielding a stable aqueous solution, owing to the creation on the surface thereof, of chemicaly estimable, oxygen-containing, hydrophilic groups which impart water solubility to the carbon black particles.
I have further found that among the oxidizing agents I have experimented, n'tric acid in aqueous solution is to be placed on the foreground by reason of its low cost, its effectiveness for the purpose aimed at and the easiness of carrying oxidation into effect with the same.
However, according to my invent'on, other oxidizing agents may be employed successfully, firstly hydrogen peroxide which is however more expensive, than potassium permanganate, potassium chromate, potassium bichromate; sodium chlorate, persulphnric acid and other oxidizing agents.
It has already been proposed to oxidize carbon by means of ntric acid but under conditions selected to produce a violent attack, with a view to obtaining mellitic acid (benzene hexacarboxylic acid); thus concenrated nitric acid (specific gravity 1.5) has generally been employed in great excess (1,600 to 1,800 ml. per each 200 g. of carbon), usually in the presence of a catalyst such as vanadic ac d.
On the contrary as will be particularly described, I effect an intendedly careful oxidation, particularly with diluted nitric acid and with a restricted amount thereof where nitric acid is employed as an oxidizing agent.
According as it is desired to alter the chemical structure of carbon black particle surface to a more or less marked degree, the oxidizing solution will be caused to act for a longer or shorter period, and the bath ratio (amount of blackzvolume of oxidizing bath) may also be varied over a wide range.
I have found that for industrial practice, the concentration of nitric acid may be varied from 19 to 40% by weight, with an amount of carbon black varying from 20 to 200 grams for 500 ml. of bath and an oxidation period varying from 2 to 24 hours, while obtaining waatent ter-soluble carbon black in all instances; the most favorable temperatures are those above 50 C. and in practice it is preferred to work at boiling temperature, so that stirring may be dispensed with and oxidation may be carried out very easily. With'n limits defined as above the chemical nature of the carbon black surface will obviously be altered to a greater degree as the concentration of oxidizing agent will be higher and the oxidation period longer, and also as the amount of starting carbon black will be smaller.
It should be understood that the lim'ts above mentioned for concentration are not restrictive; thus aqueous solutions containing less than 11% by weight of HNO are still capable of producing water-soluble carbon blacks, providing oxidation is carried out for a long enough period. Also aqueous solut ons containing more than 40% by weight of HNO may also be employed; even pure nitric acid may be resorted to. However concentrated solutions act rather violently and a very short treatment should be carried out to avoid a loss of starting material through oxidizing destruction. Accordingly it is preferred to employ diluted aqueous solutions of nitric acid so as to effect only a surface oxidation of the particles.
The results above set forth are obtained whatever the starting carbon black may be. Nevertheless I have found that the amount of oxidizing agent to be employed under predetermined conditions for obtaining a predetermined result vary in the same direction as the specific area of' the starting carbon black. Thus either carbon black Philblack O or carbon black Vulcan 3 may be employed as a starting material without significant difference in the results, but where carbon black Carbolac is employed (the specific area thereof being much greater) it is necessary with a view to obtaining the same results as with the first two materials, for example to prolong the oxidation period while maintaining the same other cond tions or, all other conditions being the same, to employ a more concentrated aqueous solution of nitric acid.
The carbon black oxidized in an aqueous solution by means of any one of the oxidizing agents above mentioned should be thoroughly freed from foreign ions capable of interfering with the dissolut on thereof. It is indeed important to realize that oxidized carbon black particles behave as they are suspended in water, in accordance with the anticipations of colloidal chemisty. In particular they are capable of being flocculated by cations since through dissociation of their surface chemical groups as produced by oxidation, they will be negatively charged.
Where oxidation is carried out with oxidizing agents yielding polyvalent cations in solution, it is necessary to wash the oxidized carbon black very carefuly with a view to -d spersing the same suitably in water; such is the case, amongst others, with carbon black oxidized with potassium chromate, bichromate or permanganate. Instead of washing with water, washing with alkalinized water may be effected. I
Aqueous solutions of oxidized carbon black are also fiocculated, setting apart salt additions, 'by additions of great enough amounts of strong acids, so that the stability thereof is generaly much lowered if the pH falls below 3-4 while the stability is perfect in the alkalinity range and is practically secured from a pH of about 5-6.
For the foregoing reason it is highly desirable to wash with water very carefully the products obtained by oxidation in acid medium, so as to remove any trace of residual acid to as thorough as possible an extent.
The uses to which water-soluble carbon blacks produced in accordance with my invention are numerous:
A first group of uses is related to the fact that the 3 oxidized carbon black can be dispersed much more easily than untreated carbon black into rubber, whether natural or synthetic, when'incorporated therein on a roller mill or in a mixer; it is also better dispersible into coating mixtures such as paints, lacquers and varnishes.
Aqueous solutions of oxidized carbon black directly give a printing ink, both for paper and textiles.
A suspension of oxidized carbon black may also be mixed as such with a latex of natural or synthetic rubber, yielding a particularly intimate mixture which after coagulating and drying, enables of obtaining a master batch.
Finally undried oxidized carbon black pasty masses may be employed for all uses in which colloidal graphite, much more expensive to manufacture, has been employed.
A few examples will illustrate the technique adopted for producing water-soluble carbon black according to my invention.
In the examples the materials identified as Philblack O and Carbolac I were found by applicant to have the characteristics tabulated below:
EXAMPLE 3 500 mg. of carbon black were treated at room temperature with 20 ml. of percent aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide, the mixture having been adjusted to pH 1 by means of sulphuric acid. After a few hours of treatment, the carbon black was solubilized.
EXAMPLE 4 500 mg. of carbon black were treated at room temperature with 10 ml. of a N/ 10 aqueous solution of potassium permanganate in acid medium (8 N sulphuric acid).
Specific area (sq. Composition (percent by weight) .metres per gram) Average diameter Carbon black of par- Electicles in tronic BIZ/I. ang- C O H N 01 S Ashes microstrorns scope Philblack O 82 75 295 96. 87 1.17 0. 46 0.13 0. 07 0.52 0. 30 Carbolac I 264 1, 000 106 11. 63 0. 56
Norm-REIT. means the method devised by Brunauer, Emmet and Teller (Journal of the American Chemical Society 60, 309, 1038).
EXAMPLE 1 100 grams of carbon black Philback 0 were suspended in 500 ml. of aqueous nitric acid having a concentration of 30 percent by weight, and the suspension boiled to reflux for 4 hours. Heating being discontinued after 4 hours of mild boiling, the carbon black was allowed to settle, the supernatant liquid sucked off and replaced by water. After another decantation, the supernatant layer was again sucked off and the same process repeated. After a small number of decantations, there was obtained a suspension which did not decant within acceptable periods.
The whole was filtered in vacuo and the filtered oxidized black was washed on the filter.
Instead of so doing, it is preferred in industrial practice to work in a centrifugal draining machine, so that the oxidized carbon black can be washed continuously.
Washing was continued until no trace of N0 ion was detectable with brucine, when generally wash water blackened definitely as the carbon black began to pass spontaneously into solution. At the end of the washing period, the pH-value of washing Water was of the order of 5-6.
The pasty mass collected at the end of the filtering process became dispersed in water simply upon contacting the same therewith and after stirring yielded a stable suspension. The water content of the pasty mass depended on the effectiveness of the draining apparatus. If required the pasty mass could be dried at a low temperature, for example at about 60 C., in an air oven. The black thus obtained was dry, hard and brittle; it could then be ground finely before use and kept the property of redispersing thoroughly into water, yielding very stable suspensions particularly in alkaline medium.
EXAMPLE 2 100 grams of black Philblack 0" were suspended in After a few hours, the colour of permanganate disappeared.
EXAMPLE 5 20 grams of carbon black were treated with a normal solution of potassium permanganate in acid medium (4 N sulphuric acid). The color of permanganate rapidly vanished. After an hour, the whole amount of permanganate had reacted. The carbon black obtained after filtering and carefully washing was soluble in water.
EXAMPLE 6 500 mg. of carbon black were treated with 25 ml. of an aqueous solution of potassium bichromate having a pH 1 (sulphuric acid); the mixture was left reacting for a few hours, then filtered and washed; a water-soluble black was thus obtained.
EXAMPLE 7 20 grams of carbon black were treated with 500 ml. of a N/S aqueous solution of potassium persulphate in acid medium (4 N sulphuric acid) at C. for 6 hours. The black was filtered and washed; a water-soluble black was thus obtained.
My invention comprises water-soluble carbon blacks produced as above described, the aqueous suspensions thereof which have a pH value above 5, and materials containing the same.
The new water-soluble blacks according to this invention consist of particles having an average diameter between about ten angstroms and a few microns, the core thereof being carbon while the surface thereof shows a special molecular structure capable of imparting water which can be estimated on account of their being fit to release acetic acid from an aqueous solution of calcium acetate. Assuming that the result of estimation of acetic acid freed by an oxidized carbon black is reckoned for example in terms of gram-equivalents of such groups, and further assuming that all freed acetic acid is made free by said groups to which a formula of the type XOH will be ascribed (wherein X denotes a radical which may contain carbon, oxygen and hydrogen), I have found that by means of a treatment with nitric acid according to this invention, products are obtained which contain from 1 to more than percent by weight of X-OH groups, where the starting material is a carbon black of the type Philblack O" and oxidation conditions are varied as above set forth. The maximum percentage mentioned above is not a limit; the curve representing the hydrophilic group content of oxidized carbon black as a function of the oxidation period or the concentration of aqueous nitric acid or the bath ratio does not tend towards a definite limit.
By treating the same carbon black Philblack O with sodium hypochlorite according to the known treatment, it is hardly possible to obtain more than 2 or 3% of X-OH groups.
Generally speaking, water-solubility and stability of aqueous solutions obtained from oxidized carbon black increase as the percentage of surface XOI-I groups is higher.
The foregoing examples are not of limiting character and, in particular, the conditions in which oxidation is carried out may be varied without departing from the spirit of this invention.
This invention is generally applicable to the treatment of carbon particles, especially those having a small average diameter, not above a few microns.
So far as the X--OH groups above referred to are concerned, I have found them to be COOH-groups and OH-groups which behave normally towards conventional reagents for such groups.
The various oxidizing agents above mentioned are all capable of generating such surface groups, which are responsible for the new properties of carbon blacks containing the same, particularly a highly marked hydrophilic character, whereby stable aqueous suspensions may be obtained as soon as there are enough such groups.
In addition to that hydrophilic character, the carbon blacks containing carboxy and hydroxy groups, which will hereinafter be referred to as carboxy-hydroxy carbon blacks. exhibit marked ion exchange properties, more precisely cation exchange properties, which are apparent in particular from the release of free acetic acid where calcium acetate is added to an aqueous suspension of carboxy-hydroxy carbon black, or again from the definite fall of pH in any salt solution to which carboxy-hydroxy black is added.
It is pointed out that the hydroxy and carboxy groups formed on the surface of carbon black particles according to this invention were found to react as such groups usually do, so that by causing said groups to react with specific reactants, for example with diazomethane or thionyl chloride, as it will be described later on herein, it is possible to obtain further carbon black varieties that I believe to be entirely new.
As to the surface group content, an estimation of such groups shows that while the proportion of COOH-groups may be varied as desired over quite a wide range, for a giving starting carbon black, on the contrary the proportion of OH-groups seems to remain stationary for a given starting carbon black, whatever the conditions of the oxi dation process may be.
Hence, the proportion of surface OH-groups reaches a stationary limit very quickly; thus, for example, with commercial carbon black Monarch 71, I have found that while with oxidation conditions that were widely varied, the content of surface COOH-groups increases from 0.97 to 6.3 grams of COOH per grams of carbon black subjected to treatment, the content of surface OH-groups generated during the same treatment remains substantially unaltered, being of the order of 0.4 gram of OH per 100 grams of carbon black subjected to treatment.
In view of the largely predominating proportion of COOH-groups and also the feasibility of varying the same easily, it is by the content of COOH-groups that a treated carbon black will be characterized in the examples given below, provided however OH-groups are also present on the surface but by a relative proportion which is smaller as oxidation is carried out farther.
With a view to characterizing a carbon black as obtained after an oxidizing treatment, I shall resort to the method according to which, as above explained, I estimate acetic acid freed from an aqueous solution of calcium acetate contacted for a protracted period with the tested carbon black.
In such a process (Liidtke), acetic acid is set free by surface COOH-groups on the carbon black, which fix Ca++ ions at the expense of calcium acetate, thereby liberating CH COOH by an amount proportional to the amount of COOH-groups in presence. The method has been employed for a long time in estimating COOH- groups as present in oxycelluloses and I have checked that it is applicable rightfully for estimating surface COOH-groups on an oxidized carbon black.
The amount of COOH-groups, expressed in grams of COOH per 100 grams of oxidized carbon black, was calculated from the result of estimation with calcium acetate, and it is that amount which will be hereinafter referred to, except mention to the contrary. The estimating operation was carried out as follows: the amount of carbon black to be tested (about 1 gram) was put in 25 ml. of water plus 25 ml. of an aqueous solution of Ca(CH COO) containing 12.6 grams of the same per litre. The mixture was refluxed for 24 hours, and in a sample of clear liquid obtained after cooling and settling of the mixture generally left standing for 24 hours after the end of heating, acetic acid as set free was estimated by means of a N/SO aqueous solution of NaOH in the presence of phenolphthalein.
Nitric acid oxidation of carbon black was carried out as follows:
Carbon black was dispersed in an aqueous solution of HNO at the selected concentration, in a nitric acid resisting apparatus.
The mixture was heated to boiling, and refluxed for the desired period, boiling being suflicient to provide for satisfactory stirring and homogeneity of the bath.
As a rule, carbon black was firstly placed in the apparatus, and the nitric acid solution introduced thereafter. The reaction time was computed from the beginning of boiling to the stopping of heating.
After heating was discontinued, the bath was allowed to cool, and the cold suspension filtered.
By reason of the acidity of the medium, the oxidized carbon black was largely fiocculated in the bath and thereby filtration could be effected without special difficulties.
After filtration by means of which the major part of the oxidizing bath was removed, the oxidized carbon black was purified by putting the same into pure Water, stirred for dispersion therein then left to settle.
After decantation, the supernatant liquid was sucked 01f and replaced by pure water, the carbon black redispersed by stirring then again allowed to settle. By means of such successive decantations and renewals of water, residual nitric acid was removed until the carbon black. could be dispersed spontaneously in water and did not settle down in appreciable periods. The pH-value of the supernatant solution was then of the order of 4 to 5.
In usual practice a small number of decantations was found to be enough for obtaining that result.
The aqueous suspension of carbon black was then On the duration of oxidation, On the concentration of the bath in oxidizing agent, On the concentration of the bath in carbon black.
The influence of the duration of oxidation, all other things being the same, is considerable and by way of example, I shall indicate the percentage of surface COOH- groups obtained by treating either 20 or 100 or 200 grams of carbon black Phiiblack O with 500 ml. of an aqueous solution of nitric acid, the concentrations of which being respectively 19% by weight (Table I and FIG. 1), 30% by weight (Table II and FIG. 2) and 40% by weight (Table III and FIG. 3).
As apparent from the curves of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, the percentage of COOH-groups regularly increases as the duration of reaction increases, and I point out that the proportion of 11% for COOH-groups which is the highest among the results tabulated and plotted does not seem to be an upper limit. However too long a period of oxidation results in an attack which is not restricted to the surface alone.
The influence of the bath concentration in nitric acid is also important. Table IV and FIG. 4 show the percentage of COOH-groups as can be obtained by effecting the treatment with increasing concentrations of HNO In all cases, the oxidizing bath had a total volume of 500 ml. per 20 grams of carbon black and the concentrations of HNO were by weight. The table indicates results of experiments which were carried out with 4 diflferent reaction periods, viz. 4 hours, 7 hours 20 minutes, 16 hours and 24 hours.
It will be seen that for the same reaction period and the same content of the bath in carbon black, the percentage of COOH-groups was proportional to the HN'O concentration as the latter varied from to 40%.
It should be understood that it is possible to obtain carboxy-hydroxy carbon black by employing nitric acid at a higher concentration, within the scope of this invention; also in that case, account should be taken of the attack which is not restricted to a surface oxidation and I have found that with concentrations in HNO above 45% such an attack becomes significant.
As an example of the influence of HNO concentration, I shall point out that all other things being the same and as also it may be checked from the data in the tables, an increase of I-INO concentration from 19% to 30% results in a multiplication of the number of COOH- groups generated on the surface by oxidation, by a factor of about 1.6. Also an increase of HNO concentration from 30% to 40% multiplies the number of COOH- groups by a factor of about 1.3.
The results just referred to are illustrated by FIG. 4.
Furthermore as regards the influence of the bath concentration in carbon black, the results above mentioned show that the proportion of surface COOH-groups is substantially inversely proportional to the bath concentration in carbon black, all other things being the same. Thus as an example, a decrease of the amount of carbon black from 100 grams to 20 grams in 500 ml. of a bath having the same HNO concentration results in a multiplication of the percentage of COOH-groups by a factor of 1.35-1.40, the oxidation being carried out in both cases at the same temperature and for the same period.
TABLE L-PERCENTAGE OF COOH-GROUPS OBTAINED BY TREATING PHILBLAOK O" WIIH HNO; AT A CONGEN- TRATIONOF 19 PE RGENT Weight of carbon black in 500 ml. Duration of oxidation I 20 grams 100 grams 200 grams TABLE II.-PEROENTAGE OF COOK-GROUPS OBTAINED BY TREATING PHILBLACK 0 WITH HNO; AT A OON- CENTRATION OF 30 PERCENT Weight of carbon black in 500 ml.
Duration of oxidation (hours) 20 grams 100 grams 200 grams Weight of carbon black in 600 m1. Duration of oxidation (hours) 20 grams 100 grams 200 grams TABLE IV.INFLUENCE OF BATH CONCENTRATION ON THE PERCENTAGE OF CODE-GROUPS HNO cone. in aque- Percent Percent; Percent Percent ous sol. (percent) COOH 000K CODE 00011 after 4 h. after 7 h. after 16 h. after 24 h.
Again, all other things being the same, a decrease of the carbon black content of a 500 ml. oxidizing bath, from 200 grams to 100 grams results in a multiplication of the number of COOH-groups by a factor of 1.40 to 1.45.
The influence of the specific area of carbon black particles should also be accounted for.
I have found that the smaller the diameter of elementary particles constituting the carbon black, i.e. the greater the surface area per each gram of carbon black, the higher is the percentage of surface COOH-groups obtained from an oxidizing treatment.
As an example, FIG. 5' shows the variation of the percentage of COOH-groups as a function of the duration of treatment where Carbolac I (a commercial carbon black) was treated with a bath of 30 percent nitric acid, the carbon black concentration being 33.3 grams for 500 ml. of bath.
The percentage of COOH-groups increases much more quickly, all other things being the same, in the case of Carbolac I whose specific area is 264 sq. m. per gram, than in the case of Philblack 0 whose specific area is 74 sq. m. per gram.
However, it should not be deduced from the above 9 results that a carbon black can be more easily rendered water-soluble as the carbon black is more finely divided and consists of particles having a smaller diameter.
As a matter of fact, a carbon black bearing surface COOH-groups becomes water soluble, i.e. yields with water stable suspensions which do not decant to a substantial extent after appreciable periods of time, where each carbon black particle bears from 1 to 2.10 surface COOH-groups. Such a result is reached in the case of Philblack O for a percentage of 1.5-2% COOH-groups while in the case of Carbolac I, as high a percentage of surface COOH-groups as 7-10% should be arrived at.
Having described a process whereby a new industrial product, viz. a carboxylated, accessorily hydroxylated carbon black or carboxy hydroxy carbon black can be produced, I shall give a few examples illustrating the normal reactivity of surface groups COOH and OH.
EXAMPLE 8 Reaction of Carboxy Hydroxy Carbon Black With Diazomethane It is known that diazomethane is capable of reacting with COOH-groups and OH-groups according to the following equations:
I could ascertain with a very large number of carboxy hydroxy carbon blacks, that the reaction thereof with diazomethane is normal.
I worked as follows:
The carboxy hydroxy carbon black obtained from the oxidizing treatment was dried then put into a flask and a few mls. of an ether solution of diazomethane were added thereto.
The reaction was immediate and brisk, nitrogen as disengaged caused a seething of ether which did not occur with untreated carbon black. The reaction was allowed to proceed on cold after the flask was closed with a stopper provided with a tube containing anhydrous calcium chloride so as to avoid any ingress of moisture into the flask.
The ether solution initially coloured in yellow by diazomethane became discoloured as could be observed after decentation of carbon black. The whole was 'allowed to react for a few days (at least two days), further ether solution of diazomethane being added, until no appreciable reaction with excess diazomethane could be detected.
The carbon black thus treated was filtered in vacuo, washed with ligroine and dried at 50-60" C. for 2 days.
It was easy to show the presence of OCH -groups as formed on the surface during the reaction, and showing could be made quantitatively by means of the Zeisel- Viebok method according to which the methoxylated product is treated with hydriodic acid at 140 C. and ICH as set free is estimated.
I have found that carbon black methoxylated by means of N CH actually sets free ICH in the conditions of the Zeisel-Viebok method.
The same method even enabled me of estimating COOH- and OH-groups quantitatively and separately, by effecting estimation before and after hydrolysis with a 2 N potassium hydroxide aqueous solution, the hydrolysis being carried out with reflux for 24 hours.
The hydrolysis product did not contain any longer the methyl ester groups COOCH which were hydrolysed while the methyl ether groups OCH from the original hydroxy groups remained unaffected by hydrolysis.
After hydrolysis, the carbon black was washed with aqueous ethyl alcohol and finally with distilled water until no further alkaline reaction with phenolphtalein was detectable in washing waters, so as thoroughly to remove KOH adsorbed by the carbon black.
The well drained product was then dried at 5060 C.
Preparation of Products Having Acid Chloride Groups From Carbon Black Containing Carboxy Groups It is known that from organic acids, it is possible to produce acid chlorides by reacting such acids with various chlorinating agents, out of which thionyl chloride SOCl will be selected.
The reaction of S001 with the carboxy groups on carbon black should proceed as follows:
The best procedure I have found is as follows:
I Worked in the presence of pyridine to absorb hydrochloric acid as produced during the reaction, pyridinium chloride being thereby formed, and as a dispersing medium I employed chloroform which is a solvent for thionyl chloride and pyridinium chloride.
In a round bottom flask provided with a refluxing device, I mixed up the carboxy hydroxy carbon black dried over phosphorus pentoxide, pyridine dried over potassium hydroxide and distilled, and chloroform washed with sodium carbonate then water, dried over calcium chloride and distilled.
Pure thionyl chloride was then added by small portions, and the mixture began to boil immediately. Boiling was maintained by mildly heating for 4 hours then the mixture was allowed to cool for 4 hours. It was fi1 tered, drained and washed abundantly with for example 2 litres of chloroform per each 10 grams of carbon black, with a view to removing pyridine carefully. The carbon black was then dried in vacuo, and was found to have assumed a granular form.
It was easy to check that the carbon black thus treated contains COCl groups. As a matter of fact, it was readily hydrolyzed by water, yielding HCl by estimable amounts; it reacted with alcohols, giving esters.
By means of quantitative estimations, I could ascertain that the rate of conversion to acid chloride groups was not substantially above 40-50% with respect to the total surface carboxy groups.
Aqueous hydrolysis was easily performed and was complete, particularly in alkaline medium. The condensation with ethyl alcohol for example resulted in a yield of 76 percent.
Numerous are the uses of carboxy hydroxy carbon black, partly mentioned above:
Such blacks may be employed in admixture with rubber, either natural or synthetic; it was found in the process of incorporation that they are better dispersed than untreated carbon black. However with carboxy hydroxy carbon black, the vulcanization period should be lengthened, the more as the percentage of carboxy groups is higher. Nevertheless it is possible to obviate such an inconvenience by adding a suitable amount of a basically reacting oxide such as magnesium oxide.
Carboxy hydroxy carbon blacks can also be dispersed very readily into coating compositions; in particular they may be incorporated without any further additive to latex paints in which they are dispersed easily and with which they give black paints and varnishes.
Without any additive, concentrated aqueous solutions of carboxy hydroxy carbon blacks provide printing inks for paper and textiles. Applied according to conventional printing processes, such an ink is not washed by water alone.
A group of uses of high desirability is that resulting from the ion exchange properties which make the carboxy-hydroxy carbon blacks'suitable as cation exchanging agents whose exchange capacity depends on the percentageof COOH groups and may be very great where such percentage is high. That type of ion exchanging agents has the advantage of being substantially unaffected by the pH so far as stability is concerned and of suffering no degradation in acid or alkaline medium contrary to exchanging agents of the organic resin type.
A suspension of carboxy hydroxy carbon black may be mixed as such with a rubber latex, either natural or synthetic, to give a particularly intimate mixture which after coagulating and drying enables of obtaining a master batch. With such an application in view as well as for addition to latex paints, carbon blacks having a percentage of COOH groups high enough to impart a good water solubility will be selected, i.e. carbon blacks containing 1 to 2.10 COOH groups on each elementary particle.
Water-soluble carboxy hydroxy carbon back may also be employed for colouring cements, mortars and the like throughoutthe mass thereof. It is only necessary to incorporate the same into water as employed for making up such materials, and the same process may generally be employed for colouring aqueous masses or pastes, asbestos and the like.
Carboxy hydroxy carbon black is desirable in the manufacture of black paper and grey paper by simply incorporating the same into the pulp water. It may likewise be employed for dyeing rayon throughout the mass thereof.
Carboxy hydroxy carbon black may also be employed for finishing leather and as a water base in the production of shoe polish.
A paste having a high carboxy hydroxy carbon black content has the appearance of a grease and exhibits a high lubricating power. The paste may be employed as a lubricant particularly for uses in which aqueous suspensions of colloidal graphite which are more expensive have been employed heretofore. In particular it may be employed as a grease for glass or metal parts or as an auxiliary agent in finishing glass articles.
A further group of uses is related to the possibility of altering the surface character of carboxy hydroxy carbon blacks by chemical reaction with the COOH and/or OH groups thereof, thereby forming new chemical carbon black derivatives.
To sum up, it will be realized that my process enables of producing carboxy hydroxy carbon blacks having various contents of carboxy groups, by oxidizing carbon blacks with aqueous solutions of nitric acid containing from 1 to 40 percent by weight of HNO at temperatures from 20 C. to the boiling point of such solutions, with carbon black contents of the oxidation bath from 1 gram per litre to the maximum compatible with homogeneity of the mixture (which depends on the size of carbon black particles to be treated), the concentrations preferably being in practice from 40 to 400 grams of carbon black per litre of nitric acid aqueous solution. Car-boxy hy- 12 droxy carbon blacks may thereby be obtained which con tain for example, from 0.5 to 10 percent or more of carboxy groups from Philblack O and 2.7 to 20 percent and more of the same from Carbolac I, the percentages being by weight (while usual solubilized carbon blacks have a percentage of such groups between 0.1 and 0.4%), the volatile matter content being from 10 to percent.
What I claim is:
1. A process for the production of a Water-dispersible carbon black, which comprises the steps of maintaining a mixture of an aqueous solution of nitric acid containing from 1 to 40 percent by weight of said acid with from 1 to 400 grams of carbon black per litre of said solution, at a temperature from about 20 C. to the boiling point of said solution, for a period of about 2 to 24 hours; separating the carbon black thus treated from said aqueous solution; and removing any adherent residual nitric acid from said treated carbon black.
2. A process for the production of a water-dispersible carbon black, which comprises the steps of mildly refluxing a mixture of an aqueous solution of nitric acid containing from 19 to 40 percent by weight of said acid with from 40 to 400 grams of carbon black per litre of said solution for a period of about 2 to 24 hours; separating the carbon black thus treated from said aqueous solution; and water washing the carbon black thus separated to remove any adherent residual nitric acid therefrom.
3. The process of claim 1, which further comprises reacting said separated carbon black with excess diazomethane until no further reaction occurs.
4. The process of claim 1, which further comprises reacting said separated carbon black with thionyl chloride.
5. The water soluble carbon black product produced by the process of claim 2.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 91,038 OReilly June 8, 1869 1,175,958 Karplus Mar. 21, 1916 2,201,050 Oberle May 14, 1940 2,312,707 Fuchs Mar. 2, 1943 2,350,846 Vogel et al June 6, 1944 2,439,442 Amon et a1 Apr. 13, 1948 2,641,533 Cines et al. June 9, 1953 2,867,540 Harris Jan. 6, 1959 2,920,976 Damusis Jan. 12, 1960 OTHER REFERENCES American Ink Maker, vol. 13, No. 3, March 1935, page 8b.
Zapp: Ind. Eng. Chem, vol. 36 (1944), pp. 128433.
Ohkita et al.: Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi, vol. 30 (1957), pages 14-17 (in CA, vol. 52, 5089f).
Studebaker: Rubber Chem. and TechrL, vol. 30 (1957), pp. 14354437.
Garten et al.: Rev. Pure and Applied Chem, vol. 7 1957), page 78.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 8, 1869
|Improved black figment from mineral carbon
|Jun 26, 1915
|Mar 21, 1916
|Hans Karplus
|Process of producing graphite in colloidal form.
|Apr 17, 1933
|May 14, 1940
|Grace Oberle
|Process for producing carbonaceous material
|Jan 17, 1941
|Mar 2, 1943
|Pennsylvania Res Corp
|Dec 5, 1941
|Jun 6, 1944
|Binney And Smith Company
|Preparation of carbon black
|Feb 6, 1943
|Apr 13, 1948
|Cabot Godfrey L Inc
|Process of making hydrophilic carbon black
|Nov 6, 1950
|Jun 9, 1953
|Phillips Petroleum Co
|Treatment of carbon black with oxyhalides
|Dec 30, 1955
|Jan 6, 1959
|Monsanto Chemicals
|Modified carbon black product and process
|Feb 24, 1953
|Jan 12, 1960
|Sherwin Williams Co
|Treatment of acidic carbon blacks
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 15, 1961
|Dec 28, 1965
|Cabot Corp
|Process for making high color carbon black pigments
|Jun 11, 1963
|Oct 18, 1966
|Ashland Oil Refining Company
|Oxidation of carbon black
|Jul 27, 1964
|Jan 31, 1967
|Phillips Petroleum Co
|Production of furnace carbon black having properties approximating those of channel carbon black
|Oct 14, 1963
|May 9, 1967
|Phillips Petroleum Co
|Oxidation of carbon black
|Oct 31, 1963
|Jul 4, 1967
|Exxon Research Engineering Co
|Peroxidized attrited carbon black and uses thereof
|Feb 26, 1964
|Aug 15, 1967
|Phillips Petroleum Co
|Nitric acid treatment of carbon black
|Jan 10, 1966
|May 14, 1968
|Cabot Corp
|Process for producing furnace black pigments
|Nov 30, 1964
|Jul 2, 1968
|Phillips Petroleum Co
|Production of carbon black
|Mar 23, 1965
|Aug 20, 1968
|Cabot Corp
|Oxidation treatment of carbon black
|Mar 28, 1968
|Jul 7, 1970
|Phillips Petroleum Co
|Treatment of carbon black
|Nov 15, 1967
|Sep 15, 1970
|Huber Corp J M
|Sulfonated carbon black
|Aug 28, 1972
|Jul 15, 1975
|Celanese Corp
|Process for the enhancement of low modulus carbon fibers
|Jul 29, 1983
|May 21, 1985
|Phillips Petroleum Company
|Carbon black and process for preparing same
|Mar 18, 1985
|Dec 23, 1986
|Phillips Petroleum Company
|Novel carbon black and process for preparing same
|Sep 22, 1987
|Nov 7, 1989
|Toyo Ink Mfg. Co., Ltd.
|Black liquid colorant and polyester fibers dope-dyed therewith
|Dec 1, 1995
|Mar 11, 1997
|Orient Chemical Industries, Ltd.
|Water-based pigment ink and process for producing the same
|Sep 3, 1998
|May 29, 2001
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Fade resistant black coating for roofing granules
|May 23, 2001
|Feb 8, 2005
|E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Self-dispersing pigment and process of making and use of same
|Sep 17, 2002
|May 10, 2005
|Brown University Research Foundation
|Ozone treatment of fly ash
|Apr 3, 2008
|Mar 8, 2011
|Sun Chemical Corporation
|Pigments for non-aqueous inks and coatings
|Oct 31, 2007
|Apr 19, 2011
|Sensient Colors Inc.
|Modified pigments and methods for making and using the same
|Aug 22, 2008
|Jun 21, 2011
|Sensient Colors Llc
|Self-dispersed pigments and methods for making and using the same
|May 17, 2011
|Feb 21, 2012
|Sensient Colors Llc
|Self-dispersed pigments and methods for making and using the same
|Mar 8, 2011
|Apr 3, 2012
|Sensient Colors Llc
|Modified pigments and methods for making and using the same
|Oct 31, 2007
|Apr 24, 2012
|Sensient Colors Llc
|Inks comprising modified pigments and methods for making and using the same
|May 8, 2009
|May 29, 2012
|E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Inkjet inks containing crosslinked polyurethanes
|Feb 9, 2007
|Sep 30, 2014
|Korea Electrotechnology Research Institution
|Electrode active material having high capacitance, method for producing the same, and electrode and energy storage device comprising the same
|Apr 7, 2010
|Dec 29, 2015
|Sensient Colors Llc
|Self-dispersing particles and methods for making and using the same
|Sep 17, 2002
|Apr 10, 2003
|Xu Chen
|Ozone treatment of fly ash
|Jan 18, 2005
|Aug 18, 2005
|Berge Charles T.
|Inkjet inks containing crosslinked polyurethanes
|Jan 18, 2005
|Sep 29, 2005
|Berge Charles T
|Inkjet inks containing crosslinked polyurethanes
|Feb 9, 2007
|Aug 23, 2007
|Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute
|Electrode active material having high capacitance, method for producing the same, and electrode and energy storage device comprising the same
|Aug 22, 2008
|Feb 26, 2009
|Sensient Colors Inc.
|Self-dispersed pigments and methods for making and using the same
|Apr 3, 2008
|May 27, 2010
|Stanislav Vilner
|Pigments for Non-Aqueous Inks and Coatings
|Apr 7, 2010
|Oct 7, 2010
|Sujeeth Puthalath K
|Self-dispersing particles and methods for making and using the same
|May 8, 2009
|Jan 27, 2011
|E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Inkjet inks containing crosslinked polyurethanes
|Dec 1, 2010
|Nov 29, 2012
|E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Sequentielle Oxidation von Ru� f�r Tintenstrahldispersion
|Apr 3, 2008
|Nov 6, 2008
|Sun Chemical Corporation
|Pigments for non-aqueous inks and coatings
|Jun 5, 2015
|Jan 28, 2016
|Barkouras Trina
|Devices and methods for creating prints on a surface
|U.S. Classification
|106/473, 423/460, 423/449.2, 23/314, 106/476, 423/449.3
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Raquel finally got pregnant, please, read.
Raquel was now seized by curiosity, and decided to unzip Marcos' pant. She got surprised by the tremendous, huge rod she reckoned nearing the 22 centimeters long. That dick was so thick her hand would be unable to enclose or wrap around the shaft. Her inquisitiveness had augmented thus she got on her knees to take a closer stare. The massive cock was now in front of her face, and Raquel...Read On
Avg Score: 4 |
Words: 2,130 |
Tags: perturbed alaska pipeline reality took consideration
Reminiscing about an adventure with someone special with additional naughtiness to bulk it out.
Her heart rose in her mouth but she said nothing as he shut the backseat passenger door lacing his hands around her waist pulling her in for the kiss that she had waited all week for. She didn't even care that he hadn't noticed the new black lace under his fingers. All she wanted was the damn kiss; as if he read her mind he caressed her toned bottom and pulled her forward as she wrapped...Read On
Added: 12 Jan 2012 | Category: Anal |
Avg Score: 5 |
Words: 1,270 |
Tags: oral anal car sex
| 5 Comments
two lovers experiment
The tight puckered arsehole twitches convulsively beneath the tip of my tongue as my saliva leaves a sticky trail over and around her rim of pleasure. Sexual tension races through my body mixed with the adrenaline surging in waves as I reach this most sacred of holes. Her whimpered moans of desire and pleasure only serving to drive my probing tongue as it trails across the flesh of her arse...Read On
Added: 11 Sep 2012 | Category: Anal |
Avg Score: 4 |
Words: 646 |
Tags: anal
| 1 Comment
Shelley and Cal celebrate ten years after first making love in Paris.
If you read my earlier story of Shelley and me, you would know we never stayed together, but went our separate ways. This story is about an encounter that was planned to celebrate Shelley and my first evening in Paris. It is dedicated to Shelley in her memory. Over the years, Shelley and I kept in touch through phone calls from work or as technology improved e-mails. Our devotion to each...Read On
Added: 07 Jan 2013 | Category: Anal |
Avg Score: 4.78 |
Words: 2,677 |
Tags: anal lovers lust renewing love passion celebration
| 6 Comments
A terrible journey with a very good ending
It was a hellish journey: 200 Kilometers of Dutch motorway covered in a thick layer of snow, a diesel hire car that could barely pull the skin off a rice pudding and a Sat Nav that kept telling me that I was late. Incredibly I made good time, as the evening got later, the roads became deserted: everybody in their right mind was tucked up at home by now, but not me: I was on a mission! ...Read On
Added: 18 Apr 2012 | Category: Anal |
Avg Score: 0 |
Words: 1,164 |
Tags: masturbation voyeur anal
My new career brings personal service to a whole new level
I glanced into the mirror as I finished getting ready for my voyage into entrepreneurship. The face looking back at me exuded charm and confidence. The inner man did not match the exterior, but it was just a case of nerves, I told myself. I'm just over thirty years old, tall and built like a tight end. My body is toned, thanks to Uncle Sam and untold hours in the gym. My shoulders are...Read On
Added: 07 Feb 2017 | Category: Anal |
Avg Score: 4.75 |
Words: 5,749 |
Tags: anal bondage spanking mature straight sex
| 3 Comments
Claudia experiences more of the mysteries of her grandmother's house.
How oft we saw the sun retire, And burn the threshold of the night, Fall from his ocean lane of fire, And sleep beneath his pillar'd light! - Tennyson, The Voyage. Carlo stayed with Claudia at Tintamare for a week. Far from being an idle houseguest, he insisted upon cleaning, cooking and performing whatever household chores she would allow him to do. At first, this seemed to...Read On
Added: 31 Oct 2011 | Category: Anal |
Avg Score: 4.83 |
Words: 3,193 |
Tags: anal blowjob straight sex mystery mediterranean
| 7 Comments
I rejuvenate by years and go back to my old police beat...
Oats and Barley "I wanna go back seven years, David - when I was a cop in Los Angeles." " It'll cost Harry, seven thousand bucks is the price for this new technology, invented by me and I hold the patent. It has been a long hard drag getting the coordinates just to the right pitch to decode all those body functions, all those cells which are continuing depreciating each and every day we...Read On
Added: 24 Oct 2012 | Category: Anal |
Avg Score: 0 |
Words: 2,098 |
Tags: time-travel sci-fi strap on anal bi-sexual prostitute hooker
| 1 Comment
Ruby and Ron clean up
"Since you didn't lick it all off," he says to the ceiling, "I guess I'll have to take a shower. Want to join me"? Ruby's bright blue eyes, rimmed by glaring white, peer from her blackened, mousse-encrusted face. "I could try again," she offers. Rolling to his left in the sticky mess of sheets they've made, Ron cracks a big smile across his multi-colored, chocolate sprinkle...Read On
Added: 20 Dec 2011 | Category: Anal |
Avg Score: 5 |
Words: 4,919 |
Tags: shower soap oil toothbrush love ruby facial
| 1 Comment
I little fun at burningman turns into a great night of sex for all
Gary: After coming back from the playa the E really started to hit. We went in the tent which was big enough for all of us. We had run into a couple on the playa, Dick and Jane. Jane was a blonde about 5' 6" with a nice ass and smallish breasts with huge nipples you could see poking through her skin tight blouse. Dick was about 5' 11" black hair with a chiseled...Read On
Added: 21 Jan 2010 | Category: Anal |
Avg Score: 5 |
Words: 2,377 |
Tags: extasy
| 1 Comment
What a night! I was having flashbacks from the night I had just had. I felt like I had been to hell and back. I was hung over and not feeling good at all. I wasn't sure if I had a dream or if what had just happened really did. My body felt like it wasn't a dream. My heart told me it wasn't a dream. I was hanging out with my buddies at our favorite watering hole. We were shooting...Read On
Added: 24 Feb 2017 | Category: Anal |
Avg Score: 5 |
Words: 1,566 |
| 16 Comments

subset: commoncrawl


text:
News and Announcements
Join Northern Seminary in Celebrating Giving Tuesday
Posted: November 22, 2016
What is Giving Tuesday?
You've heard of Black Friday and Cyber Monday, but the focus of Giving Tuesday is to highlight the importance of giving back with your time, talent or resources. It is designated as a global day of giving.
We are very excited to know that God is still calling Pastors and Leaders to live Christ's call. With your partnership and support, we can continue to create amazing opportunities for our students to fulfill their call and make a powerful impact for the Kingdom of God. It is my hope you will consider including Northern Seminary as a part of your giving plan.
Northern Seminary's vision is to prepare leaders who will faithfully serve Jesus Christ with evangelical passion and mission skills in biblically grounded and culturally relevant ministries to impact our local communities and the world. When you give to Northern Seminary on Giving Tuesday, you are joining the movement to intentionally invest into the Kingdom of God through our students.
At Northern, we've experienced God's active call through an increase in new student enrollment. Our fall class is 83% larger than the previous year, and our total enrollment has increased 11%. For this reason, it is a wonderful season to invest in our students and continue in this philanthropic tradition. Please join us in celebrating the 83% increase in new students answering God's call.
In support of the Live Christ's Call Campaign, give your gift of $83 or more to Northern Seminary. Please join us today and "share" this powerful initiative with ten of your closest friends and family. Let us support our future Pastors and Leaders to live Christ's call. Make an online gift today! God's light is shining brightly at Northern.
Thank you!
Student and alumni stories | What is this?
Recent northern seminary news
Black History Month Chapel
Posted: February 23, 2017
Northern Seminary Chapel Tuesday, February 28, 2017 11:30 AM—12:05 PMRead More
Join Northern Seminary in Celebrating Giving Tuesday
Posted: November 22, 2016
What is Giving Tuesday? You've heard of Black Friday and Cyber Monday, but the focus of Giving Tuesday is to highlight the importance of giving…Read More
Claude Mariottini Announces Retirement
Posted: November 8, 2016
Lombard, IL – Claude Mariottini, esteemed Professor of Old Testament and Faculty Marshal at Northern Seminary has announced that he will retire from the seminary…Read More
Enrollment Increases at Northern Seminary
Posted: October 17, 2016
Northern Seminary began the 2016 academic year with the highest masters and doctoral enrollment in nine years and an 83 percent increase in new student…Read More
Memorial Service for Dr. Emma Justes
Posted: February 7, 2017
The memorial service for former Northern Seminary Professor of Pastoral Theology, Dr. Emma Justes will be on Saturday, February, 25, 2017. The service will be…Read More
Northern and Baptist General Association of Virginia Announce Partnership
Posted: November 16, 2016
Northern Seminary and the Baptist General Association of Virginia (BGAV) announce a new covenant partnership. Northern Seminary offers an educational context that is international, interracial,…Read More
Northern Seminary Inaugurates 11th President
Posted: October 30, 2016
Dr. William D. Shiell is the eleventh President of Northern Seminary. Dr. Ricky Freeman delivered the inaugural address. A Northern alumnus and pastor of Ebenezer…Read More
Is Seminary the Next Step for You?
Posted: October 13, 2016
Northern Discovery Your Story // God's Call A Campus Experience at Northern Seminary. Discern Your Calling Share Faith Story Connect with Faculty and Students Experience…Read More
Ready to start your seminary Experience?Apply Now
Read the stories of students, past and present, who have been impacted by Northern Seminary.


text:
- 1920 x 1080 1ms (GTG)
- 80,000,000:1
- HDMI x 2, VGA (D-Sub) x 1
- Come with VGA cable, HDMI-to-DVI cable and Audio cable
- $169.99 169.99
- $159.99 –
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Wowza. 06/19/2014
This review is from: ASUS VX248H Black 24" 1ms (GTG) HDMI Widescreen LED Backlight LCD Monitor 250 cd/m2 80,000,000:1
If you need instant response time, sharp colors, and decent built in speakers, at an affordable price; this is hard to beat.
Other Thoughts:
I took a gamble on ASUS, I am glad I did. Great display. I also own a smaller 5ms that is also nice (although no speakers, not a negative just a note).
Did you find this review helpful? Yes / No Thanks for the valuable feedback you provided!


text:
BROOKLYN, N.Y. -- Second-year Seattle Seahawks safety Kam Chancellor saw a rise in efficiency along with the rest of a young Seahawks defense in 2011, and he's very excited to be going forward with the team's very different uniforms. Most NFL teams saw their Nike redesigns in more of a cosmetic sense, with the Seahawks as the only team with a drastic change in design.
"I'm ready to play right now," Chancellor said from Tuesday's uniform launch at Steiner Studios in New York City. When asked if the "look good, feel good, play good" meme applied to him, Chancellor responded in the affirmative. Even Green Bay Packers tight end Jermichael Finley, seated down the way from Chancellor in a series of group media sessions, opined that the Seahawks' unis were "mind-boggling."
"It was about getting to know and trust one another," Chancellor said of the progress shown by Seattle's secondary in the 2011 season. "That's what happens when you get next to each other, you have a training camp and OTAs. Over time, our bond got stronger on and off the field. We got that communication going as the bond got stronger. Confidence was up, and the results were good."
Like Chancellor, rookie cornerback Richard Sherman was a mid-round draft pick who exceeded expectations. With the 2012 draft coming up, Add in other Seattle defenders, and it seems to be a common theme in the Seahawks' rebuilding process. I asked Chancellor about the science of playing beyond one's draft position.
"I feel like there are people you would go into combat with, and people you'd play football with," Chancellor said. "You don't get both often. And I feel that it really doesn't matter where you were drafted as long as when you get on that field, you gove 100 percent every time and do what you need to do for the team."
Chancellor had no trouble bring effusive about battery mate Earl Thomas, who was taken in the first round of the 2010 draft, and has developed onto one of the NFL's best young defensive players. "Man, Earl is an amazing athlete -- just pure speed and heart," Chancellor said. "He'll take on the biggest guy full-speed, and that's what I like about him. Our communication back there is just clicking now."
In Chancellor's case, there was the matter of learning to be a real hitter -- his reputation in college -- while matching up with the NFL's increased standards of discipline. Not so much in the sense of fines for hits outside the league's boundaries, but making sure that when you do go for the "kill shot," you're not just wasting effort on a flashy play that doesn't really get the job done.
"When you're laying your body out for that big hit, and you have to make that key tackle, it's just one thing you've got to learn. Sometimes, you might have to be made an example of -- if you miss that tackle, you'd better make it the next time."
It's all part of the process, and if the new unis help, all the better.


text:
GC Country Club
by: Team Think • 1
All Android applications categories
All Android games categories
by: Team Think • 1
The official app for the Gold Coast Country Club, a fun and challenging 18 hole course at the northern end of Queensland's Gold Coast. Purchase your rounds, gear or driving range balls via our in app shop.
Let our hole by hole tips and layouts assist your round, share your great golfing moments, book your next round online, keep up to date with the latest events and competitions and receive exclusive rewards and special offers.
Hole by Hole guide and overview
Great deals and rewards
In App shopping
Online bookings
Events calendar
Function room hire
Members log-in
Tags: gold coast country club
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from 1 reviews
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Free - V1.406 - 4M
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text:
Interactive Systems. Design, Specification, and Verification
Volume 3941 of the series Lecture Notes in Computer Science pp 26-38
DiCoT: A Methodology for Applying Distributed Cognition to the Design of Teamworking Systems
- Ann BlandfordAffiliated withUCL Interaction Centre, University College London
- , Dominic FurnissAffiliated withUCL Interaction Centre, University College London
* Final gross prices may vary according to local VAT.Get Access
Distributed Cognition is growing in popularity as a way of reasoning about group working and the design of artefacts within work systems. DiCoT (Distributed Cognition for Teamwork) is a methodology and representational system we are developing to support distributed cognition analysis of small team working. It draws on ideas from Contextual Design, but re-orients them towards the principles that are central to Distributed Cognition. When used to reason about possible changes to the design of a system, it also draws on Claims Analysis to reason about the likely effects of changes from a Distributed Cognition perspective. The approach has been developed and tested within a large, busy ambulance control centre. It supports reasoning about both existing system design and possible future designs.
Chapter Metrics
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- Title
- DiCoT: A Methodology for Applying Distributed Cognition to the Design of Teamworking Systems
- Book Title
- Interactive Systems. Design, Specification, and Verification
- Book Subtitle
- 12th International Workshop, DSVIS 2005, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, July 13-15, 2005. Revised Papers
- Pages
- pp 26-38
- Copyright
- 2006
- 10.1007/11752707_3
- Print ISBN
- 978-3-540-34145-1
- Online ISBN
- 978-3-540-34146-8
- Series Title
- Lecture Notes in Computer Science
- Series Volume
- 3941
- Series ISSN
- 0302-9743
- Publisher
- Springer Berlin Heidelberg
- Copyright Holder
- Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Industry Sectors
- eBook Packages
- Editors
- Stephen W. Gilroy (16)
- Michael D. Harrison (17)
- Editor Affiliations
- 16. School of Computing Science, University of Newcastle upon Tyne
- 17. School of Computing Science, Newcastle University
- Authors
- Ann Blandford (18)
- Dominic Furniss (18)
- Author Affiliations
- 18. UCL Interaction Centre, University College London, Remax House, 31-32 Alfred Place, WC1E 7DP, UK
Continue reading...
To view the rest of this content please follow the download PDF link above.


text:
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Lot 407: 1970 Sunoco football stamps
Sports Memorabilia and Collectibles
by Randy's Cabin Online Auctions
21 October 2016
Mayfield, OH, USALive Auction
Past Lot
Looking for the realised and estimated price?
Description: given away with gas fill up
Browse more items


text:
If BU and Northeastern have Green Line stops named for them, why not Emerson? Three students in a civic design and art class at Emerson have collected more than 700 names on an online petition urging the T to rename the Boylston stop as Emerson College. Read more.
Emerson College
WBUR reports on the 40-year lease.
A few weeks after antenna problems waylaid WBZ over the air, Emerson's WERS is reporting antenna problems that is knocking it off the air. The Emerson station reports, however, its online livestream is working fine.
Workers on an Emerson dorm dropped in for a visit with the kids at the Children's Center in the Transportation Building today.
Emerson students were asked about their school's new logo, unveiled this week.
Looks like the marquee at Emerson's Parmount Theater has finally realized Felt will never answer it back and so has turned its attention to the coffee sippers across Washington Street at Caffe Nero.
Emerson continues to try to figure out what to do with shuttered Colonial Theatre, but won't turn it into a cafeteria
Emerson College today announced plans to turn the building between the old Alley and the theater on Boylston Street into a new student dining center - to go along with the 18-story dorm the college is building there.
That's good news for fans of the old Colonial, which the college had initially looked at as space for a new student center/feeding facility. Read more.
This is YUGE: The Donald endorsed Emerson College this week after an Emerson-based poll showed him leading in Iowa:
Emerson College, very important, great college.
The Globe reports.
An Emerson student who says school officials dismissed her story of being raped by a fellow Emerson student and an MIT student in October has filed a federal lawsuit against the college.
In the suit, the student, identified as Jane Doe, charges a classmate took her to an MIT frat party in October, 2012 - possibly after first plying her with a spiked drink - where he and an MIT student raped her. She alleges college officials refused to seriously investigate her claims, in fact, were openly hostile to her, and that dealing with the whole situation drove her to suicide attempts.
Associated Press reports Emerson officials are trying to find whoever's scrawling swastikas in campus buildings.
An Emerson student who says she was raped by a fellow student in 2012 is suing the college under federal equal-education and crime-reporting laws.
In her suit, filed this week in US District Court, Jillian Doherty alleges she "endured months of pain and suffering following the attack, and that suffering continues today" as a result of both a 2012 attack and by what she says is the college's mishandling of its investigation into her charges.
Since January, a group of Emerson College journalism students have been covering East Boston news at All Things Eastie.
Also see:
East Boston Online.
Emerson President Lee Pelton said today the college can and will do more to combat sexual assault on campus, after Huffington Post reported on a complaint alleging the college responded slowly, if at all, to students reporting sexual assaults.
Eric Twardzik, managing editor at the Emerson student newspaper, took a photo after the race of a guy in a white hoodie being arrested on the Common after the Marathon. He tweeted it. Now he's trying to convince people that a) it was a hoodie, and not a turban and b) that it's not him.
Boston Restaurant Talk reports Emerson College decided not to renew the leases for Remington's and Dick Doherty's Beantown Comedy Vault. The bar is closing, while the comedy club will seek new digs.
Phi Alpha Tau set up an IndieGogo campaign when Donnie Collins's insurance company wouldn't pay for the surgery. They set a goal of $2,000; they're now past $15,000.
Via the Dig.
Boylston holstered the still smoking gun - the cops were on their way, armed with questions he wasn't ready to answer
News item: MBTA may sell station names - and one of the first of the new stations could be Emerson Boylston.
Emerson Boylston knew what they say: Gentlemen never drink before 11 a.m. or east of Tremont.
- 1 of 2
- next ›


text:
Candlewood Suites Somerset
Candlewood Suites Somerset
Stay in Comfort at our Somerset, NJ Hotel.
Situated in the pleasant township of Somerset, Candlewood Suites® Somerset features suburban surroundings and the comfort you desire for an extended stay. You'll spend less time on the road when you stay with us. Located just off of I-287 and near I-95 and I-78 with convenient access to neighboring areas, our hotel near New Brunswick, NJ is an ideal place to stay for both corporate and leisure travelers.
Those visiting on business enjoy the short commute to the Garden State Exhibit Center, as well as our proximity to businesses like Sanofi-Aventis, Cardinal Health and Avaya. We're also only a few miles from Rutgers University.
Somerset, NJ is also an ideal place for leisure travelers. Our hotel near Rutgers University means that you are in the best location for experiencing all that this area has to offer, including an impressive selection of local restaurants. Golfers also love the short distance to Quail Brook Golf Course from our hotel in Somerset, NJ.
You'll love everything about your stay with us, from the free Wi-Fi access to the free laundry facilities. Our Candlewood Gym is open 24 hours a day as well as a gas grill and gazebo area for guest to enjoy. Additional amenities are the Lending Library, Lending Locker and our onsite convenience store, the Candlewood Cupboard. Come and relax in a comfortable suite today at the Candlewood Suites® Somerset hotel.
Quick Info
- Check In: 3:00 PM
- Check Out: 12:00 PM
- Minimum Check-In Age: 21
- Late Check Out Available
- Parking: Free
- Print Fact Sheet
- Chat With Us
- On-site Guest Self-Laundry Facilities
- Housekeeping Full Service
- Standard Wireless Internet service is free for all members
- On-site Fitness Center Available
- Outdoor Gazebo Grill
It's hard to leave your best buddy at home when you're traveling for extended periods, so we provide a pet friendly experience. Restrictions and fees apply.
Whether you are booking suites for a family reunion or suites for your company's training needs, Candlewood Suites hotels can accommodate your group.
Workout whenever you want: Candlewood Gym always has an open door and lots of aerobic and cardio equipment to make it easier to stick to your exercise routine, no sweat.
The IHG Green Engage system is an online tool that gives our hotels the means to measure their day-to-day environmental impact.
Getting Here
Guest Reviews
Overall Experience
February 22, 2017
ONE WORD - WONDERFUL!!!!! its was nice to have our trip be complete with a great room which made our trip more relaxing and enjoyable. The room had everything we needed to feel like our own private oases
Looking forward to many more visits to candlewood suites in the near future. Keep up the great work!
Comfortable and affordable place to stay
February 16, 2017
The hotel facilities, room ambience and location of hotels to eat around make it a good place to stay. In addition to this, the price for 1 bedroom makes it very affordable to stay here.
Good space for good price
February 08, 2017
Room was spacious, clean and we got the room for a pretty good price. Only problem was phone didn't work and the bed was squeaky.
Very nice suite.
January 31, 2017
I have been to Candlewood Suite in the past. Great hotel. The staff is very professional, efficient, nice. Housekeeping, great, the suite, very clean. The bed. I slept like a baby. So comfy. I use the stove. No problems with cooking. Everything was great. I Will be back again.


text:
question from a reader
I was just wondering if there would be another book after 'Messenger' because I am a big fangirl of Jonas. Oh, I was wondering... did you base or get inspiration for the character 'Jonas' from someone?
Well, receiving this post is as good an excuse as any to knock off work for a few moments. I have been at my desk since 6:30 this morning...it's now 1:30 PM...execpt for a trip to the kitchen for some lunch.
No, there will not, as far as I know, be another in THE GIVER trilogy. If I should change my mind about that, the main character would be Gabriel, who was only eight in the book MESENGER. It would be interesting to see him as an older boy. But then of course it wouldn't be a trilogy any longer.
In answer to the second question: no Jonas is a competely made-up characetr. Except that no character really is ENTIRELY "made up" because all fictional characters are based on people the author has known or read about or seen or been.


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Iraqis on Wednesday defied a rash of militant attacks to vote in the country's first elections since US troops withdrew, with premier Nuri al-Maliki proclaiming "certain" victory as he cast his ballot.
Queues formed from early morning at tightly-guarded election centres despite a surge of violence targeting polling stations and campaign gatherings in the days leading up to the vote.
The stream of voters slowed later in the morning but the tempo was expected to pick up again in the afternoon before polls close at 6pm local time.
Iraqis have a long list of grievances, from poor public services to rampant corruption and high unemployment, but the month-long campaign has centred on Maliki's bid for a third term and dramatically deteriorating security.
Maliki encouraged voters to turn out in large numbers and voiced confidence he would return to power after casting his ballot at a VIP polling centre set up in the Rasheed Hotel in Baghdad's heavily-fortified Green Zone.
"Today is a big success, and even better than the last elections, even though there is no foreign soldier on Iraqi soil," the premier said.
He called for a move away from national unity governments to ones of political majority, and confidently told journalists, "Our victory is certain, but we are waiting to see the size of our victory."
The run-up to the election, the first since US forces departed in December 2011, has seen Baghdad and other major cities swamped in posters and bunting.
[1]Parties have staged rallies and candidates have angrily debated on television, though appeals to voters have largely been made on sectarian, ethnic or tribal grounds rather than on political and social issues.
Analysts had voiced fears that much of the electorate would stay home rather than risk being targeted by militants, who in the past two days killed nearly 90 people.
Fresh attacks which left two women dead and two other people wounded were launched soon after voting began on Wednesday.
Security officials reported more than 40 mortar attacks as well as blasts caused by sound grenades and roadside bombs at or near polling centres in northern and western Iraq.
North of Baghdad, militants seized a polling centre and, after evacuating election workers and voters, destroyed it with explosives.
But many Iraqis said they were determined to vote despite the unrest, voicing disdain for the current crop of elected officials.
'Change for my children'
"I came to vote for change for my children and my grandchildren, to change the future and the situation of the country for the better," said Abu Ashraf, a 67-year-old retired accountant who declined to give his full name.
"It is necessary to change most of the politicians because they have done nothing, and they spend years on private conflicts," the silver-haired, retired accountant said after voting in west Baghdad.
[2]Nearby, 19-year-old headscarf-wearing university student Noor Raad said she had voted "to change the politicians, because most of them have not worked to improve the situation."
Others, however, voiced confidence in Maliki's leadership.
"If we are not coming to vote, who is going to come [to power]?" asked Umm Jabbar, or mother of Jabbar, who queued outside her polling station in the holy Shiite city of Najaf from 6am.
"Will the enemy come? I am voting for Maliki, because he is a thorn in the eyes of the enemy."
More than 750 people have been killed this month while militants have controlled the town of Fallujah since the beginning of the year, with unrest at its worst since a brutal sectarian conflict left tens of thousands dead in 2006 and 2007.
Parts of restive Anbar province, where Fallujah is located, will not be voting.
Tweets about "iraq election" [3]
Maliki's critics have accused him of consolidating power and marginalising minority Sunnis, and say public services have not sufficiently improved during his eight-year rule.
The 63-year-old, who hails from Iraq's Shiite majority, contends the violence is fuelled by the civil war in neighbouring Syria and has accused Saudi Arabia and Qatar of backing insurgents.
Maliki's State of Law alliance is tipped to win the most seats in parliament but fall short of a majority, meaning he will have to court other Shiite parties, as well as Sunni and Kurdish blocs if he is to return to power.
And though Maliki faces significant criticism, analysts say a fractious and divided opposition leaves him the frontrunner for the top job.


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Big Brother 13 premièred on July 7th and concluded with the finale on September 14th, 2011. Rachel Reilly was crowned the winner with Porsche Briggs being the runner-up.
Jeff and Jordan allegedly eat 72 OZ Steak each at the Big Texan Steak Ranch – May 8th
Big Texan Steak Ranch off Interstate 40 Amarillo, Texas has a simple contest. Eat a 72oz steak and bam your meal is free. Check out the rules here. For every person who completes this challenge they're name is recorded in the Big Texan Hall of Fame. You can clearly see at the end of the document and the screencapture provided that someone Named Jordan Lloyd from Waxhaw, NC with the note Big Brother 11 & 13 in Texas, ate a 72oz steak in 56 minutes and 24 seconds thus completely the Big Texan challenge and eating for free! Above Jordan's Name is Jeff's (with a misspelled last name) from Chicago, IL with the Note "Do America" Texas Style!.
Jeff and Jordan not only ate the monster steak within the 1 hour time limit but Jordan is also the first female to finish one in 2012!! Congratz Jordan.
So is this real or is someone at the Big Texan trying to impersonate Jeff and Jordan? I find it pretty hard to believe that Jordan was able to eat a 72oz steak they are freaking MASSIVE! What we do know from Jeff's tweets is during the time steaks were reportedly eaten Jeff and Jordan were travelling from North Caolina to Los Angleas to live together. The day after the steak feast Jeff tweeted that Jordan and him had run into a couple bumps (72oz bumps) but they are still pressing on to "Cali"
Rachel Reilly Adventures4Pets Where to Get a Brazilian for your Dog-Post has been updated-
Big Brother 12, Big Brother 13 Winner and Amazing Race contestant (Still in the race) Rachel Reilly has a new project on the go called "Adventures4Pets". We first learnt about this web show last month during Rachel's appearance on BearPaw TV.
Two Sisters Rachel Reilly, Elissa and their pets hit the road to find the most pet friendly destinations in America. Adventures4Pets.com site is not live yet, the splash screen says April sometime.. Rachel is starting to publish the videos on youtube. In this episode Rachel and Sis head to San Diego for a "Pet-Cation" which she calls one of the most pet friendly cities in the US.
Big Brother Winner Rachel Reilly on BEARPAW TV
Just when I thought we were going to have a break from Rachel Reilly she's in the news again. This time with Simon Rawley-Wells of BEARPAWstyle.com (bearpaw shoes rule BTW). In this interview Rachel talks about being the most "Winningest champion ever" on Big Brother. She goes on to mention her fight with Ragan on Big Brother 12 and how they are now best friends. Rachel "I think any Big Brother fan would agree I Definitely spiced up the house a little bit"
Jeff and Jordan in Cambodia with People for Care & Learning
Jeff and Jordan are partnering with People for Care and Learning in a new Build A City project. Join them in a movement that will change the lives of thousands! Are you ready to Build A City?
Earlier this year Big Brother All-Star Duo Jeff and Jordan travelled to Cambodia for charity work with People for Care & Learning and Build a City. It's a great cause, we explained what exactly they were doing in Cambodia and why Build a city is something everyone should take a closer look at.
Philip Alan Photo Shoot with Big Brother Runner up Porsche Briggs
Philip Alan has just completed a photo shoot with Big Brother 13 Runner Up Porsche Briggs. Philip Alan is known year after year for doing amazing photo shoots of the Big Brother alumni such as Rachel Reilly, Janelle Pierzina, Laura Crosby, Daniele Donato, Ragan Fox, etc. In addition to capturing the best features of our favourite big brother stars, Philip Alan based in Los Angeles also does Weddings, Engagements, and Portraits.
Take a look at all the amazing photo's Philip Alan has taken of all those big brother stars and more, including Vegas Bash 2009, Vegas Bash 2010, etc. For all those and so much more visit Philip Alan Photography's facebook page.
Brenchel – The Amazing Race, Bold and the Beautiful and TMZ
Brenchel on The Amazing Race 20 recap
Last Weeks Amazing Race Premiere had everyone wondering will Brenchel survive this type of "real" reality TV Show. They did survive the first leg of the race and did quite well coming in second place.
Brendon and Rachel Big Brother exploits need no introduction on onlinebigbrother. We've followed their every move on the Live Feeds for the last two BB season (BB12 and BB13). With last year finally witnessing the unthinkable Rachel Reilly becoming the Big Brother Winner, all while surviving Fan/Houseguest ridicule, countless BB Fights...........


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Comment To quote the Macalope... (Score 2) 62
Nobody. Cares. About. Market. Share.
Nobody. Cares. About. Market. Share.
So... these were the evolutionary ancestors of the Slaver race? (From Larry Niven's Known Space stories)
So... the article is inaccurate, as it's not "secret" at all, and it isn't even "installed" at all... just "ready to be installed".
Fine reporting!
Read the article. It answers your question.
Actually no... some of it purchased there... but the vast majority are rips from CDs and from Amazon as MP3s.
Sounds like you were sharing passwords across accounts. Risky.
,,, but iTunes is an interface abomination.
5-digiters represent!
Yes, that's the translation of the latin, but it's use in law is correct as to "accident implies negligence". Please read beyond the first sentence in Wikipedia.
Maybe I've been living under a rock (shut up, it's a comfortable rock!), but I have not heard of either of these two companies so... why should I care?
You say it can't be trusted, but it's still the most trustworthy thing there is at the moment. So, just like hundreds of years of science before it, you assume it's true while continuing to prove or disprove it further, and then when better evidence comes along, you shift your position appropriately. Right now, the "better evidence" says it's true.
I do agree it's been highly politicised. Who's fault was that?
Yes. I can do 2**(32-12) as well as the next pythonista... but I said "hundreds of thousands" since the actual number of addresses _used_ in that range is probably only about a tenth of that.
It's probably something lodged up your nose. See your doctor.
Blocking that
The user agent is probably a perfectly valid one from some version of Safari (version 8.0, I believe), but one the Kontera coders decided to "appropriate" for their crawling software. However, if it _is_ Safari, Safari users will likely have updated their browsers long since afterwards, thus changing the User Agent, so this corroborates your analysis that they're all bots.
And I would guess that, at least the Kontera ones, all come from some user visiting your site that was running the WoT plugin.
I found this very thing out as a result of a email-based survey I'd sent to about 500 people. Here's a copy of the email I'd sent out to those affected:
tl;dr version:
* The "Web of Trust" plugin is highly likely to be sending your browsing history, after it reaches the Web of Trust servers, to advertising companies.
* It's likely that they're _not_ sending personal details, but simply the list of URLs that you visit. This includes "private" urls such as what you received for the survey, but could also include things like the URLs you send when you share files via Dropbox, Hipchat, etc.
* If you're not okay with this behaviour, I recommend you un-install the Web of Trust plugin.
* If you haven't yet responded to my question of "do you have Web of Trust" installed, I'm still interested in hearing from you.
Detailed version:
* Shortly after folk started to respond to the survey, by chance I noticed unusual requests hitting the web server. An hour or two after the flurry of requests that I'd consider normal, I saw another request to _just_ the main URL, all from the same IP address (22.214.171.124), and the same user agent (Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_1) AppleWebKit/600.1.25 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/8.0 Safari/600.1.25)
To me, this implies that the supposedly secret URLs were not very secret.
* The address 126.96.36.199 has a DNS entry "nat-service.aws.kontera.com". Kontera is an advertising company (remember those "in text" ads with the double underscore? Kontera was one of the players in that), which was bought by Amobee, a market research company. Amobee own the kontera.com domains and likely is related to the above activity.
* From some research, I discovered that others have seen these requests too, all to private URLs, and that the plugin "Web of Trust" was implicated.
* I saw 15 of these requests. I contact each of the 15 people and received 11 responses. 9 of the respondents were using the Web of Trust plugin.
* I don't know what could explain the other 2. Certainly, Web of Trust can't be the only company sending Kontera/Amobee data. Unfortunately attempts to replicate the issue for those two users have failed: it may be that Kontera have some kind of limit on how many URLs per domain they'll probe per time period? I'd certainly want to do that if I wanted to stay under the radar, or thwart further analysis.
Given that 9/11 is far, far above the expected install base of Web of Trust. It is very likely that Web of Trust is indeed forwarding your browser history to at least one advertising company: Kontera/Amobee
Sharing "non personal information" is not inconsistent with Web of Trust's privacy policy: they do not consider the URLs you visit to be "personally identifiable information".
What you do with the sites you visit is up to you. But if you don't approve of what the company behind the plugin is doing, I suggest you uninstall this plugin. Apart from the risk of "private URLs" becoming non-private, I don't think there's any further security risk.
I am disinclined to make a wide announcement about this, especially not on WoT's forums. From research, the company readily squashes any criticism against it, and a small but vocal fraction of its users have embarked on attacks against any persons or sites that have raised concerns against WoT's activity. In many ways, WoT has become an extortion engine, such as offering a paid-for "badge of trust" to remove bad ratings.
(Remember, this is the Internet: Take everything with a ten-tonne block of salt.)
I'll be sending my analysis to some security-industry friends of mine.
Also, I have blocked that IP address from querying my server (at the web server level, so I will still see the request if it is made it'll just get back a "403 Forbidden" code every time), and also modified the survey page to only show first names. In the future I'll make the URLs we distribute less shareable in some fashion, such as being "single use" or "locked to the first IP address that queries it", or something similar. Having full fledged accounts, with a username/password, is also a possibility.
"There... I've run rings 'round you logically" -- Monty Python's Flying Circus


text:
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LumensThe amount of light that comes from a bulb, which has commonly been measured in watts. The more lumens, the brighter the bulb.
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text:
Testing of unit roots and other fractionally integrated hypotheses in the presence of structural breaks
Tests of unit roots and other nonstationary hypotheses that were proposed by Robinson (1994) are applied in this article to the Nelson and Plosser's (1982) series. The tests can be expressed in a way allowing for structural breaks under both the null and the alternative hypotheses. When applying the tests to the same dataset as in Perron (1989), we observe that our results might be consistent with those in Perron (1989) when testing the nulls of trend-stationarity or a unit-root. However, we also observe that fractionally integrated hypotheses may be plausible alternatives in the context of structural breaks at a known period of time. Copyright Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003
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Volume (Year): 28 (2003)
Issue (Month): 1 (January)
Pages: 101-113
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Sometimes a technology comes along that is so great it seems almost unjust to former generations. Aviation. The personal computer. The polio vaccine.
One gets the same feeling today when considering a new app out for iPhone and Android. Quick Cite, a 99-cent app, automates the task of putting together a bibliography—that arduous list of books, articles, and other sources consulted that goes at the end of a master's thesis of PhD dissertation. The first thought you have is, "How much time scholars will henceforth save!" The next thought you have is, "Anyone who got a PhD before the year 2011 was a poor sucker."
The app works by using the smartphone's camera to scan the barcode on the back of a book. Then it emails you a citation formatted to fit one of four common bibliographic styles: APA, MLA, Chicago, or IEEE. The app was one of seven developed over seven sleepless days by seven undergraduates at the University of Waterloo. Thus they called the week-long experiment in coding creativity and class-cutting "7Cubed," and even made a little video about it.
How did they do it? "A lot of coffee," 7Cubed's Gareth MacLeod tells Fast Company. "A lot. Of. Coffee. In the last two days I was running on 4-6 espresso's a day." He adds that since the group was coding for Android and iPhone simultaneously, the results became a case study in the vagaries of each format. "At some point in the day it became a race between Android and iPhone. Android took an early lead getting barcode scanning working almost right away, but iPhone's slow-and-steady approach eventually won out, after we on the Android team got stuck on interfacing with the platform. Having said that, the Android app was released that night, whereas iPhone had to wait for approval from the app store!"
There's a slight hiccup in the app, though. It appears that the information embedded in the barcode is sometimes abbreviated or incomplete. The Chronicle of Higher Education test-drove the app and found that the citations that came over had a few glitches, reading "Cambridge Univ Pr.," for instance, where bibliography purists would insist on a full-fledged "Cambridge University Press." Also, barcodes only became standard on library books around the 1970s, so many books won't be scannable.
Ross Robinson, one of the coders, promises an update to address some of the problems "soon" in the comments section of the Chronicle's report.
Just how much time and aggravation does such an app save the next generation of scholars? Let's grab the back of an envelope.
Imagine your dissertation has, say, 200 sources, and sifting through the pile of books and holding one open on your knee while you type takes something on the order of three minutes per book. Copyediting that and getting the formatting consistent will take you another minute or so for every 10 citations if you're extremely speedy. Furthermore, you'll need sanity breaks.
A bit of quick math shows a conservative estimate of something on the order of 11-12 hours spent just on a project of that size, while doing almost nothing else. For larger projects, of course, you'd be spending days or weeks. Indeed, one of Fast Company's trusted sources (okay, our own Kit Eaton), estimates that such an app would have saved him over two weeks on his physics dissertation.
And two weeks, we don't have to tell you, is how long many of us take every year for vacations.
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[Image: Flickr user jlz]