text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 22, 1990
|Filing date
|Oct 3, 1988
|Priority date
|Aug 19, 1987
|Fee status
|Publication number
|James W. Butler, Thomas J. Korniski, Alex D. Colvin
|Original Assignee
|Ford Motor Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (41), Classifications (20), Legal Events (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation in part application of U.S. Ser. No. 087,171, filed Aug. 19, 1987, entitled "METHOD OF MEASURING MULTICOMPONENT CONSTITUENCY OF GAS EMISSION FLOW."
1. Technical Field
This invention relates to the art of gas analysis and, more particularly, to instantaneous on-line analysis of gas flows having multicomponents.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Gas analysis has wide ranging utility, from the measurement of respiration of humans or animals to the measurement of the effluence of combustion chambers, including automotive emissions. Gas analysis has conventionally been accomplished by the use of dilution tubes and by the use of liquids or solids off-line from the flow of gases under analysis. These techniques are inadequate for modern purposes because of the inability to provide instantaneous dynamic information and measure only a single component per technique. These techniques are unable to process increasingly larger volumes of data.
Analyses without liquids or solids have included chemiluminescence, flame ionization, and total hydrocarbon analysis, all without the use of infrared spectroscopy. These modes have proved inadequate because (a) the analysis is of a single component, (b) takes too long, sometimes weeks, (c) the data for separate componenets has no commonality in response time and thus cannot be readily combined, (d) the sensed data suffers from cross-interferences of the added chemicals, and (e) some gaseous compounds cannot be analyzed.
One of the more recent adaptations for gas analysis has been the use of infrared spectroscopy. Although infrared spectroscopy has been used as a quality control technique to obtain information on the composition of chemical products for many years, it has been used essentially off-line and primarily for measurement of nongases. Samples are typically prepared as thin films or solutions and measured in a quality control room with a laboratory instrument. Unfortunately, inherent time delays between actual material production and analytical results can typically range from a few hours to several days, which can result in costly waste and production of unacceptable material. Fourier-transform, infrared spectrometric techniques have been applied to particles suspended in gas flows (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,652,755).
In those prior art applications where infrared spectroscopy was applied to gas analysis, there was no dilution of the gas sampler and therefore the gas itself had to be heated to a temperature in excess of 100� C. to accommodate samples with high water vapor. If other reference information was applied to such detected information, the reference information had to be taken at identical elevated temperatures, which made the entire methodology extremely complex, delicate and difficult to calibrate. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,549,080, filters were used to look at isolated wavelengths, again without dilution.
The task of measuring emissions from vehicles has become increasingly more difficult. Demands for lower detection limits have arisen from the development of more efficient catalytic converters. Greater versatility is required for work with alternate fuels as new and as yet uncharacterized gas species are encountered. In addition to these requirements, a need for more efficient engines with lower emission rates necessitates the development of fast, on-line instrumentation, capable of analysis during transient engine operation. Such new analysis will permit in-depth examination of the combustion process in lieu of the current cumulative information obtained from conventional emissions instrumentations having expensive exhaust handling equipment including constant volume sampling.
Therefore, specific goals of this invention comprise providing an apparatus and method for constant volume sampling of a gas stream, which (i) eliminates the expense, size inefficiency, and inflexibility of large systems used heretofore, (ii) provides more improved accurate testing at normal atmospheric conditions and eliminates false data characteristic of prior sampling systems, (iii) provides a mass emission rate (rather than merely a concentration value of a selected chemical constituent, and (iv) can be used with any chemical sensing system. The elimination of water condensation contamination and the assurance of proportionality of mass flow rate in the sampled gas are most important.
The inventors herein have applied infrared spectroscopy to the on-line analysis of gases, particularly auto emissions. Our earlier work, as described in scientific publication "On-Line Characterization of Vehicle Emissions by FTIR and Mass Spectrometry", Butler et al, SAE Paper #810420 (1981), describes a system for dynamic analysis of vehicle emmissions; the analysis system was comprised of a fourier transform, infrared spectrometer, a quadropole mass spectrometer, and a total hydrocarbon analyzer. Although it allowed on-line measurement of regulated and nonregulated emissions from a steady-state gas stream, the system needed to be calibrated with some difficulty. The three major apparatus components were significantly expensive; but, most importantly, an unusually large size, constant volume sampling apparatus was required for dilution of the sample gas. The speed at which such an integrated system operated was at the rate of three seconds. However, the data was analyzed off-line, rendering an analysis not in real time (while the test is on-going). This introduces an analysis time which is not considered sufficiently fast for the demands of new applications. If the total hydrocarbon analyzer, quadropole mass spectrometer, and constant volume sampling unit could be eliminated, the cost of the system would be significantly reduced. If the remaining components could be improved in response time, the speed of data collection could be increased significantly. Furthermore, if the data could be processed in real time (during the test), the utility of information would be greatly enhanced because adjustments can be made immediately and effects of the adjustments can be seen.
An additional goal of this invention is to provide a combination apparatus of the new sampling apparatus herein with a chemical sensing system of the FTIR type. Such combination apparatus is an on-line measuring apparatus for multicomponent or single component gas emission flows, the apparatus being characterized by improved data collection speed, greater freedom from false or interference data, and is much less costly to fabricate.
The invention, in a first aspect, is apparatus and method for carrying out constant volume sampling of a gas stream. The apparatus comprises: (a) a channel for conducting the gas stream therethrough between an entrance and exit of such channel; (b) means for extracting a sample flow from the channel which is proportional to the mass flow rate of the stream; and (c) means for diluting the sample flow with an essentially dry, nonreactive gas to lower the dew point of the sample flow to below room temperature. Proportionally sized laminar flow elements may be inserted respectively into the channel and sample flow to ensure proportional mass flow, or streamlined flow foils may be used to restrict and divide the gas stream proportionally to obtain a similar effect in the sample flow. Dilution may be obtained by adding N2, air, or any inert gas, essentially devoid of water, to the extracted sample flow in a volume ratio to the sample flow that will lower its water content and assure lowering the dew point as desired; preferably, N2 gas is used as the diluent and is admitted in a ratio of N2 flow/sample flow of 5:1 to 70:1. A tracer gas of known mass flow may be introduced into the gas stream; its sensed chemical mass flow rate may be used to up-grade or correct any deviations of mass flow rates determined by using pressure to calculate proportional mass flow.
The method of the first aspect for collecting a gas sample to be tested, comprises: (a) conducting a gas emission flow through a passage having a uniform cross-section; (b) extracting a sample flow from the passage and which sample flow is proportional to the known mass flow rate of the emission flow; and (c) diluting the sample flow with a dry, essentially nonreactive gas to lower its dew point to below room temperature. Filtering and/or tracer gases may be employed to improve gas sample for more accurate chemical testing.
The invention, in a second aspect, is a combination apparatus of the sampling device and an FTIR chemical sensor system to provide an on-line gas measurement apparatus. Such apparatus comprises: (a) dilution tube means for sequestering a sample flow from a gas emission flow, said sample flow being proportional to the mass flow rate of the emission flow and diluted to lower its dew point to below room temperature; (b) FTIR apparatus effective to produce electromagnetic signals with discernible amplitude variations resulting from chemical gas species therein after irradiating said sample flow; and (c) means for converting said signals into linear quantities indicative of the presence of distinct chemical gas species. Advantageously, the means for converting signals comprises means for (i) detecting and collecting such signals at a sufficiently high rate to substantially completely distinguish between adjacent spectral amplitudes without mutual spectral interference, and (ii) analyzing the signals in accordance with Beer's Law to create reformed background-corrected data and applying reference transmission frequency spectral data to the reformed data for each suspected gas component to give a linear quantitative measure of the presence of the suspected gas components.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the sampling device of this invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an FTIR assembly and the sampling device which together display a unique apparatus combination for a total gas analysis measuring system;
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of certain steps of the FTIR apparatus of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of voltage signals plotted against time, such signals eminating from the interferogram;
FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of absorbance data plotted against wavenumber eminating from fourier-transform;
FIGS. 6, 7, and 8 are graphical representations of absorbance data against wavenumber after applying Beer's Law;
FIG. 9 is a graphical representation of absorbance data plotted against wavenumber showing a spectral mask for NOx developed from the data points in a spectrum of points from 1920-1925;
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of an alternative sampling construction; and
FIG. 11 is a schematic flow diagram of gas flow plumbing controls for connection to the sampling device.
Obtaining Gas Sample
The first step of the process comprises continuously sequestering a sample of the gas emission flow and affecting the sample flow to make it (i) filtered so as to be substantially devoid of solid or liquid particles, (ii) proportional to the mass flow rate of the gas emission flow, (iii) diluted sufficiently to lower the dew point of the sample flow to below room temperature, and (iv) changed in temperature and pressure to substantially the same temperature and pressure at which reference data was collected. Preferably, the reference data is collected at room temperature and at a pressure of 700 Torr; this will usually necessitate cooling of the sample gas flow to achieve.
As shown in FIG. 1, a sampling device 10 is used to carry out these functions. The device comprises a stainless steel tube 11, preferably having an internal diameter of about 21/4 inches and a length of 3-4 feet. At the entrance or upstream end 11a of such tube (which is connected to the tailpipe or exhaust of an engine), an inlet 12 is located for introduction of a tracer gas, preferably carbon tetrafluoride; the tracer gas is injected at a known rate such as, for example, 3-10 cubic centimeters per minute. The inlet 12 may have a throat diameter of about 1/8 inch and is directed countercurrent to the main exhaust flow and is coplanar with the baffle 13 to achieve thorough mixing. The necessity for the injection of a tracer gas is to enhance the measurement of exhaust mass flow independent of fluctuations in the main emissions flow.
The tracer gas and emissions flow together, pass through the main body of the tube, are mixed, such as by baffle 13, and encounter a main laminar or linear flow restriction element 14 extending across the main flow 18 and across the internal extent of tube 11. The element 14 permits back-pressure to increase in the main flow in response to an increase in mass flow. (Linear flow elements are well known and may contain a number of parallel aligned capillary tubes; the restriction provided by these capillary tubes may typically result in a pressure drop of eight inches of water for an exhaust flow of 100 cfm. A sampling outlet 15 is provided proximate the frontal face 14a of the main linear flow element. The sampling passage 16 also contains a linear flow restriction element 17 extending across the sampling flow 19. A passage 21 carries the sample flow to a cell 22 of an infrared optical apparatus 23. A passage 24 is connected across passage 21 and the outlet end 116 of the tube 11 to set up the same pressure differences to allow the sample to be withdrawn. The downstream pressure of both laminar flow elements 14 and 17 are substantially identical, thus the fraction sampled is proportional to the rate of the conductance of the two laminar flow elements.
The sampled flow 19 is diluted by admission of a dry dilution gas, such as nitrogen, air, or inert gas, having a purity of 99.9%, from an inlet at 20 and admitted, preferably, at a rate of about 30 liters per minute so as to dilute the sample flow in a ratio ranging from about 5:1 to a ratio of 70:1. Dilution is significant because it eliminates condensation and allows the test to take place at substantially atmospheric conditions (preferably 700 Torr), thus minimizing pressure effects on the infrared spectrum and allowing calibration using a preexisting reference data base.
The sampling device eliminates the expense, size inefficiency, and inflexibility of large sampling systems by being short in length and utilizing a proportional mass flow sample from the main flow. As the back pressure at the face 14a of laminar flow element 14 increases, due to an increase in the mass flow of the engine exhaust, the sample flow through 16 will increase proportionally.
The sampling device provides a gas sample for more accurate testing by dilution to lower its dew point below room temperature. Some gas constituents are easily lost during sampling. Certain gas species, such as alcohol, ketones, and aldehydes, are easily dissolved in water. Therefore, water vapor, which is usually present in the engine emissions, will condense during cold start-ups, dissolve such species, and later vaporize during hotter emissions. The chemical sensor will signal a false measurement of such gas species during such transient conditions. Similarly, certain gas species, such as acids, amines, and ammonia, will react quickly with the internal walls of the sampling devices. Such chemical conversion causes the solid product to stick to such internal walls and distort the gas content sampled. By reducing the dew point of the sample gas to below room temperature, no gas species will be lost either by being dissolved in water or chemical reaction with the internal walls.
The amount of diluent can be determined by knowing the water content resulting from combusting a specific fuel at given engine conditions. For example, an unleaded gasoline will usually promote 12.8%�0.5 water content in the combustion emissions. If dew point at ambient conditions requires only 3% water content, then the gas emissions must be reduced from 12.8% to 3%. To conservatively accomplish this, the mass flow of gas emissions must be mixed with a diluting gas in a ratio of about 1:4 to achieve this reduction.
The sampling device has broad ranging utility and can be used with any chemical sensing system including FTIR, nondispersive infrared techniques, chemiluminescence, hydrocarbon detectors, flame ionization techniques, and SO2 or H2 S detectors.
Introduction of the tracer gas eliminates any error in mass flow determinations that may result from a lag in measuring back pressure at the face of laminar flow element 14 and downstream thereof. The gas species to be measured is ratioed by the FTIR system to the tracer component concentration which is also measured by the FTIR. This ratioing provides an instantaneous mass emission of the suspected gas species. Any changes in the dilution are also automatically compensated for by this ratio method. Pressure measurements may be taken by pressure transducers or gauges at locations P1, P2, and P3 as shown in FIG. 1. Such measurements facilitate a check on the determination of a proportional mass flow in the sample flow. To eliminate water vapor or condensation that may interfere with the measurements by the pressure transducers, the dry diluent N2 gas may be bled off and used as a purge with a negligible pressure bias to the transducers PT and to the small sensing ports (P1, P2, and P3). As shown in FIG. 10, this will counter the diffusion of water onto the transducers. The N2 gas is restricted to a bleed by the use of a stainless steel capillary tube 87 at connection of the N2 gas to a pressure transducer PT or by a capillary tube 88 to the mass flow controller 89 for the tracer gas supply 90.
Temperature readings may be taken at T1 and T2 if a heater 9 is needed to heat the sample flow for reducing the dew point to below room temperature. However, heating is not normally needed to effect accurate sampling.
An alternative sampling construction is shown in FIG. 10 and is useful for sampling emission flows from diesel engines containing a large amount of solid particles. The sampling device 70 has channel 71 provided with a filter 72 adjacent its entrance to remove solid particles from the emission stream. A large restriction 73 and a small restriction 74 is used to divide the gas stream 76 to produce two flows, one a large flow 77 and a small flow 78 from which a sample flow is drawn. The equal and constant pressure drop across the restrictions 73 and 74 ensure that the small flow 78 will be a constant fraction of the gas stream 76. The small flow is then diluted with dry air from a supply 79 that injects a flow 80 across a restriction 81 to provide a precalculated dilution of the small flow to a dew point below room temperature. A sample flow 82 is drawn off from the diluted flow 84 at 83. Example flow calculations in cubic feet per minute (cfm) are shown to illustrate the constant volume sampling.
The diluted sample flow in the cell 22 is then continuously irradiated by being subjected to an infrared light source to provide test spectral data. This is accomplished by use of an infrared optical apparatus 23, such as shown schematically in FIG. 2, wherein through an optical analysis module arrangement, the infrared light source 26 is directed by mirror 27 through an iris aperture 25 and then again by mirror 28 through the cell 22 of a sampling module containing the diluted sample gas flow. The partially absorbed beam, emerging from cell 22, is directed by mirror 29 into a beam splitter 30. The beam is split at unit 35 into two portions, one portion is reflected by the splitter to traverse a fixed distance or length, into corner-cube mirrors 31 and return to splitter 30 and pass through the splitting unit 35. The other beam part is allowed to pass through unit 35 and traverse a variable length determined by movement of a sliding or stroked corner-cube mirror 32. The corner-cube mirror 32 is moved by a linear magnetic motor 47 operating on a shaft 48 attached to the mirror 38 through a bearing 49. The extent of the mirror cube stroke determines the deviation of the other beam part from the first beam part. The deviated and nondeviated beam parts are recombined by unit 35 to form light signals resulting from spectral interference patterns.
To sense the movement of movable corner-cube mirror 32 and determine when to measure detected signals, a helium-neon laser fringe system 38 is used. The beam emitted from the source at 38 passes through an alignment device 39 associated with fixed corner-cube mirror 31 and thence is directed by mirror 45 to pass into alignment device 46 associated with the movable corner-cube mirror 32. A detector 50 senses the difference or variance from zero alignment between the mirrors and thus senses the location and movement of movable corner-cube mirror 32.
The apparatus 23 differs from conventional grating or prism instruments in that wavelength determination is accomplished by modulating the amplitude of each wavelength of the emitted radiation at its own unique audio range frequency via a scanning Michelson interferometer. The interferometer used was a Mattson SIRIUS 100, equipped with a KBr/Ge beam splitter. The light source was a conventional ceramic glower emitting a broad band infrared radiation, which is close to white light (the latter having all frequencies generally intense). The cell 22 was a Wilks 20 meter variable path cell used in the 14th order resulting in an effective pathlength of 21.75 meters.
Deviation is used herein to mean the amount of mirror travel or stroke used in splitting off a part of the light beam for developing spectral interference patterns. Spectral interference pattern is used herein to mean the intensity fluctuations imposed on the original beam radiations by the movement of the stroked mirror. An interference pattern results from use of an interferometer giving amplitude modulation of each radiation wavelength at its own unique audio range frequency.
The light signals resulting from spectral interference patterns are directed by mirror 33 to a detector 34 (a liquid nitrogen cooled HgCdTe photoconductor). The spectral emissions are received by the detector on a continuous basis and are converted to an analog voltage. The amplified voltage signals, being a linear measure of the changes in the detector conductivity, are digitized using a computer processor 37. To obtain higher resolution with high volume spectral data eminating from a multicomponent gas emission flow, the detector must detect and collect the light signals (as changes in detector conductivity) at a minimum of 8000 measurements per each centimeter of path length difference and for a minimum of 4 cm of path length difference to create a spectrum of data. This large spectrum of data in a very short interval permits this process to substantially completely distinguish adjacent spectral pattern peaks without mutual spectral interference. A measurement of the detector output voltage is made at uniform spacings during the 4 cm of stroke (at substantially the wavelength of the helium-neon laser). Distinguishing adjacent spectral peaks means employing a long enough corner cube mirror stroke to produce derived spectral patterns with 0.25 cm-1 (wave per centimeter) spectral line widths.
The signals were collected during a three second interval by forming an interferogram and writing the interferogram onto computer memory in computer processor 37. The interval (which was three seconds) was determined by the period needed to fully process the spectral data. The detector receives the spectral emission signals as analogue signals per unit of time or interval, and are converted to continuously varying digital signals per unit of time and stored in the computer memory. The signals are received by the detector at a rate of at least 32,000 data points in a three second interval during sweep of the sliding corner cube mirror over a 4 cm path length.
As represented in the flow diagram of FIG. 3, the ability to detect and record such a high accumulation of data points in such a short period of time is made possible by the use of a multiprocessor computer 40-41-44 having multimemory feed paths. More specifically, the multipath accomplishes the following. While incoming signals are being recorded and stored (i) the previously stored signals can be simultaneously fourier-transformed to yield spectral signals in computer 40, (ii) the transformed signals can be reduced to gaseous component concentration values in computers 41-44, and (iii) the computed values can be displayed on a viewing apparatus. All of this is accomplished in real time.
In the first stage of mathematical conversion, a spectrum or an interval of the detected signals from spectral interference patterns (interferogram as shown in FIG. 4) is converted to infrared intensity (absorbance) data varying with wavenumber (frequency) as shown in FIG. 5. This is carried out by the use of fourier-transform techniques programmed in computer 40. A detailed description of such techniques used in computer 40 is given in "Introductory Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy", by R. J. Bell, Academic Press, New York (1972). Frequency analysis or fourier analysis of the digitally recorded interferogram leads to the wavelength dependence of the infrared intensity, the infrared spectrum. The use of the fourier-transform spectroscopic method offers great speed advantages when dealing with the very high resolution spectra needed for the quantitative analysis of gas mixtures. FTIR is sometimes used herein to mean the operations carried out by apparatus 23 and computer 40.
To increase the speed of electronic assimilation of such high volume/rate signals, an array processor was used as part of the multiproccessor computer 40. The multiprocessor computer also comprised a Mass comp minicomputer 2M Byte memory, 85M Byte Winchester disks, 1.2M Byte floppy disks, and a 40M Byte magnetic tape system to handle the data processing display and archiving. The software package included a special purpose, fast fourier-transform routine and an extensive set of operator-interactive routines for comparing, combining, displaying, plotting, analyzing and otherwise manipulating spectral files.
The resulting intensity-frequency data (as shown in FIG. 5) was corrected (within electronic computer means 41 for data reformation) for the contribution of room temperature stray radiation by referencing a previously determined room temperature background. A reformed absorbance spectrum was thus generated by calculating the negative logorithm of the ratio of corrected known transmission spectrum of the dilution air background (i.e., taken at 700 Torr and room temperature for the dilution tube air in the cell) to the corrected transmission spectrum of the sample. This eliminates effects of CO2, H2 O, and trace hydrocarbons in the ambient air.
The resulting reformed absorbance spectra (as shown in FIG. 6) were then analyzed for components of interest by computer 44. The difficulty of analyzing simply the reformed absorbance data to arrive at a concentration value is demonstrated in FIGS. 7 and 8. It should be noted that for these absorbance spectra, Beer's Law implies that the gas component concentration is linearly related to the spectral line strength. Beer's Law is often recited as: ##EQU1## where I=intensity of light coming out of absorbance cell
Io =intensity of light going into absorbance cell
l=gase of natural log, i.e., 2.71828
α=particle density x pathlength
s=absorbance spectrum
f=frequency or wavenumber
Only by considerable expertise can the spectral line strengths be identified as a specific gas species. To add the line strengths to arrive at a concentration value is fraught with difficulty. To analyze for components of interest by this invention, reference masks data (contained electronically in computer means 42) are applied to reformed absorbance data (the room temperature corrected spectral information) in computer 44 for each suspected component to render a component concentration.
A mask is explained as follows and by reference to FIG. 9. A linear measure of the concentration of a gas is given by the strength of a line in its true absorbance spectrum. When noise is present in the spectrum, a more reliable measure is provided by summing the strengths of many lines. Such measure is also provided by the height of a narrow line projecting above a broader absorbance feature. The area under the absorbance curve or trace is the measure of the gas species. The method of approximating the area under such curve is speeded up by use of linear algebra in the form of masks. A simulated spectrum or "mask" is prepared consisting of segments 60 made up of 1.0's at spectral positions corresponding to narrow absorbance lines (spectral regions of strong, but not saturating unique absorption for that gas species), segments 61 made up of several small negative fractions at positions surrounding the 1.0's, and segments 62 made up of zero elsewhere. The negative fractions (segments 61) have value (number of 1.0's)/(sum of negatives) and correspond to adjacent localized, nonabsorbing spectral regions. Their purpose is first to establish the average base level above which the narrow line protrudes, and then used to subtract that level from each of the 1.0's. The above sum can then be computed by multiplying together the spectrum from computer 41 (FIG. 4) and the mask, i.e., taking their "dot" product, regarding them to be vectors. This task is accomplished very quickly by the computer's "array" or "vector" processor, particularly if spectral regions where the mask is zero are ignored entirely. The constant or proportionality relating the sum and the concentration of the gas can be determined by employing gases of known concentration, i.e., "standard" gases.
To analyze a mixture of gases, the mask for each species present is applied to the absorbance spectrum of the mixture. For the ideal case in which
(mask of gas A)�(spectrum of gas B)=0
for A=B, the result, upon applying the known constants of proportionality, gives directly the quantitative composition of the sample gas. In practice, the masks are not ideal, but interferences can be accounted for since the response of each mask to the spectrum of each pure gas is known.
The construction of such masks depends upon the availability of a library of reference absorbance spectra for all gases comprising the mixture to be analyzed, in a concentration near that at which they are present in the mix. Each mask is prepared manually with constant referral to the library, the need to maximize response to the subject gas being weighed carefully against introduction of either interferences from other species or unwanted noise. The partial mask was made up of only the essential or unique spectral distinguishing feature points of a known gas species. This step was calibrated to give actual concentration values by applying the partial mask to the spectrum of a carefully selected and prepared standard sample of known concentration.
Individual masks were manually constructed for the best mode by a computer operator from a reference spectrum of a molecule of interest using as guides, in the choice of unique absorption bands, both the spectrum of the exhaust sample to be measured and reference spectra of all other molecules suspected of being present. Separate sets of masks were prepared to handle each of the various combinations of species in concentrations encountered in different experiments. A response matrix was then generated for each set of masks by applying each mask successively to the reference spectrum of each of the molecules represented in that set. Ideally, this would be a unit matrix, but inevitably the masks were imperfect. Such imperfections were eliminated from the final result by multiplication with the inverse of the appropriate response matrix, all in accordance with the prescriptions of linear response theory. The summation value generated by component analysis in computer 44 can be displayed in unit 43.
When a sample is introduced by means of the sampling system shown in FIG. 1, the mass emission rates are preferably obtained by combining the component signal with the signal strength of the carbon tetrafluoride signal and dividing by the mass injection rate of the carbon tetrafluoride tracer.
More specifically, the exhaust mass flow of the engine may be computed by measuring the equivalence ratio as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,389,881 and combining this measurement with the hydrogen carbon ratio of the fuel, the oxygen carbon ratio of the fuel, the carbon dioxide fraction in the diluted sample as measured by FTIR, the carbon tetrafluoride mass injection flow, and the carbon tetrafluoride fraction in the diluted exhaust as measured by FTIR. The following illustrates mathematically how this is carried out.
P=oxygen/carbon ratio of fuel (no units)
λ=oxygen equivalence of exhaust gas (no units)
Y=CO2 fraction in final diluted sample (measured by FTIR (no units)
D=CF4 tracer flow (STP volume/time)
W=CF4 fraction by FTIR (no units)
X=engine exhaust flow (STP volume/time
Alternatively, the mass emission rate is determined by sampling from a dilution tube and by first obtaining the average dilution tube flow (in scfm) for each test by use of a flowmeter 70. This tunnel flow was then converted to liters per three seconds to match the time interval of the FTIR data interval. Based on the tunnel flow and the concentration data, the emissions in milligrams per three second interval are computed for each gaseous component.
Table I shows an actual computer listing of compound concentrations obtained from testing as identified.
TABLE I______________________________________Computer Generated Quantitive Analysisof the Spectrum of a Methanol Fuel FTP Test Estimated ErrorCompound Concentration of Measurement______________________________________1. H2 O 0.27 0.1%2. CO2 0.33 0.1%3. COHI 207.65 10.0 ppm4. HCIC 14.26 8.0 ppmC5. NO 27.74 0.3 ppm6. NO2 LO 3.72 0.3 ppm7. N2 O -0.01 0.1 ppm8. HONO 0.33 0.1 ppm9. HCN -0.03 0.2 ppm10. NH3 Q -0.06 0.1 ppm11. SO2 -0.14 0.2 ppm12. CH4 0.94 0.1 ppmC13. C2 H2 -0.36 0.2 ppmC14. C2 H4 Q 0.52 0.5 ppmC15. C2 H6 0.06 0.2 ppmC16. C3 H6 0.74 1.0 ppmC17. IC4 H8 Q 1.52 1.0 ppmC18. CH2 O 6.93 0.1 ppmC19. HCOOH -0.08 0.1 ppmC20. CH3 OHI 150.98 0.1 ppmC______________________________________ Total HC = 175.52 ppmC3 Total NOX = 31.79 ppm
While particular embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it will be noted by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the invention, and it is intended to cover in the appended claims all such modifications and equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
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|May 14, 2009
|Nov 24, 2015
|University Of Washington
|Transmission quantification of open path FTIR spectra with temperature compensation
|Dec 19, 2012
|Jul 19, 2016
|Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
|Mist-containing gas analysis device
|Dec 9, 2002
|Aug 28, 2003
|Michael Grant
|Method and apparatus for real-time monitoring of furnace flue gases
|Apr 19, 2002
|Oct 23, 2003
|Robert De Saro
|Apparatus and method for in situ, real time measurements of properties of liquids
|Nov 12, 2004
|Aug 4, 2005
|Avantium International B.V.
|System for chemical experiments
|Jun 10, 2004
|Dec 15, 2005
|James Butler
|Vehicle/engine sampling system for precise analysis of exhaust components
|Jun 10, 2004
|Dec 15, 2005
|James Butler
|Spectroscopic system and method for analysis in harsh, changing environments
|Dec 8, 2005
|Jul 13, 2006
|Ramotowski Michael J
|Method and apparatus for conditioning liquid hydrocarbon fuels
|Apr 30, 2007
|Nov 1, 2007
|Lpp Combustion Llc
|Integrated system and method for production and vaporization of liquid hydrocarbon fuels for combustion
|Jun 24, 2005
|Dec 27, 2007
|Otmar Jannasch
|Non-Contact Exhaust Gas Measurement by Means of Ftir Spectrometry in Metallurgical Installations
|Jul 29, 2008
|Feb 5, 2009
|Valeo Vision
|Method for detecting a spray of water at the rear of a vehicle
|Aug 5, 2010
|Dec 2, 2010
|LLP Combustion, LLC
|System for vaporization of liquid fuels for combustion and method of use
|May 14, 2009
|May 12, 2011
|University Of Washington Through Its Center For Commercialization
|Transmission quantification of open path ftir spectra with temperature compensation
|Jul 25, 2013
|Feb 6, 2014
|General Electric Company
|Method and device for dissolved gas analysis
|Dec 19, 2012
|Oct 16, 2014
|Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
|Mist-containing gas analysis device
|Mar 16, 1999
|Dec 29, 1999
|Pierburg Aktiengesellschaft
|Apparatus and method for measuring exhaust gas components
|Mar 16, 1999
|Nov 21, 2001
|Pierburg Aktiengesellschaft
|Apparatus and method for measuring exhaust gas components
|Dec 6, 2000
|Jun 13, 2001
|Horiba, Ltd.
|Exhaust gas analyzing system
|Dec 6, 2000
|Dec 8, 2004
|Horiba, Ltd.
|Exhaust gas analyzing system
|Jun 9, 1993
|Dec 23, 1993
|Temet Instruments Oy
|Multicomponent analysis of ft-ir spectra
|Dec 22, 2000
|Jul 5, 2001
|Abb Patent Gmbh
|Method and device for measuring a component of an analyte gas
|Nov 11, 2002
|Nov 20, 2003
|Avantium International B.V.
|A sampling apparatus
|Jul 22, 2002
|Jan 29, 2004
|Avantium International B.V.
|A sampling apparatus
|U.S. Classification
|250/343, 250/339.08
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 9, 1989
Owner name: FORD MOTOR COMPANY, A CORP. OF DE, MICHIGAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:BUTLER, JAMES W.;KORNISKI, THOMAS J.;COLVIN, ALEX D.;REEL/FRAME:005013/0513;SIGNING DATES FROM 19880923 TO 19880926
Owner name: FORD MOTOR COMPANY, MICHIGAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:DAVIS, ROY I.;PATIL, PRABHAKAR B.;REEL/FRAME:005025/0067
Effective date: 19880930
|Oct 7, 1993
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Nov 10, 1997
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jan 8, 2001
Owner name: FORD GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC. A MICHIGAN CORPORAT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:FORD MOTOR COMPANY, A DELAWARE CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:011467/0001
Effective date: 19970301
|Dec 11, 2001
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|May 22, 2002
|Reinstatement after maintenance fee payment confirmed
|Jul 16, 2002
|Surcharge for late payment
|Jul 16, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|Jul 16, 2002
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20020522
|Aug 27, 2002
|Patent reinstated due to the acceptance of a late maintenance fee
Effective date: 20020722


text:
Blender Caesar-Style Salad Dressing
|Grated parmesan cheese
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|Lemon juice
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|2 Clove (10 gm), minced or pressed
|1 Teaspoon
|Salad oil
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
In a blender container, combine egg, Parmesan cheese, lemon juice, garlic, Worcestershire, salt and pepper; whirl until well blended.
Remove lid of blender container.
With motor on lowest speed, gradually pour in oil in a thin stream and continue to whirl until dressing is thick and creamy.
Pour into a jar; cover and refrigerate for at least 1 hour or up to 5 days.
Let stand at room temperature for 15 minutes before using.
Shake well.
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size: Complete recipe
Calories 1364 Calories from Fat 1191
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 135 g207.2%
Saturated Fat 17.5 g87.6%
Trans Fat 2 g
Cholesterol 266.4 mg88.8%
Sodium 2066 mg86.1%
Total Carbohydrates 13 g4.2%
Dietary Fiber 0.54 g2.1%
Sugars 3.1 g
Protein 31 g62.5%
Vitamin A 10.7% Vitamin C 53%
Calcium 74.7% Iron 10.8%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Not Accepting Guests
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Join Couchsurfing to see Emily's full profile. It's free!
About Me
East Van life. Have been traveling around for the best part of 9 years but Vancouver seems to be the place for me. I've been here for 3 years now.
Why I'm on Couchsurfing
Connect with new people.
Cooking all the things, coffee, Vancouver.
- cooking
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- walking
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Music, Movies, and Books
A good folky punk rock song always hits the spot.
One Amazing Thing I've Done
Konglor cave, Laos. I kayaked through 2km of pitch black cave to get to a small village on the other side.
Walking through the Catacombs in Paris!
Hot Air Ballooning over the Gold Coast Hinterland.
New years Eve in New York City.
Swimming in a 'volcano' of mud in Colombia.
Teach, Learn, Share
I love cooking so we can cook up some tacos and after bust out the ol' guit-tar.
Countries I've Visited
Australia, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Colombia, Cuba, France, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Laos, Malaysia, Mexico, New Caledonia, Singapore, Spain, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States, Viet Nam
Countries I've Lived In
Australia, Canada, United Kingdom


text:
Build the login and forget password functions for iPhone app
This project received 21 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $192 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project Budget$30 - $250 USD
Total Bids21
Project Description
We have built an app on iOS platform. We have done the signup part but we have NOT built the login part.
The job is to build the login part. In addition, the 'Forget the password' function. And then, integrate all those two function with our app.
We need the project to done ASAP, we believe 48 hours are enough for building, testing and integration.
Skills Required
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text:
OverviewINTENSE, Ltd. is a game development studio based in the Chuo ward of Tokyo, Japan. The company was established in July 2002, and primarily focuses on handheld, mobile, and downloadable games. The company is best known for their many room escape games.
|Onna no Ko to Misshitsu ni Itara ○○shichau Kamoshirenai.
|Kokoro ga Mizugi ni Kigaetara.
|Misshitsu no Sacrifice
There is no trivia on file. If you have any interesting trivia about this company, please add it.
Related Web Sites
- INTENSE, Ltd. (official website)
[add site]
Logo first used Jul 01, 2002
[add logo]


text:
Shhh... no one needs to know
See Before and After photos of Dr. Diehl's Scarless Breast Augmentations
In the past, a breast augmentation procedure left women with unsightly scars on the breast. But today, you won't need to worry about scars anymore. For the past 15 years, Dr. Gregory Diehl has perfected his scarless breast augmentation procedure that leaves absolutely NO SCARRING on or under the breast.
Scarless breast augmentation is Dr. Gregory Diehl's preferred method of breast augmentation. The breast implants are placed through an incision in the underarm (axillary) using a small scope. Whenever possible the axillary approach should be used because it leaves NO SCARS on the breast whatsoever, as the only incision is in the underarm.
The underarm incision is ideal because there is already a crease which perfectly hides the scar. The incision sits right on the crease, making it nearly invisible. On the other hand, with traditional surgery, even though breast incisions can be reasonably concealed in the breast crease, they are still visible from below or when the arms are raised. This is most important when the patient is young with small breasts to start with. In these cases there is less crease formation and the scars here can be very obvious.
For Dr. Diehl, the only reason to use the inframammary approach (incisions under breasts) is where there is ptosis (sagging), which requires the dual-plane approach (see below) performed from the inframammary crease. In these cases, the crease under the breast is already deep and suitably hides the scar.
The recovery from the scarless breast augmentation is same as any other breast augmentations. With Dr. Diehl's gentle technique and extensive experience, in just a few days most patients are able to return to their normal daily routine and do not require more than over-the-counter pain medications.
The "dual plane" breast augmentation is an excellent innovation for breast augmentation. Simply put, it means that the implant is placed under both the muscle and the breast to give the breast the most natural shape.
There are three places that a breast implant may be placed.
1: Under the breast only (sub-glandular);
2: Under the pectoral muscle only (sub-muscular); and
3: Under both the breast and the muscle. With this method, the upper part of the implant goes under the muscle and the lower part goes under the breast (hence, "dual-plane"). The dual-plane is used when the breast has some sagging.
To create natural looking breasts, the breast implants need to be under the pectoral muscle, because the muscle gives a great slope to the top of the breast. The muscle curves right over the implant, so there is no "step-off" of the breast which used to happen with implants that were put under the breast only.
To make or sagging breasts look fuller and beautiful (which is common after pregnancy or weight loss, for example), the implant is placed a little lower to line up with the lower position of the nipple/areola. This gives the best roundness and looks the most natural.
If you are in good health, but dissatisfied with your breast size, you may be a good candidate for breast augmentation.
Breast augmentation can:
Today's breast implants are filled with saline or silicone gel. Each implant type offers distinct benefits, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's extensive research has proven that both are safe for use.
While saline implants contain a sterile solution of water and salt, silicone implants have a rubber shell filled with a cohesive gel. The most significant difference lies in how the implants feel to the patient and is an individual choice based on varying needs. At your appointment Dr. Diehl will help determine which implant is best for you.
Learn more:
read "Silicone vs. Saline Breast Implants"
read "What are Gummy-Bear Breast Implants?"
After your breast augmentation surgery with Dr. Diehl, your breasts will appear more proportionate to the rest of your body. They will be fuller and more prominent, but retain their sensitivity and ability to breastfeed. Your results will be immediately visible after surgery.
Some swelling and bruising may obscure the final results for a few weeks and your chest will be wrapped with surgical dressings. You will be able to walk around immediately following the surgery, but should rest for at least a day or two. The surgical dressings will be removed after a few days, and stitches after about a week. Normal activities can usually be resumed in a few days, but intense physical activity should be postponed for a few weeks. Your chest should be protected from accidental impact and sun exposure for a few months.
If you are interested in learning more about breast augmentation with Long Island plastic surgeon Dr. Gregory Diehl, please contact us at (631) 476-7300 to schedule a consultation. Your consultation is an excellent time to address any questions or concerns you may have about your breast procedure, view our archive of patient photos, and discuss other important details. We look forward to helping you feel great about your body!
View Testimonials
View Before and After Pictures
See real patient results. Check out plastic surgery before and after photos featuring
Dr. Gregory Diehl's patients.
See All Cases


text:
Welcome to Firestone Complete Auto Care at 6305 N Keystone Ave! Whether you need extensive repair work or just a quick checkup, come in today or schedule an appointment.
At Firestone Complete Auto Care, we have offered top quality car and truck repair since our beginning in 1926. If your car seems to be running differently, our trained technicians will give your car a free courtesy check. We'll examine oil level, headlights, the battery, and more. Additionally, our team believes in offering the most consistent service on the market, all at reasonable prices and short wait times. Come in today or schedule an appointment by phone or online.
After 90 years of automotive repair, we've seen nearly every problem your car or truck could have. Here at Firestone Complete Auto Care, we strive to provide unparalleled auto repair and maintenance. Our products and services are covered by our Fixed Right Guarantee, which means the service or repair is done right the first time. And if it was performed improperly, we'll redo it at no additional charge. We know there's never a good time to get your car fixed, and that's why we constantly strive to make the process as painless as possible.


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Want to get away? The Palm Tree collection by Rolf Glass lets you enjoy the playfulness of Miami, While suffering the winters of the north. This Beautifully engraved design will sweep you away to the tropics. Your vacation can start right now with just a sip and a setting!
Match with the rest of the Palm Tree Collection to complete your set
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The religion of Israel under the kingdom4 editions - first published in 1912 Read
The preparation for Christ in the Old Testament2 editions - first published in 1884 Read
The story of Joseph2 editions - first published in 1913 Read
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History Created April 1, 2008 · 3 revisions
|June 6, 2012
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text:
Spotlight your brand by placing your logo on one of our custom flashlights! Essential pieces in any emergency or tool kit, these products make for a practical and evergreen gift. ePromos carries traditional devices as well as unique and portable options. From key chain flashlights to outdoor gear with lights built in, we can personalize any gift. Outshine the competition with exceptional items ideal for National Safety Month. Contact ePromos today to start customizing your own set of promotional flashlights!
A bright and eco-friendly promotional LED flashlight that recharges by squeezing the charge handle.
Shed some light on your giveaways with these thin custom keychains that have a built-in bright light and your logo imprinted on the white panel.
This bright hard hat shaped LED custom key chain is handy giveaway.
They'll see the light with this tactical style promotional LED flashlight.
A handy little logo flashlight that you can clip anywhere.
A logo flashlight with a magnet that will free up hands to work on those important tasks.


text:
Interdependence is and ought to be as much the ideal of man as self-sufficiency. Man is a social being.— Mahatma Gandhi
The wave of the future is not the conquest of the world by a single dogmatic creed but the liberation of the diverse energies of free nations and free men.— John F. Kennedy
Your current safe boundaries were once unknown frontiers.— Unknown
We have more possibilities available in each moment than we realize.— Thich Nhat Hanh
Stop thinking in terms of limitations and start thinking in terms of possibilities.— Terry Josephson
Man is free at the instant he wants to be.— Voltair
The wide world is all about you; you can fence yourselves in, but you cannot forever fence it out.— J. R. R. Tolkien
Individually, we are one drop. Together, we are an ocean.— Ryunosuke Satoro
We must all hang together or most assuredly we shall hang separately.— Benjamin Franklin
Conquering any difficulty always gives one a secret joy, for it means pushing back a boundary-line and adding to one's liberty.— Henri Frederic Amiel
There is a boundary to men's passions when they act from feelings; but none when they are under the influence of imagination.— Edmund Burke
Living at risk is jumping off the cliff and building your wings on the way down.— Ray Bradbury
Each species, be it a form of bacteria or deer, is knitted together in a network of interdependence, however indirect the links may be.— Murray Bookchin
You live in the age of interdependence. Borders don't count for much or stop much, good or bad, anymore.— Bill Clinton
When we try to pick anything out by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe.— John Muir
Everything is alive; everything is interconnected.— Cicero
If you hate a person, you hate something in him that is part of yourself. What isn't part of ourselves doesn't disturb us.— Hermann Hesse
To lead the people, walk behind them.— Lao Tzu
We shall not cease from exploration, and at the end of all our exploring will be to arrive where we started and know the place for the first time.— T. S. Eliot
The dangers of life are infinite, and among them is safety.— Goethe
Those who have an excessive faith in their theories or in their ideas are not only poorly disposed to make discoveries, but they also make very poor observations.— Claude Bernard
Logic is the beginning of wisdom, not the end.— Leonard Nemoy
A mind that is stretched by a new experience can never go back to its old dimensions.— Oliver Wendell Holmes
We live in a world of vast collaborative potential. Yet, all too often, powerful boundaries create borders that splinter groups into Us and Them, leading to limiting possibilities and uninspiring results. To transform borders into frontiers in today's global, multi-stakeholder organizations, you need Boundary Spanning Leadership.
Powered by a decade of global research and practice by the top-ranked Center for Creative Leadership (CCL), this landmark book takes you from rural towns in the United States to luminous skyscrapers in Hong Kong and from a modernizing South Africa to the bustling streets of India, showing you how to build bridges across boundaries.
Through compelling stories, practical tactics, and actionable tools, you'll learn and apply the six boundary spanning practices that occur at the nexus between groups (each practice is a chapter in the book):
Together, these practices combine to create what authors Chris Ernst and Donna Chrobot-Mason call, "The Nexus Effect — the limitless possibilities and inspiring results that groups can realize together, far exceeding what they can achieve on their own," including:
Boundaries exist. What matters most is how you work to bridge these divides and transform your organization's wide-ranging talents and knowledge to deliver value. With Boundary Spanning Leadership, the possibilities are limitless.
The challenges we face in all aspects of business and society span boundaries. So too must leadership. We wrote this book for anyone who seeks to bridge boundaries between groups in pursuit of realizing a higher purpose or goal. You may be a CEO, a middle manager, or a project manager. You may be working in a nonprofit organization or as a community organizer. You may be a human resources professional, educator, or consultant. You could be working in Brazil, China, Germany, or the United States or in all four countries during the course of a year. Regardless, our core message to you is this: Through six boundary spanning practices, you can turn limiting borders into limitless frontiers to solve mission-critical problems, create innovative solutions, and positively change and transform your organization or community. In short, we wrote this book to help you achieve inspiring results at the nexus between groups.
This book is based on the experiences of actual leaders who participated in two Center for Creative Leadership (CCL) research projects: Leadership Across Differences (LAD), which involved researchers from around the world; and Leadership at the Peak, which collected survey data from senior executives participating in leadership programs.
The LAD project transpired across six world regions — Africa, Asia, Europe, Middle East, North America, South America — leading to a comprehensive database of over 2,800 survey responses, almost 300 interviews and a wide range of secondary data, such as media reports and organizational communications. The goal of the research was to address the following question: What are the leadership processes by which organizations create shared direction, alignment and commitment across groups of people with very different histories, perspectives, values or cultures?
In Stage 1 of the LAD project, the research team collected interview data from 50 individuals located in 11 different countries. Interviewees held a variety of occupations in corporations, social service organizations, hospitals and schools, and they were employed at all levels of the organizational hierarchy. In order to examine from a variety of different perspectives the challenges that groups face in managing boundaries, we included people holding formal leadership positions in the organizations as well as those having no formal leadership authority.
In Stage 2 of the LAD project, the research team collected interview data from 239 individuals located in 11 countries, but with several changes in our sampling strategy. We required a minimum of 10 interviewees per organization, and we made a concerted effort to obtain data from individuals who varied on a number of different factors — such as gender, race and level in the organization. We also attempted to maximize cultural variation in our sample so as to examine whether similar types of events occurred in different cultural contexts.
Participants in the second CCL project, Leadership at the Peak, allowed us to refine the results of the LAD research. These leaders were surveyed on pressing trends and challenges, the role of leadership in spanning boundaries, and the types of boundaries that leaders face in attempting to create direction, alignment and commitment. A total of 128 program participants completed a survey. The majority of respondents (60%) worked at the senior vice president or director level. Chief executive officers or presidents accounted for another 32% of the sample, and the remaining 8% held titles such as vice president and plant manager.
Findings from this study informed our thinking in two primary ways. First, it reinforced our belief that while spanning boundaries is now critical, it remains challenging. Our data showed that 86% of senior executives found it "extremely important" to work effectively across boundaries in their current leadership role. Yet only 7% of these executives believed they were currently "very effective" at doing so — a gap of 79% between the perceived importance of boundary spanning and the ability to achieve it. The other primary finding was the identification of the five types of boundaries—vertical, horizontal, stakeholder, demographic and geographic.
Foreword: Marian N. Ruderman
Part One: The Forces that Pull Us Apart and Bring Us Together
Part Two: Managing Boundaries
Part Three: Forging Common Ground
Part 4: Discovering New Frontiers
Part Five: The Nexus Effect
Epilogue: Toward an Interdependent, Collaborative Future
Appendix A: About the Research
Appendix B: Boundary Spanning Leadership Summary Table
About the Authors
Where to Go Next: CCL Resources for Boundary Spanning Leadership
About the Center for Creative Leadership
About the Center for Organizational Leadership
In this deeply insightful look at the demands on 21st century leaders, Ernst and Chrobot-Mason outline six boundary spanning leadership practices derived from case studies and research with thousands of participating managers. This work is bound to be one of the most important management books of the decade.
—David A. Thomas, Ph.D., H. Naylor Fitzhugh professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School
Fostering a culture of teamwork among business units and partners is crucial for bottom-line success. This groundbreaking book, packed with practical examples and based on solid research, shows us how to get started.
—Marc Noël, chairman, Noël Group LLC
Few books capture the needs and narrative of today's business and so elegantly lay out a plan to address its challenges. Boundary Spanning Leadership nails this...Consume it and play you're role!
—Andy Stefanovich, chief curator and provocateur, Prophet
Leaders often struggle to move teams forward because they look for solutions only within their own context. The authors draw on rigorous global research and real-world experience to help leaders move into new frontiers where they can find answers and practices for creating success.
—Jack Stahl, former CEO, Revlon & president/COO, Coca-Cola company
The future will be punctuated by new spans across old boundaries. This book shows you how to improve your "span ability".
—Bob Johansen, Ph.D., Institute for the Future Distinguished Fellow, author of the bestselling Get There Early and Leaders Make the Future.
Understanding boundaries so organizations can successfully explore and push into new frontiers is a challenge for every leader in almost all undertakings. Ernst and Chrobot-Mason help us better understand the power of teams working collaboratively together.
—Vice Admiral Cutler Dawson (USN Ret.), president & CEO, Navy Federal Credit Union
Many colleges and universities are searching for new, innovative interdisciplinary ways to teach students and develop knowledge, making the ability to work effectively across boundaries more crucial than ever. Ernst and Chrobot-Mason offer smart, practical insights that can greatly enhance how educators work together to create future generations of leaders.
—Thomas W. Ross, president, University of North Carolina School System
This book helps you build the essential boundary spanning capabilities you need to lead people fractured by strongly held values, beliefs, feelings, and practices that seem impossible to reconcile. The authors share wisdom and experiences from around the globe in a book rich with examples, tools, tactics, and cautionary pitfalls—stories that touch your heart and boost your leadership potential.
—Victoria J. Marsick, Ph.D., professor of Education & co-director J.M. Huber Institute, Columbia University
I have had the privilege to apply the author's practical thought leadership in my business roles since 2005. Now Ernst and Chrobot-Mason have created a next-generation classic to share what will quickly become a must read guide to leading in the global economy.
—Greg Pryor, vice president, Leadership and Organization Effectiveness, Juniper Networks
Our deepening interdependence with each other is an undeniable reality, a frightening challenge, and a remarkable opportunity. This book boldly guides us into this rapidly emerging new global reality, showing us the simplicity on the other side of the complexity, illuminating insights and skills each of us can use to lead powerfully in the 21st century.
—Max Klau, Ph.D., director of Leadership Development, City Year, Inc.
The globally diverse backgrounds and multiple stakeholder groups that comprise today's organizations demand the innovative leadership approaches espoused in Boundary Spanning Leadership. The authors' timely toolset draws from extensive, deep experience and research and describes in detail how to overcome the numerous challenges that dissimilar teams pose to leaders.
—Norty Turner, vice president and general manager, Hertz Equipment Rental Corporation, EMEA and India
The biggest challenge in a matrix organization is connecting the dots to unlock value. Boundary Spanning Leadership provides practical tools to constructively remove silos, neutralize negative politics, and put in place the conditions to achieve outstanding results
—Kevin Dooley, global head of HR Communications and Employer Brand and Marketing, Deutsche Bank
Working across boundaries is key to successfully running a global business. The authors have written a superb book which provides today's leaders with the necessary insights and tools to steer successfully through times of transition.
—Guy Kempfert, global head Learning & Development, Syngenta Crop Protection AG
This book articulates a concept we believe is critical to our success at Lenovo: Businesses that transform cultural differences into organizational strengths, that focus intensely on building a unified global team, and that make their culture a top priority at every level have the best chance to succeed and build an enduring, winning company.
—Kenneth DiPietro, senior vice president, HR Lenovo
For too long organizations have struggled with how best to nurture important collaborations across boundaries of time, space, expertise and hierarchy. Ernst and Chrobot-Mason identify and make actionable critical practices to help any leader obtain a multiplier effect from their talent. A must read!
—Rob Cross, Ph.D., associate professor, University of Virginia McIntire School of Commerce and author of Driving Results Through Social
Networks and The Hidden Power of Social Networks
Boundary Spanning Leadership brings elusive concepts to life with practical processes illustrated by inspiring stories and action tips. It's a common sense approach to navigating the complex world we experience every day. Timely and timeless—read it now!
—Ernie Turner, president, LIM (Leadership in International Management), author of Action Reflection Learning: Solving Real Business Problems
by Connecting Earning with Learning
Silos, stovepipes, and narrow conceptions of role and identity beware: This groundbreaking book helps people work together more constructively despite your efforts!
—Richard Hughes, Ph.D., senior author of best-selling textbook Leadership: Enhancing the Lessons of Experience.
Ernst and Chrobot-Mason distill the transformational power of boundary spanning leadership into an intuitively sound and inspirationally coherent practice. This book is as valuable as anything we've seen before in conflict transformation and bridging communities of all kinds: deceptively simple solutions to profoundly complex issues of building cultures of peace.
—Mark Johnson, Ph.D., executive director, Fellowship of Reconciliation
Boundary Spanning Leadership reminds leaders of the critical need to connect with diverse stakeholders by finding common ground as individual human beings.
—Shalini Mahtani, founder, Community Business Asia
Few of us know how to work in a world where everything influences everything else. Finally, we have a guide. Grounded in a persuasive philosophy, Ernst and Chrobot-Mason's new book offers the pragmatic skills we have been searching for, but, until now, have eluded us.
—Nancy Adler, Ph.D., S. Bronfman Chair in Management, McGill University, Canada and author of the best-seller, International Dimensions
of Organizational Behavior
Boundary Spanning Leadership offers a wealth of insights on how to lead effectively across differences. It is sure to be an invaluable resource to anyone who wants to be a better leader.
—David V. Day, Ph.D., Woodside Professor of Leadership and Management, University of Western Australia Business School
At last, a practitioner oriented book, based on solid research, that enables leaders, regardless of the country where they are employed, to inspire culturally diverse teams.
—Gary Latham, Ph.D., secretary of state professor of Organizational Effectiveness, Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto
Leading difference is one of the most important cross-sector challenges that leaders encounter. Through hands-on practical advice, illustrated by compelling stories of success, Ernst and Chrobot-Mason have fashioned a multi-dimensional framework for spanning boundaries and leading across groups.
—Nick Barker, Ph.D., director, Asia Pacific Leadership Program, East-West Center
Below are digitally reproduced copies of the tools in the book. Feel free to download, print, and have available while reading the book.
Chris Ernst is an internationally recognized thought leader for developing collaborative approaches to leadership in a complex, interdependent world. Currently he serves as Organizational Effectiveness Thought Leader at Juniper Networks in Silicon Valley. In this capacity, Chris supports Juniper's bold vision of "Connect Everything, Empower Everyone" by stewarding the leadership agenda as the advisor and facilitator to the executive committee.
Chris also serves as an adjunct faculty member at the Center for Creative Leadership (CCL), consistently ranked as one of the Top 10 executive education organizations worldwide by both Business Week and The Financial Times. He has honed his practice through fifteen years at CCL, working in wide-ranging leadership research, design, and advisory services roles in the corporate, nonprofit, and education sectors across six world regions. Earlier in his career, he served as Research Director, Asia-Pacific with responsibility for the start-up of CCL's Research and Innovation Group located in Singapore.
Out of these varied experiences, Chris holds the conviction that spanning boundaries is critical in an interdependent world, yet appreciates first-hand that collaborating across boundaries is hard work.
Chris' thought leadership is widely published in top academic journals, books, and magazines such as Forbes, Fortune, Chief Learning Officer and MIT Sloan Management Review. He is co-author of CCL's best-selling book, Boundary Spanning Leadership: Six Practices for Solving Problems, Driving Innovation, and Transforming Organizations (McGraw-Hill Professional) and Success for the New Global Manager: How to Work Across Distance, Countries and Cultures (Jossey-Bass/Wiley).
By integrating his research training with real world global experience, Chris is uniquely positioned to empower organizations and communities to solve their most pressing leadership challenges. He holds a Ph.D. in Industrial and Organizational Psychology from North Carolina State University, and currently resides in Palo Alto, CA with his wife and two children.
Donna Chrobot-Mason has been teaching, consulting, writing, and researching issues around leadership and diversity for fifteen years. She is committed to helping both scholars and practitioners better understand the challenges and opportunities that exist in leading a diverse workforce.
Donna is an associate professor in psychology at the University of Cincinnati. She has taught courses in organizational psychology, diversity, leadership, and research methods to undergraduate and master's level students. Recently, Donna became the Director of the Center for Organizational Leadership at the University of Cincinnati. As center director, she spanned boundaries to create and lead a cross-disciplinary research team that examines leadership from a variety of theoretical and methodological perspectives.
As a researcher, Donna has presented at nearly 50 conferences, coauthored five book chapters, and published 12 peer-reviewed articles in journals such as Human Relations, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Journal of Organizational Behavior, and Group and Organization Management. She is co-author of the book, Boundary Spanning Leadership: Six Practices for Solving Problems, Driving Innovation, and Transforming Organizations (McGraw-Hill Professional). Donna also serves on three editorial review boards for leading management journals.
Donna began her career as a practitioner in human resources at the Xerox Corporation. She also consulted with numerous organizations to evaluate diversity climate and develop training programs. Her skill as a diversity scholar and passion for applied research landed her an invitation to join the Leadership Across Differences project at CCL, eventually leading to the partnership that created this book.
Donna has a Ph.D. in applied psychology from the University of Georgia. She lives near Cincinnati, Ohio with her husband, son, daughter, and two cats. When not working, Donna enjoys spending time outdoors with her family and water-skiing at the lake.
Boundary Spanning in Action: Tactics for Transforming Today's Borders into Tomorrow's Frontiers
In this restless world, leaders face complex challenges that can be solved only by building bridges across expansive boundaries. In this second of two CCL white papers on boundary spanning, we share some success stories and outline some tactics that you can use right away to bridge boundaries in your organization. (more...)
Read the white paper that catalyzed the conversation about leading across boundaries in an interdependent world!
In a recent study by CCL, 86 percent of senior executives said it is "extremely important" to work across boundaries in their current leadership roles. Yet, only 7 percent of these executives believe they are currently "very effective" at doing so. Closing this gap is both a critical challenge and a transformative opportunity for leaders and organizations in today's business environment. This white paper explores why boundary spanning leadership matters and how to make it happen. (more...)
The CCL Speakers Bureau brings top-notch leadership experts directly to you. Combining our latest research with extensive leadership training experience, CCL speakers help prepare you and your organization for success with dynamic and practical perspectives on today's most compelling leadership issues. more...


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Product Review: POM Juice
The POM Wonderful company kindly sent me some of their POM Wonderful 100% pomegranate juice to review and I was happy to oblige. I am not a big juice drinker myself, but I do enjoy pomegranates and any all-natural product is sure to catch my interest.
Pomegranate juice has been proven to have an incredibly high level of antioxidants. It even trumps green tea and red wine as an antioxidant powerhouse. POM Wonderful funded $25 million for scientific research of this particular brand of pomegranates and found them to be related to other health issues as well, such as cardiovascular health.
My first taste-test of POM resulted in a twisted mouth as I swallowed. It was incredibly tart; one mouthful was enough for me. I also had a couple of other people give it a try; they each drank a full glass but agreed that it was not something that they would buy in the future. To be fair, a big factor for this is that neither of them drinks juice on a regular basis. One reviewer, although she didn't dislike it, made the comment that this drink is so bitter that it actually made her mouth drier, so this would not be a good juice to have if you're trying to quench your thirst. The other reviewer enjoyed it and referred to it as "liquid pomegranate" and she really enjoyed the bitter/sour taste.
However, I did have POM in a smoothie (during our week-long Sugar Challenge), and the smoothie was delicious. I think that mixed with other ingredients, this could be a really nice addition to smoothies or sauces (or cocktails!). The POM website includes a fair number of recipes for ways to use POM, many of which look very tasty. A lot of the recipes also include pomegranate seeds, a food that I love, but will have to wait to eat until they come in season once again.
This would appear to be a very healthy juice. I will not be buying it in the future (but I don't drink any kind of juice, anyways, so that isn't saying much), but I will be definitely adding the stuff that I have to smoothies. If you are a juice drinker I suggest you give this a try. I don't think that it is entirely necessary to include POM in your life if you don't like the taste (because you can still get the antioxidants and other health benefits from other nutritional sources- green tea is still plenty healthy for you!), but if you do like the taste then this would be a good addition to your diet. In moderation, of course- I've already turned orange from eating too many carrots; I don't think the color of pomegranate juice would be a very becoming skin tone, either 😉
Have you tried POM Wonderful? What's your take on it? Do you actively try to include products like this, which really emphasize the nutritional value of the product, into your diet?
31 Comments
It's good with seltzer! But I don't drink juice either and I won't buy it.
I took my case of POM to work and most everyone liked it. A few said they would buy it. My survey was skewed I think, in that my participants were mostly male, and I had given them the literature to read before they tried the juice. 🙂
I'm not a juice drinker either, but I love pomegranates so I tried POM Wonderful a while back. I've heard so many people say (or seen them blog) that it tastes just like eating a pomegranate, but to me it did not and I found it really disappointing.
Not a juice drinker. I will have the occaisional glass of it, but that's about it. (although Burt's Bees pomegranate lip balm is pretty awesome)
Dr. J
You know, I have never had pom. juice. I did love whole pomegranates as a kid. They were so much fun to chew and spit out! It was all great till mom saw my clothes on wash day, and the fun stopped 🙁
Mom had a few new red rags after that wash!
I do love POM – have to try it in a smoothie!
I do love POM, but in small doses. I actually like pure acai juice much better, and it has (I think) the most amount of antioxidant for a small serving. It is a little more flavorful and not as tart as POM, but both do taste amazing in smoothies!
Oh, interesting that you found it too tart straight. We all thought that it had a pleasant mix of sweet and tart. We're big fans of the juice after getting samples in the mail and have even tried some of their other flavors. The plain POM is still the favorite here! (Oh, and if you want to try tart, get some unsweetened cranberry juice. Talk about pucker power!)
the Bag Lady
I like POM juice….mixed with champagne! Yum.
Try mixing it with something like blueberry juice, or just add a little water.
I saw pomegranate seeds for sale at Costco the other day – was very tempted to buy them, but it was quite a large package, and I wasn't sure I'd be able to eat them all before they went bad. (Plus the fact that they were quite expensive…)
I looove POM
Sagan Morrow
Maggie- that's not a bad idea!
Cammy- Hehe every survey will be a little bit skewed 😉
JavaChick- hm. To each his/her own, I guess?
Tricia- LOVE. Burts. Bees.
Dr. J- haha. Pomegranate seeds are a nice treat.
Missicat- smoothies are good stuff.
Ruth- interesting, thanks for letting me know about that!
Cathy- hehe. I guess I'm just not used to drinking juice.
Bag Lady- just the seeds? But half the fun is extracting them from the pomegranate! 😀 And I like your thinking with the champagne. I love pomegranate seeds with champagne so POM juice would probably be delicious like that!
Westwood- this is what I was going to recruit you into trying! But then you had to go off and be spontaneous 😛
I did LOVE it…but Im more a fan of the fruit.
perhaps because I enjoy the process of squirting the staining stuff everywhere…as does the Toddler 🙂
Tom Rooney
I'm actually in the minority here Sagan. I really like this stuff and drink it straight from the bottle. I guess that makes me a bitter old man. 🙂
Thanks for the review, Sagan! I've seen this everywhere and it has me curious. Not a huge juice drinker, either, so I probably will stay away for now. 🙂 But the smoothies sound delish!
Can't get in to this pom juice. Too bitter and too expensive. Although I really don't like juice in general. Maybe in a martini 🙂
i do like it, but i'm not a huge fan of drinking my calories. To make it last, I like to put a splash in seltzer or i used to drink diet 7up plus 🙂 I just read someone used the juice instead of water to make packaged brownies and that sounds like a fabulous idea!
Kelly Turner
my take? meh.
It tastes fine but too much of it gives me a stomach ache since its so tart and the "research" they provide is FUNDED BY THEM so they can skew it however they want- and they didnt even do a good job. the facts arent real facts because they dont contain specifics.
im just bitter cause they sent me expired juice
Sagan Morrow
MizFit- I can just imagine the fun that you and the Toddler have!
Tom- hehehe 😉
Holly- I'm looking forward to summer just because smoothies taste a million times better when its hot out.
Kristisummer- mm martini.
ttfn300- ooh so it would be a pomegranate infused chocolate brownie? Tasty! (And I don't like drinking my calories very much, either)
Kelly- giggling at your bitterness- and I agree about the skewing, hence why I noted that all those dollars were sent in by them.
Thanks for the review. I haven't tried POM yet as I'm just not a juice drinker. But it is a nice suggestion to add it to other things such as smoothies or pomegranate martinis =)
Trish (girlatgym)
thanks for the review. 🙂
Fitness Surfer
Yes i've tried it. I likes that it wasn't watered down. I have a hard time paying for water…i can add that myself if needed. I don't drink juice, but when i have an unlimited grocery budget will buy it and try new healthy recipes in my gourmet kitchen =). For now we keep things to the basics.
I was contacted by POM too but while it's very good, I don't drink juice. I'd rather eat a piece of fruit, it's more filling and enjoyable. I just drink water (and lots of it) and the occasional diet soda for a little afternoon caffeine. However, I did cook an amazing dish once using POM juice as a stew base. It was a remake of "Khoresh Fesenjan" that used peanut butter and chicken instead of ground cashews and lamb, it was delicious!
We've tried it. It is good in smoothies (as you point out) or with seltzer water. 🙂
I am positive I am the last person in blog land that has not tried it yet!!
Sagan Morrow
Big Girl & Juliet- mmm smoothie.
Trish- you're welcome!
Fitness Surfer- and you know I am ALL about the basics 😉 But you're right, it's good that it's not watered down because then we can do that ourselves.
Nick- Seeing as I am head over heels for pretty much all of your recipes I'm going to have to give that one a try! Generally the only things I drink is water, tea, and skim milk. I like munching on my calories.
Biz319- POM has certainly been making the rounds of the blogosphere!
Mary - A Merry Life
I like it in my smoothies!
POM is alright. I would drink it daily if I had more money to afford it.
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Firms' International Status and Heterogeneity in Performance: Evidence from Italy
We revisit the evidence about firms' performance and their international status in a large sample of Italian enterprises. Three results stand out. First, firms engaging in foreign production of final goods, in addition to export activities, are more productivethan firms that only export abroad. Second, firms engaging in final goods off-shoring are more productive than firms engaging ininputs off-shoring. Third, the productivity dynamics of exporters is not any better than non-exporters' one. Our results support that the better performance of globally engaged firms is chiefly due to the selection caused by the fixed costs associated to internationaloperations.
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Volume (Year): 97 (2007)
Issue (Month): 3 (May-June)
Pages: 151-188
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- Doctors
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- Dr. Arturo Sanchez
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Ratings for Dr. Arturo Sanchez
Thank so much for Being My daughters doctor, much love and support from us, he never did anything innapropriate, my heart is breaking these allegations are so hurtful god bless you dr Sanchez I'll never forget your kind smile and guidance
He was my pediatrician when I was a baby until I was 13 years old and he was such a great doctor and would recommend him to everyone. He genuinely cared about me and my other siblings and still do to this day ! I hope to find someone who can care for my kids the way he did with my siblings and I. We love you Dr. Sanchez Love Amy Da Silva
He was the best Dr ever for my kids Amy, Jorge David and Sabrina Da silva
The best doctor my daugher has ever had. I cant believe the heart of some people. he was a good doctor and he gave the best care to my daugther and i havent been able to find a doctor like him, his erreplaceable. I hope that his okay and wishing him well.
How I miss doctor Sanchez. I have new pediatrician and I can't stop but notice the difference. I wish he would come back to work. We love you Dr. Sanchez may God bless you.
Dr. Sanchez has been a blessing to us as parents and to our child as his patient. Our son was diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder when he was 3 years and 6 months old, and the tremendous kindness and support that our Family received from Dr. Sanchez was invaluable to us. He was always showing genuine compassion by monitoring and providing follow-up care as needed. No words can properly describe just how incredible Dr. Sanchez is and how much we appreciate everything that he did for our Family. He genuinely cares for his patients; he is passionate about his job and love helping people. He is immensely knowledgeable. He is a true advocate for his patients. A super super doctor and human being He is a very ethical Doctor, a very respectful and culturally sensitive person and he respects boundaries like no other, He is well known for being an excellent pediatrician who has seeing multiple generations of a family, indeed an absolute treasure. we simply cannot picture this gentleman doing anything inappropriate. He has an inner and outer beauty that radiates patience, kindness and empathy, honesty and professionalism. He is God's gift to our son and a lot of other kids. A wonderful human being. We are blessed he was his doctor. He is undoubtedly the best doctor we've had the pleasure of meeting. He's been like part of the family. We love him. Our son is our world and we thank him deeply for all the professionalism and human caring he has always showed to our son and our family. With so much respect towards him and his wife and Family we wish nothing but the best in all this process. // Matthew , Deli and Diego .
i know dr Sánchez for 36 years incredible. Dr and excelent human Being. God bless you Dr Sánchez we miss you very much !!!
He was a excelent doctor.my kids and my self we'll miss him. To my family he will always be "uncle Arturo"
The best doctor I met in my life. My daughters feel really miss him, and always ask when we will see it again. We not find a new doctor, attentive and helpful as him.
Dr. Sanchez was a great doctor. He was my doctor for many years. He jokes around to make patients smile. And he always asked to bring an adult in the checking room so why would a 11 year old girl go in there by herself. Now that doesn't make sense
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