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Double layer (plasma physics)
A double layer is a structure in a plasma consisting of two parallel layers of opposite electrical charge. The sheets of charge, which are not necessarily planar, produce localised excursions of electric potential, resulting in a relatively strong electric field between the layers and weaker but more extensive compensating fields outside, which restore the global potential.[1] Ions and electrons within the double layer are accelerated, decelerated, or deflected by the electric field, depending on their direction of motion.
However, the line integral of electrostatic potential across a double layer is zero.[2] because the contours of equipotential are necessarily closed. As the electrostatic potential introduced by a double layer at distances comparable to the sheet separation rapidly tends to zero, it also follows that any charged particle entering the region of a double layer will experience no net change in energy on passing right through it.
Double layers can be created in discharge tubes, where sustained energy is provided within the layer for electron acceleration by an external power source. Double layers are claimed to have been observed in the aurora and are invoked in astrophysical applications. For many decades, a view has been held[according to whom?] that double layers are instrumental in accelerating auroral electrons. This interpretation treats only the double layer's internal electric field, and overlooks the fact that this is neutralised by the double layer's external fields.
Electrostatic double layers are especially common in current-carrying plasmas, and are very thin (typically ten Debye lengths), compared to the sizes of the plasmas that contain them. Other names for a double layer are electrostatic double layer, electric double layer, plasma double layers. The term 'electrostatic shock' in the magnetosphere has been applied to electric fields oriented at an oblique angle to the magnetic field in such a way that the perpendicular electric field is much stronger than the parallel electric field,[3][4] In laser physics, a double layer is sometimes called an ambipolar electric field.[5]
Double layers are conceptually related to the concept of a 'sheath' (see Debye sheath). An early review of double layers from laboratory experiment and simulations is provided by Torvén.[6]
Double layer classification[edit]
Double layers may be classified in the following ways:
- Weak and strong double layers. The strength of a double layer is expressed as the ratio of the potential drop in comparison with the plasma's equivalent thermal energy, or in comparison with the rest mass energy of the electrons. A double layer is said to be strong if the potential drop within the layer is greater than the equivalent thermal energy of the plasma's components.[7]
- Relativistic or non-relativistic double layers.[8] A double layer is said to be relativistic if the potential drop within the layer is comparable to the rest mass energy (~512KeV) of the electron. Double layers of such energy are to be found in laboratory experiments. The charge density is low between the two opposing potential regions and the double layer is similar to the charge distribution in a capacitor in that respect.
- Current carrying double layers These double layers may be generated by current-driven plasma instabilities that amplify variations of the plasma density. One example of these instabilities is the Farley–Buneman instability, which occurs when the streaming velocity of electrons (basically the current density divided by the electron density) exceeds the electron thermal velocity of the plasma. It occurs in collisional plasmas having a neutral component, and is driven by drift currents.[citation needed]
- Current-free double layers These occur at the boundary between plasma regions with different plasma properties. A plasma may have a higher electron temperature, and thermal velocity, on one side of a boundary layer than on the other. The same may apply for plasma densities. Charged particles exchanged between the regions may enable potential differences to be maintained between them locally. The overall charge density, as in all double layers, will be neutral.
Potential imbalance will be neutralised by electron (1&3) and ion (2&4) migration, unless the potential gradients are sustained by an external energy source. Under most laboratory situations, unlike outer space conditions, charged particles may effectively originate within the double layer, by ionization at the anode or cathode, and be sustained.
The figure shows the localised perturbation of potential produced by an idealised double layer consisting of two oppositely charged discs. The perturbation is zero at a distance from the double layer in every direction.[9]
If an incident charged particle, such as a precipitating auroral electron, encounters such a static or quasistatic structure in the magnetosphere, provided that the particle energy exceeds half the electric potential difference within the double layer, it will pass through without any net change in energy. Incident particles with less energy than this will also experience no net change in energy but will undergo more overall deflection.
Four distinct regions of a double layer can be identified, which affect charged particles passing through it, or within it:
- A positive potential side of the double layer where electrons are accelerated towards it;
- A positive potential within the double layer where electrons are decelerated;
- A negative potential within the double layer where electrons are decelerated; and
- A negative potential side of the double layer where electrons are accelerated.
Double layers will tend to be transient in the magnetosphere, as any charge imbalance will become neutralised, unless there is a sustained external source of energy to maintain them as there is under laboratory conditions.
Double layer formation mechanisms[edit]
The details of the formation mechanism depend on the environment of the plasma (e.g. double layers in the laboratory, ionosphere, solar wind, nuclear fusion, etc.). Proposed mechanisms for their formation have included:
- 1971: Between plasmas of different temperatures[10]
- 1976: In laboratory plasmas[11]
- 1982: Disruption of a neutral current sheet[12]
- 1983: Injection of non-neutral electron current into a cold plasma[13]
- 1985: Increasing the current density in a plasma[14]
- 1986: In the accretion column of a neutron star[15]
- 1986: By pinches in cosmic plasma regions[16]
- 1987: In a plasma constrained by a magnetic mirror[17]
- 1988: By an electrical discharge[18]
- 1988: Current-driven instabilities (strong double layers)[19]
- 1988: Spacecraft-ejected electron beams[20]
- 1989: From shock waves in a plasma[21]
- 2000: Laser radiation[22]
- 2002: When magnetic field-aligned currents encounter density cavities[23]
- 2003: By the incidence of plasma on the dark side of the Moon's surface. See picture.
Features and characteristics of double layers[edit]
- Thickness: The production of a double layer requires regions with a significant excess of positive or negative charge, that is, where quasi-neutrality is violated. In general, quasi-neutrality can only be violated on scales of the Debye length. The thickness of a double layer is of the order of ten Debye lengths, which is a few centimeters in the ionosphere, a few tens of meters in the interplanetary medium, and tens of kilometers in the intergalactic medium.[citation needed]
- Electrostatic potential distribution: As described under double layer classification above, there are effectively four distinct regions of a double layer where incoming charged particles will be accelerated or decelerated along their trajectory . Within the double layer the two opposing charge distributions will tend to become neutralised by internal charged particle motion.
- Particle flux: For non-relativistic current carrying double layers, electrons carry most of the current. The Langmuir condition states that the ratio of the electron and the ion current across the layer is given by the square root of the mass ratio of the ions to the electrons.[27] For relativistic double layers the current ratio is 1; i.e. the current is carried equally by electrons and ions.
- Energy supply: The instantaneous voltage drop across a current-carrying double layer is proportional to the total current, and is similar to that across a resistive element (or load), which dissipates energy in an electric circuit. A double layer cannot supply net energy on its own.
- Stability: Double layers in laboratory plasmas may be stable or unstable depending on the parameter regime.[28] Various types of instabilities may occur, often arising due to the formation of beams of ions and electrons. Unstable double layers are noisy in the sense that they produce oscillations across a wide frequency band. A lack of plasma stability may also lead to a sudden change in configuration often referred to as an explosion (and hence exploding double layer). In one example, the region enclosed in the double layer rapidly expands and evolves.[29] An explosion of this type was first discovered in mercury arc rectifiers used in high-power direct-current transmission lines, where the voltage drop across the device was seen to increase by several orders of magnitude. Double layers may also drift, usually in the direction of the emitted electron beam, and in this respect are natural analogues to the smooth-bore magnetron[30]
- Magnetised plasmas: Double layers can form in both magnetised and unmagnetised and magnetized plasmas.
- Cellular nature: While double layers are relatively thin, they will spread over the entire cross surface of a laboratory container. Likewise where adjacent plasma regions have different properties, double layers will form and tend to cellularise the different regions.[31]
- Energy transfer: Double layers can facilitate the transfer of electrical energy into kinetic energy, dW/dt=I•ΔV where I is the electric current dissipating energy into a double layer with a voltage drop of ΔV. Alfvén points out that the current may well consist exclusively of low-energy particles.[33] Torvén et al. have postulated that plasma may spontaneously transfer magnetically stored energy into kinetic energy by electric double layers.[34] No credible mechanism for producing such double layers has been presented, however. Ion thrusters can provide a more direct case of energy transfer from opposing potentials in the form of double layers produced by an external electric field.
- Oblique double layer: An oblique double layer has electric fields that are not parallel to the ambient magnetic field; i.e., it is not field-aligned.
- Simulation: Double layers may be modelled using kinetic computer models like particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. In some cases the plasma is treated as essentially one- or two-dimensional to reduce the computational cost of a simulation.
- Bohm Criterion: A double layer cannot exist under all circumstances. In order to produce an electric field that vanishes at the boundaries of the double layer, an existence criterion says that there is a maximum to the temperature of the ambient plasma. This is the so-called Bohm criterion.[35]
- Bio-physical analogy: A model of plasma double layers has been used to investigate their applicability to understanding ion transport across biological cell membranes.[36] Brazilian researchers have noted that "Concepts like charge neutrality, Debye length, and double layer are very useful to explain the electrical properties of a cellular membrane."[37] Plasma physicist Hannes Alfvén also noted that association of double layers with cellular structure,[38] as had Irving Langmuir before him, who coined the term "plasma" after its resemblance to blood cells.[39]
History of double layers[edit]
This brief account of the advent of double layers in research elaborates on some information in the chronological list of events provided above.
It was already known in the 1920s that a plasma has a limited capacity for current maintenance, Irving Langmuir[40] characterized double layers in the laboratory and called these structures double-sheaths. In the 1950s a thorough study of double layers started in the laboratory (e.g. Schönhuber, 1958).[citation needed] Many groups are still working on this topic theoretically, experimentally and numerically. It was first proposed by Hannes Alfvén (the developer of magnetohydrodynamics from laboratory experiments) that the polar lights or Aurora Borealis are created by electrons accelerated in the magnetosphere of the Earth.[41] He supposed that the electrons were accelerated electrostatically by an electric field localized in a small volume bounded by two charged regions, and the so-called double layer would accelerate electrons earthwards. Since then other mechanisms involving wave-particle interactions have been proposed as being feasible, from extensive spatial and temporal in situ studies of auroral particle characteristics.[42]
Many investigations of the magnetosphere and auroral regions have been made using rockets and satellites. McIlwain discovered from a rocket flight in 1960 that the energy spectrum of auroral electrons exhibited a peak that was thought then to be too sharp to be produced by a random process and which suggested, therefore, that an ordered process was responsible.[43] It was reported in 1977 that satellites had detected the signature of double layers as electrostatic shocks in the magnetosphere.[44] indications of electric fields parallel to the geomagnetic field lines was obtained by the Viking satellite,[45] which measures the differential potential structures in the magnetosphere with probes mounted on 40m long booms. These probes measured the local particle density and the potential difference between two points 80m apart. Asymmetric potential excursions with respect to 0 V were measured, and interpreted as a double layer with a net potential within the region. Magnetospheric double layers typically have a strength (where the electron temperature is assumed to lie in the range ) and are therefore weak. A series of such double layers would tend to merge, much like a string of bar magnets, and dissipate, even within a rarefied plasma. It has yet to be explained how any overall localised charge distribution in the form of double layers might provide a source of energy for auroral electrons precipitated into the atmosphere.
Interpretation of the FAST spacecraft data proposed strong double layers in the auroral acceleration region.[46] Strong double layers have also been reported in the downward current region by Andersson et al.[47] Parallel electric fields with amplitudes reaching nearly 1 V/m were inferred to be confined to a thin layer of approximately 10 Debye lengths. It is stated that the structures moved 'at roughly the ion acoustic speed in the direction of the accelerated electrons, i.e., anti-earthward.' That raises a question of what role, if any, double layers might play in accelerating auroral electrons that are precipitated downwards into the atmosphere from the magnetosphere.[48]
The possible role of precipitating electrons from 1-10keV themselves generating such observed double layers or electric fields has seldom been considered or analysed. Equally, the general question of how such double layers might be generated from an alternative source of energy, or what the spatial distribution of electric charge might be to produce net energy changes, is seldom addressed. Under laboratory conditions an external power supply is available.
In the laboratory, double layers can be created in different devices. They are investigated in double plasma machines, triple plasma machines, and Q-machines. The stationary potential structures that can be measured in these machines agree very well with what one would expect theoretically. An example of a laboratory double layer can be seen in the figure below, taken from Torvén and Lindberg (1980), where we can see how well-defined and confined is the potential drop of a double layer in a double plasma machine. One of the interesting aspects of the experiment by Torvén and Lindberg (1980)[49] is that not only did they measure the potential structure in the double plasma machine but they also found high-frequency fluctuating electric fields at the high-potential side of the double layer (also shown in the figure). These fluctuations are probably due to a beam-plasma interaction outside the double layer, which excites plasma turbulence. Their observations are consistent with experiments on electromagnetic radiation emitted by double layers in a double plasma machine by Volwerk (1993),[50] who, however, also observed radiation from the double layer itself.
The power of these fluctuations has a maximum around the plasma frequency of the ambient plasma. It was later reported that the electrostatic high-frequency fluctuations near the double layer can be concentrated in a narrow region, sometimes called the hf-spike.[51] Subsequently, both radio emissions, near the plasma frequency, and whistler waves at much lower frequencies were seen to emerge from this region.[52] Similar whistler wave structures were observed together with electron beams near Saturn's moon Enceladus,[53] suggesting the possible presence of a double layer at lower altitude.
A recent development in double layer experiments in the laboratory is the investigation of so-called stairstep double layers. It has been observed that a potential drop in a plasma column can be divided into different parts. Transitions from a single double layer into two-, three-, or greater-step double layers are strongly sensitive to the boundary conditions of the plasma (Hershkowitz, 1992).[citation needed]
Unlike experiments in the laboratory, the concept of such double layers in the magnetosphere, and any role in creating the aurora, suffers from there so far being no identified steady source of energy. The electric potential characteristic of double layers might however indicate that, those observed in the auroral zone are a secondary product of precipitating electrons that have been energized in other ways, such as by electrostatic waves. Some scientists have suggested a role of double layers in solar flares.[54][55] Establishing such a role indirectly is even harder to verify than postulating double layers as accelerators of auroral electrons within the earth's magnetosphere. Serious questions have been raised on their role even there.[56]
See also[edit]
- ^ Joos, G. (1951). Theoretical Physics. London & Glasgow: Blackie & Son Ltd. p. 271.
- ^ Harnwell, G.P. (1949). Principles of Electricity and Magnetism. New York Toronto London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. p. 14.
- ^ Temerin, M.; Mozer, F. S., "Double Layers Above the Aurora" (1987) NASA Conference Publication, #2469
- ^ Block, L. P. "A double layer review" (1978) Astrophysics and Space Science, vol. 55, no. 1, May 1978, pp. 59–83
- ^ Bulgakova, Nadezhda M. et al., "Double layer effects in laser-ablation plasma plumes", Physical Review E (Statistical Physics, Plasmas, Fluids, and Related Interdisciplinary Topics), Volume 62, Issue 4, October 2000, pp. 5624–5635
- ^ Torvén, S. ""Formation of Double Layers in Laboratory Plasmas (1976) Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Vol. 74, p.109
- ^ Yamamoto, Takashi; Kan, J. R. "Double layer formation due to current injection" (1985) Planetary and Space Science, Volume 33, Issue 7, pp. 853–861.
- ^ Carlqvist, P. (1982). "On the physics of relativistic double layers". Astrophysics and Space Science. 82: 21.
- ^ Bryant, D.A. (1998). Acceleration in the Auroral and Beyond. p. 12. ISBN 9780750305334.
- ^ Hultqvist, Bengt, "On the production of a magnetic-field-aligned electric field by the interaction between the hot magnetospheric plasma and the cold ionosphere" (1971) Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 19, p.749. See also: Ishiguro, S.; Kamimura, T.; Sato, T., "Double layer formation caused by contact between different temperature plasmas" (1985) Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171), vol. 28, July 1985, p. 2100–2105.
- ^ Torven, S. ""Formation of Double Layers in Laboratory Plasmas (1976) Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Vol. 74, p.109
- ^ Stenzel, R. L., "Double layer formation during current sheet disruptions in a reconnection experiment" (1982) Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 9, June 1982, pp. 680–683.
- ^ Thiemann, H.; Singh, N.; Schunk, R. W. "Formation of v-shaped potentials" (1983) In ESA Sixth ESA Symp. on European Rocket and Balloon Programs and Related Res. pp 269–275
- ^ Yamamoto, Takashi; Kan, J. R. "Double layer formation due to current injection" (1985) Planetary and Space Science, Volume 33, Issue 7, pp. 853–861.
- ^ Williams, A. C. et al. "Accretion onto neutron stars with the presence of a double layer" (1986) Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 305, June 15, 1986, pp. 759–766.
- ^ Peratt, Anthony L. "Evolution of the plasma universe. I – Double radio galaxies, quasars, and extragalactic jets" (1986) IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (ISSN 0093-3813), vol. PS-14, Dec. 1986, pp. 639–660.
- ^ Lennartsson, W. "Some Aspects of Double Layer Formation in a Plasma Constrained by a Magnetic Mirror" (1987) NASA Conference Publication, #2469. Washington, D.C.: NASA Scientific and Technical Information Branch., p.275
- ^ Lindberg, Lennart "Observations of propagating double layers in a high current discharge" (1988) Astrophysics and Space Science (ISSN 0004-640X), vol. 144, no. 1–2, May 1988, pp. 3–13.
- ^ Raadu, Michael A.; Rasmussen, J. Juul "Dynamical aspects of electrostatic double layers" (1988) Astrophysics and Space Science (ISSN 0004-640X), vol. 144, no. 1–2, May 1988, pp. 43–71
- ^ Singh, Nagendra; Hwang, K. S. "Electric potential structures and propagation of electron beams injected from a spacecraft into a plasma" (1988) Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227), vol. 93, September 1, 1988, pp. 10035–10040.
- ^ Lembege, B.; Dawson, J. M. "Formation of double layers within an oblique collisionless shock" (1989) Physical Review Letters (ISSN 0031-9007), vol. 62, June 5, 1989, pp. 2683–2686
- ^ Bulgakova, Nadezhda M. et al. "Double layer effects in laser-ablation plasma plumes" (2000) Physical Review E (Statistical Physics, Plasmas, Fluids, and Related Interdisciplinary Topics), Volume 62, Issue 4, October 2000, pp. 5624–5635
- ^ Singh, Nagendra "Spontaneous formation of current-driven double layers in density depletions and its relevance to solitary Alfven waves" (2002) Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 29, Issue 7, pp. 51
- ^ Borisov, N.; Mall, U. "The structure of the double layer behind the Moon" (2002) Journal of Plasma Physics, vol. 67, Issue 04, pp. 277–299
- ^ Halekas, J. S.; Lin, R. P.; Mitchell, D. L. "Inferring the scale height of the lunar nightside double layer" (2003) Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 30, Issue 21, pp. PLA 1-1. (PDF)
- ^ Halekas, J. S et al. "Evidence for negative charging of the lunar surface in shadow" (2002)
- ^ Block, L. P. "A double layer review" (1978) Astrophysics and Space Science, vol. 55, no. 1, May 1978, p. 65.
- ^ Torvén, S. "High-voltage double layers in a magnetised plasma column" (1982) Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Volume 15, Issue 10, pp. 1943–1949
- ^ B Song, N D Angelo and R L Merlino "Stability of a spherical double layer produced through ionization" (1992) Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Volume 25, Issue 6, pp. 938–941
- ^ Koenraad Mouthaan and Charles Süsskind, Statistical Theory of Electron Transport in the Smooth-Bore Magnetron (1966) Journal of Applied Physics June 1966, Volume 37, Issue 7, pp. 2598–2606
- ^ Alfvén, H. "Paradigm transition in cosmic plasma physics" (1982) Physica Scripta, vol. T2:1, 1982, pp. 10–19
- ^ See "Helicon Double Layer Thruster study[permanent dead link]", European Space Agency; "ESA accelerates towards a new space thruster" (2005)
- ^ Alfvén, H.; Carlqvist, P. "Interstellar clouds and the formation of stars" (1978) Astrophysics and Space Science, vol. 55, no. 2, May 1978, pp. 487–509
- ^ S Torvén, L Lindberg and R T Carpenter "Spontaneous transfer of magnetically stored energy to kinetic energy by electric double layers" (1985) Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 27 143–158
- ^ Raadu, Michael A.; Rasmussen, J. Juul "Dynamical aspects of electrostatic double layers" (1988) Astrophysics and Space Science (ISSN 0004-640X), vol. 144, no. 1–2, May 1988, p. 51.
- ^ Gimmell, Jennifer et al. "Bio-plasma physics: Measuring Ion Transport Across Cell membranes with Plasmas" (2002) American Physical Society, Ohio Section Fall Meeting in conjunction with, abstract #1P.017
- ^ Mituo Uehara et al. "Physics and Biology: Bio-plasma physics" American Journal of Physics May 2000 Volume 68, Issue 5, pp. 450–455
- ^ Alfvén, H. "Cosmology in the plasma universe – an introductory exposition" IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (ISSN 0093-3813), vol. 18, Feb. 1990, pp. 5–10.
- ^ G. L. Rogoff, Ed., "Introduction", IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, vol. 19, p. 989, Dec. 1991. See extract on the Plasma Coalition web site
- ^ Langmuir, Irving "The Interaction of Electron and Positive Ion Space Charges in Cathode Sheaths" (1929) Physical Review, vol. 33, Issue 6, pp. 954–989
- ^ Alfvén, H., "On the theory of magnetic storms and aurorae", Tellus, 10, 104,. 1958.
- ^ Bryant, D.A (June 2002). "The roles of static and dynamic electric fields in the auroral acceleration region". Journal of Geophysical Research. 107. doi:10.1029/2001JA900162.
- ^ McIlwain, C E (1960). "Direct Measurement of Particles Producing Visible Auroras". Journal of Geophysical Research. 65: 2727. Bibcode:1960JGR....65.2727M. doi:10.1029/JZ065i009p02727.
- ^ Mozer, F. S. "Observations of paired electrostatic shocks in the polar magnetosphere" (1977) Physical Review Letters, vol. 38, Feb. 7, 1977, pp. 292–295
- ^ Boström, Rolf "Observations of weak double layers on auroral field lines" (1992) IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (ISSN 0093-3813), vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 756–763
- ^ Ergun, R. E., et al. "Parallel electric fields in the upward current region of the aurora: Indirect and direct observations" (2002) Physics of Plasmas, Volume 9, Issue 9, pp. 3685–3694
- ^ Andersson, L., et al. "Characteristics of parallel electric fields in the downward current region of the aurora" (2002) Physics of Plasmas, Volume 9, Issue 8, pp. 3600–3609
- ^ Bryant, D.A., and G.M.Courtier (2015). "Electrostatic double layers as auroral particle accelerators - a problem". AnGeo Comm. 33: 481–482. doi:10.5194/angeo-33-481-2015.
- ^ Torvén, S.; Lindberg, L. "Properties of a fluctuating double layer in a magnetized plasma column" (1982) Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Volume 13, Issue 12, pp. 2285–2300
- ^ Volwerk, M. "Radiation from electrostatic double layers in laboratory plasmas" (1993) Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Volume 26, Issue 8, pp. 1192–1202
- ^ Gunell, H., et al. "Bursts of high-frequency plasma waves at an electric double layer" (1996) Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Volume 29, Issue 3, pp. 643–654
- ^ Brenning, N., et al. "Radiation from an electron beam in a magnetized plasma: Whistler mode wave packets" (2006) Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 111, Volume 111, Issue A11, CiteID A11212
- ^ Gurnett, D. A., et al. "Auroral hiss, electron beams and standing Alfvén wave currents near Saturn's moon Enceladus" (2011) Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 38, Issue 6, CiteID L06102
- ^ Hasan, S. S.; Ter Haar, D. "The Alfvén-Carlquist double-layer theory of solar flares" (1978) Astrophysics and Space Science vol. 56, no. 1, June 1978, pp. 89–107
- ^ Khan, J. I. "A model for solar flares invoking weak double layers" (1989) Astronomical Society of Australia, Proceedings (ISSN 0066-9997), vol. 8, no. 1, 1989, pp. 29–31
- ^ Bryant, D.A.,R.Bingham and U.deAngelis (1992). "Double layers are not particle accelerators". Physical Review Letters. 68: 37–39. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.37.
External links[edit]
- A double layer review (1978), L.P. Block
- Electrostatic double layers and a plasma evacuation process (1981), Raadu, M. A.; Carlqvist, P.
- On the physics of relativistic double layers (1982), Per Carlqvist
- On the role of double layers in astrophysical plasmas (1985), Smith, R. A.
- Dynamical aspects of electrostatic double layers (1988) M. A. Raadu, & J. J. Rasmussen
- Filamentary Double Layers (PDF, 1993), W.L. Theisen, R.T.Carpenter, R.L.Merlino
- Energy release in double layers (1985), Raadu, M. A.
- Parallel electric fields accelerating ions and electrons in the same direction (1988), Hultqvist, Bengt; Lundin, Rickard
- Parallel electric fields in the upward current region of the aurora: Numerical solutions (2002, PDF), R.W. Ergun, et al.
- Numerical modeling of low-pressure plasmas: applications to electric double layers (2006, PDF), A. Meige, PhD thesis
- Alfvén, H., On the theory of magnetic storms and aurorae, Tellus, 10, 104, 1958.
- Peratt, A., Physics of the Plasma Universe, 1991
- Raadu, M.,A., The physics of double layers and their role in astrophysics, Physics Reports, 178, 25–97, 1989.


text:
Crock Pot Chicken Noodle Soup
Total Time
Prep 15 mins
Cook 8 hrs
This is one of my mom's recipes. I was sick with a summer cold and this really hit the spot. Hardly any effort. It's soup the first night and it's not so much like a soup the next day. The noodles soak up the liquid but it's still REALLY good!
Ingredients Nutrition
- 2 lbs boneless skinless chicken breasts
- 4 (14 ounce) cans chicken broth, with garlic
- 10 3⁄4 ounces Campbell's Cream of Chicken Soup, with herbs
- 10 3⁄4 ounces campbell's cream of celery soup
- 4 stalks celery, washed and chopped
- 1 large onion, chopped
- 1 cup baby carrots (optional)
- 1 (16 ounce) bag egg noodles
- Put everything into the crock pot EXCEPT for the noodles.
- Cook on low for 7-8 hours.
- Remove chicken and shred.
- Replace chicken back into crock pot.
- Add noodles and cook on high for 1/2 hour or until cooked, depending on your crock pot.
Most Helpful
Tasty but sodium content outa sight! Will try again using much lower sodium ingredients as we try to eat healthy.
We really enjoyed this. We used chicken tenders (still frozen) since they were easier to cut up and added 3 cloves of fresh minced garlic. Overall comfort food and very easy to prepare on those busy week days when the kids have school activities or sports in the evenings. We will be making this again!
Perfect comfort food for cold or sick days... I was looking for something to make my father in law when he had the flu. This soup was exactly what he needed. I think next time I may cut the noodles in half to have more fluid... Or I might use rice instead... In any event it was also perfect as-is.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Historic Latta Plantation is hosting the Latta Celtic Festival on Saturday, March 12th, 2016, and Sunday, March 13th, 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. both days. Enjoy authentic cuisine, brew, music, vendors, historical demonstrations and more. This family friendly event offers children's activities including games and face painting.
Admission: $8 Adults, $7 Seniors/Students, Children five and under are free
Also, on Saturday, March 12th, from 6 p.m. to 9 p.m., Historic Latta Plantation will hold a Celtic Music Night Fundraiser.
Tickets are $10 per person. Children five and under are free.
If you want to attend both the Celtic Festival on saturday and the Celtic Music Night Fundraiser, you can buy a combination ticket for $15.
Latta Plantation is at 5225 Sample Road in Huntersville.


text: Hang Some Portal 2 On Your WallLuke Plunkett7/01/11 2:30amFiled to: MerchPortalPortal 2Valve45EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink While Valve sells its own collection of Portal 2 merchandise, nerd internet store Think Geek is doing its own bit for science, first with testing gel and now with these classy posters based on the hit first-person puzzler. While Valve's prices tend to drift towards the "fancy" end of the market, these are highly affordable, as you get a pack of four posters for just $15. Three of them measure 18" x 24, while the collage of 40's signs comes in at 24" x 36". Advertisement Advertisement Portal 2 Underground Poster Kit [Think Geek, via Wonderland] Reply45 repliesLeave a reply


text:
This post originally appeared on the Frankfurt Book Fair blog. I highly recommend visiting the official blog for interesting posts from Richard Nash, Alex Hippisley-Cox, and Arun Wolf
The long term impact of being the Guest of Honor at the Frankfurt Book Fair has been demonstrated time and again. Not only does this honor result in the translation of a country's books into a languages around the world, but it also bolsters the book industry within the country itself.
The latter half of this statement was what Vladimir Grigoriev, the Deputy Head for the Federal Agency of Press and Mass Communication (and organizer of Russia's 2003 Guest of Honor program), focused on in his presentation this morning on "Market Trends in Russia and Digital Publishing." Grigoriev's figures were pretty impressive. Since 2003, the overall production of titles in Russia has more than doubled from 47,700 to over 123,000 last year, and overall book sales have followed a similar trajectory, shooting up from $1.6 billion USD in 2003 to over $3 billion last year.
It's not all good news though. The economic collapse of 2008 hit Russia pretty hard, including the book market. Although things could change over the next couple months, experts are projecting a 20% decrease in sales (to $2.4 billion USD) for 2009. According to Grigoriev, a recent study pointed to a decrease in reading among young people, and a startling statistic that "almost 40% of the population is not buying any books."
When asked to name a few contemporary Russian authors worth reading, Grigoriev hedged, claiming that he could name a dozen or two, but that they weren't on the level of Chekhov, Tolstoy, or other Russian Masters. He also pointed to the nonexistence of a "promotional infrastructure" (like the German Book Office or other similar, government funded agencies around the world) as one of the main reasons for the lack of translations of Russian works into other languages.
(As a U.S. publisher specializing in literature in translation, this is a huge pet peeve of mine. Granted, I love data. Numbers. Statistics. The Book Industry as Industry. Business and Growth. But damn it, I also love literature and reading. And finding new voices. Which is what the Frankfurt Book Fair is best at. Providing interested and curious editors with lists upon lists. With more recommendations than you can ever process. This is the second year in a row I've attended the Russian Book Presentation, and here's to hoping that in 2010 the event will include a booklet featuring a dozen contemporary Russian writers whose last names aren't Sorokin or Pelevin. . . . I will make my way over the official Russian stand at some point, so hopefully I'll be posting a cool update to this sometime soon . . .)
On the eBook side of things, Alexander Roife, the CEO of LitRes.ru, highlighted the rapid sales growth Russian eBooks are experiencing. As he admitted, Russia is probably best known for its e-piracy and distribution of free books, music, and videos, but nevertheless, best-sellers on LitRes.ru—a legal eBook retailer founded in 2007—are selling between 3,000 and 6,000 copies. Which seems almost too good to be true . . . But if it is, Russia's book market is definitely primed for a strong recovery from last year's economic slump.
Prose translators will likely disagree, but I believe translating poetry requires a significant level of talent, a commitment to the text, and near mania, all of which suggests that the undertaking is the greatest possible challenge. The task is to. . .
The biggest issues with books like The Subsidiary often have to do with their underpinnings—when we learn that Georges Perec wrote La Disparition without once using the letter E, we are impressed. Imagine such a task! It takes a high. . .
Following The Infatuations, Javier Marías's latest novel seems, like those that have preceded it, an experiment to test fiction's capacity to mesmerize with sombre-sexy atmospheres and ruminative elongated sentences stretched across windowless walls of paragraphs. Thus Bad Begins offers his. . .
Death by Water, Kenzaburo Oe's latest novel to be translated into English, practically begs you to read it as autobiography. Like The Changeling, as well as many other works not yet released in English, Death by Water is narrated in. . .
Jocelyne Saucier's Twenty-One Cardinals is about the type of unique, indestructible, and often tragic loyalty only found in families. For a brief but stunningly mesmerizing 169 pages, Twenty-One Cardinals invited me in to the haunting and intimate world of the. . .
We know so very little; so little that what we think to be knowledge is hardly worth reckoning with at all; instead we ought to settle for being pleasantly surprised if, on the edge of things, against all expectations, our. . .
Many of Virginie Despentes's books revolve around the same central idea: "To be born a woman [is] the worst fate in practically every society." But this message is nearly always packaged in easy-to-read books that fill you with the pleasure. . .
Ilja Leonard Pfeijffer's La Superba is appropriately titled after the Italian city of Genoa, where, after escaping the pressures of fame in his own country, the semi-autobiographical narrator finds himself cataloguing the experiences of its mesmerizing inhabitants with the intention. . .
It took reading 44 pages of Intervenir/Intervene before I began to get a sense of what Dolores Dorantes and Rodrigo Flores Sánchez were up to. Recurring throughout these 44 pages—throughout the entire book—are shovels, shovel smacks to the face, lobelias—aha!. . .
As presaged by its title, contradiction is the theme of Peter Stamm's novel, All Days Are Night. Gillian, a well-known television personality, remains unknowable to herself. And Hubert, a frustrated artist and Gillian's lover, creates art through the process of. . .


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Publication Name: New Braunfels Herald Zeitung
Location: New Braunfels, Texas
Pages Available: 250,382
Years Available: 1952 - 2013Learn More About This Publication
New Braunfels Herald Zeitung (Newspaper) - December 13, 1987, New Braunfels, Texas Santa Claus with quite a few of his friends arrived in Sattier Saturday during the annual parade Above left members of the Canyon Lake Pnot Club from left Lois Butler Mary Collins and Marian S hmidt take a ride in their t ear y Christmas boat boat Above right Santa greets a Va youngsters along'ne rouV At left members of the A /atar Shrine Temple in San Antonio carr* the si* flags of Te*as (Photos by Der>t Clarkti FRUSTRATION AND FEAR In today s world frustration and fear plague our life as never before Don't despair-there is an answer' Come and experience GOD'S ANSWER!! you are invited to worship and fellowship w.th the Presbyterian Church in America Sunday nights. 7 p.m. Tho Community Room. Laura! Plaza Apts. 300 Laura! Lana 625 6326 or 629-4222Woman pinned beneath car in creek rescued SAN ANTONIO AP \ woman woman pinned beneath her overturn ed car in a creek struggled to keep her head above water tor more than two hours before she was rescued bv her husband and friends She was screaming for help Mike Beclue 20. said after rescuing his wife Friday ^he heard me and yelled Mike' A quarter of the car was under water "I was holding her head above the water he said I was telling her that EMS was on the I wanted her to know that everything was going to be all right Beclue said he began searching for his wife Juiie Garrett IO when she didn't show up her work I got worried when they said she wasn't there Beclue said I >aw that two of the post* had been knock ed down next to the creek cross mg '■ Johnny Garza a family friend, helped comfort the shaking woman while Garrett s stepladder Hector Cordova, drove for help 'We tried to lift the tar but couldn't get it Beclue said We were in the water too Garrett's right arm was trapped beneath the crumpled IOTT Oldsmobile Cutlass until officials were able to raise the car with a tow truck an hour after she was found police said Garrett was listed in serious cond! Hon at Brooke Army Medical Center early Saturday She wax in the water .«long time Beclue said She was shaking she could have made it for another hour or two She s a strong woman Patrolman David Torres said the cashier apparently was trying to close the passenger side car d<«or when her westbound >edan ran off the left side of the two lane road When >he trust to close the door she jerked the w heel he said The* car plunged to the- bottom of the jo foot ravine and came lo a rest upside dow n Torres said >t*e s lui k> to Im- alive he said Her arm was pinned t*-iw****n tht car and a rock on the bottom of th* creek She was in the water Beclue said the couple have two thildren Haven I andKrvstal ( The Oaks The Staff wishes to express their whole hearted thanks to friends and clients who have supported us in our first year of business. Without your support we would have never gone this far, again many thanks to the people that made it possible Sincerely, The Team of Crisms Salon and Boutique 625 1152 EDWARDS UNDERGROUNDWATER DISTRICT PUBLIC MEETINGS The board of directors of the Edwards Underground Water District will hold five (5) public meetings on the Proposed Draught Management Plan for the purpose of protecting the Edwards Aquafier during periods of draught conditions. These meetings will be held at 7 p.m. at the following locations. Bet 16-COM AL COUNTY !>«*< 17-MEDINA COUNTY PUBLIC MUTING Pl HIK MILTING New Braunfels Civic Hondo High School Center Auditorium Audiovisual Room 380 S Seguin Ave 2603 Avenue h New Braunfels Hondo J«n b-Ul Al DI COUNTY PUHI It MI I TING Uvalde Civic Center Reading Room 300 E Main Uvalde Jan 7-HAYS COUNTY PUBLIC MLI TING University Savings 308 W Hopkins San Marcos Jan 13— HI XAK ( GUNTY PUHI IC MLI TING Hemisphere Convention Center VIP Room 201 L Market at S Alamo San Antonio ALL INTERESTED PERSONS ARE INVITED TO ATTEND FOR MORE INFO CALL 222-2204 IN SAN ANTONIO Executive Banc 555 LH. 35 New Braunfels. Texas WI .J* •' \,V-- a* r > J O Off ON ALL GOLD & SILVER JEWELRY! We Have INCREASED Our Inventory of Chains. Bezels. Bracelets and Rings for Christmas Come In And See Our Gold & Silver Coins Featuring: * I ''A .t •; iv ^ 4 ^ * American Eagle Canadian Maple Leaf Australian Nugget Singapore Pandas Rabbits and Tigers Gold & Silver Christmas Wafers And Many More'Sour economy, bigger demands, competition create toy shortage SAN ANTON IO < AP) There may not be enough Christmas gifts for children in shelters and public housing projects in San Antonio because residents are not answering pleas for donations, representatives of volunteer groups say The sour Texas economy is to blame for at least a portion of the problem, officials say They say pee pie are not able to respond with as much as in past years and more families are in need this year One of the city's most successful gift giving projects the Elf louise program, is estimating that it will provide toys for only 5.000 families this year. about 2..iou less than last Christmas City Councilwoman Maria Ber nozabal. who is try mg to collect toys and food basket contributions for about 4uo poor children up to 12 years old. told the San Antonio Light Fri day she also is having trouble with her drive "It seems that the need is greater than ever w hile resources are shrink mg " she said Berriozabal said she contacted the Toys for Tots campaign sponsored by the local Marines but was told it also was looking for toys Elf louise spokeswoman Eave Borroum said her group is facing the same problem "We're worried about the economy and we're out of toys ' Borroum said "The requests are greater this year than e\ cr before We re hearing from families who ve said the> have never had to call us before The proliferation of other pro grams seekings to distribute Christmas gifts is also cutting into the Elf louise market she saidATTENTION . , uf FARMERS & RANCHERS |£gSj AND ALL PETROLEUM CUSTOMERSMidtex Oil, Inc. is stillYour locally owned Texaco & Phillips 66 Petroleum Distributors__ In a continuing effort to serve our valued customers (some tor over 21 years* we are committed to providing Quality products and service at fair and competitive prices "We sincerely appreciate your Patronage" Offices and warehouse conveniently located at 1516 Wald Rd * N B 6?5-4214SA 658-67:6 Welcome to town ;


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You are here
Rice And Crabmeat Au Gratin
|Green pepper
|1 , chopped
|Canned crab meat
|1 Pound (1 Large Can)
|Red pepper
|To Taste, chopped
|1 Bunch (100 gm) (Small)
|1 Tablespoon (Ready Made)
|1 Teaspoon
|2 , beaten
|Long grain rice
|4 Ounce
|Plain yogurt
|8 Ounce
1. Boil rice with dill stalks according to package directions. Substitute some liquid from the crabmeat for water.
2. Set rice aside.
3. Mix cooled rice with crabmeat and chopped peppers and stir in a mixture of beaten eggs, yogurt, curry, and mustard.
4. Pour into ovenproof shells and bake in oven at 350°F for 20 minutes.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size: Complete recipe
Calories 1158 Calories from Fat 280
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 32 g48.9%
Saturated Fat 8.4 g42%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 852.5 mg284.2%
Sodium 2719.7 mg113.3%
Total Carbohydrates 121 g40.4%
Dietary Fiber 7 g28%
Sugars 16.1 g
Protein 101 g201.3%
Vitamin A 180.7% Vitamin C 347.9%
Calcium 64% Iron 63.9%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


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What Is Your Relationship with Money?
Even those who are "good with money" can have trouble making money decisions. Managing financial success takes a certain set of skills, but managing money for a successful life requires a different approach. Most of us are driven to strive for money, but constant striving for "more" without meaning can feel empty and purposeless.
In a mindful approach to money, we awaken to self-awareness of our relationship with it; can identify like-minded professionals who have our best interests at heart; and ultimately achieve a balance of managing money while deriving fulfillment from it.
Uncovering a Better Approach to Money Decisions
Over my life, my relationship with money has changed. First I had a piggy bank. Then I had a little tracking notebook. Some difficult life lessons taught me that my attachment to money was not providing me the peace of mind I sought in my relationship with it. I began to study the field of behavioral economics – where psychology intersects with economics on a personal basis – to understand my own money attitudes, behaviors, and decisions.
It turned out clients, their families, and other financial professionals shared similar struggles. In response, I began to consult, write, and present on the psychology of money between husbands and wives; parents and kids; and clients and professionals.
Today my passion continues to be uncovering the answers to questions like:
- why we make irrational decisions when it comes to investing, spending, sharing, and enjoying money
- why we make it difficult to know how much is "enough"
- why we worry more about unlikely financial events than probable ones
- why we spend more time deciding on a vacation than searching for the professional who best fits with our values
- why we allow our finances to be put together piecemeal.
These are important concerns, worthy of serious answers. With over 25 years in financial services, as well as an M.B.A., a Masters in Economics and a Certified Financial Planner(TM) certification, I had the background to create practical applications of academic concepts. Those have been communicated in various ways:
- Since 2003, through presentations to groups ranging from donor and client appreciation events to national financial planning conferences (see Presentations page)
- Since 2007, through an award-winning monthly e-letter, "The View from the Porch" (signup box to the right)
- Since 2013, through a book and e-book, The Mindful Money Mentality: How to Find Balance in Your Financial Future (available on Book page and on Amazon)
- Since 2015, through weekly briefs and videos posted on a YouTube channel, the Facebook page, LinkedIn, and Twitter
- Coming soon: Video teleclasses and webinar series (email email@example.com for more information)


text: You are browsing Zazzle's Migratory Birds t-shirts section where you can find many styles, sizes and colours of Migratory Birds t-shirts available for customisation or ready to buy as is. Some of the more popular styles are the standard white t-shirt, hoodies, polo shirts, ringer tees and the trendy distressed tshirts. There is no minimum order size and most tees can be customised with your pictures and text. To see some of the other products available on Zazzle, check out our main migratory birds page.


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Sausage (Uncooked Smoked Or Fresh)
13 Jun 2009
Sausage are a must for breakfast at home. Here are the carious ways you can serve sausage for breakfast,
IngredientsIn Directions
To Panfry: Place sausage links or patties in cold skillet.
Add 2 to 4 tablespoons water.
Cover tightly; cook slowly 5 to 8 minutes, depending on size or thickness of sausages.
Uncover; cook until well done, turning to brown evenly.
To Bake: Arrange sausages in single layer in un-greased shallow baking pan.
Bake uncovered in 400° oven 20 to 30 minutes or until well done, turning sausages to brown evenly.
Drain off fat as it accumulates.
Rate It
Sausage (Uncooked Smoked Or Fresh) Recipe


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Our Customer Rewards scheme allows you to earn points every time you shop with us. The points you earn can be used to spend on products both online and in store. You can spend your points as soon as they're on your account, so you won't have to wait around for your savings.
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Any bike purchased using 0% finance and/or Cyclescheme (or other employee salary-sacrifice scheme) is excluded from this offer.
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On which bikes is the 30-day test ride available?
The Rutland 30-day test ride is available on all full price, non-discounted bikes available for home delivery on rutlandcycling.com. It is not available on discounted or special offer bikes, click and collect bikes, bikes bought on finance, bikes bought through Cyclescheme, or bikes bought in store. This offer is only available on bikes delivered to mainland UK addresses.
How does the test ride work?
Your 30-day test ride starts from the date your bike is delivered. You must notify us by email within 30 calendar days of delivery that you intend to return the bike within this scheme. This offer applies to all bikes purchased on or after 14th August 2014. To ensure you remain eligible, we would ask that you adopt a 'fair usage' attitude during the test ride period, and make sure there is no damage to the bike outside of the minimal wear you would expect from a bike ridden for 30 days or a few rides. Please note that any damage to the bike, including damage from incorrect assembly, will invalidate the test ride.
How many times can I use the 30-day test ride?
We will allow up to two exchanges within this scheme.
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text:
Macroeconomic Aspects of German Unification
The paper comments on the economic effects of the German unification. Apart from discussing the unification in an international perspective, analyzing the distributional consequences, and pointing to structural adjustment problems, it emphasizes the distinction between the frequently cited money overhang and the real asset overhang which characterizes communist countries. The paper argues that the unification paid too little attention to the latter, endowing East Germans with insufficient claims on state owned enterprises. The centralized privatization of state owned enterprises, which bypasses the East German population, is seen as a major obstacle to quick recovery, and an alternative privatization procedure is discussed.
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
|Date of creation:
|Jan 1991
|Publication status:
|published as Economic Aspects of German Unification, ed. P.J. Welfens. Springer, 1992, pp. 79-133
|Contact details of provider:
| Postal: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A.
Phone: 617-868-3900
Web page: http://www.nber.org
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2010 Buick LaCrosse Review - Kelley Blue Book
FOR PRICING & SPECS ON THIS CAR VISIT: http://www.kbb.com/buick/lacrosse/2010-buick-lacrosse/ 2010 Buick LaCrosse. Throwing off the shackles of stodgy design that marked the previous generation LaCrosse, the latest iteration is a bold stylistic step in a new direction. The Buick LaCrosse features a fresh look inside and out, a host of new technologies and improved performance, all while retaining the comfort customers expect from a Buick. To follow this editor on Twitter, visit http://www.twitter.com/kbb_micahmuzio
2013 Lexus GS Review - Kelley Blue Book
As Lexus' mid-size luxury entry the GS competes with cars like the BMW 5 Series, Mercedes-Benz E-Class, Audi A6 and Cadillac CTS. With aggressive styling and sporting handling the Lexus GS is well positioned to take on the best in class. For the latest Lexus GS pricing, reviews and vehicle information: http://www.kbb.com/lexus/gs/2013-lexus-gs/ Subscribe to catch all the latest Kelley Blue Book video reviews. http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=kbb
2016 Lamborghini Huracan Spyder - Review and Road Test
We've already driven and loved the fixed-roof Huracan. But does removing the roof help or hinder this supercar's curb appeal? Join KBB's Micah Muzio to find out. For the latest Lamborghini Huracan pricing and information: http://www.kbb.com/lamborghini/huraca... Kelley Blue Book is your source for new car reviews, auto show coverage, features, and comparison tests. Subscribe to catch all the latest Kelley Blue Book videos. http://www.youtube.com/subscription_c... To follow Micah Muzio on Twitter, please visit: http://www.twitter.com/micahmuzio
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The Toyota Camry has a reputation as competent but boring transportation. In designing the new-for-2012 Camry, Toyota sought to add a bit more personality into their popular mid-size sedan. To see if they succeeded, Kelley Blue Book's Micah Muzio slid into the driver seat to experience the all-new seventh-generation Toyota Camry. For the latest Toyota Camry pricing, reviews and information: http://www.kbb.com/toyota/camry/2012-toyota-camry/ Kelley Blue Book is your source for car reviews, road tests, new car launches & auto show videos. Subscribe to catch all the latest Kelley Blue Book video reviews. http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=kbb To follow Micah on Twitter, please visit: http://www.twitter.com/micahmuzio


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House Of Blues
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Murat Theatre, Indianapolis, Ind.
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Meadow Brook Music Festival, Rochester, Mich.
Scott Legato / RockStarProPhotography.com
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The mechanism is designed to make it impossible to crash the aircraft into air or land targets - and enable the plane to be flown by remote control from the ground in the event of an emergency.
Read more...
• Iraq war 'helped terrorists recruit in Britain'
• Terrorists are seeking to carry out more targeted attacks
Scientists at aircraft giant Boeing are testing the tamper-proof autopilot system which uses state-of-the-art computer and satellite technology.
It will be activated by the pilot flicking a simple switch or by pressure sensors fitted to the cockpit door that will respond to any excessive force as terrorists try to break into the flight deck.
Once triggered, no one on board will be able to deactivate the system. Currently, all autopilots are manually switched on and off at the discretion of pilots.
The so-called 'uninterruptible autopilot system' - patented secretly by Boeing in the US last week - will connect ground controllers and security services with the aircraft using radio waves and global satellite positioning systems.
After it has been activated, the aircraft will be capable of remote digital control from the ground, enabling operators to fly it like a sophisticated model plane, manoeuvring it vertically and laterally.
A threatened airliner could be flown to a secure military base or a commercial airport, where it would touch down using existing landing aids known as 'autoland function'.
After it had landed, the aircraft's built-in autobrake would bring the plane safely to a halt on the runway.
Boeing insiders say the new anti-hijack kit could be fitted to airliners all over the world, including those in the UK, within the next three years.
The latest move to combat airline terrorists follows The Mail on Sunday's disclosure three weeks ago that scientists in Britain and Germany are developing a passenger-monitoring device.
This will use tiny cameras linked to specialist computers to record every twitch, blink, facial expression or suspicious movement made on board flights in order to identify potential terrorists.
A Boeing spokesman said : "We are constantly studying ways we can enhance the safety, security and efficiency of the world's airline fleet.
"There is a need in the industry for a technique that conclusively prevents unauthorised persons gaining access to the controls and threatening the safety of passengers.
"Once this system is initiated, no one on board is capable of controlling the flight, making it useless for anyone to threaten violence in order to gain control."Reuse content


text:
This grant represents the first renewal of the UM EDRN Biomarker Development Lab (BDL) which was initiated 5 years ago. During this brief time period, our group has characterized a number of important prostate cancer biomarkers, the most noteworthy being the TMPRSS2-ETS gene fusions found in a majority of prostate cancers. This discovery led to first inaugural AACR Team Science Award in 2007. Looking forward, we propose extending our work in the discovery and refinement of biomarkers to facilitate the accurate diagnosis of prostate cancer using the TMPRSS2-ETS rearrangements as a foundation. We will also take on the significant mission of developing biomarkers to predict aggressive prostate cancer with the goal of distinguishing indolent from aggressive prostate cancer either prior to diagnosis or at the time of biopsy diagnosis. This study takes a systems biology approach to develop clinically relevant prostate cancer biomarkers for detection and risk assessment.
In Aim 1, we will extend work from the prior funding period to develop prostate cancer specific biomarkers to accurately diagnose prostate cancer and thus decrease unnecessary biopsies.
Aims 2 and 3 focus on the important clinical need to develop biomarkers to distinguish significant from insignificant disease.
Aim 2 will use high grade cancer as a surrogate of aggressive disease and Aim 3 we will use two clinically developed risk assessment tools as a surrogate measure of aggressive disease. A biomarker for aggressive disease would impact screening detection and clinical management of prostate cancer. The primary platform technologies we will employ (and have credible expertise) include next generation transcriptome sequencing, Affymetrix SNP arrays, lllumina DASL, Luminex xMAP-based multiplex antigen panels and mass spectrometry based metabolomics. The development of prostate cancer biomarkers for accurate diagnosis and risk assessment are urgently needed as recognized by the EDRN. Our proposal is highly ambitious given the wide range of discovery platforms proposed. Our team approach also extends beyond our BDL and into the EDRN Clinical Validation Center (CVC) where both PIs of this application have played roles in the Michigan/Harvard/WCMC CVC collection of over 1800 samples on EDRN protocol. Finally, our group has actively participated in the EDRN biomarker community and anticipates continuing to work with other BDL and CVCs to facilitate the overall mission of the EDRN.
Recent studies suggest that regardless of clinical treatment offered, most men with clinically localized prostate cancer at time of initial diagnosis do not die of their disease but from other causes. As the U.S. population ages, the number of prostate cancer cases will increase representing an important impact on our health care system. Taken together, we urgently need the next generation prostate cancer screening biomarkers that will have high specificity and be associated with clinically significant disease.
|Feng, Felix Y; Brenner, J Chad; Hussain, Maha et al. (2014) Molecular pathways: targeting ETS gene fusions in cancer. Clin Cancer Res 20:4442-8
|Chakravarty, Dimple; Sboner, Andrea; Nair, Sujit S et al. (2014) The oestrogen receptor alpha-regulated lncRNA NEAT1 is a critical modulator of prostate cancer. Nat Commun 5:5383
|Rubin, Mark A (2014) Insights into the mechanism of organ-specific cancer metastasis. Cancer Discov 4:1262-4
|Blattner, Mirjam; Lee, Daniel J; O'Reilly, Catherine et al. (2014) SPOP mutations in prostate cancer across demographically diverse patient cohorts. Neoplasia 16:14-20
|McDaniel, Andrew S; Zhai, Yali; Cho, Kathleen R et al. (2014) HRAS mutations are frequent in inverted urothelial neoplasms. Hum Pathol 45:1957-65
|Park, Kyung; Dalton, James T; Narayanan, Ramesh et al. (2014) TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion predicts subsequent detection of prostate cancer in patients with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. J Clin Oncol 32:206-11
|Kunju, Lakshmi P; Carskadon, Shannon; Siddiqui, Javed et al. (2014) Novel RNA hybridization method for the in situ detection of ETV1, ETV4, and ETV5 gene fusions in prostate cancer. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 22:e32-40
|Smith, Steven C; Palanisamy, Nallasivam; Zuhlke, Kimberly A et al. (2014) HOXB13 G84E-related familial prostate cancers: a clinical, histologic, and molecular survey. Am J Surg Pathol 38:615-26
|Khani, Francesca; Mosquera, Juan Miguel; Park, Kyung et al. (2014) Evidence for molecular differences in prostate cancer between African American and Caucasian men. Clin Cancer Res 20:4925-34
|Malik, Rohit; Patel, Lalit; Prensner, John R et al. (2014) The lncRNA PCAT29 inhibits oncogenic phenotypes in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Res 12:1081-7
Showing the most recent 10 out of 100 publications


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By Yahoo
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Great news resource
I like the layout of the 7NEWS, but sometimes feel the journalists merely concentrate on crime or finding articles that like to display young men and women that are showing a lot of flesh. I would like to have more articles that show what is happening in the political arena and more 'feel good' articles that don't focus on crime, violence and semi-pornographic images.
In terms of videos and high quality text, 7NEWS site is great. It doesn't crash often.
It's good
Its a good app.
I do have a problem with it though. It keeps freezing on me, the only way I can get out of the frozen state is to either turn the phone off, or delete the app then reload it.
7 News
Enjoy keeping up to date with the news on this App. Especially good to view whilst on public transport.
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Compatibility: Requires iOS 8.0 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.


text:
Likely to sell out
The Carnival Experience: Best of Rio de Janeiro
Duration: 4 days
Dive into the best hand-selected Rio de Janeiro Bloco (street party) and go see the Samba School Parade. Experience how dynamic Rio de Janeiro is.…
Rio de JaneiroSee all 251 tickets & tours
Want to discover all there is to do in Vista Chinesa? Click here for a full list.


text: Submitted by Anna Fader on Sun, 03/20/2016 - 2:00pm New York City Cherry Blossoms: Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Central Park, New York Botanical Garden There are few more delightful ways to celebrate the arrival of spring than by viewing the beautiful cherry blossoms flowering all over New York City. Everyone seems to know about the Sakura Matsuri Cherry Blossom Festival at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, but there are other places to enjoy gorgeous cherry blossoms without the crowds. In Japan, cherry blossom viewing is taken to almost religious heights. Blooming flowers are carefully watched, enjoyed and celebrated, and traditional Sakura Hanami parties feature eating, drinking and music. Here are the best places to see cherry blossoms in New York City this spring. Enjoy the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's famous cherry blossom esplanade during the popular Sakura Matsuri Festival or come during a quiet spring morning. Photo courtesy of the venue. Sakura Matsuri 2016/Cherry Blossom Festival – Brooklyn Botanic Garden The Brooklyn Botanic Garden has the most lavish celebration of cherry blossoms in New York City. This year, the weekend-long festival takes place on Saturday, April 30-Sunday, May 1 and includes Japanese cultural activities, music and art. Kids will enjoy sword-fighting play, Taiko drumming, manga artists, children's workshops, a traditional Sohenryu tea ceremony and all of the people dressed in Japanese costumes. The BBG's Cherry Blossom Festival draws huge crowds, so consider visiting the Garden's famous Cherry Blossom Esplanade earlier in the season. Track the blossoms online to time your visit perfectly. RELATED: Best Events for Preschoolers This Spring in NYC Kids plant a cherry blossom tree on Randall's Island. Photo courtesy of the venue. Randall's Island Cherry Blossom Festival – East Harlem Activity-packed Randall's Island hosts its annual fest on Saturday, May 14. In addition to its collection of cherry blossoms, families can enjoy arts and crafts, a butterfly release, performances of Taiko drumming and the Okinawa Dance Troupe, plus a calligraphy by Taisan Tanaka. Riverside Park Cherry Walk – Morningside Heights Riverside Park has its own Sakura Park with a beautiful cherry walk featuring trees gifted from the Committee of Japanese Residents of New York decades ago in celebration of the 100th anniversary of Robert Fulton's steam-power demonstration on the Hudson and the 300th anniversary of Henry Hudson's discovery of the river. The cherry trees are located between 100th and 125th Streets. RELATED: Weekend Getaway and Day Trip Ideas for NYC Families Check out the blooms at Queens Botanical Garden's "Cherry Circle" and then hit the petting zoo during its Arbor Festival. Photo courtesy of the venue. Queens Botanical Garden Cherry Circle – Flushing While the Queens Botanical Garden does not have special events for Sakura, it does have a beautiful Cherry Circle. In addition, on Sunday, April 24, the garden hosts an Arbor Festival with gardening and environmental workshops, a beer tent and children's activities. New York Botanical Garden – the Bronx Although NYBG's Cherry Valley doesn't get a fest, the blossoms are still sweet. There are more cherry blossoms scattered throughout the Ross Conifer Arboretum, too. While there, catch the annual Orchid Show (through Sunday, April 17) and, of course, visit the Everett Children's Adventure Garden and the Ruth Rea Howell Family Garden, as well as weekly family activities. Picnic under the cherry blossoms in Central Park. Photo courtesy of Ayumi Sakamoto. Central Park – Manhattan Central Park is a great place to view cherry blossoms and have a picnic (not allowed at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden). Visit the zoo, a destination playground or a museum. Some of the best cherry blossom viewing sites are on the bridal path at 90th Street, East Drive at 66th Street, the east side of the boathouse at 74th Street, and Cherry Hill, mid-park at 72nd Street just west of Bethesda Terrace. This post was originally published in April 2012, but is updated annually. Top photo by Paul Stein via Flickr. Area/Neighborhood: New York CityUptownCentral ParkEast HarlemUpper West SideBrooklynProspect HeightsQueensFlushingBronxBronx ParkAge: KidsCategory: Fairs & FestivalsFree ActivitiesSpring Activities<< PreviousWeekday Fun: Easter Bunny, Purim, Dinosaurs, Carousel RidesNext >>Weekday Picks: Easter, Purim, and Free Queen Mary, March 21-25Highlights of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden for Kids Best NYC Spring Festivals, Fairs and Carnivals in April 2016 Destination Playground: Heckscher Playground in Central Park New York Botanical Garden for NYC Kids: Planting, Harvesting and Other Hands-on Nature Fun


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39733 / 44918 Adverts
Villa Detached, 1 floor, separate entrance, in a housing estate
from $49/Night (rates)
6 people
Handicapped people welcome2 bedrooms
3 roomsLiveable floor area : 650 Sq.ft.
Handicapped people welcome2 bedrooms
3 roomsLiveable floor area : 650 Sq.ft.
- Setting : Pleasant
- Sandy beach at 0.62mi.
- Pets friendly
Clé vacances : 2 keys Touristic region : discover Albera Massif, Catalan Countries, Mediterranean Sea
Advert No. 49114
Contact the owner
For your guidance
44946 rentals over 179 countries
- Ad verified, documents requested
- Booking request in real time
- Lowest price, direct contact with the owner
- No commission is charged for the contact between proprietor and tenant or the transaction
Reviews about the Advert 49114
Be the first to provide a review about this advert!
Advert details 49114
Assets Villa
Parking : Parking uncovered : off road.
Interior Villa
Receive up to : 6 person(s)
Liveable floor area : 650 Sq.ft.
Interior layout : 3 Room(s), 2 bedroom(s), bathroom, shower room, toilets, living room, sitting room, separate kitchen, dining room, tv den, veranda
Sleeps - bed(s) : 2 full bed(s), 1 sleeper sofa(s) 2 pers
Guest facilities : T.V., DVD player, t.v points, cupboard, Hanging wardrobe, radio alarmclock, partly air-conditioned, electric heating, Glazed in area
Appliances : Crockery/flatware, kitchen utensils, cafetiere, toaster, refridgerator, washing machine, vacuum cleaner
Exterior Vacation rental in Setting: pleasant
Outside accommodation : Terrace, lanai
Outside setting : Private courtyard, enclosed grounds, lawn
Outside amenities : BBQ
Rates Calendar Availability Vacation rental in Saint Cyprien Plage
Seasons & Availability Villa in Saint Cyprien Plage
Rates Villa in Saint Cyprien Plage
Check-in day
Season Night Weekend week 2 weeks Month
Low season - - $344* Sat - -
Mid season - - $430* Sat - -
High season - - $773* Sat - -
Festive specials - - - - -
Promotional period - - - - -
ServiceFrequencyIncluded / SuppliedSupplementRates
Single family home
For your guidance
Information :
Pets friendly
Cell phone network coverage
Water : hot/cold
Local voltage supply : 220-240V / 50Hz
Electricity supply : mains
Handicapped people welcome
Wheelchair access
Booking conditions
rentals :
Day tax in addition
Accepted methods of payment :
Holiday coupon
Leisure, Surroundings, Location Home 49114
Leisure Saint Cyprien Plage - Eastern Pyrenees
SurroundingsOcean - Eastern Pyrenees
Locality :
Sandy beach at 0.62mi.
Amenities :
Downtown at 0.3mi.
Bus stop / bus station at 990'
Breadstore at 0.3mi.
Local stores at 0.3mi.
Mail office at 0.3mi.
Bank at 0.3mi.
ATM at 0.3mi.
Location AccessVilla Saint Cyprien Plage
Rue Jean Giono
66750 Saint Cyprien PlageLanguedoc Roussillon
GPS coordinates of the city
Latitude 42°37'45.732"N
Longitude 3°1'57.54"E
Access routes Vacation rental 49114
at 9mi.
Freeway (exit) A9
Perpignan, Eastern Pyrenees, Languedoc Roussillon, France
Cities close by
Perpignan (12.5mi.)
Close to Puig Mouche, Puig Llobregat, Pico de Frausa, Etang de Peyriac-de-Mer, Collado de la Dona Morta, Puig del Tourn, Rio Arnera, Coll del Llop, Etang de l'Aute, Ile de l'Aute, Isletas Massinas, Dosse Gros, Col de l'Estaque, Embouchure de l'Agly, Punta Oliguera, Pico Sangles, Cala Conca, Montagne de Tauch, Puig des Maurous, Etang de Canet, Fenouilledes
Cities close by
Nearby places
Photos Villa 49114
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Coming to Our Senses: Body and Spirit in the Hidden History of the West
Simon and Schuster, 1989 - Civilization, Occidental - 425 pages
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54 pages matching Church in this book
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text:
A Karma reporter plugin. Reports overall results by playing mp3 file.
Report overall tests results using mp3 files.
This module in development and not published to npm yet. Also its dependency has unresolved but isolated issue.
While I am expecting suceess for all tests I don't want to switch attention to tests result on each file saving. In some cases I want to hear light green-signal about success, but it not so important. But if I broked something I'd like to pay attention.
The easiest way is to keep
karma-mp3-reporter as a devDependency in your
You can simple do it by:
npm install karma-mp3-reporter --save-dev
// karma.conf.js module { config;};
You can pass list of reporters as a CLI argument too:
karma start --reporters mp3,dots
For more information on Karma see the homepage.


text: Whenever there's a crisis in America, President Barack Obama leads from the front. He gives hard-hitting speeches directly to the people of his country and boosts their morale. Even his predecessors George W Bush was an excellent orator. Who can forget his bullhorn speech at Ground Zero immediately after 9/11 when he shouted, "I can hear you! I can hear you! The rest of the world hears you! And the people—and the people who knocked these buildings down will hear all of us soon!" to thunderous applause.


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Using only the finest yarns grown from flax in northern France, and woven in Italy, Matouk's Verano Hemstitch Linen Bedding Collection is a delectable, lightweight bed collection. This exquisite bedding is created from the finest linens, usually reserved for fine shirts, but adapted for the production of these beautiful sheets, duvet covers, and shams that are finished with classic hemstitch detail.
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December 12, 2012
The HSUS Applauds Ohio Governor and Lawmakers for Passing Law to Crack Down on Puppy Mills
The Humane Society of the United States applauds Gov. John Kasich and members of the Ohio legislature for passing Amended Substitute Senate Bill 130 into law. The law imposes new measures to curb many of the worst abuses of high volume dog breeders that are prevalent in the state.
December 11, 2012
Chicagoland Pet Stores Investigation Links Dozens of Puppy Sellers to Puppy Mills
Holiday shoppers beware: The HSUS's latest undercover investigation of pet stores in the Chicago area linked many of them to inhumane commercial breeders known as puppy mills.
December 7, 2012
Colbie Caillat Teams Up with The HSUS to Make Holidays Safe and Happy for Pets
For singer/songwriter Colbie Caillat, celebrating the holidays means being surrounded by the ones you love—including your pets. As a spokesperson for The HSUS, Caillat shares some simple tips for keeping pets safe from holiday hazards, and for bringing a new pet into your household during this busy season.
December 7, 2012
Consejos para mantener a las mascotas sanas y seguras durante las fiestas navideñas
La organización de protección animal The Humane Society of the United States comparte algunos consejos simples para las personas que quieren traer a una nueva mascota a su hogar y para mantener a las mascotas a salvo de los peligros durante esta temporada navideña.
November 28, 2012
Animal Welfare Groups Ask Federal Court to Uphold Texas Puppy Mill Law
The Humane Society of the United States and Texas Humane Legislation Network filed an amicus brief with the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas asking the court to uphold the state's new puppy and kitten mill law.
November 14, 2012
The HSUS Applauds Ohio House of Representatives for Passing Bill to Prevent Cruelty, Combat Dog Overpopulation Crisis
The HSUS applauds the Ohio House of Representatives for passing Amended Substitute Senate Bill 130, legislation that will impose new regulations to curb many of the worst abuses of high volume dog breeders.
November 2, 2012
Los Angeles Cracks Down on Puppy Mill Outlets
The Humane Society of the United States applauds the Los Angeles City Council for approving an ordinance to place a moratorium on the retail sales of dogs, cats and rabbits obtained from commercial breeders.
October 19, 2012
Justice for All, Page 4: Legal Aid
A bare-bones team gets creative when humane laws are weak
October 15, 2012
Kind News Story: Girl Scouts Go for the Bronze
As the service project for their Bronze Award, members of Girl Scout Troop 6811 from Sandy Spring, Md., helped pass a state law to regulate puppy mills.
October 5, 2012
The HSUS Applauds Joe's PET DEPOT for Helping Adoptable Dogs and Cats
With support from The Humane Society of the United States, Joe Seneshale, owner of Joe's PET DEPOT, will no longer sell puppies at his stores, and has converted to a humane business model of selling pet supplies and making available homeless dogs and cats from local animal shelters.


text:
George Osborne's dreadful week was capped off tonight when a second credit rating agency stripped the UK of its AAA rating. Fitch downgraded Britain one notch from AAA to AA+, citing a "weaker economic and fiscal outlook". The news came as a body blow to the Chancellor, who asked to be judged on his success in defending Britain's gold-plated credit rating when he took office in 2010.
Earlier this week the International Monetary Fund downgraded the UK's growth forecast for 2013 and 2014 more than any other advanced economy. And in a political embarrassment for Mr Osborne the Fund also advised the Chancellor to consider slowing the pace of his spending cuts, a course that has long been urged by the Labour Party.
Explaining its decision to downgrade, Fitch said it had acted because it now expects Britain's gross national debt to peak at above 100 per cent of GDP in 2015-16 and not to start declining until 2017-18. In his Autumn Statement last year Mr Osborne abandoned the second part of his self-imposed fiscal mandate, which was to put the national debt on a falling trajectory by the end of the Parliament.
Fitch becomes the second of the major credit rating agencies to strip Britain of its top rank, following Moody's' downgrade in February. The third big agency, Standard & Poor's,reaffirmed Britain's AAA earlier this month, but warned that there remains a one in three chance that it could downgrade.
Next week could bring more pressure on Mr Osborne to adopt an economic "Plan B". The Office for National Statistics is due to reveal whether or not the UK economy slipped into a triple dip recession earlier this year when it reveals its estimate for growth in the first quarter of 2013. The statistics agency will also release the public finance figures for the final month of the 2012-13 year, which will show whether or not the budget deficit is rising once again under Mr Osborne's watch.
Since Mr Osborne's first budget in June 2010, in which he ratcheted up the deficit reduction plans he inherited from the previous Labour government, the UK economy has barely grown. The Treasury's official forecaster, the Office for Budget Responsibility, now does not expect the UK economy to make up the ground lost in the deep 2008-09 recession until 2015.
Despite the downgrade, Fitch said in its statement last night that the UK retained an "extremely strong credit profile". Responding to the statement, the shadow Chancellor, Ed Balls, said: "This downgraded Chancellor needs to wake up and realise that his failing economic policies are causing long-term damage and Britain's families and businesses are paying the price."
- More about:
- Credit Rating
- Moody's Corporation


text:
A huge area of Britain's moorlands - a habitat better represented here than in any other part of Europe - has been obliterated by plantations of conifers or by ploughing and drainage to convert it into grassland for livestock. Zealous burning and overgrazing have spelt the death knell for an even wider acreage of moorland.
Bracken - that juggernaut of a fern whose expansion is all too difficult to stop - has also taken its toll, converting vegetation of heather, heaths, bilberry and mosses to a dense stand of nothing but tough, green fronds.
In these ways, according to a new study by Dr Des Thompson of Scottish Natural Heritage and his three co-researchers, a fifth of the moorland in England and Wales was lost between the mid-Forties and Eighties. In Scotland, a little under a fifth was destroyed between the Forties and the Seventies, despite the economic value of grouse and red deer.
In a parallel study, Dr Richard Bardgett and James Marsden, of English Nature, working with Dr David Howard, of the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, estimate that just over 14,000 square kilometres of moorland remained in England and Wales by the early Nineties. Most of the English heather is in good condition. But not so in Wales, where on over a third of the moorland area there is overgrazing by livestock and general neglect.
As a result, much of this moorland would hardly be recognisable as such. The area of moorland that is dominated by heather, crowberry, bilberry or other "healthy" plants amounts to no more than 7,000 square kilometres in England and Wales. On the rest, these typical moorland plants are in the minority.
Dr Thompson reckons that 70 per cent of what is left is "at risk of change", much of it already in a fairly poor state of growth because of overgrazing by sheep.
When heather becomes patchy and too well nibbled, burning can destroy it completely. All too easily, a heather moor redolent with insects, red grouse and the occasional pair of impressive birds of prey such as hen harriers can be transformed into a monotonous carpet of tough grasses. Insect and bird populations nosedive, while some species, such as grouse, leave for good. Of the 40 bird species totally or partly dependent on moorland, 40 per cent are declining in distribution.
In international terms, Britain's moorland is something of a star turn. "Six of its heath and mire vegetation types are virtually confined to the UK and Ireland. Another seven are better developed here than elsewhere," says Dr Thompson. Some are outstanding for the mosses, lichens and liverworts growing underneath the shrub carpet. Ground-dwelling invertebrates, a few mammals (including red deer, of course) and birds such as the golden eagle, merlin, golden plover and red grouse feed and breed almost exclusively on heather moors.
But the heather moors we have come to admire are not natural habitats at all: they are maintained by a delicate balance of management. If the land is left ungrazed, trees appear - rowan and birch in the most exposed spots. If it is overgrazed or too frequently burnt, grassland is the result. The balance tips in favour of grassland when farmers keep more than two sheep on each hectare.
There are, however, reasons to be hopeful that the balance can more easily be found so that the heather moorland that remains is retained and the condition of areas in poor nick can be improved.
For instance, several Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs) have been designated by the UK government to include moorlands such as the southern uplands and Exmoor. Administered by agriculture departments, farmers in ESAs receive annual payments to stock their land appropriately and to farm in an environment-friendly way. In some ESAs there are specific measures for restoring moors in poor condition.
A Moorland Scheme - part of the Agri-Environment Programme - is also in the pipeline. It will apply to moorlands outside ESAs. Also a voluntary scheme (which has the disadvantage that farmers mismanaging their moorland are under no compunction to join), it will pay farmers for each sheep removed in order to reduce grazing levels.
None of these schemes, though, does much to address any fundamental change of thinking about how our heather moors should be managed in future. The ideal balance has, historically, been struck by most grouse moor managers who, by careful burning and light sheep grazing, create a uniform carpet of purple heather. It produces a pretty dull landscape.
What's good for grouse isn't necessarily good for all other moorland wildlife. Dr Thompson and colleagues argue for a shift in moorland management to produce a more diverse habitat. To achieve it, moors need to be managed as a mosaic; burning, grazing or cutting some parts more often than others, but leaving other areas to develop naturally with scrub and trees.
It has to be done without undermining the economic value of the moors, whether for sheep or grouse. Finding this new balance may be a challenge beyond what ESAs and the Moorland Scheme can deliver. But it is a challenge that must be addressed if we are serious about conserving one of our few habitats of international repute.
- More about:
- Agriculture
- Birds
- Geology
- Trees


text:
Harvest Turkey Soup
|Turkey carcass
|14 Pound (1 Bird)
|5 Quart
|2 Large, shredded
|Chopped celery
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|1 Large, chopped
|Chicken bouillon cubes
|Canned stewed tomatoes
|28 Ounce (1 Can)
|3⁄4 Cup (12 tbs) (Fresh Or Frozen)
|Long grain rice
|3⁄4 Cup (12 tbs)
|Frozen chopped spinach
|10 Ounce (1 Package)
|1 Tablespoon
|3⁄4 Teaspoon
|Dried marjoram
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Dried thyme
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
Place the turkey carcass and water in a Dutch oven or soup kettle; bring to a boil.
Reduce heat; cover and simmer for 1 -1/2 hours.
Remove carcass; allow to cool.
Remove turkey from bones and cut into bite-size pieces; set aside.
Strain broth.
Add carrots, celery, onion and bouillon; bring to a boil.
Reduce heat; cover and simmer for 30 minutes.
Add tomatoes, peas, rice, spinach, salt, pepper, marjoram, thyme and reserved turkey.
Return to a boil; cook, uncovered, for 20 minutes or until rice is tender.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size
Calories 378 Calories from Fat 183
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 20 g31.2%
Saturated Fat 6.6 g32.9%
Trans Fat 0.2 g
Cholesterol 112.5 mg37.5%
Sodium 1749.4 mg72.9%
Total Carbohydrates 7 g2.5%
Dietary Fiber 0.94 g3.8%
Sugars 2.2 g
Protein 42 g83.2%
Vitamin A 31.9% Vitamin C 10.7%
Calcium 3.5% Iron 14.5%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


text:
Reading with the Stars
Various venues
Until Sat Aug 30 2014
Photograph: Courtesy of Scholast
Not yet rated
Time Out says
Fri Aug 1 2014
Come listen to popular children's stories and meet with the famous characters at the Scholastic Store during the month of August. Hang out with Geronimo Stilton (8/2, Ages 6 and up), Clifford the Big Red Dog (8/9, Ages 3 and up), Peppa Pig (8/16, Ages 3 and up), Ricky's Mighty Robot (8/23, Ages 5 and up) and Captain Underpants (8/30, Ages 5 and up). Ages 3 and up.
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