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Monetary Transmission at Low Inflation: Some Clues from Japan in the 1990s
The paper analyzes the performance of the Japanese economy from 1985 to 1999. It compares different explanations of slow growth and prolonged recession. Using both bivariate comparisons and statistical tests, the paper concludes that the maintained growth rate fill after 1992. Also, the data suggest that the recession early in the 1990s was induced by a decline in money growth. In contrast, the recent recession was induced mainly by a fall in real exports. Failure to allow the nominal exchange rate to depreciate forced deflation and increased the costs of adjusting to reduced export demand The main policy conclusion calls on the Bank of Japan to pursue a more expansive policy to end deflation. This policy would depreciate the yen, but it would end the deflation that is costly to Japan and its neighbors.
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Volume (Year): 19 (2001)
Issue (Month): S1 (February)
Pages: 13-34
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Phone: +81-3-3279-111
Fax: +81-3-3510-1265
Web page: http://www.imes.boj.or.jp/
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subset: commoncrawl


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Most Popular Papers*
Sexy Dressing Revisited: Does Target Dress Play a Part in Sexual Harassment Cases?
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Professor H.L.A. Hart's Concept of Law
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Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments
Ralf Michaels
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Joseph W. Goodman
The Greek Debt Restructuring: An Autopsy
Jeromin Zettelmeyer, Christoph Trebesch, and Mitu Gulati
Virtual Child Pornography on the Internet: A "Virtual" Victim?
Dannielle Cisneros
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Deborah W. Denno
* Based on the average number of full-text downloads per day since the paper was posted.


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W5218 - Wrist Pin Bearing Kit, OMC W5218
Additional product information can be found in the Wiseco Outboard Marine Pistons catalog. More than 60 years of experience are built into every piston that's matched and balanced to factory weights for individual replacement. Wiseco uses the world's most advanced forging process followed by an extensive heat-treat and finishing process to assure you of the performance and reliability you need.
W5218 - Wrist Pin Bearing Kit, OMC W5218 Wiseco W5218 $12.84


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--- For one night, it was the Matt Flynn Show at Ray Nitschke Field. With Aaron Rodgers joining a group of select veterans who got the night off, Flynn took the reins.
The night was far from perfect again for Green Bay's offense. But despite a leaky pocket and occasional drops, Flynn fared well. Excluding one goal-line segment, he was an unofficial 10 of 19. Both Flynn and Graham Harrell saw the field plenty Tuesday night.
"I told the quarterbacks beforehand, 'You have the keys,'" coach Mike McCarthy said. "Take it for a ride. Let's go. I thought both of those guys did very well."
Among Flynn's best throws was one tight-window deep out to Jordy Nelson with Sam Shields in close coverage. He did throw one drive-killing interception to Morgan Burnett in a two-minute drill. Flynn hit Chastin West on a pair of completions, including one difficult fade route. A pair of Flynn's passes, including the Burnett pick, sailed just a bit high to Randall Cobb. Overall, he displayed the improved command coaches hoped for.
Harrell wasn't bad, either, hooking up with undrafted rookie receiver Tori Gurley for a 50-yarder. A year ago, Harrell rarely made protection calls at the line. This year, quarterbacks Tom Clements said he's doing that much more often. The former Texas Tech star is feeling more comfortable under center.
"I thought they both did well," Clements said. "They both did very well. A lot of the younger guys who got more reps tonight, this was their opportunity to gain more experience. There was a lot of enthusiasm."
--- Veterans entering their seventh season or later got the night off -- Donald Driver, Chad Clifton, Scott Wells, Aaron Rodgers, Ryan Pickett, Howard Green, Charles Woodson and Nick Collins. Giving these guys a breather allowed for several backups to get more reps Tuesday -- crucial considering training camp is already shortened.
With installations picking up, McCarthy wanted to challenge younger players.
"I wanted to make sure those young guys are given an opportunity for a difficult practice," McCarthy said. "There was a lot of quality work out there tonight."
--- In detailing his offensive line, McCarthy reiterated that the competition at left guard is between Derek Sherrod and T.J. Lang. Meanwhile, Nick McDonald "has a chance" he said, but the coach feels he'll play him "more exclusively" at center. Tackle Marshall Newhouse was also back practicing after leaving Monday's session with a shoulder injury.
--- The competition at tight end continues behind Jermichael Finley. On a traditionally TE-friendly team, McCarthty says this is the best group he's had. Rookies D.J. Williams and Ryan Taylor join Andrew Quarless, Tom Crabtree and Spencer Havner in a battle for possibly three spots.
"It's the body type you can't have enough of," McCarthy said. "We have six tight ends in camp who all have unique qualities. They all can play in all three positions...Extended, on the line, in the backfield and also in movement. It's the best tight end group we've had here talent-wise and it's the most diverse group."


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Customer Reviews
A-Line/Princess Square Neckline Tea-Length Chiffon Bridesmaid Dress With Ruffle #007015675
List Price:
Save US$ 49.01
Product Reviews: Write a review
I was hesitant about ordering my bridesmaids dresses from here, but I ordered a custom dress which fits perfectly.
Ein traumhaft schönes Kleid in dem sicherlich jede Frau wie eine Prinzessien aussieht. Absolut vorteilhaft und schick für jeden Anlass, bei einer Hochzeitsfeier super schick.
Komplimente sind gesichert!
This is the 2nd dress that I ordered from this website. The delivery was quite fast. It arrived earlier than the estimated delivery date. The dress was well-packaged that when I took it out from the box, there were no folds or crumples.
The quality is also good and the size fits well (I ordered a US size 4). The only problem I had was that it was too hard to zip up every time the zipper reaches a thick part of the dress.
Overall, it looks elegant and well made.
This dress is beautiful. I had it custom made for my maid of honor. It fits perfect. The fabric and color is amazing. It's exactly as shown in the picture. JJ's House is a site that I will definitely order from again. Thank you JJ's House.
Nydelig kjole , flott stoff, like fin som på bilde, sendes pent innpakket i silkepapir
I have just received my dress and chose the "custom" option and I'm so pleased. It fits perfectly, the workmanship is excellent and the fabric feels and looks beautifull, The dress is stunning and for the price its amazing. I cant rave enough about this, I'm so pleased - thanks to everyone at this company!
Reply by JJsHouse 2014-01-24 00:50:15
Hi julia.woods, I am glad to hear you are satisfied with the dress! Your satisfaction is of utmost importance to us and this is absolutely our work power. Thanks for sharing your shopping experience with us and have a nice day!
US$ 54.00US$ 26.99 Save US$ 27.01
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Stanley Rouse
Stanley Rouse, 65, of Dyersburg, Tenn., formerly of Kennett, died Friday, March 7, 2008 at Vanderbilt University Hospital in Nashville, Tennessee.
Born April 28, 1942 in Kennett, son of the late Jesse and Cora Pruett Rouse, he was a U.S. Navy veteran.
On Dec. 20, 1961, he married Sandra Kay Benson, who survives.
Survivors also include one daughter Shelia Rouse Kelly, of Dyersburg; one brother Jim Rouse, of Rockford, Ill.; two sisters, Verna Jean Shepard of Senath, Mo., and Irma Miller of Kennett and many nieces and nephews.
He was preceded in death by one son, Ronnie David Rouse; three sisters, Patsy Rouse, Barbara Roland and Donna Verble and two brothers, Jesse and Donald Rouse.
Funeral services were held at 3 p.m., today, Tuesday, March 11 at McDaniel Funeral Home in Kennett with the Rev. Kenny Chessor officiating.
Burial was in the Oak Ridge Cemetery at Kennett.
Pallbearers were Ronnie Williams, Mark Hoskins, Jim Pelts, Johnny Stewart, Mike Smith, Jerry Neighbors and Chris Rimel.
Honorary pallbearers were Johnny Alsup, Kenneth "Tink" Cude, Bill Woodall, Tommy Masterson, William Atkins, Bill Heinen and Walter Dearing.


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- 18 & over
- 2 Beverage Minimum Per Person
- Non-Refundable & Non-Transferable
Purchase Tickets
Share with your friends:
Performing Artists (Click on Artist for Reviews and Previews)
Show Details
- Ticket Price: $26.00 - $115.00
- Door Time: 9:30 PM
- Show Type: Comedy
18 & over
2 Beverage Minimum Per Person
Non-Refundable & Non-Transferable
Originally from Maine, Bob Marley began performing stand-up comedy in his hometown of Portland. He moved to Boston early in his career, gaining experience in a city known for spawning comedy all-stars. He now has a weekly radio call in segment with several radio stations around the country called "The World According to Bob." Winner of this year's XM/Sirius 'Super Bowl of Comedy', he continually makes new fans around the country.
Making his first television appearance on Comedy Central, he is now one of the few comics to do the complete late night circuit including The Late Show with David Letterman, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, and The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson and Craig Kilborn. He has also appeared on 100 Television shows including VH-1's "Super Secret Movie Rules", Comedy Central's "Premium Blend," "USO Comedy Tour" and most recently "Comedy Central Presents Bob Marley," Bob's half-hour special.
Many movie fans will recognize him from his appearance in the cult favorite movie, Boondock Saints and the highly anticipated sequel released in fall of 2009, All Saints Day. Bob co-stars with Willem Dafoe, Sean Patrick Flanery and Norman Reedus (as the McManus brothers), Billy Connolly ( ll Duce), new female lead Julie Benz (Rita on Showtime's 'Dexter') , brat packer Judd Nelson and film legend Peter Fonda. His comedic take on "Detective Greenly" inspires fans to constantly approach him and quote lines from the film. Bob Marley brought back the always funny and incredibly wrong Detective Greenly, in a much larger role in the second film. Audiences are in for a treat whether they catch this Mainer's act on stage or on screen.
Tweet Feed
- @DarrellCHammond come visit us soon! Feb 15
- 2 nites in a row we've had the pleasure of Jerry Seinfeld stopping in! What a week & it's only Wed! Who knows what could happen b4 the wknd! Feb 15
- Celebrate ❤ with laughter! Or just celebrate laughter with laughter! Tonight at 7:30p we kick… instagram.com/p/BQf6mwBFzju/ Feb 14
- #NYC bundle up & come out 2 see @TheJoeMatarese 2nite & 2morrow! Tix @ bit.ly/2kugfED Feb 10
- @TheJoeMatarese we're pumped Joe! Can't wait! Tix @ bit.ly/2kugfED Feb 10


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Indiaspora 2013 Inaugural Ball
Indiaspora Events Team
Saturday, January 19, 2013 at 8:00 PM - Sunday, January 20, 2013 at 12:00 AM (EST)
Event Details
Indiaspora 2013 Inaugural Ball
Mandarin Oriental, Washington, D.C.
January 19, 2013 at 8:00pm to Midnight
Join the world's oldest and largest democracies in congratulating President Obama as he is sworn in to his second term as President of the United States. Leaders from the 3-million-strong Indian American community will be joined by key representatives from India to celebrate the combined achievements of our two nations and cultures at the Indian style gala event (Indian formal attire or Black Tie).
The Indiaspora Ball will showcase the very best in Indian American cuisine, culture and music. Guests will enjoy a an evening of celebration, networking, Indian food, entertainment and dancing. A limited number of VIP tickets offering exclusive benefits and special guest access are also available.
Please note, this event is limited to attendees with a minimum age of 21.
Click here to return to the Indiaspora website: www.indiaspora.org.
When & Where
Mandarin Oriental
1330 Maryland Ave SW
Saturday, January 19, 2013 at 8:00 PM - Sunday, January 20, 2013 at 12:00 AM (EST)
Add to my calendar
Indiaspora Events Team
Contact: Christine M. Virsunen


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Connecting Families to Senior Living
Talk to a local advisor for FREE
We value your privacy. By clicking you agree to the terms and conditions of our privacy policy. You also consent that we can reach out to you using a phone system that can auto-dial numbers (we miss rotary telephones, too!). Your consent is not required to use our service.
You know your family, A Place For Mom knows Assisted Living. Our dedicated local Buffalo, NY advisors have helped 6,622 families make the right choice for their needs. Get full details, pricing and read 216 reviews of our hand-picked communities. Typically prices range from $1500.00 to $6900.00 per month.
Many seniors in Buffalo choose assisted living in order to spend more time with family and friends, and less time worrying about maintaining a household. Families choose assisted living for their loved one when daily chores become challenging, or concerns arise over medication management. Assisted living communities in Buffalo are designed to support seniors to be as independent as possible, while ensuring residents and their families receive the support they need to feel safe and secure.
The Bristol Home is a non-profit assisted living facility located in the theatre district of Downtown Buffalo. The Bristol Home has served the needs of the area's elderly women for more than one hundred and thirty-five years. Our mission is to continue providing exceptional care and services to the...
2.1 miles from Buffalo, NY
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Brookdale Kenmore is a beautiful assisted living community located in Kenmore, New York. Kenmore is conveniently located near Buffalo and has been named as "One of the Top 10 Great Neighborhoods" in the U.S. by the American Planning Association as well as the highest-rated community in Western New...
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At Peregrine's Landing Senior Community, every day you will be greeted by members of our friendly, caring staff who will offer freshly prepared, restaurant-style meals in our elegant dining room. Participate in exciting, fulfilling daily activities. Or, visit with friends and family, enjoy a quiet...
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Elderwood Assisted Living at West Seneca offers an independent lifestyle with caring personal attention. The community in West Seneca, New York, features comfortable common spaces and private studio, one- and two-bedroom apartments. The backyard patio features a lovely koi pond and overlooks a lawn,...
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Elderwood Assisted Living at Cheektowaga is a assisted living community located in the growing town of Cheektowaga, NY. Cheektowaga is located in Erie County, close to Buffalo, and home to just over 88,000 people. Cheektowaga has a lot of great stores, shopping, and restaurants giving residents the...
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ABILITY TO MOVE FROM PRIVATE PAY TO MEDICAID without having to move ONE OF FEW COMMUNITIES IN THE AREA that offers AL. DIABETES CARE.
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Elderwood Village at Williamsville offers an independent lifestyle with a caring, personal touch. Our community, located close to the Village of Williamsville, features studio, one- and two-bedroom apartments with kitchenettes. Our experienced and attentive staff handles cooking , housekeeping and...
8 miles from Buffalo, NY
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Brookdale Bassett Park offers a home like setting and cheerful smiles from our professional staff who greet you everyday. Our caring staff offers the assistance you need while respecting your independence. Our peaceful setting, restaurant style dining experience, activities, and beautiful setting...
11 miles from Buffalo, NY
Brookdale Bassett Road offers exceptional assisted living and memory care services in the historic village of Williamsville, New York. As part of the Buffalo Metro Region, Williamsville is a great place to call home offering all the charm of small town living and the conveniences that come from...
Tennyson Court is more than an Assisted Living and Memory Care community. For many, it is home – we foster dignity, choice and independence. That is why we offer a household design. In total we have 6 households; 3 Assisted Living & 3 Memory Care. Each of our "households" contains 14 residents....
Explore new interests at The Amberleigh, where our blend of desired amenities and convenient services offers residents a vibrant lifestyle that encourages health and independence through innovative recreational, educational, health and wellness programs. Our Williamsville, New York, Independent...
12 miles from Buffalo, NY
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Many assisted living communities in Buffalo also welcome small companion animals, while some communities cater to those who have specific cultural, religious or language preferences. For more information regarding the unique assisted living communities in Buffalo, call us today.
Buffalo is also known as the "City of Good Neighbors", thanks to its many senior-friendly neighborhoods, including:
Snyder- This quiet, well-established residential area was founded in 1837. Serviced by NFTA Bus Routes 48 and 49, this neighborhood is just a short drive away from the shopping malls on Niagara Falls Boulevard. Residents here enjoy tree-lined streets filled with large historic homes and a select assortment of independent shops and restaurants.
Williamsville - Located just a few miles northwest of downtown Buffalo, Williamsville is a charming, walkable village that feels like a small town. Residents here enjoy relaxing and reflecting in the Patriot and Heroes Park, exploring the annual Glen Park Art Festival, and browsing the unique shops in the business district.
Allentown - Just north of the downtown core of Buffalo sits Allentown, an eclectic neighborhood listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The 1913 Allendale Theatre is a popular destination for lovers of movies and live performances, while the annual Allentown Art Festival draws exhibitors from across the country. During the summer, free concerts are held in the town square every Thursday, while Kleinhans Music Hall hosts world-class musicians and the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra throughout the year.
Buffalo offers seniors a wide variety of activities and entertainment options, ranging from music festivals to casinos and shopping malls. Many seniors enjoy strolling along the paved, car-free trails of Canalside, a newly-constructed community along the waterfront. Sports fans can cheer on the Buffalo Bills, Buffalo Sabres or the Buffalo Bison, while history buffs love exploring renowned landmarks such as the Theodore Roosevelt Historic Site, Erie Canal, and the city's own Underground Railroad.
If you or a loved one would like more information about assisted living in Buffalo, please call our friendly Senior Living advisers for a free consultation.
Get the latest tips, news, and advice on aging and caregiving.
A Place for Mom is the largest assisted living referral service. We are paid by our participating communities, therefore our service is offered at no charge to families.
Copyright ©2017 A Place for Mom, Inc. All rights reserved.


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I haven't done any gardening to speak of, even though it's the perfect
time of year to plant things. Been busy with our new horse and other
chores (laundry, blech). I have spent more time than I like to admit
just sitting around admiring the weather and not gardening.
I did clean out the greenhouse last Sunday, mostly because I wanted to
read my paper where it was warm and not windy, but the greenhouse was a
disaster. By the time I was done I was overly warm, so much for that
idea. However, I dragged out a barrel of dead leaves and broken plastic
pots, organized the empties and the fertilizers, and killed two black
widow spiders. Have never seen black widows in there before so now I'm
considering spraying down the whole inside with bug killer. It's all
spiffy and waiting for the first plants to come in off the patio,
probably about a month from now.
Speaking of critters you don't want to see, last night we went walking
on the aqueduct and saw four baby rattlesnakes right on the path over
about a mile and a half. Never seen more than one before. Over my
(faint) objections the guy we were with picked them up with a long stick
and flung them into the water - we didn't see them swim out. I am
unhappy over their probable fate but I'm not willing to have either me
or my dogs get bitten, plus this is a place where a lot of people walk.
Soooo...no happy options there I'm afraid.
The big Day fire in the Los Padres National Forest has been dumping a
lot of smoke our way each afternoon when the wind comes up. Yesterday
leaving work it was so bad you could barely see the sun, and that fire
is more than an hour's drive from here. Seems weird.
On Friday husband and I are skipping work and going to the Los Angeles
County Fair. Deep-fried twinkies, anyone?
-----Original Message-----
From: firstname.lastname@example.com [mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com] On
Behalf Of email@example.com
Sent: Wednesday, September 27, 2006 12:38 PM
To: email@example.com
Subject: [CHAT] list
Is something wrong with the list? Have had only one or two messages for
a couple days now -- Or is everyone just busy?
--Barb, Grass Valley CA
----- Original Message -----
From: "Kitty" <firstname.lastname@example.com>
To: <email@example.com>
Sent: Tuesday, September 26, 2006 3:42 PM
Subject: [CHAT] peony depth
>I just planted 2 species peonies and NOW it occurs to me to ask if the
>planting depth of the eyes for species peonies is the same as for
>garden cultivars. I placed the eyes about an inch below the surface.
> Kitty
> neIN, Zone 5
> ---------------------------------------------------------------------
> To sign-off this list, send email to email@example.com with the
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message text UNSUBSCRIBE GARDENCHAT


text:
We've set your shipping destination to:
Prices vary based on delivery destination (it's a tax thing), so please change it if you're not shipping within United States as it might affect the price! (Why?)
A rare Hungarian apricot brandy bottled in the 1950s, the decade of the Magical Magyars, Hungary's golden team featuring Ferenc Puskás and Sándor Kocsis. They smashed England 6-3 at Wembley in the Match of the Century in 1953!
Please enter your details to make it easier for us to help you further.
The legal stuff: not providing your contact details may mean we have to delete your
comments if another member of our community complains about them. Whatever happens though, we'll never share
your contact details unless you specifically tell us we can.
Please click here for more details.


text:
Jones PHS homecoming king
Fri, 2011-11-11 12:27
MARK JONES was crowned Patterson High School homecoming king during the homecoming dance held Nov. 5 at the school. His queen, Angel Dugas, was crowned Nov. 4 during halftime of the PHS vs. Erath football game. Jones is the son of Mark Jones Sr. and Tresh Jones of Patterson. Dugas is the daughter of Neva Jennings of Patterson and Johnny Dugas of Bayou Vista. Wade Gussman Photographer
- Log in to post comments


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More Videos...
MG ZR - 10.23 @ 138mph 1/4 mile at Santa Pod
The MG ZR "Bubble" is the current street legal FWD quarter mile record holder with an awesome 10.23 @ 138mph!! For more info on this car see http://www.torquestats.com/ANicholls
vw corrado new Lithuanian 1/4 mile record 2011
vw corrado 2.0 turbo 4wd Jezij Chmelevskij ,new Lithuanian 1/4 mile record 2011 06 04
MotorWeek | Retro Review : '92 Volkswagen Corrado
Still a timeless beauty.
Speed Ventures - Auto Cross - Volkswagen Corrado - 06/13/09
Second time at an Autocross. Just having some fun with Rado. Ran like a champ. We still need better tires. Speedventures Auto Club Speedway - Auto Club Speedway Autox Autocross 06.13.09


text:
TDF LibreOffice DLP Community Blogs Pootle Moztrap ODFAuthors ownCloud Redmine Ask LibreOffice | Donate
- Home
- Development
- Design
- Events
- Documentation
- Website
- Localization
- Marketing
- LibreOffice-Box
- Macros
- | |
- Wiki Help
- 1 How to get involved
- 2 Getting your first build done
- 3 Using Git for LibreOffice development
- 3.1 ./g
- 3.2 Managing git branches
- 3.3 Reorder, squash and in general tweak your local history: git rebase -i
- 3.4 Getting and using commit access
- 4 General Programming Guidelines
- 5 Working on specific sections of libreoffice
- 6 Debugging
- 7 Development / Hacking Notes
- 8 Release Plan
How to get involved
Developers and users can contribute to the LibreOffice development in many ways and everyone is welcome in the project. Users, for instance, can help the development by testing beta releases of the software, reporting and testing of bugs, writing documentation, contributing to templates, art work, thesaurus, dictionaries, etc. and last but not least promoting LibreOffice.
Developers can help to improve the LibreOffice code base. At first, the enormous code base can be intimidating, but documentation is improving and you will receive assistance by the existing developers team. For an overview of the complexity of LibreOffice, see the Code Overview page to help you get a grasp what the directories and repositories are for.
There is also a list of Frequently Asked Questions.
You can search the code base on-line using OpenGrok and browse it using cgit.
For a stream of commits, visit cia.vc.
Reporting Bugs
Reporting bugs to the LibreOffice Bugtracker, verifying them and test whether issues still exist in newer versions of LibreOffice, are valuable contributions to the project. Here is information on how to submit new bugs.
Finding a first task: Easy Hacks
In order to set the entry barrier for new contributors as low as possible, the LibreOffice team has collected a list of Easy Hacks. It's purpose it to help you find a first task. You can also find a generic list of Easy Hacks in the bugtracker: Easy Hacks in the Bugtracker.
For a general introduction, see Michael Meeks slides for the Easy Hacks Talk at FOSDEM 2012.
Of course there are also other bugs/enhancements in the bugtracker: Open issues Most annoying bugs (3.5) Most annoying bugs (3.4)
Lists of enhancements and missing features
Besides the Easy Hacks Wiki page, several other lists of enhancements and missing features have been created:
- There is a list of Crazy Ideas that contain disruptive changes as well as other missing features.
- A page dedicated to missing features and enhancements that are related to the special needs of large corporations, where IT management has some challenges in deployment and support. We listed in this page what enterprises have already told us they love to have in LibreOffice. If you want your boss happy, help us to fix these!
- A page to collect ideas for improvements to the default user experience, has been started on Default UI Improvements.
- A page which lists Really basic missing features and enhancements.
- A list where users express their need for certain enhancements has been set up: Vote for Enhancement.
Preparing patches
First of all, it would make sense to follow the OpenOffice.org Coding Style and general code conventions (such as variable naming schemes, etc). To prepare a patch that you can send to the developer mailing list, let us assume you started with a unmodified master branch. The steps are as follows:
- Hack the code to your hearts content (if you plan something bigger, consider using feature branches)
- Commit your changes locally to git. The first option adds all modified file, while the second option allows you to select which files become of the commit:
git commit -a ... or ... git add <file1> <file2> ... git commit
When you type a commit message, use the first line as a concise summary of your changes. The 2nd line remains empty and starting on the 3rd line you can explain how and what changes have been made for what reasons.
- create the patch file that you want to mail. If you are in one repository you can use git directly to get e.g. the last change in your branch as a diff file with:
git format-patch HEAD~1
If you have made more wide sweeping changes across multiple repositories you can get those patches for all those repositories in one go with:
./g format-patch --suffix=.@REPO@.patch -o/home/me/somedir/to_save_my_patches_in origin/master..HEAD
- create a mail to the development list and attach those patch files to your email.
- Use a subject line of the form: "[PATCH] fdo#<bug number>: <Bug title>". For example: "[PATCH] fdo#43398: FORMATTING: Documents opened in LibreOffice Writer incorrectly appear as right justified".
- after sending in your patch, if you want to go back to the regular upstream master, you can follow these instructions to go back to a pristine vanilla branch.
Please refer to the Patch Handling Guideline page for more detailed patch handling rules and workflow to make our patch integration process as efficient and painless as humanly possible.
Bugzilla-integration with commit-messages
If your patch fixes a bug that is already filed in Bugzilla, then you can take advantage of automatic bug-notifications that are triggered by commit-messages.
When the first line of the commit message includes a reference to a bug in the form fdo#12345, then a corresponding comment will automatically be added to the bugreport, when the change is pushed to the repository. See the announcement-thread on mail-archive.com or on fdo-listarchive for more details.
Alternative: Offer git branches to pull from
LibreOffice being developed using git means of course that we can use all the wonderful features that git offers. E.g. people can prepare a cloned git branch that committers can pull patches from. If you plan to do that, it might be wise to coordinate with a committer in advance whether he feels comfortable in doing so.
Developer mailing list - how to use
Please read this page.
Getting your first build done
Getting your first successful build of LibreOffice can be an intimidating and daunting task. Find a walkthrough that should guide you towards getting your first build finished on the How to Build page.
If you want to compile LibreOffice without GUI support (e.g. for servers) you can find additional information on the headless build page.
Using Git for LibreOffice development
Git is a Distributed Version Control System (DVCS). It is a very powerful yet simple system, but if you are unfamiliar with DVCS, it can be confusing. Thankfully there are great resources on the Web to learn about Git. If you are not familiar with it, you should visit http://git-scm.com/ . The rest of this article will assume a basic working knowledge of Git.
Most of LibreOffice source code is in the 'core' git repository, but few modules are in separate repository. 'translations', help', 'dictionaries' and 'binfilter'. In most cases you probably won't have to modify these repositories.
The core repository contains a little utility named g, located in ./g. it is a little script that allow you to run the same git command on core and all the repository you have in clone/.
When manipulating branches (creating them, switching them etc... it is usually a good thing to use ./g to keep all repository in the same state)
Most commands that you would type as git xxxx, can be typed as ./g xxxx which means 'run git xxxx on each repository contained in ./clone/'.
Managing git branches
There is a page dedicated to the branches we have in our git, please have a look at the Development/Branches.
Check the current branches
To see which branch your repositories currently are on, issue:
~/loroot $ ./g branch
This lists the local branch for each repository and put a '*' in front of the one currently active. Every repository should report the same branch as active.
Adding -r after the branch command will show you the branches that are available on the remote repositores (e.g. the list of available feature branches).
Switch to a feature branch
Let's create a new feature branch 'feature/slicebread' on all git repositories based on origin/master, which allows you to safely develop a new feature:
~/loroot $ ./g checkout -b feature/slicebread origin/master
If you display again the active branch, all repositories should report 'feature/slicebread'.
If you want to switch to an existing feature branch, rather than creating a new one, do:
~/loroot $ ./g -f checkout -b feature/slicebread origin/feature/slicebread
This will create a local branch 'feature/slicebread' which tracks the remote branch feature/slicebread. The -f forces bin/g to go through all repositories without aborting, even if some repositories don't have the branch.
Going back: If you ever want to go back to master and delete your local branch, make sure you don't have any uncommitted changes in your repositories, then first go back to master, and then delete your local branchfeature/slicebread.
~/loroot $ ./g checkout master ~/loroot $ ./g -f branch -D feature/slicebread
Hack and commit on a feature branch
Now you can hack and compile as you wish. Do not be shy about committing your work. These commits are purely local and will not be visible until you publish them. You can always re-organize or fuse some commit later if you want to present a cleaner history. Each commit should contain a set of changes that are related to each other and be described clearly in the commit-log message. The first line of the commit-log message must be a concise (80 chars or less) summary of the change, then skip a line and enter a more detailed description as-needed.
Now you have implemented your new feature or you have made some progress and want to get some feedback.
First, since the master branch has probably changed since you branched-out your feature branch, you should rebase your changes, so that they apply to the most current master's HEAD.
To rebase, you need to make sure that you have committed everything that matters and clean-up your repository so that there are no changes 'pending'. Then return to the master branch with:
~/loroot $ ./g checkout master
Refresh your master branch
~/loroot $ ./g pull -r
Go back to your feature branch
~/loroot $ ./g checkout feature/slicebread
and rebase
~/loroot $ ./g rebase origin/master
If there are conflicts you need to resolve them manually and continue rebasing until you're done.
Now, it's time to publish. There are two cases.
If you do not have a set of git repositories to push these changes to, then you want to prepare a set of patches to be able to post them on the Dev-List for review.
~/loroot $ ./g format-patch --suffix=-@REPO@.patch --output-dir=<where_you_want> master..HEAD
This will generate a file per commit suffiexed by the repo name, in the directory you specified. You can then attach them to an email to the mailing list.
If you have the ability to push to a set of git repository, then
~/loroot $ ./g push origin feature/slicebread
There are plenty of excellent tutorials, books and even videos on how to use git. You are strongly encouraged to look into them. The LibreOffice Development Environment has 20 git repositories that are logically one but need to be cared for individually (hence the g and ga script).
Hack and commit on a stable branch
Stable branches are created from master or another stable branch to stabilize the code base for the release and further maintenance updates. There are some rules during the beta phase:
- allowed are any changes in translations
- allowed are any bug fixes
- allowed are late features that are approved by Steering Committee
There are more strict rules during the release candidate phase:
- allowed are safe fixes that are reviewed by another person, see below
- allowed are changes in translations; it is recommended to ask for review on the native l10n mailing list
Please, do not commit the fixes directly during the RC phase. Instead, please, ask another developer for review on the email@example.com mailing list, personal mail, on IRC or via the related bug entry. The fix should be committed by the reviewer using:
git commit -s --author='Author name <email@example.com>'
What to do when git pull -r does not want to operate
It is usually due to local changes in your repository. You can either get rid of them, using:
git checkout -f ; git pull -r
or stash them temporarily, and get them back again after the git pull -r:
git stash ; git pull -r ; git stash pop
Reset your modified repo to a pristine "vanilla" repository
~/loroot $ bin/g reset --hard origin/master
will discard all your local changes (whether committed or not) and reset the current branch that you are on to the one on the remote repository.
Reorder, squash and in general tweak your local history: git rebase -i
git rebase -i is a powerful tool that allow you to 'rewrite' your local history. This should only be done on commits that have not been pushed yet!!!
Let's say you are on master and the last 3 commits are A,B,C=HEAD but C is actually a correction of the commit A that you missed before committing B. So what you would want to do is to merge A nd C together and end-up with A',B as history
To do that you can
git branch safehead HEAD
This is just in case something goes very wrong and you want to just undo everything and go back to the initial sate
git rebase -i HEAD~3
This should bring, in your favorite editor something like this: (this are listed from the oldest to the newsest, the reverse order than normally in git log, so C is the last of the list)
pick 726fe9c enable localization of extension descriptions in mysqlc pick 9ab6ecf fix en-US only build pick a18bfb0 Revert "enable localization of extension descriptions in sdext" # Rebase 1846533..a18bfb0 onto 1846533 # # Commands: # p, pick = use commit # r, reword = use commit, but edit the commit message # e, edit = use commit, but stop for amending # s, squash = use commit, but meld into previous commit # f, fixup = like "squash", but discard this commit's log message # x <cmd>, exec <cmd> = Run a shell command <cmd>, and stop if it fails # # If you remove a line here THAT COMMIT WILL BE LOST. # However, if you remove everything, the rebase will be aborted. #
edit it, moving commit C one-up and changing its action to squash:
pick 726fe9c enable localization of extension descriptions in mysqlc squash a18bfb0 Revert "enable localization of extension descriptions in sdext" pick 9ab6ecf fix en-US only build
the save and exit the editor.
If everything went nicely you should be on master with your HEAD on B and A+C fusionned just before B. If things went wrong and you are lost:
git rebase --abort
if things are not reverted to the way they should (compounded wrongness :-) you can
git reset --hard safehead
to pretend nothing ever happened :-)
Getting and using commit access
In order to get commit access you need to be "sponsored". Once you've submitted patches and got yourself recognised this won't be a problem, but it's best to wait until you're asked. Once you've been asked (or asked for someone to sponsor you), you need to get an account
General Programming Guidelines
sal_Bool should be used only when it comes to UNO, and bool is preferred otherwise.
The OpenOffice.org C++ coding standards.
The OpenOffice.org code conventions. For variable naming schemes etc.
Assertions and Logging
To assert invariants of the code (that can only be violated if there are programming errors) use standard C/C++
assert. Production builds define
NDEBUG, while
--enable-dbgutil do not. Do not follow an
assert with code intended to mitigate the consequences of the detected programming error in production builds.
To log warnings about unusual events (that the code nevertheless needs to handle in some way, like malformed input or I/O failures), use the
SAL_WARN_IF macros from
sal/log.hxx. It is generally better to report a detected problem up the call stack than to silence it locally. That is, a
SAL_WARN is likely followed by a
throw, and code should not catch and swallow exceptions that it cannot meaningfully handle.
To log other information useful for debugging, use the
SAL_INFO_IF macros.
SAL_INFO macros are inactive in a production build;
--enable-dbgutil activates them. Which logging calls actually produce output is then further controlled by the
SAL_LOG environment variable. See the documentation in
sal/log.hxx for further details.
The functionality offered by
osl/diagnose.h and
tools/debug.hxx is obsoleted by
Working on specific sections of libreoffice
As currently implemented, there are two main configure.in files, one in the top-level build directory, and one in the libreoffice sub-directory. Any important changes should be made to both, as the top-level one is slated for removal once all the patch-sets currently in the system have been merged into the main code base.
The default arguments into the build system are currently in <loroot>/build/distro-configs.
Current configure options of the sub-level configure.in and also which options are top-level present only.
- Some Notes on How to Debug LibreOffice
Development / Hacking Notes
- Some Notes on String Classes used in the source code
- Some Notes on Development/Sal_Types
- How to merge a new milestone from OOo
- Hints when developing more complex features
- Acronymia
- Unit tests
- Source Code Documentation
- Writing source code documentation
- Vim tips & tricks
- Development/Common_Warnings
- FOSDEM 2012 slides of talks


text:
Cult of Daath "Doomed by the Witch" Black TS XL
- Model: TS
Price: $15.00
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T-Shirt, Patches, Pins
Two color print of Josh Mcalear's artwork from the band's most recent demo on the front and one color on the back. Either black or white Gildan brand TS. Available in sizes Small to XXL.Expand
This product was added to our catalog on Monday 21 November, 2011.
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text:
Hotels in Dourdain
Hotel reservation
Hotel rooms in Dourdain
There are not so many hotel rooms in Dourdain, just 2, still everyone can find an offer to suit his choice. The most common offers in this city are hotels, they count 1 out of 2, and their prevalent location is central district. According to our practice, it is the most profitable to book a hotel in the east of Dourdain, as it is the location of the hotels with optimal cost and quality offers along with the cheap hotels. Taking into account the small size of the city, there is no need to dwell hotel reservation on the location: the road to the city center would take less then half an hour, so one can book a hotel in any district of Dourdain. The most populated with hotels district of Dourdain is the south, 50% of cheap hotel rooms are concentrated here. Dourdain is a truly multifaceted city, here everyone can find a hotel of his choice: a business person, a young couple or a family with little children. Take a look at our selection of the cheap hotel rooms in Dourdain to make a well-informed choice for your reservation!
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Hotels in Dourdain are spread around the city within the distance of 7.7 kilometers. The most popular accommodations in Dourdain is
Three-Bedroom Holiday home Dourdain 06
located in a 2.2 kilometers from the city center.
The best hotels are here and now. Try them!
All cities in France


text:
The Parker in Chambray$79
Notify Me
The Parker is our playful twist on the classic popover, featuring a crewneck, gathers, and a yoke to make this shirt extra feminine. The slightly shrunken fit plays up the girlish quality but the shirttail hem keeps it casual. Fitted throughout the shoulders, but slightly boxy through the body.
4-oz. Portuguese-milled 100% Cotton
Stonewash chambray and indigo stripe, washed for a lived-in feel on the very first wear.
- 100% Cotton, washed for a lived-in feel.
- Contrast facing under yoke and cuff.
- Bias binding at neck.
- Gathering below yoke at front and back.
- Ivory Japanese Urea buttons.
- Shirtail hem, rises slightly at sides and longer in back.
- Off center hidden front placket.
- 3/4 length sleeve.
- Proudly handmade in California.
- Model is 5'7" and wearing a size XS.
Last Call
This product is on Last Call, so all sales are final (sorry, no exceptions)! We will accommodate exchanges when possible, but this item is ineligible for returns. This product is highly limited in quantity and may never be in stock again. Last call products are available for immediate shipping.


text:
At twelve, I saw you through my window,
Wondering when you'd be back.
At three, I lay dying,
My heart wonded; the knife in your hand.
Tell me, didn't my betrayed eyes flash before your own,
When you watched me fall?
Didn't our times haunt you,
As my smile faded;
As my life did?
At four, you were gone.
So was I.
Everything lay still;
My body, the time, my eyes that didn't hold sparks anymore.
Everything but the blood seeping around,
And that single tear that I hope breaks you one day.
Breaks you and trips you.
The tear that contained my wish,
That life doesn't trip you, but shoves you;
Down hard.
© Copyright 2017 CheerUp. All rights reserved.
Status: Finished
Genre: Poetry
This masterpiece is so melancholy, its beautiful and deep... Hats off to you
A very meaningful poem, a hint of darkness in there too.
The way you wrote this was great :)
Short but very deep and indulging, good work !!
Book / Romance
Poem / Romance
Poem / Religion and Spirituality
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text:
Anyone know the name of this Iris, it has a line from the beard to the tip of the falls that is like a groove, that you can stick you finger nail in. It is on all falls and all flowers on the plant. I have never seen this before. First time to bloom in my yard. Thanks Ted
10 Greatest Ever
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text:
Tamara Drewe (2010)
Directed by
Starring (View all)
Gemma Arterton
Tamara Drewe
Tamara Drewe
Roger Allam
Nicholas Hardiment
Nicholas Hardiment
Bill Camp
Glen McCreavy
Glen McCreavy
Dominic Cooper
Ben Sergeant
Ben Sergeant
Luke Evans
Andy Cobb
Andy Cobb
Tamsin Greig
Beth Hardiment
Beth Hardiment
Jessica Barden
Jody Long
Jody Long
Charlotte Christie
Casey Shaw
Casey Shaw
Written by
Posy Simmonds
(graphic novel)
(graphic novel)
Moira Buffini
83 votesWatched in 2013 (674 items)
list by Coby
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list by Eleanor
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58 votesBritain's Got Talent: Gemma Arterton (28 items)
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37 votesPetri's Movie Diary - 2012 Edition (629 items)
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An average movie
4 years, 3 months ago at Nov 13 9:04read more
A young newspaper writer returns to her hometown in the English countryside, where her childhood home is being prepped for sale.
Release date: 14 July 2010
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text:
The Fantasy Minute
Nation World HQ
November 25 2014 10:54AM
NHL Fantasy Hockey tips from The Nation Network and DailyFaceoff.com. Here's a quick run through of the best Fantasy Hockey waiver adds, sleepers and buy-low sell-high candidates for the week (Based on 12 team leagues).
Canucks Army Weekly Player Grades: November 25th, 2014
Rhys Jessop
November 25 2014 10:00AM
For some of you, getting your report card was one of the most exciting times of the year. If your grades were good, maybe your parents would give you a little extra allowance to spend, or let you get that video game you wanted. For others, report card time was a tangled mess of gut-wrenching nervousness and oh my god Mr. Smith gave me a C- in English MY PARENTS ARE GOING TO KILL ME.
Either way, welcome to the Canucks Army Weekly Report Card, where we'll take all that repressed childhood anxiety, bottle it back up, and apply it to your (presumably) favourite hockey team instead.
Read past the jump!
Pat Quinn Passes Away at Age 71
Rhys Jessop
November 24 2014 01:33PM
The Vancouver Giants announced this morning that co-owner and Vancouver Canucks legend Pat Quinn had passed away this morning after a lengthy battle with illness. Quinn left an indelible legacy on Vancouver hockey, and will be fondly remembered not only in Vancouver, but around the NHL.
Canucks Army Postgame: Stealing the Show
Rhys Jessop
November 24 2014 12:28AM
Guess who scored a hat trick? pic.twitter.com/uDhutLNyTw— Wyatt Arndt (@TheStanchion) November 24, 2014
Tonight was supposed to be Daniel Sedin's night. The highest scoring winger in Canucks history was playing in his 1,000th game, and he and his brother put on a show, dominating the Blackhawks top lines all night. Still, despite a very impressive two-way performance, the Sedins were upstaged by the unlikeliest of trios: the fourth line of Derek Dorsett, Bo Horvat, and Jannik Hansen.
Each player put forth a multi-point effort, and Hansen potted the first hat trick of his NHL career, giving Vancouver a very impressive 4-1 win over the Chicago Blackhawks. Reap past the jump for a recap.
Canucks Army GDT #21 - Canucks vs. Blackhawks
Rhys Jessop
November 23 2014 05:17PM
It's a big night at Rogers Arena, as the Chicago Blackhawks will face off against the Canucks for the first time in 2014-2015, and Daniel Sedin will play in his 1,000th career NHL game. For a full preview of tonight's action, reap past the jump.


text:
Hotel Plaza
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
- Shuttle bus service
- Free High-Speed Internet
- Beach
- Continental Breakfast
- Restaurant
- Free parking
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Cycling in the sunshine
... ve seen on Cres! Then we rode over the bridge (a 20m bridge; the channel was man made to control the movement of people from the north to the south in the roman times) to a town Nerezine. These two towns are much bigger (still very small though!) than the towns we visited yesterday. We got back to Percy around 2pm, did a clean up then had lunch of fruit and yoghurt in ...
Exploring Cres
Windiest night ever. Worst sleep. It was like sleeping on one of those bucking Bulls. Poor Percy was getting thrown around everywhere in the wind. The day started by extracting sea urchin spikes from Mats feet! Too much fun at the beach yesterday :) We headed to Valun, a cute town, much more modern than Lubenice, right in the water. A cute little spot! Then we drove to Ustrine. We hiked down to the beach and had lunch on the rocks near some old ruins. Then we went to the ...
Beach day in Cres
We were thrilled to wake up to clear blue skies! We went straight down to Mali Bok to check it out in daylight. Still not overwhelmed!! We drove to Lubenice. The roads are so narrow! Luckily we passed other cars where there was room to move over. Some spots we would have had to reverse a long way! We wandered through the old town of Lubenice before hiking down to the Sveti Ivan beach. Well worth the walk; it's beautiful! Clear blue water and nobody around. We were ...
... Rijeka was crazy - traffic like Melbourne, and Mat said he felt like he was in the favelas in Brazil. We were going to stop but it was so crazy, we didn't. We kept driving to Krk Island, where the ferry departs to Cres Island. Before we knew it the heater was off and we were cruising with the windows down!! Feels like we're on a beach holiday!! We booked the 6.15pm ferry, and enjoyed our first Croatian beer while we waited for it. Only a 25 ...
Cute seaside village
... s restaurant for dinner. This is a very nice small walled village that we will explore in the morning. We departed for the city to find a good cafe latte. The temperature has dropped into the mid fifties with 30 mph + winds and we were glad we had packed jackets. The village was already busy with the locals bundled up for the windy cold weather. We found a coffee bar and had our ...


text:
(formerly Stonemasons' Arms)
Premises Status
This pub is currently closed.
Opening Times
1200-2400, summer; 1600-2400 Mon-Thu, 1200-2400 Fri, Sat, winter; 1200-2400 Sun
Free house
About the Pub
(Pub closed, future uncertain). Formerly a stonemason's yard, an Italian restaurant and latterly a pub called the Stonemasons' Arms, its latest manifestation (July 2013) is as the Bulldog, billing itself as a 'sports bar', albeit selling three real ales. Entry at the front leads through the pool and table football room, followed by a separate sitting and drinking/dining area, and finally into the larger square-shaped bar room wherein resides the sports TV and a coin-operated boxing machine. The bar on the right sports three handpumps offering Tribute plus two other guest beers, often varied and which may be from regional or more local breweries. A continuous running sports commentary or piped music can be rather intrusive, but the atmosphere will clearly suit especially the younger drinker and sports fan. Buses stop outside the door.
Regular Beers
This pub serves 1 regular beer.
- St Austell Tribute
Changing Beers
This pub serves 2 changing beers.
- Real Ale Available
- Evening Meals
- Parking
- Family Friendly
- Camping Nearby on-site
- Traditional Pub Games
View on Larger Map | OS Map
Sat Nav Reference
OS Reference
- Close to Bus Routes
Nearby Bus Routes (10m)
2, 442
On A394 Falmouth-Helston road
- Nearby Pubs
- Recently Viewed Pubs


text: Watch ferrofluids dance and multiply over a water-repelling surfaceGeorge Dvorsky7/24/13 10:40am172EditPromoteGo to permalink Ferrofluids — those mesmerizing drops of magnetic liquid — can perform a number of neat tricks under certain conditions. But what would happen if you placed a blob of the stuff on a hydrophobic surface? Watch these videos to find out.


text:
PHP web scraping
This project was successfully completed by sirbugabriel for $75 USD in a day.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project Budget$75 - $100 USD
Completed In1 day
Total Bids10
Project Description
Code a script that fills in a search form available at http://X, (given at message)
then parses the search result pages,
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Also, create a minimal admin panel webpage with a 'Run' button. It must read/edit options from/to a config file or DB.
No milestone, or atleast until proven result.
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text:
Advanced Search
Hybrid Leanring | News
Nye County School District's alternative school has nearly doubled the number of credits students have earned in its hybrid learning program, in part by restructuring the way students take courses.
The school, which uses online curriculum from Odysseyware, previously allowed students to take all of their courses for the year simultaneously and encouraged them to spend approximately 20 hours each week working on any of those courses they chose.
As the school prepared to overhaul their hybrid program, Principal Karen Hills enrolled herself in a typical courseload of a half-dozen classes.
"Given the choice between so many courses, I found myself thinking, 'I don't want to do math today,' or 'oh, my favorite show is on!' It was hard to stay focused," Hills said in a prepared statement. "I knew if I was struggling to get the work done, my students were too."
Now the school gives students three weeks to complete one course at a time.
"Since implementing their new model," the school's 123 current high school students in the blended learning program "have already completed 133 more credits than the 162 students who were enrolled last year – in half the time," according to a news release.
"We're seeing unbelievable learning gains with the new program," said Hills. "People used to think of our school as a 'destination of last resort,' and we're proving them wrong."
About the Author
Joshua Bolkan is the multimedia editor for Campus Technology and THE Journal. He can be reached at email@example.com.
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Valley Christian Schools partnered with the PowerSchool student information system in 2003, which has given the district grading improvements that are giving teachers more time to spend on teaching and less time on administrative, labor-intensive tasks. With PowerSchool, the district has also lowered operational costs, developed students into stakeholders, improved parent engagement, and much more.
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The process of buying a new Volkswagen car or truck can seem overwhelming if you don't know where to begin. Edmunds.com can get you started on the right track with a convenient directory of Volkswagen car dealerships in and around Buchanan, New York. Compare online price quotes on the new or used car, truck, SUV, minivan, or wagon of your choice to locate the best deals. Edmunds.com makes it easy to find trusted Volkswagen car dealers in Buchanan, saving car buyers time and money on what will be an important purchase.
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text:
A Walk In Leeds City Centre
I had time to waste, so I took a walk in a wide circle around Leeds station.
I went under the railways through the station and then walked along the Leeds and Liverpool Canal towards the West. I turned North and followed the Kirkstall Viaduct, that used to take the trains into Leeds Central station.
One of the problems of this walk in Leeds, is that you might like to go through the station. But it doesn't seem to be encouraged.
Kirkstall Forge Station
Kirkstall Forge station has recently reopened, after being closed in 1905.
It is certainly an impressive new station and one of the best new stations I've seen.
There are certainly some nice touches.
- A covered bridge with glass sides to give good views.
- Nice finishes.
- I liked the crash barriers and seats made out of steel, to emphasise the station's history.
- The Braille signs on the handrails. Something I first saw in Italy and wrote about in A Nice Touch On The Milan Underground.
At present, it doesn't seem that busy and trains are not very numerous, but as the development gets underway in the area and the car parks fill up, this station could get very busy.
Some of the trains are going to and from Skipton, on the Airedale Line. If you read the Future section for that station's Wikipedia entry, you get the impression that lots of things will happen at Skipton.
- Direct London trains to Skipton are on the cards and a stop at Kirkstall Forge would be ideal for West Leeds and those that live on the Wharfedale Line to Ilkley, which also call at Kirkstall Forge.
- But surely, Skipton is one of those places that is a jumping off point for the Pennines and also the Settle-Carlisle Line.
- In addition, if plans to connect Skipton to Colne to connect Lancashire and Yorkshire through the Pennines come to fruition, Kirkstall Force could be the station, where passengers drive to get their train to the other side.
I don't think you can accuse Network Rail and Metro of building a station at Kirkstall Forge, that doesn't have future proofing.
It will be interesting to go in perhaps five years and see how this station has developed.
Tram-Trains Recommended For Leeds-Bradford Airport Link
This report on Global Rail News is entitled Tram-train preferred for Leeds Bradford Airport link, which probably says most of it.
This Google Map shows the cities of Bradford and Leeds and the airport to the North.
And this map shows the airport and the surrounding area from Guiseley in the North West to Horsforth in the South East.
Both towns have stations.
- Horsforth station is on the Harrogate Line.
- Guiseley station is on the Wharfedale Line
If you need to travel between the two towns by rail, you need to change trains at Leeds.
The consultants report recommends that to link Leeds to the airport a tram-train link be built from Horsforth.
This Google Map shows the countryside between Horsforth station and the southern end of Leeds-Bradord Airport.
Horsforth station is in the South East corner of the map.
It would seem to not be the biggest engineering project to construct the airport link.
Although, it should be born in mind, that the area around and between Leeds and Bradford is not by any means flat and pilots of light aircraft are usually cautious on the approach to the airport, because the terrain causes all sorts of winds and updraughts.
This Google map shows the country between Guiseley and the northern end of Leeds-Bradford Airport.
Guiseley station is in the North West corner of this map.
It would probably not be as easy to built a link from Guiseley to the airport, that could handle tram-trains, as to build one from Horsforth.
Years ago, the Otley and Ilkey Joint Railway planned to create a railway from Guiseley to Horsforth via Yeadon, but it was never built and the Yeadon Branch was closed to all traffic in 1964.
It would be ironic, if tram-trains were to reconnect Guiseley and Horsforth via Leeds-Bradford Airport, along the route of the Yeadon Branch.
If a route from the airport to Guiseley could be built for tram-trains, then they could carry on to Bradford Forster Square station, thus giving Bradford direct access to the airport.
The Future Of The Calder Valley Line
On Saturday and Sunday, I did four trips on the Calder Valley Line
- From Leeds to Burnley Manchester Road
- From Burnley Manchester Road to Manchester Victoria
- From Manchester Victoria to Hebden Bridge
- From Hebden Bridge To Leeds
The pictures aren't as comprehensive, as I would like, but at times the rain was very heavy.
The Route And Trains
This diagram clipped from Wikipedia, shows the route of the Calder Valley Line.
- Since the opening of the five hundred metre long Todmorden Curve last year, there is now a direct hourly service between Blackburn and Manchester Victoria via Accrington, Burnley Manchester Road and Todmorden. I used this valuable new service on Sunday.
- Brighouse station reopened in 2000 on a link between the Calder Valley Line and the Huddersfield Line.
- The Huddersfield Line is being electrified.
- Low Moor station is being built and should open next year.
There is not much electrification.
- Leeds to York is either electrified or will be in conjunction with the Huddersfield Line electrification.
- Other routes between Leeds and the other Bradford station; Forster Square are electrified.
- Manchester Victoria station is electrified.
- Preston station is electrified and hopefully will be electrified to Blackpool North station.
The trains are a mixture of diesel Class 150 and Class 158 trains, run by Northern Rail. The Class 150s are a bit small and uncomfortable for the route and the top speeds of 75 mp for the Class 150s and 90 mph for the Class 158s, are probably not fast enough, especially as the two ends of the line have higher speed limits.
The Future
Wikipedia has a section on the Future of the Calder Valley Line. This is said.
Improvements to the line are proposed as part of Network Rail's Northern Hub plans, which would allow for more frequent services on the line. Some services via Bradford would also be extended to Chester,Crewe, Liverpool and Manchester Airport. The Chester & Liverpool services have since been incorporated into the new Northern Rail franchise agreement – awarded to Arriva Rail North in December 2015 and due to start in April 2016, these will be marketed under the "Northern Connect" brand and operated by new 100mph DMUs once delivered. The Manchester Airport trains will follow one the Ordsall Curve is completed in 2018.
Low Moor station, between Bradford Interchange and Halifax, is due to be re-opened in 2016. A business case is being developed to re-open Elland station between Halifax and Brighouse.
There is no mention of electrification, for which the earliest dates are quoted as somewhere in the period from 2019-2024.
But there is this article is on the Shields Gazette web site, with a title of Electrification of the Calder Valley is 'top priority' says Rail Minister.
This article is backed up by other statements, so Network Rail and the Government are thinking seriously about electrification of the Calder Valley Line.
Network development and/or electrification is happening at both ends of the Calder Valley Line and I'll look at both.
Network Development in Leeds and Bradford
The West Yorkshire Metro has proposed electrification of the Harrogate Line and have performed an extensive new station study.
They have already opened Apperley Bridge station and Kirkstall Forge station will follow in a few weeks.
The new stations survey mentions these new stations.
- East Leeds Parkway – This will be a Parkway station on the Selby Line and will also be a terminus for services from the West, that now terminate in Leeds.
- Elland – This will be between Halifax and Brighouse.
- Haxby – This will be on the York to Scarborough Line
- Crosshills – This will be on the Airedale Line
As I said earlier Low Moor station is being built. It will be on the unelectrified line between Bradford Interchange and Halifax. If Elland station is reopened, then it will be the other side of Halifax towards Brighouse. To serve both these new stations trains will have to serve the following stations.
- Bradford Interchange
- Low Moor
- Halifax
- Elland
- Brighouse
- Huddersfield
This is a modification to the current hourly service from Bradford Interchange to Huddersfield via Brighouse.
In the next few years hopefully, Huddersfield will be electrified, but there is no chance that this route into Bradford Interchange will be electrified at the same time. It would probably be pointless, as Bradford Interchange station, unlike Bradford Forster Square station is not electrified.
To make matters a lot more complicated, the stupid fact that Bradford has two entirely separate stations, means the following.
- There is no train, that calls at both Leeds and Bradford and goes on to Huddersfield and Manchester.
- There is no train, that calls at both Leeds and Bradford and goes on to Halifax and Hebden Bridge.
- There will be no direct train between Leeds and Low Moor.
I think other journeys of less than twenty or thirty miles in the Leeds-Bradford area will probably be either impossible or much more complicated than they should be.
Also, at the moment, two of the Leeds-Bradford routes are electrified and the Calder Valley Line is not.
The only new electrification in the area planned, will be the fast route on the Huddersfield Line from Leeds to Huddersfield via Dewsbury.
To help in comprehension, this is a Google Map, showing how the Calder Valley Line links into Bradford Interchange.
Bradford Forster Square Station is in the North-East corner of the map, with Bradford Interchange below it.
Note how the Calder Valley Line comes in from Leeds in the east, before doing a turn to the north and Bradford Interchange station. After reversing in the station, trains leave the station in a southerly direction towards the new Low Moor station and onto the West. Because of the dark scar below the line, I wonder if in the past, there has been a connection by-passing the station.
It's a mess!
The solution needs to be four-fold.
- Electrify Leeds to Huddersfield via Dewsbury. This is being done.
- Electrify the Calder Valley Line from Leeds through Bradford and Low Moor as far as Halifax.
- Electrify the link between the Calder Valley Line and the Huddersfield Line through Brighouse.
- Sort out the absurd situation of the two Bradford stations.
This would enable the West Yorkshire Metro to expand its network of electric trains in the area. It could even use IPEMUs, which would charge their batteries on the electrified core network and then provide services to other towns and cities.
- Scarborough via York and Haxby
- Hull
- Sheffield via Doncaster
- Ripon via Harrogate – I wrote about this in North Yorkshire Proposes Rail Expansion
- Colne via Skipton and a new section of track. – I wrote about this in The Todmorden Curve Has Helped A Campaign For More
I'm sure that the West Yorkshire Metro can be ambitious and will have other and better ideas.
Network Development in Lancashire
Currently, there is a lot happening at the other end of the Calder Valley Line.
- The Todmorden Curve has opened and a new hourly service runs between Blackburn and Manchester Victoria.
- Manchester Victoria station is becoming a top class station and an electrified hub for services spreading out from Manchester.
- Manchester Victoria to Liverpool Lime Street is now electrified.
- Manchester Victoria to Blackpool North via Bolton and Preston is being fully electrified.
- The Ordsall Curve is finally being built to link Manchester Piccadilly and Victoria stations.
- Merseyrail is acquiring a new fleet of trains, which may include IPEMUs.
With the devolution of local rail services to local bodies, I suspect other things will happen.
Northern Connect
Northern Connect is a new sub-brand that will be introduced by Arriva Rail North.
Services in the sub-brand using the Calder Valley Line include.
- Chester to Leeds via Warrington, Manchester Victoria and the Calder Valley
- Blackpool North to York via Preston and Leeds
- Bradford to Manchester Airport via the Calder Valley.
Will the first two services call at Bradford Interchange and will the third call at Leeds?
According to the January 2016 Edition of Modern Railways, these routes will be worked by new diesel multiple units.
The Chester and Manchester Airport services may need to be delayed until after the Ordsall Chord is opened.
But whatever happens Arriva Rail North will be running more services on the Calder Valley Line.
For commercial reasons, they would like to do the following.
- Run faster services.
- Run more frequent services.
- Run services with smart new trains.
- Run services with electric trains.
All except the last could be possible in the next few years.
The Current Infrastructure
The Calder Valley Line between Halifax and Burnley is summed up by Wikipedia like this.
For the section between Halifax and Burnley the line uses the valley of the River Calder, which in fact comprises two separate valleys with rivers of the same name, that of West Yorkshire and the Lancashire River Calder thus giving the services their name; it also follows the Rochdale Canal from Todmorden into Manchester. Since the route crosses the Pennines, there are many tunnels to negotiate en route.
I counted twelve tunnels and at least two major viaducts. The tunnels include at least three over a thousand metres, one of which; the Summit Tunnel is over 2.6 miles long.
The Summit Tunnel is one of the oldest rail tunnels in the world, is lined with 23 million bricks and has been used continuously since it opened in the 1840s.
This Google Map shows the challenging nature of the line.
Note how the line threads its way between the hills and houses and uses a tunnel to get through.
It must be a nightmare on which to work.
As if the hills, valleys and rivers wasn't enough, stuck in the middle of the line is the Grade II Listed Hebden Bridge station. I wrote about it in Hebden Bridge and feel that the heritage lobby will strongly resist any changes to this station.
In fact, electrification across the Pennines could bring out all the environment lobby, who feel views are more important, than jobs and prosperity.
I have a feeling, that any sane electrification engineer will look at this line between Manchester Victoria and Halifax and between Blackburn and Todmorden and say that electrifying the line is just not on!
He or she would also feel that leaving the sleeping giant of the Summit Tunnel lie would be best.
But apart from that, the line seems sound and in good order.
Electric Trains On The Calder Valley Line
If electrification of the Calder Valley Line is a top priority of politicians how can that be squared with the undoubtedly difficult nature of the work that would be required to electrify the line.
So what can be electrified?
- As I said earlier, there will be strong pressure to electrify around Leeds and Bradford. to perhaps as far as Halifax and Brighouse.
- I also suspect that electrifying from the West Coast Main Line at Preston to Blackburn would be relatively easy.
So this would leave the these gaps of lines and routes without electrification.
- Blackburn to Halifax – Around thirty miles
- Manchester Victoria to Halifax – Around thirty-five miles
- Blackburn to Manchester Victoria – Around forty miles
All of these runs would be totally within the range of an IPEMU.
Preston to Blackburn electrification, might also allow IPEMUs to take over the following routes.
- Blackpool South to Colne and possibly on to Skipton on a new section of track.
- Blackpool North to Settle
- Manchester Victoria to Clitheroe via Blackburn
So I believe it is possible for the Calder Valley Line to get electric trains, without the cost and disruption of installing the overhead wires.
An Early Sunday Start From Burnley To Manchester
I started early and took the 08:39 train from Burnley Manchester Road station to Manchester Victoria station.
It is a picturesque ride around the Todmorden Curve, over valleys on high viaducts and through traditional stone-built villages and towns, with the hills of the Pennines in the background and quite a bit of water alongside the rail line.
The line has improved greatly in the last few years and there are lots of tidy stations, with seats, shelters and information boards. The only larger ones are Burnley Manchester Road, Todmorden and Rochdale.
Despite the early hour on a Sunday, there were quite a few passengers and the train was about three-quarters full at Manchester Victoria.
Thinking back to my first time by train to Burnley in 2011, the rail link has improved dramatically.
- A smart new station has been built.
- The Todmorden Curve has been opened to provide a direct train service to Manchester.
- An hourly service links Burnley and Manchester Victoria via the curve.
From reports, I've read, the line is well-used.
This question has to be asked – Could the line be electrified?
Look at some of the pictures and they show the challenging nature of electrifying the line.
- From Burnley to Todmorden, there are a number of well-built Victorian stone over-bridges.
- Also on this stretch there are at least two high stone viaducts.
- There are several tunnels, includin the Summit Tunnel, which is 2.6 km. long and has been in continuous use since the 1840s.
- Many stations have been upgraded or rebuilt recently.
- Also in this area, some new bridges across the line for new roads and the Metrolink, seem to appear to be rather low.
Also, look as this section of the line between Burnley and Todmorden.
Note how the rail line curves between the hills and the houses, using tunnels and viaducts to get go on its way.
It's one of those lines, where you'd try to find an alternative to traditional electrification. If it's not space, it's heritage issues and there would be lots of bridges, viaducts and tunels to rebuild.
Go west from Burnley and the line has a couple of high viaducts and a couple of tunnels, but the East Lancashire Line seems to get easier west of Blackburn station, with a line over mainly flat countryside with plenty of space on either side. At Preston it connects to the electrified West Coast Main Line.
Electrifying from Preston to Blackburn, would open up several routes to the use of IPEMU trains.
- Blackpool South to Colne – A substantial part of the route of the fifty mile route from Blackpool South to Colne would be electrified and from the performance figures I've seen, this route would be an easy one for something like an IPEMU-variant of a four-car Class 387 train.
- Burnley to Manchester – The service I rode from Burnley to Manchester starts at Blackburn and finishes in a fully electrified Manchester Victoria. So to answer my original question about whether the route could be electrified, there is actually no need to electrify, as IPEMUs could easily link two electrified terminals over that distance.
- Manchester to Clitheroe – Look at the Ribble Valley Line on Wikipedia and there are five viaducts and three tunnels listed, in a line of around thirty miles. However, the good news is three-fold. The line has been well looked after, it's promoted as a tourist attraction and soon, it will be electrified from Manchester as far as Bolton. I can't see why with a small top-up at Blackburn, that this route couldn't be run by an IPEMU.
- Blackpool North to Settle – This route is run as a tourist train called DalesRail on Sundays in the Summer, when it goes all the way to Carlisle. An IPEMU could certainly run a service between Blackpool North and Settle, but I doubt it could stretch all the way to Carlisle along the Settle-Carlisle Line, as there are some massive gradients on that line.
- Blackpool North to Leeds – This route along the Calder Valley Line via Hebden Bridge, Halifax and Bradford would be totally within range of an IPEMU, once Blackburn to Preston is electrified. If necessary, Leeds to Bradford could be electrified as well. A train fit for the Northern Powerhouse, powered by batteries and built in Derby!
This all illustrates how an IPEMU can benefit from even short sections of electrification. Blackburn to Preston would be under twenty miles of electrification without troublesome viaducts and tunnels across fairly flat country and it opens up several routes to new electric trains.
It's funny, but if you are going to use IPEMU trains, you electrify all the lines, that you can electrify and maintain with ease and leave all the difficult bits to the battery feature in the trains.
From Leeds To Burnley Manchester Road
I'd gone to Burnley for the football via Leeds, as the West Coast Main Line seemed to be partly closed and I also wanted to take a look at the recently-opened Apperley Bridge station, which I wrote about in The New Apperley Bridge Station.
The trains across the Pennines on Saturdays are an hourly service at xx:08 from York to Blackpool North, that calls at New Pudsey, Bradford Interchange, Halifax and Hebden Bridge, on the section of route I would travel.
The train was busy and I was unable to get any decent pictures, but my 12:08 departure dropped me on time in Burnley Manchester Road station at 13:11. I wrote about the scenic qualities of the route before in The Scenic Route From Leeds To Manchester.
Burnley Manchester Road station doesn't have a taxi rank, but I was able to hi-jack an empty one and the driver took me to my Premier Inn just north of the town centre and Turf Moor for a fiver.
It was a hard-fought match and a goalless draw was a fair result.
The Premier Inn is a useful one, as it is only a few minutes walk down and up the hill to Turf Moor.
One of the staff told me, that they get a lot of walkers and cyclists using the hotel as a half-way point on the nearby Leeds and Liverpool Canal.
The New Apperley Bridge Station
Apperley Bridge station is a new station between Leeds and Shipley on the Leeds to Bradford Lines.
The station is a simple design, based around an existing bridge and uses ramps rather than lifts for step-free access.
It must make for a more affordable design. The new Kirkstall Forge station is reported to be being built using similar principles.
This Google Map shows the Location of Apperley Bridge station.
The station has been built by the wetsmost of the two branches. The Avenue leading away to the North doesn't lead to the country seat of a man of means or breeding, but to what appears to be a large sewage works.
The two stations are reported in this web page as costing sixteen million pounds for the pair.
But judging by the heavyweight construction, the good-sized shelters, Network Rail have future proofed this station for a lot more passengers than they will expect in the next year.
Perhaps this section entitled The Future in the Wikipedia entry for the Airedale Line offers a clue!
This is said.
Recent Network Rail reports have looked at ways of increasing capacity on the line. Because of the difficulty of lengthening platforms at Shipley, it will be hard to introduce longer trains (i.e. 5 or 6 carriages) as is being proposed on the neighbouring Wharfedale Line. It is therefore proposed to run more trains per hour between Leeds and Keighley, with a new platform at Keighley to accommodate this. A new station atApperley Bridge opened in 2015 and Kirkstall Forge is due to open in January 2016, with both stations located between Leeds and Skipton via Shipley.
Could it be that the two new stations will also divert commuters into Leeds from Shipley?
Wikipedia appears to suggest that Shipley station has access problems, so perhaps diverting passengers to a new fully-accessible station increases capacity on the line.
This Google Map shows that Shipley station isn't your bog-standard two-platform station.
I only know of one other station built in the middle of a triangular junction; Liverpool South Parkway. But that station was designed that way.
Incidentally, a guy at Appleby Bridge station told me, that it can take an hour to drive into Leeds in the rush hour from the village, but the train takes less than ten minutes.
HS2 Does The Right Thing At Leeds
I don't like the concept of most of the HS2 stations.
Euston, isn't too bad, as the HS2 platforms are alongside those for the main station and I suspect that when and if I see it in reality, I will be able to arrive in the station on perhaps a London Midland train from Bletchley or Tring and just walk across to the HS2 platforms.
At some of our better interchange stations like Reading, to change trains, you go up escalators to a wide overbridge and then walk across to the escalator for the platform of your departing train. The design also allows seats and cafes in a totally non-claustrophobic environment. I have a feeling that the new London Bridge will raise the bar of this type of station even higher!
To my mind the designs for HS2 station at Birmingham is absolute rubbish and truly terrible. Birmingham is developing a local train, tram and bus network centred on New Street station, so instead of HS2 arriving into this hub, it arrives at a separate station some distance away and many passengers will have to get a tram to connect to their ongoing service.
As HS2 will run very large trains, imagine say a thousand Chelsea fans arriving on HS2 to go to a match at Villa Park and needing to get a train from New Street. You save masses of time by using HS2 and then waste it queuing for a tram.
But if HS2 arrived directly into New Street, a lot of the problems would be solved with a short walk.
In Birmingham there is no space in New Street itself, but why shouldn't HS2 arrive in an underground station beneath New Street? Or in my preferred solution, in a giant double-ended station stretching right under the City Centre.
As they've got a redundant piece of Grade 1 Listed railway memorabilia, they'll use that instead. The heritage lobby should crawl back into its hole!
But at Leeds, HS2 have put forward a new proposal, where HS2 meets the existing station in a giant version of the way trams met the train at Nottingham.
This is the only picture I can find of the proposal. It's in an article in Global Rail News.
Passengers arriving in Leeds would just walk to the front of the train and then they'd be over the platforms of the existing Leeds station. If that is too difficult, then I'm sure we'll see a few travalators.
It is a much better layout than that proposed for Birmingham.
Interchange between HS2 and local services must be a short walk, assisted by lifts, escalators or travalators as required.
Reaction In The North To Rail Franchise Awards
I have been browsing the local papers in the North, to see the area's reaction to the award of the new Northern and TransPennine franchises.
This article in the Liverpool Echo is entitled 4,000 more seats in £1.2bn boost for North West trains, which seems a very positive headline. This is the first paragraph.
Nearly 4,000 more seats on Liverpool and Manchester services during the morning peak and a new, direct Liverpool to Glasgow service were among the promised benefits of a trains package announced today.
They use a lot of positive language and only have a slight worry about what it will mean for fares.
This extract from another article, may be a bit parochial, but it is proud of Liverpool's involvement in formulating the winning bids.
Merseytravel – who were involved in drawing up the specifications for the bidders – said there was a commitment to four fast services an hour between Lime Street and Manchester and two per hour between Liverpool, Leeds and York, as well as more services to Preston.
There will also be an early Northern service from Lime Street to Manchester Airport (arriving no later than 4.45am), and daily services to Manchester Airport via both Newton-le-Willows and Warrington Central.
It is also positive and just as I found in the city, when they introduced the Class 319s electric to Manchester Victoria, Merseysiders seem to be looking forward to better services.
Coverage on the Manchester Evening News, like this article entitled Hundreds of new carriages promised as Arriva and FirstGroup win Greater Manchester rail franchises, seems to be more cynical and snipes at Arriva for other issues. It doesn't have the practical tone of the Liverpool reporting.
For instance, the Liverpool reporting stresses the much better service to Glasgow, Edinburgh and Newcastle, but despite Manchester will get a doubling of Scottish services, it isn't given the same prominence.
Across in Leeds, the Yorkshire Post has an article entitled December 10: New age of the train – or not? This said.
Unlike previous deals which did not foresee the untapped potential of this region's railways, Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin has used this opportunity to insist that the new franchise-holders invest in new rolling stock to help ease overcrowding on rush-hour trains. Yet it remains to be seen whether these operators, and their partners, can deliver the "world class rail service" envisaged by Mr McLoughlin and which is so integral to the much-vaunted Northern Powerhouse which aims to improve connectivity between major cities.
It looks to me that the Yorkshire character is shining through.
So on this quick look Liverpool is more positive and Manchester and Leeds are a tad negative.
Could it be that of the three cities, Liverpool is very proud of its locally-managed franchise, Merseyrail and are those in the area bigger train users than people to the East?
I also suspect, that at present, Liverpool with the electric trains to Manchester, has benefited most from rail dvelopment in the last few years.
Is Northern Electrification Going To Use Battery Trains?
This report on the BBC is entitled Network Rail to restart electrification of train lines. This is said.
The electrification of two railway lines is to be restarted after the projects were halted so a review could be carried out, the government says.
Work on the TransPennine Express Railway – between Manchester and York – and Midland Mainline – from London to Sheffield – was paused in June.
Sir Peter Hendy, chair of Network Rail, said the "temporary pause" had "given us the space to develop a better plan"
The Aventra IPEMU
Looking at the electrification of the two lines in posts over the previous few days, I have come to the conclusion that properly engineered battery trains built by Bombardier in Derby called Aventra IPEMUs (Independently Powered Electrical Multiple Units) could charge their batteries on existing sections of electrification and jump the gaps at speeds of up to at least 110 mph and possibly 125 mph, by running on batteries.
If that sounds like something that is too good to be true, I don't believe it is! I was impressed when as a paying passenger, I rode the prototype train between Manningtree and Harwich.
For those who think that a battery train is just so-much Mickey Mouse-technology, note that the battery supplier; Valence is linked to Tessla; the electric vehicle manufacturer. A review of their latest car is on Autocar. The biggest problem with the car is not the power, range and performance, but the time it takes to charge the car from a typical supply. In addition to the overhead wire or third rail of the railway, an Aventra IPEMU has to charge the battery, the train will also charge the batteries using the regenerative braking system.
The TransPennine Line
On the TransPennine Line from Liverpool to Newcastle, the only gap in the electrification is the forty-three miles between Leeds and Manchester.
Aventra IPEMUs have a range of sixty miles, so Liverpool to Newcastle would be electric all the way and could be faster by up to thirty minutes on the current three hour journey.
Read Jumping The Electrification Gap Between Leeds And Manchester for full details on what it would entail.
The Midland Main Line
On the Midland Main Line, the electrification reaches from St. Pancras to Bedford.
As Corby, Kettering and Leicester are all within an Aventra IPEMU's range from Bedford, these places could be served by these trains, once a certain amount of track and station work had been completed.
Read Thoughts On Midland Main Line Electrification for full details.
Delivering The Projects
The BBC article says this about the schedule.
The TransPennine upgrade is expected to provide capacity for six "fast or semi-fast trains" per hour between Manchester, Leeds and York , reducing journey times by up to 15 minutes.
The Manchester to York section of the work is now planned to be completed by 2022.
Once completed, the whole line from Liverpool to Newcastle will be fully electrified, the Department for Transport added.
The electrification of Midland Mainline north of Bedford to Kettering and Corby will now be completed by 2019, and the line north of Kettering to Leicester, Derby, Nottingham and to Sheffield will finish by 2023.
My project management knowledge and observations of Network Rail, say that to get electric trains to Kettering and Corby by 2019, would be a very tight schedule to perform on a working railway using conventional electrification!
But if it were needed to replace the current Class 222 trains with Aventra IPEMUs, it would just be a matter of certifying the line for the new Aventra IPEMUs and training the drivers and other staff.
There would be little or no work outside in the elements and all of the electrification would effectively be done in a comfortable warm factory at Derby!
I also feel that if say Network Rail said that the projects would be delivered on a particular date, that the risk of non-delivery would be very small.
Aventra IPEMUs can't be delivered earlier, as the Derby factory will be jammed solid with production of Aventras for Crossrail.
On the other hand to prove the concept, would Bombardier modify a Class 387 train to create an IPEMU variant to run in passenger service between St.Pancras and Corby. Note that there have already been rumours of Class 387 IPEMU variants for Great Western Railway.
I wouldn't be surprised if such a train is created, as it would be a superb way to identify any problems, train staff, prove the credibility of battery trains to a sceptical public and even deliver electric trains earlier.
A Cunning Plan
There are twenty seven Class 387 trains running on the Thameslink route at the moment, that will be replaced by Class 700 trains between 2016 and 2018.
As the Great Western Main Line won't be electrified to Newbury, Swindon and Oxford until 2019 or whatever, there does seem to be the possibility of some very new Class 387 trains going into storage.
But as they are very similar to the Class 379 that was used for the IPEMU demonstrator, I do wonder if those clever engineers at Bombardier could convert some of these 110 mph trains into an IPEMU variant that could be used on services on TransPennine and the Midland Main Line.
If there were any spare Class 379 trains, I'm sure that other train companies would find a use for them! Especially, if Bombardier developed a plug-in battery system for the trains, so they could be used to prove if IPEMUs improved the lot of passengers on secondary lines.
You have to make your assets sweat.
I may be wrong, but I can't see any other way to meet the schedule that has been published, unless some form of IPEMU is used to bridge the gaps in electrification..
It could be said that the North needs fast electric trains now and George Osborne needs them by 2020, as he has an election to win!
It might not matter much to most people if the trains didn't run until say August 2020, but George Osborne would be unlikely to win an election in May 2020, if the trains were not delivered and running smoothly.