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HP Business S270c 27" LED LCD Monitor - 16:9 - 8 ms Item # 888602
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Show off your PC and mobile device content in a remarkable new way with the HP Elite Display S270c Curved Monitor, HP's first curved commercial display-27 diagonal inches of an elegant, immersive visual experience with enhanced peripheral readability.
Product Details
|Item #
|Manufacturer #
|aspect ratio
|Backlight Technology
|brand name
|300 cd/m²
|Built-in Devices
|black; silver
|contrast ratio
|3000:1 / 10000000:1 (dynamic)
|Curved Screen
|diagonal screen size
|27 in.
|14.9" x 29.3" x 2.4"
|Environmental Certification
|ENERGY STAR; TCO Certified Displays; EPEAT Gold; REACH; TÜV; China Energy Label (CEL)
|Horizontal Refresh Rate
|30 - 80 kHz
|Horizontal Viewing Angle
|integrated speakers
|HP Inc.
|monitor brightness
|300 cd/m2
|Monitor Features
|VESA mountable
|native resolution
|(1080p) 1920 x 1080
|number of colors supported
|16.7 million
|1 HDMI; 1 VGA 15-pin D-sub
|Product Line
|response time
|8 ms (gray-to-gray)
|Screen Mode
|Full HD
|typical response time
|8 ms
|Vertical Refresh Rate
|50 - 60 Hz
|warranty length
|1-year limited
|12.12 lb
|Show More ▾
Customer Reviews
Screen Size
68.6 cm (27")
panel type
Led backlit
native resolution
FHD (1920 x 1080 @ 60 Hz)
300 cd/m²
contrast ratio
3000:1 static; 10000000:1 dynamic
response rate
8 ms gray to gray (With overdrive)
View angle
178° horizontal; 178° vertical
Show off your PC and mobile device content in a remarkable new way with the HP Elite Display S270c Curved Monitor, HP's first curved commercial display—27 diagonal inches of an elegant, immersive visual experience with enhanced peripheral readability.
Enhance your visual perception with a 1920 x 1080 Full HDh1 curved screen that increases your field of vision vs. a flat 16:9 FHD display of the same size.
Instantly mirror your smart phone or tablet content to the super-sized screen through an easy MHL connection that also keeps your devices charged and ready to go.h2
Make the most of your media with an expansive visual experience from wide viewing angles, and enjoy immersive quad-speaker DTS Audio that provides a more natural audio experience with maximized bass response.
Set the bar for stylish performance with a sleek, modern black-and-silver color palette, thin design, and stellar front of screen from 82 ppi and 95% sRGB color gamut, plus low reflection and distortion for consistent imagery across the screen.
Design the screen for how you work with HP Display Assistant software.
Rest assured that your IT investment is supported by a standard limited warranty. To extend your protection beyond the standard warranties, select an optional HP Care service.f3
Be a better consumer with a display that has environmentally responsible components that include low halogenf4 , arsenic-free glass, and mercury-free backlights.
- Display size (diagonal)
- 68.6 cm (27")
- Aspect ratio
- 16:9
- Resolution (native)
- FHD (1920 x 1080 @ 60 Hz)
- Pixel pitch
- 0.311 mm
- Brightness
- 300 cd/m²
- Contrast ratio
- 3000:1 static; 10000000:1 dynamic
- View angle
- 178° horizontal; 178° vertical
- Response time
- 8 ms gray to gray (With overdrive)
- Product color
- Black bezel and Silver stand
- Tilt and swivel angle
- Tilt: -1 to +20°
- Display features
- Plug and Play; Anti-glare; Low Haze; User programmable; Language selection; On-screen controls
- Physical security
- Security lock-ready (lock is sold separately)
- Input connector
- 1 VGA; 1 HDMI 1.4 (with HDCP support); 1 MHL 2.0/HDMI 1.4 (with HDCP support)
- Ports
- 1 Audio in
- Multimedia
- Four speakers, 4 W per channel, L and R, DTS Audio
- Weight
- 14.77 lb (With stand); 12.12 lb (Without stand)
- Minimum dimensions (W x D x H)
- 29.32 x 2.38 x 14.91 in
- Product dimensions with stand (W x D x H)
- 29.32 x 6.51 x 17.85 in
- Power consumption
- 65 W (maximum), 35 W (typical), 0.5 W (standby)
- Operating temperature range
- 41 to 95°F
- Operating humidity range
- 20 to 80% RH
- Environmental
- Mercury-free display backlights; Arsenic-free display glass; Low halogen
- What's in the box
- AC power cord; External Power Supply (65W); VGA cable (selected SKUs); HDMI cable (selected SKUs); DP-HDMI adapter; VESA wall/arm mount adapter; CD (includes user guide, warranty, drivers); HP Display Assistant software
- Warranty
- 1-year limited warranty including 1 years of parts, labour, and next-business-day onsite service. Terms and conditions vary by country. Certain restrictions and exclusions apply.
DisclaimersProduct image may differ from actual product h1 High-definition content required. h2 To display images from a smart phone or tablet, the device must be enabled for MHL and be attached with the included MHL cable to the MHL port, or have an HDMI dongle and be connected with the HDMI cable to either HDMI ports. The MHL 2.0 port will charge an attached MHL compatible smart phone or tablet battery while connected. f3 Sold separately. HP Care Pack Services are sold separately. Service levels and response times for HP Care Pack Services may vary depending on your geographic location. Service starts from date of hardware purchase. Restrictions and limitations apply. See www.hp.com/go/cpc for details. f4 External power supplies, power cords, cables and peripherals are not Low Halogen. Service parts obtained after purchase may not be Low Halogen.

subset: commoncrawl


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- Photos
- Map/Street View
- Things Nearby
Pet-friendly second floor one-bedroom featuring plush wall-to-wall carpet and walk-in closet!Additional refundable $200 pet deposit and breed/weight restrictions apply.Income limits apply as well - call for more info!
| The Villages at Marley Station in Glen Burnie
MD is where you'll find beautiful
convenient and affordable studios
| two- and
three-bedroom apartment homes. Here you can enjoy many
including a swimming pool
fitness center
basketball court
| play areas
and community center. In addition
we offer an after-school and summer programs for kids
and a computer room. We're easily accessible to Routes 2
| 100
and 295. Public transportation is available on-site and we are on local Bus #14. We're a short drive to Marley Station Shopping Center
| Arundel Mills
Fort Meade
Annapolis Mall and BWI Marshall Airport. Please note we are a moderate-affordable community with income minimums
Share this listing: Email Print


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More Videos...
[ENG CC] Honda VTEC Battle - Integra R, Civic R, S2000, Prelude S, Torneo Ebisu 1999
miroshi's Integra Type R #1920 homepage: http://itr1920.blogspot.com/ JDM Honda VTEC cars racing in a battle at Ebisu. Race starting grid: 1. Honda Torneo - Accord (Motoharu Kurosawa) 2. Honda Prelude Type S (Katsura Shinichi) 3. Honda Civic Type R EK9 (Hara Takihiko) 4. Honda Integra Type R DC2 (Kinoshita Takayuki) 5. Honda S2000 (Takuya Kurosawa)
1993 Prelude vs 1000+HP Supra @ TK2K13 #SAWTX
1993 Prelude vs Toyota Supra At TK2K13 #SAWTX Filmed By : GGreggg We sincerely thank Peter and his affiliate's for putting together another successful TX2K event for us. In celebration of the event and its great success. Stance Autoworks will be cutting a FREE DVD and mailing them out to the public. We have extensive coverage of all aspects of the events, street racing,the official races and events,and all the cool aspects behind the scenes. Complete the form with your address and we will confirm we have received it and send your personal copy out. Link To Application--http://tinyurl.com/d5ckagb #SAWTX Music is not ours its made by APM Music we thank them for letting us use them Turn Down For What (#TDFW) - TWAYNE
Srt-4 vs Turbo Prelude
Shiftslow Racing: not my Srt-4, just happened to be recorded on my camcorder.
MotorWeek | Retro Review: '93 Honda Prelude
VTEC yo!


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Fort Pierce Florida's Inlet State Park at dusk and somewhere close by is a Manatee swimming around.
nice work Frank. the long exposure has smoothed the water out perfectly to create a dreamy transition from ocean to sky. rocks are the solid foundation of this composition. sweet.
What a beautiful view..composition and colors are marvelous…Excellent!
Awesome love all the different tones of blue and the softness of the water,very relaxing
Beautiful Franklin! :)
Frank, this is truly beautiful. Your tonal balance between sea, sky and clouds is awesome, and contrasts nicely with the rugged foreground. This one goes straight to my favs!
Beautiful shot…love how the horizon melts into the sky……
Sensational composition.
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- Home
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- Christmas Ornament Picks: Gold Swirl 3-Ornament Cluster
Christmas Ornament Picks: Gold Swirl 3-Ornament Cluster
Product ID : DC-3582
Clusters of gold ornaments make these Christmas ornament picks a pretty choice. Wire them onto wreaths, pop them into holiday floral arrangements, or incorporate them into gift wrapping for a festive touch.
Darice® Christmas ornament picks
Product Type : Ornament
Our Price: $1.18
1 gold ornament cluster per package.


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M2M and its popularity
There was a time when not many knew about the evolution of M2M technology and its benefits. It was the time when it was all wired connection everywhere. Once wireless was introduced with people opting to the concept iOT, internet of things, the concept of M2M stayed there bang on. Both M2M and iOT go hand in hand.
M2M has now become indispensable in warehouse management where its usage is restricted to not shipment alone but with respect to the products as well. For instance, two machines could directly communicate regarding the deficit in any products and could be settled easily by restocking. This bridges a lot of gap in communication making the participation of human quite unnecessary. Know m2m sim cost from dolphinm2m.com. The human effort could be put to use in a place where it gets mandatory. This concept has remained to be the base of much technological advancement including the internet of things.


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4 Pet Care Jobs Found
Cat sitter for two cats during travel
Posted by Lauren W. on 2/22/2017
- Start date:
- 3/17
- 13 miles away (Shutesbury, MA)
- $25/visit
- 2 pets
Looking for a sitter to visit my two cats once per day while we are out of town intermittently starting in March. Visits would include feeding them, giving them water, and changing their litter boxes. They both enjoy interacting with people, playing, and are well behaved. Looking for someone who is... More
Cat Care for two nights and one day, near...
Posted by Wendy S. on 2/8/2017
- 9 miles away (Shelburne Falls, MA)
- $20/night
- 1 pet
Petite Elder cat likes peace and quiet, preferably stays in one room with, food, etc., away from other cats and dogs. Has on-setting Kidney failure- needs to pee a lot.-Uses litter box.
Sweet silly Bengal needs companion
Posted by Ann L. on 2/7/2017
- Start date:
- 2/15
- 24 miles away (Putney, VT)
- $20/night
- 1 pet
I'm out of town and need someone to stay with Liger on Wednesday 15th-Thursday 16th and also Monday the 20th. He's a very intelligent sweet kitty who needs to be played with and have affection. He's never stayed alone at night. Want someone with good juju who loves cats and would appreciate... More
Need care of my dogs
Posted by Julio A. on 1/31/2017
- Start date:
- 2/05
- 25 miles away (North Adams, MA)
- $40/day
- 2 pets
Care of two dogs for four days, we need to go out of town so it would be 24 hours each day for 4 days, thanks


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1998 mercedes s for sale on US's largest classifieds sites (7 results)
1998 Mercedes-Benz SLK-Class
Mercedes-Benz SLK-Class Standard Equipment EPA FUEL ECONOMY RATINGS City 22/hwy 30 (
Year: 1998, Make: Mercedes-benz, Model: Slk-class
Used 1998 Mercedes-Benz S-Class For Sale
Contact Auto Xchange, Inc for more information.
Year: 1998, Make: Mercedes-Benz, Model: S-Class
1998 Mercedes-Benz S-Class S500 ONE OWNER 79k miles - $7499 (MIAMI)
1998 Mercedes-Benz S-Class S500 ONE OWNER 79k miles AUTO. CLEAN CAR FAX.THIS ONE WAS NEW$ 87,000 ice cold A/C, Very clean interior, Power everything, too much to list!! Looks & Runs like new YOU HAVE TO SEE IT.AND YOU WILL BUY IT $7,499 786-597-0086 Location: MIAMI it`s NOT ok to contact thi...
Year: 1998, Make: Mercedes-benz
1998 Mercedes-Benz S-Class Sedan S420
: 4.2L V8 SMPI DOHC 32V Gasoline. Back in Black! Your satisfaction is our business! If you demand the best, this terrific 1998 Mercedes-Benz S-Class is the car for you. The precision-tuned 4.2L V8 SMPI DOHC 32V Gasoline engine provides the very essence of performance, delivering substantial hors...
1998 Mercedes-Benz S-Class Sedan S500 4dr Sdn 5.0L Sedan
: This 1998 Mercedes-Benz S-Class 4dr S500 4dr Sdn 5.0L Sedan features a 5.0L TWIN-DOHC SMPI 32-VA 8cyl Gasoline engine. It is equipped with a 5 Speed Automatic transmission. The vehicle is BLACK with a Other Leather interior. It is offered As-Is, extended warranty is available. - Leather Interi...
1998 Mercedes-Benz S-Class 4dr Car
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1998 Mercedes 4 Door 320 S- Wrecked - PARTING OUT -
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Year: 1998


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Joe Ren will be presenting. His description follows:
Continuation has been discovered for several decades already. However, the era of continuation is just coming. Thanks to Bram Geron et al, we have now got an elegant programming language called Continuation Calculus that is trivial to implement, easy to combine/reuse, and have minimized concept people have to learn before programming.
In this talk, we will explore the new world of continuations, and experience its features. We also discuss some difficult but promising questions that we don't have an answer yet.
Just an advise, this talk does not require you to have any knowledge of continuations, although some generic experience on programming is necessary (regardless what kind you do, imperative or functional). If you do meet the requirements, you are guaranteed to be able to start programming in Continuation Calculus after the talk.
The doors to get into the office lock at 6pm. If you come later than that you'll need to give me a call on[masked] to let you in.


text: If I had to write a one word review, it would be...delicious...or maybe amazing...or maybe...YUM!!!! Yes, it is a chain and yes you can find it all around QC. No matter, you need to stop in and you will not be disappointed and you will not not have something. The hot cocoa is divine. Sinful. And forget the ice cream...well,... More


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The youngest ever editor of The Times, James Harding, dramatically resigned yesterday afternoon, saying Rupert Murdoch's News Corp media empire had "made clear" that he should stand down.
Harding, 43, who had held the job for five years, had won praise in other parts of the media for the paper's sometimes critical coverage of its parent company's handling of the phone hacking scandal. But the editor's position had been weakened after he was forced to apologise over his paper's involvement in outing a police blogger by computer hacking a personal email account.
His departure comes at a pivotal moment for the British press and for the publishing side of Rupert Murdoch's media empire. Harding last week organised a meeting of British newspaper editors in order to prepare an industry response to proposals for radical reform outlined in the Leveson report.
He leaves the job at the end of the month and is expected to be replaced by John Witherow, who has been editor of the Sunday Times for 18 years. Martin Ivens, the long-standing deputy editor of the Sunday Times, is set to move to the top position on the paper. It is being speculated that Witherow could be given a senior role over both The Times and the Sunday Times to effectively create a seven-day news operation but this would require the company to ask the Culture Secretary for a change in the undertakings, given by Mr Murdoch when he acquired Times Newspapers in 1981, to protect the identities of the two titles. News Corp has not requested such a change.
Mr Harding's resignation – with his comment to staff that "It has been made clear to me that News Corporation would like to appoint a new editor of The Times" – will also raise questions over the strength of Mr Murdoch's assurances to the Leveson inquiry that he does not interfere in the running of his papers.
Harding won admirers for The Times's bravery in sometimes being very critical of News Corp's behaviour in the hacking scandal, and the editor made reference to this. "In uniquely difficult circumstances I hope we have covered the story that has swirled around us with the integrity and independence that the readers of The Times expect of us," he said.
In a statement yesterday, Mr Murdoch said: "James has been a distinguished editor for The Times, attracting talented staff to the paper and leading it through difficult times. I have great respect for him as a colleague and friend, and truly hope we can work together again."
Harding's resignation is part of a wider shake up of News Corp following the decision to divide the company into two. While the highly-profitable film and entertainment division is being rebranded as Fox Group, the publishing arm – which has been damaged by ongoing police investigations into phone hacking and bribery of public officials at News International – will carry the News Corp name and be based in New York.
The publishing division, which includes the Wall Street Journal and The Australian titles, will be headed by another former Times editor Robert Thomson, under whom Harding served as business editor. Despite the nature of his resignation, Harding remains well-placed to take a News Corp role in the United States – with Mr Murdoch's hopes that they would "work together again". The promotion of British-born Gerard Baker to editor in chief of Dow Jones and the WSJ means he is looking for a deputy. But it is understood that Harding has had conversations with the company about several possible positions and has not found the roles sufficiently attractive. As a result he is set to leave the company at the end of this month.
In his leaving speech to staff, Harding expressed pride in the paper's investigations into tax avoidance and child sex grooming. He stressed his role in modernising the outlook of a 227-year-old paper historically known as "The Thunderer" for its strong editorial positions. "Where we have moved the position of the paper – on the deficit, gay marriage, industrial policy, climate change – I hope even the readers who don't agree with our judgment will respect our thinking," he said. Harding thanked Murdoch for the "great honour" he did him appointing him editor.
In a tweet last night, the former Sunday Times editor Andrew Neil praised Harding's editorship but said the paper had become "way too liberal/wishy-washy for Old Rupe".
- More about:
- Global Warming
- News Corp
- Newspapers And Magazines
- New York City
- Phone Hacking
- The Sunday Times
- The Times


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Write some code to make Codeigniter software work offline as the online will do.
- Status Completed
- Budget $10 - $30 USD
- Total Bids 8
Project Description
I have a codeigniter software currently working online only. Due to the challenge I have with internet stability, i wish to implement some technology that would me this happen. Upon research i found this (PouchDB was created to help web developers build applications that work as well offline as they do online.)... If you want to take this challenge and solve it. Hit me up and lets discuss.Get free quotes for a project like this
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The Financial Secretary, Mr John Tsang, delivered the 2016-17 budget speech at the Legislative Council today (24 February 2016). Our Budget insights and Tax facts summarize the key proposals contained in the budget and our views thereof.


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Minimizes visible distractions, speak naturally with easy to use tap-and-talk voice-interaction so you can play music, Tweet, talk, text, email, and update your Facebook more safely while driving.
Driver-Centric Interface
Simple and intuitive interface is designed exclusively for drivers for in-car use. Keeps drivers focused and in control when accessing communications, phone calls and entertainment while driving.
Social Network for Drivers
Share your location in real-time with your family and friends or see what they're up to.
Smart Burst Technology
The best in-car solution for texting. Enables drivers to send and receive text messages the way they would naturally talk.
Internet Radio
Access your favorite Internet radio stations naturally and quickly using easy to remember voice-tag nicknames.
Smart Music Play
Navigate and play the music stored on your phone using your voice while staying connected to all other features and services.
User Testimonials from DriveSync's Infotainment Community
"I can't say there are a lot of apps out there I actually use, but this one definitely has some merit!"−
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"I use it daily to listen to music and to interact with friends while on the road."−
"Recognizer works great! Gets even the foreign names!"−
Distraction-Free Driving with Tap and Talk Technology
Natural and Easy-to-use Voice-powered Interaction
Send and receive text messages and email, listen to Internet radio, and interact with social networks all by voice.
Please take a second to share DriveSync Infotainment with the world,
together we can enjoy a hands-free alternative for in-car texting and infotainment.
Intuitive Driver-Centric Interface
DriveSync Infotainment's simple and intuitive interface is designed exclusively for drivers for in-car use.
You will be able to clearly navigate and see only important content on your phone's screen minimizing visible distraction, additionally you can use quick touch controls to access DriveSync connected car features as a backup to voice commands.
Make Meetups Easy with the DriveSync Infotainment Social Network for Drivers
The MyDriveSync Community lets you share your location in real-time with your family and friends or see what they're up to.
Custom permissions settings keep you in control of what you share and who you share it with.
Texting Hands-free with Smart Burst Technology
Easily share your thoughts and experiences with your connections while remaining focused on the road.
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Internet Radio at It's Best
Listen to the best internet radio stations from around the world right from your phone.
Search or browse various online radio stations or hand pick your favorite! With easy to remember voice-tag nicknames specifically designed for in-vehicle use, selecting your favorite station is now safer and quicker.
Say It to Play It, Experience Smart Music Play
Scrolling through a playlists with your hands on your phone impairs driving performance and is dangerous. With DriveSync Infotainment you can easily play music you love without ever having to take your focus off the road.
Search for any song or artist stored on your smartphone using your voice while still staying connected to all other features and services.
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Experience Smart Notifications
DriveSync Infotainment's smart notifications give you the right information at the right time, and removes the distraction of always having to check to see what's new. Whether you're listening to music or composing an email, DriveSync connected car technology lets you know when you get a call, a new text, a new email, and even when your friends hit the road. It's also smart enough to know whether it should interrupt you or wait until you're finished doing something.
Everything You Need In One Single Interface
You should never need to lose focus on the road trying to access information or search for a song. Flow smoothly and seamlessly between a wide variety of DriveSync Infotainment services and features, like texts, calls, real-time notifications and music – all from within a single connected car interface.


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This is our studio site. Among other things, we run two businesses:
Field Notes Brand and The Deck Network. Visit them please.
Fresh Signals
"Though we were accustomed to working on projects like these for corporations, we were now asked to design 'for the people.'" Jürgen Huber and Martin Wenzel of Supertype on the design of Bundessans and Bundesserif type families for the German government. -jc.07.15.14 #
A post from the daily flow of linkage called Fresh Signals, at Coudal.com.


text:
- 1 a thin flat piece of food that has been cut off a larger piece a slice of bread Cut the meat into thin slices. a gin and tonic with a slice of lemon
- 2(informal) a part or share of something Our firm is well placed to grab a large slice of the market. The rent for my room was a large slice out of my budget. With this win, they can claim a slice of history. Every organization in the land has tried to claim a slice of the cash from the National Lottery.
- 3a kitchen utensil (= tool) that you use to lift and serve pieces of food a fish slice a cake slice
- 4(sport) (in golf, tennis, etc.) a stroke that makes the ball spin to one side rather than going straight ahead See related entries: Tennis, Golf Word Origin Middle English (in the sense 'fragment, splinter'): shortening of Old French esclice
nounjump to other results
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text:
Hyland's, Bronchial Cough, 100 Tablets (Discontinued Item)
Shipping Weight:?0.12 lbsSwitch to Metric units
- Product Code: HYL-29542
- UPC Code: 354973295421
- Package Quantity: 100 Tablets
1.2 x 1.6 x 3.5 in, 0.1 lbsSwitch to Metric units
- Homeopathic
- Natural Relief for Coughs with Mucous Due to Cold
Formerly Hyland's #19, Hyland's Bronchial Cough is a traditional homeopathic formula for the relief of symptoms of cough due to cold. Working without contraindications or side effects, Hyland's Bronchial Cough stimulates your body's natural healing response to relieve symptoms. Hyland's Bronchial Cough is safe for adults and children and can be used in conjunction with other medications.
Indications: Relief of symptoms of cough due to common cold, especially coughs with mucous production and a sensation of tickling in the throat.
Suggested Use
Adults: Dissolve 2-3 tablets under tongue every 4 hours or as needed.
Children 6 to 12 years old: 1/2 adult dose.
Do not use if imprinted cap band is missing or broken. If symptoms persist for more than seven days, or worsen, contact a licensed health care professional. If cough persists for more than seven days, tends to recur, or is accompanied by a rash, persistent headache, fever that lasts for more than three days, or if new symptoms occur, consult a doctor. Do not take this product for persistent or chronic cough such as occurs with smoking, asthma or emphysema, or if cough is accompanied by excessive phlegm (mucous) unless directed by a doctor. As with any drug, if you are pregnant or nursing a baby, seek the advice of a licensed health care professional before using this product. Keep this and all medications out of the reach of children. In case of accidental overdose, contact a poison control center immediately.
Formula: Rumex Crispus 3X, HPUS; Sanguinaria Canadensis 3X, HPUS; Kali Bichromicum 3X, HPUS in a base of Lactose, USP.
Hyland's Brochial cough
Verified Purchase
Hyland's Brochial cough
We have been using this product for a very long time. It has been very helpful for our son who has had asthma since he was 9 months old. We have had to look long and hard for this medicine and was thrilled to find it. It really works and taste great, helps stop coughing pretty rapidly. I would definitely recommend this product. MG
Fast Acting!
Posted by 4684294166063330249 on Oct 21, 2013
I love these tablets and they really work fast. I don't like that they dissolve under the tongue. They don't have a flavor but still the melting process is what I don't like, but since it makes me better I deal with it. Homeopathic medicine takes longer to work but is safer for the body. These stop bad coughing pretty quick though.
Posted by Reviewer2607044 on Jan 07, 2013
This is a wonderful product for that nagging cough that just won't go away. So easy to use and taste isn't bad. Highly recommend these.
Worth a try
Posted by DeanaS on Nov 09, 2012
There are many cough remedies so it's trial and error which one is needed. I trust Hyland's brand and homeopathy can't harm you so it's worth a try.
As good as a cough drop
Posted by Reviewer3048752 on Apr 01, 2012
works well to calm coughs.
Great for my
Posted by Reviewer1974494 on Feb 24, 2012
It is the best product for my bronchial cough


text:
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Sweet Home B&B
Via Lago di Pozzillo, 5 fontane bianche, Ognina / Fontane Bianche, Siracusa 96100, Italy
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Situated in Syracuse, this bed & breakfast is within 3 mi (5 km) of Fontane Bianche Beach, Church of Borgo Vecchio, and Ognina Beach. Punta Asparano Beach and Gallina Beach are also within 6 mi (10 km).
Via Lago di Pozzillo, 5 fontane bianche Ognina / Fontane Bianche, Siracusa 96100, Italy


text:
The shunt from the cyclooxygenase to lipoxygenase pathway in human osteoarthritic subchondral osteoblasts is linked with a variable expression of the 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein
DOI: 10.1186/ar2092
© Maxis et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2006
Received: 5 May 2006
Accepted: 8 December 2006
Published: 8 December 2006
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by articular cartilage degradation and hypertrophic bone changes with osteophyte formation and abnormal bone remodeling. Two groups of OA patients were identified via the production of variable and opposite levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or leukotriene B4 (LTB4) by subchondral osteoblasts, PGE2 levels discriminating between low and high subgroups. We studied whether the expression of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) or 5-LO-activating protein (FLAP) is responsible for the shunt from prostaglandins to leukotrienes. FLAP mRNA levels varied in low and high OA groups compared with normal, whereas mRNA levels of 5-LO were similar in all osteoblasts. Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) with NS-398-stimulated FLAP expression in the high OA osteoblasts subgroup, whereas it was without effect in the low OA osteoblasts subgroup. The addition of PGE2 to the low OA osteoblasts subgroup decreased FLAP expression but failed to affect it in the high OA osteoblasts subgroup. LTB4 levels in OA osteoblasts were stimulated about twofold by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) plus transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a situation corresponding to their effect on FLAP mRNA levels. Treatments with 1,25(OH)2D3 and TGF-β also modulated PGE2 production. TGF-β stimulated PGE2 production in both OA osteoblast groups, whereas 1,25(OH)2D3 alone had a limited effect but decreased the effect of TGF-β in the low OA osteoblasts subgroup. This modulation of PGE2 production was mirrored by the synthesis of COX-2. IL-18 levels were only slightly increased in a subgroup of OA osteoblasts compared with normal; however, no relationship was observed overall between IL-18 and PGE2 levels in normal and OA osteoblasts. These results suggest that the shunt from the production of PGE2 to LTB4 is through regulation of the expression of FLAP, not 5-LO, in OA osteoblasts. The expression of FLAP in OA osteoblasts is also modulated differently by 1,25(OH)2D3 and TGF-β depending on their endogenous low and high PGE2 levels.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading cause of disability among the elderly population [1]. Despite its prevalence, we still do not fully understand the etiology, pathogenesis and progression of this disease [2, 3]. OA progresses slowly and has a multifactorial origin. The disease is characterized by the degradation and loss of articular cartilage, and hypertrophic bone changes with osteophyte formation and subchondral plate thickening [4, 5]. It includes changes in articular cartilage and surrounding bone, and an imbalance in loss of cartilage through matrix degradation and an attempt to repair this matrix [4, 5]. Specific interactions between bone and cartilage have not been clearly defined in OA; however, there is mounting evidence to indicate a direct intervention of the bone compartment in the initiation and progression of OA [6–8]. We already identified that a growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, is produced more abundantly by OA osteoblasts than by normal osteoblasts, yet hepatocyte growth factor accumulates in cartilage matrix and is more abundant in OA cartilage [9].
As the initiating events leading to OA are still poorly defined, clinical intervention still targets the reduction of pain and discomfort in afflicted patients. Conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and/or COX-2), the key enzymes that metabolize arachidonic acid into prostaglandins and thromboxanes [10, 11]. The decrease in prostaglandin and thromboxane levels is probably the basis for the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of the NSAIDs that are widely used for the treatment of OA. Newer drugs (coxibs) have in recent years targeted the selective reduction of COX-2 activity because this inducible form is expressed in response to inflammation, and coxibs are safer for the gastrointestinal tract. However, long-term inhibition of COX-2 could lead to a shunt to the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway, as we observed in vitro with OA osteoblasts [12], leading to the formation of leukotrienes (LTs), which can induce gastric lesions and ulceration [13, 14]. The local production of LTs in joint tissues is detrimental to tissues such as the subchondral bone compartment. Indeed, the production of LTs can promote bone resorption [15], and LTs are potent chemoattractants and stimulators of inflammation [16–18]. Moreover, because the safety of coxibs is now in question, this potential long-term effect on LT production could also be detrimental.
Osteoblasts produce prostaglandins by both COX-1 and COX-2 activities [19, 20] and also produce LTs [12]. However, the actual levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and LTs produced in vivo in OA bone tissue are controversial [21, 22]. We previously reported that the levels of LTs produced in vitro by OA osteoblasts are either similar to or higher than normal as a result of the endogenous production of PGE2 by these cells [12], and indeed the endogenous production of PGE2 and of IL-6 by OA osteoblasts separated OA patients into two subgroups: those producing normal PGE2 levels and those producing high PGE2 levels [23]. Moreover, chronic inhibition of COX-2 with a selective inhibitor such as NS-398 in OA osteoblasts enhanced the production of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) [12], a situation also observed in other cell systems using selective COX-2 inhibitors [24]. Hence, chronic inhibition of COX-2 may promote abnormal 5-LO activity. The exact mechanism involved in this shunt toward the 5-LO pathway remains obscure. The production of LTs requires active 5-LO in the presence of calcium [25, 26], yet arachidonic acid must be presented by the 5-LO-activating protein [25, 27]. In macrophages, the shunt from the COX to the 5-LO pathway is due to an increase in 5-LO expression [28, 29], whereas in alveolar macrophages and in neutrophils it is due to altered 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) expression [30, 31]. Whether PGE2 directly modulates the production of LTs in osteoblasts remains unknown. However, the inhibition of the production of LTs in macrophages is due to high PGE2 levels as a result of an increase in IL-10 [24], whereas in neutrophils IL-18 stimulates the production of LTs [32].
The aim of this study was to explore the mechanisms responsible for the shunt from the COX to the 5-LO pathway in human OA osteoblasts. We also examined the implication of both 5-LO and FLAP in the production of LTB4 in these cells and the factors that might modulate their expression. We also sought to determine whether there was a relationship between PGE2 levels and either IL-10 or IL-18 levels in OA osteoblasts.
Materials and methods
Patients and clinical parameters
Tibial plateaux were dissected away from the remaining cartilage and trabecular bone under sterile conditions from OA patients who had undergone total knee replacement surgery as described previously [23, 33–35]. A total of 35 patients (aged 68.8 ± 7.6 years (mean ± SD); 7 males, 28 females) classified as having OA, as defined in the recognized clinical criteria of the American College of Rheumatology, were included in this study [36]. None of the patients had received medication that would interfere with bone metabolism, including corticosteroids, for six months before surgery. A total of 18 subchondral bone specimens of tibial plateaux from normal individuals (aged 62.2 ± 14.3 years (mean ± SD); 11 males, 7 females) were collected at autopsy within 16 hours of death. These were used after it had been established that they had not been on any medication that could interfere with bone metabolism and had not had any bone metabolic disease. Individuals showing abnormal cartilage macroscopic changes and/or subchondral bone plate sclerosis were not included in the normal group. All human materials were acquired after obtaining signed agreement from patients undergoing knee surgery, or from their relatives for the specimens collected at autopsy in accordance with the guidelines of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal.
Preparation of primary subchondral bone cell culture
Isolation of subchondral bone plate and the cell cultures from the non-sclerotic and sclerotic areas were prepared as described previously [33, 34, 37, 38]. At confluence, cells were passaged once at 25,000 cells/cm2 and grown for 5 days in Ham's F12/DMEM medium (Sigma-Aldrich, Oakville, Ontario, Canada) containing 10% fetal bovine serum before specific assays. Conditioning was performed for a further 24 hours in serum-free Ham's F12/DMEM medium. Confluent cells were incubated in the presence or absence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3; 50 nM) for 48 hours. Supernatants were collected at the end of the incubation and kept at -80°C before assays. Cells were prepared for either SDS-PAGE separation or RT-PCR experiments. Cells prepared for SDS-PAGE separation were lysed with RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 1% Nonidet P40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, 150 mM NaCl containing the following inhibitors: 10 μg/ml aprotinin, 10 μg/ml leupeptin, 10 μg/ml pepstatin, 10 μg/ml O-phenanthroline, 1 mM sodium orthovanadate and 1 mM dithiothreitol), and kept at -80°C before assays. Protein determination was performed by the bicinchoninic acid method [39].
Measurement of PGE2, IL-10 and IL-18 content in culture medium
The concentration of PGE2, IL-10 and IL-18 was determined in culture medium of confluent cells incubated for their last 48 hours in Ham's F12/DMEM containing 1% ITS. Specific ELISAs from Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI, USA) for PGE2 (specificity 100%, sensitivity 7.8 pg/ml), from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA) for IL-10 and from Medical and Biological Laboratories Co (Nagoya, Japan) for IL-18 (specificity 100% for both, sensitivity 0.5 pg/ml for IL-10 and 12.5 pg/ml for IL-18) were used as described in the manufacturer's manual. All determinations were performed in triplicate for each cell culture.
RNA extraction and RT-PCR assays
Total cellular RNA from normal and OA osteoblasts was extracted with TRIzol™ reagent (Invitrogen, Burlington, Ontario, Canada) in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications and than treated with the DNA-free™ DNase Treatment and Removal kit (Ambion, Austin, TX, USA) to ensure the complete removal of chromosomal DNA. The RNA was quantified with the RiboGreen RNA quantification kit (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA). The RT reactions were primed with random hexamers with 2 μg of total RNA in a 100 μl final reaction volume followed by PCR amplification as described previously [35]. 5-LO and FLAP PCR products of 467 and 399 base pairs, respectively, were generated by PCR amplification with the use of 20 pmol of each primer 5'-CTG TTC CTG GGC ATG TAC CC-3' (sense) and 5'-GAC ATC TAT CAG TGG TCG TG-3' (antisense), and 5'-AAT GGG AGG AGC TTC CAG AG-3' (sense) and 5'-ACC AAC CCC ATA TTC AGC AG-3' (antisense). To ensure equivalent loading, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was amplified in the same solution, with the use of 20 pmol of each primer 5'-CAG AAC ATC ATC CCT GCC TCT-3' (sense) and 5'-GCT TGA CAA AGT GGT CGT TGAG-3' (antisense) to generate a predicted amplified sequence of 360 base pairs [40]. However, the amplification of 5-LO and FLAP mRNA species was performed separately from that of GAPDH mRNA to avoid substrate depletion. Our preliminary results indicated that we were still in the linear portion of the amplification of GAPDH with 25 cycles and of 5-LO or FLAP with 35 cycles; PCR amplifications were therefore performed with these respective numbers of cycles. After amplification, DNA was analyzed on an agarose gel and revealed by ultraviolet detection. Densitometric analysis was performed for each amplimer against that for GAPDH with a ChemiImager 4000 (Alpha Innotech Corporation, San Leandro, CA, USA). The results are presented as the relative expression of Coll1A1 and Coll1A2 normalized to the housekeeping gene GAPDH.
Real-time PCR
Real-time quantification of 5-LO, FLAP and GAPDH mRNA was performed in the GeneAmp 5700 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) with the 2X Quantitect SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Qiagen) used in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications. In brief, 100 ng of the cDNA obtained from the RT reactions were amplified in a total volume of 50 μl consisting of 1 × Master mix, 0.5 unit of uracil-N-glycosylase (UNG; Epicentre Technologies, Madison, WI, USA) and the gene-specific primers described above, which were added at a final concentration of 200 nM. The tubes were first incubated for 2 minutes at 50°C (UNG reaction), then at 95°C for 15 minutes (UNG inactivation and polymerase activation) followed by 40 cycles each consisting of denaturation (94°C for 15 seconds), annealing (60°C for 30 seconds), extension (72°C for 30 seconds) and data acquisition (77°C for 15 seconds). The data were collected and processed with the GeneAmp 5700 SDS software and given as threshold cycle (Ct), corresponding to the PCR cycle at which an increase in reporter fluorescence above baseline signal could first be detected. When comparing normal and OA basal expression levels, the Ct values were converted to numbers of molecules and the values for each sample were calculated as the ratio of the number of molecules of the target gene to the number of molecules of GAPDH.
Western blot analysis of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels in OA osteoblasts
Cell extracts were loaded on a 10% polyacrylamide gel and separated by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions [41]. The proteins were then transferred electrophoretically to a poly(vinylidene difluoride) membrane (Boehringer Mannheim, Penzberg, Germany), and Western blotting was performed as described in the Enhanced Chemiluminescence (ECL) Plus detection system's manual (Pierce, Brockville, Ontario, Canada). COX-2 levels were determined with a polyclonal rabbit anti-human COX-2 antibody (Cayman Chemical-Cedarlane, Hornby, Ontario, Canada) at a 1:400 dilution. The secondary antibody used for the detection of the rabbit anti-human COX-2 was a goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:20,000 dilution) from Upstate Biotechnology (Lake Placid, NY, USA). Densitometric analysis of Western blot films was performed with a Macintosh MacOS 9.1 computer using the public-domain NIH Image program developed at the US National Institutes of Health with the Scion Image 1.63 program [42].
Phenotypic characterization of human subchondral osteoblast cell cultures
Phenotypic features of osteoblast cultures were determined by evaluating 1,25(OH)2D3-dependent (50 nM) alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin release. Alkaline phosphatase activity was determined on cell aliquots by substrate hydrolysis with p-nitrophenyl phosphate, and osteocalcin release was determined in cell supernatants with an enzyme immunoassay as described previously [23, 34]. Collagen synthesis was determined as the de novo release of the carboxy-terminal peptide fragment of collagen type I (CICP), reflecting true collagen synthesis. CICP was determined with a selective ELISA (Quidel Corporation, Cedarlane, Hornby, Ontario, Canada) in conditioned medium from confluent normal and OA osteoblasts incubated for 48 hours in Ham's F12/DMEM medium containing 0.5% BSA. CICP release was then reported as ng per mg of cellular protein.
Statistical analysis
All quantitative data are expressed as means ± SEM. The data were analyzed with Student's t test; and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Determination of two population of OA patients
Evaluation of phenotypic markers of normal and osteoarthritis (OA) subchondral osteoblasts
Alkaline phosphatase (nmol/mg protein/30 min)
Osteocalcin (ng/mg protein/48 hours)
Collagen type I (ng/mg protein/48 hours)
Normal (n = 11)
624.7 ± 88.8
176.6 ± 24.7
285.3 ± 17.1
OA (n = 26)
1333.1 ± 215.7
264.0 ± 20.7
370.4 ± 8.1
p < 0.005
p < 0.05
p < 0.015
Regulation of expression of 5-LO and FLAP
Relationship between PGE2levels and IL-10 and IL-18
This study provides the first comprehensive explanation about the regulation of the expression of the enzymatic system responsible for LT synthesis in osteoblasts. It also revealed new and unique mechanisms of regulation of FLAP expression in OA osteoblasts. This is of special interest because the exact mechanism underlying a shunt from the COX to the 5-LO pathway in osteoblasts remains unknown. However, this knowledge could be crucial for therapeutic intervention in OA. The actual therapies for OA are somewhat limited to a decrease in pain in affected joints with the use of either non-selective NSAIDs [48–50] or the selective coxibs [48, 51–53]. These later compounds are aimed at decreasing the inducible COX-2 activity responsible for prostaglandin synthesis. The long-term treatment of OA patients with selective inhibitors of COX-2 could promote the production of LTs. In an animal model of arachidonic acid-induced inflammation, Goulet and colleagues [54] showed that an NSAID can suppress almost completely the inflammatory response in 5-LO-deficient mice, in contrast with wild-type animals. Hence, PGE2 produced via both COX-1 and COX-2 could modulate the activity of 5-LO in these animals, which is reminiscent of the fact that PGE2 inhibits 5-LO activity [55].
We showed previously that in OA subchondral osteoblasts long-term treatment with NS-398, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, leads to an increase in LTB4 production [12]. The present study demonstrated that the induction of LTB4 production in response to NSAIDs or NS-398 in OA osteoblasts involved no major modification of 5-LO expression, in contrast to the situation observed in OA chondrocytes [56]. In fact, the increase in LTB4 was either due to an upregulation of FLAP expression in high OA osteoblasts in response to inhibitors of PGE2 production or it was already high in the low OA subgroup. FLAP is known to present arachidonic acid to 5-LO for its synthesis into LTs [25, 27]. Furthermore, this elevated FLAP expression could be curbed by exogenous PGE2. This was especially true in the low OA subgroup presenting low PGE2 levels, whereas in the high OA subgroup with already high PGE2 levels the addition of exogenous PGE2 failed to modify FLAP expression. These results indicate that the balance of PGE2 levels in OA osteoblasts is actually driving the expression of LTs, and conversely that chronic inhibition of COX may be leading to the synthesis of LTs. Given that LTs are more pro-inflammatory than prostaglandins, this would suggest that chronic inhibition of COX could lead to potential harmful effects. Such a shunt from the COX to the 5-LO pathway has previously been observed in other cell systems, in particular in macrophages [13, 14, 57].
This shunt was either related to an increase in 5-LO expression or that of FLAP through an IL-10-dependent or IL-18-dependent pathway in other cell systems. Indeed, PGE2-driven IL-10 synthesis in monocytes/macrophages in vitro has been shown to inhibit LTB4 production by these cells [24], whereas in neutrophils IL-18 stimulates the synthesis of LTs [32]. In subchondral osteoblasts, a link between IL-10 and PGE2 could not be established because IL-10 synthesis by either normal or OA osteoblasts was very low, close to the limit of detection. This possibility therefore seems very weak. In addition, endogenous IL-18 levels in subchondral osteoblasts were also weakly linked with endogenous PGE2 levels. In the synovial fluid of patients with OA of the knee, a linear relationship has been established between IL-18 and PGE2 or IL-6 [47]. Indeed, in OA osteoblasts treated with either an inhibitor of PGE2 synthesis or exogenous PGE2 we observed a slight decrease in IL-18 or a slight increase, respectively (not shown). However, considering the relationship established between PGE2 and IL-18 in this study it would be surprising if IL-18 were to have a significant role.
The modulation of LTB4 production in OA osteoblasts was also linked to alterations of FLAP expression in these cells in response to 1,25(OH)2D3 and TGF-β as observed in other cell systems [30, 31, 44, 58]. However, this regulation by 1,25(OH)2D3 and TGF-β seemed to be linked with the actual physiological state of the cells. Indeed, low PGE2 OA osteoblast producers responded more readily than normal osteoblasts to stimulation with 1,25(OH)2D3. In contrast, the response to TGF-β challenge was somewhat offset in both low and high PGE2 producers. This might have been due to the endogenous high TGF-β levels produced by all OA osteoblasts [23] and hence to a possible chronic desensitization to further TGF-β challenge in vitro. However, concomitant incubation with 1,25(OH)2D3 and TGF-β was able to stimulate FLAP expression to the levels observed in normal cells under similar conditions. Again, this would suggest that FLAP is the key enzyme that controls the production of LTs in OA osteoblasts, rather than 5-LO, which showed little variation of expression regardless of treatment. This is in contrast to the situation observed with several cell systems in which 1,25(OH)2D3 and TGF-β enhanced the expression of 5-LO [28, 29, 45, 46] or both 5-LO and FLAP [44]. Because the activity of 5-LO can also be modulated by its phosphorylation state [59], this could also be a possible mechanism of control in OA osteoblasts; this was not investigated in this study.
However, the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 and TGF-β on PGE2 production is different from that on LTB4 production in OA osteoblasts. Indeed, TGF-β stimulated PGE2 production to similar levels in both the low and high OA subgroups, a situation linked with its modulation of COX-2 synthesis. In contrast, the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on PGE2 production was weaker than that on LTB4 production, also reflected by its effect on COX-2 synthesis. On its own 1,25(OH)2D3 had no effect, whereas it inhibited the effect of TGF-β in the low OA osteoblasts subgroup only. In normal human osteoblasts, 1,25(OH)2D3 was previously shown to inhibit PGE2 production both alone and in response to TGF-β [60], a situation similar to our low OA osteoblasts subgroup. In contrast, in the mouse osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells, 1,25(OH)2D3 is without effect, whereas it inhibits PGF-2α-induced PGE2 production [61]. TGF-β alone can stimulate PGE2 production in serum-free conditions in MC-3T3-E1 cells and can potentiate the effect of IL-1, a situation not observed in the presence of 10% serum [62]. As our assays were performed in serum-free conditions for PGE2 production, our data are similar to those in this situation. Taken together, the results for LTB4 and PGE2 production in response to 1,25(OH)2D3 and TGF-β indicate that the production of LTB4 is more sensitive to 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment through its effect on FLAP expression, especially in the high OA osteoblasts group, whereas the production of PGE2 is sensitive to TGF-β in both groups. Moreover, the overall effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 and TGF-β would promote both PGE2 and LTB4 production in all OA osteoblasts, whereas their effect is more evident on the production of PGE2.
Although OA osteoblasts could separate OA patients into two groups producing either low or high levels of PGE2, these cells showed similar phenotypic characteristics and produced similar levels of collagen type 1, although at higher levels than in normal osteoblasts. This suggests that neither PGE2 nor LTB4 has a direct role on bone tissue sclerosis in OA. However, elevated LTB4 levels could locally influence bone resorption, leading to an increase in bone resorption indices. Clinical studies have reported both increases and an absence of change in bone resorption parameters in OA patients [63–70], a situation that could be linked with the endogenous PGE2 production by OA bone tissue and thereby that of LTB4. Indeed, some authors have suggested that patients with progressive knee OA had increased bone resorption parameters. Last, osteoblasts were prepared from the overall subchondral bone plate of the tibial plateaus of OA patients, thus not isolating subchondral bone from lesional and non-lesional areas of articular cartilage. Although this may be considered a limitation of the present study, our own previous results by using osteoblasts isolated from bone tissue underlying lesional and non-lesional areas of cartilage did not show any overt differences in terms of phenotype or behavior [71]. Moreover, OA osteoblasts isolated from the trabecular bone region below the subchondral bone plate show similar results to those of OA osteoblasts from the subchondral bone plate [72, 73], and OA bone tissue from non-weight-bearing areas also show similar alterations to those in joints [74, 75], thus indicating that the bone tissue alterations in OA patients are generalized rather than localized events.
We have shown that in OA osteoblasts the synthesis of LTs is linked to the tight regulation of FLAP expression, not that of 5-LO. Moreover, the basal synthesis of LTs is linked to a variable expression of FLAP in OA osteoblasts as a result of their endogenous production of PGE2. Both 1,25(OH)2D3 and TGF-β modulated the expression of FLAP and thereby that of LTB4. IL-10 is not involved in the regulation of the synthesis of LTs in OA osteoblasts, whereas IL-18 levels are linked with PGE2 levels.
= 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
= 5-lipoxygenase
= bovine serum albumin
= carboxy-terminal peptide fragment of collagen type I
= cyclooxygenase-2
= enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
= 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein
= glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
= interleukin
= leukotriene B4
- LTs:
= leukotrienes
- NSAIDs:
= non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
= osteoarthritis
= prostaglandin E2
= reverse transcriptase-mediated polymerase chain reaction
- TGF-β:
= transforming growth factor-β.
We thank Mrs Aline Delalandre for her technical assistance on this project. DL is a Chercheur National from the 'Fonds de la Recherche en Santé du Québec'. This study was supported by grants MOP-49501 from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR) and TAS-0089 from the Arthritis Society of Canada/CIHR to DL.
Authors' Affiliations
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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A structural Time Series Model with Markov Switching
We propose an innovations form of the structural model underlying exponential smoothing that is further augmented by a latent Markov switching process. A particular case of the new model is the local level model with a switching drift, where the switching component describes the change between high and low growth rate periods. This new model is used to analyse the US business cycle using US Quarterly real GNP data. Model parameters are estimated using a Gibbs sampling algorithm and subsequently used for forecasting purposes. In addition, the stability of the new model is tested against Hamilton's model over a range of observation periods.
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|29 pages
|Date of creation:
|Dec 2000
|Contact details of provider:
| Postal: PO Box 11E, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
Phone: +61 3 99052489
Fax: +61 3 99055474
Web page: http://business.monash.edu/econometrics-and-business-statistics
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| Web: http://business.monash.edu/econometrics-and-business-statistics Email:
References listed on IDEAS
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Blog — What's New
Hello Penguins!
We're proud to present the first preview of "New Horizons", a documentary on the history of CP. We started working on this documentary back in June 2012, and we're excited to finally share a portion of it with you.
Learn about how Experimental Penguins, Penguin Chat 2 and Penguin Chat 3 eventually evolved into Club Penguin from both former and current team members. Special thanks to Billybob, rsnail, Screenhog, Gizmo, Happy77, and all the other people that have helped support this project:
As always, we'd love to hear what you think. If you'd like to hear about other parts of Club Penguin's history, let us know by leaving a comment below!
Until then... Waddle On!
-Polo Field, Businesmoose and the entire Club Penguin Team


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Financial Reform and Banking Crises
Choudhry Tanveer Shehzad
University of Groningen; Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS)
Jakob de Haan
University of Groningen - Faculty of Economics and Business; De Nederlandsche Bank; CESifo (Center for Economic Studies and Ifo Institute)
December 2009
CESifo Working Paper Series No. 2870
We examine the impact of various dimensions of financial reform on the likelihood of systemic and non-systemic banking crises. Using new financial reform measures for a large sample of developing and developed countries for the period 1973 to 2002, our multivariate probit modeling results suggest that conditional on adequate banking supervision, certain dimensions of financial reform reduce the likelihood of systemic crises. We also show that after a country has reformed, the introduction of further reforms becomes easier and leads to more stable financial systems. We also find some evidence that the likelihood of non-systemic crisis increases after financial reform.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 45
Keywords: banking crises, financial reform, financial fragility
JEL Classification: E44, G21, G28, F36
Date posted: December 11, 2009
Suggested Citation
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PRE-ORDER YOUR STREAMING ONLINE COURSE! In this online self-study course, learn the critical components of making great Concept Art by studying Film, Animation, Games and Painting, as well as developing your own project to flex your artistic muscle. You will select a classic story to redesign by choosing a style and creating that world with much reference and sketching, leading to a final concept painting.
- Unlimited Streaming
- Total Course Time: 20:16:19 Hours
*Please read additional information in our FAQ section.


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Taras Rudnitsky's unique background as an automotive safety engineer, expert witness and consumer justice attorney provides invaluable insight for consumers in cases throughout Florida and the United States. He has been a featured speaker before consumer justice attorneys, governmental investigators, and corporate executives. He has also been interviewed by several television station and newspaper reporters regarding consumer justice issues.
This commitment to consumer justice is not new – in fact, it started before Taras even graduated from the University of Michigan Law School. As part of the Law School's Clinical Law program, Taras represented consumers in cases ranging from landlord/tenant to employment discrimination. At the time, he was the only student to then earn a position in the Advanced Clinical Law program and focus on seeking justice for consumers. Since first opening his law office in 1998, Taras has limited his practice to representing consumers, often against large and wealthy corporations. He exclusively represents consumers against car companies, dealers, debt collectors, credit card companies, debt buyers, shady home improvement contractors, and numerous others who attempt to victimize consumers.
Taras also firmly believes all attorneys should contribute to their community. During the past few years, the Florida Supreme Court and the Seminole County Bar Association Legal Aid Society recognized his contributions to the public for pro bono legal services. Community Legal Services of Mid-Florida also awarded Taras the Seminole County Pro Bono Attorney of the Year award for 2012.