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This review is from: Logitech G500 Black Chrome 10 Buttons Dual-mode Scroll Wheel USB Wired Laser 5700 dpi Gaming Mouse
Pros: It's highly sensitive and accurate. I've used it playing several different games and have always been pleased with its performance. I added all the weights and it hasn't added to any fatigue and it's seemed to have tamed the twitchiness a bit. I love the velocity adjustment and the ability to add clicks to the scroll wheel.
Cons: The wire covering unravelled very quickly, exposing the wire underneath. There's a portion of my wire covered with black electrical tape where the covering frayed. It was rather upsetting to have spent as much as I did on this mouse only to have it diminished by that fraying.
Other Thoughts: Aside from the frayed covering, it's great in every other way.READ FULL REVIEW
This review is from: ASUS Z97-A LGA 1150 Intel Z97 HDMI SATA 6Gb/s USB 3.0 ATX Intel Motherboard
Pros: It's relatively inexpensive compared to the others and still supports 32gb- in theory.
Cons: DIMM slots 3 and 4 will not work no matter what configuration I try. 1 stick in either slot or 1 in each. The only memory slots that work are 1 and 2. This has been a very frustrating experience.
Other Thoughts: I've been really pro-ASUS for several years now. Most of the gear they put out is pretty high quality. The Z97-A though, not so much. Given the instability of the Crosshair IV and Crosshair V AMD chipsets systems that I own, and now this, I think it's time to move on from Asus.READ FULL REVIEW
This review is from: ASRock BTC PRO Kit - Retail
Pros: It works and the price was right- I received it free with my Asrock H81 PRO UTC mobo purchase.
Cons: The wires are very stiff and tend to pull at the 1x connector which doesn't appear to be very well suited to take the tugging as they wiggle a concerning amount in at the PCIe slots on the mobo. Given the choice between the stranded mess that these have and the single USB 3.0 line, I advise the single USB 3.0. There's less clutter and the 1x adapters at the motherboard are less likely to get twisted causing an early demise of your mobo.READ FULL REVIEW


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• Amended July 18
Twin schoolgirls who are feared to have left Britain to join fighters in Syria are seeking to become "jihadist brides", police believe.
Salma and Zahra Halane, 16, are thought to be trying to join their older brother who is believed to be fighting with the extremist group Isis (the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham).
The twins, students from Manchester who had excelled in their GCSE exams and had hoped to train as doctors, are said to have crossed the border into Syria.
Sir Peter Fahy, chief constable of Greater Manchester, said yesterday that their family, originally

subset: commoncrawl


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Ion channels are exquisite molecular machines. By opening and closing an ion selective pore across the cell membrane, these proteins ultimately control everything from our senses to our thoughts. Our long term goal is to understand the precise molecular motions that underlie this gating behavior of ion channels. Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels produce the primary electrical signal in our photoreceptors in response to light. They are nonselective cation channels that are opened by the direct binding of cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) to the channel and modulated by various second messengers. In addition to their role in vision, they are also essential for olfaction and taste, and mutations in these channels cause an assortment of sensory disorders ranging from blindness to anosmia. Their dynamic behavior controls our visual perception, yet the molecular mechanism for their function is largely unknown. This void is due, in part, to a lack of experimental approaches that allow us to "watch" proteins in action in real time at atomic resolution.
We aim to fill this void by developing novel fluorescence approaches and applying them to investigate the mechanisms of activation and modulation of CNG channels. We will take advantage of two exciting new developments: 1) our solution of the x-ray crystal structures of the intracellular ligand binding and gating domains of the closely related HCN2 and SpIH channels, and 2) our development of methods for simultaneous current and fluorescence measurements from cell-free membrane patches (termed patch-clamp fluorometry, PCF).
Our specific aims are to precisely determine the molecular rearrangement in two important parts of the channel, the cyclic nucleotide- binding domain, and the C-linker, the region that couples binding of cyclic nucleotides to opening of the pore. At the conclusion of these experiments we will know a great deal more about how CNG and related channels work, and will have fully developed new approaches to studying molecular rearrangements applicable to other channels and other proteins.
Ion channels are the transistors of the brain and thereby control everything from our senses to our thoughts. Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels produce the primary electrical signal in our rods and cones in response to light, and mutations in these channels cause an assortment of sensory disorders ranging from blindness to anosmia. Our long term goal is to understand how these important proteins work at the molecular level to uncover basic mechanisms of protein function and enable us to develop targeted therapies for neurological diseases.
|Puljung, Michael C; DeBerg, Hannah A; Zagotta, William N et al. (2014) Double electron-electron resonance reveals cAMP-induced conformational change in HCN channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:9816-21
|Sun, Ji; Bankston, John R; Payandeh, Jian et al. (2014) Crystal structure of the plant dual-affinity nitrate transporter NRT1.1. Nature 507:73-7
|Brelidze, Tinatin I; Gianulis, Elena C; DiMaio, Frank et al. (2013) Structure of the C-terminal region of an ERG channel and functional implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:11648-53
|Haitin, Yoni; Carlson, Anne E; Zagotta, William N (2013) The structural mechanism of KCNH-channel regulation by the eag domain. Nature 501:444-8
|Carlson, Anne E; Brelidze, Tinatin I; Zagotta, William N (2013) Flavonoid regulation of EAG1 channels. J Gen Physiol 141:347-58
|Carlson, Anne E; Rosenbaum, Joel C; Brelidze, Tinatin I et al. (2013) Flavonoid regulation of HCN2 channels. J Biol Chem 288:33136-45
|Puljung, Michael C; Zagotta, William N (2013) A secondary structural transition in the C-helix promotes gating of cyclic nucleotide-regulated ion channels. J Biol Chem 288:12944-56
|Brelidze, Tinatin I; Carlson, Anne E; Sankaran, Banumathi et al. (2012) Structure of the carboxy-terminal region of a KCNH channel. Nature 481:530-3
|Flynn, Galen E; Zagotta, William N (2011) Molecular mechanism underlying phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-induced inhibition of SpIH channels. J Biol Chem 286:15535-42
|Puljung, Michael C; Zagotta, William N (2011) Labeling of specific cysteines in proteins using reversible metal protection. Biophys J 100:2513-21
Showing the most recent 10 out of 47 publications


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Experience the difference at Brookwater Glasshouse
Featuring natural sandstone, modern finishes and floor to ceiling glass offering views to perfectly manicured gardens and natural bushland from all aspects, at Brookwater Glasshouse, you and your guests are assured of an event to remember.
Perfect for intimate personal celebrations, weddings and gala events, corporate events, conferences and board meetings, the Brookwater Glasshouse caters for 20 to 220 guests for a sit down event or up to 300 guests for cocktail style events.
Whatever the event, our events team will ensure your event will be unforgettable.


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StartUpHire is the place to find 2D Game Artist jobs. Review the list of 2D Game Artist career opportunities to the left. These 2D Game Artist jobs represent some of the most rewarding careers available.
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Telltale Games is looking for Environment Artists with at least five years of professional experience to work with our award-winning art teamSan Rafael, CA Save This Job


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State of Conservation
States Parties
Threats* :
South Africa
Year: 2015
Other Threats: Need for further research and documentation to establish an inventory of rock art in Sehlabathebe National Park; Need for study of the potential cultural contribution of other landscape elements to the cultural values of Sehlabathebe National Park
Document Source: WHC-15/39.COM/7B
South Africa
Year: 2004
Other Threats: a) Natural values and cultural landscape qualities are not yet reflected in the islands management structure and conservation priorities; b) Fire
Document Source: WHC-04/28.COM/15B
South Africa
Year: 2003
Other Threats: Natural values and cultural landscape qualities are not yet reflected in the islands management structure and conservation priorities
Document Source: WHC.03/27.COM/07B
States PartiesSouth Africa
* :
The threats indicated are listed in alphabetical order; their order does not constitute a classification according to the importance of their impact on the property.
Furthermore, they are presented irrespective of the type of threat faced by the property, i.e. with specific and proven imminent danger ("ascertained danger") or with threats which could have deleterious effects on the property's Outstanding Universal Value ("potential danger").
** : All mission reports are not always available electronically.


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There are a lot of different poker sites all over the internet. UK players can find lots of UK based poker sites with a simple internet search. Just because they're ranked highly in a search engine, it doesn't mean that it's going to be the best site for you. Here you'll find an over-all review on the best poker clients preferred by UK players.
Titan Poker
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There are beginner free-rolls every day. It allows you to play at up to 16 tables at the same time which is a unique and popular feature.
There is availability of the software in 14 different languages, as it's a popular site world-wide. You know sites are popular when they've been made available in several languages! Because it's an international site, many currencies are available. You can choose your preferred currency and the whole game's currency will be converted to the currency you have selected to make things easier for you. These are just some of the reasons why it's considered as the best online poker site for UK players. If you are looking for an online poker site for US players, then give US poker site a shot as we've heard good things about them.
Party Poker
Those who love to play in tournaments, consider Party Poker to be the best poker for UK players. Party Poker is a well established poker site that first started operating many years ago. It is still considered very popular because of its offers, especially those relating to tournaments. If you are looking for World Poker Tour satellites, Party Poker appears to be the best destination. One of the specialties of Party Poker is Free-roll tournaments. Party Poker offers up to $1500 in the Free-Rolls (which don't cost anything to enter).
Full Tilt Poker
Another poker client which is considered to be of the best poker sites for UK players, is Full Tilt Poker. It has a very impressive amount of activity that goes on in different more trusted poker rooms and in different styles of poker games. Here, you'll always find a wealth of people to chat to and play poker with.
The website was established in 2004 and since then, some of the world's most famous poker players have contributed their time there. Full Tilt poker can be considered a great site for learning how to play poker for new players because here they'll be able to play and chat with the expert poker players online. The list of famous players who play on Full Tilt poker is very long. If you want to follow in the footsteps of the likes of Chris Ferguson, Phil Ivey, Howard Lederer, Allen Cunningham, Erick Lindgren, Allen Cunningham, Jennifer Harmen, Gus Hansen and more, this is the place to go.
BetFair Poker
Betfair Poker is one of the oldest and finest poker sites available. They are the official sponsor of World Series of Poker, Europe championship. It has set its standard very high and thus became one of the greatest poker sites. Betfair Poker's current rank is in the top 15 worldwide. Players can also enjoy a game of Blackjack alongside their poker games within this poker client, if they wish. Betfair Poker is licensed by The Lotteries & Gaming Authority of Malta which certifies Betfair Poker to be a safe server to play poker online. Also, other payment partners of Betfair Poker, such as DataCash, the Royal Bank of Scotland, etc. certify Betfair Poker to be a secured server so you can easily deposit your cash in this poker site without worrying about it.
Above are what most consider to be the best poker sites for UK players. Now it's up to you to choose which poker client would be perfect for you. With any of the above poker clients or promotion code, you can't go wrong if you're a UK player. Download online casino software's and play whenever you want at the comfort of your home.
The live dealer casino is the closest idea that players can get to the traditional bricks and mortar casinos while still staying in the comfort of their own homes. Through live video feed players can really feel part of the game in real time. The live dealer casino is the closest idea that players can get to the traditional bricks and mortar casinos while still staying in the comfort of their own homes. Through live video feed players can really feel part of the game in real time. William Hill Poker is one of the best Uk poker room. You'll find exclusive tournaments and popular games than any other poker site, with 24/7 support, secure software, fast cashouts and huge bonuses.
If you want to play live casino online, there is world class blackjack, roulette and craps available to you 24/7 at the click of a button. Download online casino software's and play whenever you want at the comfort of your home. Where you used to have to take a trip to your favorite land-based casino, now all the fun and action of real cash gaming is no further than your desk chair.


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ADB has provided Fiji with $420 million in loans, $2 million in grants, and $32 million in technical assistance since they started working together in 1970.
Infrastructure plays an important role in linking the key social and economic sectors of Fiji's economy. These include resources-based industries, education, and health. ADB will support these sectors by providing policy analysis and advice, along with sovereign and nonsovereign financing facilities.
ADB will deliver analytical and advisory support to Fiji to establish a business environment that stimulates private sector growth, increasing employment and creating better jobs. Capacity development technical assistance will support reforms that promote fiscal discipline and more effective public spending, increasing private sector investment and making it more productive.
Updated yearly, this ADB Fact Sheet provides social and economic indicators on Fiji as well as concise information on ADB's operations in the country and contact information.


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Four Barbarians
|Four Barbarians
|Chinese name
|Literal meaning
|four barbarians
|Korean name
|Japanese name
Four Barbarians was a derogatory Chinese name for various peoples bordering ancient China, namely, the Dongyi 東夷 "Eastern Barbarians", Nanman 南蠻 "Southern Barbarians", Xirong 西戎 "Western Barbarians", and Beidi 北狄 "Northern Barbarians".
The Chinese mytho-geography and cosmography of the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1046–256 BCE) was based upon a round heaven and a square earth. Tianxia 天下 "[everywhere] under heaven; the world" encompassed Huaxia 華夏 "China" (also known as Hua, Xia, etc.) in the center surrounded by non-Chinese "barbarian" peoples. See the Hua–Yi distinction for details of this literally Sinocentric worldview.
The Four Barbarians construct, or a similar one, was a logical necessity for the ancient tianxia system. Liu Junping and Huang Deyuan (2006:532) describe the universal monarch with combined political, religious, and cultural authorities: "According to the Chinese in the old times, heaven and earth were matched with yin and yang, with the heaven (yang) superior and the earth (yin) inferior; and the Chinese as an entity was matched with the inferior ethnic groups surrounding it in its four directions so that the kings could be valued and the barbarians could be rejected." The authors (2006:535) propose that Chinese ideas about the "nation" and "state" of China evolved from the "casual use of such concepts as "tianxia", "hainei"( four corners within the sea) and "Four Barbarians" 四夷 (barbarians in four directions)."
Located in the cardinal directions of tianxia were the sifang 四方 "Four Directions/Corners", situ 四土 "Four Lands/Regions", sihai 四海 "Four Seas", and Four Barbarians 四夷 "Four Barbarians/Foreigners". The (c. 3rd century BCE) Erya (9, Wilkinson 2000: 710) defines sihai as " the place where the barbarians lived, hence by extension, the barbarians": "九夷, 八狄,七戎, 六蠻, 謂之四海" – "the nine Yi, eight Di, seven Rong, and six Man are called the four seas".
These Four Barbarians directionally comprised Yi 夷 to the east of China, Man 蠻 in the south, Rong 戎 in the west, and Di 狄 in the north. Unlike the English language with one general word barbarian meaning "uncultured or uncivilized peoples", Chinese had many specific exonyms for foreigners. Scholars such as Herrlee Glessner Creel (1970: 197) agree that Yi, Man, Rong, and Di were originally the Chinese names of particular ethnic groups or tribes. During the Spring and Autumn period (771–476 BC), these four exonyms were expanded into (Pu 2005: 45) "general designations referring to the barbarian tribes". The Russian anthropologist Mikhail Kryukov concluded.
Evidently, the barbarian tribes at first had individual names, but during about the middle of the first millennium B.C., they were classified schematically according to the four cardinal points of the compass. This would, in the final analysis, mean that once again territory had become the primary criterion of the we-group, whereas the consciousness of common origin remained secondary. What continued to be important were the factors of language, the acceptance of certain forms of material culture, the adherence to certain rituals, and, above all, the economy and the way of life. Agriculture was the only appropriate way of life for the Hua-Hsia. (Jettmar 1983: 229)
Yi, Man, Rong, and Di were further generalized into compounds (such as Rongdi, Manyi, and Manyirongdi) denoting "non-Chinese; foreigners; barbarians."
The Yi ("Barbarian") had both specific denotations (e.g., Huaiyi 淮夷 "Huai River barbarians" and Xiyi 西夷 "western barbarians") and generalized references to "barbarian" (e.g., Siyi "Four Barbarians"). The sinologist Edwin G. Pulleyblank (1983: 440) says the name Yi "furnished the primary Chinese term for 'barbarian'," but "Paradoxically the Yi were considered the most civilized of the non-Chinese peoples.
The Old Chinese pronunciation of Modern Chinese yí 夷 is reconstructed as *dyər (Bernhard Karlgren), *ɤier (Zhou Fagao), *ləj (William H. Baxter), and *l(ə)i (Axel Schuessler). Schuessler (2007: 563) defines Yi as "The name of non-Chinese tribes, prob[ably] Austroasiatic, to the east and southeast of the central plain (Shandong, Huái River basin), since the Spring and Autumn period also a general word for 'barbarian'", and proposes a "sea" etymology, "Since the ancient Yuè (=Viet) word for 'sea' is said to have been yí, the people's name might have originated as referring to people living by the sea".
The modern character 夷 for yi, like the Qin Dynasty seal script, is composed of 大 "big" and 弓 "bow" – but the earliest Shang Dynasty oracle bone script was used interchangeably for yi and shi 尸 "corpse", depicting a person with bent back and dangling legs (Hanyu Da Zidian 1986 1: 527). The archeologist and scholar Guo Moruo believed the oracle graph for yi denotes "a dead body, i.e., the killed enemy", while the bronze graph denotes "a man bound by a rope, i.e., a prisoner or slave".[1] Ignoring this historical paleography, the Chinese historian K. C. Wu (1982: 107-108) claimed that Yi 夷 should not be translated as "barbarian" because the modern graph implies a big person carrying a bow, someone to perhaps be feared or respected, but not to be despised.
The (121 CE) Shuowen Jiezi character dictionary, defines yi 夷 as "men of the east" 東方之人也. The scholar Léon Wieger provided multiple definitions to the term yi: "The men 大 armed with bows 弓, the primitive inhabitants, barbarians, borderers of the Eastern Sea, inhabitants of the South-West countries." (1927:156)
Hanyu Da Cidian (1993 3: 577), a major Chinese language dictionary, notes Siyi as derogatory: "古代華夏族对四方小数民族的統称. 含有轻蔑之意." [Contrasting with the ancient Chinese people, a name for ethnic minorities in all four directions. Contains a pejorative meaning.]
"Four barbarians" is the common English translation of Siyi. Compare these Chinese-English dictionary equivalents for Siyi: "the four barbarian tribes on the borders of ancient China" (Liang Shih-chiu et al. 1971), "the barbarians on borders of China" (Lin Yutang et al. 1992), and "four barbarian tribes on the borders" (John DeFrancis et al. 2003). Some scholars interpret the si "four" in Siyi as sifang 四方 "four directions". Liu Xiaoyuan (2004: 176, 10-11) says the meaning of Siyi "is not 'four barbarians' but numerous 'barbarous tribes' in the four directions". However, Liu also states that the term yi might have been used by the early Chinese to simply mean "ordinary others." Yuri Pines (2005:62) translates Siyi as "barbarians of the four corners".
In Chinese Buddhism, siyi 四夷 or siyijie 四夷戒 abbreviates the si boluoyi 四波羅夷 "Four Parajikas" (grave offenses that entail expulsion of a monk or nun from the sangha).
Western Zhou usages[edit]
Bronze inscriptions and reliable documents from the Western Zhou period (c. 1046-771 BCE) used the word Yi 夷 "barbarian" in two meanings, says Chinese sinologist Chen Zhi (2004: 202). First, Yi or Yifang 夷方 designated a specific ethnic group that had battled against the Shang since the time of King Wu Ding. Second, Yi meant specifically or collectively (e.g., zhuyi 諸夷) peoples in the remote lands east and south of China, such as the well-known Dongyi 東夷, Nanyi 南夷, and Huaiyi 淮夷. Western Zhou bronzes also record the names of some little-known Yi groups, such as the Qiyi 杞夷, Zhouyi 舟夷, Ximen 西門夷, Qinyi 秦夷, and Jingyi京夷. Chen (2004: 200) notes, "These yi are not necessarily identical with the numerous yi in Eastern Zhou literature. On the contrary, except for the Huaiyi, Dongyi and Nanyi, these yi all seem to have vanished from the historical and inscriptional accounts of the Eastern Zhou."
Inscriptions on bronze gui vessels (including the Xun 詢, Shiyou 師酉, and Shi Mi 史密) do not always use the term yi 夷 in reference to alien people of physically different ethnic groups outside China. Chen (2004:201) says, "They classify certain groups of people residing in places within the region of Zhou control, such as the states of Qi 杞, Jing 京, Qin 秦 and Zhou 舟, as yi."
Expanding upon the research of Li Ling that Western Zhou bronze writings differentiate the Zhou people (Wangren 王人, lit. "king's people") from other peoples (yi 夷), Chen (2004: 204) found three major categories: people of Zhou, people of Shang, and people of Yi (neither Zhou nor Shang). "The Zhou rulers treated the Shang remnant elites with courtesy and tolerance, whereas they treated yi people with less respect." Shang people were employed in positions based upon their cultural legacy and education, such as zhu 祝 "priest", zong 宗 "ritual official", bu 卜 "diviner", shi 史 "scribe", and military commander. Yi people, who had a much lower status, served the rulers in positions such as infantry soldiers, palace guards, servants, and slave laborers. Chen (2004: 202) compares the social status of Yi with "xiangren 降人, people captured from other states or ethnicities, or their descendants."
Chen (2004:186) analyzed diachronic semantic changes in the twin concepts of Xia and Yi. During the Western Zhou, they were employed to distinguish "between the Zhou elite and non-Zhou people"; during the Eastern Zhou, they distinguished "between the central states and peripheral barbarian tribes in a geographical sense, as well as between Zhou subjects and non-Zhou subjects in a political sense." Eastern Zhou canonical texts, says Chen (2004:197), "frequently assert a differentiation between Xia (or Zhongguo), meaning those states in the central plains subject to the Zhou sovereign, and Yi 夷, Di 狄, Rong 戎, and Man 蠻, all of which could be used generally to refer to non-Chinese ethnic groups." Among these four terms, Yi was most widely employed for "barbarian" clans, tribes, or ethnic groups. The Chinese classics used it in directional compounds (e.g., "eastern" Dongyi 東夷, "western" Xiyi 西夷, "southern" Nanyi, and "northern" Beiyi 北夷), numerical (meaning "many") generalizations ("three" Sanyi 三夷, "four" Siyi 四夷, and "nine" Jiuyi 九夷), and groups in specific areas and states (Huaiyi 淮夷, Chuyi 楚夷, Qinyi 秦夷, and Wuyi 吳夷).
Eastern Zhou usages[edit]
The Chinese classics contain many references to the Siyi "Four Barbarians". Around the late Spring and Autumn period (771-476 BCE) or early Warring States period (475-221 BCE), the names Man, Yi, Rong, and Di became firmly associated with the cardinal directions. Yi changed from meaning a specific "barbarians in the east" to "barbarians" generally, and two new words – Siyi and Man-Yi-Rong-Di 蠻夷戎狄 – referred to "all non-Zhou barbarians in the four directions". The Zuozhuan and Mozi contain the earliest extant occurrences of Siyi.
The (early 4th century BCE) Zuozhuan commentary to the Chunqiu ("Spring and Autumn Annals") uses Siyi four times.
The affair [presenting Rong prisoners and spoils of war to Duke Zhuang] was contrary to rule. When a prince has gained success over any of the wild tribes, he presents to spoils to the king, who employs them to terrify other tribes. (Zhuang 31, tr. Legge 1872: 119)
It is virtue by which the people of the Middle State are cherished; it is by severity that the wild tribes around are awed. (Duke Xi 25, tr. Legge 1872: 196)
I have heard that, when the officers of the son of Heaven are not properly arranged, we may learn from the wild tribes all about. (Duke Zhao 17, tr. Legge 1872:668)
Anciently, the defenses of the sons of Heaven were the rude tribes on every side of the kingdom; and when their authority became low, their defenses were the various States. (Duke Zhao 23, tr. Legge 1872:700)
In addition, the Zuozhuan has an early usage of Man-Yi-Rong-Di 蠻夷戎狄 meaning "all kinds of barbarians".
When any of the wild tribes, south, east, west, or north, do not obey the king's commands, and by their dissoluteness and drunkenness are violating all the duties of society, the kind gives command to attack them. (Cheng 3, tr. Legge 1872: 349)
The (c. 4th century BCE) Mozi has one occurrence of Siyi referring to King Wu of Zhou.
After King Wu had conquered the Shang dynasty and received the gifts bestowed by God, he assigned guardians to the various spirits, instituted sacrifices to Zhou's ancestors, the former kings of Shang, and opened up communications with the barbarians of the four quarters, so that there was no one in the world who did not pay him allegiance. (Against Offensive Warfare, tr. Watson 2003: 61)
The (c. 4th century BCE) Guanzi recounts how Duke Huan of Qi (d. 643 BCE) conquered all his enemies, including the Dongyi 東夷, Xirong 西戎, Nanman 南蠻, and Beidi 北狄.
Further to the west, he subjugated the Western Yu, of Liusha and for the first time the Rong people of Qin were obedient. Therefore, even, though the soldiers went forth only once, their great accomplishments [victories] numbered twelve, and as a consequence none of the eastern Yi, western Rong, southern Man, northern Di, or the feudal lords of the central states failed to submit. (Xioao Kuang, tr. Rickett 1998: 341)
This text (Ba Yan, tr. Rickett 1998: 365) also recommends, "To use the states bordering the four seas to attack other states bordering the four seas is a condition distinguishing the central states."
The (c. 4th century BCE) Confucian Analects does not use Siyi, but does use Jiuyi 九夷 "Nine Barbarians" (9/19, tr. Waley 1938: 141), "The Master wanted to settle among the Nine Wild Tribes of the East. Someone said, I am afraid you would find it hard to put up with their lack of refinement. The Master said, Were a true gentleman to settle among them there would soon be no trouble about lack of refinement." Yidi 夷狄 "Eastern and Northern Barbarians" occurs twice (3/5, tr. Waley 1938: 94-5; 13/19, 176), ""The Master said, The barbarians of the East and North have retained their princes. They are not in such a state of decay as we in China"; "The Master said, In private life, courteous, in public life, diligent, in relationships, loyal. This is a maxim that no matter where you may be, even amid the barbarians of the east or north, may never be set aside." This text has an indirect reference to "barbarians" (5/6, tr. Waley 1938: 108), "The Master said, The Way makes no progress. I shall get upon a raft and float out to sea."
The (c. 290 BCE) Confucianist Mencius (1A/7, tr. Lau 1970: 57) uses Siyi once when Mencius counsels King Xuan of Qi (r. 319-301 BCE) against territorial expansion: "You wish to extend your territory, to enjoy the homage of Ch'in and Ch'u, to rule over the Central Kingdoms and to bring peace to the barbarian tribes on the four borders. Seeking the fulfillment of such an ambition by such means as you employ is like looking for fish by climbing a tree." This text (3A/4, tr. Lau 1970: 103) uses Yi 夷 in quoting Confucius, "I have heard of the Chinese converting barbarians to their ways, but not of their being converted to barbarian ways."
The Mencius uses western Xiyi 西夷 four times (three contrasting with northern Beidi 北狄), eastern Dongyi 東夷 once, and Yidi 夷狄 once. Three repeated Xiyi occurrences (1B/11, tr. Lau 1970: 69; cf. 3B/5 and 7B/4) describe Tang of Shang establishing the Shang Dynasty: "With this he gained the trust of the Empire, and when he marched on the east, the western barbarians complained, and when he marched on the south, the northern barbarians complained. They all said, 'Why does he not come to us first?'" Dongyi occurs in a claim (4B/1, tr. Lau 1970: 128) that the legendary Chinese sages Shun and King Wen of Zhou were Yi: "Mencius said, 'Shun was an Eastern barbarian; he was born in Chu Feng, moved to Fu Hsia, and died in Ming T'iao. Ken Wen was a Western barbarian; he was born in Ch'i Chou and died in Pi Ying." Yidi occurs in context (3B/9, tr. Lau 1970: 115) with the Duke of Zhou, "In ancient times, Yu controlled the Flood and brought peace to the Empire; the Duke of Chou subjugated the northern and southern barbarians, drove away the wild animals, and brought security to the people."
The (c. 3rd century BCE) Xunzi uses Siyi twice in one chapter.
If your deportment is respectful and reverent, your heart loyal and faithful, if you use only those methods sanctioned by ritual principles and moral duty, and if your emotional disposition is one of love and humanity, then though you travel throughout the empire, and though you find yourself reduced to living among the Four Yi 夷 tribes, everyone would consider you to be an honorable person. If you strive to be the first to undertake toilsome and bitter tasks and can leave pleasant and rewarding tasks to others, if you are proper, diligent, sincere, and trustworthy, if you take responsibility and oversee it meticulously, then wherever you travel in the civilized world and though you find yourself reduced to living with the Four Tribes, everyone would be willing to entrust you with official duties. (On Self Cultivation, tr. Knoblock 1988: 154-155)
John Knoblock (1988: 278) notes, "The 'Four Yi tribes' refers to the barbarians surrounding the Chinese "Middle Kingdom" and does not designate particular peoples." The Xunzi uses Man-Yi-Rong-Di once.
Accordingly, [諸夏] all the states of Xia Chinese have identical obligations for service to the king and have identical standards of conduct. The countries of Man, Yi, Rong, and Di barbarians perform the same obligatory services to the kind, but the regulations governing them are not the same. … The Man and Yi nations do service according to treaty obligations. The Rong and Di do irregular service. (Rectifying Theses, tr. Knoblock 1994: 38-39)
The (3rd-1st centuries BCE) Liji uses Siyi once.
But if it be his character, when he finds men of ability, to be jealous and hate them; and, when he finds accomplished and perspicacious men, to oppose them and not allow their advancement, showing himself really not able to bear them: such a minister will not be able to protect my sons and grandsons and people; and may he not also be pronounced dangerous to the state?" It is only the truly virtuous man who can send away such a man and banish him, driving him out among the barbarous tribes around, determined not to dwell along with him in the Middle Kingdom. (Great Learning, tr. Legge 1885: 367)
The Liji also gives detailed information about the Four Barbarian peoples.
The people of those [wufang 五方] five regions – the Middle states, and the Rong, Yi, (and other wild tribes round them) – had all their several natures, which they could not be made to alter. The tribes on the east were called Yi. They had their hair unbound, and tattooed their bodies. Some of them ate their food without its being cooked. Those on the south were called Man. They tattooed their foreheads, and had their feet turned in towards each other. Some of them (also) ate their food without its being cooked. Those on the west were called Rong. They had their hair unbound, and wore skins. Some of them did not eat grain-food. Those on the north were called Di. They wore skins of animals and birds, and dwelt in caves. Some of them also did not eat grain-food. The people of the Middle states, and of those Yi, Man, Rong, and Di, all had their dwellings, where they lived at ease; their flavours which they preferred; the clothes suitable for them; their proper implements for use; and their vessels which they prepared in abundance. In those five regions, the languages of the people were not mutually intelligible, and their likings and desires were different. To make what was in their minds apprehended, and to communicate their likings and desires, (there were officers) – in the east, called transmitters; in the south, representationists; in the west, Di-dis; and in the north, interpreters. (Wang Zhi, tr. Legge 1885: 229-230, changed to Pinyin)
The Shujing history uses Siyi in two forged "Old Text" chapters.
Yi said, 'Alas! be cautious! Admonish yourself to caution, when there seems to be no occasion for anxiety. Do not fail to observe the laws and ordinances. … Do not go against what is right, to get the praise of the people. Do not oppose the people's (wishes), to follow your own desires. (Attend to these things) without idleness or omission, and the barbarous tribes all around will come and acknowledge your sovereignty.' (3, tr. Legge 1865: 47)
The king said, 'Oh! Grand-Master, the security or the danger of the kingdom depends on those officers of Yin. If you are not (too) stern with them nor (too) mild, their virtue will be truly cultivated. … The penetrating power of your principles, and the good character of your measures of government, will exert an enriching influence on the character of the people, so that the wild tribes, with their coats buttoning on the left, will all find their proper support in them, and I, the little child, will long enjoy much happiness. (52, tr. Legge 1865: 249)
The (c. 239 BCE) Lüshi Chunqiu has two occurrences of Siyi.
Seeking depth, not breadth, reverently guarding one affair … When this ability is utterly perfect, the barbarian Yi states of the four quarters are tranquil. (17/5, tr. Knoblock and Riegel 2000: 424)
If your desires are not proper and you use them to govern your state, it will perish. Therefore, the sage-kings of antiquity paid particular attention to conforming to the endowment Heaven gave them in acting on their desires; all the people, therefore, could be commanded and all their accomplishments were firmly established. "The sage-kings held fast to the One, and the barbarians of the four directions came to them" refers to this. (19/6, tr. Knoblock and Riegel 2000: 498)
The Daoist Zhuangzi uses Siyi twice in the (c. 3rd century BCE) "Miscellaneous Chapters".
The sword of the son of heaven has a point made of Swallow Gorge and Stone Wall … It is embraced by the four uncivilized tribes, encircled by the four seasons, and wrapped around by the Sea of Po. (30, tr. Mair 1994: 315)
Master Mo declared, "Long ago, when Yü was trying to stem the flood waters, he cut channels from the Yangtze and the Yellow rivers and opened communications with the four uncivilized tribes and the nine regions. (33, tr. Mair 1994: 327)
Han usages[edit]
Many texts dating from the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) used the ethnonyms Yi and Siyi.
For example, the (139 BCE) Huainanzi, which is an eclectic compilation attributed to Liu An, uses Siyi "Four Barbarians" in three chapters (and Jiuyi "Nine Barbarians" in two).
Yu understood that the world had become rebellious and thereupon knocked down the wall [built by his father Gun to protect Xia], filled in the moat surrounding the city, gave away their resources, burned their armor and weapons, and treated everyone with beneficence. And so the lands beyond the Four Seas respectfully submitted, and the four Yi tribes brought tribute. (1.6, tr. Major et al. 2010: 54)
The Three Miao [tribes] bind their heads with hemp; the Qiang people bind their necks: the [people of] the Middle Kingdom use hat and hatpin; the Yue people shear their hair. In regard to getting dressed, they are as one. … Thus the rites of the four Yi ["barbarians"] are not the same, [yet] they all revere their ruler, love their kin, and respect their elder brothers. (11.7, tr. Major et al. 2010: 407)
When Shun was the Son of Heaven, he plucked the five-stringed qin and chanted the poems of the "Southern Airs" [a Shijing section], and thereby governed the world. Before the Duke of Zhou had gathered provisions or taken the bells and drums from their suspension cords, the four Yi tribes submitted. (20.16, tr. Major et al. 2010: 813)
Thus when the Son of Heaven attains the Way, he is secure [even] among the four Yi [tribes of "barbarians"]; when the son of Heaven loses the way, he is secure [only] among the Lords of the Land. (20.29, tr. Major et al. 2010: 828)
References to the "Four Barbarians" are especially common among Han-era histories; Siyi occurs 18 times in the Shiji, 62 in the Han Shu, and 30 in the Hou Han Shu.
To evaluate the traditional "civilized vs. barbarian" dichotomy that many scholars use as a blanket description of Chinese attitudes towards outsiders, Erica Brindley (2003) examined how the Chinese classics ethnically described the southern Yue peoples. Brindley found that many early authors presented the Yue in various ways and not in a simplistic manner. For instance, Sima Qian's (c. 109-91 BCE) Shiji history traces the Chinese lineage of King Goujian of Yue back to Yu the Great, legendary founder of the Xia Dynasty (41, tr. Brindley 2003: 27): "Gou Jian, the king of Yue, was the descendant of Yu and the grandson of Shao Kang of the Xia. He was enfeoffed at Kuaiji and maintained ancestral sacrifices to Yu. [The Yue] tattooed their bodies, cut their hair short, and cleared out weeds and brambles to set up small fiefs." On the one hand, this statement conceptualizes the Yue people through alien habits and customs, but on the other, through kinship-based ethnicity. Sima Qian also states (114, tr. Brindley 2003: 28): "Although the Yue are considered to be southern (man 蠻) barbarians (yi 夷), is it not true that their ancestors had once benefited the [Yue] people with their great merit and virtue?" Sima denigrates the Yue by calling them "Man Yi," but he also "counterbalances such language and descriptions by proving the honor of Yue ancestry and certain of its individual members." (2003:31)
Brindley further notes that,
I translate "Man Yi" above as "Southern barbarian," and not just as the Man and Yi peoples, because it is clear that Sima Qian does not think of them as two distinct groups. Rather, it appears that the term Yi does not point to any particular group … but to a vague category of degraded other. Man, on the other hand, denotes not the specific name of the group ("Yue") but the general southern location of this specific derogatory other. In the literary tradition, the four directions (north, south, east, west) are linked with four general categories of identification denoting a derogatory other (di, man, yi, rong). (2003:29)
In the end, Brindley concludes that,
Much scholarship dealing with the relationship between self and other in Chinese history assumes a simple bifurcation between civilized Chinese or Han peoples and the barbarian other. In this analysis of the concepts of the Yue and Yue ethnicity, I show that such a simple and value-laden categorization did not always exist, and that some early authors differentiated between themselves and others in a much more complicated and, sometimes, conflicted manner. (2003:31-2)
The complexities of the meaning and usage of Yi is also shown in the Hou Han Shu, where in its chapter on the Dongyi, the books describes the Dongyi countries as places where benevolence rules and the gentlemen do not die.
Later usages[edit]
Chinese Yi "barbarian" and Siyi continued to be used long after the Han dynasty, as illustrated by the following examples from the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) and Qing Dynasty (1644-1912).
The Dutch sinologist Kristofer Schipper (1994:74) cites a (c. 5th-6th century) Celestial Masters Daoist document (Xiaren Siyi shou yaolu 下人四夷受要籙) that substitutes Qiang 羌 for Man蠻 in the Siyi.
Siyi guan 四夷館 (lit. "Four Barbarians building") was the name of the Ming imperial "Bureau of Translators" for foreign tributary missions to China. Norman Wild (1943: 617) says that in the Zhou Dynasty, interpreters were appointed to deal with envoys bringing tribute or declarations of loyalty. The Liji records regional "interpreter" words for the Siyi: ji 寄 for the Dongyi, xiang 象 for the Nanman, didi 狄鞮 for the Xirong, and yi 譯 for the Beidi. In the Sui, Tang, and Song Dynasties, tributary affairs were handled by the Sifang guan 四方館 ("Four Directions building"). The Ming Yongle Emperor established the Siyi guan "Bureau of Translators" for foreign diplomatic documents in 1407, as part of the imperial Hanlin Academy. Ming histories also mention Huaren Iguan 華人夷官 "Chinese barbarian officials" (Chan 1968: 411) denoting people of Chinese origin employed by rulers of the "barbarian vassal states" in their tributary embassies to China. When the Qing Dynasty revived the Ming Siyiguan 四夷館, the Manchus, who "were sensitive to references to barbarians" (Wild 1945: 620), changed the name from pejorative yi 夷 "barbarian" to yi 彝 "Yi people (a Chinese ethnic minority)".
In 1656, the Qing imperial court issued an edict to Mongolia about a territorial dispute (tr. Zhao 2006: 7), "Those barbarians (fanyi) who paid tribute to Mongolia during the Ming should be administered by Mongolia. However, those barbarians submitting to the former Ming court should be subjects of China"
After China began expansion into Inner Asia, Gang Zhao (2006: 13) says, "Its inhabitants were no longer to be considered barbarians, a term suitable for the tributary countries, and an error on this score could be dangerous." In a 1787 memorial sent to the Qianlong Emperor, the Shaanxi governor mistakenly called a Tibetan mission an yishi 夷使 "barbarian mission". The emperor replied, "Because Tibet has long been incorporated into our territory, it is completely different from Russia, which submits to our country only in name. Thus, we cannot see the Tibetans as foreign barbarians, unlike the Russians".
The use of Yi 夷 continued into modern times. The Oxford English Dictionary defines barbarian (3.c) as, "Applied by the Chinese contemptuously to foreigners", and cites the 1858 Treaty of Tientsin prohibiting the Chinese from calling the British "Yi". (Article LI) states, "It is agreed, that henceforward the character "I" 夷 ('barbarian') shall not be applied to the Government or subjects of Her Britannic Majesty, in any Chinese official document." It should be noted that this prohibition in the Treaty of Tientsin had been the end result of a long dispute between the Qing and British officials regarding the translation, usage and meaning of Yi. Many Qing officials argued that the term did not mean "barbarians," but their British counterparts disagreed with this opinion. Using the linguistic concept of heteroglossia, Lydia Liu analyzed the significance of yi in Articles 50 and 51 as a "super-sign":
The law simply secures a three-way commensurability of the hetero-linguistic sign 夷/i/barbarian by joining the written Chinese character, the romanized pronunciation, and the English translation together into a coherent semantic unit. [Which] means that the Chinese character yi becomes a hetero-linguistic sign by virtue of being informed, signified, and transformed by the English word "barbarian" and must defer its correct meaning to the foreign counterpart. ... That is to say, whoever violates the integrity of the super-sign 夷/i/barbarian ... risks violating international law itself. (2004:33)
- ^ Huang Yang (2013), Perceptions of the Barbarian in Early Greece and China, CHS Research Bulletin 2.1, translating Guo Moruo, (1933, 1982), 卜辭通纂, 第五六九片, p. 462.
- Brindley, Erica (2003), "Barbarians or Not? Ethnicity and Changing Conceptions of the Ancient Yue (Viet) Peoples, ca. 400–50 BC", Asia Major 16.1: 1–32.
- Chan, Hok-Lam (1968), "The "Chinese Barbarian Officials" in the Foreign Tributary Missions to China during the Ming Dynasty," Journal of the American Oriental Society 88.3: 411-418.
- Chen Zhi (2004), "From Exclusive Xia to Inclusive Zhu-Xia: The Conceptualisation of Chinese Identity in Early China", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 14.3: 185-205.
- Creel, Herrlee G. (1970), The Origins of Statecraft in China, The University of Chicago Press.
- DeFrancis, John, ed. (2003), ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary, University of Hawaii Press.
- Jettmar, Karl (1983), "The Origins of Chinese Civilization: Soviet Views," In Keightley, David N., ed. The Origins of Chinese civilization, University of California Press.
- Knoblock, John, tr. (1988), Xunzi, A Translation and Study of the Complete Works, Volume 1, Books 1-6, Stanford University Press.
- Knoblock, John and Jeffrey Riegel, trs. (2000), The Annals of Lü Buwei: A Complete Translation and Study, Stanford University Press.
- Lau D.C. (1970, 2003), Mencius, Penguin Books.
- Legge, James, tr. (1865), The Chinese Classics, Vol. III, The Shoo King, Oxford University Press.
- Legge, James, tr. (1885), The Li Ki, 2 vols, Oxford University Press.
- Liang Shih-chiu 梁實秋and Chang Fang-chieh 張芳杰, eds. (1971), Far East Chinese-English Dictionary, Far East Book Co.
- Lin Yutang (1972), Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage, Chinese University Press.
- Liu, Lydia (2004), The Clash of Empires, Harvard University Press.
- Liu Junping and Deyuan Huang (2006), "The Evolution of Tianxia Cosmology and Its Philosophical Implications", Frontiers of Philosophy in China 1.4: 517-538.
- Liu Xiaoyuan (2004), Frontier Passages: Ethnopolitics and the Rise of Chinese Communism, 1921-1945 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004),10-11.
- Mair, Victor H., tr. (1994), Wandering on the Way: Early Taoist Tales and Parables of Chuang Tzu, Bantam Books.
- Major, John S., Sarah Queen, Andrew Meyer, and Harold Roth (2010), The Huainanzi: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Government in Early Han China, by Liu An, King of Huainan, Columbia University Press.
- Pines, Yuri (2005). "Beasts or humans: Pre-Imperial origins of Sino-Barbarian Dichotomy", in Mongols, Turks and Others: Eurasian nomads and the sedentary world, eds. R. Amitai and M. Biran, Brill, pp. 59–102.
- Pu Muzhou (2005), Enemies of Civilization: Attitudes toward Foreigners in Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China, SUNY Press.
- Pulleyblank, E. G., (1983), "The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times", in Keightley, David N., ed. The Origins of Chinese civilization, University of California Press.
- Rickett, W. Allyn, tr. (1998), Guanzi. Princeton University Press.
- Schipper, Kristofer (1994), "Purity and Strangers Shifting Boundaries in Medieval Taoism", T'oung Pao 80.3: 61-81.
- Schuessler, Axel (2007), ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, University of Hawaii Press.
- Shin, Leo (2006), The Making of the Chinese State: Ethnicity and Expansion on the Ming Borderlands, Cambridge University Press.
- Waley, Arthur (1938), The Analects of Confucius, Vintage.
- Watson, Burton (2003), Mozi: Basic Writings, Columbia University Press.
- Wieger, Léon (1927), Chinese Characters: Their Origin, Etymology, History, Classification and Signification. A Thorough Study from Chinese Documents, tr. by L. Davrout, 2nd edition, Dover reprint.
- Wild, Norman (1945), "Materials for the Study of the Ssŭ i Kuan 四夷譯館 (Bureau of Translators)", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 11.3: 617-640.
- Wilkinson, Endymion (2000), Chinese History: a manual, revised and enlarged ed., Harvard University Asia Center.
- Wu, K. C. (1982), The Chinese Heritage, Crown Publishers.
- Zhao Gang (2006), "Reinventing China: Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity", Modern China, 32.1: 3-30.
External links[edit]
- Chinese History – Yi 夷, Chinaknowledge
- 四夷[permanent dead link], Digital Dictionary of Buddhism (login as guest).


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23 Feb 2017 4:50:42am
You really do get mostly rubbish on these opinion sites. Impromptu, Tim Flannery is a well researched and respected ecologist. Here's the write-up from wikipedia. How do your quals and experience compare?
"In 1985, Flannery earned a doctorate at the University of New South Wales for his work on the evolution of macropods. Prior to this, he completed a bachelors degree at La Trobe University and a masters degree in earth sciences at Monash University.
Flannery held various academic positions throughout his career including Professor at the University of Adelaide, director of the South Australian Museum in Adelaide, Principal Research Scientist at the Australian Museum, Visiting Chair in Australian Studies at Harvard University, and an adviser on environmental issues to the Australian Federal Parliament. He holds bachelor degrees in English and Earth Science, a doctorate in Palaeontology, and has contributed to over 90 scientific papers.
In 2007, he took up a role within the Climate Risk Concentration of Research Excellence at Macquarie University."


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The Night of the Hunter
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Adyen Might Be to Blame for Stripe Pricing Cuts in Europe
Stripe has significantly lowered its pricing in Europe, and Adyen could be to blame, not just new Europe Union regulations. Stripe disclosed yesterday that it has cut its interchange fees across 14 nations in Europe by up to 100 basis points, to 1.4% on European cards. Stripe also made other tweaks to itsRead More


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Serbian Orthodox Church
Kopaonik gets Orthodox church10. June 2011 - 10:50
His Grace Bishop Hrizostom of Zica, Mr. Nebojsa Skoric, manager of JP Ski Resorts of Serbia with associates, and representatives of the Municipality of Raska held yesterday on June 9, 2011 on Kopaonik the business meeting. On this occasion the location was determined in our most famous mountain tourist resort, not far from Konaci hotel, on which an Orthodox church is going to be built. They agreed to begin all necessary activities to create conditions for making the project documentation and building of the church.
Patriarch Irinej attends Annual Assembly of SASA9. June 2011 - 12:09
His Holiness Irinej, Serbian Patriarch attended today the Annual Assembly of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The meeting, which was opened by academician Nikola Hajdin, the president of the SASA, besides the members of this highest national scientific and cultural institution, also was attended by Mr. Dragan Djilas, the Mayor of Belgrade, deans of the Universities in Belgrade and Kragujevac, representatives of the Ministry of Culture of the R. of Serbia, city officials, the Crown Council, Matica Srpska, the Serbian Chamber of Commerce, as well as scientific, educational and cultural institutions with which the Academy cooperates.
Nis - martyropolis and imperial city9. June 2011 - 9:13
On Friday, June 3, 2011 in a solemn hall of the University of Nis, His Holiness Irinej, Serbian Patriarch attended an opening of the 10th scientific meeting of byzanthologists Nis and Byzanth on the theme - Nis, martyropolis and imperial city. Welcome speech, on behalf of the organizational committee, was held by Dr Misa Rakocija. Afterwards Serbian Patriarch Irinej blessed the work and the participants of the meeting with an appropriate welcome speech. Also following Patriarch, M.sci Milos Simonovic, mayor of Nis and Dr Miroljub Grozdanovic, dean of the University in Nis welcomed the participants. Academician Dr Renate Pilinger from Vienna solemnly opened the 10th scientific meeting of byzanthologists. After the festive opening Dr Yanis Varalis from Volos presented the Collection of works no.9 with the papers from the last meeting. Then all the present watched a scientific documentary "Christian antique in Nis".
Feast day of Icon of the Theotokos of Pec solemnly celebrated in Monastery of the Patriarchate of Pec8. June 2011 - 9:28
In the monastery of the Patriarchate of Pec the feast day of the wonderworking icon of Theotokos of Pec was solemnly celebrated. With the blessing of Serbian Patriarch the Divine Liturgy was served by Bishop Teodosije of Raska-Prizren with the concelebration of the head of the church of St. Sava in Belgrade, protopresbyter-staurophor Radivoj Panic and protopresbyter-staurophor Nedeljko Bozic. Besides the sisterhood of the monastery led by heugomene Fevronija in the Divine Liturgy also a group of believers from Belgrade and Pancevo participated.
At the assembly of monastic fraternity a new heugomen of Visoki Decani monastery elected8. June 2011 - 9:02
Following the solemn celebration of the monastery's Patron Saint's Day of the Ascension of Christ, in the monastery of Visoki Decani an assembly of the monastic fraternity was held in the evening hours, which was presided by Bishop Teodosije of Raska-Prizren.
Solemn celebration of Ascension Day in Visoki Decani monastery7. June 2011 - 9:59
In Visoki Decani monastery the feast day of the Ascension of the Lord was solemnly celebrated. The Holy Hierarchal Liturgy was served by Bishop Teodosije of Raska-Prizren with the concelebration of ten priests. As before, many believers from Metohija's enclaves as well as pilgrims from many parts of Serbia.


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When I refactored index_msg.js out of indexer.js a 'this' relative statement did not get updated correctly.
The specific situation is when we are entering a local folder to index it and call getDatabaseWithReparse and the reparse is actually required.
In theory, at one point our unit tests exercised this, but I think compensating for intermittent oranges caused an updateFolder abstraction to be interposed. That change has been entirely mooted by our subsequent change to use addMessage to inject local messages rather than building mboxes from full cloth and then trying to parse them up.
I will introduce a new unit test that forces a folder database closed, touches its timestamp or otherwise marks it as requiring a rebuild, and then has us index it again.
It sounded like Dawn's instance of this problem went away of its own accord. Dawn, is that true, or did you have to take any actions before that happened?
I think what happened is that when I first upgraded Thunderbird, it re-indexed a local folder and then hung. Then when I re-started, it indexed the second folder and hung. When I re-started the third time it indexed the last folder and finally finished.
So yes, it eventually fixed itself but the only reason I restarted it was because you guys were helping me diagnose the problem. Under normal circumstances I only restart the client when there's a macos update and I have to reboot the machine. Under normal circumstances it could take weeks or months before I would have restarted the client 3 times. For people with lots of local folders it might take a long time before everything is re-indexed. I bet you had the problem too but didn't notice because you restart the client several times a day.
If this affects everybody with local folders when they upgrade to 3.1 then it could affect a lot of people. What happens if you try to open an un-indexed folder? What happens when you try to move a message to an un-indexed folder? Will there be data loss?
It sounds like Andrew understands the problem and a fix should be easy. I hope this gets fixed before the release even if the unit test isn't updated.
This should only affect people who do not already have up-to-date .msf files when gloda gets to the folder to index it.
As I understand things, normal operation of Thunderbird should not leave it in such a state. The user or some program acting on their behalf would likely have to have touched the mbox file. Although nsMsgDatabase has a mechanism for compelling a reindexing of .msf files if their version is too old, we have been at version 1 since CVS revision 1.94 of June 27, 2001. If I read the CVS Tags correctly, there has never been a release of "Thunderbird" that pre-dates the introduction of the version marker.
Gloda is unique along with the Spotlight/Vista Indexer in poking its nose into almost every folder it can find. This means that timestamp mismatches (or missing .msf files) on folders that users never go into can linger forever and that gloda will trip over them.
Since restarting programs and rebooting computers is a common way to attempt to troubleshoot problems and gloda will not trip up on each folder a second time (bar really meddlesome interference with the .msf files and mbox files) and the general problem is (allegedly per me) not very likely, I do not think this merits a re-spin but obviously we want this in for 3.0.1.
Bienvenu, knower of the horrible realities with which Thunderbird is assaulted, could you verify my sincere hope that what I'm saying is true or true enough?
Hmm, ok. I assumed that the re-index was because of some recently introduced feature. I wonder why I had to re-index then. I haven't used any other clients or touched the mail files recently. A few weeks ago I started using the archive button and started using my local folders more often but I've updated Shredder a couple times since then and didn't notice any re-indexing. I guess the archive button is why I switched to the daily shredder builds.
Created attachment 413621 [details] [diff] [review]
fix refactoring glitch and add unit test that would have caught it v1
Test fails without the change in the patch, succeeds with it. (And it doesn't require a timeout either; thanks to our having subscribed an error console listener, the unit test fails immediately.)
We don't feel this will affect many users but we'll take this if we do a respin.
pushed to comm-central (trunk):
pushed to comm-1.9.1 default:
pushed to comm-1.9.1 relbranch:
Comment on attachment 413621 [details] [diff] [review]
fix refactoring glitch and add unit test that would have caught it v1
(just to note verbal a=Standard8 over phone).


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I started loving coffee a couple of years back. Before, I didn't bother drinking it on a daily basis and I only buy if it's the cold one with cream. 674 more words
Tags » Coffee Bags
Wake up and smell the coffee!
I love backpacking and I love real, freshly made coffee. However, the two don't mix very well. A hiker who wants to have a lightweight, never mind ultralight, pack weight can't carry a percolator or Mokka pot. 408 more words
Homesteading Tip-Make Your Own Coffee Bags
Sometimes I will lay down for a nap and get to thinking about things, and really obvious ideas hit me.
I have a Keurig, that I use in the winter more than anything (with reusable filters, not the cups from the store), and a French press that I love but hate taking apart to clean (and then the grounds get everywhere). 196 more words


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JOIN the world's largest horse forum! Chat and learn from other experts about horse training, breeding, health, showing, riding, contests and use our free horse classifieds. Register Here
Home made stall toys?? Idea's anyone? :)
Discussion in 'Horse Grooming' started by mtroika, Jun 12, 2007.
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Background: Marfan syndrome is a potentially fatal disorder with cardiovascular, skeletal, and other manifestations that may also be seen in individuals without Marfan syndrome, making diagnosis difficult. Our goals were (1) to examine the ways in which patients have been recognized as having Marfan syndrome, (2) to examine the prevalence of current diagnostic findings, and (3) to determine which physically evident features are most sensitive and specific for referral to confirm a diagnosis of Marfan syndrome.
Methods: Between 2005 and 2007, we prospectively studied 183 consecutive patients with identified Marfan syndrome (Marfan group) and 1257 orthopaedic patients and family members (non-Marfan group). For the Marfan group, we recorded age at the time of recognition and the methods by which the syndrome was recognized; we used Ghent criteria to identify physically and radiographically evident features. For the non-Marfan group, we examined for Ghent criteria that could be noted on the basis of a routine history, physical examination, or radiographs. We used means, odds ratios, and frequencies to analyze the diagnostic use of each finding (α = 0.05).
Results: According to the Ghent criteria, 27% of patients in the Marfan group (mean age at the time of diagnosis, 7.3 years) had major skeletal involvement whereas 19% had zero or one skeletal feature. The most common physical features were craniofacial characteristics, high-arched palate, positive thumb and wrist signs, and scoliosis. In the non-Marfan group, 83% had one skeletal feature, 13% had two skeletal features, and 4% had three skeletal features or more. The physical features with the highest diagnostic yield were craniofacial characteristics, thumb and wrist signs, pectus excavatum, and severe hindfoot valgus.
Conclusions: Musculoskeletal clinicians should be aware of the diagnostic features of Marfan syndrome. Patients with three to four physically evident features, or two highly specific features (e.g., thumb and wrist signs, craniofacial features, dural ectasia, or protrusio), should be carefully reexamined and possibly referred for an echocardiogram or a genetics consultation.
Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Investigation performed at the Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
Disclosure: The authors did not receive any outside funding or grants in support of their research for or preparation of this work. Neither they nor a member of their immediate families received payments or other benefits or a commitment or agreement to provide such benefits from a commercial entity.
- Copyright © 2010 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Incorporated
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In a message dated 11/21/1999 7:58:31 AM Eastern Standard Time,
email@example.com writes:
<< I just don't
relish the thought of putting the soil into the oven and perfuming the house
with the smell. My family have to put up with enough from me without having
me stink up the whole house. >>
This is an easy one....tell them to close their eyes, and imagine a Spring
day in April. It really does smell like the warming earth in Spring. Not
offensive at all!
Lori J.
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Assistant Professor Dustin Sharp featured in USD Magazine…
At the Kroc School, aspiring peacebuilders arrive as impassioned optimists and graduate to become social entrepreneurs, business owners, government officials, non-profit and civic leaders—all working for peace and justice in the world.
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KIPJ Room 121
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Speaking of peonies, I have a tree peony that may be sending up suckers
from the (herbaceous) roots. How can I tell (look at the leaf shape when
they unfurl)? And what do I do about it - simply cut them off?
On Wednesday, April 6, 2005, at 12:50 AM, Richard Apking wrote:
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Customer Reviews:
Comments: The 10K is a great blade for street hockey. The blade is very durable with a rough surface such as asphalt. Some blades used previously would split the reinforcement or diminish quickly. The Reebok 10K holds up mostly an entire season or more.
From: Thomas, PA
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Use this form or email firstname.lastname@example.com to contribute your experiences with this product. If you'd prefer, you can send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com. Although not necessary, it's interesting to have a first name, city, state and country (no email addresses will be used). Any information submitted becomes the property of Ice Warehouse.


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Written on: 06/09/2009 by angelinside55 (26 reviews written)
i did not like Famous Dave's Moisture Tan because it was to much of a bright color. maybe if i had used it a second time it wouldnt have turned out so bright. but it was easy to apply and it doesnt have a fragrance. if you dont like the smell of self tanners then i would recommend this product to you.
As rated by our community of reviewers
" Browny-Green smelly mess! " Read More
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Alabaster 35007 Real Estate
Alabaster is located in Alabama. Alabaster, Alabama 35007has a population of 30,372. Alabaster 35007 is more family-centric than the surrounding county with 41.17% of the households containing married families with children. The county average for households married with children is 39.59%.
The median household income in Alabaster, Alabama 35007 is $71,250. The median household income for the surrounding county is $69,379 compared to the national median of $53,046. The median age of people living in Alabaster 35007 is 36.1 years.
Alabaster Weather
The average high temperature in July is 92 degrees, with an average low temperature in January of 31.1 degrees. The average rainfall is approximately 56.8 inches per year, with 0.5 inches of snow per year.
Alabaster Map
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Just a question. I am on a 2 year contract and qualify for employer paid ML at full pay for 17 weeks.
I want to take more time off, so can I take my employer paid ML then take the governments parental leave? I think i read on their website that you can but that seems too good to be true!


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Happy Friday and welcome to the party!
the most viewed link last week was…
Peasant Dress Ensemble from Crazy Little Projects
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These lightweight Port Authority custom polo shirts feature a jacquard texture making them an ideal addition to your company apparel selection.
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Book a dog walker to give your dog a 30-minute walk around your neighborhood.
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Nice two night stay for a family wedding down the street - Very clean, cozy, quiet - people that run it and people that work there were so helpful and nice. Will definitely go again.
Delightfully quaint. Peaceful and cozy. Breakfast was fresh & nutritious and once the owners were informed of my nut allergy, a meal was made "nut-free". Wonderful service! Our stay at Allen Harbour Breeze Inn was our first time in Harwixh Port, Cape Cod, but it will not be our last. Thank you, Marie & Jim and sweet Molly Sincerely, The Cowmans
Made the booking over the phone. Marie was very helpful and made the reservation process easy. The entire place is nice, simple, clean and comfortable. Stayed in the Trellis room. The room felt very private and it had all the amenities that we needed: hair dryer, mini fridge, extra towels, small patio/deck. Kind, friendly and helpful staff. They were accommodating and assisted us with our travel plans. They also made recommendations for activities and restaurants. Prime location to see a lot of the cape. Quick walk to local beaches. Easy drive to take the ferry to Martha's Vineyard, to Chatham or even up to Truro or Provincetown. Highly recommend!
Excellent experience from the warm welcome and overall gracious presence of the inn keepers. Rooms were clean and warm and felt as comfortable as home. Breakfast was a nice variety for us since we each have our own breakfast preferences. Location is lovely and accessibility to everything is great. Nice getaway
My husband and I wanted a nice relaxing romantic weekend getaway. Allen Harbor Breeze Inn gave us just that. We arrived to the owners' (Jim and Marie) smiles. Chocolate covered strawberries, a clean and cute suite with a jacuzzi for two were waiting for us. The grounds are beautiful, even though the flowers were not all in bloom yet. The breakfast was great. Homemade breads, muffins, yogurt parfaits, fruit, coffee, tea. and juices were available. It was a great weekend!
We come back to the Allen Harbor Breeze Inn every one to two years. The innkeepers, Jim & Marie, are very welcoming and helpful. Marie always makes sure to have a gluten-free breakfast option for me, which is much appreciated. TreeTop Suite has a gas fireplace, a foldout sofa, and t.v. in one room, separated by a bathroom with a whirlpool tub from a charming bedroom equipped with a t.v. and small refrigerator. In summer, pool is open. Kids must be monitored poolside.
I have stayed in many hotels and B&Bs around the world and even worked in the hotel industry at one time. It is always nice to go somewhere and feel like your at home but with someone else doing all the work and providing you with amenities you would not expect. 8 Dyer is one of those places you just love from the moment you arrive coming up from Commercial or like me, picked up from the ferry from Boston. As you walk into the great room and immediately notice the free afternoon coffee/tea service and the liquors and cordials set out for guests. The nice music playing, set just right for easy listening. You head to your room as Steve welcomes you and give you a brief tour of the place and the pool, sauna, and hot tub to use at your pleasure. The pool is heated too. The rooms are spacious, not cramped like a typical hotel room. Nice soft colours are easy on the eyes. The bed was very comfortable and Malin + Goetz bath products. The next morning after wiping the sleep from my eyes, I headed downstairs to the great room for a cup of coffee to see a nice breakfast spread being prepared by Brandon in the kitchen and Steve saying good morning. Wow, what a breakfast. There might be some great lunch spots in town but after that breakfast, you can probably wait till your afternoon snack or dinner. There was also Shane, the housekeeper, who was everywhere, cleaning everything and such a nice charming man. This is my second B&B stay in Ptown, I like this place so much more. Worth a stay.
somehow Brandon and Steve have been able to create my idea of perfection! From the decor to the facility to the two guys who run this B&B - the entire 8 Dyer experience is a balance of comfort and convenience. I stayed for three nights this week and wonder why I would ever go anywhere else. The place is close to everything yet somehow feels quiet and retreat-like. The decor - modern and elegant - is also homey and comfortable, a rare balance when much modern decor is cold and steel-like. Rooms are clean and roomy and well taken care of. (Thank you Shane!!!). The great room welcomes you to linger over breakfast or a drink or plunge into the beckoning outdoor pool. Brandon and Steve are the ultimate p-town hosts. Their breakfasts are plentiful and delicious - homemade breads and muffins, veggies, eggs, cheese. Everything cooked fresh each day! They know the ins and its of Ptown and are so helpful with reservations or suggestions as to how to spend a day. 8 dyer is truly a special find.
My husband and I spent a long three-day weekend in Provincetown at the 8 Dyer Hotel this winter and we had a fantastic stay! You might think P'town in the winter would be all boarded up and empty, but there are a surprising amount of things to do and places to eat. We really didn't need to leave the inn a whole lot. We enjoyed the Jacuzzi tub and sitting in front of the cozy wood-burning fireplace sipping the cordials the innkeepers thoughtfully put out for us. We also were pleased to find coffee, tea and snack service available around the clock. The breakfasts were beyond anything we expected or have found at other small B&Bs. Brandon is a CIA-trained chef and his extensive morning offerings are more brunch than breakfast. We particularly loved the bread pudding with bourbon pecan topping and the homemade Belgian waffles. The rooms are on the small side, but very thoughtfully designed: hidden ironing boards, flat screen wall-mounted televisions, refrigerators under the wet bar; the space is maximized. The Penthouses and Room 10 seemed to offer more room and winter prices are a real bargain for all you get. We will plan to be back again, soon.
The staff were quite pleasant and reasonably accommodating. They let us stay for 1 night in spite of the 2-night minimum because we rented very late in the week for the weekend, which we greatly appreciated. The rooms seemed to sellout and were pretty nice. The location is stellar, right on the beach, and they have a great beach front bit of property with convenient chairs. The ambiance wasn't as warm feeling as I had hoped, but was probably due to the time of year and slightly overcast weather. The breakfast was continental style, with little in the way of hot items (mostly fruits, cereals, some pastries, etc). Although most people will probably not have a chance encounter with the owner, it's clear that he isn't involved in the hospitality for his costumer service and diplomacy skills. He was neither a jerk, nor particularly inviting - just a touch abrasive.
From the comfortable beds with upscale linens to the delicious and extensive breakfast offerings, 8 Dyer Hotel is a real find! The exterior is traditional Provincetown but once you set foot inside you will be stunned at the modern and clean decor. Big windows open on to a beautiful (and rare for P'town) pool. In the warm months you can eat your fresh-baked muffins and lox and bagels or yogurt with granola and fruit outside. The indoor jacuzzi, dry sauna and fireplaces in almost every room round out the year-around appeal of 8 Dyer. The other great thing about staying here is the other guests. I don't know how the hosts do it, but they create a welcoming, fun and very comfortable ambiance so you can get to know the other guests and enjoy the great service in wonderful company. I hope that the popularity of the inn doesn't make it harder for me to stay a couple of times a year!
I found at Evensong a place to retreat, relax, engage in soul-feeding work, and it was wonderful! Daily worship at noon was offered, and I'm glad I participated. My family joined me for the last evening of my retreat -- they had such joy being in that place. Marie offered space to make a fairy house. The pool was cool, but still swimmable. The beds were comfortable and we felt blessed to be there. Thank you, Marie and Jim, for your hospitality. Can I come back?
We enjoyed a week on the Cape staying at Allen Harbor Breeze Inn & Gardens, and highly recommend it to all! Jim and Marie are wonderful proprietors and do a great job of making sure all needs are met. We were able to have our son and daughter-in-law, and two grandchildren join us--we had adjoining rooms and all of us --three generations--found it so pleasant, comfortable, convenient, clean, hospitable, and perfect! We will definitely return!
We highly recommend Allen Harbor Breeze Inn. We stayed at the Inn the past two years and are looking forward to returning again next year. The accommodations are comfortable, clean, and quiet. The grounds are beautiful and there are always flowers in bloom. Our hosts Jim and Marie are very courteous and helpful. The breakfasts are great and feature delicious home made goodies. Suzanne enjoyed her conversations with Marie where they shared gardening and baking tips. Suzanne and Andre
This was our second visit to Allen Harbor Breeze Inn & Gardens. The first time we came alone, but this time we had our 15-month old in tow. It's a very accommodating place -- there are crayons and blocks the lobby he could play with, plus a high chair and breakfast muffins. Marie and Jim do a great job with making sure all guests feel comfortable -- it's a family friendly inn, but also one where other guests looking to enjoy the Cape sans children can get their space and not be bothered at the same time. We highly recommend it. Thanks again!
My wife Karla and I have been visting every year since 2004 and just recently completed what was our 11th stay. We love the peace, tranquility and beauty of the Harbor Breeze so much that we stayed 5 days during our honeymoon in 2006. Our anniversary weekend since then has always included several days in the Tree Top Suite. The Tree Top Suite always feels spacious enough to spread out and relax and yet cozy at the same time. The deep jacuzzi tub is a welcomed treat. Jim and Marie are wonderful hosts and always take the time to chat with us and make us feel like we're at a home away from home. They always make sure our stay also includes a delicious and generous serving of our favorite French Toast Stratta! The Allen Harbor Breeze Inn and Gardens will be part of our Anniversary Tradition for many years to come! Patrick and Karla Linehan, Massachusetts
Our weekend get-away at Allen Harbor Breeze Inn and Gardens was simply delightful...the 4 C's of accommodations: clean, comfortable, cozy and charming!...Marie and Jim are wonderfully attentive and welcoming hosts...homemade baked goods are de-lish and special touches to the continental breakfast, served in the intimate breakfast room overlooking the pool, make for a great start to the day...Inn location is central to activities and attractions on The Cape and Islands. We bicycled the Cape Cod Rail Trail and it was amazing and scenic...the Inns's well-appointed and cared-for grounds and gardens make for a relaxing stay...we'll be back next season! Thanks, Marie and Jim, for a memorable visit. Bob and Ellen in Connecticut
We had a wonderful stay at the Allen Harbor Breeze Inn. The grounds were beautiful and very peaceful. Our room was spacious, bright and clean and we loved sitting outside our room in the gardens! We will definitely return to the Allen Harbor Inn if we are lucky enough to visit Cape Cod again!!
Pleasant location, great to get to other areas of the cape and islands . Hosts are friendly. 5 minute walk to private beach!!
Harbor Breeze is the place to go for a quiet Cape stay. The inn is located in a quiet neighborhood away from the traffic and noise of rte 28. It has a pool, beautiful gardens and comfortable rooms. Many have a private porch or deck. We love the homemade continental breakfast. The Innkeepers, Jim and Marie have created a peaceful setting that has kept us coming back for 7 years.


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Legendary music producer Arif Mardin happily took control of Queen LATIFAH's new standards album after watching her perform SARAH VAUGHAN classic LUSH LIFE in a little known 1998 movie.
Mardin, 71, who has worked with leading ladies like Aretha Franklin, Cher, Chaka Khan and Roberta Flack in the studio, was stunned when he heard Latifah bash out the jazz standard in LIVING OUT LOUD.
And while many industry experts were shocked to hear the fussy producer was arranging and overseeing the rapper-turned-actress' new album of classic covers, Mardin admits his choice was an easy one.
He says, "They came to me at my home and told me they wanted to record a standards album of forgotten classics. My wife's called LATIFAH, so I had a picture taken with me between the two Queen Latifahs. I knew I wanted to do this.
"She's a fantastic singer. Everyone thinks of her as hip-hop but she's as good as Sarah Vaughan. We're very excited."23/01/2004 09:26


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Since the big bot went all 'explosion' at the end of Uncanny X-Force #27, is he now supposedly dead? Because we've seen this mischief before, as he died in New X-Men but then was seen with Fantomex at the start of Deathlok Nation, so I'm curious for an answer.
Current fate of Ultimaton?
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