text: DSpace Collection: http://hdl.handle.net/2381/7663 2017-02-25T15:54:28Z 2017-02-25T15:54:28Z Negative relating styles of learning-disabled and non-learning-disabled offenders Craven, R. Tonkin, Matthew J. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/39341 2017-02-08T03:21:57Z 2017-02-07T13:59:51Z Title: Negative relating styles of learning-disabled and non-learning-disabled offenders Authors: Craven, R.; Tonkin, Matthew J. Abstract: Understanding the relating style of offenders is a relatively new concept in forensic psychology with research focusing on the association between relating and different categories of offenders (Newberry & Birtchnell, 2011). 'Relating theory' is based on the premise that we are born with a predisposition to relate to others in eight primary ways, and with maturity we can achieve a competent relating style. These eight positions incorporate the four key relating objectives of 'upperness', 'lowerness', 'closeness' and 'distance' that form the basis of the interpersonal octagon. The interpersonal octagon is organised around two intersecting axes: 'close' versus 'distant' on the horizontal axis, and 'upper' versus 'lower' on the vertical axis. A blend of the horizontal and vertical states create four intermediate positions completing the octagon. 'Close' is an interactional process of seeking closeness with the desire to gain greater involvement with others, whilst individuals with a 'distant' relating style have a need for separation and self-efficacy (Birtchnell, 1994). 'Upper' is a multifaceted relating objective that allows an individual to gain a sense of superiority in relation to others, versus 'lower' where the individual has a dependent relating style (Birtchnell, 1994). A relating style that lacks versatility and competence is known as negative relating. 2017-02-07T13:59:51Z "Green" prisons: rethinking the "sustainability" of the carceral estate Moran, D. Jewkes, Y. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/38901 2017-02-15T09:33:24Z 2016-12-12T17:08:16Z Title: "Green" prisons: rethinking the "sustainability" of the carceral estate Authors: Moran, D.; Jewkes, Y. Abstract: This exploratory paper introduces the notion of the "green" prison, uncovering the ways in which environmental sustainability inflects carceral policies and practices. Focusing on the United States, it highlights the construction of an "organizational sustainable development" discourse within the correctional system, and argues that it is the system, rather than the environment, which is being "sustained", through the promulgation of a "green" prison discourse which serves to deflect attention from the mounting human and financial costs of mass incarceration. It examines the ways in which "sustainability" plays out in correctional facilities, narrowly structured around compliance with "green" environmental and energy-related regulations, and the provision of "green-collar" training for inmates. Drawing on architectural geographies and notions of therapeutic landscapes, the paper theorizes an alternative interpretation of the "green" prison as a nurturing environment, but argues that this model functions only in decarcerative settings imbued with a rehabilitative, rather than a retributive, atmosphere. 2016-12-12T17:08:16Z Pragmatic, progressive, problematic: Addressing vulnerability through a local street sex work partnership initiative Brown, K. Sanders, Teela http://hdl.handle.net/2381/38681 2016-11-24T03:21:36Z 2016-11-23T11:33:58Z Title: Pragmatic, progressive, problematic: Addressing vulnerability through a local street sex work partnership initiative Authors: Brown, K.; Sanders, Teela Abstract: Whilst it remains a criminal activity to solicit sex publicly in the UK, it has become increasingly popular to configure sex workers as 'vulnerable', often as a means of foregrounding the significant levels of violence faced by female street sex workers. Sex work scholars have highlighted that this discourse can play an enabling role in a moralistic national policy agenda which criminalises and marginalises those who sell sex. Yet multiple and overlapping narratives of vulnerability circulate in this policy arena, raising questions about how these might operate at ground level. Drawing on empirical data gathered in the development of an innovative local street sex work partnership in Leeds, this article explores debates, discourses and realities of sex worker vulnerability. Setting applied insights within more theoretically-inclined analysis, we suggest how vulnerability might usefully be understood in relation to sex work, but also highlight how social justice for sex workers requires more than progressive discourses and local initiatives. Empirical findings highlight that whilst addressing vulnerability through a local street sex work partnership initiative can provide a valuable platform for shared action on violence in particular, more fundamental legal and social reform is required in order to address the differentiated and diverse lived experiences of sex worker vulnerability. 2016-11-23T11:33:58Z Perceptions of social climate and aggressive behaviour in forensic services: A systematic review Robinson, J. Craig, L. Tonkin, Matthew http://hdl.handle.net/2381/38679 2016-11-24T03:21:35Z 2016-11-23T10:26:19Z Title: Perceptions of social climate and aggressive behaviour in forensic services: A systematic review Authors: Robinson, J.; Craig, L.; Tonkin, Matthew Abstract: Social climate is a term used to describe the environment of a particular setting which may influence the moods and behaviors of the people inhabiting that setting. This review explores perceptions of social climate in secure forensic services and the associations with aggression. Article searches were conducted using electronic databases, hand-searching reference lists, and contacting experts. Inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied to each study, and quality screens conducted on the remaining articles to establish those for inclusion. A total of seven studies were identified. Factors which were found to have an association with aggression included patients' perceptions of safety, the level of cohesion between patients, the atmosphere of the environment, and an open group climate. It is argued that services which create positive social climates for both staff and patients are more likely to observe lower levels of aggression. 2016-11-23T10:26:19Z The feasibility of using crime scene behaviour to detect versatile serial offenders: An empirical test of behavioural consistency, distinctiveness and discrimination accuracy Tonkin, Matthew Woodhams, J. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/38675 2016-11-24T03:21:34Z 2016-11-23T09:39:24Z Title: The feasibility of using crime scene behaviour to detect versatile serial offenders: An empirical test of behavioural consistency, distinctiveness and discrimination accuracy Authors: Tonkin, Matthew; Woodhams, J. Abstract: Purpose To test whether geographical, temporal, and modus operandi (MO) crime scene behaviours can be used to support behavioural case linkage (BCL) with crime series that contain several different types of offence. Methods Crime scene data relating to 749 solved commercial burglaries and robberies were extracted from the databases of the Metropolitan Police Service, London, England. From these data, 2,231 linked crime pairs (containing two crimes committed by the same offender) and 273,422 unlinked crime pairs were created (two crimes committed by different offenders). Three measures of similarity were calculated for each crime pair: (1) the kilometre distance between crimes (intercrime distance [ICD]); (2) the number of days between crimes (temporal proximity [TP]); and (3) a statistical measure of similarity in MO behaviour (Jaccard's coefficient). Statistical tests of difference, binary leave-one-out logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic analysis were used to determine whether the three measures of similarity could be used to distinguish between linked and unlinked crime pairs, some containing only burglaries (burglary pairs), some containing only robberies (robbery pairs), and some containing both burglaries and robberies (cross-crime pairs). Results Linked and unlinked crime pairs could be distinguished with a high level of accuracy (AUCs > .90), with the highest accuracy when combining ICD, TP, and Jaccard's coefficient. These findings were replicated with the burglary pairs, robbery pairs, and cross-crime pairs. Conclusions Offender behaviour is sufficiently consistent and distinctive to support the use of BCL with versatile crime series, as well as with burglary crime series and robbery crime series. 2016-11-23T09:39:24Z A review of questionnaire measures for assessing the social climate in prisons and forensic psychiatric hospital settings Tonkin, Matthew http://hdl.handle.net/2381/38667 2016-11-23T03:21:25Z 2016-11-22T10:23:24Z Title: A review of questionnaire measures for assessing the social climate in prisons and forensic psychiatric hospital settings Authors: Tonkin, Matthew Abstract: Significant time and resources are devoted to the monitoring of social climate in secure settings. However, if these efforts are to help (rather than hinder) attempts to improve the functioning of such units, the monitoring of social climate must be based on sound psychometric methods. The aim of this review was to determine what questionnaires exist to measure the social climate in secure settings and what evidence exists regarding their psychometric properties. Twelve questionnaire-based measures of social climate were identified. The Essen Climate Evaluation Schema has received the most consistent empirical support, but this questionnaire does not provide as much of an in-depth, detailed insight into social climate as that provided by other social climate questionnaires. Although more extensive measures of climate exist, they have not yet received sufficient validation to justify their routine use in practice. Nevertheless, there is growing evidence that some questionnaire-based measures can provide a reliable and valid assessment of the social climate in secure settings, which has important clinical and theoretical implications. 2016-11-22T10:23:24Z Treatment engagement from the perspective of the offender: Reasons for non-completion and completion of treatment: A systematic review Sturgess, D. Woodhams, J. Tonkin, Matthew http://hdl.handle.net/2381/38666 2016-11-23T03:21:19Z 2016-11-22T09:46:33Z Title: Treatment engagement from the perspective of the offender: Reasons for non-completion and completion of treatment: A systematic review Authors: Sturgess, D.; Woodhams, J.; Tonkin, Matthew Abstract: A systematic review of the reasons why detained adult offenders fail to attend or successfully complete treatment programme(s) was conducted. An initial search of the literature identified 2,827 articles, which following evaluation against explicit inclusion/exclusion criteria and a quality assessment was reduced to 13 studies. Extracted data from the 13 studies were synthesised using a qualitative approach. Despite the 13 studies being heterogeneous in design, there was consensus on the reasons offenders gave for completion/noncompletion of treatment. The majority were consistent with the factors outlined in the Multifactor Offender Readiness Model (MORM) and included a perceived lack of self-efficacy, negative perceptions of treatment, staff and peers, an inability to regulate emotions, and a lack of perceived choice and control. A lack of opportunity to engage in established, professionally run, groups, as well as perceived inadequate support from members of staff, was also associated with poor engagement and noncompletion of treatment. Description: The online appendix is available at http://ijo.sagepub.com/supplemental 2016-11-22T09:46:33Z On Our Own Terms: The Working Conditions of Internet-Based Sex Workers in the UK Sanders, Teela Connelly, Laura Jarvis-King, Laura http://hdl.handle.net/2381/38525 2016-12-15T10:07:09Z 2016-11-14T16:27:13Z Title: On Our Own Terms: The Working Conditions of Internet-Based Sex Workers in the UK Authors: Sanders, Teela; Connelly, Laura; Jarvis-King, Laura Abstract: The sex industry is increasingly operated through online technologies, whether this is selling services online through webcam or advertising, marketing and organising sex work through the Internet. Using data from a survey of 240 internet-based sex workers (taken from a specific sample of members of the National Ugly Mugs reporting scheme in the UK), we discuss the working conditions of this type of work experienced by this specific sample of mainly white British female who work as independent escorts. We look at their basic working patterns, trajectories and everyday experiences of doing sex work via an online medium and the impact this has on the lives of sex workers. For instance, we look at levels of control individuals have over their working conditions, prices, clientele and services sold and job satisfaction. The second key finding is the experience of different forms of crimes individuals are exposed to such as harassment and blackmail via the new technologies. We explore the relationship internet-based sex workers have with the police and discuss how current laws in the UK have detrimental effects in terms of safety and access to justice. These findings are placed in the context of the changing landscape of sex markets as the 'digital turn' determines the nature of the majority of commercial sex encounters. Although the sample informing this paper is a specific group of people with a set of common characteristics these findings contribute significantly to the populist coercion/choice political debates by demonstrating levels and types of agency and autonomy experienced by some sex workers despite working in a criminalized, precarious and sometimes dangerous context. 2016-11-14T16:27:13Z Making sense of discourses of sameness and difference in agency responses to abusive LGB and/or T partners Donovan, Catherine Barnes, Rebecca http://hdl.handle.net/2381/38426 2016-11-10T03:20:24Z 2016-11-09T15:47:34Z Title: Making sense of discourses of sameness and difference in agency responses to abusive LGB and/or T partners Authors: Donovan, Catherine; Barnes, Rebecca Abstract: TBC Description: The file associated with this record is under embargo until publication, in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. The full text may be available through the publisher links provided above. 2016-11-09T15:47:34Z Monsters, Madmen… and Myths: A Critical Review of the Serial Killing Literature Hodgkinson, Sarah Prins, H. Stuart-Bennett, J. G. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/38422 2016-11-10T03:23:34Z 2016-11-09T12:48:44Z Title: Monsters, Madmen… and Myths: A Critical Review of the Serial Killing Literature Authors: Hodgkinson, Sarah; Prins, H.; Stuart-Bennett, J. G. Abstract: Despite the longstanding public and media fascination with the modern 'serial killer', the academic literature is relatively limited. The international field is dominated by individualistic biographical accounts, which offer a highly reductionist and distorted stereotype of the perpetrator, with little opportunity to learn from past cases, or place them within wider socio-cultural contexts. Furthermore, there are a profusion of overlapping and confusing terms, confounded by the FBI's social construction of the 'serial killer problem', and perpetuating widespread misleading assumptions. After many years teaching in this area, we are often struck by how these media-driven misconceptions of the serial killer dominate students' knowledge and interest in the topic. This is despite a growing critique of the area in recent years, particularly from within our field of criminology. We seek to debate these issues by exploring some useful cases of serial killing, foregrounding some UK case examples, which are often underexplored. We argue for the need to facilitate scholarly, systematic research to counter the voyeuristic, essentialist narratives within popular media. We also advocate the alternative socio-cultural approach to the study of serial killing, which has emerged in recent years, although been relatively unacknowledged in the international literature to date. 2016-11-09T12:48:44Z Street talk and Bourdieusian criminology: Bringing narrative to field theory Sandberg, S. Fleetwood, Jennifer http://hdl.handle.net/2381/38384 2016-11-09T03:23:25Z 2016-11-08T11:14:59Z Title: Street talk and Bourdieusian criminology: Bringing narrative to field theory Authors: Sandberg, S.; Fleetwood, Jennifer Abstract: The work of Bourdieu has increasingly gained interest in criminology. His theoretical framework is rich and arguably the most sophisticated approach to social inequality and difference in sociology. It has however, been criticized for bias towards the structural aspects of social life, and for leaving little space for the constitutive, and creative role of language. We argue for the inclusion of narrative for understanding street fields. Based on qualitative interviews with 40 incarcerated drug dealers in Norway, we describe the narrative repertoire of the street field, including stories of crime business, violence, drugs and the 'hard life'. The narrative repertoire is constituted by street capital, but also upholds and produces this form of capital. Street talk is embedded in objective social and economic structures and displayed in the actors' habitus. Narratives bind the street field together: producing social practices and social structure. 2016-11-08T11:14:59Z Lost in translation? Psychometric properties and construct validity of the English Essen Climate Evaluation Schema (EssenCES) social climate questionnaire. Tonkin, Matthew Howells, Kevin Ferguson, Eamonn Clark, Amanda Newberry, Michelle Schalast, Norbert http://hdl.handle.net/2381/38360 2016-11-08T03:23:52Z 2016-11-07T15:37:19Z Title: Lost in translation? Psychometric properties and construct validity of the English Essen Climate Evaluation Schema (EssenCES) social climate questionnaire. Authors: Tonkin, Matthew; Howells, Kevin; Ferguson, Eamonn; Clark, Amanda; Newberry, Michelle; Schalast, Norbert Abstract: The social climate of correctional (forensic) settings is likely to have a significant impact on the outcome of treatment and the overall functioning of these units. The Essen Climate Evaluation Schema (EssenCES) provides an objective way of measuring social climate that overcomes the content, length, and psychometric limitations of other measures. But the English translation of the EssenCES has yet to be sufficiently validated for use in forensic settings in the United Kingdom. The current study presents psychometric properties (factor structure and internal consistency) and an examination of construct validity with the English EssenCES. Satisfactory internal consistency was found for all EssenCES scales, and the expected three-factor structure was confirmed with both staff and residents and in prison and secure hospital settings using confirmatory factor analysis. Evidence to support construct validity was established using multilevel models, which showed statistically significant associations between scores on the EssenCES and scores on the Working Environment Scale, institutional aggression, and site security. Future validation work and potential practical applications of the EssenCES are discussed. 2016-11-07T15:37:19Z The linking of burglary crimes using offender behaviour: Testing research cross-nationally and exploring methodology Tonkin, M. Santtila, P. Bull, R. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/38359 2016-11-08T03:23:49Z 2016-11-07T15:33:45Z Title: The linking of burglary crimes using offender behaviour: Testing research cross-nationally and exploring methodology Authors: Tonkin, M.; Santtila, P.; Bull, R. Abstract: Purpose. The current study tests whether existing behavioural case linkage findings from the United Kingdom (UK) will replicate abroad with a sample of residential burglaries committed in Finland. In addition, a previously discussed methodological issue is empirically explored. Methods. Seven measures of behavioural similarity, geographical proximity, and temporal proximity are calculated for pairs of burglary crimes committed by 117 serial burglars in Finland. The ability of these seven measures to distinguish between pairs of crimes committed by the same offender (linked pairs) and different offenders (unlinked pairs) is tested using logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Two methodologies for forming the unlinked pairs are compared; one representing the 'traditional' approach used by research and, the other, a new approach that represents a potentially more realistic and statistically sound approach to testing case linkage. Results. A wider range of offender behaviours were able to distinguish between linked and unlinked crime pairs in the current Finnish sample than in previous UK-based research. The most successful features were the kilometre-distance between crimes (the intercrime distance), the number of days separating offences (temporal proximity), and a combination of target, entry, internal, and property behaviours (the combined domain). There were no statistically significant differences between the two methodological approaches. Conclusions. The current findings demonstrate that a wider range of offender behaviours can be used to discriminate between linked and unlinked residential burglary crimes committed in Finland than in the UK. The use of a more realistic and statistically sound methodology does not lead to substantial changes in case linkage findings. 2016-11-07T15:33:45Z Linking solved and unsolved crimes using offender behaviour Tonkin, Matthew Woodhams, J. Bull, Ray Bond, John W. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/38358 2016-11-08T03:23:53Z 2016-11-07T15:29:41Z Title: Linking solved and unsolved crimes using offender behaviour Authors: Tonkin, Matthew; Woodhams, J.; Bull, Ray; Bond, John W. Abstract: Offender behaviour is used to distinguish between crimes committed by the same person (linked crimes) and crimes committed by different people (unlinked crimes) through behavioural case linkage. There is growing evidence to support the use of behavioural case linkage by investigative organisations such as the police, but this research is typically limited to samples of solved crime that do not reflect how this procedure is used in real life. The current paper extends previous research by testing the potential for behavioural case linkage in a sample containing both solved and unsolved crimes. Discrimination accuracy is examined across crime categories (e.g. a crime pair containing a car theft and a residential burglary), across crime types (e.g. a crime pair containing a residential burglary and a commercial burglary), and within crime types (e.g. a crime pair containing two residential burglaries) using the number of kilometres (intercrime distance) and the number of days (temporal proximity) between offences to distinguish between linked and unlinked crimes. The intercrime distance and/or the temporal proximity were able to achieve statistically significant levels of discrimination accuracy across crime categories, across crime types, and within crime types as measured by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. This suggests that behavioural case linkage can be used to assist the investigation, detection and prosecution of prolific and versatile serial offenders. 2016-11-07T15:29:41Z A Comparison of Logistic Regression and Classification Tree Analysis for Behavioural Case Linkage Tonkin, Matthew Woodhams, J. Bull, Ray Bond, John W. Santtila, P. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/38357 2016-11-08T03:23:52Z 2016-11-07T15:25:54Z Title: A Comparison of Logistic Regression and Classification Tree Analysis for Behavioural Case Linkage Authors: Tonkin, Matthew; Woodhams, J.; Bull, Ray; Bond, John W.; Santtila, P. Abstract: Much previous research on behavioural case linkage has used binary logistic regression to build predictive models that can discriminate between linked and unlinked offences. However, classification tree analysis has recently been proposed as a potential alternative owing to its ability to build user-friendly and transparent predictive models. Building on previous research, the current study compares the relative ability of logistic regression analysis and classification tree analysis to construct predictive models for the purposes of case linkage. Two samples are utilised in this study: a sample of 376 serial car thefts committed in the UK and a sample of 160 serial residential burglaries committed in Finland. In both datasets, logistic regression and classification tree models achieve comparable levels of discrimination accuracy, but the classification tree models demonstrate problems in terms of reliability or usability that the logistic regression models do not. These findings suggest that future research is needed before classification tree analysis can be considered a viable alternative to logistic regression in behavioural case linkage. 2016-11-07T15:25:54Z Narrative habitus: Thinking through structure/agency in the narratives of offenders Fleetwood, Jennifer S. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/37876 2016-12-12T14:51:15Z 2016-07-27T14:31:04Z Title: Narrative habitus: Thinking through structure/agency in the narratives of offenders Authors: Fleetwood, Jennifer S. Abstract: Starting from the premise that experience is narratively constituted and actions are oriented through the self as the protagonist in an evolving story, narrative criminology investigates how narratives motivate and sustain offending. Reviewing narrative criminological research, this article contends that narrative criminology tends towards a problematic dualism of structure and agency, locating agency in individual narrative creativity and constraint in structure and/or culture. This article argues for a different conceptualisation of narrative as embodied, learned and generative, drawing on Bourdieu's notion of habitus. Social action, which here includes storytelling, is structured via the habitus, which generates but does not determine social action. This theorisation understands structures and representations as existing in duality, according a more powerful role to storytelling. The article concludes by discussion of the implications of such a shift for narrative interventions towards offending. 2016-07-27T14:31:04Z Understanding the factors that predict victim retraction in police reported allegations of intimate partner violence Smith, Lisa L. Sleath, E. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/37470 2017-02-23T16:19:39Z 2016-05-03T11:26:07Z Title: Understanding the factors that predict victim retraction in police reported allegations of intimate partner violence Authors: Smith, Lisa L.; Sleath, E. Abstract: Objective: A large number of victims of intimate partner violence (IPV), who report their victimization to the police, subsequently either retract or disengage from the police investigation. Given that we have a very limited understanding of victim retraction/disengagement in IPV cases, this study addresses this gap by identifying the victim, perpetrator, and offense characteristics that predict retraction/disengagement. Method: Cases of police-reported IPV (n = 524) were analyzed to examine victim, perpetrator, and offense characteristics that may predict retraction or disengagement as well as examining the reasons given for retracting/disengaging from the police investigation. Results: The results indicated a high level of retraction or disengagement from police investigations. Victim and perpetrator characteristics did not predict retraction or disengagement; however, in comparison with cases in which the victims maintain engagement with the case, a number of offense related characteristics (e.g., risk assessment level) did predict retraction and disengagement. Conclusions: Victim retraction and disengagement is a significant issue in the successful prosecution of IPV cases, and the findings suggest that certain offense related characteristics increase the likelihood of victim retraction/disengagement. 2016-05-03T11:26:07Z Location, Libation and Leisure: An examination of the use of licensed venues to help challenge sexual violence Gunby, C. Carline, Anna Taylor, S. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/37256 2016-04-13T02:00:50Z 2016-04-12T08:53:22Z Title: Location, Libation and Leisure: An examination of the use of licensed venues to help challenge sexual violence Authors: Gunby, C.; Carline, Anna; Taylor, S. Abstract: Anti-rape campaign messages have increasingly targeted men in order to educate them on the law of (sexual) consent. The 18-24 age demographic are at increased risk of experiencing sex offences, with over half of these crimes involving alcohol consumption. The interactions which culminate in alcohol involved rape often commence in night time venues, making intuitive sense for prevention campaigns to be based within licensed establishments. The Night Time Economy, however, comprises venues where people go to drink, have fun, take 'time out' and are characterised and criticised for their promotion of sexism. This article therefore asks: how useful are licensed spaces in promoting rape prevention discourses amongst young men? To this end, the paper analyses 41 students' discussions (across six focus groups) regarding a rape prevention campaign that ran in one English city and that directed its prevention advice at males. In doing so, we argue that environments which incite narratives of loss of control and hypersexuality compromise the ability to counter sexual offending. We also argue that the presence of sexually violent advertising within licenced spaces undermines considerably the call to end gendered violence. 2016-04-12T08:53:22Z Testing the Cambridge quality checklists on a review of disrupted families and crime Jolliffe, Darrick Murray, J. Farrington, D. Vannick, C. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/36929 2016-03-02T03:27:07Z 2016-03-01T13:13:26Z Title: Testing the Cambridge quality checklists on a review of disrupted families and crime Authors: Jolliffe, Darrick; Murray, J.; Farrington, D.; Vannick, C. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Systematic reviews of the relationship between non-manipulated factors (e.g. low empathy) and offending are becoming more common, and it is important to consider the methodological quality of studies included in such reviews. AIMS: To assess aspects of the reliability and validity of the Cambridge Quality Checklists, a set of three measures for examining the methodological quality of studies included in systematic reviews of risk factors for offending. METHODS: All 60 studies in a systematic review of disrupted families and offending were coded on the CQC and codes compared with the effect sizes derived from the studies. RESULTS: Overall, the CQC was easy to score, and the relevant information was available in most studies. The scales had high inter-rater reliability. Only 13 studies scored high on the Checklist of Correlates, 18 scored highly on the Checklist of Risk Factors and none scored highly on the Checklist of Causal Risk Factors. Generally, studies that were of lower quality had higher effect sizes. CONCLUSIONS: The CQC could be a useful method of assessing the methodological quality of studies of risk factors for offending but might benefit from additional conceptual work, changes to the wording of some scales and additional levels for scoring. 2016-03-01T13:13:26Z Rethinking Holocaust Representation: Reflections on Rex Bloomstein's KZ Hodgkinson, Sarah http://hdl.handle.net/2381/36706 2016-02-16T03:27:08Z 2016-02-15T09:53:54Z Title: Rethinking Holocaust Representation: Reflections on Rex Bloomstein's KZ Authors: Hodgkinson, Sarah Abstract: In 2005, film-maker Rex Bloomstein released KZ, which aimed to find a new way to represent the Holocaust for future generations who face a world with no living survivors, yet a mediated world oversaturated with images of global atrocity. Despite much critical acclaim, KZ received little academic attention. Ten years later, this article provides a reflective analysis of the film, exploring the emergent themes, and their criminological significance. Focus is given to bystanders of atrocity who bear witness to the past. The moral dilemmas of Holocaust representation, such as its commodification for both entertainment and tourism, are additionally discussed. Description: The file associated with this record is under a 24-month embargo from publication in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. The full text may be available through the publisher links provided above. 2016-02-15T09:53:54Z Making Sense Of Evil : An Interdisciplinary Approach Hodgkinson, Sarah http://hdl.handle.net/2381/36705 2016-02-16T03:27:09Z 2016-02-15T09:47:53Z Title: Making Sense Of Evil : An Interdisciplinary Approach Authors: Hodgkinson, Sarah Description: The file associated with this record is under a 24-month embargo from publication in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. The full text may be available through the publisher links provided above. 2016-02-15T09:47:53Z The crime drop and the changing face of commercial victimisation: Reflections on the 'commercial crime drop' in the United Kingdom and the implications for future research Hopkins, Matt http://hdl.handle.net/2381/36152 2016-10-11T07:04:33Z 2016-01-05T10:36:22Z Title: The crime drop and the changing face of commercial victimisation: Reflections on the 'commercial crime drop' in the United Kingdom and the implications for future research Authors: Hopkins, Matt 2016-01-05T10:36:22Z Against youth governance and youth justice : for youth penality Phoenix, Joanna B. M. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35937 2015-11-25T03:02:47Z 2015-11-24T09:45:03Z Title: Against youth governance and youth justice : for youth penality Authors: Phoenix, Joanna B. M. Abstract: The main aim of this article is to provoke a debate about the ways in which state responses to youth crime are constituted as objects of knowledge in youth criminology. The article critiques two dominant approaches in youth criminology (youth crime governance and youth justice studies) in relation to the extent by which they are able to open the theoretical space to distinguish the conditions of possibility and analyse change. The main contention of the article is that in order to address these issues, the concept of 'youth justice' needs to be abandoned in favour of the development of a critical youth penality. Description: The file associated with this record is under a 24-month embargo from publication in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy, available at http://www.oxfordjournals.org/en/access-purchase/rights-and-permissions/self-archiving-policye.html. The full text may be available through the publisher links provided above. 2015-11-24T09:45:03Z Security Sector Reform and the Paradoxical Tension between Local Ownership and Gender Equality Gordon, Eleanor Welch, Anthony Cleland Roos, E. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33542 2015-11-25T03:05:18Z 2015-11-12T11:44:15Z Title: Security Sector Reform and the Paradoxical Tension between Local Ownership and Gender Equality Authors: Gordon, Eleanor; Welch, Anthony Cleland; Roos, E. Abstract: This article analyses the tension or conflict that can exist between the principles of local ownership and gender equality that guide Security Sector Reform (SSR) programmes when gender discrimination and patriarchal values characterise the local environment (and 'locals' do not value gender equality). In these situations, international actors may be reluctant to advocate gender equality, regarding it as imposing culturally alien values and potentially destabilising to the SSR process. It is argued, however, that the tension between local ownership and gender equality is deceptive and merely serves to protect the power of dominant groups and disempower the marginalised, often serving to disguise the power relations at play in post-conflict environments and avoid addressing the security needs of those who are often at most risk. The paper concludes that rather than a tension existing between the two principles, in fact, local ownership without gender equality is meaningless. Moreover, failing to promote gender equality undermines the extent to which SSR programmes result in security and justice sector institutions that are representative of and responsive to the needs of both men and women. It can also perpetuate structural inequalities and conflict dynamics and, ultimately, limit the success of SSR and broader peacebuilding processes. 2015-11-12T11:44:15Z Business, victimisation and victimology: Reflections on contemporary patterns of commercial victimisation and the concept of businesses as 'ideal victims' Hopkins, Matt http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33403 2015-11-02T12:05:04Z 2015-10-28T10:49:13Z Title: Business, victimisation and victimology: Reflections on contemporary patterns of commercial victimisation and the concept of businesses as 'ideal victims' Authors: Hopkins, Matt Abstract: The recent publication of first English/Welsh Commercial Victimisation Survey (CVS) in over ten years represents a good time to consider both 'crimes against businesses' and the place of commercial victims within the discipline of victimology. While some research points to high crime rates against the commercial sector, it has been argued that the abstract concept of 'crimes against businesses' has been used by government and businesses to construct a notion of business victimhood in order to place businesses at the centre of policy concerning crime prevention. Critics suggest this recognition of the 'business as a victim' not only moves attention away from the illegal behaviours of businesses (businesses as victimisers), but it gives corporations that can already absorb crime costs the power to dominate debates around law, order and crime prevention. Using data from the CVS, patterns of crimes against business are outlined and some of the main characteristics of victims are identified. Consideration is then given to what these data mean in relation to the concept of businesses as victims. Using Christie's (1986) notion of the ideal victim as a heuristic device, it is explored whether businesses can ever be viewed as 'ideal' victims and why achieving victim status might be important. Finally, some fruitful areas for further research are considered. 2015-10-28T10:49:13Z Review of: "Power and Resistance in Prison: Doing Time, Doing Freedom" by T. Ugelvik (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014) Turner, Jennifer E. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33149 2015-10-02T02:00:35Z 2015-10-01T12:52:31Z Title: Review of: "Power and Resistance in Prison: Doing Time, Doing Freedom" by T. Ugelvik (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014) Authors: Turner, Jennifer E. Description: The file associated with this record is under a 24-month embargo from publication in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy, available at http://www.oxfordjournals.org/en/access-purchase/rights-and-permissions/self-archiving-policye.html. The full text may be available in the publisher links provided above. 2015-10-01T12:52:31Z Security Sector Reform, Local Ownership and Community Engagement Gordon, Eleanor http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33049 2015-09-16T02:00:50Z 2015-09-15T10:13:40Z Title: Security Sector Reform, Local Ownership and Community Engagement Authors: Gordon, Eleanor Abstract: Local ownership is widely considered to be one of the core principles of successful Security Sector Reform (SSR) programmes. Nonetheless, there remains a gap between policy and practice. This article examines reasons for this gap, including concerns regarding limited capacity and lack of expertise, time and cost constraints, the allure of quantifiable results and quick wins, and the need to ensure that other principles inherent to SSR are not disregarded. In analysing what is meant by local ownership, this article will also argue that, in practice, the concept is narrowly interpreted both in terms of how SSR programmes are controlled and the extent to which those at the level of the community are actively engaged. This is despite policy guidance underscoring the importance of SSR programmes being inclusive and local ownership being meaningful. It will be argued that without ensuring meaningful and inclusive local ownership of SSR programmes, state security and justice sector institutions will not be accountable or responsive to the needs of the people and will, therefore, lack public trust and confidence. The relationship between the state and its people will be weak and people will feel divorced from the decisions that affect their security and their futures. All this will leave the state prone to further outbreaks of conflict. This article will suggest that the requisite public confidence and trust in state security and justice sector institutions, and ultimately, the state itself, could be promoted by SSR programmes incorporating community safety structures. 2015-09-15T10:13:40Z Security Sector Reform, Statebuilding and Local Ownership: Securing the State or its People? Gordon, Eleanor http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33048 2016-02-04T02:45:09Z 2015-09-15T10:05:56Z Title: Security Sector Reform, Statebuilding and Local Ownership: Securing the State or its People? Authors: Gordon, Eleanor Abstract: It is widely acknowledged that while local ownership is one of the core principles of successful Security Sector Reform (SSR) programmes, the concept is narrowly interpreted in terms of who owns what. Moreover, the focus of SSR is often on building state institutions, rather than building the relationship between people and the state, which further limits the extent to which people, particularly at the community level, are engaged in SSR processes. It is argued that without ensuring meaningful and inclusive local ownership of SSR programmes, public trust and confidence in state security and justice sector institutions will be limited. Crucially, this will leave the state vulnerable to renewed outbreaks of conflict. To rectify this it is proposed that a hybrid SSR approach be promoted by incorporating community safety structures into SSR programmes. 2015-09-15T10:05:56Z A Narrative Approach to Women's Lawbreaking Fleetwood, Jennifer http://hdl.handle.net/2381/32810 2015-07-23T02:00:31Z 2015-07-22T16:47:04Z Title: A Narrative Approach to Women's Lawbreaking Authors: Fleetwood, Jennifer Abstract: This article argues for the value of narrative criminology for feminist explanations of women's lawbreaking. Contemporary theories note the significance of material gendered inequalities; however, narrative offers a way to include discursive aspects of gender. Drawing on recent developments in narrative criminology, this article analyzes how women may "talk themselves into" lawbreaking. Analysis draws on interviews with three women with diverse experiences in the drug trade and shows how drug trafficking was narrated as impossible, meaningful, and inevitable. A narrative approach therefore offers ways to understand how for some women, under some circumstances, lawbreaking may become meaningful. 2015-07-22T16:47:04Z Mind the Gap! Making Stronger Connections between Hate Crime Policy and Scholarship Chakraborti, Neil A. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/32765 2015-08-20T01:45:09Z 2015-07-21T08:39:45Z Title: Mind the Gap! Making Stronger Connections between Hate Crime Policy and Scholarship Authors: Chakraborti, Neil A. Abstract: With hostility and prejudice continuing to pose complex challenges for societies across the world, developments in hate crime scholarship and policy have facilitated a greater prioritization, improved understanding and collective action amongst a range of different actors, including law-makers and enforcers, non-governmental organisations, activists and 'ordinary' citizens. Despite this progress however, our collective responses to hate crime have been undermined by a disconnected approach to scholarship and policy. This article focuses on a series of problems which are created and reinforced through such an approach. This includes the limited reach of hate crime scholarship, and specifically the perception that academic theorising is often too detached from the everyday realities confronting those who respond to – or live with – the consequences of hate crime in the 'real world'. Equally problematic is policy which is not empirically-driven or linked to academic knowledge, or which is based on tokenistic, cynical or 'tick-box' foundations. The article draws from these faultlines to underline the symbiotic relationship between hate crime scholarship and policy-formation: one where policyformation needs academic substance to be fit for purpose; and where scholarship needs to inform policy to have any lasting 'real-world' value to responses to hate crime. 2015-07-21T08:39:45Z 'They Make Us Feel Like We're a Virus': The Multiple Impacts of Islamophobic Hostility Towards Veiled Muslim Women Zempi, Irene Chakraborti, Neil A. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/32188 2016-10-11T07:04:33Z 2015-05-07T10:29:20Z Title: 'They Make Us Feel Like We're a Virus': The Multiple Impacts of Islamophobic Hostility Towards Veiled Muslim Women Authors: Zempi, Irene; Chakraborti, Neil A. Abstract: Within the prevailing post-9/11 climate, veiled Muslim women are commonly portrayed as oppressed, 'culturally dangerous' and 'threatening' to the Western way of life and to notions of public safety and security by virtue of being fully covered in the public sphere. It is in such a context that manifestations of Islamophobia often emerge as a means of responding to these 'threats'. Drawing from qualitative data elicited through a UK-based study, this article reflects upon the lived experiences of veiled Muslim women as actual and potential victims of Islamophobia and examines the impacts of Islamophobic attacks upon victims, their families and wider Muslim communities. Among the central themes we explore are impacts upon their sense of vulnerability, the visibility of their Muslim identity, and the management of their safety in public. The individual and collective harms associated with this form of victimization are considered through notions of a worldwide, transnational Muslim community, the ummah, which connects Muslims from all over world. We conclude by noting that the effects of this victimization are not exclusively restricted to the global ummah; rather, the harm extends to society as a whole by exacerbating the polarization which already exists between 'us' and 'them'. 2015-05-07T10:29:20Z "It Felt Like a Little War": Reflections on Violence against Alternative Subcultures Chakraborti, Neil A. Garland, J. Hardy, Stevie-Jade http://hdl.handle.net/2381/32169 2016-05-15T01:45:08Z 2015-05-07T10:19:18Z Title: "It Felt Like a Little War": Reflections on Violence against Alternative Subcultures Authors: Chakraborti, Neil A.; Garland, J.; Hardy, Stevie-Jade Abstract: This article examines the forms and impact of violence against people identifying as members of alternative subcultures. It draws upon the findings from interviews and focus groups undertaken with over 60 participants from a range of alternative subcultural backgrounds, conducted as part of a broader two-year study of many different strands of targeted hostility. The article presents evidence to show that 'alternatives' are subjected to a wide range of violent and intimidatory behaviour, from 'everyday' abuse such as verbal insults through to more extreme acts of brutality. This can affect their physical and mental health, causing them to change the way they conduct their routine activities. However, the article suggests that some of this victimisation forms part of ongoing conflict with a group that participants describe as 'chavs', that has hitherto been unacknowledged. This 'little war' is characterised by mutual hostility and antipathy flavoured by class antagonism that can escalate into violent confrontation. 2015-05-07T10:19:18Z Unlocking carceral atmospheres: designing visual/material encounters at the prison museum Turner, Jennifer E. Peters, K. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/32132 2015-09-30T16:21:36Z 2015-05-07T09:30:58Z Title: Unlocking carceral atmospheres: designing visual/material encounters at the prison museum Authors: Turner, Jennifer E.; Peters, K. 2015-05-07T09:30:58Z "I'm over it": survivor narratives after woman-to-woman partner abuse Barnes, Rebecca http://hdl.handle.net/2381/32082 2015-04-30T13:54:38Z 2015-04-29T09:11:12Z Title: "I'm over it": survivor narratives after woman-to-woman partner abuse Authors: Barnes, Rebecca Editors: Hamel, J. Abstract: This article uses qualitative data gathered through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 40 women in the UK who identified as having experienced abuse (physical, sexual, emotional and/or financial) in a previous same-sex relationship. Participants' narratives of 'life after abuse' are examined through two lenses; the first contributing to understandings of the varied and enduring material, psychological and relational impacts of abuse, and the second offering insights into the cultural values which shape such narratives. Applying Arthur Frank's (1995) illness narratives, this article argues that narratives emphasizing recovery ('restitution') or transformation ('quest') are culturally privileged over a 'chaos' narrative. It also proposes a fourth narrative of 'active recovery'. The article concludes that recovery from partner abuse is neither a linear process, nor one guaranteed to reach an end point. Further research is needed to understand how to better support survivors of partner abuse to move toward recovery. 2015-04-29T09:11:12Z Shorter sentences for drug mules: The early impact of the sentencing guidelines in England and Wales Fleetwood, Jennifer Radcliffe, P. Stevens, A. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/32010 2016-03-16T02:45:08Z 2015-04-17T08:41:10Z Title: Shorter sentences for drug mules: The early impact of the sentencing guidelines in England and Wales Authors: Fleetwood, Jennifer; Radcliffe, P.; Stevens, A. Abstract: Aims: In February 2012, new sentencing guidelines for drug offences became effective in all courts in England and Wales. An explicit aim was to reduce the length of sentences for drug "mules" and so make them more proportionate. Methods: This article examines their early impact drawing on data from the Court Proceedings Database and the Crown Court Sentencing Survey for importing/exporting a Class A drug. Findings: Overall, the guidelines have achieved their intended aim. The length of the average custodial sentence for drug trafficking fell following the introduction of the guidelines, largely due to taking defendants' roles into account. Notably, three-quarters of those in "lesser" roles received sentences less than four years, representing an important change. Nonetheless, around 10% of mules received very long sentences due to the continued use of drug weight in sentencing. Conclusion: The new guidelines represent an internationally important innovation in drug policy reform. 2015-04-17T08:41:10Z The paradox of the 'green' prison: sustaining the environment or sustaining the penal complex? Jewkes, Yvonne Moran, D. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31961 2015-04-10T02:01:02Z 2015-04-09T08:30:32Z Title: The paradox of the 'green' prison: sustaining the environment or sustaining the penal complex? Authors: Jewkes, Yvonne; Moran, D. Abstract: This article examines the ways in which sustainability discourses intersect with carceral policies. Building new prisons to 'green' industry standards; making existing prison buildings less environmentally harmful; incorporating processes such as renewable energy initiatives; offering 'green-collar' work and training to prisoners; and providing 'green care' in an effort to reduce recidivism, are all provided as evidence of 'green' strategies that shape the experience of prisoners, prison staff and the communities in which prisons are located. But although usually portrayed positively, this article proposes an alternative, potentially more contentious, interpretation of the green prison. In the context of mounting costs of incarceration, we suggest that green discourses perversely are fast becoming symbolic and material structures that frame and support mass imprisonment. Consequently, we argue, it may be the penal complex, rather than the environment, which is being 'sustained'. Moreover, we suggest this is a topic worthy of attention from 'green criminologists'. 2015-04-09T08:30:32Z Between crime and colony: interrogating (im)mobilities aboard the convict ship Peters, K. Turner, Jennifer E. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31757 2016-02-23T02:45:09Z 2015-03-04T15:09:07Z Title: Between crime and colony: interrogating (im)mobilities aboard the convict ship Authors: Peters, K.; Turner, Jennifer E. Abstract: Recent literature in carceral geography has attended to the importance of mobilities in interrogating the experience and control of spaces of imprisonment, detention and confinement. Scholars have explored the paradoxical nature of incarcerated experience as individuals oscillate between moments of fixity and motion as they are transported to/from carceral environments. This paper draws upon the convict ship—an example yet to gain attention within these emerging discussions—which is both an exemplar of this paradox and a lens through which to complicate understandings of carceral (im)mobilities. The ship is a space of macro-movement from point A to B, whilst simultaneously a site of apparent confinement for those aboard who are unable to move beyond its physical parameters. Yet, we contend that all manner of mobilities permeate the internal space of the ship. Accordingly, we challenge the binary thinking that separates moments of fixity from motion and explore the constituent parts that shape movement. In paying attention to movements in motion on the ship, we argue that studies of carceral mobility must attend to both methods of moving in the space between points A and B; as micro, embodied and intimate (im)mobilities are also played out within large-scale regimes of movement. 2015-03-04T15:09:07Z Amateur vs. Professional: Does the recovery of forensic evidence differ depending on who assesses the crime scene? Lingwood, J. Smith, Lisa L. Bond, J. W. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31679 2015-02-17T02:01:44Z 2015-02-16T16:16:20Z Title: Amateur vs. Professional: Does the recovery of forensic evidence differ depending on who assesses the crime scene? Authors: Lingwood, J.; Smith, Lisa L.; Bond, J. W. Abstract: Volume crime offences such as domestic burglary are commonly assessed for forensic opportunities by the first attending officer (FAO) who is present at the scene. Conversely, less serious volume crime offences such as thefts from motor vehicles (TFMV) are highly numerous and are routinely assessed for forensic opportunities by the victim talking to the police over the telephone. It is not clear whether or not this difference in attendance policy leads to differences in the types and quantity of forensic material recovered. The current study explored whether there was a benefit of evidence recovery for attended as opposed to non-attended assessments. 500 TFMV offences provided by Northamptonshire Police (UK) were analysed from 14th January 2010 to the 28th February 2011; 250 attended forensic assessments and 250 non-attended assessments. Significant differences were found between the two scenarios, with attended assessments more likely to yield DNA, property and trace substance material. Conversely, fingerprints were more likely to be recovered at non-attended assessments. Despite the fruitful findings of the current study, future research would benefit from establishing the methods of the FAO and forensic investigator when assessing and gathering evidence. Similarly, it is unclear whether these differences in forensic material are reflected in the identification of an offender and subsequently the solving of the crime. 2015-02-16T16:16:20Z Displacing Criminal Bodies: Spectacle, Crime and Punishment in the TV Sitcom The Visit Turner, Jennifer E. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31676 2015-02-17T02:01:34Z 2015-02-16T14:53:56Z Title: Displacing Criminal Bodies: Spectacle, Crime and Punishment in the TV Sitcom The Visit Authors: Turner, Jennifer E. Abstract: This paper explores the transition from 'visible' to 'invisible' modes of penal punishment via the shifting spectacle of a heavily disciplined, corporeal incarceration. It is broadly acknowledged that the emergence of prisons in Britain marked the disappearance of punishment from the public eye. This paper argues that despite this physical distancing, concerns over crime and punishment were displaced and translated into other realms of society. This displacement has continued with the emergence of global media sources, which deploy landscapes of incarceration as entertainment. In order to ground this discussion, this paper focuses upon the manner in which television media allows for a representation of British prisons by drawing upon the recent bbc sitcom The Visit. By examining the implications of events within the programme, discussion reveals a careful negotiation of 'inside' and 'outside' identities and behaviours that, together, render prisons an essential, visible, if particular and distinct, part of society as a whole Description: Embargoed awaiting clearance from publisher 2015-02-16T14:53:56Z Doing Research Differently: The Case of the Leicester Hate Crime Project Hardy, Stevie-Jade Garland, J. Chakraborti, Neil http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31674 2015-02-17T02:01:49Z 2015-02-16T13:23:40Z Title: Doing Research Differently: The Case of the Leicester Hate Crime Project Authors: Hardy, Stevie-Jade; Garland, J.; Chakraborti, Neil Abstract: [From introductory paragraph] For the past two years the Leicester Hate Crime Project has been conducting groundbreaking research into the nature and impact of hate crime. Funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, this research – Britain's biggest ever study of hate crime victimisation – has uncovered new and significant insights into the effects of targeted violence and harassment upon victims, families and wider communities. This article provides a brief overview of the project with a particular focus on the methodological challenges the research team faced, and how we overcame these by using more informal and unorthodox methods of engagement with so-called 'hard to reach' communities. Description: Embargoed awaiting permissions from publisher 2015-02-16T13:23:40Z The presentation of police in everyday life: Police-press relations, impression management and the Leveson Inquiry Mawby, Robert I. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31603 2015-02-05T02:01:34Z 2015-02-04T16:59:06Z Title: The presentation of police in everyday life: Police-press relations, impression management and the Leveson Inquiry Authors: Mawby, Robert I. Abstract: In 2012 the Leveson Inquiry investigated relations between the police and the press, examining the routine systems and processes of police-press relations in the UK and, more specifically, the conduct of senior Metropolitan Police Service officers during an investigation into phone-hacking (Operation Caryatid). The Inquiry is notable in that it shone a light on a normally hidden policing function; it brought the backstage processes of police-media relations, part of police 'image work', to the frontstage area. This article considers the Leveson Inquiry and the data it collected as a case study of police impression management - it examines how the police sought to manage impressions about how they manage impressions. It takes a dramaturgical approach drawing on the work of Erving Goffman and Peter K Manning, combined with impression management concepts drawn from management and organisational studies. The article concludes that the identified impression management tactics used by different police 'teams' combined to protect the collective police image and to reinforce, for the present, the dominant position of the police in their relationship with the press. 2015-02-04T16:59:06Z Introduction: Criminality and Carcerality Across Boundaries Turner, J. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31553 2015-02-03T02:01:45Z 2015-02-02T15:39:48Z Title: Introduction: Criminality and Carcerality Across Boundaries Authors: Turner, J. Abstract: [From initial paragraph] For the last 5 years, most of the conference papers I have presented or articles I have written have begun with the usual obligatory introduction to the "newly emerging" subdiscipline of carceral geography. That is, of course, research "specifically alighting on the spaces set aside for 'securing' – detaining, locking up/away – problematic populations of one kind or another" (Philo, 2012:4). However, to paraphrase a colleague participating in one of three sessions entitled "Mapping Carceral Geography" at the 2014 Royal Geographical Society of the Institute of British Geographers, "we do not need to keep saying this anymore; we have definitely emerged". This got me to thinking about the politics of emergent or indeed "recently emerged" areas of a discipline and their propensity to continue their momentum to become both prolific in their own right and sustain academic longevity. In short, what does a newly emerged discipline do next? 2015-02-02T15:39:48Z Re-Thinking Hate Crime : Fresh Challenges for Policy and Practice. Chakraborti, Neil A. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31466 2015-01-22T02:01:45Z 2015-01-21T15:56:57Z Title: Re-Thinking Hate Crime : Fresh Challenges for Policy and Practice. Authors: Chakraborti, Neil A. Abstract: Hate crime has become an increasingly familiar term in recent times as the harms associated with acts of bigotry and prejudice continue to pose complex challenges for societies across the world. However, despite the greater recognition now afforded to hate crimes by scholars, policy makers and law enforcers, uncertainty continues to cloud the scope and legitimacy of existing policy frameworks. This article draws from an emerging body of inter-disciplinary scholarship and empirical research to highlight a series of important realities about hate crime victimization and perpetration that tend to remain peripheral to the process of policy formation. It suggests that the focus on particular strands of victims and particular sets of motivations has overshadowed a range of significant issues, including the experiences of "marginal" groups of victims, and the way in which identity characteristics intersect with one another-and with other situational factors and context-to leave some targets of hate crime especially vulnerable. The article calls for a more fluid and multi-layered approach to policy formation, which engages with these realities, and which maximizes the real-life value of hate crime discourse. 2015-01-21T15:56:57Z Fixed-term and temporary : teaching fellows, tactics and the negotiation of contingent labour in the UK Higher Education system Peters, K. A. Turner, Jennifer Elizabeth http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29148 2016-10-11T07:04:33Z 2014-10-08T15:54:36Z Title: Fixed-term and temporary : teaching fellows, tactics and the negotiation of contingent labour in the UK Higher Education system Authors: Peters, K. A.; Turner, Jennifer Elizabeth Abstract: This paper autobiographically considers the role of teaching-only staff as a contingent labour force in the contemporary Higher Education system in the UK. The aims of this paper are twofold. First, whilst much attention has been paid to the role of the research fellow, there has been less consideration, in the UK context, of the Teaching Fellow as an alternate form of postdoctoral experience. Accordingly, this paper gives voice to the Teaching Fellow – a member of academic staff who is not allocated writing and research time as part of their contract – whose views are often marginalised in on-going debates concerning the plays of power in the neo-liberalised academy. Second, the paper raises these voices to bring into consciousness the impacts of Teaching Fellow experience for the Fellow themselves and the faculties they work in. It is argued that Teaching Fellows face challenging circumstances in view of their onwards career trajectories in the academy. Accordingly, this paper considers the ways in which Fellows, through tactics of place making, presence and visibility, and collaboration, negotiate the challenging structural and institutional conditions that underscore their contracts. It is contended that exploring the teaching-only workforce is vital for critically assessing the workings of the contemporary academy and questioning the unequal power relations that underscore work places in a culture where contingent labour is expanding; becoming less of a fixed-term and temporary feature of the university system, but rather a stable and enduring one. Description: The file associated with this record is embargoed until 12 months after the date of publication. The final published version may be available through the links above. 2014-10-08T15:54:36Z Introduction. Between absence and presence : geographies of hiding, invisibility and silence Dafydd Jones, Rhys Robinson, James Turner, Jennifer Elizabeth http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29129 2014-10-02T01:01:29Z 2014-10-01T10:49:21Z Title: Introduction. Between absence and presence : geographies of hiding, invisibility and silence Authors: Dafydd Jones, Rhys; Robinson, James; Turner, Jennifer Elizabeth Abstract: In both capital-P Politics, such as spectacular world events, and the 'little-p' politics of everyday practices, absence and presence have been and continue to be particularly potent political tools, utilised to reinforce particular power relations, narratives and control over space. Absence, for example, has a long association of denying others' claim to spaces, places and participation. Whether excluding particular ethnic groups from certain residential areas (Anderson, 1987), young people from shopping centres at particular times (Staeheli and Mitchell, 2008) or homeless people from urban regeneration sites (Katz, 2001), making absent has been used as a stratagem of control that removes dissenting views and experiences from particular time/places. In short, it demarcates territory where acts, people and ideas cannot belong. Similarly, the opposing part of the binary, presence, has traditionally been used to emphasise deviance. Schivelbusch (1995) has shown how, in the development of the modern metropolises of London, Paris and Berlin, artificial illumination was used as a means to give 'presence' to misdemeanours and criminal acts which were previously concealed by shadowy and darkened spaces. For Foucault (1977), the body of the condemned served as a warning to others of the consequences of their transgressions, creating a 'spectacle of suffering' (Spierenburg, 1984). In both these cases, fixing unwanted attention on the body was a way of installing discipline both to the perpetrator and to the gazer. Both absence and presence, in this sense, have been used as methods of social control; through a mixture of writing-out and constructing a spectacle, they denote what belongs where and when: what is in place, and what is out of place (Cresswell, 1996). [Opening paragraph] 2014-10-01T10:49:21Z Criminals with 'community spirit' : practising citizenship in the hidden world of the prison Turner, Jennifer Elizabeth http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29128 2014-10-02T01:01:29Z 2014-10-01T10:38:00Z Title: Criminals with 'community spirit' : practising citizenship in the hidden world of the prison Authors: Turner, Jennifer Elizabeth Abstract: Contra the notion of prisons as discrete, 'hidden' spaces, contemporary research has stressed a range of connections, transactions and exchange. The relationship between the offender and the outside communities—captured in the policy rhetoric of rehabilitation and the promotion of good citizenship—is just one of these connections. This paper explores contemporary, liberal imaginations of the 'ideal' citizen; it goes on to critique formal rehabilitation programmes and highlight informal mechanisms developed within the prison environment which disrupt these constructions. Ultimately, this allows a deeper appreciation of how, despite attempts to practise citizenship in an environment that renders conventional rights and responsibilities absent, the prisoner remains altogether 'less than ideal'. 2014-10-01T10:38:00Z Re-'homing' the ex-offender : constructing a 'prisoner dyspora' Turner, Jennifer Elizabeth http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29127 2015-09-23T01:45:06Z 2014-10-01T10:22:11Z Title: Re-'homing' the ex-offender : constructing a 'prisoner dyspora' Authors: Turner, Jennifer Elizabeth Abstract: Recent work within and beyond the geography discipline has come to understand that where might be imagined a sharp boundary between the 'hidden' inside and outside of prisons, there is in fact a myriad of materials that cleave and bind penal geographies that mark the prison wall as a site of transaction and exchange. Recidivism in the UK is of serious concern, rendering the 'prisoner' a participant of a very unique and dynamic type of border exchange. In light of this, this paper questions how this impacts prisoners' identities and attachments to 'home'. Although ex-offenders may idealise a return to the communities where they lived prior to incarceration, the ability to re-integrate is often limited. This may be attributed to the transformations that individuals undergo while spending time in prison, such as the possession of a criminal record. In grounding this discussion in the case of a company that employs 'ex-offenders', I examine the implications of belonging to such a group of 'conventional employees' and 'those with criminal records'; revealing tensions that complicate matters of belonging. This paper therefore posits the prison as a kind of 'homeland' that continues to significantly shape one's identity following their out-migration. Those leaving prison find themselves unable to display conventional attachments to the outside society, while performing a dystopian relationship with the prison homeland, allowing for a consideration of what I have termed the 'prisoner dyspora'. Description: The file associated with this record is embargoed until 24 months after the date of publication. The final published version may be available through the links above. 2014-10-01T10:22:11Z Impact for postgraduates : in search of the holy grail? Turner, Jennifer Elizabeth http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29126 2015-10-26T17:00:12Z 2014-09-30T14:20:11Z Title: Impact for postgraduates : in search of the holy grail? Authors: Turner, Jennifer Elizabeth Abstract: As has already been highlighted in the introduction to this themed issue on 'impact' (see Rogers et al., this issue), the recent 'impact agenda' has been engaged with in a variety of critical ways through the UK Research Excellence Framework (REF). As a doctoral student, the word 'impact' is a constant demand on everyday academic life, owing to the pressure to consider it in terms of funding, publishing and future career. In the following I offer a consideration of the ways early - career geographers understand and engage with the institutional demands upon their research, in order for them to compete with their more experienced counterparts in an environment that is expecting ever more. 2014-09-30T14:20:11Z Emotional work: ethnographic fieldwork in prisons in Ecuador Fleetwood, Jennifer Swanson http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28287 2013-10-15T11:50:51Z 2013-10-15T11:49:28Z Title: Emotional work: ethnographic fieldwork in prisons in Ecuador Authors: Fleetwood, Jennifer Swanson Abstract: Prolonged periods collecting data alone and away from home are established aspects of doctoral research. Where we seek to engage with people and place, both physically and intellectually, emotional engagement frequently follows. Recently, there has been a heightened awareness of the role of emotions in research. In this paper I offer an 'anatomy' of emotions in my doctoral field research on women in the international drugs trade in prisons in Ecuador. Drawing on fieldnotes, I examine how emotional engagement with prisons and inmates affected me personally and emotionally. In particular, I will examine how conducting research in a 'hidden' community with a stigmatised population affected me. I will also consider how, as a PhD student, I brought emotional needs to the field that affected how I understood my emotions in (and in reaction to) the field that I worked. I conclude that whilst emotional engagement may be a useful (and perhaps unavoidable) aspect of ethnographic research, gaining emotional distance remains an important tool in ethnographic research. Description: The file associated with this record is embargoed while permission to archive is sought from the publisher. The final published version may be available through the links above. 2013-10-15T11:49:28Z Sexually deviant juveniles: comparisons between the offender and offence characteristics of 'child abusers' and 'peer abusers' Gunby, Clare Woodhams, Jessica http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28156 2013-09-10T14:36:51Z 2013-09-10T14:35:27Z Title: Sexually deviant juveniles: comparisons between the offender and offence characteristics of 'child abusers' and 'peer abusers' Authors: Gunby, Clare; Woodhams, Jessica Abstract: The last decade has seen increased concern regarding the sexual offences committed by young people. In line with this concern is an interest in developing an empirical research base that can help identify typologies of juvenile sex offenders and, in turn, direct resources. The current study investigated whether youths who sexually offend against children (individuals at least 5 years younger than themselves) differ in terms of offender and offence variables from juveniles who sexually assault members of their peer group. Findings were developed from data extracted from 43 files held by local Youth Offending Teams. Perpetrators of abuse were all male and were aged from 10 to 17 years. Findings indicated that juvenile child abusers experienced greater deficits in self-esteem and social isolation. In contrast, peer abusers had witnessed family violence more frequently and had family members associated with criminal activity more often. Logistic regression analysis found the variables of 'knowing the victim', 'lacking age appropriate friends', and 'having been the victim of bullying' all reliably predicted offender status (child vs peer). Findings suggest different typologies of juvenile sex offenders may have different routes to abusive behaviour and therefore require interventions that are tailored to their criminogenic needs. Description: Full text of this item is not currently available on the LRA. The final published version may be available through the links above. 2013-09-10T14:35:27Z


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Letting go
... passed bays before the township of Finisterre came into view. It was at the end of a 2km, wide sandy beach. It was so inviting to walk beside waves on a beach again. We even saw a Camino friend from 3 weeks ago heading towards us.
In Finisterre we headed for the municipal albergue but it wasn't open for another 1.5 hours so we registered at another one instead and took a private ...
Julie, I Would go to the End of the World for You
... is on next. Put music on; make a wine or hot chocolate and talk to your partner.Read a book
Appreciate what you have in your life; That we were born into a western democracy and let's say healthy, means we have already won life's lottery.
If something is making you unhappy...change it now...don't wait.
Cherish your loved ones and contact your friends (I need to do this more often)
I did find my Port ...
Bowing down in God's grace
... US, Mexico, France, Italy, Spain, Copenhagen, Poland , Portugal, Switzerland, Columbia ... And there was more.... We all came with a purpose. My gift was bigger than I could ever have dreamed. Thank you friends and family for the inspiration to remind and encourage me to keep notes of where I went, how I felt, and photographs to keep the memory alive Ahhhh... Keeping this experience alive... I typed in the word memory and that made it seem far away already...Not for a ...
Day 13 - Day Trip to Finisterre and Muxia
... clothes and walking shoes on the rocks there. The last stop was Muxia, another days journey past Finisterre. This is the very last point you can walk to on the Camino. If you've seen the movie "The Way", it's where Martin Sheen throws Emilio Estavez's ashes into the ocean. When Ramiro dropped me off at my albergue, I said goodbye to Barry. His return flight is tomorrow and he booked a hotel at the edge of town. He was a really great guy, and I'm glad ...
A great day with the three tinkers...
... course meal, let alone sitting down for dinner at 8pm... Our table faced west so we had a perfect view of where the sun as it started it's descent for the night. There we're a few yachts out there as well...where they had come from and where they were going was a mystery. By 10:15pm we'd finished dinner so we went outside with cameras ready and watched the magnificent sunset. Sharing commented on how very few people in this world have the privilege ...

subset: commoncrawl


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No. 2 Men Undefeated at Northwestern Duals
Team earns 8-7 combined record
Ohio State Fencing Earns 7-3 Record at Elite Invitational
Men's unit suffers loss to Columbia, women's unit downed by Columbia and Princeton
Maximilien Chastanet Wins Men's Foil Title, Buckeyes Finish 2016 NCAA's in Second Place
Ohio State earns six medals, finishes in the top 5 for the 15th consecutive year
Buckeyes Move Up To Second Place After Day Three Of NCAA's
Four fencers finish the first rounds in the Top 5
Buckeyes Head To Waltham For NCAA Championships
Eleven fencers compete for national title
2015-2016 (Junior Season): Competed at all competitions for the Buckeyes ... claimed second place at the OSU Open ... registered a season-best 12-3 record at the Elite Invitational ... claimed ten wins at Northwestern Duals ... went undefeated (3-0) at OSU Duals ... tied for third place at Midwest Fencing Conference Championships, earning All-Conference First Team honors ... claimed first place at Midwest Regionals (7-2, +14), qualifying for his third appearance at NCAA Championships ... finished the 2016 NCAA Championships in fifth place (15-8, +22).
2014-2015 (Sophomore Season): Competed in St. John's Invitational, NYU Invitational, and the OSU Invitational ... registered 11 wins at the OSU Invitational ... finished fifth place at Midwest Regionals ... made his second appearance at NCAA Championships ... finished in 13th place at the event.
2013-14 (Freshman Season): Earned a second place finish at the Midwest Regionals to pave his way to a spot at the 2014 NCAA Championship...finished in ninth place at the event...joined the Buckeye squad during the middle of the season...registered 18 wins at Northwestern Duals.


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Colorado is one of the most spectacular and scenic areas of anywhere in the world. Naturally Colorado has an amazing collection of national parks and monuments, recreation areas and state parks. Blue Mesa Recreational Ranch is centrally located to a number of great National Parks and Monuments, all within an easy driving distance.
Black Canyon National Park is very nearby and may be the most spectacular of all our parks, with the narrow gorge and steep canyon walls. Mesa Verde National Park offers a glimpse back into history and the amazing cultures that once inhabitated this area. Located right next to Grand Junction is the Colorado National Monument , which offers the first taste of southern Utah with red rock formations. An often over-looked park is the Great Sand Dunes . These are some of the largest sand dunes in North American, being created by just the right location of mountains and strong winds. A fun place to go!


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CRUMPLER RTV THE FUG IPAD CASE - PURPLEFeatures:
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Steve Dales '69 GTO F/C 6.118 @ 228.89
On June 13, 2013 Steve Dale captured both the ET and the speed record for a traditional Pontiac engine by running a 6.118 @ 228.89 mph @ Virginia Motorsports Park. Steve's 1969 GTO Funny Car runs a supercharged fuel injected 505 cid Pontiac engine. The car weighs 2400 lbs. Steve runs an IA2 Pontiac block with Tiger heads
Lil Jack Pumphrey and his 1965 GTO making 8 second passes
Pure Pontiac powered 1965 GTO that ran a 8.49 @ 159mph at Capitol Raceway in Crofton, Maryland. This car creates envy from PontiacDude in Florida!! Mr Keefer, coming out to play???? LOL ;)
Sleeper Pontiac
Twin turbo BBC in a 63 LeMans at the Flashlight Drags! A little faster than it looks? I think he needs a cage and chute.
Nunzi's 1963 4 Cylinder Super Duty Tempest
Nunzi at Atco on his shakedown runs with the 4cylinder SD Tempest. We will repost new runs once the necessary changes are made. Going for the 11's. Thanks to my son Tony for his hard work and the gang for their help, Kenan(camera man),Andy, Matt, Jones.


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Tropical Fish Keeping - Aquarium fish care and resources (http://www.tropicalfishkeeping.com/forum.php)
- Freshwater Aquarium Equipment (http://www.tropicalfishkeeping.com/freshwater-aquarium-equipment/)
- - Ammo Lock - How often can I use it? (http://www.tropicalfishkeeping.com/freshwater-aquarium-equipment/ammo-lock-how-often-can-i-5466/)
Ammo Lock - How often can I use it?
I am using Ammo Lock to protect my Betta Kallie from persistent high ammonia levels. The store told me to only use it once every 7 days and the instructions don't give any directions in this regard.
I can't see that 1 cc in a 2 gallon bowl would last a week, with daily 10% water changes.
Does anyone know how often I can use Ammo Lock? It's supposed to also be a water conditioner so should I not be using my usual water treatment (Sera Aqutan) as well?
Would appreciate hearing any experiences with Ammo Lock.
Personally, I wouldn't be using any chemicals to control the ammonia.
I would suggest daily water changes of 50 percent to dilute the ammonia naturally, and keep feeding to a bare minimun.
Do you have a filter?
Hi...I bought the smallest filter (Elite) possible and it was still too powerful for his bowl. He couldn't stay upright and hid behind the heater. It also mashed the plant so we removed it.
I am doing - twice daily 10% changes but even after larger water changes the level doesn't drop below 4.
I'm guessing that my only option now is to remove him to a separate container until the cycling is complete.
Any ideas?
try getting an adjustable flow filter, these can be set to barely have any water coming out of them or maybe go the air filter way... not the best but its beter than no filtration.
bettas are usually fairly hardy fish. usually living in rice paddies with no real water changes.... lol most of the time surviving in horse prints so they have a bit of depth to live in
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Full profile →'">
The author is a Forbes contributor. The opinions expressed are those of the writer.
Continued from page 1
What do you think about the luxury market in Africa?
I think there is a fast-growing market for African-made luxury goods in Africa. Building this market to last will take a paradigm shift as to why it's as cool to own a leather bag designed by a Nigerian or Kenyan luxury house as it is to own one from an Italian powerhouse. But it also takes much product/service refinement on the part of African designers and manufacturers. Recently, African designers have been hitting the mark on product refinement, even with local production. This has been producing results, and needs to continue. International gatherings like the 2012 IHT Luxury Conference also help to focus on Africa's capacity for luxury creation and consumption. I like the idea of Africa as a destination for handmade luxury.
As a person running a business, what are some skills or attributes that you have found to be indispensable?
As a person running a business, I have found that optimism has helped me get far. If you combine an optimistic disposition with research and hard work, you can do great things.
As a creator of quality leather goods, what are some skills or attributes that you have found to be indispensable?
The main skill for me is creativity. I will go meta and say that an indispensable skill has been knowing how to get myself into my best creative mode.
Where do you see Minku in 5 years?
I try not to plan ahead much, because there are too many factors beyond my control. At the moment, growth for Minku is centered on making the most desirable products I can conceive. I am working with unusual materials: Aso-oke from Nigeria, and leather. So there is already some novelty there, but I am interested in seeing just how much excitement I can wring out of people, both men and women, on the mundane topic of bags. So much of my current focus is on that.
I belong to the generation where the most successful social network was started out of a dorm room, so for me, having a small atelier for working and an online storefront has not been unusual, and I am lucky that this model has been well-received. In five years, I would love to have a flagship store for Minku, perhaps in Lagos or New York City.
Follow me on Twitter @MfonobongNsehe


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Lace Choker by Jamie A Besel
Welcome! You are browsing as a guestWould you like to see 4 projects made from this pattern and much more? join Ravelry now What am I missing?
© referencegoddess
© jennai1
Lace Choker
This pattern was available in print for $1.00.
This lace choker is easily done in a couple of hours. It's knit using a raw silk that gives it a very earthy look and has adjustable tie straps to fit just about anyone.


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Fairfield Inn & Suites Allentown Bethlehem
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Great experience! The front desk provided freshly popped popcorn and cookies throughout our stay. Rooms were clean. Staff was friendly. Can't go wrong with Marriott!
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Bored? Why Not Visit the Oldest Bookstore!?
Melissa and I decided to take a random trip... so we drove down to Pennsylvania to explore a new town on the map.
When we checked into our hotel, we took out the laptop and did some quick planning.
Our first stop was the Moravian Book Shop. It happens to be the oldest bookstore in the United States (founded in 1745).
" …
Day 11
... and he started laughing. I guess it is funny but the best part was when I told Mary and Steve. Marie something up in one sentence "well they can kiss my fender fluff!" I was laughing so hard I started crying and thought I was going to pee my pants. This is a memory I will not soon forget To all that followed the blog thank you for letting me blabber on and hope you enjoyed ...
Yay end of week 1 classes
Yay week 1 classes ended!! And ended well!!! Gave students surveys to fill out, and the comments were phenomenal!! They absolutely loved the class :))) always nice when that happens!!! Had a nice lunch and dinner in the dining hall with the staff too. AND I got paid for Emory. So the day is definitely looking up. Hope to have a relaxing time ...
... took over that for me. She brought a laptop and worked on her lectures. The business instructor didn't come at all, saying he wanted to work on his lesson plans! Then today... I was so tired! There was a little drama in the morning that left me completely unmotivated. I ate lunch alone, recuperated, and ran labs in the afternoons. 16 kids. Without proper big tables and other things, it's hard! But I managed. A photographer came in and took photos. Thought it went well ...
... with a Valentine's dinner at Karloff, dinner with Claire and Neil at Le Passe followed by a few sets of boozy table tennis on the 15th, and lunch at Houston Hall on the 16th before catching a movie.
Last year Matt was away on his birthday; so this year I decided to meet up with him in Pennsylvania. I got a train to the Port Authority Bus Terminal; and if I had thought people watching on the metro was entertaining I was in for a real ...