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It was common knowledge in my family that the phone was tapped. A friend who was a local GP, and like my Mum and Dad a member of the local branch of the Communist Party, had been told as much by a terminally ill Post Office employee. I used to wonder at the prospect of these grim-faced men in nylon shirts, listening in to the maddening yards of quotidian nonsense that passed between my siblings and their various friends.
The Nylons were, of course, wasting their time. From the second world war onwards, British communists - unlike the Trotskyist splinter groups that we so loathed - were pretty much committed to parliamentary democracy. Most of the party's energies were devoted to sustaining itself through fund-raising bazaars, jumble sales and membership drives. Every now and then we would offer useful support to workers who were having a hard time, or run concerts for political prisoners, but nothing that even remotely threatened the British state.
And even if any of our number fancied themselves as latter day members of a British Rote Kapelle spy network infiltrating the security system and passing on important military secrets to Russia, they would have found card-carrying membership of the CP something of a handicap. No, by any rational judgement there was little case for squandering resources on us.
But twenty years ago that was exactly what the security services were doing. Timothy Garton Ash, in his book The File, tells his readers that security officers estimated to him that - in the Seventies - nearly a third of MI5's budget was devoted to dealing with domestic "subversion". "They cast their net pretty wide," Garton Ash writes. "Not just over every single member of the Communist Party of Great Britain, they also had files on leading members of CND and the National Council of Civil Liberties."
I was triply suspect, then. In the late Seventies, I was a Communist, a student activist, a CND member and a thorough pain in the arse. I went on demos, wrote leaflets, organised sit-ins and "solidarised" (I'm afraid) with anybody who I thought might conceivably deserve it. I was also, by my lights, a committed democrat and passionately opposed to violence. So when, last Tuesday, the Home Secretary was tackled by the Home Affairs Select Committee and asked about the files held on the "subversives" of yesterday, I was interested in what he had to say. Not least because of my own private conversation a few months earlier with a man I shall call "Mr X". Now, Mr X is as high up as you can get in this government, and not play Flamenco guitar. And he too - like many of his colleagues - has a background in the "subversion" of yesteryear. So I asked him when he and his colleagues would let me see my little file.
"Never," he replied. I told him that I thought this was a shame. Surely, with this government committed to Freedom of Information, I argued, it was high time that ... You can fill in the rest. Mr X heard me out and then put me straight.
A few years before, he said, he had been shown (under exceptional circumstances) a part of his file. It dealt with his family's connection with the CP in the dreary overspill where they then lived, and some of it had been compiled by an informer. "The CP was not big in that area," said Mr X, "and I soon realised that this chap could only be one of two or three people, some of them friends of the family."
An informer? I had thought about bugging and shadowing, but never about informers. Had I also been "informed" upon, I asked him. "Probably," he replied. But who by? Members of student branches who reported back to London, certainly. But who else? Friends? Colleagues at the National Union of Students? Lovers, even?
Scanning backwards over all those shared train-rides, parties and near orgies I wondered which ones still existed in some dusty folder, containing lines like "DA then rolled another cannabis joint and told informer, Miss Z, that communism did not - in his opinion - preclude sexual promiscuity."
All of a sudden I felt the need to see my files more urgently than ever, and told Mr X so. "But you see," Mr X said, "these informers, no matter how you feel about them, were recruited on the basis that they were doing a job for their country. As far as they were concerned they were patriots, not sneaks. And the condition of their employment was that no-one would ever be told about them. Would we be justified in breaking that agreement now? And if we did, would anyone have grounds to trust us now, when we assure them that their informing on the IRA, or Column 88, or organised crime, will never, ever come to light? I think the answer to both questions is no. It would, I think, be better to destroy the files."
I am too easily swayed by a good argument, and found myself inclining towards Mr X. And anyway, what were the real reasons for my wanting to see that file? Wasn't it actually vanity, like that desperate urge to read someone else's diary and see what they say about you? Or the desire to attend your own funeral? What would I lose if my file were to be (as it may already have been) shredded by a New Spook?
It took the Conservative MP and old Cold Warrior, Dr Julian Lewis, to make me realise that I was wrong. He recently accused Jack Straw and Peter Mandelson et al, of wanting these files destroyed because they wished to suppress embarrassing information about their leftist pasts, not out of concern for past informants and future security.
This was a reminder, of course, that history does not go away. My file will show, if opened, that I was never a Soviet stooge, nor a manipulative anti-democrat. But if destroyed, people like Lewis can claim whatever they like about my past, simply because there was once a file. At some future time this could come to matter a great deal; the possible embarrassment of a few old informers cannot outweigh my right to know what they said about me.
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Let It Be, The Beatles musical tribute import from London's West End, started previews last week at the St. James Theatre on Broadway. The creative tems includes scenic designer Tim McQuillen-Wright, lighting designer Jason Lyons, sound designer Gareth Owen, and video designer Duncan McLean.
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In the respiratory network of mice, we characterized with the whole cell patch-clamp technique pacemaker properties in neurons discharging in phase with inspiration. The respiratory network was isolated in a transverse brain stem slice containing the pre-Bötzinger complex (PBC), the presumed site for respiratory rhythm generation. After blockade of respiratory network activity with 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxalene-2,3-dione (CNQX), 18 of 52 inspiratory neurons exhibited endogenous pacemaker activity, which was voltage dependent, could be reset by brief current injections and could be entrained by repetitive stimuli. In the pacemaker group (n = 18), eight neurons generated brief bursts (0.43 ± 0.03 s) at a relatively high frequency (1.05 ± 0.12 Hz) in CNQX. These bursts resembled the bursts that these neurons generated in the intact network during the interval between two inspiratory bursts. Cadmium (200 μM) altered but did not eliminate this bursting activity, while 0.5 μM tetrodotoxin suppressed bursting activity. Another set of pacemaker neurons (10 of 18) generated in CNQX longer bursts (1.57 ± 0.07 s) at a lower frequency (0.35 ± 0.01 Hz). These bursts resembled the inspiratory bursts generated in the intact network in phase with the population activity. This bursting activity was blocked by 50–100 μM cadmium or 0.5 μM tetrodotoxin. We conclude that the respiratory neural network contains pacemaker neurons with two types of bursting properties. The two types of pacemaker activities might have different functions within the respiratory network.
Neural networks underlying rhythmic activities in vertebrates and invertebrates share similar rhythm-generating mechanisms (Marder and Calabrese 1996). In many of these networks, pacemaker neurons provide a basic rhythmic activity. Phase relationship, discharge pattern, and frequency of the rhythmic output depend critically also on synaptic interactions with other elements of the network and on neuromodulatory inputs from neurons located inside and outside of the neural network (Ayali and Harris-Warrick 1999; Katz 1995,1998; Thoby-Brisson and Simmers 1998). Thus the resulting rhythmic activity depends on a combination of membrane and synaptic properties.
For the neural network that controls breathing in mammals, the situation seems similar. There is increasing evidence that a subpopulation of respiratory neurons express pacemaker properties (Johnson et al. 1994; Koshiya and Smith 1999; Onimaru et al. 1989; Smith et al. 1991). Pacemaker neurons seem to be primarily located in the ventrolateral medulla in a column called the ventral respiratory group (VRG) (McCrimmon et al. 2000). A relatively high concentration of inspiratory pacemaker neurons has been identified in one particular region of the VRG, the pre-Bötzinger complex (Koshiya and Smith 1999; Thoby-Brisson et al. 2000). In brain stem slices containing the pre-Bötzinger complex, blockade of synaptic transmission with low calcium concentrations or blockade of non-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) excitatory transmission (with 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: CNQX) eliminated coordinated respiratory network activity (Funk et al. 1993), while respiratory pacemaker neurons remained rhythmically active in an a-synchronized manner (Koshiya and Smith 1999). While excitatory connections are critical for the synchronization of respiratory neuronal activity, inhibitory connections are essential for establishing the different phases of the so-called eupneic respiratory rhythm (inspiration, expiration, and postinspiration) (Lieske et al. 2000; Ramirez et al. 1997; Shao and Feldman 1997) as well as shape of inspiratory activity (Lieske et al. 2000;Ramirez et al. 1997). In the absence of synaptic inhibition, expiratory activity ceases, but inspiratory neural activity remains rhythmic (Ramirez et al. 1997). Therefore there is increasing interest to understand how inspiratory activity is established. An obvious possibility is that inspiratory activity is generated by inspiratory pacemaker neurons, such as those described by various authors (Johnson et al. 1994; Koshiya and Smith 1999; Thoby-Brisson et al. 2000). The present study aimed at comparing in more detail the intracellularly recorded activity of inspiratory pacemaker neurons in the presence and absence of synchronized population activity (i.e., after blockade of non-NMDA glutamatergic synaptic transmission). Our investigations revealed that inspiratory pacemaker neurons exhibited two significantly different discharge and membrane properties. The identification of heterogeneous pacemaker properties will form an important basis for understanding how these properties may contribute to different aspects of the neural control of respiration.
Preparation of slices
Experiments were performed on brain stem transverse slices from 52 male and female mice (CD1, P6–P13). Only one neuron per slice was examined. The preparation technique, which was previously described in detail (Ramirez et al. 1996) will be summarized here. The animals were decapitated under anesthesia, and the isolated brain stem was placed in an ice-cold artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) bubbled with carbogen (95% O2-5% CO2). The ACSF contained (in mM) 128 NaCl, 3 KCl, 1.5 CaCl2, 1 MgSO4, 24 NaHCO, 0.5 NaH2PO4, and 30d-glucose, pH of 7.4. The brain stem, glued onto an agar block with the rostral end up, was mounted into a vibratome and serially sliced from rostral to caudal until the rostral boundary of the pre-Bötzinger complex (PBC) became visible. This area was recognized by specific landmarks such as the inferior olive (IO), the nucleus ambiguus (NA), and the hypoglossal nucleus (XII) (Fig.1 A). Five-hundred- to 600-μm-thick slices containing the PBC were transferred into a recording chamber, continuously perfused with oxygenated CSF and maintained at a temperature of 29°C. To obtain and maintain respiratory rhythmic activity the potassium concentration was raised from 3 to 8 mM over 30 min.
Population activity recordings were obtained with suction electrodes positioned onto the surface of the PBC. The signals were amplified 2,000 times, filtered (low-pass, 1.5 kHz; high pass, 250 Hz), rectified, and integrated using an electronic filter (time constant of 30–50 ms). Integrated population activity from the PBC was in phase with integrated XII activity (Telgkamp and Ramirez 1999; Thoby-Brisson et al. 2000). Therefore extracellularly recorded PBC activity will be used as a marker for inspiratory population activity (Fig. 1).
Intracellular patch-clamp recordings were obtained from PBC neurons with the blind-patch technique. The patch electrodes were manufactured from filamented borosilicate glass tubes (Clarke GC 150TF), filled with a solution containing (in mM) 140 K-gluconic acid, 1 CaCl2*6H2O, 10 EGTA, 2 MgCl2*6H2O, 4 Na2ATP, 10 HEPES. Inspiratory neurons were identified according to their anatomical location and their discharge characteristics. Only inspiratory neurons, active in phase with population activity, were considered in this study. The discharge pattern of each cell type was first identified in the cell-attached mode. Experiments were then performed in the whole cell patch-clamp mode. The firing pattern of the recorded neurons was not altered after establishing the whole cell patch-clamp configuration. The membrane potential values were corrected for liquid junctional potentials (LJPs) as described by Neher (1992). Recordings were stored with a personal computer on Axotape (Version 2.0, Axon Instruments) and analyzed off-line using customized analysis software.
Drugs were applied at the final concentration of: 20 μM CNQX (Tocris Cookson, Ballwin, MO); 0.5 μM tetrodotoxin (TTX; Sigma, St Louis, MO); 4–200 μM cadmium (Cd; Sigma); 50 μM carbenoxolone (Sigma); and 50 μMdl-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP-5; Sigma). None of these solutions caused a change in the LJP.
Statistical values are given as means ± SE. Significance was assessed with the Student's t-test. Values were assumed to be significant at P < 0.05.
Discrimination between pacemaker and nonpacemaker inspiratory neurons
Pacemaker properties were tested for 52 inspiratory neurons (Figs.1 B and 2, Ai and Bi). After blockade of non-NMDA glutamatergic synapses with 20 μM CNQX, 34 neurons became tonically active or inactive (Fig. 1 C). Depolarizing current injections triggered no bursting activity in these neurons (Fig.1 C), suggesting that they did not express intrinsic oscillatory properties. Neurons with these properties were considered nonpacemaker inspiratory neurons.
In contrast, 18 neurons remained rhythmically active in CNQX (Fig.2). These neurons are referred to as pacemaker neurons if the remaining rhythmic activity was also reset by current injection as described in the following text. Three of these neurons were further isolated by adding to the bathing saline 50 μM carbenoxolone to block possible electrical synapses and 50 μM AP-5 to block possible NMDA connections. Rhythmic bursting activity persisted also under such experimental conditions confirming our previous study (Thoby-Brisson et al. 2000). These pharmacological and electrophysiological experiments suggest that the rhythmic activity was generated independent from synaptic excitatory inputs. The pacemaker neurons had two types of discharge properties in CNQX. Eight pacemaker neurons expressed short-duration bursts (0.43 ± 0.03 s) at 1.05 ± 0.12 Hz (Fig. 2 Aii). They will be called fast bursters. The 10 other pacemaker neurons expressed bursts with a relatively longer duration (1.57 ± 0.07 s) at a frequency of 0.35 ± 0.01 Hz (Fig. 2 Bii). They will be called slow bursters.
The fast burster neurons, which generated short-duration bursts in CNQX, exhibited under control conditions large inspiratory bursts in phase with population activity and brief bursts of action potentials between the inspiratory bursts (Fig. 2 Ai). Following the blockade of glutamatergic synaptic transmission with 20 μM CNQX, the large inspiratory bursts disappeared, but the brief rhythmic bursts were still generated (Fig. 2 Aii). None of the fast burster neurons (n = 8) exhibited a sag depolarization in response to hyperpolarizing current injections, suggesting that they did not express the I h current (Fig.2 Aiii).
In contrast, the slow burster neurons, which expressed long-duration bursts in CNQX, were under control conditions rhythmically active in phase with the population activity but did not generate brief bursts in the interval between two inspiratory bursts (Fig. 2 Bi). These neurons were often tonically active during this interval. The bursts generated in these neurons after blockade of glutamatergic synaptic transmission with 20 μM CNQX resembled qualitatively the inspiratory bursts under control conditions (compare Fig. 2 B, ii to i). All of the slow burster neurons (n = 10) developed a depolarizing sag in response to hyperpolarizing current injections; this is indicative for theI h current (Fig. 2 Biii).
A quantitative analysis was performed to compare the frequency and duration of the two types of bursts expressed in the presence or absence of respiratory network activity. Measurements were obtained for 15 consecutive bursts under control conditions and in the presence of CNQX. The frequency of the brief bursts generated by the fast burster neurons under control conditions (1.22 ± 0.04 Hz) was not significantly altered (P = 0.2) in the presence of CNQX (1.05 ± 0.12 Hz; n = 8). Similarly unaffected (P = 0.1) was the short bursts duration (0.36 ± 0.01 s in control conditions and 0.43 ± 0.03 s in CNQX;n = 8). These data suggest, however, a tendency toward longer and less frequent bursts in CNQX.
The discharge pattern of the slow burster neurons, which generated the relatively longer bursts, revealed significant differences after isolation from the network. The burst frequency generated in CNQX was significantly higher (0.35 ± 0.01 Hz; n = 8) than the frequency of inspiratory bursts generated under control conditions (0.26 ± 0.01 Hz, n = 8). Similarly, the burst duration in the presence of CNQX was significantly higher (1.57 ± 0.07 s; n = 8) than the duration of inspiratory bursts (1.12 ± 0.04 s) generated under control conditions.
Effect of Cd and TTX on the generation of brief bursts
The possible involvement of calcium currents in the generation of the brief bursts was tested by bath application of Cd, a nonspecific blocker of calcium currents. Cd was applied initially at a low concentration of 4 μM and increased progressively up to 200 μM to block all voltage-dependent calcium currents (Elsen and Ramirez 1998). All the fast burster neurons (Fig.3 A; n = 8), which generated brief bursts in CNQX, continued to burst in 200 μM Cd (Fig. 3 B). The bursting frequency decreased significantly from 1.05 ± 0.12 Hz in CNQX to 0.57 ± 0.02 Hz in CNQX + Cd. The burst duration was not significantly altered (0.43 ± 0.03 s in CNQX and 0.44 ± 0.01 s in CNQX + Cd;P = 0.6). However the application of Cd altered the shape of the burst. Under control conditions and in CNQX, each burst consisted of a short train of action potentials without a significant depolarizing drive potential (Fig. 3 A). In the presence of Cd, each burst was characterized by a significant depolarization (Fig.3 B).
The additional application of 0.5 μM TTX suppressed rhythmic bursting activity in all examined fast burster neurons (n = 7). TTX abolished initially the depolarizing burst, while action potential generation persisted for approximately 1 min (Fig. 3 C, 1 and2). All tested neurons became inactive after 3 min in 0.5 μM TTX (Fig. 3 C3). These experiments suggest that TTX-sensitive currents are involved in the generation of the brief bursts. The persistence of a bursting activity in the presence of high concentrations of Cd suggests that calcium currents are not essential for the pacemaker properties of the fast burster neurons. The change in the shape of the bursts, however, indicates that calcium currents contribute to the bursting properties.
Characterization of the brief bursts using current injections
The voltage dependency, entrainment, and resetting properties of rhythmic brief bursts were examined in the presence of 20 μM CNQX and 200 μM Cd (n = 4). Prolonged negative or positive current injections decreased or increased the bursting frequency respectively (Fig. 4, A andB). Hyperpolarizing currents below −1 nA led in all examined neurons to a complete cessation of rhythmic activity (Fig.4 B).
Repetitive injections of brief depolarizing or hyperpolarizing stimuli (−2–2.5 nA, 50–100 ms) could entrain the generation of the brief bursts (4 neurons tested, Fig. 5,A and B). The entrainment curve in Fig.5 C was obtained by plotting the phase of a current injection within a bursting period against the bursting period of the neuron's intrinsic activity. Current injections entrained the bursting properties over a limited stimulation range. Entrainment was characterized by a constant phase relationship between current injection and burst generation. Stimulations were not efficient to entrain the neuron's activity for a stimulation frequency lower than the neuron's intrinsic bursting frequency irrespective of negative or positive current pulses. For a range of stimulation frequencies (0.87–1 Hz) that were higher than the intrinsic frequency of the neuron, the rhythmic activity of the neuron followed the frequency of the injected current. For stimulation frequencies higher than 1 Hz the bursting activity became unlocked.
The generation of rhythmic brief bursts could also be reset by current injections (50–100 ms, −2–1.5 nA; Fig.6 A; 4 neurons tested). Short hyperpolarizing current injections delivered during an on-going burst resulted in the premature termination of the burst as illustrated on Fig. 6 B (see also Fig. 5 B). The triggering of all-or-none bursts, the premature termination of an on-going burst, the voltage dependency, the reset, and the entrainment properties are all indicative that the bursting activity was generated intrinsically in the neurons and not synaptically driven by a remaining network.
Effect of Cd and tetrodotoxin on the generation of long-duration bursts
Cd effectively blocked the generation of long-duration bursts in all examined slow burster neurons (n = 7; Fig.7 A). The pronounced depolarizing potentials underlying each burst were greatly reduced in 50 μM Cd, but low-amplitude bursts consisting of trains of eight to nine action potentials were still generated (Fig. 7 Aii). The generation of these low-amplitude bursts ceased in 100 μM Cd and all examined neurons became tonically active (n = 7, Fig.7 Aiii). Additional application of 0.5 μM TTX blocked the generation of the remaining action potentials, and the neurons became inactive (Fig. 7 Aiv).
To determine whether the bursting mechanism was also TTX sensitive, 0.5 μM TTX was applied in three preparations before the application of Cd. In all cases, action potentials disappeared initially, followed by the elimination of depolarizing bursts as exemplified on Fig.7 B. This suggests that both Cd- and TTX-sensitive currents contribute to the generation of these long-duration bursts.
Characterization of the long-duration bursts using current injections
The voltage dependency, entrainment, and resetting properties of the rhythmic long-duration bursts were examined in the presence of 20 μM CNQX. Hyperpolarizing current injections decreased the frequency of the bursting activity (Fig.8 A). Current injections below −0.5 nA caused in all examined neurons (n = 3) a cessation of bursting activity (Fig. 8 B). Depolarizing current injections increased the bursting frequency (Fig.8 A), however, only over a limited current range before bursting activity became erratic (n = 3; Fig.8 B).
Repetitive stimuli (50–100 ms, −2–2 nA) could entrain the generation of long-duration bursts, but only over a limited range (Fig.9, A and B;n = 3). Stimulation frequencies below the neuron's intrinsic bursting frequency (less than 0.35 Hz) failed to entrain the neuron's activity. The neuron followed the stimulation frequency for a stimulation range between 0.35 and 0.5 Hz (Fig. 9 C). For higher stimulation frequencies (more than 0.55 Hz), the bursting activity became unlocked. The entrainment properties were analyzed as described for fast burster neurons.
A single brief current injection (50–150 ms, −2–2 nA) could reset the rhythmic long-duration bursts (Fig.10 A, n = 3). These bursts could be terminated prematurely by negative current injection (Fig. 10 B, n = 3). These results are all indicative for an intrinsic generation of the rhythmic long-duration bursts.
In the present study we showed the existence of two different types of bursts generated in pacemaker inspiratory neurons within the respiratory neural network. These two types of bursts had distinct physiology and pharmacology (Table 1). One type of bursting activity consisted of brief bursts (0.43 s) occurring at a relatively high frequency (1.05 Hz). The other type of bursts was longer in duration (1.57 s) and occurred at a lower frequency (0.35 Hz). The brief bursts were maintained in high-Cd concentrations but were blocked by TTX. In contrast, the long-duration bursts were blocked by Cd and TTX. The two types of bursts were generated in neurons that exhibited under control conditions different discharge patterns. Fast burster neurons, which generated in CNQX brief rhythmic bursts, expressed under control conditions similar brief bursts between two consecutive inspiratory bursts. Slow burster neurons, which generated in CNQX bursts that resembled the inspiratory bursts, expressed under control conditions only tonic activity between two inspiratory bursts but no brief bursts. Although only one neuron was recorded intracellularly per slice, we believe that the two types of bursters could be found in the same preparation. While searching for pacemaker neurons with the blind-patch technique, we frequently recorded from neurons resembling the two types of bursters in the same slice. However, because these recordings were extracellular these two types of pacemaker were only identified based on their discharge patterns.
The neurons with these two distinct bursts and discharge patterns resemble type 1 and type 2 inspiratory neurons described by Rekling and co-workers (Rekling et al. 1996). According to their classification, type 1 neurons generate bursting activity during the inter-inspiratory interval, generate a hyperpolarization, which slowly repolarizes after an inspiratory burst, and possess noI h current. In our study, all the fast burster neurons generating the brief bursts fulfilled these criteria. Type 2 neurons, according to the classification by Rekling et al. (1996) exhibit only regular spiking and never bursting activity in the inter-inspiratory interval, present a short-duration hyperpolarization after an inspiratory burst, and possess anI h current. All these criteria were fulfilled also in the present study for the slow burster neurons that exhibited the long-duration bursts. However, it must be emphasized that the nomenclature for the two types of inspiratory neurons as used byRekling et al. (1996) cannot be used for the present study because neurons were characterized in different ACSF solutions. For example, in Rekling's study the calcium concentration was 50% reduced compared with the concentration of 1.5 mM that we used. Moreover, our slices were perfused with a CSF containing 8 mM K+, instead of 5.4 mM, as used by Rekling et al. (1996). In addition, as we described previously (Thoby-Brisson et al. 2000), the presence or absence of the I h current was not an unambiguous property to discriminate between the two types of inspiratory neurons. Some neurons, which were tonically active during the interval between two inspiratory bursts and therefore classified as type 2, had noI h current. Moreover, discrimination between two types of inspiratory neurons based on the discharge pattern is also ambiguous, as some type 2 neurons were inactive between two inspiratory bursts and did not show tonic activity. Therefore although our study clearly indicated that inspiratory pacemaker neurons in the PBC exhibit two significantly different bursting properties, uncertainly remains as to whether these two bursting properties are expressed in two "separate-able" types of inspiratory neurons.
Our results are important since previous models of respiratory rhythm generation have not considered the possibility of two types of bursting properties (Butera et al. 1999a,b; Rekling and Feldman 1998; Smith 1997; Smith et al. 1995, 2000). However, the demonstration of neurons with heterogeneous pacemaker properties in a rhythm-generating network is not new. For example, within the pyloric network of crustaceans, distinct pharmacologies characterize the two types of pacemaker activities generated by two types of neurons: the AB and PD neurons (Bal et al. 1988; Harris-Warrick et al. 1992). These neurons also differ in their neurotransmitter content (Marder and Eisen 1984a), their intrinsic membrane properties (Bal et al. 1988; Marder and Eisen 1984b), and their response to neuromodulators (Flamm and Harris-Warrick 1986; Hooper and Marder 1987). These differences enable the pyloric network to switch its configuration in response to neuromodulatory inputs and state-dependent changes. We expect that the characterization of the two types of pacemaker activities in the respiratory network may also be an important step toward understanding the mechanisms underlying rhythm generation, neuromodulation, or responsiveness to metabolic changes, such as those occurring during hypoxia. Indeed we have previously postulated that there might be different types of pacemaker activities within the respiratory network (Thoby-Brisson and Ramirez 2000). We described neurons generating bursts that were either maintained or inactivated during prolonged anoxic conditions. Neurons that generated brief bursts, as characterized in the present study, are identical with the neurons, which remained rhythmically active in anoxia. Neurons that generated the long-duration bursts were identical with the neurons inactivated during anoxia (Thoby-Brisson and Ramirez 2000).
Membrane conductances involved in the two types of bursting activity
The membrane conductances responsible for the rhythmic bursting activity have not been identified experimentally in any respiratory pacemaker neuron. So far, the I hcurrent is the only conductance characterized in pacemaker neurons (Thoby-Brisson et al. 2000). Although this current plays an important role in modulating the respiratory frequency, it is not essential for burst initiation since bursting activity in inspiratory pacemaker neurons persisted after I h current blockade (Thoby-Brisson et al. 2000).
In the present study, we have demonstrated that both types of bursts were abolished in TTX, suggesting that a TTX-sensitive sodium current is critical for their generation. In fact, the computational study byButera et al. (1999a) has previously postulated that one type of sodium current, the persistent sodium current, is important for burst generation. Our results showing that both types of bursting activity by pacemaker neurons were blocked by TTX are consistent with this hypothesis given that most known persistent sodium currents are TTX sensitive (Baker and Bostock 1997; Crill 1996; Elson and Selverston 1997; Ju et al. 1996). However, a persistent sodium current is only one possible mechanism to explain the blockade of bursting properties with TTX. Alternatively, the bursting activity could also involve a transient sodium current or a TTX-sensitive resurgent sodium current (Raman and Bean 1997). Further voltage-clamp recordings will be necessary to determine which TTX-sensitive current is involved in the bursting activity of pacemaker inspiratory neurons.
The application of Cd affected differentially the generation of the two types of bursts. Although the application of Cd allows no specific conclusions on the underlying bursting mechanisms, these experiments demonstrate that the two types of bursts do not share similar calcium-dependent mechanisms for burst initiation or termination. In Cd, the brief bursts exhibited a larger amplitude suggesting that the inward TTX-sensitive current (discussed in the preceding paragraph) is opposed by a Cd-sensitive outward current. A balance between these two currents may lead to the brief burst of action potentials, which were typically characterized by their small amplitude. In contrast, low concentrations of Cd abolished the long-duration bursts, and the neurons exhibited only low-amplitude bursts. At higher Cd concentrations, these bursts were abolished and the neurons became tonically active. This suggests that an inward calcium current is involved in the triggering of the long-duration bursts. Further experiments will be necessary to determine which calcium conductance(s) is (are) involved in the two bursting activity of inspiratory pacemaker neurons. However, the present study shows that bursting activity in inspiratory pacemaker neurons may depend on a complex interplay between calcium and sodium currents. Differences in this interplay may explain the distinct properties of the two types of inspiratory pacemaker activities. It is important to note that the exact balance between calcium and sodium currents may also be species-specific. Our study was performed in respiratory neurons of mice, which may have different bursting properties than pacemaker neurons that were recorded in rats (Johnson et al. 1994; Koshiya and Smith 1999; Onimaru et al. 1989; Smith et al. 1991).
Although it is tempting to speculate whether the two types of pacemaker activities as characterized in the present study fulfill different functions in the intact respiratory network, our experiment did not address this issue. However, the description of two pharmacologically distinct burst mechanisms and the observation that these two mechanisms are associated with two different responses during hypoxia (Thoby-Brisson and Ramirez 2000) may provide a first important step for future studies investigating possibly differential roles in respiratory rhythm generation.
This study was supported by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Grant HL-60120 to J.-M. Ramirez.
Address for reprint requests: J.-M. Ramirez, Dept. of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, Committee on Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, 1027 E. 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637 (E-mail:Jramire{at}midway.uchicago.edu).
- Copyright © 2001 The American Physiological Society


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Wego.com recently found 3 hotels in Remedios, Cuba. Find a range of accommodation in Remedios at great prices. Book luxury Remedios hotels or find last minute accommodation. Save more on cheap hotels in Remedios with affordable room rates.
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Classic Cars For Sale
Selected Filters:Type of Ad: Vehicles for Sale
1969 Fiat 500
Ocean City, Maryland
The 1969 Fiat 500 is a left-hand drive example that was imported by the seller within the past year from Italy. Power comes from... More
1965 Ford Mustang
1947 Studebaker
1954 Chevrolet 3100
1955 Chevrolet Suburban 3100
1957 Chevrolet Bel Air
2003 Chevrolet Corvette
Houston, Texas
This 2003 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 has just 3,235 miles and is finished in Torch Red over black leather. This example was purchased new in... More
2001 Isuzu VehiCROSS
North Brunswick, New Jersey
This 2001 Isuzu VehiCross shows 78,119 miles and is one of 4,153 examples produced for the US market, 230 of which were finished in Dragon Green Mica. Powered... More
Huntington Beach, California
This 1987 BMW M6 is equipped with a 3.5L S38 inline-six paired to a Getrag 5-speed manual transmission. Last year, the seller inherited the... More
1992 Alfa Romeo Spider
Saint Louis, Missouri
This 1992 Alfa Romeo Spider Veloce is powered by a 2.0 liter twin cam inline-four paired to a 5-speed manual transmission. Series 4 Spiders... More
Belmont, California
This 2003 BMW M5 shows 96k miles and is a mostly stock example finished in Le Mans Blue over two-tone Black and Le Mans Blue... More
1964 Sunbeam Tiger
Pylesville, Maryland
This 1964 Sunbeam Tiger is an unrestored early MkI example finished in Embassy Black over red and showing just 10,300 miles. Reportedly the 580th Tiger produced, this car spent... More
2004 Ultima Can-Am
Laguna Niguel, California
This Ultima Can Am is a kit car that was imported by the seller from the UK in 2004 and completed in 2007. Driven... More
1961 Citroen DS
Lisbon, CA
This 1961 Citroen ID19 is an unrestored example powered by a 1911cc inline-four mated to a 4-speed manual gearbox. The car was reportedly purchased new by... More
1988 Porsche 928
Reno, Nevada
This 1988 Porsche 928 S4 is a well-maintained example with just over 100k miles that is powered by a 5.0 liter V8 mated to... More
1980 Mazda RX7
Raleigh, North Carolina
This 1980 Mazda RX-7 has 86k miles and was purchased new by the seller from a Livonia, Michigan dealer in November 1980. Series 1 RX-7s... More
1968 Dodge A108
Carpinteria, California
This 1968 Dodge A108 camper van was purchased by the seller in October 2015 and is powered by a 318ci V8 mated to an automatic... More
1992 Mercedes-Benz 500E
Cleveland, Georgia
This 1992 Mercedes-Benz 500E has 173k miles and is powered by a 5.0 liter DOHC V8 paired to a 4-speed automatic transmission. These W124s were jointly... More
1951 Ford Victoria Two-door
Cape Girardeau, MO
Custom Deluxe Victoria, original V8, 3-speed overdrive, fender skirts, ?continental kit, front bumper guards, radio works, very straight and clean... More
1966 Ford Mustang Two-door
Cape Girardeau, MO
1966 Mustang Convertible, true V8, "A-Code" 289 4V and 3-speed manual transmission. The car is documented with an original door tag and original Fender... More
1995 Ford F150 Two-door
Cape Girardeau, MO
302 V8 with 5-speed standard shift, lowered with 5-inch flip kit in rear and 3-inch I-beams in front, fresh alignment, custom 3-inch exhaust, new... More
1930 Ford Coupe two-door
Cape Girardeau, MO
all-steel body, glass fenders, chopped and channel, 350 Chevrolet motor, 350 turbo, Ford rear end, Mustang front end, all-new interior, vintage air, nice car... More
1979 Chrysler Cordoba Two-door
Cape Girardeau, MO
Rarely seen Chrysler Cordoba, original car with 62,100 on odometer, power steering, power brakes, power windows, power locks, tilt wheel & cruise control,?A/C and?heat,... More
1938 Chevrolet Sedan two-door
Cape Girardeau, MO
original car, solid, 235 6-cylinder motor, 3-speed transmission... More
1964 Chevrolet Impala SS two-door
Cape Girardeau, MO
1964 Chevy Impala SS, triple black, original interior, AM/FM/CD/XM with Bluetooth, factory tach, factory tilt wheel (very rare), new 700R4 overdrive transmission, 350 ci,... More
1998 Aston Martin DB7 Alfred Dunhill
Punta Gorda, FL
1967 Ford Fairlane
Punta Gorda, FL
1988 Chevrolet Corvette
Punta Gorda, FL
1997 Mercedes-Benz SL500 Convertible
Sandy, UT
1997 Mercedes SL500 Convertible VIN# WDBFA67F5VF144618 In one form or another, Mercedes-Benz has been producing a two-seat sporty convertible since 1954 under the SL-Class... More
1991 Land Rover 110
Sandy, UT
Details and more pictures posted soon.... More
1991 Jaguar XJS Convertible
Sandy, UT
1991 Jaguar XJS Convertible... More
1986 Chevrolet C10 Shortbed Pickup Truck
Sandy, UT
1986 Chevy C10 Shortbed Pickup Truck... More
1983 Ferrari 308
Sandy, UT
1983 Ferarri 308 VIN ZFFAA02A1B0036579 Very Clean 1983 Ferrari 308 Quattrovalvole for sale! This is an iconic Ferrari that has been meticulously maintained and... More
1982 Mercedes-Benz 380SL
Sandy, UT
1982 Mercedes-Benz 380 SL VIN: WDBBA45A9CB017076 This 1982 Mercedes 380 SL is available for sale having recently coming out of an estate. This car... More
1973 Ford Mustang
Sandy, UT
1973 Ford Mustang VIN 3F05H100256 351 cleveland has 10.5:1 compression pistons, the motor has been balanced and blue printed by Crankshaft Grinders, has a 750... More
1972 Volvo P1800ES Sportwagon
Sandy, UT
A head turner, this hard to find and appreciating P1800 ES is a basically rust free California car. In my possession, always in... More
1972 Chevrolet C10 Pickup
Sandy, UT
This is one beautiful 1972 Chevy C10 Pickup. It features a 5.7l LS1 fuel injected engine, with a 4L60E electronic 4 speed transmission. It... More
1971 Ford Mustang Mach I
Sandy, UT
1971 Ford Mustang Mach I... More
1971 Chevrolet Chevelle
Sandy, UT
1971 Chevy Chevelle Good, solid muscle car from the prime of the Muscle Car Era in America. This car will make a nice driver... More
1970 Dodge Challenger Convertible
Sandy, UT
This Challenger has undergone a complete restoration with some upgrades -Complete new suspension, steering box and torsion bars -Front disk brakes, new brake lines, calipers, rotors,... More
1967 Plymouth Fury 3 Convertible
Sandy, UT
1967 Plymouth Fury III Convertible... More
1967 1967 Chevy Corvette Stingray Convertible
Sandy, UT
This is a one in a lifetime chance to own a 1967 Convertable Stingray. This car has the original factory numbers matching 327 and... More
1965 Mercury Comet
Sandy, UT
1965 Mercury Comet VIN# 5J01C512853 This 1965 Mercury Comet has received a complete restoration inside and out. The engine is a Boss 302 Block with... More
1963 Studebaker Gran Turismo Hawk
Sandy, UT
This museum quality 1963 Gran Turismo Hawk, is optioned with the V-8 engine designed for the Avanti. It was ordered highly optioned... More
1958 Dodge D100 Sweptside
Sandy, UT
THIS DODGE SWEPTSIDE IS ONE OF ONLY 975 PRODUCED IN 1958. Dubbed by Dodge the Handsomest Truck on the Road, the D100 Sweptside was... More
1956 Ford F100 1956 Ford F100
Sandy, UT
1956 Ford F100 This 1956 Ford F100 came with the custom cab option and still has its original 272 v8 and manual transmission and is... More
1956 Chevrolet Bel Air
Sandy, UT
1956 Chevrolet Bel Air Resto Mod Professionally restored tri-5 Chevy is a real head-turner. The body is solid and straight, the chrome shines bright... More
1953 GMC "Crew Cab"
Sandy, UT
This 53 Crew Cab resto-mod sits on a modern chassis, complete with 4 wheel drive, power brakes, power steering, power windows, new leather bucket... More
1953 1953 Chevy Bel Air
Sandy, UT
The lines on this 1953 Chevy Bel Air street rod are awesome. Great driver!... More
1952 Oldsmobile 98
Sandy, UT
1952 Oldsmobile Ninety Eight... More
1948 Lincoln Continental Convertible
Sandy, UT
Details and Pictures to be posted soon.... More
1947 Frazer Manhattan
Sandy, UT
1947 Frazer Manhattan -120 HP Straight 6 Engine -3 Speed Transmission with electric overdrive -Under 47,000 Miles on the odometer -Complete Restoration in the 1990s -New Exhaust, Battery, Plugs... More
1947 Dodge Pickup Truck
Sandy, UT
1947 Dodge Pickup Truck... More
1938 Packard 1601 4-Door Touring Sedan
Sandy, UT
1938 Packard 1601 4-Door Touring Sedan This original barn-find was located in Santa Barbara, CA, where it sat in a barn for over 40 years.... More
1937 Buick 60 Series Custom
Sandy, UT
1937 BUICK SERIES 60 CUSTOM 4 DOOR SEDAN This is a rare slant back car with lots of body modifications. It comes with a... More
1929 Ford Roadster
Sandy, UT
1929 Ford Roadster This is a great driving roadster with a chevy 350 engine and a automatic transmission. This roadster handles great with the... More
2011 Dodge Challenger Drag Pak
Sandy, UT
2011 Dodge Challenger Drag Pak S/N # 2011-011 This limited production race car was manufactured by Chrysler and sold through the Parts Department of Larry... More
2005 Chrysler Crossfire
Sandy, UT
The name Crossfire refers to the two character lines that run from front to rear along the body sides crossing each other midway... More
2004 Mazda Mazdaspeed
Summerfield, North Carolina
This 2004 Mazdaspeed Miata MX-5 has 67k miles and is powered by a turbocharged 1.8 liter inline-four paired to a 6-speed manual gearbox. Finished in Titanium Gray... More
1972 Fiat 500
Agliana, PT, CA
This 1972 Fiat 500 F is a recently restored example that is powered by a 499cc two-cylinder paired with a 4-speed transmission. The car... More


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This activity has GetYourGuide's stamp of approval! Exceptional customer service, knowledgeable staff, and a great time guaranteed.
Sydney Bonus Ticket: 4 Attractions and Harbor Cruise
Duration: 1 day
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Product ID: 40957


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Sorry about the headline, but Charles Barkley is stuck in my head, and that's the only headline I could come up with. However, Mo Evans shot last night for the Hawks does rock.
Sorry about the headline, but Charles Barkley is stuck in my head, and that's the only headline I could come up with. However, Mo Evans shot last night for the Hawks does rock.
It was a strange situation in the "mix room" interview zone after the All-Star Game Sunday, the place the majority of players went for a post-game media obligation (MVP Anthony Davis, the coaches, and a few other players who had big games such as Russell Westbrook went to a different, larger room).
Strange because in the three hours or so the players had been away from their phones and social media accounts, the DeMarcus Cousins trade had gained steam and seemed destined to be done (the story the deal was done broke about 15-20 minutes later). The players walked in and had no idea what had happened — including Cousins.
But I loved John Wall's reaction.
When the news broke about the Cousins trade, it seemed everyone needed a drink. Wall had his recovery drink handy — notice the label was stripped off of the bottle, meaning it was not the NBA sponsor's product — so he went with that.
NEW ORLEANS — The NBA All-Star Game is supposed to be a star-studded exhibition, and not one necessarily aimed at the core of basketball fans. Sort of like the Super Bowl, the goal of the All-Star Game is to suck in the casual fan to watch both great athleticism and the show around it — The Roots, John Legend and on down the line. In the city the weekend of the event, it's as much about showing league sponsors a good time as it is basketball.
Let's be honest, the basketball itself isn't good. From the Rising Stars challenge through the All-Star Game itself, there's matador defense and cherry picking all game long. The defense was so bad Stephen Curry was literally laying down on the job.
Kyrie Irving would like to see that change, and he speaks for at least some players.
"For me, I would love to play in a competitive game," Irving said. "I know we play in competitive games in the summer, pickup games, but I think going forward, the All-Star experience will probably get a little harder in terms of defense going forward."
Will it? Guys are trying not to get hurt and — like the entire weekend itself — are focused on the fun off the court far more than anything on it.
"It's all in good fun, but I definitely think that, if we want a competitive game, guys will probably have to talk about it before the game," Irving said.
The onus to change this falls to the players, something. West coach Steve Kerr echoed.
"I think that in the past, at least generally in the fourth quarter, guys have picked it up. That's what I was expecting. It didn't happen (Sunday)," Kerr said. "I would like to see it more competitive. I'm not sure how to do it. It's up to the players really.
"As a coach in the All-Star game, you ever seen that movie 'Weekend At Bernie's'? They might as well just bring a couple dead bodies on the sidelines. We're not doing anything up there. Just prop us up."
To get guys to play harder, the league is going to have to find an incentive to motivate the players. Currently, the winning team's players get $50,000 each, the losing team $25,000 — while that extra $25K would make a big difference in your life or mine, for All-Stars with eight-figure annual salaries it doesn't matter as much as staying healthy and getting some rest.
"It would be good to possibly incentivize the guys somehow, Kerr said. "I don't know if you can maybe get their charities involved or winner-take-all type thing, but I think it's possible to play a lot harder without taking a charge. We know what silly is out there, if you're undercutting guys, but it's almost gone too far the other way where there's just no resistance at all. I think there's a happy medium in there somewhere."
There is, but until the NBA comes up with a new plan we're not going to see it All-Star Weekend.
DeMarcus Cousins is now a member of the New Orleans Pelicans, but that hasn't stopped members of the Sacramento Kings organization from taking shots at him as he walks out the door.
In the team press release announcing the trade on Monday Sacramento GM Vlade Divac said, "Winning begins with culture and character matters."
Meanwhile, the team's play-by-play announcer Grant Napear went scorched earth on Cousins minutes after the trade was announced. The Twitter thread is pretty dang straightforward:
There's definitely a contingent of Kings fans that were fed up with Boogie's attitude — 7 years is a long time to wait for your franchise center to not consistently get kicked out of games — but it's not a good look to flame the dude on his way out.
Saying you don't think they could win with him is one thing, but saying he's a "dark cloud" and that most of his teammates hated him is borderline. Plus, coming from a team-affiliated it's just a weird thing to do.
Napear has had his issues with Cousins in the past, so perhaps it's understandable we see this reaction with the big man now in a new uniform.
Add this to Divac saying he had a better deal lined up two days ago, and the Kings look even moreso like an organization without a direction.
One of the New Orleans Pelicans mascots is a Pelican. His name is Pierre, and after a makeover he's looking pretty normal these days. But the Pelicans also have a second mascot of sorts. His name is King Cake Baby — named after the Mardi Gras pastry — and he's horrifying.
So when you have an NBA All-Star Game in town, what do you do? Trot out a giant baby mascot to mix in with the league's elite, of course.
Or at least have him bother Charles Barkley on his birthday:
Ok it's actually weirder that Kenny Smith wanted to see what was under King Cake Baby's bib. I can never unsee that.


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14 Atlantic Ave, Unit D, Ocean City, This vacation rental property sleeps 11 with 4 bedrooms and 2 and one half baths. Come see this 4 bedroom, 2 and one half bathroom townhouse in the northend of Ocean City, New Jersey. Property features central air, → Read More
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Support Towers To Relieve Stress During Delaware River Turnpike Bridge RepairThey're being constructed to relieve stress on the bridge during analysis.
Tolls Increase Along Pennsylvania TurnpikeStarting Sunday, drivers who travel the Pennsylvania Turnpike are paying 6% more if they pay cash or use E-ZPass.
Pennsylvania Turnpike Tolls To Increase On SundayA 6 percent increase takes effect Sunday for cash and E-ZPass motorists along the 550-mile highway.
PA Turnpike Reduces Speed Limit Due To Winter Weather ConditionsPennsylvania Turnpike officials say the speed limit has been temporarily lowered due to winter weather conditions on the roadway.
Next Round Of Pennsylvania Turnpike Toll Hikes Hits In JanuaryAs promised, another increase in Pennsylvania Turnpike tolls will take effect in January.
Pennsylvania Turnpike Faces Nearly 3.5M Vehicles For Holiday The Pennsylvania Turnpike is expecting nearly 3.5 million vehicles to travel the toll road throughout the Thanksgiving holiday.
PA Turnpike Reopens In Both Directions After Dump Truck Brings Down Power LinesThe Pennsylvania Turnpike was closed in both directions, causing major traffic backups.
Bill To Crack Down On Pa. Turnpike Scofflaws Goes To Governor WolfA bill that would give the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission more tools to go after chronic toll violators is now on its way to Governor Wolf's desk.
Pa. Turnpike Cracking Down On Truck Companies Who Owe $1.5 Million In TollsOne firm, Green Coast Logistics of South Plainfield, New Jersey, owes more than $678,000 stemming from more than 7,000 violations.
PA Turnpike Now Accepts Credit Cards As Payment OptionThe Pennsylvania Turnpike has started accepting credit cards as a payment option at all toll booths.
Next Phase Of Work To Begin On Connecting I-95 And Pa. TurnpikeCrews are preparing to start another phase of the construction project that will connect Interstate 95 with the Pennsylvania Turnpike in Bucks County.
PA Turnpike High-Speed Upgrade (No, You Won't Get Pulled Over)The Turnpike Commission wants a fiber-optic network to replace an aging digital microwave system.


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HOUMA – The 2010 volleyball season has been one of change for the Terrebonne Lady Tigers.
HOUMA – The 2010 volleyball season has been one of change for the Terrebonne Lady Tigers.
Since the end of the 2009 season, the Lady Tigers had to replace six seniors, including The Courier/Daily Comet All-Region MVP Sierra Lyons, and coach Raymond "Chip" Didier. That group produced the best season in school history with a 43-4 overall record and a trip to the Division I state semifinals.
Now that Lyons is playing college volleyball at Xavier of New Orleans and Didier is enjoying retirement after 33 years in coaching, a new era is starting at Terrebonne.
Craig Hamner made the move from assistant to head coach, and so far, it's been a season of battling adversity for the Lady Tigers.
Hamner said the team has battled numerous injuries since the season started, preventing the Lady Tigers from playing any match with their regular starting lineup.
"Right now on the court, we've been playing with brand new players – freshmen and sophomores – for about a quarter of the season," he said. "They are quickly learning on the run and playing some really tough teams. They are getting a lot of experience very quickly."
One of the biggest injuries for Terrebonne has been to junior middle hitter Brooke Fonseca. She has been out with a right-ankle injury suffered in Assumption High's Bayou Classic tournament. Fonseca is expected to return to the lineup soon.
Fonseca said it's been tough being relegated to a spectator as she recovers from her injury.
"It's been horrible," she said. "All I can do is cheer them on."
Hamner said Fonseca's injury has been tough because she saw significant playing time last season as a sophomore. She is also one of a few experienced players for the Lady Tigers.
"It really hurt because we lost our only experienced player that has played in big-time games at a varsity level," he said. "She provided us with leadership and experience that we needed for this season. When you lose your best player in any sport, it's hard."
Despite Fonseca's injury, Terrebonne has held its own playing a tough nondistrict slate. They head into today's match at Belle Chasse with a 7-5 overall record. Hamner said he has been pleased with the way the team has fought through the adversity and believes it could pay big dividends once district play rolls around.
"I told them to keep their heads up because playing these top teams will only help them get better in the end. Once everybody is healthy, I think we'll be ready when it comes down to the end of the season."
Senior outside hitter Cymoine Fleming said losing Fonseca has been challenging, but everyone is determined to work hard and remain focused.
"It's kind of hard not having Brooke around and her 100 kills," Fleming said. "It's been tough with all of the injuries. They've been kind of bad, but we are pulling through."
Battling adversity is always a part of a coach's job, and Hamner said he learned how to deal with it while serving as Didier's assistant for four years.
Hamner said if he ever needs advice, he knows that he can always call Didier.
"Coach Didier has always been a big mentor to me. He taught me how to run practices, deal with the kids and what to look for offensively and defensively. He's always just a phone call away."
With district starting in two weeks, Fonseca said she is hopeful to be back on the court in time to help the Lady Tigers achieve their goals – repeat as district champions and return to the Pontchartrain Center in Kenner for the state volleyball tournament.
"It's not going to be easy in our district," she said. "It's going to be tough for everyone. If we work hard, we could have a pretty good chance."


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Hotels in Rynia
Hotel reservation
Hotel rooms in Rynia
There are not so many hotel rooms in Rynia, just 2, still everyone can find an offer to suit his choice. The most common offers in this city are 3 и 4 stars, they count 1 out of 2, and their prevalent location is central district. According to our practice, it is the most profitable to book a hotel in the south of Rynia, as it is the location of the hotels with optimal cost and quality offers along with the cheap hotels. Taking into account the small size of the city, there is no need to dwell hotel reservation on the location: the road to the city center would take less then half an hour, so one can book a hotel in any district of Rynia. The most populated with hotels district of Rynia is the south, 100% of cheap hotel rooms are concentrated here. Rynia is a truly multifaceted city, here everyone can find a hotel of his choice: a business person, a young couple or a family with little children. Apart from all these, hotels in Rynia offer their customers gym, bar, restaurant/cafe and 24 hours front desk service. Take a look at our selection of the cheap hotel rooms in Rynia to make a well-informed choice for your reservation!
Rynia cheap hotels
Guest Houses
All cheap hotels in Rynia
Best hotels in Rynia
Hotels in Rynia are spread around the city within the distance of 2.3 kilometers. The most popular accommodations in Rynia is
Osrodek Wypoczynkowo - Szkoleniowy Allianz
, 3 stars hotel located in a 1.4 kilometers from the city center.
The best hotels are here and now. Try them!
All cities in Poland


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Great Organic product!
Verified Purchase
Great Organic product!
I was a bit skeptical of this product at first because this is the first time I used an ointment for baby's bum. But it works just as good if not better than those creamy ones! No icky fragrance too!
Great Organic product!
I was a bit skeptical of this product at first because this is the first time I used an ointment for baby's bum. But it works just as good if not better than those creamy ones! No icky fragrance too!
Caused rashes
Posted by Reviewer1637065 on Oct 30, 2012
I used this ointment when my son was a few months old. After the second application, he developed a raised bumpy rash all over where the ointment was applied. I put it away and switched to another brand. Now, half a year later, I ran out of my usual cream and thought that I would give it another try before bedtime. Big mistake! The next morning, the same rash appeared, but even bumpier than before! He must be allergic to one of the ingredients. Not recommended for sensitive babies.
Higly recommended
Posted by Reviewer3143745 on May 25, 2012
Very gentle with the baby's skin (my baby has a very sensitive skin). It effectively protects the diaper area. Highly recommended.
Posted by 4752712629313586164 on Jan 30, 2016
This product is amazing. 2 of these plus 1 of Desert Essence was we only needed for 2 years of diaper care. We used this ointment for mild redness and prevention and the Desert Essence (with zinc) for big rashes in diaper area, like when she was teething. This one is my favorite and I've been using on my skin too as hand cream.
i haven't used it now. but, it looks good.
Posted by Reviewer1523653 on Mar 27, 2012
i haven't used it now. but, it looks good.
good,first shopping
Posted by Reviewer2046065 on Nov 09, 2011
good,first shopping
Posted by Reviewer2913352 on Apr 02, 2013
Great on Baby's Bum and No Scent!
Posted by Reviewer1356117 on Jul 15, 2013
This product is fantastic. I was using some other ones that also work, but have natural scents like Chamomile, Calendula or Tea Tree Oil, and while they are great, this one has no scent and creates a great barrier between baby's bottom and wet/poopy diapers. I totally recommend. My baby developed a small rash and I started to put this on and her bottom cleared up and is rash free.
many blogers recommended this
Posted by 5756369402119192147 on Sep 04, 2013
many blogers recommended this
Perfecto para irritaciones en la piel
Posted by LaMarmotilla on Nov 24, 2014
Los ingredientes son ideales, tiene una consistencia muy densa pero con el calor se va quedando aceitoso. Mi madre lo probó en alguna irritación en la piel , se la puso por la noche y a la mañana siguiente ya no tenía ningún enrojecimiento. Me quedé impresionada, porque no ponía tantas esperanzas en este producto, pero sin duda funciona.
1-10 of 20 total
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Flames' Gaudreau has 3 points in 4-1 win over Flyers (The Associated Press)
- Updated: March 20, 2015
Johnny Gaudreau took over the NHL's rookie scoring lead and helped the Calgary Flames earn an important two points in the process. The 21-year-old Gaudreau scored his 20th goal of the season and added two assists to lead Calgary to a 4-1 win over the Philadelphia Flyers on Thursday night. Playing left wing on Calgary's No. 1 line with sophomore Sean Monahan and veteran Jiri Hudler, Gaudreau's fourth three-point game of the season – against the team he grew up cheering for – moved him one point ahead of Nashville's Filip Forsberg for the rookie scoring lead. "I want to be one of the top rookies in the league, and as the team is playing well and we're playing well, we're in the playoff race, everything seems to be going our way right now," Gaudreau said.


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As part of its annual ranking of "Austria's best lawyers" by FORMAT, the well-known Austrian business magazine, a prestigious independent jury named Dr. Alfred R. Kriegler, attorney-at-law, Austria's best divorce and family lawyer for 2015.
Dr. Kriegler and his team are legal experts in all areas of family law. In addition, Dr. Kriegler offers his services in five languages.
In February 2016 the 44th European Presidents Conference - Viennese Laywers Talks took place in Vienna at the Palais Ferstel. This high-caliber group


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The Biology of Lakes and Ponds
2nd Revised edition
By (author) Christer Bronmark Lars-Anders Hansson
Format: Hardback
Normal Price: $204.95
Your Price: $184.45 AUD, inc. GST
Shipping: $7.95 per order
You Save: $20.50! (10% off normal price)
Plus...earn $9.22 in Boomerang Bucks
Availability: Available to Backorder, No Due Date for Supply
Biology of Lakes and Ponds by Christer Bronmark
Book Description'his concise yet comprehensive introduction to the biology of standing waters (lakes and ponds) combines traditional limnology with current ecological and evolutionary theory. It integrates the effects of abiotic constraints and biotic interactions at both the population and community level, allowing the reader to understand how the distribution and success of different organisms in this freshwater habitat can be explained and predicted. The book is focused on temperate lakes and ponds, drawing on examples from polar and tropical systems to provide a broader context. The Biology of Lakes and Ponds, now in its second edition, will be a valuable text for university tuition. However, its lucid explanations and descriptions of adaptation, dominance, dispersal, and succession of organisms, as well as the effects of abiotic factors, predation, and competition, ensure its relevance and use to a broad audience of biologists and naturalists with an interest in freshwater ecology.
Buy Biology of Lakes and Ponds book by Christer Bronmark from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9780198516125
(242mm x 163mm x 22mm)
Pages: 304
Imprint: Oxford University Press
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Publish Date: 17-Feb-2005
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Other Editions...
Books By Author Christer Bronmark
Chemical Ecology in Aquatic Systems, Hardback (March 2012)
In recent years it has become increasingly clear that chemical interactions play a fundamental role in aquatic habitats and have far-reaching evolutionary and ecological implications. This book covers a wide range of studies, including both plants and animals, from different geographic regions and habitats - pelagic as well as benthic.
Biology of Lakes and Ponds, Paperback (February 2005)» View all books by Christer Bronmark
Contains explanations and descriptions of adaptation, dominance, dispersal, and succession of organisms, as well as the effects of abiotic factors, predation, and competition. This work is aimed at biologists and naturalists with an interest in freshwater ecology.
» Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Biology of Lakes and Ponds book by Christer Bronmark and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!)
Author Biography - Christer Bronmark
Christer Bronmark and Lars-Anders Hansson are both Professors in the Limnology Division of the Department of Ecology in the University of Lund, Sweden.
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Strawberry Purée
This strawberry purée can be used as a sauce or topping for a multitude of desserts, from strawberry cake to cheesecake, or even layered custard.
- 1 Tablespoon lemon juice
- 1/2 cup (120 ml) water
- 1 pound (454 g) strawberries, fresh or frozen, thawed
- 6 Tablespoons (75 g) granulated sugar
- Place all ingredients into the Vitamix container in the order listed and secure lid.
- Select Variable 1.
- Turn machine on and slowly increase speed to Variable 10, then to High.
- Blend for 1 minute, using the tamper to press ingredients into the blades.
This recipe has been written for the C-Series machines with Variable Speed control and Standard 64-ounce container. If you are using a different Vitamix machine or container size, you may need to make adjustments to the Variable Speed, processing time, and/or ingredient quantities.
Nutrition Information
|Serving Size
|2 tbsp ( 49 g )
|Amount Per Servings
|Total Fat
|0 g
|Saturated Fat
|0 g
|0 mg
|0 mg
|Total Carbohydrate
|7 g
|Dietary Fiber
|1 g
|6 g
|0 g
Strawberry Purée is rated out of 5 by 2.
Rated 5 out of 5 by LGFess from Great Strawberry Puree I did not add sugar and the result was perfect for us. Just what we wanted - finally something lightly sweet and not overpowering! Love the citrus addition.
Date published: 2016-09-12
Rated 5 out of 5 by knugs from Simple and Delicous Quick and easy sauce to give dessert a little extra something.
Date published: 2016-10-08
How do you puree cottage cheese
To puree cottage cheese just place it in to the blender secure the lid. Switch the machine on and blend till you reach the consistency you would like.
Date published: 2015-12-10


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Traveling Safe During Winter Storms
Submitted: 04/04/2014
Story By Hayley Tenpas
- When dealing with bad road conditions, here are some tips from the Wisconsin State Patrol.
They ask that you be prepared for unexpected winter road conditions by checking roads before you head out.
You can do that by going to 511wi.gov or calling 5-1-1.
You're looking at the current road conditions right now from the website.
Their tips for traveling include allowing extra time for travel.
Slowing down and driving for conditions.
Keeping plenty of space between you and the car in front of you, as sudden stops and sharp turns will likely cause your car to lose control.
They also want drivers to be extra cautious on interchange ramps.
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Minocqua looks into different maintenance plans for smooth roads in the spring
Submitted: 02/22/2017
Play Video
- Changing weather can cause a lot of cracks and bumps in the road.
Minocqua wants to stay on top of its road conditions this spring to save taxpayers money.
+ Read More
Local recovery service removes car from ice
Submitted: 02/22/2017
Play Video
- If your truck cracks through the ice, your first thought might be, "get off ASAP."
There are workers who head the opposite way--onto the ice to help.
That describes one local team who carefully went to work on the Willow Flowage in Oneida County in Little Rice on Tuesday.
"This ain't no joke out here," said Tom Quandt, Jr., the owner of Bulldog Off-Road Recovery Service. "I do get nervous, and today's a day I'm nervous because of the ice conditions."
That nervous energy is what likely helps Quandt and his crew carefully cross the ice and get sunken vehicles back above water level.
It's not easy. Quandt and his crew set nerves aside, driving in a bombardier about two miles off the shore on Willow Dam Road to get to the truck, which was near an island.
"I was looking at the ice," Quandt says as he describes the drive out to the car. "I was looking for holes in the ice, I was looking for the color of the ice...There was water coming up out of spots as we were driving out here."
The crew tried a few times to get the truck back on safer ice, but the car fell through again. The crew then decided to drill a trench to a nearby island and pull the car out that way.
"We can sit and play that game all day and it's not going to get us anywhere without a lot of time and labor into this," Quandt said.
The team got the car out and onto the island around 1 a.m. Wednesday.
Quandt said the owner of the car may try to tow his truck back to shore later this week.
The DNR is aware of the situation. By state statute, you have 30 days to remove your car from the ice or get a fine.
+ Read More
Young woman behind Mad Batter Bakery makes unique flavors a priority
Submitted: 02/22/2017
Play Video
- Fruity Pebbles and Boston cream pie donuts don't mix themselves every morning at one bakery in Rhinelander.
Mad Batter Bakery opened about two months ago on Brown Street in Rhinelander.
Patty Oleinik owns the bakery and comes up with most of the unique flavors.
Patty got the name from one of her favorite stories.
"I'm a huge Alice in Wonderland freak. I actually have a Cheshire cat tattooed on the back on my neck," said Oleinik.
The 23- year-old didn't go to culinary school; she taught herself to bake.
+ Read More
Warm weather brings animals out of hibernation early
Submitted: 02/22/2017
Play Video
- Mark Naniot works 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.
"We are pretty much prepared for just about anything, anytime of year," said Naniot, the rehab director at Wild Instincts.
That's a good thing, especially with the winter that he's had this year.
"The weather was like this in November," Naniot said.
+ Read More
Oneida County puts out weight-limit restrictions for roads on earliest date in more than 15 years
Submitted: 02/22/2017
Play Video
- If you did a double take driving down county highways this week, it was for good reason. Oneida County posted its weight limit restriction signs Monday. That's the earliest those signs have gone up in more than 15 years.
Usually weight limits go into effect in mid-March. Counties put them on to protect roads as frost comes out of the ground. Oneida County Highway Commissioner Bruce Stefonek tried to wait as long as possible.
+ Read More
Turnout tops 8 percent in Wisconsin superintendent race
Submitted: 02/22/2017
- Turnout in the primary for Wisconsin state superintendent exceeded the average of recent similar elections.
Turnout in Tuesday's primary hit 8.2 percent, based on unofficial results. The average turnout in the prior three primaries for state superintendent was 5.9 percent.
+ Read More
'Misfit' kids, puppets tell an inspiring story
Submitted: 02/22/2017
Play Video
- The "Kids on the Block" call themselves a group of misfit kids playing with misfit puppets.
But the performance they put on aims to inspire.
+ Read More
+ More General News
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This is a renewal application for the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) R25T training grant program, "Molecular Imaging: Training for Oncology" (MITO), which began in 2002. In the last five years, molecular imaging has been established as an outstanding tool for fostering rapid progress in laboratory discovery as well as uniquely individualized patient care. The goal of our program is to train a new generation of imaging researchers, who are sufficiently facile in both modern cancer biology and imaging techniques to lead the rapid development of molecular imaging as a tool for laboratory discovery and individualized clinical care in oncology. The program is managed by an internal advisory committee composed of clinical and basic cancer researchers with experience in graduate medical education in oncology. A distinguished external advisory board composed of leading molecular imaging researchers provides continual feedback and advice. MSKCC offers a unique environment as one of the leading clinical cancer centers in the world that is closely integrated with a research institution (Sloan-Kettering Institute [SKI]). It has an extensive molecular imaging infrastructure, as well as multiple oncology directed PO1s, SPOREs and RO1s with integral imaging components that stress the multimodality biologic imaging of cancer. These research programs provide fertile ground for training and selecting projects for trainees. Mentors are drawn from a distinguished faculty of NCI-supported cancer researchers. Our training program makes use of relationships we have established between the molecular imaging group and basic laboratory programs in cancer biology, tumor immunology, molecular pathology, and molecular pharmacology. It also makes use of translational programs that have been initiated at MSKCC over the last five years, in image-guided intervention, clinical PET research, cyclotron radiochemistry and advanced image analysis including biomarker assessment. A specialized curriculum includes an individualized research program of basic, translational or clinical interdisciplinary research and the relevant molecular biology, research methodology, and advanced imaging methods. Tri-institutional graduate programs from Cornell Medical College, SKI and Rockefeller University provide didactic training. Our diversity enhancement plan offers equal opportunities for minorities and women and includes a MITO Minority Recruitment Committee, participation of the MSKCC Diversity officer, and leadership from the CCNY/MSKCC Partnership. Both basic science and clinical trainees will be recruited. A plan is in place to facilitate placement of our trainees as junior faculty in molecular imaging programs at academic institutions across the country.
Molecular imaging in oncology permits noninvasive detection of the molecules and molecular events that are fundamental to cancer oncogenesis and maintenance of the neoplastic state. Molecular imaging thus has the potential to allow for more rapid progress in fundamental laboratory discovery and to foster uniquely individualized patient care in the clinic. This is an application for a grant to train a new generation of basic and clinical researchers to perform basic, translational and clinical cancer research within the rapidly expanding field of molecular imaging.
|Cheal, Sarah M; Xu, Hong; Guo, Hong-fen et al. (2014) Preclinical evaluation of multistep targeting of diasialoganglioside GD2 using an IgG-scFv bispecific antibody with high affinity for GD2 and DOTA metal complex. Mol Cancer Ther 13:1803-12
|Karabeber, Hazem; Huang, Ruimin; Iacono, Pasquale et al. (2014) Guiding brain tumor resection using surface-enhanced Raman scattering nanoparticles and a hand-held Raman scanner. ACS Nano 8:9755-66
|Thorek, Daniel L J; Ulmert, David; Diop, Ndeye-Fatou M et al. (2014) Non-invasive mapping of deep-tissue lymph nodes in live animals using a multimodal PET/MRI nanoparticle. Nat Commun 5:3097
|Kaittanis, Charalambos; Shaffer, Travis M; Thorek, Daniel L J et al. (2014) Dawn of advanced molecular medicine: nanotechnological advancements in cancer imaging and therapy. Crit Rev Oncog 19:143-76
|Thorek, Daniel L J; Riedl, Christopher C; Grimm, Jan (2014) Clinical Cerenkov luminescence imaging of (18)F-FDG. J Nucl Med 55:95-8
|Zhang, Hanwen; Huang, Ruimin; Pillarsetty, NagaVaraKishore et al. (2014) Synthesis and evaluation of 18F-labeled benzylguanidine analogs for targeting the human norepinephrine transporter. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 41:322-32
|Thorek, Daniel L J; Das, Sudeep; Grimm, Jan (2014) Molecular imaging using nanoparticle quenchers of Cerenkov luminescence. Small 10:3729-34
|Cheal, Sarah M; Punzalan, Blesida; Doran, Michael G et al. (2014) Pairwise comparison of 89Zr- and 124I-labeled cG250 based on positron emission tomography imaging and nonlinear immunokinetic modeling: in vivo carbonic anhydrase IX receptor binding and internalization in mouse xenografts of clear-cell renal cell carcino Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 41:985-94
|Cheal, Sarah M; Yoo, Barney; Boughdad, Sarah et al. (2014) Evaluation of glycodendron and synthetically modified dextran clearing agents for multistep targeting of radioisotopes for molecular imaging and radioimmunotherapy. Mol Pharm 11:400-16
|Viola-Villegas, Nerissa Therese; Rice, Samuel L; Carlin, Sean et al. (2013) Applying PET to broaden the diagnostic utility of the clinically validated CA19.9 serum biomarker for oncology. J Nucl Med 54:1876-82
Showing the most recent 10 out of 44 publications


text:
Hello all,
We've changed the phase time for the last fight : now you have five minutes extratime to end your match properly at the end of the 20 minutes timer when you can challenge your opponents. Kate will tell you how many time is left to end your match during this extratime period.
Some more improvements today:
- The points won after a defeat have been decreased from 25 to 20
- The points won after a draw have been increased from 30 to 40
- The points won after a Revenge have been increased from 10 to 15
- The points won after a run of victories / defeats reversed (more points for a run of victories than for a run of defeats)
- The time per round have been decreased from 1.30 minute to 1.15 (max)
Have fun
Thainks Euzebe
Thanks euzebe for this work because is amazing and i am anxious to see the rules.you can tell me when is ready all rules for this format?thanks again.respect
Nice, how do you activate revenge? i beat and guy after he beat me but i got no extras
Cool, i think revenge is beat the guy who beat you last... like on MW2 just a guess....
nice updates also, makes draws not as undermining for our score
Thanks for the updates!! They're awesome.


text:
Live Commentary
It was all a bit easy for Swansea, really. And with that, it's all over. Thank you very much for joining me this afternoon for Goal.com's LIVE! text on this game. I've been Chris Teale, and I hope we speak again soon.
90' + 3'FULL TIME, and it's all too easy for Swansea, as they take a comfortable and impressive 3-0 win. The Swans now sit top of the Premier League pile, albeit it temporarily, and this superb display of passing and possession will give their fans plenty to cheer if it continues. Goals came from Angel Rangel, Michu and Danny Graham, and they could in all honesty have had many, many more. West Ham have looked second-rate this afternoon, with their defence looking appalling and their strike-force not much better. Manager Sam Allardyce will have some serious questions to ask of his side. However, today is all about Swansea, and their dominance of this game.
90'Three minutes left in this game, which has become a very sterile affair.
84'SubstitutionNeil Taylor Ben Davies
Here's a young-looking man. It's time for Ben Davies to make his Premier League bow for Swansea, replacing Neil Taylor.
83'Yellow Card Winston Reid
81'SubstitutionWayne Routledge L. Moore
79'The Hammers look deflated now, and Swansea are just keeping the ball and picking off any West Ham passes. This game is all over bar the shouting.
75'SubstitutionJonathan De Guzmán Kemy Agustien
73'Swansea are embarrassing West Ham now. So many passes completed in a row - easily 60 . The Hammers have given this up now.
71'West Ham can't get hold of the ball at all out there now. Swansea are toying with them, like a big cat with a small mouse.
70'SubstitutionMohamed Diame Alou Diarra
68'Yellow Card Chico
68'Ricardo Vaz Te drives in a free kick, but Vorm is comfortable in gathering the ball and holding on.
64'Assist Wayne Routledge
64'Goal Danny Graham
GOAL!!! That, ladies and gentlemen, is that. It's 3-0 Swansea. Routledge cuts the ball back, and Graham finally gets his goal, as he half-volleys one home, deflected in slightly by a Hammers defender. Too easy.
62'SubstitutionC. Cole Modibo Maiga
60'The ball is pinballing around again in the West Ham penalty area, and it's Routledge who has the final shot deflected wide. The Hammers are all at sea out there.
58'Yellow Card James Collins
55'To describe that chance as gilt-edged would be an understatement. Beautiful ball through, Danny Graham stays onside and completely open, but puts his finish wide. Big miss, that could have been three points for Swansea. West Ham are still defending abominably as well.
53'Yellow Card Kevin Nolan
52'Nathan Dyer is causing havoc in West Ham's defence, and he nearly heads a third into an empty net after another mix-up. But, the flag is up, so the Hammers' blushes are saved once again.
51'That's a stunning ball from Routledge, but Graham is called offside, perhaps incorrectly.
49'Danny Graham looks to measure a shot from outside the box, but it's tipped wide by Jussi again. Horrific defending by West Ham again, it's not got any better since the first half.
46'SubstitutionJames Tomkins Ricardo Vaz Te
Meanwhile, the Hammers brought on Ricardo Vaz Te at half time, clearly wanting some support for the isolated Cole up front.
46'We're back for the second half, and it's West Ham who get things going again, looking to overturn a 2-0 deficit.
45' + 3'HALF TIME, and Swansea can be very happy with their work so far, as they lead 2-0. Goals from Angel Rangel and Michu have given them a comfortable lead, but those two efforts were preceded by two defensive horror-shows from West Ham. The away side just haven't got going yet, although new signing Matt Jarvis looks handy on the wing. They really need to improve beyond their set piece play, or else Swansea's early push for the Premier League title will gather pace.
45'Indecision from the resulting corner from Vorm, as he doesn't come to collect the ball and it pinballs around. Then, from the second, James Tomkins sees a header just about cleared away. A third corner comes, and Cole's header is cleared off the line. Swansea struggling from set pieces, it's fair to say.
44'Not quite Chico time there, as the defender gifts the ball to Kevin Nolan. But, his pass to Cole sees the striker turn down yet another blind alley, and shepherded out.
40'Chico Flores and Carlton Cole are enjoying what could politely be described as a 'tussle'. Neither backing down in a physical confrontation.
38'Yellow Card C. Cole
36'Great ball from Wayne Routledge towards Taylor steaming forward from left-back, and it's palmed over for a corner by the big man Jussi.
34'How did that not go in? Free kick comes in for West Ham, and Jarvis has a swivelling half-volley saved superbly by Vorm. It was bouncing around a bit there, so Swansea will be delighted to get it out of there.
32'West Ham are struggling, but a free kick nearly drops to debutant Jarvis.
30'Yellow Card Ángel Rangel
29'Goal Michu
GOAL!!!! IT'S 2-0 SWANSEA!!!! James Collins has an absolute shocker, and gifts the ball to Michu, who strokes home past Jaaskelainen to give the home side a doubled advantage.
26'Getting a little bit feisty out there, as Diame hauls Michu down after he turns well and looks to get the after-burners on. Kevin Nolan, needless to say, is involved in there as well.
24'Swansea's fans are singing a little song about being top of the league. They're delighted to be ahead, although it's perhaps a little early to be thinking about a title challenge.
20'Assist Nathan Dyer
20'Goal Ángel Rangel
GOAL!!!! It's 1-0 Swansea!!!!! The ball goes to Angel Rangel on the right of the penalty area, and he drives it across the face of goal. But, it deflects horribly off Jussi Jaaskelainen and goes in. That's an own goal, I'm afraid.
18'Carlton Cole is looking a bit lonely up there on his own. He's very isolated from the midfield.
16'Neil Taylor drives a low shot in, and James Collins slices a hilarious clearance behind his back for a corner, which is then cleared.
15'Testing long-ball there towards Cole, but Michel Vorm is out of his goal like lightning to gather comfortably.
14'We're nearly 15 minutes in, and there have been no genuine chances on goal.
12'Winston Reid and Diame have collided, and Reid has definitely come off worse as he writhes around on the floor. There was only one winner in that collision of team-mates.
10'Swansea are looking for those killer passes, with Michu finding Nathan Dyer, who then tries to play it into Graham. West Ham hold firm, though.
9'Michu tries a through-ball to Danny Graham, but it's too heavy and goes through to the Hammers goalkeeper.
6'To say the referee is being lenient with these fouls is a bit of an understatement. West Ham are being aggressive, and both sides could have had free kicks.
4'Swansea are already playing some beautiful passing football. They look pretty good out there.
2'Matt Jarvis is involved on the left, and swings in a dangerous cross from the left that is just over Kevin Nolan's head. Great early involvement from the new man.
1'Already, West Ham are looking to use the long throw-in, which could be dangerous for the Swans defence.
1'It's off, and Swansea get the first half going.
We're nearly ready for the off at the Liberty Stadium. Both teams are now on the field.
So in the big team news, Matt Jarvis makes his debut after his £10.75m move to the Hammers from Wolves. Meanwhile, Swansea's record signing Ki Sung-Yeung from Celtic wasn't registered in time, so doesn't make the squad.
Meanwhile,here's West Ham's team today: Jaaskelainen; Demel, Reid, Collins, McCartney; Tomkins; Noble, Diame, Nolan, Jarvis; Cole. Subs: Henderson, O'Brien, Diarra, Taylor, Vaz Te, Maynard, Maiga.
Well, the teams are in, and here's Swansea first of all - Vorm; Rangel, Chico, Williams, Taylor; Dyer, Britton, De Guzman, Routledge; Michu; Graham. Subs: Tremmel, Tate, Dobbie, Moore, Agustien, Gower, Davies.
The Hammers have only managed one clean sheet away from home in their last 27 games in the Premier League, so could they struggle against this Swansea side who happily put five past QPR? We'll soon see.
Isn't it great to have football back? Both these sides took impressive victories on the opening day of the season, and will be hoping they can maintain their form at this (very) early stage of the season.
Good afternoon, and welcome to Goal.com's LIVE! text commentary on this Premier League game between Swansea and West Ham. I'm Chris Teale, and I'm glad you could join me.