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Alterations in cardiac acid–base balance can produce profound impact on excitation–contraction coupling and precipitate cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. A member of the solute carrier (SLC) family, Slc26a6, has been shown to be a chloride-hydroxyl exchanger and the predominant chloride-bicarbonate exchanger in the mouse heart. However, the exact isoforms and functional characteristics of cardiac Slc26a6 remain unknown. The objective of the present study is to determine the molecular identity of cardiac Slc26a6 isoforms, to examine their cellular expressions in the heart, and to test the function of Slc26a6 in cardiomyocytes.
We examined the expression and function of slc26a6 in mouse cardiomyocytes using RT–PCR, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, and patch-clamp technique coupled with the fast solution exchange system. We identified four cardiac Slc26a6 isoforms, denoted C-a, C-b, C-c, and C-d, and detected significant expression of Slc26a6 in the plasma membrane of both atrial and ventricular myocytes. Isoforms C-a and C-b share the same sequence with the previously reported murine Slc26a6a and Slc26a6b, respectively. Isoform C-c lacks an alternate in-frame exon 12, whereas C-d is a C-terminal truncated form resulting from 102 bp exon insertion between exons 15 and 16 compared with C-b. Patch-clamp recordings demonstrated electrogenic Cl−/oxalate and electrogenic Cl−/HCO3− exchange activities in cardiomyocytes.
We demonstrate that cardiac myocytes express different isoforms of Slc26a6, which encode electrogenic Cl−/HCO3− and Cl−/oxalate exchangers. The electrogenic nature of the Cl−/HCO3− exchange of cardiac Slc26a6 suggests important roles in regulating acid–base balance in the heart.
Acid–base balance in the heart is tightly regulated since the balance is critical to normal cardiac function. An uncompensated reduction in cytoplasmic pH results in abnormal electrical activities, acute contractile depression, disruption of intracellular Ca2+ signalling, and triggering of cardiac arrhythmia.1–3 Indeed, several H+-equivalent transporters participate in the regulation of intracellular pH (pHi) in the heart, including Na+–H+ exchanger (NHE), Na+–HCO3− co-transporter (NBC), Cl−–HCO3− exchanger (AE or CBE), Cl−–OH− exchanger (CHE), and monocarboxylate transporter (MCT).3 Among them, NHE and NBC mediate acid extrusion, while AE and CHE mediate acid loading.
Several solute carrier (SLC) gene families have been identified to encode for H+-equivalent transporters in the heart, such as SLC9 for NHE, SLC4 for NBC, SLC4 and SLC26 for AE, and SLC16 for MCT.3 The SLC26 is a recently identified gene family of highly versatile anion exchangers encompassing 11 distinct genes. Most of the proteins in the family function as anion exchangers with diverse substrate specificity, while a few function as Cl− channels or anion-gated molecular motors.4–6 One of the members, Slc26a6, is the most convincingly versatile anion exchanger, with reported roles in Cl−/oxalate, Cl−/HCO3−, Cl−/OH−, Cl−/SO42−, and Cl−/formate exchange. It is ubiquitously and abundantly expressed in kidney, pancreas, intestines, heart, skeletal muscle, and placenta. In epithelial tissues, Slc26a6 functions as a versatile anion exchanger.7 However, in non-epithelial tissues, Slc26a6 functions mainly as a Cl−/HCO3− (or OH−) exchanger.5
By examining the transcript levels of all known Cl−/HCO3− exchangers in the mouse heart using quantitative real-time RT–PCR, a recent study reported that Slc26a6 is the predominant Cl−/HCO3− exchanger and a specific Cl−/OH− exchanger in the mouse heart.8 This suggested important roles of Slc26a6 in the regulation of cardiac acid–base balance; however, the exact isoforms of Slc26a6 expressed in cardiomyocytes and the functional characteristics of cardiac Slc26a6 remain unknown. In the present study, we identified four Slc26a6 isoforms in the mouse heart and revealed that the Cl−/HCO3− exchange activities of these isoforms are electrogenic. Further examination demonstrated the expression and the electrogenic Cl−/HCO3− exchange activities of Slc26a6 in the plasma membrane of both ventricular and atrial myocytes.
An expanded Methods section is available in Supplementary material online.
Animals, protocols, and chemicals
All animal care and procedures were performed in accordance with the protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of California, Davis. Animal use was in accordance with the National Institutes of Health guidelines. Mice (C57BL6) were anaesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of 80 mg/kg of ketamine and 5 mg/kg of xylazine, and the extent of anaesthesia was assessed by mouse's reaction to the toe pinching. Mice were sacrificed by rapid heart excision. All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich except specifically indicated.
RT–PCR and molecular cloning
Total RNA and mRNA were extracted and purified from a heart of P1 C57BL6 mouse.
Heterologous expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells
The DNA transfection followed the method we used before.9
Isolation of cardiomyocytes
The isolation of mouse cardiomyocytes followed the conventional enzymatic dissociation methods.10
Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy
Expressions of Slc26A6 in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and in isolated cardiomyocytes were detected by using rabbit polyclonal anti-Slc26a6 antibody (Sigma, 1:1000).
Patch-clamp recording
Whole-cell current recordings were performed using an Axopatch 200A amplifier, Digidata 1440 digitizer, and pClamp10 software (Axon Instrument/Molecular Device). The clamped and suspended whole cell was switched between two capillary tubes flowing control solution and test solution, respectively, to activate Slc26a6 as shown in Figure 3A with clamping potential of 0 mV. The fast solution exchange was controlled by SF-77 solution exchanger (Warner Instruments) and pClamp10 software. The sequential exposure to the control solution and test solution induces the exchanger currents.
For the outward current recording, the pipette solution contained (in mM): 140 NaCl, 10 HEPES [4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid], 1 EGTA [ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid], pH 7.4; the bath control solution contained (in mM): 139 Na glutamate, 1 NaCl, 10 HEPES, 1 EGTA, pH 7.4; 1 mM Na oxalate was added to the bath control solution to make the Cl−/oxalate test solution; the test solution for Cl−/HCO3− exchange contained (in mM): 24 NaHCO3, 116 Na glutamate, 1 EGTA, 1 NaCl, pH 7.4 gassed with 5% CO2 and 95% O2 during usage. For the inward current recording, the pipette solution contained (in mM): 130 Na glutamate, 10 HEPES, 1 EGTA, 10 NaCl, 1 Na oxalate, pH 7.4; the bath control solution is the same as the pipette solution; the bath test solution contained (in mM): 130 NaGlu, 10 HEPES, 1 EGTA, 10 NaCl, and 0.1 Na oxalate (or 0.01 Na oxalate), pH 7.4. All experiments were performed at the room temperature.
Data analysis
Images and patch-clamp data were analysed by the Photoshop CS6 and Origin 6.0, respectively. The data points were presented as mean ± SE averaged from 4 to 8 cells. Statistical comparison was performed using the Student's t-test with P < 0.05 considered significant.
Identification of the different isoforms of cardiac Slc26a6
Previous studies have identified two distinct isoforms of murine intestine Slc26a6: Slc26a6a and Slc26a6b, which differ in the length of NH2 termini.11 The differences in the length of NH2 termini result from the inclusion of alternative splicing in exon 1. One variant containing only exon1a results in the translation of a longer 758 amino acid (a.a.) Slc26a6a, and the other variant including exon1a and exon1b leads to the translation of 735 a.a. Slc26a6b.
During the cloning of cardiac Slc26a6, several transcripts were repetitively obtained from RT–PCR amplifications, suggesting the presence of alternatively spliced variants of Slc26a6 in the heart.
We used For-long and Rev primer set (Figure 1A) for RT–PCR, and identified two bands slightly different in size on the agarose gel analysis as shown in Figure 1B. The shorter fragment was roughly three times more abundant. Fifteen clones from each product were randomly selected, compared by restriction enzyme digestion, and the full-length sequence confirmed by sequencing. Sequence analysis revealed that the shorter PCR fragment contained exon 1a encoding a longer protein containing 758 a.a., termed isoform C-a in our study, which corresponded to the previously reported Slc26a6a.11 No other variant was found within the randomly selected 15 clones. The longer PCR fragment of this primer set has extended exon 1 and encodes a shorter protein of 735 a.a., termed isoform C-b, corresponding to murine Slc26a6b.11 The sequence of the transcript with a long exon 1 (including exon 1a–intron–exon 1b) matched with the NCBI reference sequence of Slc26a6 (NM_134420.4 GI:158341685) as well as the previously cloned Slc26a6, MGC 25824 (BC028856.1 GI:20810385). One clone within the tested 15 clones of this longer fragment displayed a different splicing pattern, lacking the 96-bp in-frame exon 12, termed isoform C-c.
For-short primer was designed according to the sequence between exon 1 and exon 2 to verify if there were different splicing variants. We amplified the fragments without detectable multiple bands. However, there were four different patterns of splicing. The major variants (11 of 15 clones) encoded a 735 a.a. protein, the same as isoform C-b, but with a short 5′-UTR. One clone had an additional 102 bp exon inserted between exons 15 and 16, which changed the reading frame, and resulted in a 575 a.a. truncated form, termed isoform C-d. Two clones had a 55-bp short exon 6, which caused early termination of translation and resulted in a 239 a.a. product. Another clone had a 239-bp long exon insertion between exons 4 and 5, also caused early termination of translation, and resulted in a 173 a.a. product. These early termination variants were not further investigated since these could not produce transmembrane proteins. The protein sequence alignment of four cardiac isoforms and the human SLC26A6 is shown in Figure 1C.
Expression of Slc26a6 in atrial and ventricular myocytes
The presence of the transcripts of the four cardiac Slc26a6 isoforms suggested the functional expression of these isoforms in the heart. We first tested the specificity of the anti-Slc26a6 antibodies by expressing each cloned cardiac Slc26a6 isoform in CHO cells and examined their expression by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. As shown in Supplementary material online, Figure S1, the plasma membrane expression of the four isoforms was detected by using an anti-Slc26a6 antibody, while no immunoreactivity was detected in vector transfected control (Supplementary material online, Figure S1B). The expression of Slc26a6 in cardiomyocytes was further investigated using the same anti-Slc26a6 antibody. Both atrial and ventricular myocytes expressed Slc26a6 protein in the plasma membrane as shown in Figure 2.
Electrogenic Cl−/oxalate and Cl−/HCO3− exchange activities mediated by cardiac Slc26a6
To test the function of the cardiac Slc26a6, we first expressed the cardiac Slc26a6 isoforms in CHO cells and recorded the current generated by the anion exchanger using patch-clamp coupled with a fast solution exchange technique. The solution exchange configuration is shown in Figure 3A. Figure 3B shows the ionic concentration configuration across the cell membrane for the inward current recording when the membrane potential was clamped to 0 mV. Figure 3C shows the ionic concentration configuration for the outward current recording at 0 mV.
Slc26a6 is characterized by its electrogenic Cl−/oxalate exchange;12 however, the electrogenicity of Cl−/HCO3− exchange remains controversial. To characterize the function of cardiac Slc26a6, we designed a three-step solution exchange protocol. For the outward current recording, the first and third steps were used to activate Cl−/oxalate exchange and to monitor the stability of the current, whereas the second step was applied to activate the Cl−/HCO3− exchange (Figure 4A). This rapid solution exchange and current recording protocol allowed us to evaluate the Cl−/HCO3− exchange in comparison with Cl−/oxalate exchange in a single cell. For the inward current recording, the three-step protocol was used to test the dose-dependent activation of the current by oxalate (Figure 4B).
Figure 4A shows the outward current generated by electrogenic Cl−/oxalate and Cl−/HCO3− exchanges. Three isoforms (C-a, C-b, and C-d) are functional electrogenic Cl−/oxalate and Cl−/HCO3− exchangers, but the current generated by C-c was not substantially different from that obtained from the non-transfected CHO cells. We then reversed the current direction of the exchangers by reconfiguring the Cl− and oxalate concentrations across the cell membrane. Figure 4B shows a dose-dependent inward current generated by Cl−/oxalate exchange of cardiac Slc26a6 isoforms. Three isoforms (C-a, C-b, and C-d) mediated robust Cl−/oxalate currents, while C-c's current is comparable with that from the non-transfected CHO cells. Therefore, isoforms C-a, C-b, and C-d are functional electrogenic Cl−/oxalate and Cl−/HCO3− exchangers.
Previous studies suggested that Slc26a6 may form a structural dimer.13 Since different isoforms are expressed in cardiomyocytes, the four isoforms may co-assemble to form homodimers or heterodimers, and the function of the heterodimers may be altered. Since C-c is non-functional, we tested whether co-expression with the C-c may alter the function of C-a, C-b, or C-d. Figure 4C shows the outward current of Cl−/oxalate exchange generated by the co-expression suggesting the functional slc26a6 isoforms in cardiomyocytes.
We observed significant inactivation of the outward and inward current of Cl−/oxalate exchange in cardiac Slc26a6. The left panel of Figure 5A shows the inactivation of the outward current of cardiac C-a, C-b, and C-d, whereas the right panel shows the inactivation of the inward current of the three cardiac Slc26a6 isoforms. The inactivation time course was fitted with a single exponential function to obtain the inactivation time constant (τ). Figure 5B shows the comparison of the time constant. The inactivation of the outward current is slower than that of the inward current for all three isoforms in our recording condition, whereas the inactivation time constants between C-a and C-b are not significantly different for both outward and inward currents. The inactivation of C-d is much slower than those of C-a and C-b, and hence, the time constant could not be obtained through curve fitting.
Endogenous Cl−/oxalate and Cl−/HCO3− exchange currents in cardiomyocytes
Heterologous expression of three of the four isoforms clearly showed the electrogenic Cl−/oxalate and Cl−/HCO3− exchange activities of cardiac Slc26a6. We also confirmed the expression of Slc26a6 in the plasma membrane of both atrial and ventricular myocytes. We therefore predicted the electrogenic activities of Slc26a6 in cardiomyocytes. As shown in Figure 6A and B, we recorded the outward currents generated by the Cl−/oxalate and Cl−/HCO3− exchanges as well as the inward currents generated by the Cl−/oxalate exchange. Compared with the currents from the heterologously expressed Slc26a6 isoforms in CHO cells, the current in cardiomyocytes is smaller, but the electrogenicity of both the Cl−/oxalate and Cl−/HCO3− exchanges is similar to that of the heterologously expressed cardiac Slc26a6. Moreover, the dose-dependent inward current generated by Cl−/oxalate exchange further supported the function of Slc26a6 in cardiomyocytes.
Previous studies have shown that the activation of α1-adrenergic receptors inhibited Slc26a6 Cl−/HCO3− exchange activity.8 We therefore examined the effect of the activation of α-adrenergic receptors on the cardiac Slc26a6 Cl−/HCO3− exchange. Consistent with previously documented effects of α1-adrenergic receptors on Slc26a6, 10 µM phenylephrine inhibited the Cl−/HCO3− exchange current by 44 ± 3% (n = 5) in ventricular myocytes, further supporting the roles of Slc26a6 in cardiac myocytes (Figure 6C).
Potential roles of Slc26a6 in the regulation of cardiac acid–base balance
The most well-accepted functional importance of Slc26a6 is in mediating the diverse anion transport in proximal tubular cells11,12 and pancreatic ductal cells.14–16 In particular, Slc26a6 is the dominant Cl−/oxalate exchanger of the proximal brush border17. Regulated secretion of pancreatic HCO3− requires the expression of Slc26a6 in the early portion of the pancreatic duct.14,15 However, Slc26a6 is also expressed in abundance in other tissues such as heart, intestine, muscle, and placenta.8,11,18,19 In the heart, Slc26a6 was identified as the predominant Cl−/HCO3− exchanger among all the Cl−/HCO3− exchangers including the Slc4a family (AE1, AE2, and AE3) and Slc26a3.8 Here, we directly document four different cardiac Slc26a6 isoforms and characterize their function in both heterologous expression system and cardiomyocytes. Specifically, using the patch-clamp technique coupled with rapid solution exchange, we demonstrate that the Cl−/HCO3− exchange activity via cardiac Slc26a6 is electrogenic. Moreover, we directly demonstrate similar electrogenic Cl−/HCO3− and Cl−/oxalate exchange activities in mouse cardiomyocytes, and the Cl−/HCO3− exchange activity is inhibited by the activation of α1-adrenergic receptors consistent with the previously documented regulation of α1-adrenergic receptors on Slc26a6.8 Taken together, our results suggest important roles of cardiac Slc26a6 in Cl−/HCO3− exchange activities and pH regulation in the heart.
In physiological conditions, the extracellular Cl− concentration is high (∼110 mM), whereas the intracellular Cl− concentration is low (∼20 mM).20,21 The concentrations of extracellular and intracellular HCO3− are ∼24 and ∼20 mM, respectively. The reversal potential (ERev) for the Cl−/HCO3− exchange can be estimated as follows:are the reversal potentials of HCO3− and Cl−, respectively. In physiological condition, at 37°C. If r = 2, The driving force is and hence, the Cl−/HCO3− exchange will generate either outward or inward currents depending on the membrane potential Em. As a result, the pHi will be increased by membrane depolarization (when Em > 36 mV) or decreased by membrane hyperpolarization (when Em < 36 mV). Therefore, the cardiac slc26a6 contributes to the pH regulation, and the Cl−/HCO3− exchange activity of cardiac slc26a6 may be regulated by the membrane potential.
Similarly, the reversal potential for the Cl−/oxalate exchange can be estimated by using the following equation:are the reversal potentials of oxalate ions and Cl−, respectively. The physiological extracellular oxalate concentration is ∼2 µM, whereas the intracellular concentration is ∼1 µM.22 at 37°C. If r = 1, The driving force is and hence, the Cl−/oxalate exchange will generate either outward or inward currents depending on the membrane potential, Em. On the other hand, the physiological role of the Cl−/oxalate exchange by cardiac slc26a6 remains unclear and needs to be further studied.
Cardiac Slc26a6 mediated electrogenic Cl−/HCO3− exchange activities
The electrogenicity of Cl−/HCO3− exchange by Slc26a6 remains controversial.11,14,23,24 By using Xenopus oocyte expression and isotopic flux studies, Chernova et al. examined the Cl−/HCO3− exchange using human and mouse Slc26a6. They found that the reversal potential of the induced current by Slc26a6 was not shifted by sequential bath solution changes from Cl− to other monovalent anions including gluconate, gluconate/HCO3−, and Cl−/HCO3−. They concluded that both human and mouse Slc26a6 mediated electroneutral Cl−/HCO3− exchanges.24 However, Ko et al. and Xie et al. also used the oocyte expression system and measured the membrane potential upon the removal of extracellular Cl−. They found that oocytes expressing mouse Slc26a6 were hyperpolarized in response to bath Cl− removal, an indicator of the electrogenic Cl−/HCO3− exchanges.11,14 The study by Shcheynikov et al.23 further investigated the stoichiometry of Cl−/HCO3− exchanges by mouse Slc26a6, and found that mouse Slc26a6 functions as an electrogenic coupled 1Cl−/2HCO3− exchanger.
Our study used CHO cells to express the three different cardiac Slc26a6 isoforms and applied suspended whole-cell patch-clamp and the fast solution exchange techniques to activate and record the exchanger currents. There are several advantages of our techniques. First, the ion concentrations in the intracellular and extracellular solutions can be precisely controlled; secondly, the fast solution exchange can be accomplished in tens of milliseconds to record the transient exchange currents; thirdly, the multiple voltage-clamp protocols can be designed and performed to document stable current recordings. By using the electrogenic Cl−/oxalate exchange of Slc26a6 as control, we applied three-step solution exchange protocols to activate Cl−/oxalate exchange and Cl−/HCO3− exchange sequentially in a single cell. We observed that three cardiac Slc2626 isoforms, C-a, C-b and C-d, generated the Cl−/HCO3− exchange current similar to Cl−/oxalate exchange, demonstrating the electrogenic Cl−/HCO3− exchange activities. Even though our experiment did not provide the information of the precise stoichiometry of this electrogenic Cl−/HCO3− exchange, our data support a 1Cl−/nHCO3− exchange (n ≥ 2) mediated by mouse cardiac Slc26a6 isoforms.
In addition, our data support the hypothesis that electrogenic Cl−/HCO3− exchange currents from the cardiomyocytes are mediated by Slc26a6. AE1, AE2, AE3, and slc26a3 are also expressed in cardiomyocytes and function as Cl−/HCO3− exchangers.8 However, the Cl−/HCO3− exchange by AE is electroneutral and will not contribute to the Cl−/HCO3− exchange current.25 Slc26a3 mediates electrogenic Cl−/HCO3− exchanges, but the stoichiometry of Cl−/HCO3− is opposite to that of Slc26a6, i.e. 2Cl−/1HCO3−,23 and the expression of slc26a3 is much lower than that of slc26a6 in the adult mouse heart.8 Therefore, Slc26a3 will not significantly contribute to the outward currents generated by the Cl−/HCO3− exchange. Additionally, the Cl−/oxalate exchange current recorded from cardiomyocytes further supports the functional expression of Slc26a6 in the heart.
The electrogenic Cl−/HCO3− exchanges of cardiac Slc26a6 suggest a membrane potential-dependent cardiac pH regulation mechanism by Slc26a6. The depolarization of the cell membrane may reduce the acid-loading process mediated by Cl−/HCO3− exchanges. Therefore, acid extrusion may be enhanced by changes in membrane potentials, not only through acceleration of NBC, but also through reducing acid loading via Slc26a6.
Functional features of the cardiac Slc26a6 isoforms
We observed a significant current inactivation mediated by Cl−/oxalate exchange of cardiac Slc26a6 isoforms in our study. The inactivation of other exchangers has been reported before.26–29 The Na+-dependent inactivation of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger was attributed to the competitive binding of Na+ and Ca2+ to a translocation site on the exchanger.27 A similar mechanism was also suggested for the inactivation of Na+/Ca2+–K+ exchanger current.29 The inactivation of the outward current of slc26a6 may utilize a similar mechanism. However, the working machinery of Slc26a6 is far less explored and understood. We cannot rule out the possibility that the direction of the exchange may be altered by the local accumulation of intracellular oxalate on the intracellular side, which may reduce the exchanger activity and the outward currents. The inactivation of the inward Cl−/oxalate exchange current is faster than that of the outward currents in cardiac Slc26a6 isoforms, C-a and C-b. The asymmetrical inactivation processes may result either from the lower concentration of extracellular Cl− (10 mM) during the inward current recording or from the different oxalate-binding affinities between the extracellular and intracellular sides. Additionally, similar inactivation time constants in isoforms C-a and C-b suggest that the additional 23 a.a in the N-terminus of C-a is not involved in the inactivation process. However, the very slow inactivation of C-d suggests that the C-terminus of Slc26a6 may participate in the ion binding. Further biophysical studies are required to gain insights into the working mechanisms of slc26a6 including the inactivation.
Splice variants of cardiac Slc26a6
Slc26a6 was the first member of the slc26 family identified exclusively through database mining.5 Full-length human SLC26A6 was first identified by Lohi et al.18 It encodes a predicted 738 a.a transmembrane protein. Murine Slc26a6 was then cloned as a primary candidate for the apical Cl−/formate exchanger on the brush border membrane of the renal proximal tubule cells.30 Several alternative spliced variants of both human SLC26A6 and murine Slc26a6 were identified and characterized suggesting the significant heterogeneity of this gene.11,18,19,31,32
Two isoforms of murine Slc26a6, Slc26a6a and Slc26a6b, were cloned from mouse intestine total RNA.11 Slc26a6a is the longer isoform with 758 a.a., and Slc26a6b is a shorter isoform with 735 a.a. corresponding to human SLC26A6 reported by Lohi et al.,18 while the human isoform reported by Waldegger et al.19 corresponds to Slc26a6a. Another two human isoforms were reported by Lohi et al.32 that SLC26A6c lacks 38 a.a. by missing exon 6 and lacks 1 a.a. by using an alternative splice donor and acceptor site at the beginning of exon 17; SLC26A6d had unspliced intron after exon 16 resulting in frame-shift and early termination.
Even though the previous study found that Slc26a6 transcripts were abundant in the heart,11,30 few studies have examined these transcripts and their functions. Our studies identified four isoforms of Slc26a6 in the mouse heart. Isoforms C-a and C-b correspond to the previously reported murine Slc26a6a and Slc26a6b, respectively. Isoform C-c lacks 32 a.a. by missing exon 12, whereas C-d is a C-terminal truncated form of C-b. Functional studies found negligible activities of isoform C-c, suggesting the key roles of the 32 a.a. in the function of Slc26a6. Isoforms C-a, C-b, and C-d are all functional Cl−/HCO3− exchangers in the heart, suggesting their important roles in the cardiac pH regulation.
Future directions
We identified Slc26a6 isoforms encoding the functional Cl−/HCO3− exchanger in the heart. The electrogenic Cl−/HCO3− exchange of cardiac Slc26a6 isoforms suggests the potential roles of these molecules in the regulation of acid–base balance in the heart. Further studies are required to examine the functional contribution of these isoforms to the regulation of cardiac pH and cardiac excitability under physiological and pathological conditions. Additionally, the functional significance of the alternative splicing of slc26a6 gene and the physiological role of Cl−/oxalate exchange of Slc26a6 in the heart remain to be determined.
Supplementary material
Supplementary material is available at Cardiovascular Research online.
Conflict of interest: none declared.
This work was partially supported by the Academic Federation Innovative Development Awards from the University of California, Davis (FS12XDZ to X.D.Z).
We thank Drs Nipavan Chiamvimonvat and Ebenezer N. Yamoah for their constructive advice and generous support to this study.


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Optimal Channel Allocation With Dynamic Power Control in Cellular Networks
Techniques for channel allocation in cellular networks have been an area of intense research interest for many years. An efficient channel allocation scheme can significantly reduce call-blocking and call dropping probabilities. Another important issue is to effectively manage the power requirements for communication. An efficient power control strategy leads to ...Download Now

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Amitabh Bachchan holiday News
What was Amitabh Bachchan doing in trunks and ganjee? View pics!
Big B is generally seen in formal clothes – all suited and booted, but Sr Bachchan decided to let his hair down literally!
Amitabh Bachchan like never seen before sans his velvet suit or then embellished sherwani – in trunks and a white ganjee. That's one rare sight, isn't it? Big B decided to have some fun times by the sea it seems. Click here to read more


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On or about April 16, 2011, I purchased 4 cables from Warren Audio at a cost of nearly $2,100. I then exchanged many e-mails with Rick Warren. In general, he promised to build and promptly ship the cables to be followed with a tracking number and notice of shipment. Without exception, after each promise of shipment, etc., I then received an excuse ranging from breaking for dinner to technical problems with the cables to customs problems and so forth. At about the point after which I received several successive promises of shipment, I became a member of this forum. When Rick's last promise of a tracking number fell through (again), I decided to do a Google search for "Warren Audio Complaints" and found one of the strings on this forum detailing the horrors other forum members experienced with this man and his "company". I also discovered that Rick Warren has been "banned" from this forum. At that point, I filed a PayPal dispute. As soon as I filed the dispute, I received an e-mail from Warren Audio informing me that my order status had changed to "refunded". I checked my PayPal account and found no refund. I informed Rick Warren that I would elevate the dispute to a claim at PayPal if he didn't issue the refund immediately. When I received no refund, I elevated the dispute to a claim and informed Rick Warren of my actions by e-mail, again demanding a full and immediate refund. Shortly thereafter, I received an e-mail from Rick Warren that, lo and behold, he just shipped my cables. I informed him that I no longer believed anything he said and that if he shipped, I would refuse delivery and if he didn't ship, he should just issue the refund and save the shipping charges. His last e-mail to me was a gloating, personally insulting tirade in which he told me the shipment is on it's way, tracking number to follow within the hour (nothing received so far several hours later) and he didn't care to whom I complained because he has a return policy and intends to use it against me. I'm brand new to this forum and, I regret to say, my first post winds up being like this. I'm going to do what I can with PayPal, as I filed within the 45 day time period. We'll see the outcome. Be careful. Be very, very careful doing business with people you don't know, particularly if the main reason is because the price seemed very good.
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5/5/11 at 2:38pm


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For 2011, Infiniti has upgraded their flagship SUV, the FX50 with a few choice features. The wheelbase has been lengthened by 1.4 inches, but more significantly, the engine is now an all-new 4.5-liter V8 engine that Boosts horsepower up by 70 from last year's model bringing the grand total to 370. If you're looking for smooth acceleration and accessible power behind the wheel of your sport utility vehicle, the FX50 is tough automobile to beat. The interior is beautiful and features many complementary amenities; there is a 11-speaker Bose sound-system which includes XM satellite radio and a navigation screen that offers real-time traffic info and voice-recognition software. Couple this with one of the best safety-ratings in its class and an intelligent Brake Assist system capable of automatically braking your vehicle in emergencies, and you have standard a package that will fit any need of your driving experience. Starting at $56,950 and with an as tested price of $63,000, the Infiniti FX50 doesn't come cheap. But once you step inside, take it for a drive and become immersed in the luxury and performance, you'll know where every penny of that pricetag went: into a remarkable driving experience that exemplifies Infiniti's commitment to superior automobiles. Vehicle: 2011 Infiniti FX50 S Base Price: $56,400 Engine: 5.0 liter, 8 cylinder Transmission: 7 speed automatic horsepower: 390 hp and 369 lb-ft of torque 0-60 MPH: 5.5 seconds MPG: 14 city / 20 highway Host: Emme Hall Roadfly.com - http://www.roadfly.com Car Forum - http://www.roadfly.com/forums RoadflyTV - http://www.youtube.com/roadflytv Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/roadfly Twitter - http://twitter.com/roadfly IMDB - http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1790415/
Roadfly.com - 2011 Audi A8 Road Test & Review
Audi redesigned their top of the line sport sedan for 2011. The new Audi A8 has redesigned sheet metal and a more pronounced fascia on the outside and the interior is decidedly Audi - upscale and modern. Once you're behind the wheel of this stunning uber-sedan and you're already enjoying some of the best driving dynamics in the world you'll be ready to enjoy the super-modern interior and amenities. Super cool lighting treatments are one of the first things you'll notice about the Audi's interior. The 2011 Audi A8 is most often compared to the Mercedes-Benz S550 and the BMW 7 Series variants. They each offer their own take on the European sport sedan. The big differentiator is probably the price in the case of the Audi. The Audi comes standard with all-wheel-drive and for the piece of mind and safety that AWD adds choosing amongst the three competitors is more difficult than ever. Vehicle: 2011 Audi A8 Engine: 4.2 liter, 8 cylinder, direct injection Transmission: 8 speed automatic horsepower: 372 hp and 328 lb-ft of torque 0-60 MPH: 5.5 seconds MPG: 17 city / 27 highway Host: Ross Rapoport Roadfly.com - http://www.roadfly.com Car Forum - http://www.roadfly.com/forums RoadflyTV - http://www.youtube.com/roadflytv Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/roadfly Twitter - http://twitter.com/roadfly IMDB - http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1790415/
Roadfly.com - 2007 Infiniti M45 Car Review
http://www.roadfly.com/infiniti-m45-road-test-2007.html Roadfly TV presents its roadtest and review of the new 2007 Infiniti M45 sport sedan. For car reviews, videos, and one of the oldest and largest car communities on the Internet visit Roadfly.com http://www.roadfly.com Follow us on Facebook! http://www.facebook.com/roadfly


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.020" (.5mm) size Honda ATV Wiseco Piston. 12:1 compression. Application:
87-92 Honda TRX250X.
|OEM Replacement This part is aftermarket equipment designed to replace the original manufacturer's part numbers specified here. It is manufactured using high-quality materials, to the same specifications as the original part.
|Wiseco 4440M07450, Wiseco 4440P2
|74.5 mm Bore x 57.3 mm Stroke


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Canon PGI-29LGY Light Grey Ink Cartridge. Printing colours: Light grey, Capacity: 36 ml, Brand compatibility: Canon
The LUCIA ink range of professional inks deliver rich, high density colours excellent colour gamut and reliable quality. This pigment-based ink system offers outstanding photo permanence. The 36ml light grey ink tank allows you to print up to 1320 photos in 10x15cm or 352 in A3+ size.


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"Suppose you could find a simple way to embrace your life with joy, stop arguing with reality, and achieve serenity in the midst of chaos? That is what Loving What Is offers. It is no less than a revolutionary way to live your life. The question is: are we brave enough to accept it?" -- Erica Jong, author of Fear of Flying
"Byron Katie's Work is a great blessing for our planet. The root cause of suffering is identification with our thoughts, the 'stories' that are continuously running through our minds. Byron Katie's Work acts like a razor-sharp sword that cuts through that illusion and enables you to know for yourself the timeless essence of your being. Joy, peace, and love emanate from it as your natural state. In Loving What Is, you have the key. Now use it." -- Eckhart Tolle, author of The Power of Now
"Loving What Is is filled with the essence of wisdom. Katie's Work is a wonderful, transformative practice for anyone interested in spiritual growth." -- Lama Surya Das, author of Awakening the Buddha Within


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There are no products matching the selection.
$34 Barely There Heels
Styles Found
Get your cards at the ready girls as our barely there heels are only $34! Heading out for a romantic meal with your beau, or got a wild night out with girls planned? You'll be turning heads whatever the occasion with our smokin' selection from a classic black to standout cobalt blues and forest greens. We'll be styling these beauts, featuring gold tip to the heels with a pair of super skinny jeans and a plunge neck top for a sophisticated style or for a show stopping night time look, we think a mini dress and clutch for all eyes on you! Every Missguided girl needs a pair of these adding to her shoe collection!


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Sorry, this item is currently out of stock Check back soon, or ask instore for details.
Top features- Perfectly designed to fit into your kitchen- Loaded with technology to maintain your winesPerfectly designed At just 14.8 cm wide, this slimline Caple Sense Wi154 Built-in Wine Cooler gracefully fits into your kitchen space.
The Sense Wi154 holds seven bottles of wine, so you can enjoy perfectly chilled beverages during dinner parties and movie nights. The wire shelves are designed to securely hold bottles of wine. You can choose to set the temperature anywhere from 5°C to 18°C, and the electronic controls and LED temperature display makes for effortless operation. Loaded with technology The UV-protected, black glass door and stainless steel handle on the Caple Sense Wi154 makes it easy to check how many bottles you're chilling without allowing natural light to damage your collection. What's more, the door features a reversible hinge for flexible positioning. This wine cooler has been specially designed to ensure even air circulation thanks to the built-in fan and black ventilation grill. At 42dB(A) the Sense Wi154 is incredibly quiet and boasts vibration-free operation. The sleek Caple Sense Wi154 Built-in Wine Cooler oozes sophistication and is sure to become a focal point of any kitchen.
___________________________________________________________________________ PLEASE NOTE: Use in outbuildings: This refrigerator is not designed to be used in an outbuilding – both your wine and the appliance can be damaged. Do not use it in any unheated area. Reversible door hinges: This refrigerator has a reversible door and may require a specialist kit for door reversal – please consult with installation experts such as our Knowhow team to carry out door reversal, and check whether the product includes any necessary kit equipment before buying.
Delivery charge
Item type
Delivery charge
Delivery timeline
Small items (such as sat navs, cameras, laptops etc.)
€4.99 for entire order
3-5 working days
Large items (such as large TV, washing machines etc.)
€19.99 for entire order
Up to 5 working days
Small items delivery
Small items – such as cameras, TVs under
39-inches, printers, software, data storage, tablets and laptops – are
delivered by our courier partner, DPD.
DPD's standard delivery times are between 9am
and 6pm, Monday to Friday, excluding bank holidays.
· We
aim to have all items delivered within 3-5 working days, however, please allow
4-7 days for extended bank
holiday periods such as Easter and Christmas.
· For security reasons we do not deliver
to Parcel Motels.
Please note: DPD are not authorised to collect
your old products for WEEE recycling. However, simply visit your local Currys PC World
store with your old product and a valid receipt and a member of staff will
be happy to assist you.
your order: For small items please visit DPD's
website and track your order using your unique tracking code specified in
your confirmation email.
Large items delivery
Large products – such as TVs above 39-inches,
washing machines and fridge freezers – are delivered by our KNOWHOW
delivery team.
KNOWHOW delivers five days a week –
Tuesday to Saturday – between 8am and 6pm, anywhere in the Republic of
Ireland with the exception of Donegal – where we deliver once a week
– and island locations.
The evening before your delivery
is scheduled, a member of our KNOWHOW team will call you between 3pm and
6pm to advise you of your delivery time window.
On the day of delivery our KNOWHOW driver
will call you at least 30 minutes before arriving at the delivery address
to give you an estimated time of arrival.
Once we arrive at the delivery address, we will
unbox your items and remove all packaging for recycling. We can also remove
your old appliances for WEEE
recycling free of charge.
If you would like us to install and demo your
new appliance, our KNOWHOW installers can do this for a small
your order: For large items, you can track your delivery through the KNOWHOW Track
It portal. Simply insert your unique tracking code, specified in your
confirmation email or instore receipt, and your telephone number.
Product availability
Occasionally, we may offer the option of
ordering an item in advance if it's out of stock at the time but more stock is
on its way. We will let you know in advance the date of expected delivery if
this is the case.
Please note, if you purchase two or more
products at the same time, the items may have different availabilities and
methods of delivery, in which case you may receive your items separately.
VAT and delays
Please be aware that we cannot offer VAT refunds
to overseas customers ordering goods to be delivered to an Irish address.
We always try to ensure that orders arrive on
time, however sometimes delays occur during peak period, i.e. Christmas and
Easter. If we become aware of any unexpected delays with your order we will let
you know.
© DSG Retail Ireland Ltd, 39/40 Mount Street Upper, Dublin 2, Ireland
Incorporated in Ireland, a private company with issued shares. Registration Number 259460


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Work on the southern portion of TransCanada's Keystone XL pipeline, which will run from a storage hub in Oklahoma to Texas refineries, is proceeding smoothly, according to the company. Plans to start up the line in the fourth quarter have not been hampered by lawsuits and protests, the company said. "We've got a pipeline route that's hundreds of miles long, so if there are activities that take place on one property, our crews still have plenty of work to do," said Shawn Howard, a spokesman for TransCanada.
Full Story:Reuters


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The Gouge:
- IMPORTANT NOTICE: We know you're waiting patiently for your orders to arrive. Please bear with us as we continue to work through some serious health issues at home. We're trying to catch up as quickly as we possibly can within our schedule.
- SITE ISSUE: If you're having issues logging in, setting up an account, adding products to your cart or checking out, please be advised that there's a bug in our store software that causes problems if you use an alternate address to visit our site. Please click here to go to the "primary" web address for our site: http://store.vagabonddecals.com This should resolve any errors you're experiencing.
- WELCOME FIGHTS ON DECALS!!! - We are proud to announce the first 2 releases from FIGHTS ON DECALS - 2 sheets of Adversary awesomeness, featuring the A-4E/F/M and TA-4J "Skyhawk" in 1/48 Scale. Grab your copies today before they run out!
- WELCOME NAZA MODEL ART! - We are pleased to announce we're now carrying the Su-30MKM Flanker conversion set from Naza Model Art. This set will let you convert your Trumpeter Su-30MKK Flanker into the MKM variant used by the Royal Malaysian Air Force and several other canard-equipped Flanker variants. Just $18.00!
- LIMITED EDITION We have a LIMITED number of our Sprue Brothers collaboration 2015 IPMS Nationals decal sheet. No need to find "Waldo" on the convention floor, you can order it direct from us. Featuring 2 CAG birds from VAW-123, the World Famous Screwtops, the sheet is just $15.00!
- NOW SHIPPING! 48-TD1 Tomcat Data Sheet!!! ONLY $13.00!!! Moving fast!!!.


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Bedford Creek Campground
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
How has this campground rated in the past?
- Beach
- Restaurant
- Wheelchair accessibility
- Kitchenette
- Kids activities or Babysitting
- Pets allowed
Photos of Bedford Creek Campground
Travelers also recommend:
- Beach
- Restaurant
- Wheelchair accessibility
- Kitchenette
- Pets allowed
- Kids activities or Babysitting
TripAdvisor Reviews Bedford Creek Campground Sackets Harbor
Travel Blogs from Sackets Harbor
And we're off...
... Erica, our house sitter, stopped and spent the night, to review our notes. Everything was cool. Exhausted, we retired early to be rested for the long upcoming day.
Monday [October 5th - DAY 1] we were up at 5:30am to be ready to leave the house at 7:45am. Only a few minutes late, we picked up Jack & Brenda and were off to the Rochester Airport. Arriving at 10am, we dropped the rental off and made our way to ...
On the road agian
... as we head west.
The drive was typical of southern Ontario. Lots of open land with corn fields going for miles. The small towns that make up the cross roads are plentiful. We decided to stop at one called Merrickville. It had a eclectic selection of country stores selling crafts, fudge, ice cream and knitted goods, you know the typical country general store. We walked along the street and poked our way thru the interesting ones. The only thing we purchased ...
We All Meet Up, Ross is now my "Bitch"
... of their set they announced the start of a light and laser show. We watched this really cool show with music and narration on the falls, it was quiet impressive. Think small scale Balligio in Vegas. We rode back and got to the hotel at 12:30 and still no Ross.. In the morning while we were washing the bikes Ross found us. He needed a ride to Bucks dealership where he had shipped his bike from Moab Ut. He had to ride "*****" a term of endearment to the ...
Unexpected moments…the summit of Whiteface!
... at 6:00 with the outside temperature at a very comfortable 71 degrees. We can see Lake Ontario from our rig (we are about 200 feet away from its shore) and were treated to a lovely sunset about an hour ago! Tomorrow we are planning to take a boat tour of the thousand island area and may or may not be back to this campground. It all depends on where stopping time finds us I guess!
We drove 181 miles today…I think Mufasa thought he was being abused after so many days of ...
Leaving Ottawa for Kingston
... be taking - to see
go to the following link:
http://www.rideaufriends.com/documents/ watson-guide.pdf
Bon Voyage
Canoe Trip Dave
A Coureur de Bois
Note: see below for a short history of the Rideau Canal
A Short History of the Rideau Canal
The Rideau Canal, which first opened for navigation in 1832, is the oldest continuously operated canal system in North America. The word rideau is French for curtain, the appearance of the falls of ...


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Prunus spinosa (blackthorn)
Blackthorn fruits have a white bloom that can be wiped off (Photo: Martin Olsson, licensed under CC by 3.0)
Species information
Prunus spinosa L.
blackthorn, sloe
Not assessed according to IUCN Red List criteria.
Hedgerows, thickets, scrubland, screes and woodland edges.
Flavouring for alcoholic beverages, timber.
Branches bear sharp thorns and fruits produce a compound that can generate small quantities of hydrogen cyanide in water.
About this species
Blackthorn is a shrub belonging to the same genus (Prunus) as almond, cherry and plum trees. The specific epithet spinosa refers to the sharp spines or thorns that are characteristic of this plant.
An important plant for wildlife, its early spring flowers provide nectar for early emerging insects, and its branches create a spiny thicket, providing secure nesting sites for birds. Great grey shrikes (Lanius excubitor) often nest in blackthorn and hang food items on the large thorns, hence their colloquial name of butcher-bird.
Blackthorn is the food plant of many moths including the clouded silver (Lomographa temerata), lunar-spotted pinion (Cosmia pyralina), dark dagger (Acronicta tridens) and green-brindled crescent (Allophyes oxyacanthae). It is the only food plant of the sloe carpet (Aleucis distinctata), a moth that occurs in southeastern England.


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Testament - Exodus Shopify Theme
Testament - Exodus Theme Features
Testament - Exodus
A First Class theme for stores that want the minimal look but the feel of a big budget website.
Making the most of Negative space the Testament Shopify theme delivers a powerful online shopping experience for customers on all devices mobile - desktop.
With 3 great collection templates, 2 different blog style layouts and multiple page templates you are sure to find the perfect look for your shopify store.
Product page zoom to enlarge with rich product option swatches offer a stunning visual experience to all customers.
- 4 x Stunning presets
- Responsive Design for Desktop, tablet and Mobile Shopping
- Ajax add to cart with quick cart view
- Sticky Navigation
- Optional Mega Menu
- Multiple currency Conversion
- Mailing list popup
- Quick view
Home page:
- Re-Orderable Homepage Elements
- Slideshow / video display options
- Featured Collections
- Up to 5 Product Carousels with Quick View
- 3 x Image Galleries holding up to 4 images
- Instagram User Gallery
- Recent Blog Posts
- Page content for enhanced SEO
Collection Page:
- Products per row controls
- Product Quick View
- Color swatches with Image Switching
- Tag layered navigation
- Full width banner images
- Sort by options
- Optional Collection Page Sidebar
- Shop by Designer list automated from product vendors
- New in item icon
- Pre order item icon
- Sale item icon
- Sold out icon
Product Page:
- Image with Hover to Zoom, click to Enlarge
- Color swatches
- Variant Featured Images
- Social sharing via Twitter, Facebook & Pinterest
- Next / Prev product navigation with images
- Alternate product carousel
- Additional info popups
- Ask a question popup
- Product Page Subtitles
- Google Structured data
- 2 Blog Templates featuring stacked or Tiled View
- Instagram user Gallery with Lightbox enlarge
- Facebook Like box
- Twitter Recent posts feed
- Article sharing to Twitter and facebook


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No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
- Room service
- Swimming pool
- Restaurant
Travelers also recommend:
- Swimming pool
- Restaurant
- Room service
TripAdvisor Reviews Velazquez Benalmadena
Travel Blogs from Benalmadena
Day 18: More Coastal Towns
... of locals who like to spruce up the front of their houses. There's an outer wall that in places is covered with vines, and bright blue houses running right into the walls… cozy little fountain plazas tucked away with outdoor cafes and palm trees. I reach the church just as Sunday Mass is letting out and am surprised at how many folks in this "beach town" come out ...
One night only
... that has one or on to Fuengirola which has one or you're best off in Marbella.
Drove through the 7km of beach that is Fuengirola, very nice and instead of the normal boats on roundabouts one here had a herd of elephants (?!?!?, couldn't get the camera out fast enough!), found the campsite, WOW how expensive????
Stayed anyway, thought we'd stay for the weekend, but ...
4-5 Nov Malaga exploration
... Day 2 of Malaga in summary – nuts and hills
Glorious day and for us a touristy one. Picked up a very helpful guide from the tourist information shop. Made our way round the old town going in the Cathedral, Alcazaba and Castillo, meeting the King on the way.
The Cathedral was beautiful, we've taken some photos but they won't do it justice.
The Alcazaba was different, a bit touristy probably. The plaza ...
Granada and walking the amazing Caminito del Rey
... where we will hand in the hire car. We'll then all get the train to Cordoba, where we'll say our goodbyes. Murray and Dianne will then get the train to Madrid, where we'll get our flight home, while Debbie and Mike will continue in Eastern Europe for almost three months more. We've booked all our hotels in advance, choosing places with character in the centre of the old town wherever possible.
Tuesday 16th June Polop-Granada
Away ...
Interesting architecture and boats on the beach
... m not feeling horribly outclassed because even though my shots are not always as lit as I would like I'm pretty good at the composition.
Dinner tonight was at El Rubio's, a restaurant here in the village but a little ways down one of the streets (past the supermercado). It seems like every restaurant is trying to outdo the others with all of the food that they serve (it's probably business that they really need, these groups of 15 ...


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From: "Mike Sutton" <firstname.lastname@example.com>
Wow! Lowell that is one wide SDB! Does it always bloom with that form? Man
oh man, that's a good one.
-----Original Message-----
>Here is an SDB seedling. Doll X Chubby Cheeks.
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Hotels in Boucherville
Hotel reservation
Hotel rooms in Boucherville
There are not so many hotel rooms in Boucherville, just 3, still everyone can find an offer to suit his choice. The most common offers in this city are 3 и 4 stars, they count 3 out of 3, and their prevalent location is central district. According to our practice, it is the most profitable to book a hotel in the south of Boucherville, as it is the location of the hotels with optimal cost and quality offers along with the cheap hotels. Taking into account the small size of the city, there is no need to dwell hotel reservation on the location: the road to the city center would take less then half an hour, so one can book a hotel in any district of Boucherville. The most populated with hotels district of Boucherville is the south, 100% of cheap hotel rooms are concentrated here. Boucherville is an ideal place for couple and family, such travellers rate hotels there 8.2 out of 10 on average. Apart from all these, hotels in Boucherville offer their customers business centre, 24 hours front desk service, parking and laundry service. The most appreciated amenities in Boucherville hotels are comfort and service. According to the visitors reviews, hotels in Boucherville has great location, rather comfortable and fantastic service. Take a look at our selection of the cheap hotel rooms in Boucherville to make a well-informed choice for your reservation!
hotel collections
Top-3 hotels in the center of Boucherville
average rating
It is not a surprise that many guests arriving to Boucherville pay great attention to the location of their hotel. In order to save your time, we have prepared a collection of the hotels in the center of this city.
Show hotels
All hotel collections in Boucherville
Best hotels in Boucherville
Hotels in Boucherville are spread around the city within the distance of 2.5 kilometers. The most popular accommodations in Boucherville is
Comfort Inn Boucherville
, 3 stars hotel located in a 2 kilometers from the city center.
The best hotels are here and now. Try them!
All cities in Canada


text: We went to this restaurant from a recommendation from another restaurant close by, and it did not disapoint! They had white truffles and they were very generous with the portion.. Fresh pasta and meats grilled over open fire. It's very busy so reservations are recommended. Simple Tuscan food. Chef let us see his delivery of truffles they smelt amazing. We... More


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Colorado Victory 2004, Nonclassifiable Establishments, listed under "Nonclassifiable Establishments" category, is located at 8852 Washington St Denver CO, 80229 and can be reached by 3032883175 phone number. Colorado Victory 2004 has currently 0 reviews.This business profile is not yet claimed, and if you are the owner, claim your business profile for free. If you are not the owner you can invite this business to join by email or by phone.Browse all Nonclassifiable Establishments in Denver CO. Discover census data for Denver, CO.
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See also


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7 Funny Real-Life Situations Doctors Have Had To Deal With
This is a collection of seven different doctors hilarious real life stories they encountered on the job.
Trending on US Herald
Family REFUSES Rent-Free 5-Bedroom Home Funded By Taxpayers – Says It's NOT Nice Enough
Woman Buys Dress For Her 4th Wedding, If You're A Liberal It's Best You Look The Other Way
VIDEO: Incredible Body Cam Footage Shows Cop Was Being Attacked, Could Save Him From Prison
6 Time Felon Ends Picks The Wrong Home To Burglarize And Pays Dearly When He Is Pulled Out In A…
"Ode To Liberal Lunacy" Poem Perfectly Nails Liberal Sore Losers Post-Election Freakout
WATCH: Black Lives Matter Leader Gets BRUTAL SURPRISE After Pulling Down White Guys Confederate Flag At Protest
WATCH: Black Lives Matter BULLIES Tried To SHUT DOWN Road Until They Got NAILED By Car
This Little Girl's Assignment At School Is To Share A Story With A Moral, Her Answer Shocks The Entire Room!
What This Illegal Alien Did To Residents Of Connecticut 'Sanctuary City' Shows Exactly Why We Should Shut Them All Down
Wife Tells New Husband It's Time to Sell His Old Hunting Gear, His Reply Is Perfect!
Mountain Woman Cleaning Her Shotguns Stops to Drop Peeping Drone Hovering Over Her Property
IT JUST GOT REAL! Texas Governor Means Business, Just Made BRUTAL Threat To 'Sanctuary City' Sheriff
BOYCOTT These 8 Celebrities Who Have Insulted Trump & Disrespected Millions Of Americans
VIDEO: Tired Of Being Robbed, Fed Up Store Owner Goes RAMBO On Gang Of Thugs.
VIDEO: City Councilman Encourages People To Throw Rocks At Police Who Are Apprehending Criminals
Leslie Jones Gets CALLED OUT As RACIST After Telling "White Women" Who Support Black Lives Matter: "I'm Going To Punch You In The Mouth"
Illegal Immigrant MOOCHER Went To Pick Up Texas Welfare Check Just Like Usual, Gets A HARSH Surprise Instead…


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Finch Rental Inc
Words can't describe how great a collection of Fabrics and other event supplies that Finch Rental Inc has in stock for your holiday party, birthday, or other themed event.
Balloon Designs By Kelly
If you're planning a big event go to one of Balloon Designs By Kelly's decoration stores and check out all of the colorful Props they have to choose from.
Weddings By Nannie
Weddings By Nannie not only has friendly and helpful staff, it also has a wide selection of diverse Props and more available to decorate Wilberforce events of all types.
Cre8tive Celebr8tions Event Decorat...
Cre8tive Celebr8tions Event Decorators will make your Wilberforce area party special with mesmerizing Centerpieces and event decor at criminally low prices. Pass by today to see what we mean.
From Now To Vow
You can stop your search now—From Now To Vow is your one-stop destination for Props. Check out one of our decoration stores soon.
Occasions by Tammy
You've rented your facility, now it's time to decorate it with the most beautiful Confetti and more from Occasions by Tammy in Wilberforce. Come see why we are tops in the area.
Creation Designs by TRP
If you're in a bind and can't find Live Plants for your party, then look no further than Creation Designs by TRP, which has plenty of Live Plants and a great staff to help you.
Renatblecloths has a dazzling array of Fabrics at its decoration stores, as well as friendly staff and very low prices—come and visit!
Kid Time Party Entertainment
If you want to throw a memorable party or event in Wilberforce and need fantastic Theme Design, then your solution is to use Kid Time Party Entertainment for all your supply needs.
Chanhls Catering Company
The expert staff at Chanhls Catering Company in Wilberforce will deliver when needing the fanciest Balloon Decorations or other beautiful decoration for your big party.
Factory Direct Mirrors
Not even a Hollywood celebrity could ask for better Candles than they have at Factory Direct Mirrors. Their selection is that fabulous and glamorous!
Touch of Elegance LLC
When planning a themed event and need the best Ribbons / Bows in Wilberforce, Touch of Elegance LLC is your one-stop shopping location for the most fantastic products around.
Upbeats DJs
Plan your Wilberforce wedding with beautiful and affordable Centerpieces provided by the helpful staff at Upbeats DJs, and you won't be disappointed.
Waymire Wedding Creations
Come to Waymire Wedding Creations in Wilberforce if you need the only the most amazing selection of chic Ribbons / Bows and other supplies that we have for your wedding.
Ice Sculptures by Ramon
Don't let anyone tell you otherwise—the Ice Sculptures by Ramon decoration store is the gold standard for Ice Sculptures at great prices.
Entertainment Unlimited
Be the envy of all the other brides around Wilberforce by shopping at Entertainment Unlimited. We have an amazing collection of Ribbons / Bows and other decor that will absolutely blow your mind.
First Class Weddings
First Class Weddings is a veritable goldmine of cool Specialty Lighting and party decor of all kinds. If you are hosting an important event in Wilberforce, then plan your visit today.
Brendas Flowers and Gifts
Wilberforce couples, have the best looking party you possibly can with lots of fabulous Balloon Decorations and other elegant decorations from Brendas Flowers and Gifts.
Hire The Best
In or around: Wilberforce, OH
For my: Birthday (Adult)
Taking place on: May 07
At Your Request
Don't forget to check out At Your Request for those beautiful Specialty Lighting you need for your party. They're at our decoration stores in spades.
ARC Weddings and Events
Give them all something to talk about with the dazzling Theme Design and decor from ARC Weddings and Events in Wilberforce. Visit today and see their wide selection of party supplies.


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6 Reasons To Use Multiple Cloud Providers Music Mastermind, Coupa Software share why they turned to more than one cloud services supplier. Yes, you can mix and match Amazon and Rackspace.
SuccessFactors Jam: Sweeter Than Salesforce.com Chatter? SAP's recently acquired cloud business extends a Chatter-like social networking platform to 15 million subscribers at no charge.
Cloud Vendor Brings CFOs Closer To ERP Data Host Analytics adds business intelligence capabilities so top execs can better anticipate future revenue.
Put Your Test Lab In The Cloud Your options for having a software development lab in the cloud are increasing. Here's how to get your dev lab there.
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Computing Cartels Shake Up IT Purchasing Massive firms with global reach will emerge during the next 10 years, offering optimized stacks of computing capability on a pay-per-use basis.
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Microsoft's Answer To The End Of Software Microsoft's Convergence user conference convinced me that Dynamics will be a major player in the cloud, as Redmond bets big on customer choice.
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Not sure where my Dad got this picture that he sent to me (via e-mail) but it is one fantastic looking grill!
Now that is what I call ingenuity, hard work, and a whole lotta skill!
On close up view, the barrel actually reads "500 S&W Magnum." Hope the maker of the grill doesn't run into any copyright issues with Smith & Wesson.
Be blessed!
Lady V dZine


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Leave a Review
Woah! This is some rich hot chocolate. I made it with 4 oz of chocolate and it was still too sweet. I loved the texture though - nice and thick and creamy. Next time I'll try less chocolate (2 1/2 - 3 oz) and see how that is.
Made half a recipe and it was more than enough for two. Very rich.


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Wedding and Event Venues located in Pflugerville, nestled between Round Rock and Austin. A primarily outdoor venue with several options, including a covered Pavilion, Gazebo, dance floor, fountains, waterfalls, and our signature stone staircase descending from our huge fig tree to the Orchard. McMurtrie Farms is rich in history, beauty, and variety. Let us be the canvas for your special day!
What was your wedding theme? Decor? Setting?
We had an autumn theme and we used minimal decorations as the venue is gorgeous, with tree lights and a beautifully manicured lawn. We set up pumpkin centerpieces on the tables and had crushed orange overlays, which the venue provided. Chelsea, the venue owner, even allowed her adorable daughter to be our flower girl!
Flexibility of venue to meet your needs?
They were incredibly flexible with payment, meeting times, and vendors. It was like working with family; they just seemed to want to help whenever they could.
Have both your reception and ceremony there? If so, make for a happy couple & guests?
We did have both the ceremony and reception at McMurtrie, but they provided two sections of the venue so we didn't have to go through any awkward waiting period while tables were moved around. We got married in the Meadows and had our reception in the Pecan Pavilion. Everyone commented on how beautiful the place was.
Favorite part of the venue?
Definitely the Pavilion. With the lights in the trees and the gorgeous chandeliers, the place looked so elegant, especially against the backdrop of sunset and the evening.
What was your wedding theme? Decor? Setting?
Fresh,chic, Vintage. We didnt need that much decor because of the venue being so beautiful on its own. It was near sunset. We did have parasols for the older guests since it was so late in the summer
Flexibility of venue to meet your needs?
They were very flexible and offered more than I needed. It was very easy to communicate and plan everything from set up to payments.
Have both your reception and ceremony there? If so, make for a happy couple & guests?
we had just the ceremony but had we known how beautiful the Pecan Pavilion would turn out we would have booked that too. It is all a very intimate setting and the drive is so much easier for the guest since its right off of I-35. We are still getting compliments on how beautiful the wedding was.
Favorite part of the venue?
The Meadow with its romantic little drive way over the creek and the beautiful white stair case glowing in the back of the property. I
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IFMA and The Partnering Group are proud to announce the best practices report (Full Plate™: Category Management Business Process for Foodservice) and Foodservice Category Management Training and Certification Program, powered by Full Plate™.
Thirty-five leading foodservice organizations worked over seven months to develop the Category Management Best Practices process for the foodservice industry. The final process, outlined in a newly released industry report,"Full Plate™: Category Management Business Process for Foodservice", is also the content behind an industry-wide Training & Certification Program where over 120 individuals have been trained.
To receive you complimentary copy of "Full Plate™: Category Management Business Process for Foodservice", join the Foodservice Category Management Update Group.
The thirty-five companies, known as the Foodservice Category Management Innovation & Activation Board, include 19 manufacturers, six distributors, three brokers, The Partnering Group (TPG), IFMA, the NRA, IFDA, FSMA, The NPD Group and Datassential. Led by TPG and IFMA, this diverse group's objective was to create an all-inclusive approach which would improve the efficiency and effectiveness in the channel and ultimately consumer demand for the foodservice choice.
The result is the new report which not only defines what category management is in foodservice, but outlines an eight-step process (Full Plate™) to execute successfully. The report also provides an understanding of why the industry needs Foodservice Category Management, what data is needed to make educated decisions and the organizational implications we need to consider moving forward.
The training and certification address this last need. We, as an industry, must train our staff to not only increase their understanding, but elevate our level of sophistication collectively. To support continued learning of this skill set in our industry, IFMA and TPG are now offering group and customized training. The next group session will be September 23 in Rosemont, Ill. (dates and registration information will be shared here at ifmaworld.com). Participants will go through the training and then have the opportunity to apply for certification.
Contact Mike Schwartz at IFMA to learn more about Training & Certification.
For more information, view the press release announcing the training.


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Report: Volkswagen Mulling Touraeg R Hybrid
Volkswagen is apparently investigating the use of hybrid technology for the hottest version of the next-generation Touraeg, for a combined output of 500 horsepower.
The proposed powertrain would mate a 500 horsepower V8 with a 47 horsepower electric motor. While this would bring a serious challenge to the Porsche Cayenne Turbo and BMW X5M, the vast amounts of torque and potential fuel savings (from single digit mpg up to the low teens, perhaps) are equally interesting.
On the other hand, the whole thing sounds like a massively expensive proposition, and it's more likely that this model would be a limited production model rather than a volume version. For now, we'll keep dreaming of a civilian version of the Race Touraeg.


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"Arise and take our stand for freedom as in the olden time." Winston Churchill
"Proclaim Liberty throughout All the land unto All the Inhabitants Thereof." Inscription on the Liberty Bell
Author Archives: Steven Hayward
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The New Republic Finally Loses Its Mind
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So Much Patriotism!
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All of this talk from the left of Trump being a fascist is so much twaddle—or projection, since the left tacitly approves of Mussolini's version of it ("Everything inside the state; nothing outside the state"). But even if there was some truth to the idea, liberals—or at least liberal academics—would be the last to figure it out. How do I know this? Because I've checked the academic literature on Hitler »
The M-E-C Freakout Continues
The Media Entertainment Complex (MEC) is going all in to destroy Trump on behalf of the Democratic Party. I wonder how liberals would react if Saturday Night Live did a sexist sketch like the one last night about Elizabeth Warren (preferably in full native American regalia) instead of Kelly Anne Conway: Paul has already noted the ruckus over the supposed ethics violation of Kelly Anne suggesting on air that people »
The Gorsuch Confirmation and the Finnis Connection
I haven't had time to weigh in yet on the Gorsuch nomination to the Supreme Court, so it is time to catch up. In addition to having a law degree from Harvard, it is notable that Gorsuch also took a leave from his lucrative law practice to attend Oxford University to earn a Ph.D under the direction of John Finnis. Never heard of John Finnis? I predict you will in »
The Problem of Religion and Democracy
The American solution to the problem of religious conflict in politics—the First Amendment and the "religious test" clause of Article VI of the Constitution—is not well understood today. Much of the time, in fact, liberals deliberately distort the meaning of these clauses to imply a hostility toward religion. Recovering the rightful understanding can begin with a close look at Thomas Jefferson's Virginia Statute of Religious Liberty. But readers really interested »
The Week in Pictures: The Same Subject Continued Edition
"The same subject continued" is how many of the individual numbers of the Federalist Papers are titled, and it is entirely fitting for the political Category F5 storm that is Donald Trump in the White House. Liberals continue to melt down worse that the Fukushima reactor, which is only fitting in the aftermath of the Trumpian Tsunami that somehow didn't get the memo about "the side of history." (Or the »