text:
At a Glance
Matching up animals with their noses makes the Who Knows Whose Nose Game great fun for young children.
Features and benefits for ELC Who Knows Whose Nose Game
- Who Knows Whose Nose Game is fun for little ones
- 10 noses and 10 animal cards to match up
- Different fun games for your child to enjoy
- Great for making fun animal noises too
Great for your child's development:
Matching the noses and animal cards is a good way for your child to develop sorting and matching skills, which is a useful skill for nursery and school. Learning how to play a simple game – taking turns, following the game and having your go – is good for thinking skills and also for social skills. Being able to join in a group activity is a great skill for starting nursery and school. Slotting the noses into the cards is good for developing precision in little fingers. Fine motor skills are so useful for dressing, drawing and writing. Learning the animal names, talking about the animals and making lots of fun animal noises are good for building vocabulary and communication skills.
ELC star quality:
We love the Who Knows Whose Nose Game because it's such a simple but fun game for little ones. It's enjoyable as a game, and also matching up the noses with the cards is enjoyable for your child at any time. Your child can mix up the noses and make some crazy animal combinations. Who knows what sound a moo-pig or a croco-hippo make? Who Knows Whose Nose is a really good first game for your child to try. And making animal noises is always brilliant fun. Moink.
What you need to know:
Pack contents: 10 x plastic noses (2 x cow noses, 2 x hippo noses, 2 x elephant noses, 2 x bird noses, 2 x crocodile noses) 10 x plastic cards (2 x cows, 2 x hippos, 2 x elephants, 2 x birds, 2 x crocodiles), 1 x cotton bag, 1 x instruction sheet
Other toys and accessories available separately.
Playing tips:
Nosing around
Let's help the animals. We've got 10 friendly creatures: the cows, the hippos, the elephants, the birds and the crocodiles. But they're not very happy: our animals have got no noses!
Making the face fit
Let's name all these animals. It's hard with no noses. Let's pick a nose out of the bag and see which creature it fits. We'll complete their faces, and make all the animals happy again.
Crazy faces
Let's see which animals look funny with the wrong noses. Crocodile with a cow nose, or elephant with a bird beak maybe? We can make them look really silly. Let's try making the noise they would make: snap-moo, or trumpet-chirp.
Great for:
Sorting and matching
Learning about animals
Making up silly faces
Feeling lots of shapes
Making lots of animal noises.
What's in the box:
- 10 x Plastic cards
- 10 x Plastic noses
- 1 x Cotton bag
Product Specifications
|0.475 kg
|20.6 cm
|18 cm
|8 cm
|Batteries included
smaller items may be delivered via Royal Mail.
Exceptional circumstances beyond our control such as bad weather or courier delays may cause your order to take longer to deliver
uk returnsELC are happy to refund or exchange any unused merchandise returned within 30 days of purchase upon production of your receipt, as long as they are returned in an unused condition and in their original packaging. Please see Terms and Conditions for details. This does not affect your rights if the product is faulty or mis-described.
International returns
If you are unhappy with an item that you have ordered, you are able to return it to us at your own cost. If the product is faulty, we can re-order this for you. If you do not wish to be re-sent the faulty product, you can send it back to us at your own cost – once we have received the goods, we will reimburse any postal charges you may incur. Click here for more information on our international returns policy.
How does this help my child ?
Social skillsSocial skills
This toy helps your child learn how to make friends and enjoy company.
Fine Motor skillsFine Motor skills
This toy helps your child to use their hands for precise movements.


text:
Red Wings face jam-packed month out of bye week
Jared Coreau and Drew Miller return to the Detroit Red Wings to help them through a jam-packed schedule.
The Red Wings emerge from their five-day bye break with a Monday practice, after which they are to fly to Vancouver, where they start a five-game trip. They play the Canucks on Tuesday, then are at Calgary on Friday and at Edmonton on ...Read more
Sharks blast Canucks, 4-1
VANCOUVER, British Columbia -- Martin Jones recorded 35 saves as the San Jose Sharks beat the Vancouver Canucks 4-1 on Saturday night.
Jones stood out while his team struggled to handle a Canucks squad battling an outbreak of the mumps. The Canucks outshot the Sharks 36-26 but capitalized on the misfortune of Vancouver netminder Ryan Miller.
...Read more
Tomas Jurco happy to join Blackhawks after 'tough' years with Red Wings
New Blackhawks winger Tomas Jurco didn't have the easiest time playing for the Red Wings.
When he played under current Maple Leafs coach Ken Babcock, Jurco said Babcock wanted him to play a more physical game. Jurco is more of a speed and skill player.
The demands the Wings had for Jurco never quite meshed with his skill set over the last four...Read more
Penguins defeat Flyers, 4-2, in Stadium Series game at Heinz Field
PITTSBURGH -- Outdoors games have become almost routine for some of the Penguins.
After all, their 4-2 victory against Philadelphia before a crowd of 67,318 Saturday night at Heinz Field was the fourth for a few of them, dating to the original Winter Classic in Orchard Park, N.Y., in 2008.
Jake Guentzel, though, is still new to these.
Heck, ...Read more
Jonathan Quick sharp in return as Kings beat Ducks, 4-1
LOS ANGELES -- Jonathan Quick went back to work Saturday, making saves for the Kings during a 4-1 victory over the Ducks at Staples Center. He wasn't really into the game, he wasn't really back in action after sitting out for 59 games because of a groin injury until an old rival paid his respects, though.
Ducks right wing Corey Perry slashed ...Read more
Crashing net has Blackhawks' Artem Anisimov on pace for career season
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The numbers give a different answer. Anisimov is having his best statistical season, whether he will concede it or not.
...Read more
NHL upholds 10-game suspension to Ducks forward Antoine Vermette
LOS ANGELES -- NHL commissioner Gary Bettman announced Saturday that the 10-game suspension given to Ducks forward Antoine Vermette for striking an official with his stick will be upheld.
Bettman heard Vermette's appeal for a ban reduction in New York City on Thursday and sided with linesman Shandor Alphonso's contention that Vermette slashed ...Read more
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Call Me Pomeroy [Kindle Edition]James Hanna
Pomeroy, a street musician on parole, joins the Occupy Movement in Oakland and its spinoffs in London and Paris. He does not join for political reasons but to get on television, land an agent, and score a million dollar recording contract. A zany collection of tales ...
Diversity is a family value for Kings coach Darryl Sutter
LOS ANGELES -- Darryl Sutter grew up between Montana and the North Pole, in a tiny Alberta prairie town so isolated and homogenized that debates which consumed the outside world only occasionally seeped in.
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RALEIGH, N.C. -- The Carolina Hurricanes scored some goals, managed the puck well and got good goaltending Friday.
And won a game.
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Eddie Lack was the big man in net...Read more
Red Wings trade Tomas Jurco to Blackhawks for 3rd-round pick
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"Things haven't worked out here," Red Wings general manager Ken Holland told the Free Press. "He and his agent let it be known he'd like to be elsewhere. He is restricted this summer and probably ...Read more
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Kings are unable to break a recurring habit, losing
LOS ANGELES--The Los Angeles Kings have practiced almost every morning since early October.
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...Read more
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The ...Read more
Wild ponder options as NHL trade deadline nears
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Class of '83
30 Year Reunion!!
Saturday, July 6th, 2013
Place: The Palms Bistro (Downtown Milwaukee)
Time: 6:30pm-?
Cost: $50 per person (additional $40 for Guest)
• Open Bar (yep, that's right we said "open" bar!)
• hors d'oeuvres
• 80s Music
• Slide show
RSVP/Payment to:
John Robertson
N31W7231 Lincoln Blvd
Cedarburg, WI 53012
early RSVP/payments would be truly appreciated.
(you know you're attending - so let US KNOW!)
you can contact your Reunion Committee at:
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Shawalfa Technocrats
E- 75 A, 2nd Floor, D. L. F., Sector No. 11, Haryana , India
Established in Haryana(India), we are capable of catering to the demands of the customers within the committed time. With the assistance of our hardworking team, we are able to offer a wide range of quality carbon alloy forging.
Steel Forgings India
Plot 26 E 2 Sarurpur Sohna Road Faridabad - 121004, Haryana , India
With the due assistance of our deft professionals, we are capable to deliver quality-centralized lot of Alloy Steel Forgings. Located in Haryana(India), we are actively involved in bringing forth a high quality array of products in the market.
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text:
Science & Medicine, Natural Sciences, Society & Culture, TechnologyFollow
|Natural Sciences
|Science & Medicine
Whether the topic is popcorn or particle physics, you can count on BrainStuff to explore -- and explain -- the everyday science in the world around us.
June 14th, 2010
Episode 648 of 1093 episodes
When manual transmissions are put in reverse, they produce a loud, whirring noise. What's the culprit? Gears. Marshall Brain explains how helical and spur gears work in manual transmissions in this episode.
You'll need to sign in to write a comment.
Welcome to the daily audio workout for your head.


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|Table of Contents
|Vol. 7, No. 1-3, 2013
Issue release date: December 2012
|Section title: Paper
Diversity and Plasticity of Sex Determination and Differentiation in FishesKobayashi Y.a, b · Nagahama Y.c · Nakamura M.a, d
aTropical Biosphere Research Center, Sesoko Station, University of the Ryukyus, Motobu, bUshimado Marine Institute, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Ushimado, cInstitution for Collaborative Relations, Ehime University, Matsuyama, dOcean Exposition Commemorative Park Management Foundation, Motobu, Japan Corresponding Author
Yasuhisa Kobayashi
Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI)
Faculty of Science, Okayama University
130-17 Kashino, Ushimado, Setouchi, Okayama 701-4303 (Japan)
Tel. +81 869 34 5210, E-Mail email@example.com
Among vertebrates, fishes show an exceptional range of reproductive strategies regarding the expression of their sexuality. Fish sexualities were categorized into gonochorism, synchronous/sequential hermaphrodite, or unisexual reproduction. In gonochoristic fishes, sex is determined genetically or by environmental factors. After sex determination, the gonads are differentiated into ovary or testis, with the sex remaining fixed for the entire life cycle. In contrast, some sequential hermaphrodite fishes can change their sex from male to female (protandrous), female to male (protogynous), or serially (bi-directional sex change) in their life cycle. In many cases, sex change is cued by social factors such as the disappearance of a male or female from a group. This unique diversity in fishes provides an ideal animal model to investigate sex determination and differentiation in vertebrates. This review first discusses genetic-orientated sex determination mechanisms. Then, we address the gonadal sex differentiation process in a gonochoristic fish, using an example of the Nile tilapia. Finally, we discuss various types of sex change that occur in hermaphrodite fishes.
© 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel
Sex determination leads to a binary fate choice of the sexual characteristics in an organism. In almost all vertebrates, sexual reproduction requires 2 sexes (males and females) to maintain variation and survival. Hence, sex determination and differentiation, which develop in either the ovary or testis, is one of the most important processes for species survival. However, sex determination mechanisms vary greatly among taxa [Devlin and Nagahama, 2002; Desjardins and Fernald, 2009; Guerrero-Estévez and Moreno-Mendoza, 2010].
With over 30,000 species, teleost fishes are the largest group of vertebrates [Nelson, 2006]. Fishes exhibit a remarkable variety of sexuality [Atz, 1964]. The sexuality can be described either as gonochorism or hermaphroditism; details are given below [de Mitcheson and Liu, 2008]. The only known exceptions are unisexual species such as Poecilia formosa [Dries, 2003]. Many teleosts are gonochoristic where individuals develop as males or females only and retain the same sex throughout their life span. In many gonochoristic fishes, sex determination is genetic, i.e. males and females have different alleles or even different genes that specify their sexual morphology [Devlin and Nagahama, 2002]. In other cases, sex is determined by environmental variables such as temperature, pH, social condition, and salinity [Baroiller et al., 2009]. Alternatively, many teleosts exhibit natural hermaphroditism where an individual changes from one sex to the other during adulthood. This unique feature of sexuality is limited only to fishes among the vertebrates. Several different types of hermaphrodites have been described [Devlin and Nagahama, 2002; Frisch, 2004; de Mitcheson and Liu, 2008]. Some teleosts have gonads containing both mature ovaries and testes (synchronous hermaphroditism). In sequential hermaphroditism, some fishes change sex from male to female (protandrous sex change), others change from female to male (protogynous sex change), and a few change sex in both directions multiple times (bi-directional sex change). In many cases of sequential hermaphroditism, sex change is controlled by social cues such as the disappearance of a male or female from a group. Thus, the mechanisms of sex determination and differentiation in fishes are highly diverse and plastic, differing from those of other higher vertebrates [Desjardins and Fernald, 2009]. Hence, fishes are a very interesting group among the vertebrates for the study of sex determination and differentiation.
Our major interest is to uncover the physiological mechanisms that regulate the sex change processes in hermaphrodite fishes. However, it is necessary to understand the process of sex determination and differentiation in well-studied gonochoristic fishes (medaka and tilapia) to elucidate the complicated mechanisms of sex-changing fishes. Therefore, in this review we first describe the mechanisms of sex determination in gonochoristic fishes. We then summarize the process and regulation of gonadal sex differentiation in tilapia via sex steroid hormones and other regulators. Finally, we use 4 different species as examples to describe our recent work on sex-changing fishes. This review intends to highlight sexual plasticity in fishes related to sex determination. For detailed information on other aspects of sex determination and differentiation in fishes, particularly genetics, please refer to the recent reviews by Nagahama [2005] and Paul-Prasanth et al. [2011].
In gonochoristic fishes, sex determination can be genetic, environmental, or a combination of both [Devlin and Nagahama, 2002; Volff et al., 2007; Penman and Piferrer, 2008]. In this section, we outline genetic sex determination in gonochoristic fishes. The review by Baroiller et al. [2009] provides information on environmental sex determination in fishes.
In almost all mammals, the heterogametic sex is male which is propagated by the inheritance of a Y chromosome. The first discovery of a single gene, SRY (sex determining region Y), on the Y chromosome and its subsequent functional analysis has demonstrated that SRY is necessary and sufficient to initiate testicular development [Koopman et al., 1990; Sinclair et al., 1990]. However, the SRY gene is not found in any other class that uses the system of genetic sex determination [Capel, 2000; Marshall Graves, 2002]. This observation indicates that sex determination mechanisms show no clear evolutionary conservation between phyla and that the sex determination system in other animals has arisen independently [Raymond et al., 1998].
The second sex determination gene in vertebrates was identified in the Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes, which has a male heterogametic (XX-XY) system [Matsuda et al., 2002; Nanda et al., 2002]. This gene was named as dmy or dmrt1b as it was found to be a duplicate copy of the well-conserved downstream gene dmrt1 (doublesex and mab-3 related factor 1) on the Y chromosome, associated with vertebrate testicular differentiation [Ferguson-Smith, 2007; Piferrer and Guiguen, 2008]. The analysis of loss and gain of function of this gene proved that dmy is necessary and sufficient for initiating testicular differentiation [Paul-Prasanth et al., 2006; Matsuda et al., 2007]. However, the molecular mechanism of Dmy, especially the target gene, remains largely unknown. Dmy is also found in Oryzias curvinotus which is most closely related to O. latipes [Nanda et al., 2002; Matsuda, 2003]. However, dmy was not found in other fishes or other Oryzias species [Matsuda et al., 2007; Kondo et al., 2009]. This finding suggests that even this sex-determining gene exhibits extensive diversity among fishes.
In other fishes that exhibit genetic sex determination (such as Nile tilapia, zebrafish, stickleback, salmonid fishes, guppy, and fugu), extensive search efforts to identify the sex determination gene have been carried out [Peichel et al., 2004; Kikuchi et al., 2007; Tripathi et al., 2009; Ser et al., 2010]. As a result, several candidate genes for sex determination and the sex-determining locus have been identified using several different methods of analysis, such as quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis, transcriptome analysis, and complete genomic analysis. Among these studies, the anti-Müllerian hormone (amh) was mapped within an autosomal sex-determining QTL in tilapia [Shirak et al., 2006]. However, experimental evidence clarifying the function of amh and other candidate genes in sex determination is lacking, yet the identification of additional sex determination related genes is critical to improve our understanding of genetic sex determination in vertebrates.
To investigate the process of gonadal differentiation, a prefixed genetic sex population of experimental animals is convenient for the study. The Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, is a gonochoristic teleost fish with a XX/XY sex-determining system. All genetic females (XX) and males (XY) may potentially be produced using sperm obtained from sex-reversed males (XX) or super males (YY), respectively. Therefore, tilapia happens to be an excellent model to study gonadal sex differentiation.
Figure 1 shows gonadal differentiation in tilapia. Morphological sexual dimorphism during gonadal differentiation comprises changes in germ cell number. On the day of hatching, primordial germ cells (PGCs), which are morphologically distinguishable from somatic cells, are located in the outer layer of the lateral plate mesoderm around the hindgut. At 3 days post hatching (dph), PGCs are located in the gonadal anlagen after the formation of the coelomic cavity in the lateral plate mesoderm, rather than actively migrating (fig. 1a). After 9 dph, the XX female germ cells proliferate (mitosis), whereas the germ cell numbers do not change from 9–14 dph in XY male gonads [Nakamura 1998; Kobayashi et al., 2000, 2002]. However, the morphogenesis of somatic tissues in both XX and XY gonads is not apparent until several days later. The first signs of gonadal sex differentiation appear at 20 and 25 dph, with the ovarian cavity or the intratesticular efferent duct appearing in the XX and XY gonads, respectively (fig. 1b, c). Meiosis becomes apparent in the ovaries between 25 and 30 dph (fig. 1d), while spermatogenesis is initiated between 50 and 70 dph (fig. 1e) [Nakamura et al., 1998; Kobayashi et al., 2000; D'Cotta et al., 2001].
Low doses of exogenous sex steroid hormones (androgens or estrogens) were administered before sexual differentiation when functional sex reversal from one sex toward the opposite sex was first achieved in medaka [Yamamoto, 1958]. This method identified a wide variety of fish species wherein sex steroid hormones have an important role in gonadal differentiation [Devlin and Nagahama, 2002; Guiguen et al., 2010]. However, there is no direct experimental evidence clarifying whether endogenous sex steroid hormones play an essential role in the initiation of gonadal differentiation in fishes. Therefore, our research group conducted immunohistochemical observations on the gonadal sex differentiation process in tilapia by using 4 steroidogenic enzymes (P450scc: cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P450; 3β-HSD: 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; P450c17: cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase; P450arom: cytochrome P450 aromatase) which are essential for the biosynthesis of all major sex steroid hormones, including androgens and estrogens [Nagahama, 1994]. This experimental approach revealed that only the gonads of genotypic females at 7–10 dph have immunopositive cells for all antibodies before sex differentiation (fig. 1) [Strüssmann and Nakamura, 2002; Kobayashi et al., 2003]. Specifically, immunopositive cells of P450arom, which is the critical enzyme for the biosynthesis of estradiol-17β from testosterone, were observed near the blood vessels in 7 dph XX gonads [Sakai et al., 2008]. Molecular biological studies also showed that P450arom mRNA (cyp19a1a) was first detected at 5 dph prior to morphological gonadal sex differentiation in XX gonads and then increased rapidly from 7 dph [Sudhakumari et al., 2005; Ijiri et al., 2008]. In addition, the pharmacological inhibition of aromatase activity, following treatment with specific inhibitors (aromatase inhibitor, AI) during gonadal sex differentiation, caused the masculinization of genotypic females of tilapia [Guiguen et al., 1999; Ruksana et al., 2010]. Similar masculinization effects caused by AI treatment were observed in Chinook salmon [Piferrer et al., 1994], rainbow trout [Guiguen et al., 1999], and the Japanese flounder [Kitano et al., 2000]. These results strongly indicate that endogenous estrogen is the natural inducer of ovarian differentiation in gonochoristic teleosts. Therefore, detailed examination of factors or genes that are involved in the regulation of P450arom (cyp19a1a) expression is imperative to understand the molecular mechanisms that precede ovarian differentiation.
Forkhead transcriptional factor 2 (Foxl2) is a member of the winged helix/forkhead group of proteins [Baron et al., 2005]. Many studies on the ontogenic expression of Foxl2 have been carried out in vertebrates [Baron et al., 2005; Yao, 2005]. These studies revealed Foxl2 as one of the earliest markers of ovarian differentiation in vertebrates [Schlessinger et al., 2010; Raghuveer et al., 2011]. As in mammals, the mRNA of P450arom and Foxl2 were found to be co-localized in the ovaries of adult medaka [Nakamoto et al., 2006], tilapia [Wang et al., 2004], and flounder [Yamaguchi et al., 2007]. In addition, these markers were found in the immature gonads of chicken [Govoroun et al., 2004] and frogs [Oshima et al., 2008] just after initiation of ovarian differentiation. In tilapia, molecular analysis revealed that Foxl2 directly binds to the promoter region of the cyp19a1a (P450arom) gene in addition to interacting with the Ad4 Binding Protein/Steroidogenic Factor 1 (Ad4BP/SF-1). Wang et al. [2007] also revealed that the overexpression of foxl2 in XY male larvae leads to sex reversal. Hence, we concluded that Foxl2 and P450arom are essential for ovarian differentiation [Wang et al., 2007].
In contrast to females (XX gonad), genetic males (XY) have weakly immunopositive cells for 3 steroidogenic enzymes; they appear only after the somatic differentiation of the testis has taken place. Furthermore, P450arom-positive cells could not be identified in these males, even after the onset of spermatogenesis (fig. 1) [Nakamura et al., 1998]. In addition, the expression of cytochrome P450 11β-hydroxylase, which is a critical enzyme in the production of a teleost potent androgen, 11-ketotestosterone, was not detected in either XX or XY gonads at 5–25 dph [Ijiri et al., 2008]. Hence, in tilapia the absence of endogenous estrogens rather than the presence of androgens seems to be correlated with testicular differentiation. Indeed, the initiation of testicular differentiation is not required for the production of androgens in rainbow trout [Vizziano et al., 2007].
To date, dmrt1 is known to be involved in the testicular differentiation of teleosts [Koopman and Loffler, 2003; Raghuveer and Senthilkumaran, 2009; Herpin and Schartl, 2011] and other vertebrates [Ferguson-Smith, 2007; Matson et al., 2011]. Dmrt1 was detected in the gonial germ cells of tilapia and in the surrounding cells (Sertoli precursor cells) of XY larvae, specifically before the appearance of any signs of morphological sex differentiation. In mature fish, Dmrt1 was only localized to the Sertoli and epithelial cells of the intratesticular efferent duct in the testes and was undetectable in the ovaries [Kobayashi et al., 2004; Raghuveer and Senthilkumaran, 2009]. Interestingly, Dmrt1 was newly expressed in the somatic cells of androgen-induced sex reversal ovaries. In addition, estrogen treatment for XY larvae suppressed the expression of Dmrt1 [Kobayashi et al., 2004; Raghuveer et al., 2005]. Recently, in vitro and in vivo functional analyses revealed that Dmrt1 probably induces testicular differentiation by its direct blocking action on estrogen production [Wang et al., 2010].
Here, we have presented the regulators for the process of gonadal sex differentiation, such as foxl2 and dmrt1. However, the upstream factors that control these genes have not been identified. Recently, in tilapia [Ijiri, unpublished data] and medaka [Shibata et al., 2010], the same homologous gene (gonadal soma-derived growth factor, gsdf) was identified by using a global screening method to identify unknown factors that are important for testicular differentiation. Gsdf, which is a new member of the TGF-β superfamily, was identified in rainbow trout as the gene that is expressed in genital ridge somatic cells surrounding the PGCs during embryogenesis [Sawatari et al., 2007]. Trout gsdf is also expressed in both granulosa and Sertoli cells during the later stages of gonadal development. Moreover, recombinant gsdf enhances the proliferation of PGCs and spermatogonia. The orthologous genes of gsdf are well conserved among teleosts but not in tetrapods [Sawatari et al., 2007; Gautier et al., 2011]. In the undifferentiated gonad of XY tilapia at 5 dph, the gsdf mRNA was strongly expressed in somatic cells surrounding PGCs. In the differentiated testis, Gsdf signals were only detected in somatic cells surrounding type A spermatogonia. In contrast, no detectable signal was observed in the undifferentiated XX gonad or ovary. In adult medaka, Gsdf was localized in Sertoli cells surrounding spermatogonia in the testis and in granulosa cells surrounding oogonia and pre-vitellogenic oocytes in the ovary [Shibata et al., 2010]. Interestingly, Gsdf is only co-localized with Dmy in somatic cells of the primordial gonads of genetic males at 6 dph [Shibata et al., 2010]. Overall, these results indicate that Gsdf might be involved in early testicular differentiation of tilapia and medaka. Hence, future investigations aiming towards understanding the physiological roles of Gsdf in testicular sex differentiation will be rewarding.
Hermaphroditism has been documented in about 2% of all extant fish species [Avise and Mank, 2009]. Sequential hermaphrodite (sex-changing) species have been recorded in 27 of 448 families across 7 orders of fishes, many of which have found a niche in coral reefs; however, most research has been focused only on 5 families [de Mitcheson and Liu, 2008]. In these fishes, gonadal sex re-differentiation was observed during sex change in adulthood. Thus, sex-changing fishes are ideal models to investigate gonadal differentiation in vertebrates.
In this review, we restrict our discussion to 4 sex-changing species: the three-spot wrasse (Halichoeres trimaculatus) and saddleback wrasse (Thalassoma duperrey) for protogynous sex change, the yellow tail clownfish (Amphiprion clarkii) for protandrous sex change, and the Okinawa rubble gobiid fish (Trimma okinawae) for bi-directional sex change. In this section, we primarily focus on studies related to gonadal sex change. However, changes also occur in organs other than the gonads, such as the brain. For more information on sex change induced effects on fish brains we refer the readers to peruse the review by Godwin [2010].
Wrasses are the major group of species that display protogynous sex change. Individuals of this species initially mature as either males or females. Under appropriate social conditions, initial phase (IP) males and females change to terminal phase (TP) males. While IP males only change their reproductive status, IP females change their sexuality and gonadal phenotype [Hourigan et al., 1991]. The ovaries of females, which have no detectable testicular tissues, are fully restructured into functional testis during sex change [Nakamura et al., 1989; Hourigan et al., 1991]. In saddleback wrasse, vitellogenic oocytes degenerate at the initiation of sex change and are ingested by macrophagous cells. This stage is accompanied by a rapid drop in plasma estradiol-17β levels (fig. 2). In contrast, 11-keto testosterone gradually increases in parallel to the increase of testicular tissues [Nakamura et al., 1989]. Therefore, rapidly decreasing estrogen levels rather than androgen increases are probably important for the initiation of sex change. To determine the involvement of endogenous estrogen in the gonadal sex change of wrasse, our research group suppressed aromatase activity via the administration of AI in three-spot wrasse females. Just 5 days of AI treatment induced complete female-to-male sex change, with the gonads of AI-induced females being similar to those of normal males [Nozu et al., 2009]. In addition, we induced reversal of sex change (male-to-female) by treating adult IP males with a high dose of estrogen [Kojima et al., 2008]. These results indicate that the decline in plasma estrogen is a key factor for gonadal sex change in addition to the maintenance of testis formation in wrasse. This finding was in accordance with another study on a sex-changing fish species [Gardner et al., 2005]. Therefore, acquisition of information about the regulation of P450arom (cyp19a1a) transcription is important for understanding the physiological mechanism of sex change in wrasse. Alternatively, important regulators for testicular differentiation (Dmrt1 and Gsdf) may be involved in the proliferation of spermatogonia in the early stages of sex change [Horiguchi et al., in preparation] as found in other vertebrates.
Clownfish (e.g. Amphiprion species) are common inhabitants of tropical coral reefs where they avoid predators by living around the stinging tentacles of sea anemones. Each clownfish group that is associated with an anemone consists of one breeding pair and 0–4 non-breeders [Elliott and Mariscal, 2001]. A size-dominance hierarchy characterizes each group, with the female as the largest and dominant member, the male as the second largest member, and any non-breeders as smaller members of the group [Hattori, 2000]. The disappearance or death of the female leads to protandrous (male-to-female) sex change of the male fish which, in becoming female, also gains dominance [Fricke and Fricke, 1977].
Histological analysis of the gonads of clownfish has revealed that males and non-breeders possess bisexual gonads with co-existing mature testicular and immature ovarian tissues, whereas the gonads of females contain only ovarian tissues [Godwin, 1994; Nakamura et al., 1994]. During sex change, the ovarian tissues develop and the testicular tissues regress in the bisexual gonads [Godwin, 1994]. The mechanisms of this process have been studied extensively. As in other sex-changing species [Nakamura et al., 2005], gonadal sex steroid hormones, especially estrogens, are the key regulators of sex change in clownfish [Godwin and Thomas, 1993; Kobayashi et al., 2010]. However, the upstream mechanisms controlling the production and activity of gonadal steroid hormones during sex change in clownfish remain largely unknown.
Protandrous and protogynous sex changes are generally irreversible. Thus, such sex changes only happen once in a life cycle. However, the Okinawa rubble gobiid fish, Trimma okinawae, is the first known teleost that is capable of bi-directional sex change [Sunobe and Nakazono, 1993]. This fish has a polygynous mating system in which a harem normally consists of one dominant male and one or more females [Sunobe and Nakazono, 1990]. Removal of the dominant male from the harem results in female-to-male sex change by the largest female (protogyny). If the dominant male is returned to the harem, the fish that underwent the sex change transforms back into a female again (protandry) [Sunobe and Nakazono, 1993; Manabe et al., 2007, 2008].
In aquarium experiments, when 2 females or 2 males are paired, the larger female changes its sex to male within just 5 days, while the smaller male changes to a female within 10 days (fig. 3). These periods and rates of sex change are fast and successful compared to other hermaphrodite teleosts [Devlin and Nagahama, 2002]. In addition, our research group isolated a single male or female in an aquarium. Protogyny sex change was induced in the isolated female, whereas sex change was not induced in the isolated male. Finally, we kept 2 females or males in one aquaria separated by glass. In this experiment, these fish changed sex in the same way as the pair in one aquarium. Thus, this species is able to determine the body size of other individuals in the group visually. These results emphasize that a social visual cue is sufficient for the initiation of sex change in this species.
Histological observations revealed that this gobiid species has ovarian and testicular tissues simultaneously (fig. 4) [Kobayashi et al., 2005]. In brief, this fish is equipped to adjust its social status by possessing both ovary and testis, even though only one gonad is active at any one point of time. This unique gonadal structure facilitates sex change in both directions.
We also investigated the mechanisms involved in the sex change of the gonads. The earliest observed change in the gonads was the alteration in the expression levels of gonadotropin receptors (GtHRs; FSHR and LHR) [Kobayashi et al., 2009]. The expression of GtHRs was found to be confined to the active gonad of the corresponding sexual phase. During the sex change from female to male, the ovary initially had high levels of FSHR and LHR which eventually transformed the testicular tissue in the biggest fish. The gonads started to change with the switching of GtHR expression which was discernible within 8–12 h of the visual cue. Our findings suggest that sex change is initiated with rapid changes in brain/sex behavior, followed by changes in the gonad which is mediated by GtHRs. Trimma okinawae is an ideal model to study the role of sex behavior with respect to initiation of sex change in response to environmental stimuli.
Since only social cues induce gonadal sex change, hermaphrodite sex-changing fishes might have gonads with higher sexual plasticity than gonochoristic fishes. However, to date, information about gonadal differentiation in sex-changing fishes remains limited. This is because the larvae of these fishes are weak and difficult to breed, except for protogynous grouper, protogynous clownfish, and black porgy. In grouper, the gonads of all individuals differentiate directly into ovaries at approximately 47 dph [Murata et al., 2009]. Similarly, all undifferentiated gonads of clownfish [Miura et al., 2008] and black porgy [Lee et al., 2001] first differentiate into immature ovaries. Then, testicular tissues appear among ovarian tissues and finally form bisexual gonads with both ovarian and testicular tissues. Although ontogeny was not achieved, we histologically observed the juvenile gonads of protogynous three-spot wrasse and bi-directional sex-changing gobiid fishes which were obtained from nature. In three-spot wrasse, some juvenile fishes possess an immature ovary (fig. 5a). Subsequently, this immature ovary differentiates into a mature ovary (IP females) or testis (IP males). These processes are similar to 'juvenile hermaphroditism' [Maack and Segner, 2003]. In addition, all experimental juveniles of bi-directional sex-changing gobiid fishes only have immature ovaries (fig. 5b). These observations imply that ovarian differentiation may be the primary status in all sequential hermaphrodite species. To test this hypothesis, information about the gonadal differentiation process in other sex-changing fishes is required.
In this review, we discussed sex determination, differentiation, and sex change in fishes related to our recent studies. Dmy, which is the second identified sex determination gene in vertebrates, has only been isolated in 2 Oryzias species [Matsuda et al., 2007; Kondo et al., 2009]. This observation indicates that the genetic mechanisms differ in non-mammalian vertebrates. However, the morphological process of gonadal sex differentiation is conserved in vertebrates. Our studies revealed that estrogen and P450arom are involved in both ovarian differentiation and sex change in fishes. In contrast, the role of androgens for testicular differentiation is unclear but requires expression of both dmrt1 and gsdf. It is possible that the role of dmrt1 for testicular differentiation is conserved among vertebrates. In comparison, gsdf, which is the new key factor for the testicular differentiation, is unique to teleosts. Detailed analysis of gsdf might reveal testicular differentiation through evolution.
Although exogenous steroid hormones induced sex reversal in gonochoristic fishes during gonadal sex differentiation, most vertebrates, including fishes, are thought to lose sexual plasticity in germ and somatic cells after gonadal sex differentiation. Nevertheless, conditional ablation of Foxl2 in adult female mice resulted in the transdifferentiation of granulosa cells into Sertoli cells [Uhlenhaut et al., 2009]. In addition, our recent experiments using AI confirmed that gonochoristic fishes (tilapia, zebrafish, carp, and rabbitfish) also retain sexual plasticity even in adulthood [in preparation]. These results suggest that few vertebrates do not lose sexual plasticity in germ and somatic cells during their life cycle. However, the mechanism of sexual plasticity remains largely unknown. In contrast to other vertebrates we have shown here that sex-changing fishes exhibit large sexual plasticity during their life span. Therefore, comparisons of the differences between gonochoristic and hermaphrodite fishes might provide new insights about sexual plasticity in vertebrates.
Studies about sex determination and differentiation are frequently conducted using popular model fishes (i.e. medaka, tilapia, and zebrafish). However, many questions require answers that might come from other fish models as well. Recently, access to detailed genomic information of animals by using next-generation sequencing has become easier [Zhang et al., 2011]. Therefore, the isolation of additional sex determination genes and/or downstream genes of sex determination pathways in fishes is expected in the near future.
We are grateful to Dr. B Senthilkumaran (University of Hyderabad) for the critical reading of the manuscript. This research was financially supported by Solution Oriented Research for Science and Technology (SORST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Ocean Exposition Commemorative Park Management Foundation, Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS), and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, and Technology (Project No. 23658166 and 23248034 to MN).
Yasuhisa Kobayashi
Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI)
Faculty of Science, Okayama University
130-17 Kashino, Ushimado, Setouchi, Okayama 701-4303 (Japan)
Tel. +81 869 34 5210, E-Mail email@example.com
Published online: August 31, 2012
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Amy Brenneman Net Worth and salary: Amy Brenneman is an American actress, producer and writer who has a net worth of $16 million. Born in New London, Connecticut, in 1964, Amy Brenneman grew up in a family of legal scholars. She majored in comparative religion at Harvard University and began pursuing a theater career while in school, forming the Cornerstone Theatre Company. In 1992, she made her on-screen debut in episodes of "Middle Ages" and "Murder, She Wrote" before landing a regular part on "NYPD Blue" as Officer Janice Licalsi from 1993 until 1994. She was nominated for two Emmy Awards for her work on the series. Soon after leaving the show, she broke into the film industry with parts in "Casper", "Bye Bye Love", "Heat", "Daylight" and "Fear". She returned to TV with a recurring part on the hit comedy "Frasier" before she created, produced and acted in her own series, "Judging Amy". The show is based on her mother's life experience as a working judge and single mother. The series ran for six seasons and earned her a Women in Film Lucy Award in 2002. Other TV and film credits include "The Jane Austen Book Club", "88 Minutes", "Private Practice" and "The Leftovers". She has been married to director Brad Silberling since 1995. They have two children together, including a daughter with special needs. Brenneman is an outspoken supporter of several charities and a public proponent of a woman's right to choose and strict gun control laws.
Amy Brenneman Net Worth
Amy Brenneman
Date of Birth
Jun 22, 1964 (52 years old)
Actor, Television producer, Screenwriter
United States of America
5 ft 5 in (1.676 m)
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- Private Practice$100,000/episode
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TWILIGHT actor Michael Sheen is set to voice a character on Doctor Who.
The 42-year-old Welsh star, who plays Volturi leader Aro in vampire flick New
Moon, has been lined up for a part in an upcoming episode penned by fantasy
writer Neil Gaiman.
Neil, famous for his award-winning run on comic The Sandman, confirmed the
Underworld actor's guest spot after Michael let it slip during a visit to
the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama.
But the American Gods scribe stayed tight-lipped on details of Michael's
It is understood his character will feature alongside ex Coronation Street
actress Suranne Jones, who played Weatherfield's feisty Karen McDonald, in
an episode set on a junk yard alien planet.
Suranne's character, Idris, is thought to be a figure from the Doctor's past.
Other guest stars on the show's new series include funnyman James Corden.
The Gavin & Stacey star has just finished filming his scenes on the BBC
sci-fi hi in Cardiff which will see him reprise his role as landlord Craig
Owens from the last series.
The sixth series of Doctor Who begins on April 23 on BBC1. It has been split
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Read Robbie Fulks's Full SXSW Tour Diary on Gaper's Block
In case you weren't following along, Robbie Fulks wrote a day-by-day tour diary duringSXSW for Gaper's Block. As you would expect, it's witty, wry, often cynical, and utterly hilarious.
Robbie tells the tales of his travels, performances, run-ins, opinions on SXSW itself, trips in Bentleys, and the full story of the cat he was pet-sitting in Austin who escaped the house mid-week....Read more


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Sole In White Wine
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Shallots/4 green onions
|2 , finely chopped
|Lemon sole fillets/Flounder fillets
|Dry white wine
|1 1⁄2 Cup (24 tbs) (About)
|Crumbled dried tarragon
|1 Teaspoon
|Chopped parsley
|1 Tablespoon
|All purpose flour
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Heavy cream
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|Buttered crumbs/Grated cheese
|1 Tablespoon
|To Taste
|To Taste
Use 1 tablespoon of the butter to butter an oval or oblong baking dish (about 11 x 14 inches) or a fish poacher, which usually measures 12 x 16 inches, and a piece of paper cut to fit.
Place shallots on bottom and arrange fillets on top.
Barely cover with dry white wine.
Season with salt and pepper.
Add tarragon and parsley.
Cover with the buttered paper and put in preheated moderate oven (350°F.) for about 15 minutes, or until fish is just cooked through.
Remove paper; if you are to serve fish in the baking dish, pour off the liquid, but keep fish warm with the buttered paper over it.
Measure liquid from the fish and reduce to 1 cup, if need be, over high heat.
Prepare cream sauce by heating remaining 3 tablespoons butter and the flour together over low heat.
Stir in fish liquid and the heavy cream.
Correct seasoning.
When sauce is thickened, simmer for 4 or 5 minutes.
Pour sauce over fillets.
Sprinkle with a few buttered crumbs.
Put under preheated broiler for 3 or 4 minutes to glaze.
Makes 4 to 6 servings.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size
Calories 442 Calories from Fat 216
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 25 g37.8%
Saturated Fat 14.5 g72.7%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 153.7 mg51.2%
Sodium 240.3 mg10%
Total Carbohydrates 10 g3.5%
Dietary Fiber 0.37 g1.5%
Sugars 0.7 g
Protein 33 g66.5%
Vitamin A 24.4% Vitamin C 12.4%
Calcium 8% Iron 8.5%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


text:
Part/Full-Time long term SEO Content Writer
This project received 12 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $56 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project BudgetN/A
Total Bids12
Project Description
1. The work to get done
I'm searching for a reliable person looking for a long term work relationship.
At the beginning, the work will consist of writing SEO articles by following the specifications below.
Later on and if you prove to be ambitions, serious and reliable, this writing job could evolve if you wish to other activities like:
-publishing on my websites
-content distribution and syndication
-keyword research
-data research
-slide/ video creation
2. Target audience and topics
The topics you will have to write about are various but all related to online business, marketing and more specifically online marketing and self development. My target audience is small business owners, online entrepreneurs and people looking for ways to make more money.
3. Specifications
-The articles must be 400-600 words long (exact number to be defined)
-I will supply the keyword at the beginning, the job can evolve to include the keyword research if you're interested in this kind of work too
-at the beginning, I may also supply a short description of what the article should talk about
-The article must be SEO optimized:
-keyword density of minimum 2%
-the title must include the keyword
-minimum 2 sub headings with the keyword included
-article structure:
-short introduction, arousing the curiosity for example with a question
-body with 2 sub headlines (h2)
-short conclusion or sum up at the end (1-3 lines), may include a call to action or a question
-Phrase lengths must be short (around 12-16 words maximum) and easy to understand
-if possible delivery in html format (with h1,h2 and h3 tags). For the h3 tag simply copy the article title to the very end of the article and put it in h3
4. Examples
Here are some examples concerning the structure and the writing style:
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5. To apply
Please answer the following questions if you want to apply for this job:
-Who is the actual French president ?
-What are your costs for:
- a 400 word article
- a 500 word article
- a 600 word article
- 15 articles/months
- 30 articles/months
- Part time if this interests you
- Full time if this interests you
-When was thanksgiving this year (exact date)?
-What other work can you do or do you want to do (see point 1)?
-What are your working hours in GMT and what is your time zone?
-How much time do you need to deliver 1/15/30 articles?
-What are for you the characteristics of a successful entrepreneur (150-200 words)
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- Forbes
- The New York Times
- Time
- Wall Street Journal
- Times Online


text:
Cultural participation and tourism flows: An empirical investigation of Italian provinces
The importance of cultural events for attracting tourism has been often posited in research, however rarely tested in relation to non-cultural activities. This paper investigates the association between participation in entertainment activities and tourism flows in Italian provinces, and find that admission to theatre-type activities increases as the number of domestic tourists goes up, whereas admission to museums or concerts rises with an increase in foreign tourists. Admissions to exhibitions and shows expose a positive association with both domestic and international tourists, while non-cultural activities remain statistically insignificant. The results provide empirical support for the existence of a strong relationship between tourism flows and cultural participation. The findings also imply that the demand for entertainment varies depending on the origin of the tourist.
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
|35 pages
|Date of creation:
|29 Oct 2012
|Contact details of provider:
| Postal: Department of Business and Economics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
Phone: 65 50 32 33
Fax: 65 50 32 37
Web page: http://www.sdu.dk/ivoe
More information through EDIRC
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Cellini, Roberto & Torrisi, Gianpiero, 2009.
"The regional public spending for tourism in Italy: an empirical analysis,"
MPRA Paper
16917, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Cellini, Roberto & Torrisi, Gianpiero, 2009. "The regional public spending for tourism in Italy: An empirical analysis," MPRA Paper 16131, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Cellini, Roberto & Torrisi, Gianpiero, 2010. "The regional public spending for tourism in Italy: an empirical analysis," DEMQ Working Paper Series 2010/10, University of Catania, Department of Economics and Quantitative Methods.
- Karol Jan BOROWIECKI & John W. O'HAGAN, 2011.
"Historical Patterns Based on Automatically Extracted Data: the Case of Classical Composers,"
Trinity Economics Papers
tep1411, Trinity College Dublin, Department of Economics.
- Karol BOROWIECKI & John O'HAGAN, 2012. "Historical Patterns Based on Automatically Extracted Data : The Case of Classical Composers," Historical Social Research (Section 'Cliometrics'), Association Française de Cliométrie (AFC), vol. 37(2), pages 298-314.
- Andreas Papatheodorou, 1999. "The demand for international tourism in the Mediterranean region," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 31(5), pages 619-630.
- Seaman, Bruce A, 2006. "Empirical Studies of Demand for the Performing Arts," Handbook of the Economics of Art and Culture, Elsevier.
- Asero, Vincenzo & Patti, Sebastiano, 2009. "From Wine Production to Wine Tourism Experience: The Case of Italy," Working Papers 56206, American Association of Wine Economists.
- John O'Hagan & Karol Jan BOROWIECKI, 2009. "Birth Location, Migration and Clustering of Important Composers: Historical Patterns," Trinity Economics Papers tep0115, Trinity College Dublin, Department of Economics, revised Feb 2015.
- Concetta Castiglione, 2011. "The Demand for Theatre. A Microeconomic Approach to the Italian Case," Trinity Economics Papers tep0911, Trinity College Dublin, Department of Economics.
This item is featured on the following reading lists or Wikipedia pages:
- Πολιτιστικός τουρισμός in Wikipedia Greek ne '')
- Cultural tourism in Wikipedia English ne '')
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text:
Services this area
10, Lyrebird Rd, Regency Downs, Queensland, 4341 more
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Acme Jordan is a major manufacturer of melamine products in Australia. We... more
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With more than 34 years of experience in the transportation industry and 12... more
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Brisbane's building & renovation experts. At Ardent Builders we deliver... more
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text:
2005 Infiniti G35 Repair and Maintenance Costs
A guide to repairs, service, and maintenance costs for your 2005 Infiniti G35
Never overpay. Check prices with our estimator
Verified by mechanics, reported by drivers like you
Ask a mechanic in our community
2005 Infiniti G35 ProblemsCheck Engine Light and Engine Stalling
The crankshaft angle sensor or the camshaft position sensor can fail and cause loss of engine power, an engine that cuts out, and other drivability problems. This will cause the Check Engine Light to illuminate. Certain models have been involved in a recall to replace the camshaft and crankshaft sensors. For more information on this recall, please click here»
Dash board is melting and sticky and Infiniti will not do anything about it
2005 Infiniti G35 QuestionsMy poo11 and poo21 codes are showing up. What could it be an how expensive? (1 answer)
The car has lost a little bit of power and gas mileage is bad.
available and if not where could i purchase it
2005 Infiniti G35 RecallsPassenger Airbag May Not Deploy as Designed
The wiring connecting the belt tension sensor and the occupant detection sensor control unit under the passenger front seat can move, causing wear and oxidization of the wire connector terminals. These terminal issues can result in interruption of the electrical signal. In the event of a crash, the passenger airbag may not deploy, increasing the risk of injury. Dealers will perform the necessary repairs to correct this issue. This recall is expected to begin on July 12, 2010.


text:
The source for print:
"RRRoze is an enigmatic writer; his world tantalizing, giving new breath to the post-apocalypse; full of angst, tensions, and questions of truth. It's a tease to the reader's mind, engulfing you more with every passing word." - Alexandria Martinez, author of The Zephyllwen Chronicles
"He's an anarcho-desperado. A covert renegade waging a silent propaganda war against the shadow government to rescue the mass consciousness from the hypnosis devices." - Stefan Lebron, Singer Of Hoohak Flower
"Rose is a breathless storyteller with the heart of a poet, who delivers unmatched ferocity with words unafraid, audacious, and wild. His stories fly out of him as if effortless and by necessity. He captures fleeting details almost fiendishly and allows no textbook standard to gnaw at his originality. Idealistic, fanciful, and impervious to the prodding fingers of the culture which begs one to conform, it is as if Rose is compelled by some mysterious and silent fire lit beyond the ether. In a world of cheap tricks, Rose is a true visionary."
-Lord Rothschild
Rose began writing in 2004 and published E.O.N.S with publishamerica.lame in 2005. In 2012 and 2013 Black Rose Writing first pressed both So It Ends & So It Begins. His titles Jesus Christ!, Before The Aftermath, and Vaguely Vivid are always available for free as E-books through Smashwords.com or for sale in print from Amazon.com. In 2014 Rose published Tai/Dice using the moniker Riqi. Look out for hidden surprises and much more to come in the future. (In the meanwhile, find him[me] at facebook.com/rrroze or by email at firstname.lastname@example.com. Unless civilization is over.)
Review by:
Ronny Knape
on Dec. 09, 2012 :
Chapters 3 through 30 and five stars!
Tomorrow or tomorrow or tomorrow . . .
(review of free book)
Review by:
Ronny Knape
on Dec. 08, 2012 :
(no rating)
Brief and centered I will to be: 1. I am compelled to review this art. 2. complicated the reasons why! 3. In part, a narcissistic empathy for the author and the subject matter. 4. Also, my book.
We share certain themes. Our styles are so different. These themes: limerence, worship of Woman, drugs and altered realities, isolation and alienation, disillusion, esoteric learning.
Our styles: The author writes in free form, stream of consciousness. I write in formal and structured grammer (not to say the author does not have structure because he is very disciplined in his writing. Dealing with similar material working to similar ends, the glorification of our scandalous behavior and the valley of the shadow promising redemption, the psychological development is incongreous. I feel the eternal optimist compared to Roze's seeming dread and dispair.
This review is a work in progress. Only have read two chapters. The first chapter I find to be oppressive. The second chapter is very cute.
Thank you, RRRRoze. I am Ronny Knape
(review of free book)


text:
Fashion Victim
|Collect every item of clothing.
Most of the clothing items can be found on a natural playthrough. It may take one male and one female playthrough to get all the clothing though, unless you trade. There is one item of clothing - the Chef's Hat - which is difficult to come by and there is no right or wrong way for this item to appear.
As with the Legendary Weapons achievement, you will need to have all the clothing in your possession at once for this to unlock.
For a complete list of all pieces of Clothing please see the Clothing List or if you can't find a certain piece of Clothing please use the Achievement Trading Thread to find people that may have it.
|Rate this achievement
|Average Rating (Based on 1 votes)
|You need to register before being able to post comments.
Lionhead Studios
Microsoft Games Studios
May 17, 2011
May 20, 2011
|You need to log in or register to use MyAchievements.
|You need to log in or register to rate games.
User Score is based on 66 user ratings.


text:
Best Thing We Ate
Best Thing We Ate: Red's Kobe Pastrami Sliders
The Dish: Kobe Pastrami Sliders at Red, The Steakhouse
The Price: $17
Tasting Notes: This sexy South Beach steakhouse recently added tapas to its menu, with weekly rotating dishes that are perfectly suited for smaller bites at the bar or as starters while in the dining room. And while the certified Angus beef prime filet jerky is ideal to chew on while sipping a glass of red, the meaty Kobe pastrami sliders are the way to go when hunkering for something heartier. Piled high with thinly sliced housemade pastrami, these juicy baby burgers are delicious and made just right. Topped with aged fontina, fennel slaw and Thousan Island aioli, the dish is finished off on a slightly toasted brioche bun that will fill you up without overdoing it.


text:
Science & Medicine, Natural SciencesFollow
|Natural Sciences
5 live's science podcast, featuring Dr Karl, plus Dr Chris and Naked Scientists Chris Smith and Kat Arney with the hottest science news stories and analysis.
August 16th, 2012
Episode 196 of 684 episodes
Dr Karl and Dr Rhod discuss string theory, why medicine can't yet replace cartilage and why kettles go quiet as they near boiling point.
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Welcome to the daily audio workout for your head.


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Admissions for Management Courses Underway in JIS Group-run Colleges
JIS Group has commenced admissions for its management courses. Top companies in India recruit management pass outs from JIS Group.
Kolkata, West Bengal, India, June 24, 2014 - (PressReleasePoint) -JIS Group, the largest educational conglomerate in Eastern India, has commenced admissions for its management courses. The management courses offered by JIS Group are:
* Bachelor of Business Administration (H)
* Bachelor in Hospital Management
* Bachelor in Hotel Management & Catering Technology
* Bachelor in Hospitality Management (H)
* Master in Business Administration
Colleges offering the above courses are:
* Guru Nanak Institute of Technology
* Guru Nanak Institute of Hotel Management
* JIS College of Engineering
* Asansol Engineering College (JV)
* Narula Institute of Technology
* Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology
Students willing to seek admissions can visit the official portal of JIS Group (www.jisgroup.org) and fill up the enquiry form. JIS Group has successfully placed management pass outs in companies like Century Ply, Amul, Airtel, Emami, Nerolac, Berger, Indian Oil, Reliance Communications, Indiabulls, ITC, Religare, BSNL, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, State Bank of India, HP, PepsiCo, etc.
About JIS Group
JIS Group is the largest educational conglomerate in eastern India imparting quality education in the fields of engineering, management, healthcare and hospitality. The group born out of Sardar Jodh Singh's entrepreneurial zeal and vision aims to nurture research, knowledge initiatives and empower students with employment opportunities. JIS Group started its journey in 1999 and has many colleges and institutions spread all over West Bengal. The group boasts of 1508 faculty members with 308 Ph.D. holders. It has published 2175 research papers in national and international journals and has 222 specialized laboratories.
JIS Group also undertakes many development programs to hone soft skills and logical abilities of students. The group has strategic collaborations with MSME (Government of India), Texas Instruments, Volkswagen Group, Microsoft and Oracle University that facilitate funding and internships. The motto of the group is - Igniting Minds, Empowering Lives.
For more information, contact
Mr. Bidyut Majumder
AGM Business Development
Email: email@example.com
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Education, Management, Kolkata
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- JIS Group Commences Admission Enquiries for Healthcare Courses
- JIS Group Commences B.Tech and B.Pharm Lateral Entry Admissions
- JIS Group Commences Admission Enquiries for Its Undergraduate Hospitality Management Course
- JIS Group Launches JIS Alumni Network for All JIS Group Students
- JIS College of Engineering Ranked Among Top 100 Engineering Institutes in India
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Archaeology and Language: No.1 - Theoretical and Methodological Orientations (One World Archaeology v.27)By: Roger Blench (editor), Matthew Spriggs (editor)Hardback
More than 4 weeks availability
DescriptionArchaeology and Language I represents groundbreaking work in synthesizing two disciplines that are now seen as interlinked: linguistics and archaeology. This volume is the first of a three-part survey of innovative results emerging from their combination. Archaeology and historical linguistics have largely pursued separate tracks until recently, although their goals can be very similar. While there is a new awareness that these disciplines can be used to complement one another, both rigorous methodological awareness and detailed case-studies are still lacking in literature. Archaeology and Language I aims to fill this lacuna. Exploring a wide range of techniques developed by specialists in each discipline, this first volume deals with broad theoretical and methodological issues and provides an indispensable background to the detail of the studies presented in volumes II and III. This collection deals with the controversial question of the origin of language, the validity of deep-level reconstruction, the sociolinguistic modelling of prehistory and the use and value of oral tradition.
Create a review
About AuthorRoger Blench is Research Fellow of the Overseas Development Institute. Matthew Spriggs is Professor of Archaeology at the Australian National University.
ContentsArchaeology and Language I: Theorectical and methodological orientations. Volume I. Theoretical and methodological orientations. Preface Part 1. Prehistory of Language Part 2. Deep-level linkages/hypotheses Part 3. Problems of Method Part 4. Oral traditions
Product Details
- publication date: 28/08/1997
- Format: Hardback
- Number Of Pages: 412
- weight: 816
Delivery Information
- Saver Delivery: Yes
- 1st Class Delivery: Yes
- Courier Delivery: Yes
- Store Delivery: Yes


text:
It looked like an improvement in transparency and it was, but progress was limited.
At the meeting, Greenland Forest City Partners spokeswoman Ashley Cotton noted that she had gotten "an increased amount of complaints" regarding problems around Sixth Avenue, in many cases because of work by the utility Con Edison.
They included Spencer Chow, Manager of Major Energy Services for Brooklyn and Queens, and a guy named Matt, the site project manager. (I couldn't get his last name because neither were named on the agenda, and Con Ed spokespeople did not respond to three email queries and one phone call regarding questions associated with the meeting.)
Matt explained that the work on the southeast block of the site, aimed to support not merely the two buildings under construction (B11, B14) but also the two unbuilt towers, should be complete by September. Chow noted that "the biggest part of the construction is in the beginning... when we have to dig up the ground... it's unfortunate, but it's a necessary evil."
Community pushback
"Can we do a better job in notifying the community? We probably can," Chow said, but often the work is a one-day thing. "As far as trucks that come and go, that's just the nature of our business."
He got some pushback from the audience. "Is there a reason why Con Ed trucks park on sidewalk?" asked resident Wayne Bailey, who frequently photographs neighborhood incursions on the site, adding that the lack of flaggers or barriers endangers the community.
Chow said he couldn't speak for contractors. Matt said that was subcontracted. Bailey said he'd send pictures. Matt said, "I'll reach out to the various departments and let them know."
Resident Peter Krashes asked the Department of Transportation representative present, Leroy Branch, to show the permits for the Con Ed work, so residents could figure out whether conditions were being met.
After Matt said that Con Ed adheres to permits, Krahses noted that information in the notices has been wrong sometimes, failing to indicate that a street closures goes an additional block.
Asked with whom Con Ed coordinates, Matt said, "I coordinate with the customer. At this point, I coordinate with my internal forces... once they give me a schedule, I'll let my public affairs people know, and they'll let Forest City know."
Chow noted that the only time a permit is needed is when they close down the street. Otherwise, "we're a self-regulated, self-certified utility.. and we have permission to work on the street."
Improvement coming?
Asked who people can contact, Toni Yuille Williams, Con Ed's Director of Public Affairs, expressed apologies, saying "we're going to do the best job we can to minimize the public nuisance." She said residents could reach out to her and colleague Johari Jenkins.
Bailey called a photo on his phone showing a Con Ed truck blocking a pedestrian passage, forcing a family to walk in the street, given that the opposite sidewalk was unavailable.
"We're all inconvenienced," said Williams, not quite getting it.
"This is not inconvenient, it's somebody in danger," Bailey said, adding that it happens regularly.
"We need to speak to our crews about that," Williams agreed.
"Sometimes we do have structures that have to be on the sidewalk," Chow said.
"We understand, but then there's got to be some safety device, or barricade," countered resident Regina Cahill.
"You're absolutely correct, I think we need to bring this back back," said Williams. Chow agreed, "We've got to do a better job."
Resident Steve Ettlinger reprised a comment he'd made earlier about Atlantic Yards/Pacific Park: "it's atypical due its location and size... so a new approach is needed."
The problem recurs
Despite Con Ed's pledge, as Bailey's Instagram post below shows, Con Ed soon blocked the sidewalk again.
@conedison said at public meeting they would fix this, all morning & I just passed at 2pm @ Pacific & 6th Ave block entire sidewalk and the north sidewalk of Pacific is closed so again where can pedestrians walk except in traffic #pacificparkbk #bciza @empirestatedev #empirestatedevelopmentcorp #cb8 #550vanderbilt #550vanderbiltavenue #nypd78thpct #safestreets @hdr_inc