text:
Personal Homepages
Professor James Marrow
Tel: 07540 722660 (mobile)
Summary of Interests
My research is focussed on the degradation of structural materials and the role of microstructure. A key aspect is the investigation of fundamental mechanisms of damage accumulation using novel materials characterisation techniques. This has concentrated recently on computed X-ray tomography and strain mapping by digital image correlation, which I apply to studies of the degradation of Generation IV nuclear materials such as graphite and silicon carbide composites.
The next generation of nuclear power systems must be demonstrably safer, proliferation resistant and efficient. They will not provide power for some decades to come. Their development requires new high temperature fuels and structural materials with resistance to irradiation. This can only be achieved through fundamental understanding of materials microstructure and the mechanisms of materials ageing.
Research in engineering materials for energy generation is not a quick-fix topic. New materials take from 15-20 years to come into service, and then are expected to be in service for 40-80 years. The key physical mechanisms that determine manufactured performance, and how these properties age in service, are not very well understood, and mistakes in materials selection can have enormous financial and social implications.
Prediction is a major challenge, and deep understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of materials aging is essential to identify and avoid potential "cliff-edges" in future materials performance.
We use synchrotron tomographt and also laboratory tomography in our work. You can follow some of the images we obtain on our laboratrory tomography instrument here www.instagram.com/xradia_oxford
Current Research Projects
Advanced 2D and 3D Digital Image Correlation the Full Field Displacements of Cracks and Defects
Selim Barhli, Prof. James Marrow, Dr Mahmoud Mostafavi (Bristol), Dr Dave Hollis (LaVision)
The aim of the project is to develop improved digital image and volume correlation algorithms for the detection and quantitative analysis of crack-like defects in engineering materials under complex modes of loading. The objectives are to; develop and evaluate methods for the detection of crack-like discontinuities by digital image correlation, using synthetic data for 2D displacement fields generated by finite element models or analytical solutions and applied to artificial speckle pattern images; investigate the effects of image quality (i.e. noise) on crack detection in synthetic data, applying methods such as pattern-recognition and image-filtering; develop and evaluate methods to optimise the measurement of the displacement fields associated with longer cracks under different states of stress, using masking and iterative approaches based on the measured strain gradients in synthetic data; extend the developed two-dimensional methods to three-dimensional synthetic data and apply the developed algorithms and methods to the experimental characterisation of damage in brittle, quasi-brittle and ductile materials. This will include model brittle materials, optimised for DIC and DVC, and real engineering materials such as concretes, ceramic-matrix composites and structural metals under different states of loading. Existing data are being used, together with new data obtained in this project. The project is supported by and in collaboration with LaVision Ltd.
Stress concentration behaviour in radiolytic-oxidised graphite
Matthew Jordan, Prof. James Marrow, Prof. David Nowell
This industrial CASE EPSRC studentship PhD project, supported by EDF Energy, aims to understand the effects of stress concentrations, such as keyway roots, on the fracture strength of radiolytic-oxidised nuclear graphite components. Its objective is a notch-sensitivity strength test, using a sharp corner, which could be used on specimens of radiolyically-oxidised graphite, machined from the small samples extracted from reactor cores. A modelling framework for component and specimen strength will be developed, calibrated by small specimen tests, such as those used to monitor graphite material properties. It is supported by a program of tests to investigate the effects of specimen size on notch sensitivity, in particular the validity of data obtained from tests on small, notched specimens, in a range of quasi-brittle model materials. Particular use is made of computed synchrotron X-ray tomography and digital volume correlation to measure the deformation at the notch tip.
Microstructure-based modelling of crack nucleation and growth in nuclear graphite
Dr Yelena Vertyagina, Prof. James Marrow
This project, funded by EDF Energy, aims to improve confidence in the prediction of the fracture strength of radiolytically-oxided graphite components in advanced gas-cooled reactors (AGR) from small specimen test data. This will be done through the development of a microstructure-representative fracture model for polygranular graphite, which addresses interactions between microstructure heterogeneity, strain state and crack development and accounts for the effects of fast neutron irradiation and radiolytic oxidation. The objective is to obtain an improved strength criterion for crack initiation, and determine whether this supports the conservatism of the maximum principle stress criterion currently used in the EDF brick cracking models. The model will be validated by comparison with experimental data from virgin and fast neutron irradiated radiolytically-oxidised graphite. It will be applied to predict the fracture behaviour of fast neutron irradiated radiolytically-oxidised polygranular nuclear graphite at stress concentrations, addressing in particular the influence of microstructure heterogeneity on strength variability and the extent of stable crack extension prior to unstable fracture. The specific objectives are to: Obtain experimental observations to define the criteria for short crack propagation in virgin nuclear graphite (and suitable heterogeneous model materials), in three-dimensions and two-dimensions, under different states of loading. Develop a model framework to predict the onset of crack nucleation, stable crack propagation and unstable fracture in a heterogeneous microstructure. Use available experimental data on the elastic properties, flexural strength and work of fracture of fast neutron irradiated, radiolytically oxidised polygranular nuclear graphite to understand their effects on mean strength and data scatter (i.e. statistics of strength) and hence predict the fracture behaviour of radiolytically oxidised polygranular nuclear graphite in a wider range of conditions. Predict the fracture behaviour of fast neutron irradiated, radiolytically oxidised polygranular nuclear graphite at stress concentrations, addressing in particular the influence of microstructure heterogeneity on the extent of stable crack extension prior to unstable fracture and the statistics of strength. To date, Cellular Automata models have been developed to obtain computationally efficient descriptions of the fracture behaviour of representative porous volumes. These are now being integrated into the CA-FE models that are being developed in the EPSRC-funded QUBE project.
QUBE: QUasi-Brittle fracture: a 3D Experimentally-validated approach
Dr Luis Saucedo Mora, Prof. James Marrow
By improving basic understanding of damage mechanisms, we aim to create a framework to predict fracture behaviour and strength of quasi-brittle materials, validated by unique experimental observations of damage development at the microstructural scale. The challenge of different length-scales will be overcome by protocols for large-scale cellular automata finite element simulations of damage from high fidelity, three-dimensional descriptions of microstructure and damage mechanisms. The project is aimed at the integrity of quasi-brittle materials, particularly those used in the nuclear energy sector, such as nuclear graphite. The project is funded by EPSRC (EP/J019992/1), with partners including the University of Bristol, University of Manchester, EDF, Amec, ONR, Magnox and Arup. This is the first systematic research to bridge the gap between experimental advances in observation and computational modelling of damage and fracture in complex materials. Three-dimensional nonlinear fracture modelling methods will be physically validated for the first time. The development and integration of a series of numerical models and methods; 3D cohesive fracture modelling, representation of random heterogeneity, generation of 3D FE meshes from tomography, Monte Carlo simulations and multiscale modelling represent major advances in theories and applications of computational mechanics. It will provide a powerful tool for fracture modelling of structures of quasi-brittle materials and an innovative method for their reliability assessment. In the work at Oxford, a Cellular Automata Finite Element approach has been developed that can simulate damage development with high microstructural fidelity in large models. Significant use is also made of synchrotron X-ray computed tomography and diffraction to characterise the strains and stresses within the fracture process zone, as a validation of the modelling.
Three-dimensional characterization and multi-scale modelling of damage in natural biomaterials
Liye Yan, Prof. James Marrow
Benefiting from complicated morphological geometries and hierarchal microstructures, biomaterials such as shell, bone and enamel present a good combination of stiffness, strength and toughness, which are unmatched by their engineering counterparts such as nacre-like laminated composites. As a consequence, biomaterials' mechanical behaviours, especially their resistance to crack initiation and propagation under bending or compression, have been extensively studied for a wide range of applications in biological, medical and engineering fields. Furthermore, factors that influence these mechanical properties have also been studied to improve the design of new biomimetic materials. In this project, mechanical testing will be done to obtain the basic mechanical properties of biomaterials. In particular, in-situ mechanical testing will be conducted during high resolution X-ray tomography. The reconstructed images will be analysed using digital volume correlation to obtain the full displacement field. Image-based finite element models will be solved for the prediction of mechanical response of biomaterials under loading and the input parameters will be tuned to match the experimental results. By studying the materials under different states of loading, the mechanical properties of the materials will be obtained. The scientific aspects of the project lie on: 1) Use different image-modelling techniques to build a finite element model to achieve more reliable and accurate prediction of damage developed in biomaterials under bending and compression in order to design biomimetic engineering materials, which are stiff but damage tolerant, and biocompatible materials, which are used in clinic field. 2) Image-based modelling techniques allow the incorporation of hierarchical structures of biomaterials into models, which facilitates the investigation of structure-related issues including the structural changes of microstructures in response to different temperatures and environmental changes.
Validation of Three-Dimensional Fracture Mechanics Methods under Mixed Mode Loading
Matthew Molteno (visitor), Dr Thorsten Becker (Stellenbosch University, RSA), Prof. James Marrow
This project is funded by the South African National Research Foundation (NRF) to improve the capabilities for the characterizing cracking in energy materials used in power stations. The research is linked to the EPPEI materials science specialization which has identified damage accumulation as a key South African research concern. Crack behavior is greatly influenced by the geometry and stress state of the surrounding material. In multi-axial stress states or complex crack geometries, fracture resistance should be considered in three separate modes for crack path and failure prediction. In such cases, full-field experimental deformations are typically obtained from the material surface with digital image correlation; however, the majority of cracking is subsurface and complex. The aim of this project is to develop and experimentally validate techniques to measure the fracture resistance of materials along three-dimensional curved crack fronts and multi-axial stress states. To achieve precise geometries, curved crack fronts are approximated with electrical discharge machined notches. Strain maps have been obtained using in-situ X-ray computed tomography and digital volume correlation. The method focuses on the J-integral approach to obtain three-dimensional fracture parameters locally along the curved crack front. Results are decomposed into Mode I-III parts and compared with finite element models, and other fracture mechanics approaches. These methods will be applied to nuclear graphite to better understand its crack front behavior and fracture resistance. The project is being conducted by Matt Molteno, visiting Oxford from Stellenbosch University http://www0.sun.ac.za/mateng/
3D multi-scale characterization and modelling of damage in ceramic matrix composites
Shixiang Zhao, Prof. James Marrow
SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites are a promising materials for high temperature structural components in the nuclear power generation, such as accident tolerant fuel cladding. Such components must safely operate in a severe environment. Nuclear grade SiC/SiC composites are therefore optimized for strength and damage tolerance, and have a relatively complex microstructure. In order to understand of the fracture behaviour of such microstructures, particularly in after exposure to harsh environments, different modes of loading are applied to small test specimens. Materials models are required to interpret these tests and to optimise component and microstructure design. This project is using high resolution X-ray tomography and the digital volume correlation to study crack development in situ, which enables 3D insight into the mechanical behaviour. The experimental data will further support the development of the materials-based modelling for the structural design, such as the FEMME model. This multi-scale model takes into account the detailed microstructure and is able to simulate the complex fracture behaviour. This project is linked to the European 7th Framework programme MatISSE (Materials' Innovations for Safe and Sustainable nuclear) (http://www.fp7-matisse.eu)
An innovative, multi-scale, real-time approach to the understanding of deformation and fracture in irradiated nuclear reactor core graphites
Dr Dong Liu (EPSRC Postdoctoral Research Fellow), hosted by Professor James Marrow
The primary material of interest for this project is nuclear graphite. Nuclear graphite current serves as a neutron moderator and structural core component in the 14 operation UK Advanced Gas-cooled Reactors, and it is also a candidate material for future reactor designs such as Very High Temperature Reactors worldwide. In the irradiating and high temperature environment, nuclear graphite degrades in its microstructure, physical and mechanical properties. This project makes use of a range of cutting-edge techniques to investigate the deformation and fracture of nuclear graphites in the extreme environments. These are challenging experiments that require access to national and international large facilities (ENGIN-X, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; ALS, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory). In general, micro-mechanical testing on micro-metre miniature specimens prepared by focussed ion beam milling, high temperature in situ neutron diffraction combined with high temperature digital image correlation, high temperature in situ x-ray computed tomography with digital volume correlation, high temperature in situ Raman spectroscopy, and in situ electro-thermal mechanical testing combined with infrared imaging/pyrometry are adopted to characterise the deformation and fracture over multiple length-scales from nano-metre (lattice) up to centimetre range. These outcome will feed into microstructure-based computer models to forward predict the bulk behaviour and integrity of graphite components subjected to longer service. In addition to nuclear graphite, this project studies a range of other nuclear and energy materials such as MAX phase ceramics with combined properties from ceramics and metals at high temperature for the application of neutron resistant components and porous nanomaterial-based catalysts in solid oxide fuel cells, porous ceramic thermal barrier coatings for the application of turbine blades, SiC composites for high temperature nuclear applications, and the mechanical integrity of GaN-diamond based electronic devices.
Short Crack Propagation in an Anisotropic Polycrystalline Metal
Phil Earp, Prof. James Marrow, Prof. Alan Cocks
This project aims to investigate the criteria for crack formation in polycrystalline 𝛼-uranium. It is thought that the interaction between microstructural features such as twins and grain boundaries cause stress concentrations that lead to fracture initiation. Experimental work will involve characterising the strain fields in the material as it deforms, locating the regions of high stress, and characterising the form of this stress concentration and how the material accommodates it. 3-dimensional characterisation of the uranium microstructure will be achieved using serial-sectioning Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD). The criteria for crack initiation and propagation will be investigated in tensile test experiments. Two-camera Digital Image Correlation (DIC) will be used to characterise the deformation of the material and identify areas of strain localisation. High-Resolution EBSD will be used to investigate the local strain field around features of interest such as slip bands or twins where they are blocked by a grain boundary. Along with measurements of grain orientations, this will be used to assess the strength of grain boundaries and the criteria for grain boundary failure. The objective is to relate the observed microstructural features to the sites of fracture initiation, to be able to identify microstructures that may be more susceptible to failure.
9 public active projects
Research Publications
Summary of publications on ORCID
Mostafavi, M., Bradley, R., Armstrong, D.E.J., and Marrow, T.J. (2016) Quantifying yield behaviour in metals by X-ray nanotomography. Sci. Rep., 6, 34346. doi:10.1038/srep34346
Saucedo-Mora, L., Lowe, T., Zhao, S., Lee, P.D., Mummery, P., Marrow, T.J., (2016) In situ observation of mechanical damage within a SiC-SiC ceramic matrix composite. J. Nucl. Mater., 481, 13–23. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2016.09.007
Vertyagina, Y., and Marrow, T.J. (2016) Multifractal-based assessment of Gilsocarbon graphite microstructures. Carbon N. Y., 109, 711–718. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2016.08.049
L. Saucedo-Mora and T. J. Marrow, Multi-scale damage modelling in a ceramic matrix composite using a finite-element microstructure meshfree methodology, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 374, (2016). doi: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0276
S. Rahimi, K. Mehrez, and T. J. Marrow, Effect of surface machining on intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) in sensitised type 304 austenitic stainless steel, Corros. Eng. Sci. Technol. 0, 1 (2016). doi: 10.1080/1478422X.2015.1122295
Zou C, Marrow TJ, Reinhard C, Li B, Zhang C, Wang S. Porosity characterization of fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composite using synchrotron X-ray computed tomography. Journal of Instrumentation 2016;11:C03052. doi:10.1088/1748-0221/11/03/C03052.
D. Khoshkhou, M. Mostafavi, C. Reinhard, M.P. Taylor, D.S. Rickerby, I.M. Edmonds, Evans, H.E., Marrow, T.J., Connolly, B.J., Three-dimensional displacement mapping of diffused Pt thermal barrier coatings via synchrotron X-ray computed tomography and digital volume correlation, Scr. Mater. 115 (2016) 100–103. doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.10.033.
C.N. Morrison, A.P. Jivkov, Y. Vertyagina, T.J. Marrow, Multi-scale modelling of nuclear graphite tensile strength using the site-bond lattice model, Carbon N. Y. 100 (2016) 273–282. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2015.12.100.
Saucedo-Mora, L., Mostafavi, M., Khoshkhou, D., Reinhard, C., Atwood, R., Shuang, Z., Connolly, B., Marrow, T.J., Observation and simulation of indentation damage in a SiC–SiCfibre ceramic matrix composite. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 110, 11–19 (2016).
Sláme?ka, K. Skalka, P., ?elko, L., Pokluda, J., Saucedo-Mora, L., Marrow, T. J., Thandavamoorthy, U. Plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings: Numerical study on damage localization and evolution. Frattura ed Integrita Strutturale 10, 322–329 (2016).
Cai, B., Lee, P. D., Karagadde, S., Marrow, T. J. & Connolley, T. Time-resolved synchrotron tomographic quantification of deformation during indentation of an equiaxed semi-solid granular alloy. Acta Materialia 105, 338–346 (2016).
Marrow, T. J. Liu, D. Barhli, S.M. Saucedo-Mora, L Vertyagina, Y. Collins, D.M. Reinhard, C. Kabra, S. Flewitt, P.E.J. Smith, D.J. In situ measurement of the strains within a mechanically loaded polygranular graphite. Carbon 96 (2016) 285-302 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.09.058
Liu, D., Mostafavi, M., Marrow, T. J., Smith, D. J. & Flewitt, P. E. J. Cruciform biaxial flexural testing of polygranular nuclear graphite. in 23rd Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (2015).
Jordan, M. S. L., Saucedo-Mora, L., Barhli, S. M., Nowell, D. & Marrow, T. J. Measurements of Stress Concentration Behaviour in AGR Nuclear Graphite. in 23rd Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (2015).
Marrow, T. J., Jordan, M. S. L. & Vertyagina, Y. Towards a notch-sensitivity strength test for irradiated nuclear graphite structural integrity. in The 4th EDF Energy Nuclear Graphite Symposium. Engineering Challenges Associated with the Life of Graphite Reactor Cores (Flewitt, P. E. J. & Wickham, A. J.) 247–259 (EMAS Publishing, 2014).
Vertyagina, Y. & Marrow, T. J. 3D Cellular Automata Fracture Model for Porous Graphite Microstructures. in 23rd Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (2015).
Saucedo-Mora L, Marrow TJ. Method for the explicit insertion of microstructure in Cellular Automata Finite Element (CAFE) models based on an irregular tetrahedral Finite Element mesh: Application in a multi-scale Finite Element Microstructure MEshfree framework (FEMME). Finite Elem Anal Des 2015;105:56–62. doi:10.1016/j.finel.2015.07.001.
Cai, B., Karagadde, S., Marrow, T. J., Connolley, T. & Lee, P. D. Synchrotron X-ray Tomographic Quantification of Deformation Induced Strain Localisation in Semi-solid Al- 15wt.%Cu. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 84, 012079 (2015). doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/84/1/012079
Saucedo-Mora L, Marrow TJ. FEMME : a multi-scale Finite Element Microstructure MEshfree fracture model for quasi-brittle materials with complex microstructures . Eng Fract Mech 2015;in press. doi:10.1016/j.engfracmech.2015.05.059.
Saucedo-Mora L, Sláme?ka K, Thandavamoorthy U, Marrow TJ. Multi-scale modeling of damage development in a thermal barrier coating. Surf Coatings Technol 2015;276:399–407. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.06.038.
Cai, B., Karagadde, S., Rowley, D., Marrow, T. J., Connolley, T., & Lee, P. D. (2015). Time-resolved synchrotron tomographic quantification of deformation-induced flow in a semi-solid equiaxed dendritic Al–Cu alloy. Scripta Materialia, 103, 69–72. doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.03.011
Lyon, K. N., Marrow, T. J., & Lyon, S. B. (2015). Influence of milling on the development of stress corrosion cracks in austenitic stainless steel. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 218, 32–37. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.11.038
Mostafavi, M., Collins, D. M., Cai, B., Bradley, R., Atwood, R. C., Reinhard, C., … Marrow, T. J. (2015). Yield behavior beneath hardness indentations in ductile metals, measured by three-dimensional computed X-ray tomography and digital volume correlation. Acta Materialia, 82, 468–482. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2014.08.046
Marrow, J., Reinhard, C., Vertyagina, Y., Saucedo-Mora, L., Collins, D., & Mostafavi, M. (2014). 3D Studies of Damage by Combined X-ray Tomography and Digital Volume Correlation. In Procedia Materials Science (Vol. 3, pp. 1554–1559). doi:10.1016/j.mspro.2014.06.251
Saucedo-Mora, L., & Marrow, T. J. (2014). 3D Cellular Automata Finite Element Method with Explicit Microstructure: Modeling Quasi-brittle Fracture using Meshfree Damage Propagation. In Procedia Materials Science (Vol. 3, pp. 1143–1148). doi:10.1016/j.mspro.2014.06.186
Cai, B., Karagadde, S., Yuan, L., Marrow, T. J., Connolley, T., & Lee, P. D. (2014). In situ synchrotron tomographic quantification of granular and intragranular deformation during semi-solid compression of an equiaxed dendritic Al–Cu alloy. Acta Materialia, 76, 371–380. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2014.05.035
Marrow, T. J., Mostafavi, M., Hashimoto, T., & Thompson, G. E. (2014). A quantitative three-dimensional in situ study of a short fatigue crack in a magnesium alloy. International Journal of Fatigue, 66, 183–193. doi:10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2014.04.003
Stratulat, A., Duff, J., & James Marrow, T. (2014). Grain boundary structure and intergranular stress corrosion crack initiation in high temperature water of a thermally sensitised austenitic stainless steel, observed in situ. Corrosion Science, 85, 428–435. doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2014.04.050
Vertyagina, Y., Mostafavi, M., Reinhard, C., Atwood, R., & Marrow, T. J. (2014). In situ quantitative three-dimensional characterisation of sub-indentation cracking in polycrystalline alumina. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 34(12), 3127–3232. doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2014.04.002
Gonzalez, D., King, A., Mostafavi, M., Reischig, P., du Roscoat, S. R., Ludwig, W., … Marrow, T. J. (2013). Three-dimensional observation and image-based modelling of thermal strains in polycrystalline alumina. Acta Materialia, 61(20), 7521–7533. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2013.06.005
Mostafavi, M., Vertyagina, Y., Reinhard, C., Bradley, R., Jiang Xia, Galano, M. and Marrow, J., (2014), 3D studies of indentation by combined X-ray tomography and digital volume correlation, Key Engineering Materials, 592-593, 14-23, http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.592-593.14
Saucedo, L., Mostafavi, M., Khoshkhou, D., Reinhard, C., Atwood, R., Zhao, S., … Marrow, T. J. (2013). 3D cellular automata finite element (CAFE) modelling and experimental observation of damage in quasi-brittle nuclear materials: Indentation of a SiC-SiCfibre ceramic matrix composite. In SMINS-3. Idaho Falls, USA: OECD-NEA. www.oecd-nea.org/science/smins3/
Mostafavi, M., Baimpas, N., Tarleton, E., Atwood, R. C., McDonald, S. A., Korsunsky, A. M., & Marrow, T. J. (2013). Three dimensional crack observation, quantification and simulation in a quasi-brittle material. Acta Materialia, 61(16), 6276–6289. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2013.07.011
BAIMPAS, N., XIE, M., SONG, X., HOFMANN, F., ABBEY, B., MARROW, J., … KORSUNSKY, A. M. (2013). RICH TOMOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF MICROSTRUCTURE AND DEFORMATION. International Journal of Computational Methods, (2), 1343006. doi:10.1142/S0219876213430068
Yang, Z., Ren, W., Mostafavi, M., Mcdonald, S. A., & Marrow, T. J. (2013). Characterisation of 3d fracture evolution in concrete using in-situ X-ray computed tomography testing and digital volume correlation. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures, FraMCoS 2013 (pp. 236–242).
Mostafavi, M., McDonald, S.A., Çetinel, H., Mummery, P.M., Marrow, T.J.Flexural strength and defect behaviour of polygranular graphite under different states of stress, (2013) Carbon, 59, pp. 325-336. 10.1016/j.carbon.2013.03.025
Marrow T.J. and Tomkins B., The role of UK structural integrity research in the European fast neutron reactor programme, TAGSI/FESI Symposium: Structural Integrity of Nuclear Power Plant - learning from history and looking to the future, TWI Abingdon, April 2013
Lasithiotakis, M., Marsden, B. J., & Marrow, T. J. (2013). Annealing of ion irradiation damage in nuclear graphite. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 434(1-3), 334–346. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2012.12.001
Mostafavi, M., McDonald, S. A., Mummery, P. M., & Marrow, T. J. Observation and quantification of three-dimensional crack propagation in poly-granular graphite. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, (2013). doi:10.1016/j.engfracmech.2012.11.023
Aswad, M. A., & Marrow, T. J. (2012). Intergranular crack nuclei in polycrystalline alumina. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 95, 29–36. doi:10.1016/j.engfracmech.2012.08.005
Becker, T. H., Mostafavi, M., Tait, R. B., & Marrow, T. J. (2012). An approach to calculate the J-integral by digital image correlation displacement field measurement. Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, 35 ( 10 ) pp. 971 - 984
Duff, J. A., & Marrow, T. J. (2012). In situ observation of short fatigue crack propagation in oxygenated water at elevated temperature and pressure. Corrosion Science, 68(3), 34–43. doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2012.10.030
Kovac, J. ., Marrow, T. J. ., Govekar, E. ., & Legat, A. . (2012). Detection and characterisation of intergranular stress-corrosion cracking on austenitic stainless steel. Materials and Corrosion, 63(8), 664–673.
Marrow, T. J., Mostafavi, M., Macdonald, S., & Mummery, P. M. (2012). Observation and quantification of three-dimensional crack propagation in poly-granular graphite. 19th European Conference on Fracture, ECF19. Kazan, Russia.
Mostafavi, M. ., Schmidt, M. J. J. ., Marsden, B. J. ., & Marrow, T. J. . (2012). Fracture behaviour of an anisotropic polygranular graphite (PGA). Materials Science and Engineering A, 558, 265–277.
S Rahimi, T J Marrow (2012) Effects of orientation, stress and exposure time on short intergranular stress corrosion crack behaviour in sensitised type 304 austenitic stainless steel, 359-373. In Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures 35 (4).
M Mostafavi, T J Marrow (2012) Quantitative in situ study of short crack propagation in polygranular graphite by digital image correlation, 695-707. In Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures 35 (8).
M Herbig, A King, P Reischig et al. (2011) 3-D growth of a short fatigue crack within a polycrystalline microstructure studied using combined diffraction and phase-contrast X-ray tomography, 590-601. In Acta Materialia 59 (2).
L Babout, M Janaszewski, T J Marrow et al. (2011) A method for the 3-D quantification of bridging ligaments during crack propagation, 131-134. In Scripta Materialia 65 (2).
S Rahimi, D L Engelberg, T J Marrow (2011) A new approach for DL-EPR testing of thermo-mechanically processed austenitic stainless steel, 4213-4222. In Corrosion Science 53 (12).
T H Becker, T J Marrow, R B Tait (2011) An Evaluation of the Double Torsion Technique, 1511-1526. In Experimental Mechanics 51 (9).
T H Becker, T J Marrow, R B Tait (2011) Damage, crack growth and fracture characteristics of nuclear grade graphite using the Double Torsion technique, 32-43. In Journal of Nuclear Materials 414 (1).
A King, W Ludwig, D Engelberg et al. (2011) Diffraction contrast tomography for the study of polycrystalline stainless steel microstructures and stress corrosion cracking, 47-50. In Revue de Metallurgie. Cahiers D'Informations Techniques 108 (1).
M Mostafavi, T J Marrow (2011) In situ observation of crack nuclei in poly-granular graphite under ring-on-ring equi-biaxial and flexural loading, 1756-1770. In Engineering Fracture Mechanics 78 (8).
A King, W Ludwig, M Herbig et al. (2011) Three-dimensional in situ observations of short fatigue crack growth in magnesium, 6761-6771. In Acta Materialia 59 (17).
W. Ludwig, A. King, M. Herbig, P. Reischig, L. Babout, H. Proudhon, E.M. Lauridsen, Marrow, T J La microstructure 3D des materiaux polycristallins vue sous la lumiere synchrotron. L'Actualit ?e Chimique 62–67 (2011).
T.H. Becker, M. Mostafavi, R.B. Tait, T.J. Marrow, An Approach to Calculate the J-Integral by Digital Image Correlation Displacement Field Measurement, Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, accepted for publication 2012
M. Lasithiotakis, B.J. Marsden, T.J. Marrow, Application of an independent parallel reactions model on the annealing kinetics of BEPO irradiated graphite, J. Nuclear Materials, Volume 427, Issues 1–3, August 2012, Pages 95–109
Babout, L. ; Janaszewski, M. ; Bakavos, D. ; McDonald, S.A. ; Prangnell, P.B. ; Marrow, T.J. ; Withers, P.J.3D inspection of fabrication and degradation processes from X-ray (micro) tomography images using a hole closing algorithm, Imaging Systems and Techniques (IST), 2010 IEEE International Conference on 1-2 July 2010
M Mostafavi and TJ Marrow, Quantitative in situ study of short crack propagation in polygranular graphite by digital image correlation, Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures (2012) DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2695.2012.01648.x, In press.
M Herbig, J Marrow, J-Y Buffiere, A King, W Ludwig, H Proudhon, P Reischig, N Stevens, A Khan, E Lauridsen, A new dimension in short fatigue crack characterisation, ESRF Highlights 2011, Structure of Materials, pp 31-32
M. Mostafavi and T.J. Marrow, In situ observation of crack nuclei in poly-granular graphite under ring-on-ring equi-biaxial and flexural loading, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Volume 78, Issue 8, May 2011, Pages 1756-1770
S. Al Shahrani, T. J, Marrow, Influence of Twins on Short Fatigue Cracks in Type 316L Stainless Steel, Key Engineering Materials (2011), 465, 507
Herbig, M , King, A., Reischig, P, Proudhon, H., Lauridsen, E.M, Marrow, J, Buffiere, J.-Y., Ludwig, W., 3-D growth of a short fatigue crack within a polycrystalline microstructure studied using combined diffraction and phase-contrast X-ray tomography, Acta Materialia Volume 59, Issue 2, January 2011, Pages 590-601
King, A., Ludwig, W., Engelberg, D., Marrow, T.J., Diffraction contrast tomography for the study of polycrystalline stainless steel microstructures and stress corrosion cracking, Revue de Metallurgie. Cahiers D'Informations Techniques, Volume 108, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 47-50
King, A., Ludwig, W., Herbig, M., Buffiere, J.-Y., Khan, A.A., Stevens, N., Marrow, T.J. Three-dimensional in situ observations of short fatigue crack growth in magnesium, Acta Materialia, Volume 59, Issue 17, October 2011, Pages 6761-6771
S. Rahimi and T. J. Marrow, Effects of orientation, stress and exposure time on short intergranular stress corrosion crack behaviour in sensitised type 304 austenitic stainless steel, Fatigue Fract Engng Mater Struct, 2012, 35,359–373
S. Rahimi, D.L. Engelberg, T.J. Marrow, A New Approach for DL-EPR Testing of Thermo-Mechanically Processed Austenitic Stainless Steel, Corrosion Science, Volume 53, Issue 12, December 2011, Pages 4213-4222
T.H. Becker, T.J. Marrow, R.B. Tait, An Evaluation of the Double Torsion Technique, Experimental Mechanics, DOI 10.1007/s11340-011-9468-1, Experimental Mechanics, 51 (9) pp. 1511-1526.
A. Hodgkins, T. J. Marrow, M. R. Wootton, R. Moskovic and P. E. J. Flewitt, Fracture behaviour of radiolytically oxidised reactor core graphites: a view, Materials Science and Technology, Volume 26, Number 8, August 2010 , pp. 899-907(9)
T. Hashimoto, X. Zhou, C. Luo, K. Kawano, G.E. Thompson, A.E. Hughes, P. Skeldon, P.J. Withers, T.J. Marrow and A.H. Sherry, Nanotomography for understanding materials degradation, Scripta Materialia, Volume 63, Issue 8, October 2010, Pages 835-838
T.H. Becker, T.J. Marrow, R.B. Tait, Damage, crack growth and fracture characteristics of nuclear grade graphite using the Double Torsion technique, J Nucl. Mater, Volume 414, Issue 1, 1 July 2011, Pages 32-43
T. Hashimoto, X. Zhou, C. Luo, K. Kawano, G.E. Thompson, A.E. Hughes, P. Skeldon, P.J. Withers, T.J. Marrow and A.H. Sherry, Nanotomography for understanding materials degradation, Scripta Materialia, Volume 63, Issue 8, October 2010, Pages 835-838
J. Kovac, C. Alaux, T.J. Marrow, E. Govekar, A Legat, Correlations of electrochemical noise, acoustic emission and complementary monitoring techniques during intergranular stress-corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steel, Corrosion Science 52 (2010) 2015–2025.
King A., Herbig M., Ludwig W., Reischig P., Lauridsen E.M., Marrow T., Buffiere J.Y. - Non-destructive analysis of micro texture and grain boundary character from X-ray diffraction contrast tomography, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 268, 291-296 (2010)
A, King, N. Schell, R.V. Martins, F. Beckmann, H-U Ruhnau, R, Kiehn, J. Marrow, W. Ludwig, A Schreyer, Grain tracking at the high energy materials science beamline of the Petra III synchrotron radiation source, Materials Science Forum, 652, (2010), pp70-73
W. Ludwig, P. Reischig, A. King, M. Herbig, E.M. Lauridsen, T.J. Marrow, J.Y. Buffière, 3D grain mapping by X-ray diffraction contrast tomography and the use of Friedel pairs in diffraction data analysis, Review of Scientific Instruments, 80, 033905 (2009)
S. Rahimi, D Engelberg and T.J. Marrow, Characterisation of Grain Boundary Cluster Compactness in an Austenitic Stainless Steel (2010), Materials Science and Technology, Volume 26, Number 6, pp. 670-675
R. Jones, V. Randle, D. Engelberg, T.J. Marrow, Five-parameter grain boundary analysis of a grain boundary-engineered austenitic stainless steel, Journal of Microscopy, Volume 233, Number 3, March 2009 , pp. 417-422(6)
A. King, M. Herbig, W. Ludwig, P. Reischig, E.M. Lauridsen, T. Marrow, J.Y. Buffière, Non-destructive analysis of micro texture and grain boundary character from X-ray diffraction contrast tomography (2009), Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 268 (2010) 291–296
W. Ludwig, A. King, P. Reischig, M. Herbig, E.M. Lauridsen, S. Schmidt, H. Proudhon, S. Forest, P. Cloetens, S. Rolland du Roscoat, J.Y. Bufï¬ï¿½ère, T. Marrow, H.F. Poulsen, New opportunities for 3D materials science of polycrystalline materials at the micrometre lengthscale by combined use of X-ray diffraction and X-ray imaging (2009), Materials Science and Engineering A, Materials Science and Engineering A 524, 69-76 (2009)
A. King, G. Johnson, D. Engelberg, W. Ludwig and J. Marrow. Observations of intergranular stress corrosion cracking in a grain-mapped polycrystal (2008) Science, 321 (5887), pp. 382-385.
L. Babout, B.J. Marsden, P.M. Mummery and T.J. Marrow. Three-dimensional characterization and thermal property modelling of thermally oxidized nuclear graphite, (2008) Acta Materialia, 56 (16), pp. 4242-4254.
D.L. Engelberg, R.C. Newman and T.J. Marrow. Effect of thermomechanical process history on grain boundary control in an austenitic stainless steel (2008) Scripta Materialia, 59 (5), pp. 554-557.
S. Rahimi, D.L. Engelberg, J.A. Duff and T.J. Marrow. In-situ Observation of Intergranular Crack Nucleation in a Grain Boundary Controlled Austenitic Stainless Steel, (2009) Journal of Microscopy, (233), pp. 423–431
C. Berre, S.L. Fok, P.M. Mummery, J. Ali, B.J. Marsden, T.J. Marrow, G.B. Neighbour, Failure analysis of the effects of porosity in thermally oxidised nuclear graphite using finite element modelling, (2008) Journal of Nuclear Materials, 381, (1-2), pp 1-8.
A.N. Jones, G.N. Hall, M. Joyce, A. Hodgkins, K. Wen, T.J. Marrow, B.J. Marsden, Microstructural characterisation of nuclear grade graphite, (2008) Journal of Nuclear Materials, 381, (1-2), pp 152-157.
L. Lin, H. Li, A.S.L. Fok, M. Joyce, J. Marrow, Characterization of heterogeneity and nonlinearity in material properties of nuclear graphite using an inverse method, (2008) Journal of Nuclear Materials, 381, (1-2), pp 158-164.
K. Wen, J. Marrow and B. Marsden. Microcracks in nuclear graphite and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) (2008) Journal of Nuclear Materials, 381, (1-2), pp 199-203.
M.R. Joyce and T.J. Marrow. Microstructural scale strain localisation in nuclear graphite (2008) Journal of Nuclear Materials, 381, (1-2), pp 171-176.
M. Lasithiotakis, B. Marsden, J. Marrow and A. Willets. Application of an independent parallel reactions model on the annealing kinetics to irradiated graphite waste (2008) Journal of Nuclear Materials, 381, (1-2), pp 83-91.
C. Berre, S.L. Fok, B.J. Marsden, P.M. Mummery, T.J. Marrow and G.B. Neighbour. Microstructural modelling of nuclear graphite using multi-phase models (2008) Journal of Nuclear Materials, 380, (1-3), pp 46-58.
M.R. Joyce, T.J. Marrow, P. Mummery and B.J. Marsden. Observation of microstructure deformation and damage in nuclear graphite (2008) Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 75 (12), pp. 3633-3645.
M. Kuroda and T.J. Marrow. (2008) Modeling the effects of surface finish on fatigue limit in austenitic stainless steels, Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, Vol. 31 (7), pp. 581-598.
M. Kuroda and T.J. Marrow. Preparation of fatigue specimens with controlled surface characteristics (2008) Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 203 (1-3), pp. 396-403.
D.L. Engelberg, F.J. Humphreys and T.J. Marrow. The influence of low-strain thermo-mechanical processing on grain boundary network characteristics in type 304 austenitic stainless steel (2008) Journal of Microscopy, 230 (3), pp. 435-444.
G. Johnson, A. King, M.G. Honnicke, J. Marrow and W. Ludwig. X-ray diffraction contrast tomography: A novel technique for three-dimensional grain mapping of polycrystals. II. The combined case (2008) Journal of Applied Crystallography, 41 (2), pp. 310-318.
O.M. Alyousif, D.L Engelberg and T.J. Marrow. Surface grain boundary engineering of shot-peened type 304 stainless steel (2008) Journal of Materials Science, 43 (4), pp. 1270-1277.
L. Shi, H. Li, Z. Zou, A.S.L. Fok, B.J. Marsden, A Hodgkins, P.M. Mummery and J. Marrow. Analysis of crack propagation in nuclear graphite using three-point bending of sandwiched specimens (2008) Journal of Nuclear Materials, 372 (2-3), pp. 141-151.
K.Y. Wen, T.J. Marrow and B.J Marsden. The microstructure of nuclear graphite binders (2008) Carbon, 46 (1), pp. 62-71.
A.P. Jivkov and T.J. Marrow. Rates of intergranular environment assisted cracking in three-dimensional model microstructures (2007) Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 48 (3), pp. 187-202.
Projects Available
***The Effect of Microstructure on Strength and Fracture Resistance of Nuclear Graphite
James Marrow, David Nowell (Engineering)
The project is concerned with the role of significant defects, such as single or collections of large pores, on sub-critical and critical crack propagation in polygranular nuclear graphite, which is used as a moderator and structural component in the UK Advanced Gas Cooled Reactors, and also in some designs of Generation IV advanced high temperature reactors.
The aim is to experimentally validate a key aspect of the microstructure modelling of short crack propagation in nuclear graphite: the role of significant defects such as single or collections of large pores. Advantage will be taken of new facilities in Oxford (high resolution X-ray computed tomography) and methods for in situ study of three-dimensional deformation and damage (e.g. digital volume correlation). The work will be done using non-irradiated graphite, but the methodology developed will be suitable for active studies in due course.
The project's objectives are to observe the propagation of sub-critical cracks from significant defects in virgin graphite, test developed microstructure-sensitive models of sub-critical crack propagation, simulate the effect of the effects of microstructure on the statistics of strength and fracture resistance of virgin graphite and improve the modelling of sub-critical crack propagation in reactor components. This project is in collaboration with EDF Energy Generation.
This is a 4-year EPSRC Industrial CASE studentship in conjunction with EDF Energy Generation. Candidates are considered in the January 2017 admissions cycle which has an application deadline of 20 January 2017.
Subject to contract this project will be supported by a 4-year Industrial CASE studentship sponsored by the EPSRC and EDF. This studentship will provide full fees and maintenance for a student who has home fee status [(this includes an EU student who has spent the previous three years (or more) in the UK undertaking undergraduate study]. The stipend will be at least £16,296 per year. Other EU students should read the guidance at http://www.materials.ox.ac.uk/admissions/postgraduate/eu.html for further information about eligibility. Students classified as overseas fee status are eligible for this funded project, but would have to provide the difference between home/EU and overseas student fees from some other source such as a scholarship or personal funds. For students who commence their studies in October 2017 this difference is expected to be in the region of £48,000 over three years. Please see http://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/graduate/fees-and-funding for a statement of the actual fees.
Any questions concerning the project can be addressed to Professor James Marrow (firstname.lastname@example.com). General enquiries on how to apply can be made by e mail to firstname.lastname@example.com. You must complete the standard Oxford University Application for Graduate Studies. Further information and an electronic copy of the application form can be found at http://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/postgraduate_courses/apply/index.html.
Also see homepages: James Marrow
Three-Dimensional Deformation and Fracture Mechanics
James Marrow, David Nowell (Engineering)
The mechanical properties and fracture resistance of engineering materials are measured using standard test specimens; real cracks and engineering components are three-dimensional and more complex, so approximations and adjustments are needed to reliably assess their structural integrity. There is also an increasing need to miniaturized test specimens, to monitor the degradation of structural material properties in fission and fusion energy generating power plants. Material properties can be extracted from small volumes by indentation tests, but generally we have no knowledge of what actually happens under the surface, and this requires assumptions to be made.
One way to address this is to use 3D digital correlation image analysis, combined with X-ray computed tomography techniques (laboratory and synchrotron), to obtain precise, in-situ, measurements of the material displacements inside solid samples, such as deformation and cracking at indentations. (e.g. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.08.046 and http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2014.04.002)
The aim of this project is to investigate, by experiment and finite element modelling, the propagation of three-dimensional cracks and deformation under indentations with the objective of developing novel test methods to assess strain hardening and fracture resistance. You will use high resolution X-ray tomography and digital volume correlation to measure the displacement field under indentations, and you will also study and model the development of cracks in brittle materials.
The project is suitable for graduates with an engineering, mathematical or physics background.
Also see homepages: James Marrow
Experimentally-informed 3D modelling of damage development in interfacially-toughened composite laminates
James Marrow
Aviation and wind power rely on long fibre-reinforced polymer composites for key structural components (fuselage, wings and blades). However, these can fail by delamination (cracking between layers bonded during manufacture), and the necessary conservative design approaches add weight and cost and reduce efficiency. The project's partners at Sheffield have improved delamination resistance without a weight penalty via a novel ink-jet printing manufacturing method, but its actual mechanism is unproven.
The aim of this project is to develop and apply experimentally informed multi-scale modelling to optimise the design and manufacture of ink-jet print toughened and self-healing lightweight composites.
Oxford developed a method for damage simulation in heterogeneous materials. This multi-scale approach introduces fine scale microstructural description into larger scale structural integrity models. In situ measurements of damage development, obtained by digital volume correlation of high resolution X-ray tomographs of mechanically tested samples, can be used to tune the FEMME model [Saucedo-Mora, L., and Marrow, T.J. (2016) http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0276]. This permits damage simulation in different loading states and with alternative microstructure architectures. Modelling-led structural design and microstructure optimisation is then feasible, due to the computational efficiency of the FEMME method being 2-3 orders of magnitude greater than conventional image-based finite element simulations.
You will design and perform critical X-ray tomography experiments to observe, in situ and in 3D, the mechanism by which the inkjet printed interfaces fail and potentially self-repair. The aim is then to demonstrate FEMME model simulation of the experimentally observed fracture behaviour, and show its potential to predict the structural integrity of engineering components under different states of load.
The project is suitable for students with an engineering, physics or materials background and will involve techniques such as digital image correlation, finite element modelling and computed X-ray tomography.
Also see homepages: James Marrow
Mechanisms for the control of fatigue resistance of advanced lightweight nano-composites
James Marrow, Marina Galano, Fernando Audebert
This project is concerned with the role of microstructure in the fatigue resistance of novel high strength Light weight nanostructured alloys. A new family of rapid solidified alloys show good mechanical properties with combined high strength and low density, these alloys have the potential to be used in pistons in car engines and replace Ti-alloys in gas turbines; the consequent reduction in weight and inertial forces will reduce fuel consumption and increase power output.
Tests performed to data show these alloys have very good fatigue resistance, but there have been no fundamental studies to investigate the mechanisms for this; the hypothesis is that initiated fatigue cracks are arrested at interfaces between the matrix and reinforced zones. If so, then the strain paths arising from process variations during forging may have a significant effect on microstructure and the local fatigue properties. To study this, a range of microstructures of a nanostructured Al alloy obtained by different heat treatments and processing conditions will be produced and tested to correlate fatigue crack initiation and growth with the microstructure; importantly the interactions between arrested fatigue cracks and local microstructure will be studied using advanced electron microscopy, including high resolution EBSD and TEM of FIB-milled selected regions, to develop mechanistic models for fatigue resistance.
Also see homepages: Marina Galano James Marrow
Experimental Validation of Crack Propagation Criteria under Mixed Mode Loading
James Marrow
To accurately predict crack paths in brittle materials, it is important to properly address the effect of mixed mode loading in multi-axial stress states. Predictive models exist, and their experimental validation needs support from direct measurement the crack tip strain fields for comparison with the predicted strain fields; the latter are currently used to predict the crack path. Discrepancies are expected due to material microstructure effects such as aggregate interlocking (from shear loading), for instance. We have developed tools so that direct measurement of crack tip displacement fields can be used to calculate the stress intensity factor, via the J-integral. This is done by injecting the measured displacements as boundary conditions into a Finite Element mesh; the displacement field is obtained by digital image correlation.
This project will apply these methods to examine the crack propagation criteria in brittle materials, such as the polygranular graphite used in current and next generation nuclear reactors. The project will also investigate the relationships between the applied stress state, the local strain fields and the crack propagation path. This experimentally-based study will support the ongoing modelling and experimental studies in industry; an EPSRC iCASE studentship with industry may be available.
The project is suitable for students with an engineering, physics or materials background and will involve techniques such as digital image correlation, finite element modelling and computed X-ray tomography.
Also see homepages: James Marrow
Operando Tomographic Characterisation of Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices
Peter Bruce, James Marrow
Also see homepages: Peter Bruce James Marrow
Mesoscale investigations of Deformation Rate Effects in Metallic Crystals
David Armstrong and James Marrow
Also see homepages: James Marrow
Also see a full listing of New projects available within the Department of Materials.


text:
Hickory Smoked Swiss Cheese
|Wisconsin swiss cheese
|1⁄2 Pound
1)Using the manufacturer's instructions, ready the smoker.
2)Keep the charcoal coal pan two-thirds full. Let the coals burn and ashen.
3)Scatter coals with hickory chips over it.
4)Keep a water pan with hot water ready.
5)Transfer the pan on rack using pot holders.
6)Upon a large aluminum foil, place the unwrapped cheese. The foil must be large enough to cover the cheese.
7)Fold up the foil a bit but not covering cheese entirely.
8)Close the smoker and smoke cheese for 20 minutes.
9)Remove the smoked cheese from heat and immediately chill in the refrigerator for 30 minutes.
10)Serve cheese at room temperature.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size: Complete recipe
Calories 862 Calories from Fat 554
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 63 g97%
Saturated Fat 40.3 g201.6%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 208.6 mg69.5%
Sodium 435.4 mg18.1%
Total Carbohydrates 12 g4.1%
Dietary Fiber 0 g
Sugars 3 g
Protein 61 g122.2%
Vitamin A 37.7% Vitamin C
Calcium 179.4% Iron 2.5%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet

subset: commoncrawl


text:
You missed it This great deal for Bay Area Adventure Day Camps is over. But don't despair, we've got more great deals every day.
Related Deals That You May Like
Hit Fit SF
10 Boxing or TRX Classes in Mission or Nob Hill
Contra Costa / Tri-Valley$275$59.99
MetaBody Yoga and Fitness
30 Class Pass
Contra Costa / Tri-Valley$350$19.99
Cardio Barre
5-Class Pass for Cardio Barre Classes
Contra Costa / Tri-Valley$100$39
Next Level Personal Fitness Systems
Small Group, Personal, or Chiropractic Training
Contra Costa / Tri-Valley$315$39.99
back by popular demand:
Bay Area Adventure Day Camps
One Week of a Half-Day Sports Clinic
80% recommendedin LivingSocial customer ratings
Hard to believe, but summer will be here sooner than you know it, and all the kids will return to school in the fall with some pretty epic summer adventures. Don't force your child to retell the tale of logging hundreds of hours of TV -- instead, grab this deal from Walnut Creek's Bay Area Adventure Day Camps:
• $39 ($79 value) for one week of a half-day sports clinic for a 5- to 14-year-old
• Your child will choose to play flag football, basketball, soccer, and/or lacrosse
• Takes place from 9 a.m. to noon, Monday through Thursday; choose a week between June 16 and August 1
Bay Area Adventure Day Camps's Website
PAID VALUE EXPIRES ON February 24, 2022
PROMOTIONAL VALUE EXPIRES ON October 21, 2014
Field 2
Wilder Road, Orinda, CA 94563
925-952-4450 | get directions
761 San Simeon
Woodside Elementary, Concord, CA 94521
925-952-4450 | get directions


text:
April 17, 2015 6:26 pm
Download audio
Employee satisfaction with federal training opportunities fell to an all-time low last year, according to the Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey. But that's not the only part of the job disappointing your colleagues. Katie Maddocks is the government affairs representative for the Federal Managers Association.
Photos of the amazing, moving, important and amusing things happening in the federal community.
A daily update of important moments in the history of the U.S. government.


text:
Release Date: September, 3rd 2010
Record Date: Aug 26, 2010 @ 2:30pm EST
1. Leaky has been counting down to Deathly Hallows with a daily quote! Rupert had a birthday August 24th, Happy Birthday to him! He was at the Regent Street Apple Store talking about, among several topics, crying at the end of filming "Deathly Hallows". We play the audio clip of "Deathly Hallows" Footage from Comic-Con Released Online Spoiler Alert! Leaky's Wizarding World of HP, iPhone and Android App! Have you downloaded it?
Bootleg Edward has seen Deathly Hallows as you all know by now and we ask him questions about the movie.
Listeners Ask…
– [C]an Edward talk about the scenes preceding the WB logo? (Skype: aoifefindlay1, pronounced Ee-fah)
– Please tell us about the Dursleys Departing. Do Harry and Dudley shake hands, or is there any dialogue there? (GinaC)
– What do y'all think about Hedwig's death getting change[d]? (Michael)
– How true to the books were the scenes in Malfoy Manor? (Anastasia)
– How is Dobby (re)introduced? Where has he been? (KJRiddle)
– Please [talk] more about Hermione getting "Mudblood" carved into her arm. (Katie)
– Are [there] any scenes from Ron's journey after he leaves? (sofia502)
– Will the Potter house be the same one as shown in Sorcerer's Stone? Does Greyback get any lines ? (Lee)
theo nly thing that confused me was no talk with ollivander before voldelmort takes the elder wand i heard in another review grendelwald says something aobut having it is that true? is it made clear dumbledores wand is the elder wand before voldelmort takes it?
and im also redaign conflicitng reports regaruding how the dursles departing is handled could you enlighten us on both of these poitns please?
thank you
only* reading*
dursleys* points* sorry i was doing many things at once when i posted this
It may be a dumb question, but I just want to know:
Where Hermione's hands bloody in the actual film?
Hey pottercast. I would love to hear more about the wedding! Also, this is just a comment, but by the way Edward described the way Dobby is reintroduced makes me so excited! Him being there in the movie before he dies will really make a much bigger impact.
I have two if that's alright.
-I was wondering how the Death Eater and Voldemort's overall presence in the wizarding world was in the film. Was there a sense that the trio could be caught and taken away at any moment and did it feel like the world really was taken over by Voldemort?
-How do you think that regular movie-going audience will react to this film as opposed to the previous Potters.
Does Narcissa Malfoy get any lines? Do we see her looking out for Draco and Lucius?
When Harry is being comforted by Hermione during the graveyard scene, is Bathilda shown after those two have their moment together or during?
I'm sorry, but I'm dying dying dying for these questions to be answered. It would be greatly appreciated.
1. How did the trio learned of Potterwatch? (From what I understand they were listening to it before Ron leaves).
2. What is exactly is mentioned of the horcruxes? Does the trio discuss the probable items used as horcruxes? Is Hufflepuffs cup mentioned at all?
Being a Remus fan, and hearing that the Grimmauld Place scene where he and Harry fight is not in the film, I was wondering how his character and the plot line with him and Tonks was handled. Was his character given some justice as compared to the past two films? I heard about a good scene between him and Harry after the Seven Potters; how was that? Basically, any info relating to Lupin would be greatly appreciated.
Ooh almost forgot…
3. Did Grindelwald really sell Dumbledore out by telling Voldemort the Elder's wand location? (In the book Dumbledore and Harry discuss this in King's Cross, as how maybe he had truly reformed…)
During Hermione's torture in Malfoy Manor, do we see actually see her or is It more off screen
And we just hear her screaming?
I've been reading reports that the scenes at Godric's Hollow and Malfoy Manor seemed rushed. What did you think about these scenes?
Does the movie show Harry's obsession
With the hallows?
Are there any lines in the movie that were taken straight from the book?
Were the deaths of Fred, Tonks and Lupin as powerful as they were in the book? And was Harry's talk with Dumbledore while Harry was half dead as good as it was in the book?
Is the Burro explained? In the 6th film it was burnt to the ground. How is it suddenly back and ready for the wedding?
Umbridge has any dueling scene in the ministry infiltration?
Was the power plant in the film? Also, how long were the Burrow scenes
And another one…
4) Does Harry find Lily's letter in Sirius' room?
.. I been checking in all the reports and no one has really talked about this… Can you go into detail Ron's departure and the Malfoy Manor? Moslty on how they acted, their emotionals reactions, like Is Ron and Harry's fight intense? were they shouts? physical fighting? or was it toned down? In the Malfoy Manor, does Ron goes crazy like in the book where he is half sobbing? How was Harry's reaction to Hermione's screaming? Did Bellatrix put the "mudblood" word in Hermione's arm with the wand or with the knife?THANK YOU VERY MUCH
Please tell us about the Dursleys Departing. Do Harry and Dudley shake hands, or is there any dialogue there?
Is the cinematography good in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1? How does it compare to the cinematography in Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince?
my skype name macedonianpotter
Does Harry remain as himself, cousin Barney or under the invisibility cloak for the wedding?
And I have to ask, since she's my favorite, how much do we see Luna (is she at the wedding, is she taken off the train, is she in the basement?).
That shot of Ollivander we saw in the trailer. Was that at Malfoy Manor or was it when he was being tortured by Voldemort.
Is there more dialogue to the Harry/Ron fight than we heard from the Comic Con audio?
Do we see Dobby's grave in the film?
That shot of Filch in the official trailer. Was that in the film
When do the titles appear? Does the dhot of Hermione pan up to reveal the titles? Or does the title appear in front of dark clouds
Was the harry/hermione locket scene CGI? Or did Dan and Emma really act it out?
Do they cut the fight between Harry and Lupin?
I already sent this on Skype, but just in case that's inappropriate :
Hi PotterCast, can Edward talk about the scenes preceding the WB logo? I've read, in another report, that the scene where Hermione obliviates her parents' memories is quite poignant.
Also, does Harry lose / break his wand in the Bathilda Bagshot – Nagini scene? If so, is it made clear that he's really cut up about it?
BTW, I know my name is a HORROR to pronounce – it's pronounced Ee-fah, but I'll answer to Eva.
Skype name : aoifefindlay1 / Aoife O'Donoghue Findlay
how is the relationship of ron/hermione handeld in the movie?
I've read reports that say The Malfoy Manor and Godrics Hollow scenes are rushed. Do you think these scenes were given enough time?
Did the movie feel as family friendly as the previous installments? Would it be suitable to take younger children to see?
How did the movie opening started? was it like the opening for HBP and OOTP (clouds, WB logo and HP logo) or something creative like POA and GOF?
sorry for this follow-up question, Was the powerplant/factory from the Deathly Hallows videogame in the movie?
– Is there much blood in the film?
– Does Dobbys grave have 'Here lies Dobby, a free elf'
– Was the arguement between Harry/Lupin in the movie?
– Does the movie start with the WB logo?
• How is Dobby (re)introduced? Where has he been?
• Did the flashbacks/memories regarding the Horcruxes contain any (new) exciting stuff, like unseen appearances of Slughorn, Dumbledore and Tom Riddle?
• Does some kind of deserted industrial park with cooling towers makes an appearance?
• Why were the Trio hiding from dogs?
Edward, you mentioned the items from dumbledore's will have a presence before they come into play, but it was reported that there is a big reveal for Ron in the silver doe scene. my question is this: do we see what happened to Ron and how exactly the deluminator aided his return?
During the Ministry infiltration do the trio keep their own voices when they polyjuice into the 3 Ministry workers?
how do y'all think the bagshot scene is gonna go?!?!
i saw pic of how batty gonna look, but she isnt the way i imagined….
TIA, -rachel (a dedicated listener from the holy land of israel.)
Do we see that shot of Filch locking kids up in the film?
At Malfoy Manor, is Hermione tortured in the same room as the room in the opening scene?
Does Xeno tell Harry about the Deathly Hallows and the significance of the Elder Wand?
What sparks the argument between Harry and Ron? I heard it's different from the book because Ron mentions the radio? Could you go into detail?
Can you describe the Godric's Hollow scene with Nagini? Also the two Malfoy Manor scenes?
How many people attended the screening?
Do we see Young Grindelwald and Dumbledore?
Also what about that shot of Filch in the trailer? Is it included?
I 2nd the question Jackie had: During the Ministry infiltration do the trio keep their own voices when they polyjuice into the 3 Ministry workers?
-Do Ron and Hermione dance in the wedding?
-Do Ron and Hermione sleep with the hands too close like in the book?
-Do Harry and Hermione read the Rita Skeeter's book?
-Has Ron the book that Fred and George give him for his birtday?
Is Neville in the scene on the train? Do you we see him much & with Ginny & Luna?
I've just remembered a report from a while ago,it mentioned something about a trailer park where the trio goes camping but the DEs burn it down.Was that actually in the movie?
Can you describe Hermione's torture scene? What does Bellatrix torture Hermione with? Please go into detail.
How long would you say the camping scenes were? Also, please describe the Godric's Hollow scene?
For Hermione's torture, does a whip sprout out of Bellatrix's wand? Then does she grab a knife and give's Hermione her cut on her throat abd arm?
I am so looking forward to this show! Can't wait to hear the questions answered! 😀
Could you describe a scene between Ron and Hermione?
Can you tell us how many scenes Tonks has in the film ? Does she have much dialogue ?
I know it's hard to tell, but when completed, would you say that this film is Oscar worthy ?
Also, how are Riddle-Harry and Riddle-Hermione's arms and hands positioned with the evil kiss?
How was Evanna Lynch's performance in the film/ what scenes was she in?
Does Bellatrix attack the Snatchers after the trio escape?
Sorry for all of these questions, but one more thing:
Do the Death Eaters in the 7 Potters scene fly on brooms AND in black smoke or just on brooms ?
Do we see Voldemort at Malfoy Manor when Bella attacks the Snatchers?
Is the fight between Harry and Ron drawn-out, or rushed?
Can you go into detail the opening scene of Scrimgeour? Do you see his eyes then that shot if him in front of reporters? Is there more dialogue then the ones heard feom Comic con audio?
Can you go into detail about the Nagini attack in Gidric's Hollow?
skype name= kalps.patel
In the official trailer we see three people on brooms chasing a fireball. Is Hedwig on fire or is the motorbike?
Were the completed effects we saw in the trailer (for example Nagini jumping at Harry) in the film?
Does Bellatrix kill Death Eaters after the trio escape from Malfoy Manor? And if so, is Voldemort there? It was saud that we see dead bodies at the Manor?
D'you think Hermione's torture will make some people cry?
Who gets hit by the chandalier in Malfoy Manor?Can you describe the escape scene and Dobby's burial?
Please describe Dobby's burial and Voldemirt/DD
Does Luna appear at the wedding?
Can you give a detailed description of the wedding (before the Patronus)?
Does Krum talk about Grindelwald to Harry when he gets angry at Xeno?
When will this episode show up on iTunes?
Hey guys! I'd really like it if you could talk about how the missing information about the horcruxes (the info that should have been given in HBP) was learned by Harry and company. Thanks!
WAS CHARLIE AT THE WEDDING?? DID THey CAst HIm?? How could they let a weasley die at the end without having THE ENTIRE FAMILY TOGETHER???
Is anyone else disturbed by this????
When is this episode available?
please upload it now!
Here here! Please upload the show! Pleaasee!
Come ooon guys! Put it up already! :wavesarms:
Anytime you're ready, guys…
Does it usually take this long for the podcasts to be uploaded after they are recorded, even live episodes?
I don't know, but it's really getting annoying! Maybe we should organize a protest for making us wait an inordinate amount of time for the freaking show!
Comon guys! (pleading) We're still waiting here! Please put up the show!
Yeah this has been waaay too long of a wait. Especially for a live show. Is there even any editing needed on a live one? hehe.
Yerko, Derek, everyone, just wait! They don't get paid for doing this, and we're lucky they're doing it in the first place! If you're bored, read a book.
Accio PotterCast 225!
Hey dudes! About to put the show up now! Sorry about the wait, had some weird audio issues and had to rely on our group recording from skype, and with having Edward AND frankie AND melissa on the call remotely (usually its just melissa on the call) the quality was reduced significantly. I tried to improve it best I could, and its not bad now.
Anyhow, high hopes that next week will go a lot better. We are going to start recording our own video for each host AND make the whole thing widescreen – I redid the graphics and everything 🙂 It'll be awesome, trust me 🙂
After the return of Ron, does Ron say to Harry if he remembers when Hermione sent the birds to him?
FINALLY! (jumps up and down)
okay, I hate to criticize because i know you guys work really hard on the show, but I have to be honest and say that I concur with Melissa's notion of having Edward on again. I was kinda disappointed because many of the subjects have already been discussed all over the Internet, and presumably that's because these are notable attributes of the film, but I wanted some new stuff, you know? I mean it's 2 and a 1/2 hours of new footage, I HOPae there's more discuss than this!
and when I say HOPae I mean hope*
What if Hedwig is killed by Snape thinking: "Voldemort will know which Potter is real if the owl is flying around him, so to protect him I need to kill the owl."
I can't get the newest podcast from my iPad
Where did they split Part 1 and Part 2??!!
Skype Username: PotterCast
Voicemail #(US): (1.702.42.LEAKY)
In the UK: +020.7193.2872
Address: P.O. Box 090206,
Staten Island, NY 10309
ATTN: The Leaky Cauldron


text:
Stocks further perked up late Tuesday and were on track to end a five-session slide. All three of the major indexes have already recovered all of Monday's losses and then some.
Helped by mining and energy stocks, the S&P 500 surged 1.3%. The Dow Jones industrial average rallied 1.1% and the Nasdaq gained 1%. Volume was running higher across the board in the stock market today.
Masco (MAS) gapped above its 50-day line and surged 11% after the company topped views earlier in the stock market today. Shares cleared a 25.05 buy point from a flat base. Masco makes Behr paints, Delta faucets and showerheads, as well as Denova countertops.
Jazz Pharmaceuticals (JAZZ) rallied nearly 4% to a new high. The stock took out a 191.11 buy point in a flat base. Jazz has cleared several bases since September, but each breakout has not produced big gains.
Becton Dickinson (BDX) rose 2% in fast trade to a four-month high. Shares passed a 149.03 buy point from a cup-with-handle base. The maker of medical supplies and devices will report fiscal Q3 earnings Aug. 6. Analysts polled by Thomson Reuters see profit rising 20% to $2.01 a share. That would snap four quarters of single-digit growth. In March, Becton Dickinson completed its $12.2 billion buyout of CareFusion.
Leaders down in volume were few, but Ellie Mae (ELLI) has trimmed a 6% loss to about 1%. The stock found support at its 50-day line. It nearly returned to a 67.10 buy point from a flat base intraday.
Akamai Technologies (AKAM), Buffalo Wild Wings (BWLD), Citrix Systems (CTXS), Edwards Lifesciences (EW), Gilead Sciences (GILD), Macom (MTSI), Panera Bread (PNRA), Sturm Ruger (RGR), SunPower (SPWR), Twitter (TWTR) and Yelp (YELP) are among the notable companies reporting earnings after the close.


text:
The Nicolet Recreation Department offers the following upcoming programs:
- Parent-Tot Super Sports
- Swim Lessons
- Painting For Toddlers/Gym Time Combo
- Slammers Basketball
- Tennis Lessons
- Ice Skating Lessons
- Open Basketball
- Get Your Book Published
- Chicago, Your Way! Holiday Shopping
- Cooking with Class: Holiday Entertaining in Style
- Intro To LinkedIN
- American Red Cross: Adult CPR & AED
- American Red Cross: Infant/Child CPR
Senior Citizens
- Gentle Flow Yoga with Yoga Fitness
Please visit our website at: http://www.nicolet.k12.wi.us/activities/recreation.cfm or call (414) 351-7566 to register today!
More from Your Stories
- Nicolet Rec. Dept. | Fall Bulletin Registration Info
- Concordia University Wisconsin's Early Childhood Literacy Festival features Grafton author
- Concordia University Wisconsin Computer Science Tech Camp unleashes children's creativity
- Cigar Networkers of Milwaukee Present Smoke on the Water 2!
- Navajo Rug Auction to be Held at the Wisconsin Center
- Volunteer Center - Community Volunteer Opportunities
- Silver Spring Drive Sidewalk Sale-A-Bration to Include 5 Card Studs Friday Evening and a Saturday Afternoon Adventure Zone
- Volunteer Center - Community Volunteer Opportunities
- Mequon resident elected to Girl Scout Board
- Money Saving Tips for Buying a Lake Home


text:
Programs > Brochure
London School of Economics Summer School [SAO]
London, United Kingdom (Outgoing Program)
|Program Terms:
|Click to visit
|Fact Sheet:
|United Kingdom
|Mininum GPA:
|Class Status:
|02-Sophomore, 03-Junior, 04-Senior
|Academic Areas:
|Accounting, English, Finance, International Relations, Law and Justice, Management
|Language of Instruction:
|Program Description:
LSE Summer School is the largest university summer school in the UK, with over 4,000 students attending in 2010. We offer 70 intensively taught 3-week university level courses in Accounting, Finance, Law, Economics, International Relations, Government and Society, and Management. Courses are attended by students and professionals alike.
The Summer School was established in 1989, and has welcomed over 26,000 students from all over the world onto campus. 2010 was our largest programme ever.
We are now offering over 60 courses in
- Accounting & Finance
- Economics
- International Relations, Government and Society
- Law
- Management
Summer School students are invited to be a part of campus life and sample courses taught by LSE's internationally-renowned faculty.
LSE Summer School students have the opportunity to book accommodation in LSE's Halls of Residence, where regular year LSE students live whilst studying. The types of room and facilities available vary depending on the Hall but all are within easy walking distance of campus.
It is only possible to apply for accommodation once a formal offer of a place at the Summer School has been made.


text:
Outraged "Duck Dynasty" fans were no match for Cracker Barrel: Just two days after the restaurant, known for its Southern comfort food and the kitschy gift shops attached to each location, pulled its "Duck Dynasty" products from shelves to avoid offending customers, the products are back in the stores. The company pulled the items after star Phil Robertson's inflammatory comments about homosexuality came to light.
"When we made the decision to remove and evaluate certain 'Duck Dynasty' items, we offended many of our loyal customers. Our intent was to avoid offending, but that's just what we've done," the company wrote on its Facebook page. "You told us we made a mistake. And, you weren't shy about it. You wrote, you called and you took to social media to express your thoughts and feelings. You flat out told us we were wrong. We listened. Today, we are putting all our 'Duck Dynasty' products back in our stores. And, we apologize for offending you."
Cracker Barrel's move comes two days after the lieutenant governor of Louisiana spoke about how important "Duck Dynasty" has been for the state's tourism industry. "Regardless of one's views on Phil Robertson's statements, 'Duck Dynasty' has been an important representation of the state of Louisiana, inspiring prospective visitors and investors since its debut," Lt. Governor Jay Dardenne said in a statement to The Hollywood Reporter.
The show has been so successful that other networks have reportedly offered the show a home should A&E decide to cancel it.


text:
Basque Style Chicken
|Smoked ham/Streaky bacon
|6 Ounce, diced (175 Gram)
|Olive oil
|4 Tablespoon
|Chicken pieces
|4 Large
|4 , sliced
|3 Clove (15 gm), crushed
|Green peppers
|2 , deseeded, diced
|Dried marjoram
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Canned tomatoes/Fresh tomatoes
|14 Ounce (425 Gram)
|Chicken stock
|1⁄2 Pint (300 Milliliter)
|Chopped fresh parsley
|2 Tablespoon (To Garnish)
|To Taste
|To Taste
1. In a sauté pan, fry the diced ham or bacon in the oil such that lightly brown and transfer to a serving plate using a slotted spoon.
2. To the pan add chicken, let it cook such that golden brown and keep aside.
3. To the empty pan add the onions and garlic and cook gently until soft and golden.
4. Then add the peppers and marjoram, cook with cover gently for about 10 minutes and keep aside.
5. To the pan add tomatoes, seasoning and stock (300 ml / 1/2 pint if using fresh tomatoes; 150 ml / 1/4 pint of canned).
6. Add back the chicken and ham and let it simmer with cover for 40-45 minutes, such that the chicken is cooked and tender.
7. Take a serving dish and place the chicken in it.
8. Let the sauce in the pan boil to thicken slightly and pour over the chicken.
9. Sprinkle the chicken with parsley and serve.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size
Calories 495 Calories from Fat 202
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 23 g34.9%
Saturated Fat 4.1 g20.6%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 134 mg44.7%
Sodium 831.3 mg34.6%
Total Carbohydrates 29 g9.7%
Dietary Fiber 6.1 g24.3%
Sugars 9.2 g
Protein 45 g89.7%
Vitamin A 35.2% Vitamin C 157.7%
Calcium 12.5% Iron 26.9%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


text:
Tropical Fish Keeping - Aquarium fish care and resources (http://www.tropicalfishkeeping.com/forum.php)
- Cyprinids and Atherinids (http://www.tropicalfishkeeping.com/cyprinids-atherinids/)
- - Need Your Input (http://www.tropicalfishkeeping.com/cyprinids-atherinids/need-your-input-7072/)
Need Your Input
Approximately one month ago I had a "real disaster" and I will post "the gory details" when I am certain that I know the cause.
I lost 2 Yoyo loaches, 1 Gold Nugget Pleco and 3 Angels (one of which was DD Black, almost 6" and which I had raised from nickel size).
Lupin and I discussed several loaches in chat last night (my time) but I have found these which are "very attractive" to me.
What do yall think about purchasing five of these (assuming that one will be DOA)
Sewellia lineolata.
Please note that I have more than adequate volume in my tank as well as floor space to accommodate them.
They are VERY cool looking. I don't have any knowledge of the species to offer. But I just wanted to say I'm so sorry to hear about the fish you lost that grew up with you. I have had an albino cory catfish for alil over a week and he already looks bigger. Ones that grow with you seem to create more of an attachment. My sympathies and best of luck with that fish of interest.
Just out of curiosity, where would you be ordering this fish from?
Hi Ron.
All types of hillstream loaches including the Sewellia lineolata are best kept in a river setup where powerful currents and extra oxygenation are prominent. There is a tendency they will not feel comfortable from the lack of currents and shortage of oxygen supply. Also, they need algae as their primary diet and it would be appreciated if you have a chance to culture green algae grown on smooth pebbles.:)
I have significant currents along the sides and rear of the tank due to air diffusers.
I have some algae on wood and "a dedicated 'spot' in the rear near the surface" where algae grows.
Do you believe that these conditions would make these loaches "happy"?
Please excuse me but I forgot to ask.
I have 4 Yoyo's left and they seem "plenty happy".
How many of these do I need to purchase for them to be happy?
What I was "trying to ask" and I did not do "a very good job of it" how many Sewellia lineolata do I need to purchase for them to be "happy".
The vendor is
Well I gonna take a stab at this as I have thought about mixing loaches too. My first thought would be which ones get larger. Which ever one it is I would go to a 3:5 ration larger:smaller. This gives them their happy numbers and also makes it so that if the larger thinks it needs a little more territory the smaller ones in the larger groups can defend their territory well enough because of their numbers.
It will be an interesting experiment to see if they get a long or if the yoyo and Hillstreams will get along in mixed groups or if they establish seperate terrtitories in the tank and have border conflicts very often.
Just a suggestion for the river current needed for the hillstreams, why not a piowerhead in one corner so the hillstreams will like s pecific location where the yoyos might not giving a very specific habitat type for each, if they like different types of course.
|All times are GMT -5. The time now is 08:22 AM.
Powered by vBulletin® Version 3.8.8
Copyright ©2000 - 2017, vBulletin Solutions, Inc.
vBulletin Security provided by vBSecurity v2.2.2 (Pro) - vBulletin Mods & Addons Copyright © 2017 DragonByte Technologies Ltd.
User Alert System provided by Advanced User Tagging (Pro) - vBulletin Mods & Addons Copyright © 2017 DragonByte Technologies Ltd.


text:
- devgeniy
- イスラエル, 男性, 41+
- ホステルビギナー
- 1 検討
When staying of 28-29.05.16 we were settled in double bed room with shared bathroom instead of ordered double bed room with private ensuite, without any compensation for difference in the prices.
- 匿名の
- 米国, 男性, 31-40
- ホステルビギナー
- 7 レビュー一覧
Check-in was horrible. Let's just say if you arrive past 8pm make sure they have your room key. I had to book a hotel room for the night. The following day the staff was amazing; returned my $. Hostel had no common room which makes meeting people really hard. No free breakfast but get a 20% discount at local restaurant; rather have free breakfast. Good location, close to many attractions. Safety was ok, better if guest locked gate. Toliet broke last day I was there. I wouldnt stay here again!
Hostelworld モバイルアプリ
Hostelworld モバイル用アプリで外出中でも予約可能です。


text:
Practical Academic Librarianship: The International Journal of the SLA Academic Division https://journals.tdl.org/pal/index.php/pal Peer-reviewed journal for librarians serving academic departments or affiliated institutions including centers, institutes, specialized collections, & special units within or related to academic units SLA: Special Libraries Association en-US Practical Academic Librarianship: The International Journal of the SLA Academic Division 1947-0037 Everything we publish is freely available. In the spirit of encouraging free open access journals, Practical Academic Librarianship applies the Creative Commons Attribution License (CCAL) to all works we publish (read the summary or the full license legal code ). • Authors retain copyright and grant Practical Academic Librarianship right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. • Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. Under the CCAL, authors retain ownership of the copyright for their article, but authors allow anyone to read, download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute, and/or copy articles in PAL, so long as the original authors and source are cited. No permission is required from the authors or the publishers. In most cases, appropriate attribution can be provided by citing the original article in PAL. For any reuse or distribution of a work, you must also make clear the license terms under which the work was published This broad license was developed to facilitate open access to, and free use of, original works of all types. Applying this standard license ensures your right to make your work freely and openly available. By submitting a manuscript for review, author(s) acknowledge first publication rights are granted to PAL. Submission of a manuscript implies that the work described has not been published; that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere; and that its publication has been approved by all coauthors and the responsible authorities at the institute where the work was conducted. As publisher, we are providing a process for your intellectual property to be reviewed by and distributed to your peers. It is the author's responsibility to obtain all necessary permissions for the inclusion of copyrighted materials, such as figures and tables from other publications, and has paid any and all necessary fees. Appropriate credit should be shown in the body of the work. Previously published work will not be considered for publication; we do not accept any simultaneous submissions. Practical Academic Librarianship will, however, accept manuscripts based on presentations made at conferences sponsored by the Special Library Association, at the discretion of the Editor-in-Chief. Trusted Librarian: Corporate Service Models Build Collaborative Academic Partnerships https://journals.tdl.org/pal/index.php/pal/article/view/Note%3A%20final%20title%20of%20this%20manuscript%20is%20Trusted%20Librarian%3A%20Service%20Model%20Offers%20Best%20Practices%20for%20New%20Subject%20Librarians
As we compete in the global market of information providers, libraries can advance by better understanding how corporations conduct business and provide services. According to the principles discussed in Trusted Advisor (Maister, 2000), constituents may value trust more than discipline expertise. Business books often discuss trust-building, which is viewed as a necessity for building professional success. Discipline expertise is a valuable commodity, but librarians who fail to build trust with constituents may struggle to engage them. Trusted Librarian is a best practices piece that identifies successful trust-building techniques that cultivate collaborative partnerships between librarian and constituent.
 Tina Franks 2016-11-07 2016-11-07 6 2 Using Student Volunteers in Library Orientations https://journals.tdl.org/pal/index.php/pal/article/view/7025 Student volunteers can be a valuable resource for library outreach programming. This article details how our library leveraged several registered student organizations (RSOs) to create our freshman orientation video and staff our library open house. Using student volunteers in orientation events helped reduce library anxiety among student participants, engage our freshman audience, and create meaningful connection between library services and campus life. Kathy Christie Anders Elizabeth M. German Stephanie J. Graves 2016-12-16 2016-12-16 6 2


text:
Great news Note fans! It seems that it has been pretty much confirmed that the Galaxy Note 2 will make it's debut on August 29 in Berlin at the Samsung Unpacked Event. Here's a statement from one of their reps:
"We plan to unveil the next Galaxy Note at the Samsung Mobile Unpacked event in Berlin on August 29."
The means that in a matter of weeks, we'll have a glimpse of my, I mean our next phone. The rumours about this device have been going around and around for quite some time now.
Speculations are a 5.5″ screen (possibly Super AMOLED plus), Quad-Core Exynos with LTE support, crazy 12-13 MP camera. Maybe more RAM, maybe some Jelly Bean.
Nobody knows for sure quite yet but we'll know soon enough. My only real hope is that they release one single version for the world and none of this "North America can have this one, and the rest of the world can have the better one." I know this isn't Samsung's fault, but it bugs me that many of their devices were watered down.


text:
CURL (maybe)
This project was awarded to php4world for £180 GBP.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project Budget£20 - £250 GBP
Total Bids18
Project Description
We need a button, which opens a new window, logs into a website, submits a search query, and leaves window open showing the search results.
needs done today if possible.
Awarded to:
Skills Required
Looking to make some money?
- Set your budget and the timeframe
- Outline your proposal
- Get paid for your work
Hire Freelancers who also bid on this project
Looking for work?
Work on projects like this and make money from home!Sign Up Now
- Forbes
- The New York Times
- Time
- Wall Street Journal
- Times Online


text: PRX The Spot: Work on the Waterfront By Ashleyanne Krigbaum • Nov 5, 2015 Lu Olkowski This week on KALW's showcase for the best stories from public radio podcasts and independent radio producers... Listen Listening... / 28:30 The Spot: From the lab to your earbuds By Ashleyanne Krigbaum • Aug 6, 2015 This week on KALW's showcase for the best stories from public radio podcasts and independent radio producers... Listen Listening... / 29:01 Monday at 7pm: "We'll Be Here All Night: Stories for Passover" By Matt Martin • Apr 6, 2015 The special features funny, poignant, and thought-provoking stories and conversations that touch on the plagues, on slavery, on food, on the act of story-telling and more, and are meant to appeal to people of all religious (and non-religious) backgrounds. Hosted by Sara Ivry and Jonathan Goldstein (WireTap, This American Life), the show's contributors include Israeli writer Etgar Keret, DC food historian Michael Twitty, and radio producers Sally Herships, Debbie Nathan. From Tablet Magazine's podcast Vox Tablet and PRX. Reveal: Investigative Reporting from CIR and PRX By Matt Martin • Jul 2, 2014 Reveal 3, the latest pilot from the Peabody Award-winning program produced by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX. In this episode: an investigation into accidents and equipment failures in the military; a collaborative investigation into US water standards; and another in CIR's series of investigations into the treatment of military veterans. Friday, July 4th at 11am and Monday, July 7th at 7pm. The Spot 3.20.14 When You're Lonely, Life is Very Long By Matt Martin • Mar 20, 2014 Theory of Everything: When You're Lonely, Life is Very Long. After moving to New York, writer Olivia Laing discovered the truth about loneliness. She says it is a gift. Eric Klinenberg explains why more and more people are choosing to live alone and why cities like New York must invest in housing stock that singletons actually want to live in, the type of housing they have in Scandinavian countries.


text:
AP TET Entrance Rank Results 2016Entrance Rank Result 2016, AP TET Entrance Rank Cut Of Marks 2016 , AP TET Entrance Rank Result Online Check 2016 , AP TET Entrance Rank Result Date 2016 , AP TET Entrance Rank Selection List 2016, AP TET Entrance Rank Final Result 2016
AP TET Entrance Rank Cut Of Marks 2016
A few days before the ad was AP TET Entrance Rank exam. The information was given by the gktricks. The test results are reported to have also. Results in PDF files you download the file and see the result.To see the result of Entrance Rank roll number to use. Birth of date to see the results of which can also be used. Roll number is not known, you Download Admit Card. . Read this post for result of AP TET . You have come here for Entrance Rank results . You see results below to visit official website .
12th Pass Jobs In This Month - Click Here
Watch Your Result Here
AP TET Results 2016 - 2017About Organization - AP TET took exam a few days ago . examination timetable and syllabus we have already told you .Entrance Rank exam is topper list uploaded on official website. Entrance Rank Admit Card for examination, in our old posts to search. Search Box is going to show up.
Result date - Result has been declared today. Click below to see results. Result seen through roll number. You can also use registration number and date of Birth to see results. result has been declared today on august 2016. you have to download admit card from official website.
Latest Result Announced - Click Here
About Gktricks.in website - it is a private website. It does not declare any results. "Gktricks.in" that information is useful links.Through which you can see your results.
Watch Result Here - (Via Official Link)
How To Check Result Online (Full Method) - Click Here
If You Are Not Happy With Your Result, Watch Below Jobs
Watch Your Result Here


text:
The Horse Forum (http://www.horseforum.com/forumindex.php)
- Horse Shows (/horse-shows/)
- - FFA horse show (http://www.horseforum.com/horse-shows/ffa-horse-show-142968/)
FFA horse show
I have an FFA horsemanship contest coming up next week and it's run like an IHSA show where you draw a horse and go right in and ride. I'm doing hunt seat; could you give me some tips on this kind of show?
Posted via Mobile Device
Basically, pay attention to the classes, do your pattern over and over and over on foot. Have everything ready. Ride the horse EXACTLY how they tell you the horse should be riden.
Posted via Mobile Device
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 09:22 PM.
Powered by vBulletin® Version 3.8.8
Copyright ©2000 - 2017, vBulletin Solutions, Inc.
vBulletin Security provided by vBSecurity v2.2.2 (Pro) - vBulletin Mods & Addons Copyright © 2017 DragonByte Technologies Ltd.
User Alert System provided by Advanced User Tagging (Pro) - vBulletin Mods & Addons Copyright © 2017 DragonByte Technologies Ltd.


text:
News By Tag
* Institute for Ethical Leadership
* Rutgers Business School
* Tyco
* Ethics
* Business Ethics
* Ethical Leadership
* Leadership
* More Tags...
Industry News
News By Place
Industry News
Tyco International Executives to Speak at Speakers Series November 14
Tyco International Executives to Speak at Rutgers Institute for Ethical Leadership Speakers Series November 14 - The Tyco Story: Past, Present & Future - How to Recover from Unethical Management Behavior
"The new management team at Tyco has demonstrated its unwavering commitment to compliance and business ethics, not only through statements evidencing a strong Tone at the Top, but also through tough, visible actions that carry more impact than words," said Matthew Tanzer, vice president and chief compliance counsel at Tyco. "Under the new leadership, Tyco has walked away from profitable business that could not be obtained ethically, closed or sold operations that presented too great a compliance risk, and removed employees who failed to behave in accordance with Tyco's strict and unwavering values."
Tyco Executives will take participants through approaches to address and promote a culture of ethics and integrity in a complex and ever changing world. "The role of business leaders and executives has changed, expanded and grown dramatically more complex over the years," said Alex J. Plinio, co-founder of the IEL. "We are excited to welcome three business leaders who work each day in that complex environment. They will share the Tyco Story, the difficult past, the much improved present and plans for the future. Through our Institute corporate partnerships and the deep commitment from distinguished ethics and compliance leaders in business like Tyco, we continue to open a dialouge addressing difficult business challenges while positively influencing leaders of today and of the future." The event's objectives include: learning about Tyco's past experience with unethical management behavior; learning how to handle and recover from a crisis situation; the importance of training and educating associates; and how to build and sustain an ethical organization culture.
The event will take place at the Rutgers Business School, 1 Washington Park, Newark, New Jersey, 9:30 am until 12:00 pm. In the past, the IEL has presented Speaker Series events on "Giving Voice to Values" and "Bribery & Corruption in the Global Economy—Mitigating Risk through Effective Corporate Leadership & Culture". These events featured well-renowned speakers in the field of ethical leadership.
About November 14th's Featured Speakers:
Matthew O. Tanzer, Vice President and Compliance Chief Counsel
Tanzer has directed Tyco's global compliance programs since 2006, during which time the company has dramatically improved its reputation for ethical business practices. He and his team work closely with Tyco's senior management and Board of Directors to promote a culture of ethics and integrity globally, as well as provide legal advice, counseling, education and business support to Tyco's varied businesses.
John S. Jenkins, Jr., Corporate Secretary and International General Counsel
Jenkins has been with Tyco since early 2003, just after its reputational crisis began. He joined the company after representing the conglomerate as outside counsel while working as a commercial litigator at McGuire Woods. He has witnessed a dramatic transformation at Tyco, following a series of bold changes designed to restore the company's reputation as a highly respected corporate entity.
Dennis Lynch, Vice President, Chief Litigation Counsel
Lynch is responsible for managing all of Tyco's litigation worldwide. In 2004, he joined Tyco as chief litigation counsel for its Fire and Security segment. Previously, Mr. Lynch was assistant general counsel at Unisys Corporation and in private practice with a leading Philadelphia law firm.
# # #
The Institute for Ethical Leadership at Rutgers Business School works with business and government entities, nonprofit and philanthropic organizations, and within the University to provide leaders and future leaders with the education, training and critical-thinking tools needed to become more effective leaders and managers and make ethical decisions for real-world challenges.
Tyco International Ltd. is a diversified, global company that provides security products and services, fire protection and detection products and services, valves and controls, and other industrial products to customers around the world.
Account Email Address Account Phone Number Disclaimer Report Abuse