text:
How To Make A Crocodile Cry
"No more zoo?" Roderick looked close to tears. "But I like it here! Where would I go? I've been here since I was a cub!" And with each worried statement the big old Grizzly got more animated and grizzly about what it would mean if the zoo closed. It appeared that the tough old bear was actually a bit of a baby or more correctly a cub. So much so that Lilly had to coax him out of view of the crowd, firstly to save his dignity, but also to comfort and calm him down. If there is one job a teddy can do well, it is comfort a crying child…..or bear. Though she didn't much appreciate the bear hug Roderick gave her, it was worth the squeeze to get him out of his self-centred sulk and talking about what the monkeys were doing. "There, there," said Lilly as she broke free from the hug and stroked Roderick's nose reassuringly. "How are the monkeys getting the crocodile tears?" Roderick sniffed and began to explain.
"It's at night just after the keepers go home. The monkeys have a way out. I see them slipping under the fence and out through the hole they keep hidden in the netting. Giggling! They are always giggling! Those monkeys never stop giggling and messing about!" Roderick let out a big huff. He was clearly unimpressed by the monkey's behaviour. Lilly stroked a little more and encouraged Roderick to keep talking. "Go on, and then what happens next?" "They head down to the ostriches, whispering and fooling around like a bunch of kids on a hike, where they sneak up on one of the dozing birds and pluck its plumage. They're after the longest feathers they can find, and once plucked, run off towards the crocodile pit leaving the ostrich to run around startled from her sleep, squawking mad and spitting feathers! Poor old Beth barely has any tail feathers left at all." Lilly gave Roderick a kind smile; it was obvious that the big Grizzly was a big old softy really. It was also becoming obvious how the monkeys could make a crocodile cry. Roderick returned a worried smile and continued. "One of these days Rex is going to be too quick for those monkeys. Then they will be sorry!" "Rex is a crocodile right, Rex because he's a reptile I guess?" Lilly enquired. Roderick nodded. "Stupid monkeys don't know how dangerous he is. One of them stands by the pool and rudely wiggles its bottom at Rex to entice him out of the water, and as soon as he's out, the others attack with the long feathers and start to tickle. Man that Rex likes to be tickled. At first! Silly old croco' even rolls on his back. Well, that's when the real tickling begins. All those monkeys tickling him under his chin, armpits and belly. You know what it's like when you're tickled that much, more than you can take, when you can barely breathe for laughing. That's when you begin to cry, tears of uncontrollable laughter, it's then that those pesky monkeys steal his tears."
Lilly thought a little about what Roderick had told her, but there were still a couple of unanswered question. What did the monkeys do with the tears and how were the children becoming infected? Neither question could Roderick answer. Lilly would have to go elsewhere for those answers. She figured that the best animals to ask these questions of would be the ones doing the stealing. With Roderick having told all he knew Lilly knew it was time to move on. She gave Roderick one last big teddy bear hug, reassuring him that she would stop the monkey's tomfoolery and make sure the zoo did not close. She then turned away to climb back down the pile of rocks; shimmy up a small tree and down back over the wall. The next stop the Monkey House!
© Copyright 2017 dibbledabble. All rights reserved.
Status: Finished
Genre: Children Stories
Dibs, another winning chapter; I've sent you an e-mail!
Ahh, your imagination is going into overdrive. Very interesting and creative. This story is becoming endearing and oh so cute. I love the imagery. Just goes to show you there is plenty of 'KID' left in some of us.
Book / Romance
Book / Fantasy
Book / Children Stories
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|Pinaki Poddar <ppod...@apache.org>
|Re: [DISCUSS] Drop build support for Java 5?
|Fri, 27 Mar 2009 21:40:01 GMT
my $0.017 cents (because economy is not in good shape) 1. We should not pull the plug of JDK5 with a jerk, but slowly. Let us investigate whether we can support the scenario where a) we compile OpenJPA with Java 6 compiler b) but the application compiles with Java 5 compiler and runs in JRE 5 runtime. Such a scenario will provide us forward movement without causing inconvenience to existing users who may have valid reasons of not upgrading to Java 6 in immediate future but like to use JPA 2.0 features. 2. The adventurous ones who venture into canonical meta-model generation with JPA 2.0 annotation processing and shiny/fancy stuff like that, will likely to be in Java 6 already (if not Java 7) and, if not, they must make Common Annotation JSR libraries available to the compiler. But we should not expand our effort to support such functionality on the basis of com.sun.mirror API and/or apt command-line tool. 3. If the above appears to be a worthwhile target scenario to support, then the dynamic class construction approach perhaps can prove useful than hand-coding JDBC 4 dependency. 4. We take a decision regarding these aspects by mid-April and announce it to be effective from, say, mid-June. I am not keen on exact duration of the prior notice but 2 months looked to be reasonable. On Fri, Mar 27, 2009 at 9:56 AM, Donald Woods <email@example.com> wrote: > Why do we need to support Java 5 users with OpenJPA 2.0? > If someone wants to continue using Java 5 after it's end-of-service date > this year, then they can continue using one of the 1.0.x/1.1.x/1.2.x/1.3.x > branches.... > > Don't see why we need to bend over backwards for Java 5, consider the JPA2 > Spec is part of the JEE6 Spec, which requires Java 6 or later. Fair point, Donald. I was just thinking that since a JPA provider is not necessarily tied to the container, there may be some environments where "JPA as a utility" needs to be usable with Java 5. But, as you point out, then maybe we should just point to previous releases. I could be convinced... :-) Kevin > > > -Donald > > > > Kevin Sutter wrote: > >> Are there any concerns with building with Java 6 and running in a Java 5 >> environment? Will this just "work" out of the box? Or, do we need to >> build >> with the -target option to be compatible with Java 5? Or, do we need to >> produce both versions? We still need to support the Java 5 runtime >> environment, even if we build with Java 6. >> >> Kevin >> >> On Thu, Mar 26, 2009 at 2:17 PM, Jeremy Bauer <email@example.com> >> wrote: >> >> +1 for pulling the plug on Java 5 in trunk. We are on a major release >>> boundary with 2.0, so now would be the time to do it. >>> >>> Moving to Java 6: (good) >>> - Meets JPA 2.0 JSE 6 annotation processing requirement >>> - Fewer Java versions to support (and less confusion regarding build vs. >>> runtime Java version requirements) >>> - The ability to naturally (no version checks, reflection, etc.) use new >>> Java 6 features such as JDBC 4 >>> >>> Continue providing compile support for Java 5: (bad) >>> - Additional requirement of making sure OpenJPA builds on both versions >>> of >>> Java >>> - Inability to easily use new Java 6 features without version checks and >>> such >>> - Multiple code paths to maintain for version specific code >>> >>> I agree that if we pull the plug on Java 5, there should be some sort of >>> announce & time period that gives folks ample time to prepare. One or >>> two >>> months seems reasonable. >>> >>> -Jeremy >>> >>> On Thu, Mar 26, 2009 at 10:01 AM, Kevin Sutter <firstname.lastname@example.com> >>> wrote: >>> >>> Per the discussion with OPENJPA-5 [1], the question of continuing >>>> support >>>> of >>>> building with Java 5 has been brought up. Due to the annotation >>>> >>> processing >>> >>>> that will be required for JPA 2.0, the use of Java 6 will become a >>>> requirement for trunk. But, do we have to continue to support building >>>> with >>>> Java 5. Pinaki has recently committed changes to allow building with >>>> either >>>> Java 5 or Java 6, but these changes will affect our code path as it >>>> >>> relates >>> >>>> to connection processing. So, should we bite the bullet and pull the >>>> >>> plug >>> >>>> on Java 5 from a build perspective? This would be for trunk (JPA 2.0) >>>> >>> only >>> >>>> and beyond. >>>> >>>> Comments, suggestions, complaints are all welcome. >>>> >>>> Thanks, >>>> Kevin >>>> >>>> [1] https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/OPENJPA-5 >>>> >>>> >> ----- Pinaki Poddar http://ppoddar.blogspot.com/ http://www.linkedin.com/in/pinakipoddar OpenJPA PMC Member/Committer JPA Expert Group Member -- View this message in context: http://n2.nabble.com/-DISCUSS--Drop-build-support-for-Java-5--tp2539470p2546798.html Sent from the OpenJPA Developers mailing list archive at Nabble.com.
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text: education Charter Schools: Getting Parent Buy-In For A New Alternative In Baton Rouge By Amy Jeffries • Aug 19, 2015 Amy Jeffries / Southern Education Desk The big push for charter schools in Louisiana started after Hurricane Katrina. The state's Recovery School District took over most of the public schools in New Orleans, and quickly issued charters. With charter school enrollment up to nearly 3 million nationwide last year, Louisiana was still among the states adding the most students. Charter Schools: Lessons From New Orleans By Mallory Falk • Aug 18, 2015 Mallory Falk / WWNO Charter schools are changing American education. Some say for the better, some say for the worse. This week the Southern Education Desk looks at the charter school movement throughout the south: the similarities and differences between states, and a glimpse at what's ahead. The series starts in New Orleans, the testing ground for the charter movement. Nearly all the city's public schools have been converted into charters: publicly funded, but privately run. Since then, a major lesson has emerged. New Orleans Schools, 10 Years After Katrina: Beacon Or Warning? By Anya Kamenetz • Aug 15, 2015 On Sept. 15, 2005, two weeks after Katrina and the levee breaches, I drove with my parents into New Orleans. It was my 25th birthday. We used my press pass from The Village Voice to get past a military checkpoint so we could assess the damage to their home near Tulane University. It turned out to be minimal: a few slate tiles off the roof, tree limbs downed, a putrid refrigerator full of rotting food to drag to the curb. Katrina kid: Growing up after the flood By David Brancaccio and Katie Long • Aug 14, 2015 David Brancaccio and Katie Long It's been 10 years since Hurricane Katrina and the flood-of-floods struck New Orleans. In the following decade, the city has transformed it public schools, housing, and business community. Marketplace Morning Report host David Brancaccio traveled to the city to explore what these vast changes mean for New Orleans and the country. Creating A Louisiana Core: Education Standards Under Review By Bob Lenox • Aug 13, 2015 Summer vacation is gone and family conversations have turned to talk of the new school year. Seated in the living room of their home in Sterlington, Katie hears what her children look forward to heading back to class. 12-year-old Matthew is ready to catch up with friends. "I'm looking forward to new classes, meeting some new friends," he says. Charting New Orleans' charter school experiment By David Brancaccio and Katie Long • Aug 13, 2015 David Brancaccio and Katie Long It's been 10-years since Hurricane Katrina and the flood-of-floods struck New Orleans. In the following decade, the city has transformed it public schools, housing, and business community. Marketplace Morning Report host David Brancaccio traveled to the city to explore what these vast changes mean for New Orleans and the country. New Report Finds Student Performance Has Improved Since Katrina By Mallory Falk • Aug 4, 2015 Student performance has improved in the years since Hurricane Katrina, according to researchers at Tulane University. The Education Research Alliance released new findings on Tuesday. The report looks at student performance on state tests. It finds a typical student's scores rose 8 to 15 points. Parents Share Perspectives On New Orleans Schools By Mallory Falk • Jul 24, 2015 Mallory Falk / WWNO As the 10th anniversary of Katrina approaches, many school leaders and policymakers are weighing in on New Orleans' education system. But what about families? At a recent panel, parents took to the stage to reflect on the past 10 years. Eight parents were featured speakers on the panel. They talked about enrollment, governance and accountability. UNO Hosts Cybersecurity Summer Camp For Teachers By Janaya Williams • Jul 22, 2015 UNO Tuesday was the first day of summer camp at the University of New Orleans, but there will be no letters home to Mom and Dad — this one is a summer camp for teachers. It is the second year of the GenCyber program. Articles Follow One Student's Journey To Graduation, One School's Dispute Between Board And State By Mallory Falk • Jul 20, 2015 As the 10th anniversary of Katrina approaches, many reporters are looking at post storm progress through the lens of New Orleans' education system. Two recent articles in particular caught WWNO education reporter Mallory Falk's eye. Falk spoke to Danielle Dreilinger of NOLA.com | The Times-Picayune and Emmanuel Felton, a staff writer for The Hechinger Report, about their recent looks into discipline and corruption in New Orleans schools. Pages« first ‹ previous … 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 … next › last »


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Despite many new medications and technologies to improve diabetes self-management and glycemic control (blood glucose [BG] levels), disability and premature mortality from chronic diabetes complications remain common, highlighting the gap between treatment advances and robust patient uptake. Non-adherence to prescribed diabetes treatment contributes significantly to this gap, especially in the vulnerable population o mid to older teens with type 1 diabetes (T1D) who are emerging from their parents'care and becoming more independent in their own self-care. During this developmental period, glycemic control often deteriorates as adherence to BG monitoring declines. Longitudinal studies reveal that non-adherence in late adolescence is a risk factor for poor glycemic control, multiple physical and psychiatric comorbidities, and premature mortality. The primary aim of the proposed project is to improve glycemic control, measured as hemoglobin A1c (A1c) (an index of average BG levels over the previous 2-3 months), by motivating self-care behaviors in mid to older teens with T1D, ages 14-17 years old. Given the complex and often intractable nature of non- adherence in adolescence, this application proposes to design, implement, and evaluate multi-faceted interventions aimed at increasing adherence, particularly to BG monitoring, and improving glycemic control. These interventions include: (1) a behavioral Teen work (TW) intervention targeting BG monitoring and diabetes self-management through increased self-efficacy, (2) automated 2-way text message reminders to check BG levels (TX), or (3) both (TW/TX). The proposed project extends our Family Teamwork intervention, previously validated in school-age children and young teens with T1D, by tailoring it to mid to older teens with T1D, and also builds on our pilot work of 2-way text message reminders to increase BG monitoring frequency. The Teen work intervention is focused on self-care behaviors and is integrated into the teen's regular quarterly diabetes clinic visits. Grounded in social cognitive theory, this multiple-PI R01 randomized controlled clinical trial will be implemented at 2 large diabetes clinical sites. We propose a 2x2 factorial design in which 300 mid to older teens with T1D duration of e1 year and A1c levels of 7-13% will be randomized to 1 of 4 groups: TW, TX, TW/TX, or Standard Care (SC). In this 2-year study, the primary outcome will be change in A1c from baseline to 12 months across the 4 groups, as well as from 12 to 24 months. To ensure recruitment and retention of this at-risk population, the SC group will cross-over to TW/TX at 12 months. The TW, TX, and TW/TX groups will continue to receive their respective interventions in months 12-24 to assess durability. We will assess BG monitoring frequency and A1C, as well as other measures for mode rational and meditational analyses. Data will be collected on costs of the interventions and any adverse outcomes to assess if the interventions enhance adherence to BG monitoring and improve A1c cost-effectively in mid to older teens with T1D as they prepare to transition to young adulthood and diabetes self-care.
Increasing numbers of youth are developing type 1 diabetes, placing those affected at risk for vision loss, kidney failure, heart disease, and premature mortality as young and middle-aged adults due to the challenges of achieving optimal blood glucose control, especially during adolescence. Mid to older teens with type 1 diabetes are a particularly high-risk population as their glycolic control (blood glucose levels) often deteriorats as they prepare to transition from their parents'care to more independent diabetes self-care and to transition from pediatric to adult health care systems. This project will implement and evaluate a behavioral intervention called Teen work, with or without the addition of text message reminders to check blood glucose levels, in mid to older teens with type 1 diabetes in order to increase adherence to blood glucose monitoring, improve glycolic control, and prepare these youth for optimal independent self-care, thereby reducing both the personal burdens and high public health care costs of diabetes.
|Markowitz, Jessica T; Harrington, Kara R; Laffel, Lori M B (2013) Technology to optimize pediatric diabetes management and outcomes. Curr Diab Rep 13:877-85


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Albert Namatjira
In this week's program, a special portrait of Albert Namatjira, one of Australia's best-loved watercolour artists. Namatjira painted the country he loved in Central Australia, and taught many of his family and kinsmen in the techniques of watercolour, thereby founding a significant school of Aboriginal painting. Since his death forty years ago, Albert's legacy to Australian art has been a controversial one - invoking the memory of racist treatment and the question marks over his apparently European style. Producer Donna McLachlan travelled to his home town of Hermannsberg and nearby Alice Springs, to speak with those who remember him, including his grand-daughter Elaine, who continues to paint in his tradition today.
(This program was originally broadcast in September 1999)


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Everyday Pancakes
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|1 Teaspoon
|3 Tablespoon, melted
|3 Large, beaten
|1 1⁄2 Cup (24 tbs)
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
Add salt, sugar and butter to eggs.
Then add milk.
Blend into flour slowly.
Fry the pancakes in a heavy 7-8-inch skillet, browning one side only in butter.
Put pancakes on wax paper with the cooked side up.
Place stuffing in center, folding sides in.
Then fold top and bottom in as with an envelope.
Return stuffed pancake to frying pan, brown on all exposed sides.
For each helping serve 1 cup hot broth, reserved from cooking of brisket, and cranberry sauce.
This can also be served cold.
These pancakes, similar to crepes, are often served in Latvia lor the main Sunday meal because they can be prepared in advance.
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size: Complete recipe
Calories 1215 Calories from Fat 564
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 64 g97.9%
Saturated Fat 34.3 g171.4%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 765.1 mg255%
Sodium 1322 mg55.1%
Total Carbohydrates 119 g39.8%
Dietary Fiber 3.4 g13.5%
Sugars 24.3 g
Protein 43 g86.2%
Vitamin A 44% Vitamin C
Calcium 49.3% Iron 48.1%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


text: A hands-off, high-performance printing machine, the Bravo SE-3 prints up to 20 discs at once! It can print unique individual discs or produce twenty copies of the same one. The AutoPrinter produces high quality, full color discs with its integrated 4800 dpi inkjet printing. Designed to be portable, the AutoPrinter is easy to move and fits well on most desks. It comes with a free color ink cartridge and a one year warranty on parts and labor; Optional extended warranties are also available.


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Researcher to work with smart irrigation technologies
News Release Distributed on 05/22/14
BOSSIER CITY, La. – Stacia Davis has been hired as an assistant professor of irrigation engineering at the LSU AgCenter Red River Research Station in Bossier City. She is part of a recently formed team that helps Louisiana producers manage irrigation systems and maintain good water quality.
Davis, who recently graduated from the University of Florida with a doctorate in agricultural and biological engineering, will work with smart irrigation technologies that help farmers and homeowners decide when to apply water and how much.
It is important to promote these tools in Louisiana, she said, where many producers use row irrigation – an inefficient method that causes much of the water to end up in ditches and not on plants.
Devices such as evaporation and transpiration, or ET, controllers and soil-moisture sensors allow farmers to measure how much water they use, determine if it is efficient and schedule applications based on plants' needs. Homeowners can use a residential version of these sensors and controllers to efficiently water gardens and lawns.
Davis said sensors are becoming increasingly popular and are the focus of much irrigation research today. These technologies are useful in growing all types of crops, which is good because water efficiency is an important issue that is affecting agriculture across the board, she said.
"We have a lot of water-quality problems in Louisiana, and this will help," Davis said. "Farmers apply fertilizers and pesticides to their crops, and if they don't manage their water properly, it runs off into the water supply. We also have to make sure these technologies are economically viable for producers."
In addition to Davis, the water resource team at Red River includes an economist, an agronomist and a water quality expert.
Olivia McClure is a student worker in AgCenter Communications
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- Sustainable practices highlight irrigation workshop
- LSU AgCenter, College of Engineering partner for water research, outreach
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- Soybean board awards AgCenter $1,873,000 for 2015 study projects
- AgCenter taskforce strives to improve water management
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Weather Change - Sma Glen
Ex #32 Got new filters yesterday, so hopefully I won't have to overwork shots like these anymore.
For those that wonder. I don't spend all my time out and about taking pics. I just have a wee bit of flexitime in my work, so sometimes I can choose to go out when I want. This was taken at the side of the road while on my way to Crieff. It was ten miles out of the way and it took me an extra two hours to get there, but...
It looks a lot better large on black Here. The original had so much detail I had to clone out the power lines going to the house.
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Taken on November 9, 2009


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Barzio-Piani di Bobbio, Lecco, Italia
In Valsassina, Piani di Bobbio in Val Brembana are a unique area nearest Milan. The Area is able to offer you endless possibilities to experience winter sports, nature, the taste of authentic cuisine and the mountains and represents the mountains for everyone: beginners who want to take their first steps on the snow, enthusiasts who want to spend a day on the slopes a short drive from Milan, families and groups of friends who take time out for fun and relaxation in the snow.
- Operational from December 2015
- Main season from December to april
- Solution is in English and Norwegian
Skiperformance products:
See the online skipass solution here: www.pianidibobbio.com/


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A Massachusetts system's plan to assign failing eighth-graders to a special school meant to better prepare them for high school has been canceled amid public opposition, and is slated for more analysis and review. "To warehouse these individuals would be a travesty, and a recipe for failure," said city council President Bud L. Williams. "I think you'll see the dropout rate increase."
Full Story:The Republican (Springfield, Mass.)


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Wednesday, January 01, 2020
The emphasis on this blog, however, is mainly critical of neoclassical and mainstream economics. I have been alternating numerical counter-examples with less mathematical posts. In any case, I have been documenting demonstrations of errors in mainstream economics. My chief inspiration here is the Cambridge-Italian economist Piero Sraffa.
In general, this blog is abstract, and I think I steer clear of commenting on practical politics of the day.
I've also started posting recipes for my own purposes. When I just follow a recipe in a cookbook, I'll only post a reminder that I like the recipe.
Comments Policy: I'm quite lax on enforcing any comments policy. I prefer those who post as anonymous (that is, without logging in) to sign their posts at least with a pseudonym. This will make conversations easier to conduct.
Thursday, February 09, 2017
A Reswitching Example in a Model of Oligopoly
|The Roots of a Cubic Polynomial Defining Switch Points
I have a draft paper up at SSRN. The abstract:
This paper illustrates, through a numerical example of reswitching under oligopoly, the existence of implications from the Cambridge Capital Controversy for the theory of industrial organization. Oligopoly is modeled by given and persistent ratios in rates of profits among industries, as expressed in a system of equations for prices of production. The numerical example illustrates that this model of oligopoly is a pertubation of free competition. Some comparisons and contrasts are drawn to a model of free competition.
In some sense, this paper shows a somewhat more comprehensive description of value through exogenous distribution than in Sraffa's book. The model can depict capitalists as squabbling over the division of the surplus that their class gets, as well as their struggle against the workers. I'd like to see an example of reswitching or capital reversing in this model, with all (price and real) Wicksell effects as negative in the example in the special case of free competition. I do not see why one cannot arise. Such an example would suggest that "perverse" examples can obtain empirically, even if they are not found in an analysis that presumes one common rate of profits among all industries.
The graph at the top of this post does not appear in the paper. In the model, the ratios of rates of profits among industries are given parameters. A cubic polynomial is defined for a given set of such ratios. Non-negative, real zeroes of that polynomial below a certain maximum define a scale factor for switch points. The location of the zeros varies with the ratios. I happen to be able to solve for the zeros. They are shown in the graph above.
Monday, January 23, 2017
Festschrifts for Sraffians
We are on, maybe, the third generations of Sraffians. An annoyance and a delight of publicly taking up a topic is that one must continually read advances, whether large or small, in your topic. I've read some festschrifts over the last several decades:
- Competing Economic Theories: Essays in memory of Giovanni Carvale, edited by Serio Nisticó and Domenico Tosato.
- Value, Distribution and Capital: Essays in honour of Pierangelo Garegnani, edited by Gary Mongiovi and Fabio Petri.
- Economic Theory and Economic Thought: Essays in Honour of Ian Steedman, edited by John Vint, J. Stanley Metcalfe, Heinz D. Kurz, Neri Salvadori, and Paul A. Samuelson.
I'm aware of some I have not read:
- Social Fairness and Economics: Essays in the spirit of Duncan Foley, edited by Lance Taylor, Armon Rezai, and Thomas Michl.
- Keynes, Sraffa and the Criticism of Neoclassical Theory: Essays in honour of Heinz Kurz, edited by Neri Salvadori and Christian Gehrke.
- Classical Political Economy and Modern Theory: Essays in honour of Heinz Kurz, edited by Christian Gehrke, Neri Salvadori, Ian Steedman and Richard Sturn.
- Economic Theory and its History, edited by Guiseppe Freni, Heinz D. Kurz, Andrea Mario Lavezzi, and Rudolfo Signorino. (This apparently is a celebration of Neri Salvadori's work.)
- Production, Distribution and Trade: Essays in honour of Sergio Parrinello, edited by Adriano Birolo, Duncan K. Foley, Heinz D. Kurz, Bertram Schefold and Ian Steedman
- The Evolution of Economic Theory: Essays in honour of Bertram Schefold, edited by Volker Caspari.
This post provides another demonstration that at least one school of heterodox economists looks, from the outside, like any other group of academics with common research interests. I have posted about Post Keynesianism in this respect. Likewise, I once listed textbooks.
Monday, January 16, 2017
A Story Of Technical Innovation
|Figure 1: The Choice of Technique in a Model with Four Techniques
I often present examples of the choice of technique as an internal critique of neoclassical economics. The example in this post, however, is closer to how I think techniques evolve in actually existing capitalist economies. Managers of firms know a limited number of processes in each industry, sometimes only the one in use. Accounting techniques specify a set of prices. An innovation provides a new process in a given industry. The first firm to adopt that process may obtain supernormal profits, whatever the wage or normal rate of profits. Other firms will strive to move into the industry with supernormal profits and to use the new process. Prices associated with the new technique result in the wage-rate of profits frontier being moved outward, perhaps along its full extent.
This example was introduced by Fujimoto (1983). I know it most recently from problem 22 in Woods (1990: p. 126). It is also a problem in Kurz and Salvadori (1995). Fujimoto probably labels it a curiosum because of details more specific than the above overview of how Sraffians might treat technical change.2.0 Technology
This example is a two-commodity model, in which both commodities, called iron and corn, are basic. Suppose iron is used exclusively as a capital good, and corn is used for both consumption and as a capital good. Consider the processes shown in Table 1. Each process exhibits Constant Returns to Scale. The coefficients in each column show required inputs, per unit output, in each industry for each process. Each process requires a year to complete, and outputs become available at the end of the year. This is a circulating capital model. All commodity inputs are totally used up in the year by providing their services during the course of the year.
For this economy to be reproduced, both iron and corn must be (re)produced. A technique consists of an iron-producing and a corn-producing process. Table 2 lists the four techniques that can be formed from the processes listed in Table 1. In this example, not all processes or techniques are known at the start of the dynamic process under consideration.
|a, c
|a, d
|b, c
|b, d
3.0 Price Systems
A system of prices of production characterize smooth reproduction with a given technique. Suppose a unit of corn is the numeraire. Let w be the wage, r be the (normal) rate of profits, and p be the price of a unit of iron. Suppose labor is advanced, and wages are paid out of the surplus. If the Alpha technique is in use, prices of production satisfy the following system of two equations in three unknowns:
(2/5)(1 + r) + (1/2) w = p
(2/5) p (1 + r) + (1/2) w = 1
A non-negative price of iron and wage can be found for all rates of profit between zero and a maximum associated with the technique. Figure 1 illustrates one way of depicting this single degree of freedom, for each technique.4.0 Innovations
I use the above model to tell a story of technological progress. Suppose at the start, managers of firms only know one process for producing iron and one process for producing corn. Let these be the processes comprising the Alpha technique. In this story, the rate of profits is exogenous, at a level below the rate of profits associated with the switch point between the Gamma and Delta technique, not that that switch point is relevant at the start of this story.
Somehow or other, prices of production provide a reference for market prices. For such prices, the economy is on the wage-rate of profits curve for the Alpha technique in Figure 1. This curve is closest to the origin in the figure.
Suppose researchers in the corn industry discover a new process for producing corn, namely process (d). A choice of technique arises. Corn producers see that they can earn extra profits by adopting this technique at Alpha prices. The Beta technique becomes dominant. Eventually, the extra profits are competed away, and the economy lies on the wage-rate of profits curve for the Beta technique. Under the assumption of an externally specified rate of profits, the wage has increased.
Next, an innovation occurs in the iron industry. Firms discover process (b). At Beta prices, it pays for iron-producing firms to adopt this new process. The wage-rate of profits curve for the Delta technique lies outside the wage-rate of profits curve for the Beta technique. Thus, the Delta technique dominates the Beta technique. But prices of production associated with the Delta technique cannot rule. If the Delta technique were prevailing, corn-producing firms would find they can earn extra profits by discarding process (d) and reverting to process (c). The Gamma technique is dominant at the given rate of profits, and workers will end up earning a still higher wage.
I guess this story does not apply to the United States these days. In the struggle over the increased surplus provided by technological innovation, workers do not seem to be gaining much. At any rate, Table 3 summarizes the temporal sequence of the dominant technique in this story.
in Use
|Processes (a) and (c) known
|a, c
|Processes (d) introduced
|a, d
|Process (b) introduced
|b, c
I do not see why one could not create an example with a single switch point between the Gamma and Delta techniques, where that switch point is at a wage below the maximum wage for the Alpha technique. For such a postulated example, one could tell story, like the above, with a given wage. The capitalists would end up with all the benefits from technological progress.5.0 Conclusion
This example illustrates that innovation in one industry (that is, the production of iron) can result in the managers of firms in another industry (corn-production) discarding a previously introduced innovation and reverting to an old process of production.References
- T. Fujimoto 1983. Inventions and Technical Change: A Curiosum, Manchester School, V. 51: pp. 16-20.
- Heinz D. Kurz and Neri Salvadori 1995. Theory of Production: A Long Period Analysis, Cambridge University Press.
- J. E. Woods 1990. The Production of Commodities: An Introduction to Sraffa, Humanities Press International.
Saturday, January 14, 2017
A Model Of Oligopoly
Suppose barriers to entry exist in an economy. Entrepreneurs and capitalists find that they cannot freely enter or exit some industries. And these barriers are manifested by stable ratios of rates of profits among industries. This post presents equations for prices of production under these assumptions.
I suggest that the model presented here fits into the tradition of Old Industrial Organization, as formulated by Joe Bain and Paolo Sylos Labini. As I understand it, Sylos Labini may have once written down equations like these, but never presented them or published them. I suppose this model is also related to work Piero Sraffa published in the 1920s.2.0 The Model
Consider an economy consisting of n industries. Suppose the rate of profits in the jth industry is (sj r), where r is the base rate of profits, sj is positive, and:
s1 + s2 + ... + sn = 1
For simplicity, I limit my attention to a circulating capital model of the production of commodities by means of commodities. For the technique in use, let ai, j be the quantity of the ith commodity used to produce a unit of output in the jth industry. Homogeneous labor is the only unproduced input in each industry. Let a0, j be the person years of labor used to produce a unit output in the jth industry. I assume labor is advanced, and wages are paid out of the surplus at the end of production period, say, a year. Then prices of production, which ensure a smooth reproduction of the economy, satisfy the following system of equations:
(a1, 1 p1 + a2, 1 p2 + ... + an, 1 pn)(1 + s1 r) + w a0, 1 = p1
(a1, 2 p1 + a2, 2 p2 + ... + an, 2 pn)(1 + s2 r) + w a0, 2 = p2
. . .
(a1, n p1 + a2, n p2 + ... + an, n pn)(1 + sn r) + w a0, n = pn
The coefficients of production, including labor coefficients, and the ratios of the rate of profits are given parameters in the above system of equations. The unknowns are the prices, the wage, and the base rate of profits. Since only relative prices matter in this model, one degree of freedom is eliminated by choosing a numeraire:
p1 q*1 + ... + pn q*n = 1
Since there are n price equations, appending the above equation for the specified numeraire yields a model with (n + 1) equations and (n + 2) unknowns. One degree of freedom remains.3.0 In Matrix Form
The above model can be expressed more concisely in matrix form. Define:
- I is the identity matrix.
- e is a column vector in which each element is 1.
- S is a diagonal matrix, with s1, s2, ..., sn along the principal diagonal.
- p is a row vector of prices.
- q* is the column vector representing the numeraire.
- A is the Leontief input-output matrix, representing the technique in use.
- a0 is the row vector of labor coefficients for the technique.
The model consists of the following equations:
eT S e = 1
p A (I + r S) + w a0 = p
p q* = 1
4.0 Conclusion
One could develop the above model in various directions. For example, one could plot the wage-base rate of profits curve for the technique in use. Of interest to me would be presenting examples of the choice of technique, including reswitching and capital-reversing. The Sraffian critique of neoclassical economics is not confined to the theory of perfect competition.Update (16 January 2017): I find I have outlined this model before.
Sunday, January 01, 2017
Reswitching In An Example Of A One-Commodity Model
|Figure 1: The Choice of Technique in a Model with One Commodity
This post presents a reswitching example in a one-good model. The single produced commodity in the example can be used as both a consumption and a capital good. It is produced by expenditure of labor with its services. It lasts for three production periods, and its technical efficiency varies over the course of its lifetime, when used as a capital good.
I do not remember any comparable numeric example in the literature. If I recall Ian Steedman's 1994 article, he gives instructions for constructing a one-good example, but does not present one. Maybe if I reread it now, I will find it clearer. I have previously worked through a reswitching example, with fixed capital, from J. E. Woods. But that is a multi-commodity model. I have also once echoed Sraffa's analysis of depreciation charges, in a case with constant efficiency.2.0 Technology
This is an example of fixed capital, a kind of joint production. Three production processes are known by the manager of firms, and they each exhibit constant returns to scale. Each process requires a year to complete, and each process produces new widgets. Table 1 shows the inputs for each process, when operated at a unit level, and Table 2 shows the outputs. For example, process I requires inputs of labor and new widgets. The outputs of process I consist of new widgets and the widgets which provided their services throughout the year it is under operation. Those leftover widgets are one year older, though. Consumers consume new widgets during the year following on their purchase. The physical life of widgets, when providing services for production, is three years. Thus, three processes can be operated in production.
|New Widgets
|One-Year Old Widgets
|Two-Year Old Widgets
|New Widgets
|One-Year Old Widgets
|Two-Year Old Widgets
Firms are not required to operate all three processes. They can truncate the use of widgets after one or two years. Assume free disposal, that is, that discarding widgets does not incur a cost. Under these assumptions, three techniques are available to produce new widgets, as shown in Table 3.
3.0 Price Equations
Managers of widget-producing firms choose the technique, that is, the truncation period, on the basis of cost. As usual, consider a competitive economy, in which workers and firms are free to seek out higher wages and profits, respectively. Revenues and costs are calculated on the basis of a set of prices in which workers and firms have no incentive to move out of one process and into another. Workers receive a common wage of w new widgets per person-year. Assume workers are paid out of the surplus at the end of each year. Firms receive a rate of profits of 100 r percent in operating each process in use. For notational convenience, define R:
R = 1 + r
Let p1 be the price of a one-year old widget and p2 the price of a two-year old widget.
I confine the systems of price equations for the Alpha and Beta techniques to an appendix. Accordingly, assume the Gamma technique is in use. The wage, prices, and the rate of profits must satisfy a system of three equations:
(1/3)R + 10 w = 1 + (1/3) p1
(1/3) p1 R + 60 w = 7/12 + (1/3) p2
(1/3) p2 R + (13/2) w = 79/20
Given the rate of profits below some maximum, one can solve for the wage:
wγ = (60 R2 + 35 R + 237 - 20 R3)/(10 (60 R2 + 360 R + 39))
The price of two-year old and one-year old widgets fall out:
p2, γ = (237 - 390 wγ)/(20 R)
p1, γ = (7 + 4 p2, γ - 720 wγ)/(4 R)
If you feel like it, you can substitute on the Right Hand Sides of the above two equations so as to express prices as functions exclusively of the rate of profits.4.0 Choice of Technique
I have explained above how to find the wage, as a function of the rate of profits, when the Gamma technique is in use. The wage-rate of profits curves for the Alpha and Beta technique are, respectively:
wα = (3 - R)/30
wβ = (12 R + 7 - 4 R2)/(120 (R + 6))
Figure 1 graphs all three wage curves. The cost-minimizing technique, at any given rate of profits, is the technique on the outer envelope of the wage curves. The switch points between the Alpha and Gamma techniques are at rates of profits of 10% and 50%. Below 10% and above 50%, the Gamma technique is cost-minimizing. Widgets are used in production processes to the extent of their physical life. Between these rate of profits, the Alpha technique is cost minimizing. The use of widgets, as capital goods, is truncated after one year. For what it is worth, the switch point between the Alpha and Beta techniques, within the outer envelope, is at a rate of profits of 41/24, approximately 171%.4.1 A Direct Method with Alpha Prices
In the general theory of joint production, an analysis of the choice of technique cannot generally be based on wage-rate of profits curves. Such an analysis does work in this model of fixed capital. But I checked it with a more direct method of analysis.
Suppose the Alpha technique is in use. The prices of one-year old and two-year old widgets are zero. The wage is as found from the system of price equations associated with the Alpha technique. Would it pay to produce new widgets with one-year old or two-year old widgets? Figure 2 shows calculations to determine if supernormal profits can be earned with the Beta or Gamma technique.
|Figure 2: Supernormal Profits at Alpha Prices
Since the Alpha technique is in use, its net present value is zero. Extra profits are assumed to have been competed away.
If the Beta technique is operated, no extra profits or losses are earned in operating process I under the Beta technique. In operating process II, the services of old widgets are free, and no revenues are received for the two-year old widgets disposed of at the end of the year. At low rates of profits and high wages, the revenues received for new widgets produced with process II do not cover labor costs. At high rates of profits, the opposite is the case. These prices, when wages are low, signal to firms that they can earn extra profits by extending the truncation period one year.
The analysis for the Gamma technique is more cumbersome. Firms can not adopt process III without also operating process II. Accordingly, the net present value for the Gamma technique is found by accumulating all costs and revenues for all three processes to the end of the third year. In such a weighted sum, the revenues for process I are multiplied by (1 + r)2, and the revenues for process II are multiplied by (1 + r). At a rate of profits below 10% and above 50%, firms will want to adopt the Gamma technique and produce with old widgets to the end of their physical life.4.2 A Direct Method with Beta Prices
I find of interest some complications that arise in applying this direct method with wages and prices, as calculated for the Beta price system. Figure 3 shows the net present value for the processes comprising each of the three techniques. At all rates of profits, these prices signal that firms should extend the truncation period, from two years, to the three years specified by the Gamma technique. This is so, even for rates of profits between 10% and 50%. If firms start at a two-year truncation period, they will only find that they need to truncate to one year after first extending production to three years. (See A.3 in the Appendix for graphs associated with the Gamma price system.)
|Figure 3: Supernormal Profits at Beta Prices
When the Beta technique is operated, a price must be assigned to the price of a one-year old widget. In the theory of joint production, prices can be negative when calculated for rates of profits below the maximum. (This is not so for pure circular capital models without joint production.) Figure 4 graphs the price of one-year old widgets, under the system of prices associated with the Beta technique. This price is negative for rates of profits of approximately 171%. Confine your attention to the Alpha and Beta techniques for a second. The negative price of one-year old widgets signals firms that it is profitable to truncate production from two years to one year.
|Figure 4: Price of One-Year Widget with Beta Technique
The application of a direct method for comparing costs and revenues for techniques of production confirms, in the context of this model of fixed capital, the results of constructing the outer envelope curve from the wage-rate of profits curves for the techniques.5.0 Conclusion
The literature on macroeconomics contains many models with aggregate production functions and in which the one produced commodity can be either consumed by households or used as a capital good in further production. And, in many of these models, this capital good depreciates over many periods. These models are one-good models, in the sense of this post. Some mainstream economists ignorantly assert that the Cambridge Capital Controversy was exclusively about problems in aggregating capital goods. Since mainstream economists are aware of aggregation issues, they somehow conclude they are justified in ignoring the controversy. I usually refute this rot by pointing out consequences for microeconomics of the analysis of the choice of technique. This post takes an alternative approach. It examines a highly aggregated model. And issues related to Sraffa effects arise in the one-good model, too.
This example also has a bearing on a misunderstanding common among the Austrian school of economics. Böhm Bawerk, at least, thought of production processes taking a longer amount of time as being more capital intensive and, therefore, more productive, in some sense. Firms are supposedly restricted in how willing they are to temporally extend production processes because of the scarcity of capital, as reflected in the interest rate. If households were less impatient and more willing to save, the interest rate would fall and firms would adopt longer processes. One can find many Austrian school economists (for example, Hayek in the 1930s) rejecting the idea that there exists a meaningful quantitative measure of roundaboutness or the period of production, whether independent of prices or not. But Austrian school economists generally retain a sense that the theory is insightful and somehow qualitatively true. The numeric example challenges this idea. One would think that a truncation of the production process, with the capital good not reaching its physical lifetime, is unambiguously less roundabout. As noted in Figure 1, for one switch point in the example, such a truncation can be associated with a lower interest rate.Appendix A
I confine various mathematical details to this appendix.A.1 Alpha Price Equations
If the Alpha technique is in use, the prices of one-year old and two-year old widgets is zero:
p1, α = p2, α = 0The wage and the rate of profits are related by the coefficients of production for process I:
(1/3)R + 10 w = 1
The wage, under the Alpha technique, can be expressed as a function of the rate of profits, as illustrated in Figure 1.A.2 Beta Price Equations
If the Beta technique is in use, the price two-year old widgets is zero:
p2, β = 0
A system of two equations arises for the Beta technique:
(1/3)R + 10 w = 1 + (1/3) p1
(1/3) p1 R + 60 w = 7/12
The wage as a function of the rate of profits, for the Beta technique, is also illustrated above. The price of one-year old widgets is:
p1, β = R + 30 wβ - 3A.3 Direct Method with Gamma Prices
This section presents two graphs with wages and the rate of profits found from the system of prices for the Gamma technique. Figure 5 shows the net present value of truncating the use of widgets after one, two, or three years. For all techniques, revenues and costs are accumulated, at the going rate of profits to the end of the last year in which widgets are produced with the technique. The net present value for operating the Alpha technique (truncating after one year) is positive between the switch points at rates of profits of 10% and 50%.
|Figure 5: Supernormal Profits at Gamma Prices
Figure 6 shows the prices of one-year old and two-year old widgets for the solution to the Gamma price system. Although not very easy to see in the graph, the price of one-year old widgets is negative at rates of profits between 10% and 50%.
|Figure 6: Price of Widgets with Gamma Technique
- Ian Steedman. 1994. 'Perverse' Behaviour in a 'One Commodity' Model. Cambridge Journal of Economics, V. 18, No. 3: pp. 299-311.
Friday, December 30, 2016
On Ajit Sinha On Sraffa
Over at the Institute for New Economic Theory (INET), Ajit Sinha discusses the Sraffian revolution. Scott Carter cautions that, in interpreting Sraffa's thought, his archives have barely been touched.
Sinha's article has this blurb, with which I entirely agree:
"The prominence of the debate over 'reswitching' has obscured the importance of Piero Sraffa's profound contribution to economics. It's time to revisit and build on that body of work."
One can agree with the above without following Sinha very far. In analyzing the choice of technique, I often point out more than reswitching. I try to find effects in other markets than the capital markets and go in other directions. Since my motivation for working through these examples is frequently an internal criticism of neoclassical economics, I am frequently willing to assume Constant Returns to Scale and perfect competition, in the sense that firms take prices as given. One might argue that this misses Sraffa's point. Besides one can use 'reswitching' as a synecdoche for such analyses of the choice of technique.
How do I know that Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities: Prelude to a Critique of Economic Theory was about more than Sraffa effects, as seen in the analysis of the choice of technique? Only the last chapter in the book deals with the choice of technique. (Maybe, earlier chapters on joint production, rent, and fixed capital might have been clearer if they came after this chapter.) Sraffa doesn't present this one-chapter, final part of his book as a climax that all before is leading up to. In fact, he explicitly says, in the first paragraph, that the status of that chapter is somewhat different from the rest of the book:
"Anyone accustomed to think in terms of the equilibrium of demand and supply may be inclined, on reading these pages, to suppose that the argument rests on a tacit assumption of constant returns in all industries. If such a supposition is found helpful, there is no harm in the reader's adopting it as a temporary working hypothesis. In fact, however, no such assumption is made. No changes in output and (at any rate in Parts I and II [Part III presents switches in methods of production - RLV]) no changes in the proportions in which different means of production are used by an industry are considered, so that no question arises as to the variation or constancy of returns. The investigation is concerned exclusively with such properties of an economic system as do not depend on changes in the scale of production or in the proportions of 'factors'."
The analysis of the choice of technique shows that much neoclassical teaching and "practical" applications is humbug. But that does not exhaust Sraffa's point. Turning to the first sentence of the next paragraph in the preface can help:
"This standpoint, which is that of the old classical economists from Adam Smith to Ricardo, has been submerged and forgotten since the advent of the 'marginal' method."
A second major emphasis of Sraffa's scholarship, including his 1960 book, is the rediscovery of the logic of the classical theory of value and distribution. Sraffians can claim to have a theory that can serve as an alternative to neoclassical theory and that is empirically applicable (for example, by Leontief and those aware of the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA).) This rediscovery provides an external critique of neoclassical theory.
By the way, the development of this external critique provides, for example, Pierangelo Garegnani for a defense of the claim that the analysis of the attraction of market prices to prices of production is building on Sraffa's work. Sraffa's book does not discuss market processes or the classical theory of competition:
"A less one-sided description than cost of production seems therefore required. Such classical terms as 'necessary price', 'natural price' or 'price of production' would meet the case, but value and price have been preferred as being shorter and in the present context (which contains no reference to market prices) no more ambiguous." (PoCbMoC, p. 9)
One could read Sraffa as being able to take many aspects of classical political economy as given, including analyses of market prices. How should ideas that Sraffa explicitly choose to include in his archives, but not publish in his lifetime, influence our interpretation?
None of this gets to Sinha's point. He thinks, as I understand it, that Sraffa offers more than a rediscovery of classical political economy. Sraffa offers innovations in our understanding of prices and distribution, and these innovations can help us better understand actually existing capitalist economies. (Some of these innovations might be Wittgenstein-like in that they allow us to improve by discarding lots of rubbish.) I daresay Scott Carter agrees with that claim, even though he might disagree with details of Sinha's understanding of the Standard Commodity.


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Electric Bike Tour with 2 Options to Explore Granada
Discover the wonders of Granada on a choice of 2 tours by electric bike. With your guide you can explore the Albaicin, a World Heritage Site, and…
Discover the wonders of Granada on a choice of 2 tours by electric bike. With your guide you can explore the Albaicin, a World Heritage Site, and…
Discover the city's historical areas by Segway or ebike, exploring Albayzin and Sacromonte. Then enjoy a guided walking tour of Granada.
GranadaSee all 91 tickets & tours
Want to discover all there is to do in Paseo de los Tristes? Click here for a full list.
Alhambra is beautiful and amazing. The tour and guide was good but for me personally the guide spoke a little fast to understand at times. His English was good but very fast. Segway tour was lots of fun and Javier was an excellent guide.
Tour wasn't cheap but well worth it. A little bit confusing finding correct meeting place At the Alhambra as it is so huge & we weren't sure of our way around but locals helpful & Javier to the rescue! Our Alhambra guide Michael was very knowledgeable! The Segue tour with Javier or Xavier and Juan from This is Granada was heaps of fun and they kept us safe at all times! I'd never been on one before and was a bit nervous about it to start. Great way to get around and nice change from walking. On both tours the groups were not too large and we met some nice people. Love love loved it and will definitely consider doing another tour. Thank you get Your Guide
Visited in April and it poured with rain all day... so we took the tour under our own umbrellas. The guide was excellent and the tour itself was great. Because of the rain we were contaced by phone, later in the day, to let us know that the e-bike portion was cancelled. they offered a re-schedule for the next day, however were to be in Barcelona so could not do that. then they offered us aa Segway tour (IN THE RAIN!!!) this did not seem any safer to us so we declined, asking for a refund on the e-bike portion of the pre-paid ticket. They would not do this.
I really enjoyed the segway tour was able to see more of the city than I would have on foot. It allowed me to get a general overview and identify areas which I wanted to come back and explore more in depth. In regards to the Alhambra tour: There I felt a bit rushed. While the guide was very knowledgeable we was a bit dry and rushed in his delivery. Actually it was rushed in general. I would have preferred to have the opportunity to linger a bit more in the different rooms of the palace to be able to really appreciate the beauty.
We did do the tour on Alhambra with a nice guide - she was excited about what she was telling and did know much of Alhambra. We did not bike or anything else (part of the ticket) Because we were late for booking it was the most expensive option to go to Alhambra.


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OPENWORLDHobbies Movie Making
70 Station Street, Fairfield, VIC 3078
This business can travel to you.
Best match results for: CATEGORY = Movie Making for Kids + LOCATION = South Eastern Victoria
Results include related kids activities and neighbouring locations.
Movie making for kids around South Eastern Victoria
70 Station Street, Fairfield, VIC 3078
This business can travel to you.
Hobby activities for kids around South Eastern Victoria
26 Sackville, Kew, VIC 3101
Servicing Kew, Canterbury, Bulleen and 27 other suburb(s)
From 06-02-2017 To 23-04-2017
This is a class that teaches performance skills. Every student is placed in a scene, (or possibly two scenes), which they rehearse throughout class time. This is done under expert guidance, and the teacher ...
From 02-02-2017 To 30-03-2017
This class is open to those 18 and over who wish to simply have fun while learning drama. There are no expectations to reach a certain standard of acting and the class is open to beginners. Drama ...
From 01-02-2017 To 29-03-2017
This is a class runs every Wednesday in Kew from 4pm - 6pm. during term time. In Term 4 the children will also take part in a low-key performance for friends and family. Students will learn the skills ...
From 02-02-2017 To 30-03-2017
This is a weekly drama class for teenagers aged 12- 17. It takes place in Kew on Thursdays from 5.15pm - 7.15pm during term time. The subjects that are covered in this course include: Voice Movement ...
From 30-01-2017 To 27-03-2017
Drama With A Difference is one of Australia's leading independent drama schools - established for over twenty years. It is the launching pad of many successful actors, and offers classes for aspiring actors ...
From 04-01-2017 To 01-04-2017
Children's weekly Saturday drama classes- AGES 7 to 12 at Clifton Hill. Place is 3 Council Street Clifton Hill Time is 9am - 11am each Saturday Term 4 starts soon and has very limited spaces. The ...
18-20 Wangara Road, Sandringham, VIC 3191
Plummer Road, Mentone, VIC 3194
Unit 1, 19-23 Clarinda Road, Oakleigh South, VIC 3167
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Factory 4 3 Exley Drive, Moorabbin, VIC 3189
Doncaster East, VIC
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3/111 Lonsdale St, Dandenong, VIC 3175
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1, South Yarra, VIC
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Absolutely amazing service. Super easy to deal with from the get go. Highly recommend and competitive pricing.
430-432 Huntingdale Rd, Mount Waverley, VIC 3149
scoresby industry park, unit c6 / 5 janine street scoresby., Scoresby, VIC 3179
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Level 1.05, 175 Sturt St., Southbank, VIC 3006
This business offers products or services online.
Woodend, VIC
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Cnr First Ave and Bundora Pde, Mentone, VIC 3194
384 Bay St, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207
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Mansfield, VIC
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Surrey Hills, Surrey Hills, VIC 3127
1236 Glen Huntly Rd, Glen Huntly, VIC 3163
8-14 Eastern Road, South Melbourne, VIC 3205
21A Electra Ave, Ashwood, VIC 3147
3 Parer Street, Burwood, VIC
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65 City Rd, Southbank, VIC 3006
3 Rochester Rd, Canterbury, VIC 3126
P.O. Box 5222, Hallam, VIC 3803
66 Kinkora Rd, Hawthorn, VIC 3122
4 White St, Prahran, VIC 3181


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Shoalhaven City Council recognises the need for extensive water quality monitoring of its waterways, drinking water, waste water treatment and waste recycling facilities to fully assess and manage its services and protect the environment.
Council has been developing a new online web site it calls Aqua Data which has been designed to improve the communication of monitoring results to the community as well as assist consideration of water quality data within the catchment planning and catchment management decision making process.
Aqua Data will display water quality test results within just a couple of days of the completed laboratory analysis. Users will be able to navigate to any site using an interactive map, view result tables and graphs on-screen and even download or print reports showing results from the present to several years ago.
Council would appreciate your feedback on the usefulness of Aqua Data, please click on this link and tell us what you think, please start your comment with the words "Aqua data" so it's easy for staff to forward your feedback to the right person. Thank you
Visit the Aqua Data website
Please Note: Caution should be used when comparing individual results against guideline levels as the guideline compares multiple sampling over a period of time.
This year Shoalhaven City Council (SCC) received the Local Government Award for Excellence in Overall Environmental Management at the prestigious United Nations of Australia World Environment Day Awards. In part this was in recognition of the considerable amount of time and money SCC invests on monitoring and reporting Water Quality across its Drinking Water, Effluent Treatment, Waste Management and Environmental Services departments. The most laborious aspect of this work is the time each department currently spends on manually collating results, entering into databases, exporting to spreadsheets, statistically analysing, summarising and publishing on the web.
Yet despite the millions of dollars NSW organisations spend on all this monitoring and reporting of water quality, the vast majority is still rarely available within a time frame or at an appropriate level of detail necessary to assist management decisions outside the immediate needs of the custodian who collected it. And even then it usually requires the assistance of a database expert to access it. As a consequence the data is effectively inaccessible to other internal and external stakeholders, and thus the returns on investment from all this environmental monitoring are not being realised.
SCC has therefore established a public, user friendly, GIS searchable, water quality information portal called Aqua Data. Aqua Data automatically captures and shares water quality information from multiple custodians with internal and external customers, quickly and effectively, so they have the very latest water quality information presented in various useful ways.
SCC are now keen to work with other water quality custodians to expand both the number and geographical extent of the Aqua Data approach, so that the benefits of having a cost effective, one-stop, easily maintained and accessible water quality information service is shared and utilised by a growing audience.
Shoalhaven River bouy


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This is a treasure trove of information about the fashion icons who have created modern style for men, with advice on what to wear and how to wear it.
Har du läst boken? Bli först att betygsätta och recensera boken .
Fler böcker inom
- Inbunden (Hardcover)
- Språk: Engelska
- Antal sidor: 359
- Utg.datum: 2012-10-25
- Förlag: Ullmann Publishing
- Medarbetare: Beer, Gunter
- Illustrationer: black & white illustrations, colour illustrations
- Dimensioner: 260 x 225 x 35 mm
- Vikt: 1880 g
- Antal komponenter: 1
Fler böcker av Bernhard Roetzel
Bloggat om
Övrig information
After studying design and working as a text-writer and conceptionist with advertising agencies in Frankfurt and Hamburg, Bernhard Roetzel dedicated himself to the world of menswear, becoming one of the authoritative experts in this field. In addition to his activity as an author and editor, he also holds lectures and seminars on menswear and style.


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Quality Content Writer, Article Writer, Press-Release - Read the Description
This project received 59 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $62 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project Budget$30 - $250 USD
Total Bids59
Project Description
Read This Before Submission!
Due to the high volume of application submissions one way for us to determine the fit is to judge the language quality of your message/PM. Therefore your bid will be automatically disqualified if English language errors are found in your bid/message/communication. Be careful and check your application before clicking Submit.
A US based web development and internet marketing firm is seeking for professional web content and article writers for ongoing projects, with a possibility of long-term employment based on performance.
- must be native speaker/writer of English language, impeccable grammar, and a high standard of article writing
- able to conduct comprehensive research on a given topic to ensure high quality unique content
- flexible, committed, and deadline oriented
Immediate project - this is what you're bidding on! Show us what you're made of!
- 5 dental-related articles with 500 words/each; audience - general North American public; keywords will be provided. (no keyword stuffing of course!).
general dentistry
cosmetic dentistry
implant dentistry
Important notice:
if content is copied, poorly rewritten, and/or keyword-stuffed.
Good luck!
Skills Required
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- Forbes
- The New York Times
- Time
- Wall Street Journal
- Times Online


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Art Print
The Humanity Paradigmby Lloyd Harvey
Free Worldwide Shipping Today!
Collect your choice of gallery quality Giclée, or fine art prints custom trimmed by hand in a variety of sizes with a white border for framing.
"The cells which made us when we were at the beginning,
The building blocks, the molecules, the atoms of these organic cases,
Have all long since deteriorated and changed.
In a way we have died a multitude of times,
Yet exist on, flowing forward through time, and space,
Tethered to those former, forever past, selves.
Infinitely different from others yet architecturally similar,
Ever changing, never still, constantly influx,
Our stories start and conclude the same.
We form the Humanity Paradigm."
Created for a contest.


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A bold, big contemporary frame with a slimline fit that will display snugly on any wall. Use it to display treasured family moments or a movie poster. The A4 mount is removable which will make it suitable for A3 images.
Thank you for visiting House by John Lewis Photo Frame, Frosted Silver, A3 with A4 Mount on shoppingfind.co.uk
We bring the products from many websites to one website for you to search, save and compare.


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You've heard of Ed Viesturs, Pete Whittaker and Yvon Chouinard, but have you heard of Justin Riney? If you haven't, you need to! In only Read More…
ENO Partners, Giving Back
Riney Ranch: the Journey of a Lifetime
Posted on January 8, 2014Tagged #hiking, Appalachian Trail, Conservation, hammocks, Riney Ranch Leave a comment


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WEDNESDAY, APRIL 6th
All Day on CBS4
To donate call 303-831-HELP (4357) or go to www.adoptex.org
Join CBS4, 97.3 KBCO, The Adoption Exchange, and Porchlight Real Estate Group for A Day for Wednesday's Child on Wednesday, April 6, 2016. CBS4 anchor Britt Moreno will host A Day for Wednesday's Child where she will update viewers on adopted children. She will also introduce viewers to many children still waiting for homes and share success stories of those children who have found loving homes. CBS4 Viewers are encouraged to call in for adoption information or to phone in pledges to support the work of The Adoption Exchange. The number to call is 303-831-HELP (4357).
This year, The Adoption Exchange is introducing The Big Cash Raffle, hosted by the Wednesday's Child Connection Guild. It includes a chance opportunity to win up to $62,500, and supports the critically important work of The Adoption Exchange. Raffle tickets will be sold for $50 each with proceeds split between the winner and The Adoption Exchange. The raffle drawing will take place April 6, 2016 during CBS4 News at 10 p.m. Go to BigCashRaffle.com.
In Colorado, more than 5,000 children are in foster care and hundreds of these children are available for adoption. Last year, more than 20,000 children nationwide were emancipated from states' care without ever having found a permanent family. Since The Adoption Exchange officially opened its doors in 1983, the non-profit organization has helped connect nearly 8000 children with loving homes and responds to approximately 20,000 adoption inquiries each year from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and 64 foreign countries. A Day for Wednesday's Child helps raise enough money to provide basic recruitment services for more than 50 children in need of loving, permanent homes each year. For more information or to make a donation go to www.adoptex.org.
To view Wednesday's Child segments go to CBSDenver.com/wednesdayschild/.


text: Bring an eye-catching feature to your kitchen and keep the air fresh with the stunning Elica Ascent 60 Chimney Cooker Hood . Modern design Sleek, black glass finish and integrated touch controls make the Ascent 60 a gorgeous addition to any modern kitchen. Designed for ducted extraction, but also suitable for recirculation with optional charcoal filters, the hoods three fan speeds work effortlessly to keep your kitchen clear of steam and cooking odours. The built in touch controls are easy to use, while the two halogen lights create a warm cook top glow. Easy to clean Its easy to keep the Ascent 60 looking good and working efficiently with washable aluminium filters, to maintain a hygienic, grease free kitchen. Featuring airflow up to 401 m/h with a super efficient boost function, the Elica Ascent 60 Chimney Cooker Hood give you high performance and functionality without compromising on style.Check stock and price


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Australian Broadcasting Corporation
LOCATION: http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2006/s1662190.htm
Broadcast: 13/06/2006
Joyce rallies against servo laws
Reporter: Genevieve Hussey
KERRY O'BRIEN: Australia, many consumers have eagerly embraced the idea of the shopper docket entitling them to discounts on the price of petrol, enabling the supermarket giants, Coles Myer and Woolworths to become major players. Now the Federal Government says it's time to open up competition at the bowser, giving the big oil companies a lift-up by removing limits on the number of petrol station outlets that they can operate directly. The Government argues it'll lead to lower prices for motorists but many independent operators claim the changes will ultimately squeeze them out of business, resulting in higher fuel prices. And they have an ally in maverick Senator Barnaby Joyce, himself no stranger to the concept of crossing the floor of parliament. Genevieve Hussey reports.


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Hotels in Tabatinga
Hotel reservation
Hotel rooms in Tabatinga
There are not so many hotel rooms in Tabatinga, just 2, still everyone can find an offer to suit his choice. The most common offers in this city are hotels, they count 1 out of 2, and their prevalent location is central district. According to our practice, it is the most profitable to book a hotel in the north of Tabatinga, as it is the location of the hotels with optimal cost and quality offers along with the cheap hotels. Taking into account the small size of the city, there is no need to dwell hotel reservation on the location: the road to the city center would take less then half an hour, so one can book a hotel in any district of Tabatinga. The most populated with hotels district of Tabatinga is the south, 50% of cheap hotel rooms are concentrated here. Tabatinga is an ideal place for couple and business, such travellers rate hotels there 7.7 out of 10 on average. In Tabatinga one can enjoy the beauty of Santander Park, Amazonian Man Museum and Amazonia World Theme Park. Moreover, there is a choice of 0 hotels, located within a walking distance from these attractions, however they might not be the cheap ones. The most appreciated amenities in Tabatinga hotels are breakfast and room. According to the visitors reviews, hotels in Tabatinga has tasty breakfast, fantastic service and rather comfortable. Take a look at our selection of the cheap hotel rooms in Tabatinga to make a well-informed choice for your reservation!
Tabatinga cheap hotels
Guest Houses
All cheap hotels in Tabatinga
Best hotels in Tabatinga
Hotels in Tabatinga are spread around the city within the distance of 39.7 kilometers, while 1 hotels are located directly in the city center. The most popular accommodations in Tabatinga is
Reserva Natural Palmari
located in a 39.7 kilometers from the city center.
The best hotels are here and now. Try them!
All cities in Brazil


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- Steel / Plastic MicroATX Mid Tower
- USB 2.0 x 2, Audio x 2 Front Ports
- 4 External 5.25" Drive Bays
- 5 Internal 3.5" Drive Bays
It encases my stuff 11/13/2011
This review is from: RAIDMAX Simplex ATX-618B Black Steel / Plastic MicroATX Mid Tower Computer Case
It's a full ATX case, not MicroATX.
It's meh
Other Thoughts:
Got the case while it was on-sale to replace some old OEM ATX-mini case i've been using. The case is kinda meh... The features are ok but not great. The hot-swap thing only works if you have an AHCI enabled motherboard (unfortunately, i don't), The hot-swap-bay door is LOUD when opening, The "paint" on the case looks to be spray-paint, and The LED FAN is more of a UV-purple color, not blue.
It's not a bad case, i just don't "absolutely love it". If you need to upgrade from a cheap out-dated case this would work perfect. If you want a case to haul around to LAN parties or show off your parts, keep looking.
If you look at the reviews, you will see most are only 3 egg reviews, And that's what this is, a 3 egg case. Not great, not horrible, just so-so, 50/50, meh.
If you want a case you'll love in the same price-range, have a look at the Xigmatek ASGARD II.
Did you find this review helpful? Yes / No Thanks for the valuable feedback you provided!


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Chandlers Crabhouse Menus
Sample menus, prices and items subject to change. Please click on the images below to view and print the menus in a PDF format. Kids menu and to go menus are available.
*Chandler's Crabhouse includes a 20% service charge on each guest check. Chandler's Crabhouse retains the full service charge and compensates team members in the form of wages, commissions and benefits.


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Hip Hop Artist / Rapper
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53 miles from Jonesboro
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Miss B Hollywood is a self-styled singing and songwriting Hip Hop artist from Memphis,…
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Memphis, TN
60 miles from Jonesboro
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107 miles from Jonesboro
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115 miles from Jonesboro
North Little Rock, AR
115 miles from Jonesboro
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GOD Bless! My name's Dadrian "Apostle D.L." Ellis. I'm a the owner/president/christain-rapper…
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Little Rock, AR
117 miles from Jonesboro


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Modern Luv
This event has already taken place. Click here for the latest events.
Seattle brings its hottest, new musical to IRT: In a world where texting, emailing, Facebooking, and "liking" have usurped traditional romance, two modern lovers go in search of something real. Through the internet, Mark Siano, who fancies himself Seattle's god of soft rock (dancing around in an 80s sparkletard), strikes up an unlikely long distance relationship with east-coast hard rocker Opal Peachey. Despite their obvious differences, technology helps them find they're not so different after all. Problem is, no one is who they pretend to be online.
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High Voltage Press, Periodical Publishers, listed under "Periodical Publishers" category, is located at Po Box 1525 Portland OR, 97207 and can be reached by 5032230410 phone number. High Voltage Press has currently 0 reviews.This business profile is not yet claimed, and if you are the owner, claim your business profile for free. If you are not the owner you can invite this business to join by email or by phone.Browse all Periodical Publishers in Portland OR. Discover census data for Portland, OR.
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Tied Up, Tied Down
Samhain Publishing, Jul 8, 2008 - Fiction - 240 pages
The strongest bonds are the ones unseen
Rough Riders series
Businesswoman Skylar Ellison is firmly in control of her life. So getting tangled up with a sexy Wyoming cowboy—and conceiving a baby in the parking lot of a honky-tonk—wasn't in her plan. Since it appears the daddy has taken off for greener pastures, the only thing to do is pull up her bootstraps and carry on alone.
Cattle rancher Kade McKay returns home after a year on the range, and is knocked for a loop when he learns he's the father of a three-month-old baby girl. When Skylar refuses to marry him, Kade grits his teeth, moves in and plays house by her rules to prove he's a man in for the long haul.
Despite Skylar's insistence they are to remain strictly parenting partners, their old passions flare hot as a brush fire, spurring Kade to demand absolute sexual surrender from the headstrong woman. Skylar willingly submits her body to the hot-blooded cowboy but she's leery of handing Kade the reins to her heart.
Can Kade convince Skylar the wicked sex games aren't a temporary distraction? Or will he have to bust out the ropes to show her he wants to be tied to her…forever?
What people are saying - Write a review
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LibraryThing ReviewUser Review - msralways - LibraryThing
I really liked this one. Eliza was the cutest baby ever and Kade was great too. Sky's wariness was understandable, but towards the end of the story, it got to be a little too annoying. Great book all around though. Oh, and all that sweet, sweet hotness. Read full review
LibraryThing ReviewUser Review - LadyIsis - LibraryThing
2011, March 14 I am really loving this author and all the characters that she has in her books. Having lived with an honest to god cowboy, my father, I understand so much of what is going on. We lived ... Read full review


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You are here
Baked Potatoes with Ham
|Idaho potatoes
|2 Large
|Cooked diced ham
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|White sauce
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Hickory smoked salt
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Black pepper
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|1 Teaspoon
1. Preheat the oven to 350 degree F
2. Wash scrub and clean the potatoes.
3. Prick the potatoes with a fork, stabbing into the flesh.
4. Rub a little oil and salt on the potatoes
5. Place potatoes on a rack over a roasting pan and bake in the preheated oven for 1 hour or until the skin are puffed up, golden-brown and crispy, and the potato is soft on the inside.
6. Remove and let cool until easy to handle.
7. To open a baked potato, take your fork and stab a dotted line half way around a potato, then using your thumb and index finger squeeze at both ends of the line to split into half
8. Use a spoon to scoop out the flesh into a bowl.
9. Place bowl over a double boiler.
10. Add ham, sauce, paprika, and seasonings to the potato flesh.
11. Blend well using a wooden spoon.
12. Spoon the mixture back into the potato shells.
13. Place the potatoes under a broiler to brown just before serving.
14. Serve the potatoes with steaks, grills or roasts.
15. Dollop with a little butter if you wish.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size
Calories 391 Calories from Fat 75
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 8 g12.9%
Saturated Fat 2.8 g14.2%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 33.8 mg11.3%
Sodium 186.4 mg7.8%
Total Carbohydrates 65 g21.7%
Dietary Fiber 7.1 g28.4%
Sugars 1.6 g
Protein 17 g34.1%
Vitamin A 8% Vitamin C 50.2%
Calcium 5.3% Iron 4.7%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


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Read our London city guide for information about eating out, things to do and much more.View London Guide »
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A traditional English pub beautifully refurbed for 2011. Now offering double, twin, and shared 4, 6 and 8 bed dorms.... More Info »
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Friendly B&B with a range of comfortable rooms. Double, Twin, triple and family rooms with en suite shower/toilet... More Info »
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Central Hostel is located in zone 1 in London. This convenient location is close to all major attractions and we are... More Info »
***BREAKFAST AND THREE COURSE MEAL INCLUDED IN THE PRICE*** FREE INTERNET: All rooms have very fast cabled... More Info »
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Video guides, travel podcasts, city maps & free city guides. What to eat, where to stay and things to do and see - our travel guides have it all.Find a guide »
We want to make sure that you get to explore as much of Paris as possible and that includes the nightlife scene. We've compiled some of the best places in Paris to check out if ...Read more »
We offer the most comprehensive selection of hostels on the internet with over 33,000 great places to stay in 170 countries. The ultimate online resource for hostels everywhere.Find great value hostels »