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This is taken from the book Plant Names by Peter Lumley and my friend Roger
Spencer of the RBG Melbourne and I think explains the inter- relation and
division of plants very well. (I hope).
"In 1753 he (AS note :referring to Linnaeus ) produced a definitive list of
plants Species Planatarum.Like his contemporaries he used diagnoses
but in this book he put a single index word next to each diagnosis. For
Catmint it was  cataria. This index word was combined with the name
Nepeta in the diagnosis to form a two- word name referred as a
binomial. From this time on the use of binomials like Nepeta
cataria became established and Species Plantarum became the
starting point for modern botanical names.
Linnaeus' aim was to classify, describe and name all living organisms. His
"Sexual System" placed plants into categories based on the number of
stamens and styles in the flower. It was a rather artificial system but
easy to use. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries various
attempts were made to provide a more "natural" system; one in which those
plants with most chatacters in common were classified together.
In spite of the diversity of classification systems proposed there was an
accepted hierarchy of ranks just as there is in the armed forces. Although
the armed forces of the world's nations may be very different in
organisation and function, the hierarchy of ranks is remarkably similar,
making it easy to equate , for instance, an officer in the Panamanian
air-force with one in the Australian navy. No doubt uniformity arose
partly through convenience and partly because of an understanding of the
optimum size of groups in a classification . In plant classification some
common ranks are, in ascending order, variety(AS note:or
form)subspecies,species,genus family and order.
One useful result of a system of this sort is that it is predictive-in
knowing that a plant belongs to a particular group you will also know that
it shares MANY features with the other members."
I hope that clears up the understanding of the system of grouping.Roger did
not mention sub-genus which the dictionary defines as a division of a genus
and accordingly fits in between species and genus.
To further differentiate, botanists divide further the sub-genus into
"sections"grouping together plants more closely related.
We have thus:
Family ..Geraniaceae
Within that Family: Genus-Geranium
Genus Pelargonium is then sub-divided into sub-genus:
eniformia.I also note Seymouria which is usually combined with Hoarea and
sometimes you find mention of Dibrachya which is usually combined with
After this we have the various species of each sub-genus.I have not noted
any attempts to further divide the various sub-genus Pelargonium as has
been the case with the Geranium Genus.( see Dr. Peter Yeo 's book)
When I refer to a family, it is not unlike when I speak of the SCRIVEN
Family meaning all of my Scriven relatives then we have MY Family which
means a group of my wife and my Sons as a family unit.So it is with the
Geraniaceae Family (the whole bunch) The Pelargonium Family meaning the
group belonging to the genus Pelargonium or the Geranium Family as
belonging to the genus Geranium or the Erodium Family as the Erodium Genus.
I trust this clarifies my interpretation and use of the classifications
that I use from time to time.
By the way, there is considerable doubt about the so-called crosses used in
creating the Regals. Much of it is guesswork rather than factual.
Hybridizers tended to tell "fibs" in the good old days trying to keep to
themselves the truth about the hybrids they produced. As I said in my
earlier e-mail, its a pity that a fair dinkum registrar of hybrids was not
kept. These days DNA tests can help to substantiate the ancestary of
plants as in humans and many "species" are being re-tested to determine
their proper status.
Geraniaceae is all around the World
> From: Andrew <email@example.com>
> To: firstname.lastname@example.com
> Subject: Re: what's in a name?
> Date: Saturday, 29 May 1999 16:42
> Dear Alby and Cynthia,
> While I appreciate the information you've given there seems to be a
> problem. Let me put this as carefully as I can without trying to get
> anyone upset, but I don't see how both of you can be right! Here's the
> problem. Alby says, if I interpret him correctly, you cannot get crosses
> between members of different sections (sub-groups); Cynthia says that
> the Regals came from crosses between species that belonged to different
> sections (P. cucullatum , P. betulinum are in the de Candolle section,
> P. grandiflorum is in the Glaucophyllum section while P. fulgidum is in
> the Ligularia section).
> Can somebody help clear this one up? I've never understood the sections.
> The definition of them is usually given pretty loosely and it ends up
> with a list saying which species belongs where but does not tell
> precisely why. Are the distinctions really based on genetic differences
> and on the ability to procreate only through intra-section and, of
> course, intra-species coupling? Or is there possibly a distinction
> between the terms 'sub-genus' and 'family' as used by Alby (see below)
> that I am not understanding? Or have there been name changes that
> confuse the definition of the species involved in the developoment of
> these wonderful but highly convoluted hybrid plants?
> I did not intend the original question I had to lead to this but now
> that it's started it would be helpful to me, and maybe others, to see it
> cleared up. Thanks.
> Andrew
> San Diego, California
> Alby wrote:
> " Regals
> are part of the Pelargonium/Pelargium sub-genus whilst Zonals belong to
> an
> entirely different family known as Ciconium. Ivies, that is P.Peltatum
> from their own family have crossed with zonals or Ciconiums. It has
> been
> thought that the (sub-genus)Pelargonium family may cross with the
> Peltatums
> and thus the resultant hybrid may then cross with a Ciconium.
> Personally
> my opinion for what its worth is "NUTS".
> Cynthia wrote:
> "Take Pelargonium cucullatum (1672) Pelargonium Betulinum(1786)
> Pelargonium
> grandiflorum(1794) Pelargonium fulgidum (1732) and other conjecturals
> that
> share the same chromosome combinations and the First early hybrids were
> made
> in England 1800-1840....the early "regals" large ruffled, heavy markings
> were
> born in 1877-1914".


text:
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Barceló Costa Ballena Golf & Spa, Rota
- Free buffet breakfast and WiFi
Main amenities
- 228 smoke-free guestrooms
- On the beach
- Restaurant and bar/lounge
- Full-service spa
- 3 outdoor pools
- Free children's club
- Free shuttle
- Health club
- Self parking
- 5 meeting rooms
- Terrace
- 24-hour front desk
For families
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Children's pool
- Playground on site
- Children's club (free)
- Sofa bed
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
What's around
- In Costa Ballena
- Costa Ballena Ocean Golf Club (0.3 mi / 0.5 km)
- Moscatel Museum (5.7 mi / 9.1 km)
- Shrine of Our Lady of Regla (5.7 mi / 9.2 km)
- Chipiona Lighthouse (5.9 mi / 9.6 km)
- Santuario de Nuestra Senora de Regla (6 mi / 9.6 km)
Barceló Costa Ballena Golf & Spa, Rotafrom $56
- Double or Twin Room
- Superior Room (Family)
- Superior Double Room
- Family Room (Adjoining Rooms)
- Superior Single Room
- Superior Triple Room
More great choices
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 228 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 2 floors
- Check-in time 1 PM-noon
- Check-out time is 11:30 AM
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- One child (11 years old and younger) stays free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- Free children's club
- Pets not allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in rooms
- Self parking *
- Free nearby parking
- Free beach shuttle
Other information
- Smoke-free property
- All-inclusive rates available
Nearby Four Star Rota hotels
In the hotel
- Children's club (free)
- Free buffet breakfast daily
- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- Coffee shop/café
- Snack bar/deli
- Poolside bar
- Room service (during limited hours)
- Free beach shuttle
- Number of outdoor pools - 3
- Outdoor seasonal pool
- Health club
- Full-service spa
- Spa treatment room(s)
- Children's pool
- Steam room
- Pool sun loungers
- Pool umbrellas
- Arcade/game room
- Billiards or pool table
- Number of meeting rooms - 5
- Conference space
- Meeting rooms 5
- Computer station
- 24-hour front desk
- Laundry facilities
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Luggage storage
- Wedding services
- Multilingual staff
- Porter/bellhop
- Number of buildings/towers - 5
- Year Built 2005
- Elevator/lift
- Garden
- Terrace
- Television in common areas
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
In the room
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Air conditioning
- Minibar
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Sofa bed
- Sofa bed size queen
- In-room massage available
- Furnished balcony
- Private bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
- Bidet
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Flat-screen TV
- Satellite TV channels
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Daily housekeeping
- In-room safe
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Access via exterior corridors
Top Rota hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Rota
- Playa VictoriaFrom
"Everything was excellent , the location, the room, the people, we love the experience"Jan 15, 2017
- Apartamentos Plaza de la Luz CádizFrom
"The apartments are basic, but clean and comfortable. Close to the beach and all the major sights. You can walk everywhere. Plenty of bars and restaurants near by."Dec 14, 2016
- Hotel Palacio GarveyFrom
"The hotel is an old palace and full of charm. The front desk staff was efficient and very nice. Our room and bathroom were very large for Europe. We only stayed one night to tour…"Dec 3, 2016
- Apartamentos JerezFrom
"Clean apartment with cute court. Big plus is garage."Oct 17, 2016
Nearby hotels
Also popular with travelers from the USA
Special features
All inclusive
All-inclusive room rates at this hotel are available. These rates are higher because they include onsite food and beverages in the room rate (some restrictions may apply).
Food and beverages
- Buffet meals, snacks, and beverages included
Not included
- Laundry/dry cleaning services
- Spa/beauty facilities and services
U-spa has 5 treatment rooms including rooms for couples. Services include hot stone massages, sports massages, Swedish massages, and massages. A variety of treatment therapies are provided, including aromatherapy, Ayurvedic, and hydrotherapy. The spa is equipped with a sauna, a spa tub, a steam room, and Turkish bath/hammam.
The spa is open select days. Children under 16 years old are not allowed in the spa without adult supervision. Guests under 4 years old are not allowed in the spa.
DiningRestaurante Albatros - Overlooking the golf course and garden, this buffet restaurant specializes in international cuisine and serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Reservations are required.
Barceló Costa Ballena Golf & Spa, Rota's small print
Also known as
- Barceló Costa Ballena Golf
- Barcelo Costa Ballena Golf And Spa
- Barceló Costa Ballena Golf Hotel
- Barcelo Costa Ballena Golf Hotel Rota
- Barceló Costa Ballena Golf Hotel Rota
- Barceló Costa Ballena Golf Rota
- Barcelo Costa Ballena Hotel
- Barcelo Costa Ballena Spa
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 2500, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
Children under 11 years old are not allowed in the health club, fitness facility, or spa tub without adult supervision.
Children under 16 years old are not allowed in the spa without adult supervision.
Guests under 4 years old are not allowed in the spa.
Reservations are required for golf tee times, massage services, and spa treatments and can be made by contacting the property before arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
Optional extras
Self parking costs EUR 10 per day
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Recent reviews
Excellent 4.2 /5 from 70 reviews
Perfect place for golf lovers! 5min walk from the beach. Amazing buffet and staff is really nice especially Pedro at the front desk! Room was nice with a beautiful sea view. Disaponted by Hotel.com description as no mention spa is at extra cost.
We stayed for 8 nights. The room was rather small for 3 solo sleepers - me and my two sons aged 13 and 25. The shower sprayed all over the floor each time we showered, so that was kind of a bummer. The gift shop was only open limited hours on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. The food was good in the buffet, but the hours of operation took getting used to for Americans - dinner started at 20;00. The beach is AMAZING and we spent a lot of time there. The pools are lovely, especially the child pool. On the weekends the place was quite lively, during the week quieter.
3 day relaxing break, not sure I would classify as 4* (looking rather tired) The Spar was pleasant and very reasonably priced @ 10 euros each, the treatments were not too pricey either.
Costa Valleys beach is amazing, especially at sunset. Great base to explore south eastern Spain. If staying outside the peak season the outdoor pools are not maintained so are unavailable. No tea/coffee facilities as standard. TV reception was really bad
I stayed for 1 night whilst passing on a short notice last minute booking. I arrived and was welcomed by very pleasant staff and quickly checked in. Room was fantastic. Large and very comfortable bed, nicely furnished and all mod cons you'd expect in such a nice resort. The room overlooked the pool area and golf course and had I had more time would have made use of them! Breakfast was included in my rate and was very good. Large buffet selection that should suit most tastes. Didn't see much of the town, although noticed a supermarket, couple of cafes etc. Overall, very nice stay!
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Home > All Cities > FAIRBURN, GA Real Estate Listings > Le Jardin Subdivision
Properties for sale in the Le Jardin Subdivision, FAIRBURN, GA
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The Argentina fans making their way down the concrete walkways to the Arena Corinthians before last night's match had already bought their first souvenirs of the monumental Brazil collapse to Germany in the semi-final the previous evening. On newly printed flags fluttering from cars or tied around shoulders was the laughing face of Diego Maradona and the message "Adios Brasilenos".
The party is over for Brazil. They still have the final at the Maracana on Sunday night, the most prestigious football match in the world in the most evocative stadium in the sport. But as far as the host nation is concerned, the cast-list will be all wrong. This mediocre Brazil team that they have willed on through the tournament with a mixture of blind faith and fervent prayer had not just been found out, they had been eviscerated in front of their eyes.
The 7-1 defeat to Germany was one of those rare football occasions when one feels that the usual rules have been suspended. There were times in that six-minute spell in the first half when Germany scored four goals that anything seemed possible. Ten? 15? A riot? A pitch invasion? A military intervention? The crowd were slow to react. The white, middle-class supporters who can afford to watch their national team were in shock. Barely 20 minutes earlier they had roared their national anthem and all of a sudden they felt obliged to boo.
Video: Brazilians react to humiliating loss
This collapse felt symbolic of the tournament as a whole. Brazil has staged this World Cup on a wing and a prayer. Stadiums delivered late and a heavy toll of deaths in their construction. A fragile peace with the activists who organised the mass protests against the government earlier in the year. An enormous, expensive military presence to ensure the safety of visitors. Superficially pacified favelas. Even a collapsed motorway flyover in Belo Horizonte, that killed two people just days before Brazil's semi-final there.
This has been the tournament that has been delivered on the hop. There are even greater worries about the Olympics in Rio de Janeiro in two years' time. The Brazilian way is to muddle through and have faith. The destruction of their team was representative of a wider malaise that beneath the surface all is not well.
For Luiz Felipe Scolari, a World Cup winner in 2002, life should have promised nothing but the good things that are due the elder statesman of Brazilian football. A place on one of the sofas of the country's evening TV football discussion shows and an easy retirement among the wealthy seniors of middle-class Brazil who take a morning constitutional along the beach.
Yet yesterday at a press conference in Teresopolis, Scolari was hanging on grimly, refusing to resign – at least before Saturday's third-place play-off in Brasilia. It is hardly the way he will have envisaged the end, even if he always thought winning the tournament would be tough.
Post-match, Scolari carried his burden with as much dignity and quiet fortitude as he could muster. He was mildly deluded about the game itself, attempting to characterise the scale of the defeat as some kind of aberration largely unrelated to his team's performance. But on the bigger picture, on responsibility, on the wounding to the national pride, he struck the right tone.
Brazil are just not very good. In a tournament that has, until Germany's semi-final performance, lacked a stand-out team, the hosts have been able to harness the enthusiasm of the squad and passion of the support to propel them into the last four. Even so, they needed penalties to beat Chile in the last 16 and a brutally reductive approach to kicking Colombia in the quarter-finals.
In the aftermath of the semi-final, it was as if the players dared not rationalise what had happened, preferring instead to describe it as an event that had taken place beyond their control, the work of a vengeful god. "Unbelievable," Fernandinho said. "Incredible things happened. We can try to explain for the rest of our lives, but we cannot find the words to explain this situation. I've never experienced anything like that in my life. "
Dani Alves went on the attack. "I know a lot of life's losers and arseholes will make fun," he posted on Instagram. "But I would like to say publicly that I am privileged to be part of this group – you are the best, you are champions, you are what all the arseholes will never be, because you have excelled and succeeded in life." Needless to say, that is not the prevailing mood in the country.
Viewed as a whole, Brazil's weaknesses are obvious. The injured Neymar is a fine player but in better Brazil teams he would not have to shoulder all the creative burden. They have a collection of mediocre, interchangeable midfielders – Luis Gustavo, Paulinho, Fernandinho, Ramires – who offer them nothing different in style or quality. The less said about the lamentable Fred and Jo the better. Bernard, preferred to Willian in place of Neymar, does not get in the Shakhtar Donetsk team every week.
Brazil 1 Germany 7 player ratings
Brazil 1 Germany 7 player ratings
1/22 Brazil: Julio Cesar
Having performed so well before, especially in the last 16 against Chile, must have been distraught at the disaster in front of him. Powerless. 4/10
2/22 Maicon
A 32-year-old with that much experience should be taking responsibility, but Maicon never did, simply making the runs he wanted to make. 3
3/22 David Luiz
Instead of showing discipline and leadership, rising to the role of captain, he was abysmal, playing only his own game and abdicating all responsibility. 2
4/22 Dante
Always unlikely to replace Thiago Silva adequately, and he provided none of the skill, awareness, leadership or discipline his captain does. 3
5/22 Marcelo
Conceded the corner for the first goal and never looked especially keen on stopping Germany from adding to their tally. 2
6/22 Luis Gustavo
Asked to provide balance in midfield, he was swamped by Khedira and Kroos, as the spine of this Brazil side melted away in the first half. 3
Utterly outclassed by the German midfield, he could barely get on the ball until scoring his sharp consolation goal. 4
8/22 Fred
Just as anonymous as he had been for the rest of the tournament and once the damage had been done he was booed and jeered by the fans. 2
9/22 Fernandinho
Meant to provide energy and presence in midfield but he was dismal, swamped by German numbers and gifting the ball for the fourth. Off at half-time. 2
10/22 Hulk
Did have an opening or two in Brazil's bright opening but, not for the first time, lacked the skill to take advantage. Did not make the second half. 2
11/22 Bernard
Trusted to fill Neymar's role, by the time he saw the ball Brazil had already lost. At least he wanted to try things in the second half. 4
12/22 Germany: Manuel Neuer
Did in fact have a few saves to make, early in the second half, and he was impeccable again until Oscar's late consolation goal. 7/10
13/22 Lahm
Made one excellent tackle on Marcelo when the game was still 0-0. After that it was all attack, crossing well from the right for the third and sixth goals. 8
14/22 Boateng
Called upon once or twice to defend, which he did very well, and spent the rest of the evening admiring the quality of his team's forward play. 7
15/22 Hummels
His only disappointment, having come off at half-time for Per Mertesacker, is that he could not add to his goal tally for the tournament. 7
16/22 Howedes
Not quite as incisive as Lahm on the opposite side, but was still impressive, never once beaten defensively and providing a useful option out wide. 7
17/22 Kroos
Operating in the oceans of space in front of Brazil's centre-backs, he played the through pass for the second goal and scored the third and fourth. 10
18/22 Schweinsteiger
Can barely have expected such a comfortable evening, winning the ball and moving it forward for his team-mates to do the damage. 8
19/22 Muller
Showed he is one of the best big-game players in the world, with that brilliant nose for goal to score the first. Wonderful movement from then on. 10
20/22 Khedira
The man whose expert shuttling and well-timed runs destroyed Brazil's collapsing system. Made the fourth, scored the fifth and could have had more. 10
21/22 Ozil
Had more than enough space in wide areas to enjoy himself, always moving intelligently and involved in creating two of the first-half goals. 8
22/22 Klose
On the night Germany humiliated Brazil, Klose broke Ronaldo's World Cup scoring record, beating Julio Cesar for the second goal. 8
Brazil's goalkeeper Julio Cesar, although not one of the key culprits in Tuesday's defeats, spent most of last season sitting out a lucrative contract at Queen's Park Rangers before going to play in the MLS with Toronto. All in all, hardly the ideal preparation to be the No 1 goalkeeper for Brazil in a home World Cup. He eventually kept his place because of a lack of competition. When Cesar burst into tears before the penalty shoot-out against Chile it was hard to imagine Germany's Manuel Neuer doing the same.
Throughout that Brazil team one could spot flaws. There was Maicon at right-back, a player for whom the best years are in his scrapbook and who could not cut it in the Premier League. David Luiz lost Thomas Müller for the first goal and spent the rest of the game chasing his losses. Hulk was hooked at half-time, unable to offer any cutting edge against Philipp Lahm, a man of half the forward's body mass. Really, it was a pitiful performance.
Winning the Confederations Cup last summer against a Spain team starting to show the cracks in its invincibility gave Brazil a false sense of hope. The morning after the night before it all looked rather hollow. The vast billboard endorsements for Samsung, Mastercard, Itau bank and Nike from which the stars of this Brazil team stare out have been deliciously undone by football's unpredictable narrative. They are crying out for one of the country's millions of industrious graffiti artists to offer an updated commentary on the national team.
It should not be this way. Scolari selects from the biggest and the deepest talent pool in the world. There are consistently more Brazilians than any other nationality in the Champions League group stages. If he chose to, the coach could watch potential players in any of the top leagues in Europe, not to mention his country's own league.
Yet the group of players he selected felt, for the large part, a tired bunch long way past their best and incapable of raising their game.
On Tuesday night, Scolari predicted that the core of the squad, up to 15 players, would go on to play at the 2018 World Cup finals in Russia. Given what happened not an hour earlier, this was not what Brazil wanted to hear. This team needs fresh blood and just a few survivors from the horror of Belo Horizonte to remind the new boys what failure – spectacular failure – was like.Reuse content


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In a mixing bowl, combine dry ingredients together with a fork. Cut in the shortening using a pastry blender until mixture resembles coarse crumbs. Make a well in the center and add buttermilk. Quickly fold dry ingredients into buttermilk with your hands until a sticky dough forms.
Turn dough out onto floured surface. Gently fold the dough over itself 3 or 4 times to create layers. Roll dough out to 3/4-inch thick. Cut with a 3-inch biscuit cutter. Transfer dough rounds to a sheet pan. Gather scraps and repeat. Make a dimple in the center to help the top rise evenly. Brush with butter. Bake for 15 minutes in a preheated 400 degree oven until golden brown.
Recipe courtesy of Tyler Florence
The best comfort food is comforting both to cook and to eat, like Ree's pork chops.


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Photo: Charles Maraia
4 servings
Nutritional Information
Calcium 19 mg
Calories 226
Caloriesfromfat 0 %
Carbohydrate 36 g
Cholesterol 0 mg
Fat 9 g
Fiber 6 g
Iron 2 mg
Protein 7 mg
Satfat 1 g
Sodium 614 mg
1 pound fresh fava beans, shelled (1 cup)
2 tablespoons olive oil
4 cups fresh corn kernels, cut from 4 ears of corn
1 small onion, finely diced
2 small garlic cloves, minced
1 teaspoon kosher salt
1/2 red pepper, thinly sliced
1 scallion, thinly sliced
Blanch the fava beans in a pot of lightly salted boiling water for 2 minutes and drain. Rinse the beans under cold water to stop the cooking. Peel off and discard the green skins; set aside the beans.
Heat the oil in a large skillet over medium heat. Add the corn, onion, garlic, and salt and cook, stirring frequently, until the vegetables are slightly charred and golden, 6 to 7 minutes. Add the bell pepper and beans and cook an additional 2 minutes. Remove from heat, add the scallion, and toss well. Serve warm or at room temperature.
August 2002


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$299.98Go to Jet.com
Eight tiered dishes gently curve to complement the lines of this lighted floor fountain with the look of natural stone. Water flows to create a relaxing and meditative atmosphere. Made of fiberglass...More
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One of the most important and exciting activities of the Winter Cycling Federation, the annual international Winter Cycling Congress is an event that is truly not to be missed. The last conference was held in Minneapolis-St.Paul. Hundreds of delegates from around the world joined ranks to discuss the best in winter cycling design, planning and culture.
In 2017, the 5th annual congress moves to beautiful Montreal, Canada, February 8-10! Learn more. See you Montreal!
Meanwhile, learn more about previous conferences....
...and our other projects.


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Monticello Vineyards
2010 Estate Grown Syrah
Currently Available
The Dark Side! Our Syrah is almost onyx in color with intense aromas of blackberry, espresso and spice. The traditional Syrah core of ripe black fruit is supported by well infused tannins. A pleasurable mouth full of wine that finishes forever.Wine ProfileProduction NotesThe 100% Syrah grows in a small block at our Knollwood Vineyard in Oak Knoll District. This section has generally produced the most complex and deeply textured Syrahs. We harvested this fruit on October 16, 2010, then hand-sorted and crushed the fruit into small fermenting bins. The bins were punched down by hand, and after 16 days on the skins, the fruit was pressed off to new barrels. The wine was aged in 100% new oak barrels for 28 months prior to bottling. 18 Months in 100% New Oak (50% French / 50% Virginian).Winemaker NotesThis is a big, bold wine. The color is very dark as we typically find with our estate grown Syrah and is a good indication of the extraction of this wine. The aromas are quite intriguing, offering dark ripe berry fruit and loads of spice and vanillin oak. This richness carries across to the palate where the full-bodied wine expresses a long, spicy finish. The balance of the French and Virginian oaks used in the aging adds another layer of interest to the already deeply layered wine. Drink Now through 2020.Food Pairing NotesWild Game, Pizza, Seasoned Stew
Wine SpecsVintage2010VarietalSyrahAppellationOak Knoll DistrictVineyard DesignationEstate GrownAlcohol %14.2


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pink and blue hydrangea
This seemed to be one flowering head, of one plant. Whether or not its one, the colors were beautiful.
It's my understanding that these are sterile flowers -- the fertile flowers are smaller.
Thanks for looking!
I have created a gallery of photos of hydrangea flowers, from other Flickr members, here.
6,010 views
36 faves
57 comments
Taken on May 17, 2011


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Balance Your Mind, Body and Spirit To Achieve Life Long Wellness
Spa Elysia, Hunter Valley, NSW
Spa Elysia is a haven of relaxation and healing, located within Golden Door Health Retreat, Be indulged with a wide selection of body treatments, massages, facials and healing treatments from our highly specialised therapists and practitioners.
Enjoy a day of pure relaxation combining spa treatments, use of the steam room and spa bath or simply take some well deserved time out with a book or magazine in our spacious relaxation room.
Spa Elysia at Golden Door Health Retreat is the largest day spa in Australia boasting 26 wet and dry treatment rooms, including a double room to share with a friend or loved one, purpose built Vichy shower rooms, manicure and pedicure beds, separate male and female facilities including luxurious change areas, relaxation lounges, steam rooms and spa baths, private sun gardens surrounding the outdoor resort pool, 25 metre heated indoor pool and a purpose built signature Watsu pool suite.


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Known for its masterful interpretations of various different styles of watches, California's Meister has created a limited edition Prodigy Watch for French retailer colette. Dressed in a handsome black colorway with blue accents and a stainless crown, the piece is waterproof up to 100 m and features Japanese quartz movement. The Prodigy Watch is limited to 15 pieces and can be purchased online for $197 USD.


text: Publications http://www.eea.europa.eu 50 years of protecting Europe's environment http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/policy/multimedia/50-years-of-protecting-europes-environment/view Today the European Union has the most environmentally friendly arsenal of rules in the world and has done more to tackle pressing ecological problems, such as climate change, than any other major power. But it has not always been like this. Caring for the environment did not feature in the Treaty of Rome, the document that gave birth to the modern day EU. Yet environmental problems were never far away. Europe's love affair with the car was moving into top gear, industry was busy belching out pollutants and raw sewage was being pumped into our rivers and seas. No publisher electronic waste Rhine climate change recycling acid rain Stavros Dimas sea air quality hazardous waste nature REACH river basin management bathing water smog waste Kyoto protocol 2010 biodiversity target waste management asbestos biodiversity loss fine dust global warming biodiversity rubbish freshwater pollution green economy chemicals low-carbon economy raw materials EU ETS early environmental policies environmental policy emissions trading scheme Natura 2000 fossil fuels Kyoto Protocol rivers natural parks recycled materials ultrafine particles coastal ecosystems 2008/02/27 18:02:38 GMT+1 File Better management of municipal waste will reduce greenhouse gas emissions http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/briefing_2008_1 No publisher greenhouse gas emissions waste management climate change recycling waste recovery global warming landfill waste incineration municipal waste generation waste municipal waste burning waste 2008/01/31 10:00:00 GMT+1 Publication The road from landfilling to recycling: common destination, different routes http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/brochure_2007_4 No publisher recycling waste management landfill waste incineration waste municipal waste Landfill Directive waste policies 2007/10/22 08:00:00 GMT+1 Publication Sustainable consumption and production in South East Europe and Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia - Joint UNEP-EEA report on the opportunities and lessons learned http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/eea_report_2007_3 This report was jointly prepared by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the European Environment Agency (EEA) to support the development of sustainable consumption and production policies and implementation activities in the countries of South East Europe and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. The objective is to identify opportunities for and barriers to more sustainable consumption and production in the SEE and EECCA countries, and to highlight relevant experience which could be replicated throughout the region. No publisher energy consumption food consumption welfare trade social inequalities economic growth household consumption ecological footprint transport global trade green purchasing resource efficiency waste resource use buildings greenhouse gas emissions waste management sustainability policy instruments industry food production demography sustainable consumption and production 2007/10/11 12:00:00 GMT+1 Publication Environmental pressures from European consumption and production - Insights from environmental accounts http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/brochure_2007_1 The environmental pressures analysed in the project are: global warming potentials, acidification potentials, tropospheric ozone forming potentials and resource use. No publisher resource use consumption environmental accounts waste management electricity agriculture housing namea trade food production production waste sustainable consumption and production transport 2007/07/03 23:00:00 GMT+1 Publication


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Puzzle Mania Spreads Quickly – Jigsaw Puzzles and Dragons Game Now Available for iOS
A new version for iOS has finally seen the light of day, iPhone and iPad users can play the game on their devices
Nis, Serbia., March 4, 2014 - (PressReleasePoint) - Wizards Time LLC has launched Jigsaw Puzzles and Dragons Game as the first game for iOS operating system. After a great number of Android users who played this game, Wizards Time LLC made this game available for iOS users as well. People who enjoy playing jigsaw puzzle games can download the game on iTunes Store for free.
Jigsaw Puzzles and Dragons Game is a game for toddlers, kids and adults. This puzzle game revolves around the dragons which are friendly, colorful, and dressed in funny clothes. Users solve the puzzle by choosing an image from the picture gallery and then recreate it. However, it is not as simple as it seems. Apart from easy difficulty level adjusted mainly to kids, there are two others, medium and hard, which make the puzzle-solving a bit harder and more challenging.
Features of the game include an interesting menu in a shape of dragon`s tale by pulling of which users choose the language of the game, level difficulty and turn music on/off. If, during the puzzle solving, users cannot find the missing piece, users can use help by clicking on the question mark shaped button. When the puzzle is solved and the dragon`s picture recreated, the picture can be set as a wallpaper, send via Bluetooth and e-mail or shared on Facebook.
To download the game: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/jigsaw-puzzles-dragons/id826406900?mt=8
Jigsaw Puzzles and Dragons Game has recently made the debut on Google Play Store and it reached almost 50 000 downloads in a short period of time. This is a comment of a user, "Awesome! I've always loved doing puzzles. I'm so happy that I found this app!" Another user said, "Amazing game! This game is amazing! The dragons are original and interesting! The kids love it!"
About Wizards Time LLC
Wizards Time LLC is an entertainment and media company established in October 2012 in Serbia as a group of marketing experts, web developers and artists from all around the country. Wizards Time is primarily focused on the development and marketing of Android and iOS mobile apps and games.
For further information, please call Jelena Vaskovic at +38162477338, or send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Press Contact:
Svrljiska 6
062 477 338
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- Jigsaw Puzzles & Dragons Game Ready For Players Of All Ages And Experience Levels
- Jigsaw Puzzles 5000 Collection for Android Devices Delivers Outstanding Experience for Puzzle Lovers
- Free Jigsaw Puzzles 5000 collection for Android
- Talking Dragon – New Talking App Available for iPhone, iPad and iPod and for Free
- Wizards Time`s Game Ice Cream Magic- Cooking game Makes the Debut on iTunes
This press release is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Read full copyright information here.


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http://sutherlandinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/logo_white_red_225x64.png 0 0 Sutherland Institute http://sutherlandinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/logo_white_red_225x64.png Sutherland Institute2005-12-11 15:49:252015-04-16 13:45:07Fathering
By: Schwartz, Seth J., and Gordon E. Finley.
Analyzing survey data from US university students, these researchers find that students from intact families report significantly higher levels of father involvement, father mentoring, and nurturant fathering practices than do students from divorced families across all racial groups.
Fathering in intact and divorced families: Ethnic differences in retrospective reports. Journal of Marriage and Family 67 (1): 207-15.


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Crumb-Crowned Halibut
|Halibut steaks/Other fish steaks
|1 1⁄2 Pound
|3 Tablespoon
|Seasoned coating mix
|2 Ounce
|Lemon wedges
|Pimiento stuffed olives
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
Thaw frozen fish.
Place on rack of broiler pan or in greased baking pan.
Brush with 1 tablespoon melted butter or margarine.
Sprinkle with a little salt and pepper.
Broil 5 inches from heat till fish is almost done, about 10 minutes.
Brush again with 1 tablespoon melted butter.
Stir remaining 1 tablespoon melted butter into seasoned coating mix; spread on fish.
Return to broiler till brown, about 5 minutes.
Spear lemon wedges and olives on picks.
Use to garnish steaks.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size: Complete recipe
Calories 1509 Calories from Fat 719
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 78 g119.7%
Saturated Fat 25.3 g126.6%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 314.5 mg104.8%
Sodium 6350.8 mg264.6%
Total Carbohydrates 57 g19.1%
Dietary Fiber 0.32 g1.3%
Sugars 0 g
Protein 146 g291.2%
Vitamin A 43.9% Vitamin C 8.8%
Calcium 51.4% Iron 50%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


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Removal of penile genital warts в University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf
Removal of penile genital warts
The objective of the Department of Urology at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf is to provide a patient-oriented medical care. A key focus of the Department is reconstructive urology.
Duration 3 days
Type of Treatment: Inpatient
location_onCountry: Germany
location_searchingCity: Hamburg
Price 6546.00


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Are you looking for Chocolate Covered Strawberries in GEORGIA? Hotfrog showcases more than 10 popular businesses related to Chocolate Covered Strawberries in GEORGIA! Find a specific region or suburb using the left navigation.
Dallas, GA
Delicious chocolate covered strawberries and Fresh fruit sculptures by Edible Arrangements® resemble bouquets of flowers in blossom. These tasty frui…
More info
Jesup, GA
for any occasion. We offer a large variety of fresh flowers and gifts. Enjoy the convenience of safe and secure ordering online 24 hours a day. The g…
- 10/12/2010
Griffin, GA
We sell fresh fruit bouquets and chocolate covered strawberries with free delivery
Business hour: Monday-Saturday: 8:00 AM -05:00 PM Closed Sunday
fruit bouquets
Austell, GA
Edible Arrangements® delicious fresh fruit baskets and Fruit Bouquets made with chocolate covered strawberries are delightful tasty gifts. Chocolate Dipped Strawberries, pineapples, apples and oranges make exquisite frui…
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Norcross, GA
Marble Slab Creamery serves the freshest ice cream on earth, with a variety of gourmet flavor and mixin possibilities Chocolate Covered Strawberries from Marble Slab
Suwanee, GA
A romantic decorating service for birthdays, honeymoons, wedding nights, anniversaries, Valentines Day, Mothers Day, Fathers Day and special occasions. We decorate your hotel, vacation rental, or private location with ro…
Alpharetta, GA
Shake Group continues to grow and expand their Steak N Shake presence in the Statesboro and Savannah markets, while also exploring new dining concepts Shake Group, LLC was formed in 2011 to operate Steak N Shak…
Columbus, GA
Today our edible arrangements can be found in hospital rooms or nurse's stations, military base, baby showers, on conference tables or cocktail tables, and backyard parties
Edible Arrangementedible fruit
Macon, GA
Buy flowers or edible fruit bouquets from your local florist in Macon, GA - A Touch Of Glover will provide all your floral, edible fruit bouquets and gift needs in Macon, GA, Warner Robins, GA
Athens, GA
We are a coffee shop located in the Georgia Square Mall in the beautiful Athens
Lithonia, GA
Fruit Bouquet CompanyFresh Fruit Arrangementschocolate covered fruitFruit Arrangements
Savannah, GA
Delicious Fresh FruitFruit Bouquet CompanyFresh Fruit Arrangementschocolate covered fruit
Fresh Fruit Arrangementschocolate covered fruitDipped StrawberriesFruit Arrangements
Can't find Chocolate Covered Strawberries company near near GEORGIA? Let us know by adding the missing business here.
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Real Estate in Cumberland, GA
Cumberland is located in Georgia. Cumberland, Georgia has a population of212,965.
The median household income in Cumberland, Georgia is $46,146. The median household income for the surrounding county is $57,664 compared to the national median of $53,046. The median age of people living in Cumberland is 33.2 years.
Cumberland Environment
The average high temperature in July is 89 degrees, with an average low temperature in January of 34.1 degrees. The average rainfall is approximately 53.7 inches per year, with 0.3 inches of snow per year.
Cumberland Map
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Welcome! You are browsing as a guestWould you like to see 65 projects made from this yarn and much more? join Ravelry now What am I missing?
© MariaOlssonKnits
© daicheng
May be the same yarn as Andean Mist 10/2/2, but in natural colors. Not found on the website under either name.
popular colorways
6 stashed
2 projects
2 stashed
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6 projects
6 stashed
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3 projects


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Terry A. Cromwell, MD (retired)
a user ...
a user ...
Ratings based on 2 reviews
Write a review
Are you a patient of Terry A. Cromwell, MD (retired)?
Reviews (2)
5 out of 5 stars Breast Lift with Implants
Feeling pretty good and glad that perky full breast are accomplished.
I've seen him 5 years prier to this consult and he's very nice, doesn't mind answers and talking. His background speaks volumes.
Getting a BA and a BL Soon - Lafayette, LA
I've seen my Docter years beforehand and new form the consult he was my Docter, very nice and caring and talked to me instead of being in and out like one I've consulted with before. He's listens.
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Food Lion Martinsville
Address & Contacts
(276) 666-2053
Food Lion
2828 Greensboro Rd.
24112 Martinsville
Opening Times
|07:00am - 11:00pm
|07:00am - 11:00pm
|07:00am - 11:00pm
|07:00am - 11:00pm
|07:00am - 11:00pm
|07:00am - 11:00pm
|07:00am - 11:00pm
Warning, Stores-Locator.com is a participative website where everyone can indicate the opening hours, please let us know if you notice any mistake.
Food Lion Martinsville is usually open Sunday.
These times do not include public holidays. To see if your store is open these days, contact them.
- Restaurants
- Food Lion in Stanleytown 951 Fairystone Pk Hwy
- Food Lion in Bassett 5835 Virginia Ave
- Food Lion in Eden Hwy 14 & East Meadow Road
- Food Lion in Martinsville (3.57 km)
- Chick-fil-A in Martinsville (4.81 km)
- Food Lion in Stanleytown (12.06 km)
- Latitude : 36.652399
- Longitude : -79.873266
Your opinionYou are a customer or you know Food Lion Martinsville ? Help future customers by leaving your review and rating this store!
Food Lion
1827 stores Food Lion in the U.S. registered on Stores-Locator.com
Food Lion LLC is a Belgian-American grocery store company headquartered in Salisbury, North Carolina, that operates more than 1,100 supermarkets in 11 Mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic states as well as Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia under the Food Lion banner. Food Lion was founded in 1957 in Salisbury, North Carolina as Food Town by Wilson Smith, Ralph Ketner,… more about Food Lion
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Amazon: future is in the (Prime) AirHow about having your Amazon purchases delivered within 30 minutes by a drone? It's not going to happen tomorrow, but we're getting there.
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digger1269 Review
A Stunner
Pictures do not do this ring justice. The SS is far more polished compared to the photograph, and the stones are more closely set together. Very rich look and feeling. Numerous compliments on a fine piece of jewelry.
- Did the image onsite match the product? Yes
- Did the product fit true to size? Yes
- How is the quality of the product? Excellent
Was This Review Helpful?


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IV certified registered nurses come to your home / office / hotel in as little as 45 mins OR Book at one of our NYC Drip Lounge Locations.
Click here to Schedule an appointment now
IV Hangover NutriDrips are Electrolyte Powered, Vitamin Infused, and contain Rx strength medication (if needed).
Three IV Hangover cures to choose from PLUS immune boosting and energizing Vitamin infusions.
In home service starting at $175
Schedule an appointment online
or call us at 844-243-0888.
Need a NutrDrip right away? No problem.
We can usually have a nurse to you with 45 mins at no extra charge
Our IV certified registered nurses come to your home or office to administer the IV NutriDrip.
Your infusion specialist will help you pick the best package for your needs.
The infusion process takes 30 - 60 minutes depending on the dosage.
You will be feeling better in as little as 30 mins. Seize the day feeling refreshed and revitalized.
Follow us on Instagram for Exclusive NutriDrip Specials:
Dr. Beer has created 3 special NutriDrips designed to fight hangovers of different shapes and sizes. Just pick your weapon and in as little as 30 mins, we have can you back on your feet.
Provides instant hydration and electrolytes
Provide quick hydration and an extra energy boost
The full package including energy and immune boosters, as well as medications to deal with Nausea and Headaches
Hangovers are just the start to what NutriDrips can do.
Hangovers are just the start to what NutriDrips can do.
We have expertly developed NutriDrip formulas for every need. Whether you are looking for an immune boost or to recover from a late night, we've got you covered. Here are some of the benefits that different NutriDrip packages can provide*:
Boost Energy
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The Hangover Club is powered by:
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. This service is intended only for healthy adults.


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Em Chamas Brazilian Grill
In need of party rentals? When you need Carnival Games and other items for your party, make sure you contact Em Chamas Brazilian Grill.
Sitting In Style
We help make planning your events nice and simple at Sitting In Style. Just tell us what Lighting and other items you need to rent for the affair.
TheEventLine Supercenter Of Kansas ...
Still trying to find the best company in the area for Carnival Games and other party rentals? Stop looking. You've found the best when you use TheEventLine Supercenter Of Kansas City.
Shindig Party Rentals
You need the best Frozen Drink Machines and other equipment. Make sure you get together with Shindig Party Rentals in Elwood for the best results.
Best seat in the house
Party planning is easy when you use Best seat in the house to find the right Photo Booths and other party rental needs. Make us the top choice on your list.
Carnival Times
The specialists working at Carnival Times know just what you need to make your party incredible. Let us help you with Audio / Video and your other needs.
If you are trying to find a company in your area that offers Stages and other rental items, all you have to do is get in touch with TheDanceSpot.
Kansas City Party Bus LLC
Your event is important, so treat it that way. Make sure that you use Kansas City Party Bus LLC for Inflatables and all of your party rentals.


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I'm a graduate student in the computer science department at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. My research interests include making things run on computers fast, anything that has applications in game development, GPU computing, and computer graphics in general.
Currently I am studying different methods of increasing the speed of texture compressors. My recent work includes FasTC, a fast texture compressor for the BPTC/BC7 format.
Here is a link to my CV.


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More Videos...
RS4@540hp vs RS4@436hp vs RS4@420hp
left RS4@436hp and original K04 turbos. Middle has 540hp with K04 from RS6. Right RS4 is almost stock with a chip.
2500 HP dyno
I think this is a Buik but not too sure. If anyone knows then correct me please. Big HP Dyno run using 2500 HP turbine unit.
Audi S4 V6 Biturbo with KMS MD35 1000Hp
Audi S4 V6 Biturbo Controlled by: KMS MD35 Built by: TTD (www.T-T-D.de) Dyno: Van Kronenburg Autosport www.van-kronenburg.nl
Audi S3 TS Racing - 1074hp / 1158nm
Here is some inboard footage of TS Racings AUDI S3. Built on a 5cyl 2,5L engine this monsters effect hits 1074hp / 1158nm. This was filmed on Audi VW Club Norwegens annual meet on VÃ¥lerbanen in Norway. Follow me: http://facebook.com/hesleskaugvideo http://youtube.com/hesleskaug


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State Issues
Below is a list of current state issues.
Michigan Credit Union Act Refresh – HB 5017-5022 & HB 5147
This package of bills seeks to modernize the outdated MCUA in order to provide regulatory relief and put more control in the hands of credit union boards and management, solidifying Michigan's state charter as one of the nation's strongest.
Installment Loans by Payday Lenders
Likely to be reintroduced in a similar form later this year, payday lenders continue to seek expansions of lending authority. Such expansion would expose consumers to increasingly predatory practices. Currently, payday lenders may offer short term loans with restrictions that favor consumers as opposed to allowing lenders to introduce new monthly fees (in addition to high interest rates).
Foreclosure Reform - SB 677
The passing of this legislation would grant Michigan courts unique power to modify mortgage terms and grant other relief that transcends the reach of federal bankruptcy courts, ultimately harming all creditors.
DIFS Model Bylaw Review
An outcome of our MCUA dialog with DIFS, this review would modernize the state's bylaws, providing clarity for credit unions who look to the bylaws for guidance.Go to main navigation


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Persian people
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
|Regions with significant populations
|49,312,834 (61–65% of the total population)[1][2]
|Persian, and closely related languages.
|Primarily Shia Islam, as well as Irreligion, Christianity, the Bahá'í faith, Sunni Islam, Sufism, Judaism, and Zorastrianism.
|Related ethnic groups
|Azerbaijanis, Kurds, Lurs, Mazanderanis
The Persians are an Iranic ethnic group native to Iran, who share a common ancestry and cultural system.[3] They are native speakers of the Persian language,[4][5] as well as closely related dialects and languages.[6][7]
The ancient Persians were originally a nomadic branch of the ancient Iranian population who entered modern-day Iran by the early 10th century BC.[8][9] Together with their compatriot allies, they established and ruled some of the world's most powerful empires,[10][11] well-recognized for their massive cultural, political and social influence covering much of the territory and population of the ancient world.[12][13]
Persians contributed greatly in various forms of art, including carpet-weaving, pottery, mosaic, miniature painting, calligraphy, and music. They own one of the world's oldest and richest literary traditions, and have also left significant influences in architectural and scientific concepts.
The English term Persian derives from Latin *Persia, itself deriving from Greek *Persís (Περσίς),[14] a Hellenized form of Old Persian *Pārsa (𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿).[15] In the Bible, it is referred to as Parás (Hebrew: פָּרָס)—sometimes Paras uMadai (פרס ומדי; "Persia and Media")—within the books of Esther, Daniel, Ezra and Nehemya.
The term Persia was adopted through Greek sources, used as an official name for all of Iran for many years. Thus, the term Persian came to refer to all inhabitants of the country.
Some medieval and early modern Islamic sources also used cognates of the term Persian to refer to various Iranian peoples, including speakers of the Khwarezmian language,[16] the Mazanderani language,[17] and the Old Azeri language.[18] The Iraqi historian Al-Masudi (896–956) refers to Pahlavi (Middle Persian), Dari (Early Modern Persian) and Azari (the Old Azeri language) as dialects of the Persian language.[19] Lady Mary (Leonora Woulfe) Sheil, in her observation of Iran during the Qajar era, describes Persians, Kurds and Leks to identify themselves as "descendants of the ancient Persians".[20]
On March 21, 1935, the ruler of the country, Reza Shah, issued a decree asking the international community to use the term Iran, the native name of the country, in formal correspondence. Since then, the term Iranian and Persian were applied interchangeably to the population of Iran. The term Persian is still historically used to designate the predominant population of the Iranian people living in the Iranian cultural continent.[21][22][23][24]
The earliest known written record attributed to the Persians is from the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III, an Assyrian inscription from the mid-9th century BC,[25][26] found at Nimrud. The inscription mentions Parsua (presumed to mean "border" or "borderland")[27] as a tribal chiefdom (860–600 BC) in modern-day western Iran.[28][29]
The ancient Persians were originally a nomadic branch of the Iranian population that, in the early 10th century BC, settled to the northwest of modern-day Iran.[8][9][30][31] They were initially dominated by the Assyrians for much of the first three centuries after arriving in the region; however, they played a major role in the downfall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.[32][33] The Medes, another branch of this population, founded the unified empire of Media as the region's dominant cultural and political power in c. 625 BC.[10] Meanwhile, the Persian dynasty of the Achaemenids formed a vassal state to the central Median power. In c. 552 BC, the Achaemenids began a revolution which eventually led to the conquest of the empire by Cyrus II in c. 550 BC. They spread their influence to the rest of what is called the Iranian Plateau, and assimilated with the non-Iranian indigenous groups of the region, including the Elamites and Mannaeans.[34][35][36]
At its greatest extent, the Achaemenid Empire stretched from parts of Eastern Europe in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east, making it the largest empire the world had yet seen.[11] The Achaemenids developed the infrastructure to support their growing influence, including the creation of Pasargadae and the opulent city of Persepolis.[37] The empire extended as far as the limits of the Greek city states in modern-day mainland Greece, where the Persians and Athenians influenced each other in what is essentially a reciprocal cultural exchange.[38] Its legacy and impact on the kingdom of Macedon was also notably huge,[13] even for centuries after the withdrawal of the Persians from Europe following the Greco-Persian Wars.[13] The empire collapsed in 330 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great, but reemerged shortly after as the Parthian Empire.
Until the Parthian era, the Iranian identity had an ethnic, linguistic, and religious value; however, it did not yet have a political import.[39] Parthian, a mutually intelligible language with the Middle Persian language,[40] became an official language of the Parthian Empire. It had influences on the modern Persian language,[41][42][43] as well as a major influence on the neighboring Armenian language.
By the time of the Sassanian Empire, a national culture which was fully aware of being Iranian took shape, partially motivated by restoration and revival of the wisdom of "the old sages" (Middle Persian: dānāgān pēšēnīgān).[39] Other aspects of this national culture included the glorification of a great heroic past and an archaizing spirit.[39] Throughout the period, the Iranian identity reached its height in every aspect.[39] Middle Persian, which is the immediate ancestor of Modern Persian and a variety of other Iranian dialects,[41][44][45] became the official language of the empire[46] and was greatly diffused among Iranians.[39]
The Parthians and the Sassanids would also extensively interact with the Romans culturally. The Roman-Sassanid Wars and the Byzantine-Sassanid Wars would shape the landscape of Western Asia, Europe, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Mediterranean Basin for centuries. For a period of over 400 years, the neighboring Byzantines and Sassanids were recognized as the two leading powers in the world.[47][48][49]
The intermingling of Persians, Medes, Parthians, Bactrians and indigenous "pre-Iranian" people of Iran (incl. the Elamites) gained more ground, and a homogeneous Iranian identity was created to the extent that all were just called Iranians, irrespective of clannish affiliations and regional linguistic or dialectical alterities. Furthermore, the process of incomers' assimilation which had been started with the Greeks, continued in the face of Arab, Mongol and Turkic invasions and proceeded right up to Islamic times.[34][50]
In modern-day Iran, Persians make up the majority of the population.[51] They speak the western dialects and varieties of the modern Persian language,[52] which also serves as the country's official language.[53]
Persian language[edit]
The Persian language and its various varieties are part of the Western group of the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. Modern Persian is classified as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of the Sassanid Empire, itself a continuation of Old Persian, which was spoken by the time of the Achaemenid Empire.[54][55][56]
Old Persian is one of the oldest Indo-European languages attested in original texts.[57] Examples of Old Persian have been found in present-day Iran, Armenia, Romania (Gherla),[58][59] Iraq, Turkey, and Egypt.[60][61] The oldest attested text written in Old Persian is from the Behistun Inscription.[62]
Related groups[edit]
There are several ethnic groups and communities which are either ethnically or linguistically related to the Persian people, living within various regions of modern-day Iran, the Caucasus, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Turkey, Iraq, and the Persian Gulf states.[63]
The Lurish people, living primarily in the western regions of Iran, are an ethnic Iranian people often associated with Persians and Kurds.[64] They speak various dialects of the Lurish language, which are closely related to the Middle Persian language.[65][66]
Concentrated in Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Russia (Dagestan), the Caucasian Tat people are another ethnic Iranian people whose mother tongue—the Tat language—is considered a variant of the Persian language. Their origin is traced to the merchants who settled in the region by the time of the Sassanid Empire.[67]
The Tajiks, Farsiwan, Hazara, and Aimaq are a number of diverse Persian-speaking ethnic groups living predominantly in Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. They speak various dialects of Dari and Tajik,[52] which are also considered varieties of the Persian language,[68] and are mutually intelligible with the varieties of Persian spoken in Iran.
From the early inhabitants of Persis, to the Achaemenid, Parthian, and Sassanid empires, to the neighbouring Greek city states,[69] the kingdom of Macedon,[13] the caliphates and the Islamic world,[70][71] all the way to the modern day Iran and Western Europe,[72] and such far places as those found in India,[73] Asia,[74] and Indonesia, Persian culture has been either recognized, incorporated, adopted, or celebrated.[70][75] This is due mainly to its geopolitical conditions, and its intricate relationship with the ever-changing political arena once as dominant as the Achaemenid Empire.
The artistic heritage of the Persians is eclectic, and includes major contributions from both the east and the west. Persian art borrowed heavily from the indigenous Elamite civilization and Mesopotamia, and later from the Hellenistic civilization. In addition, due to the somewhat central location of Iran, it has served as a fusion point between eastern and western traditions.
Persians have contributed in various forms of art, including carpet-waving, calligraphy, miniature-painting, illustrated manuscripts, glasswork, lacquer-work, khatam (a native form of marquetry), metalwork, pottery, mosaic, and textile design.[76]
The Persian language is known to have one of the world's oldest and most powerful literatures,[77] with prominent medieval poets such as Ferdowsi, Roudaki, Rumi, Hafez Shirazi, Saadi Shirazi, Nizami Ganjavi, Omar Khayyam, and Attar of Nishapur.
Not all Persian literature is written in Persian, as some consider works written by Persians in other languages—such as Greek and Arabic—to be included. At the same time, not all literature written in Persian is written by ethnic Persians or Iranians, as Turkic, Caucasian, and Indic poets and writers have also used the Persian language in the environment of Persianate cultures.
One of the most notable Persian literary works is the long epic poem Šāhnāme ("The King Book") by the 10th-century eminent poet Ferdowsi, which is considered the national epic of the historical region of Greater Iran.
Prominent writers such as Sadegh Hedayat, Forough Farrokhzad, Ahmad Shamlu, Simin Daneshvar, Akhavan-Sales and Parvin E'tesami have also had major contributions to the contemporary Persian literature.
The most prominent examples of ancient Persian architecture are the work of the Achaemenids hailing from Persis. The quintessential feature of Achaemenid architecture was its eclectic nature, with elements from Median architecture, Assyrian architecture, and Asiatic Greek architecture all incorporated.[78] Achaemenid architectural heritage, beginning with the expansion of the empire around 550 BC, was a period of artistic growth that left a legacy ranging from Cyrus the Great's solemn tomb at Pasargadae to the structures at Persepolis, and such historical sites as Naqsh-e Rustam.[79]
During the Sassanid era, multiple architectural projects took place, some of which are still existing, including the Palace of Ardeshir, the Sarvestan Palace, the castle fortifications in Derbent (located in North Caucasus, now part of Russia), and the reliefs at Taq Bostan. The Bam Citadel, a massive structure at 1,940,000 square feet (180,000 m2) constructed on the Silk Road in Bam, is from around the 5th century BC.[80]
Ruins of the Tachara, Persepolis.
Ruins of the Apadana, Persepolis.
A griffin capital at Persepolis.
The Sassanid reliefs at Taq Bostan.
Modern contemporary architectural projects influenced by the ancient Achaemenid architecture include the Tomb of Ferdowsi erected under the reign of Reza Shah in Tus, the Azadi Tower erected in 1971 at a square in Tehran, and the Dariush Grand Hotel located on Kish Island in the Persian Gulf.
Xenophon, in his Oeconomicus,[81] states:
"The Great King [Cyrus II]...in all the districts he resides in and visits, takes care that there are paradeisos ("paradise", from Avestan pairidaēza) as they [Persians] call them, full of the good and beautiful things that the soil produce."
For the Achaemenid monarchs, gardens assumed an important place.[81] Persian gardens utilized the Achaemenid knowledge of water technologies,[82] as they utilized aqueducts, earliest recorded gravity-fed water rills, and basins arranged in a geometric system. The enclosure of this symmetrically arranged planting and irrigation, by an infrastructure such as a building or a palace created the impression of "paradise".[83] Parthians and Sassanids later added their own modifications to the original Achaemenid design.[81] Later on, the quadripartite design (čārbāq) of Persian gardens was reinterpreted within the Muslim world.
Today, examples of these traditional gardens can be seen in such places as the Tomb of Hafez, Golshan Garden, Qavam House, Eram Garden, Shazdeh Garden, Fin Garden, Tabatabaei House, and the Borujerdis House.
Qavam House, Shiraz.
Eram Garden, Shiraz.
Shah Square, Isfahan.
Tomb of Hafez, Shiraz.
Tabatabaei House, Kashan.
According to the accounts reported by Xenophon, a great number of singers were present at the Achaemenid court. However, little information is available from the music of that era. The music scene of the Sasanian Empire has a more available and detailed documentation than the earlier periods, and is especially more evident within the context of Zoroastrian musical rituals.[85] In general, Sasanian music was influential, and was later adopted in the subsequent eras.[86]
Iranian music, as a whole, utilizes a variety of musical instruments that are unique to the region, and has remarkably evolved since the ancient and medieval times. In traditional Sassanid music, the octave was divided into seventeen tones. By the end of the 13th century, Iranian music also maintained a twelve interval octave, which resembled the western counterparts.[87]
Traditional instruments used in Iranian music include the bowed spike-fiddle kamanche, the goblet drum tonbak, the end-blown flute ney, the large frame drum daf, the hammered dulcimer santur, and the four long-necked lutes tar, dotar, setar, and tanbur. The European string instrument violin is also used, with an alternative tuning preferred by Iranian musicians.
Carpet weaving is an essential part of the Persian culture,[88] and Persian rugs are said to be one of the most detailed hand-made works of art.
Achaemenid rug and carpet artistry is well recognized. Xenophon describes the carpet production in the city of Sardis, stating that the locals take pride in their carpet production. A special mention of Persian carpets is also made by Athenaeus of Naucratis in his Deipnosophists, as he describes a "delightfully embroidered" Persian carpet having some "preposterous shapes of griffins".[89]
The Pazyryk carpet—a Scythian pile-carpet dating back to the 4th century BC, which is regarded the world's oldest existing carpet—depicts elements of Assyrian and Achaemenid design, including stylistic references to the stone slab designs found in Persian royal buildings.[89]
A Persian carpet kept at the Louvre.
A carpet from Isfahan.
Persian carpet from Kerman.
An Isfahan rug.
One of the most renowned traditions observed by the Persians is the festival of Nowruz. Considered the national New Year of the Iranian people, the festival of Nowruz has its roots in ancient Iranian traditions, and has been recognized within the UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.[90]
Other traditional celebrations such as Charshanbe Suri, Sizde be Dar, and the Night of Yalda are also widely observed by the Persian people.
See also[edit]
- ^ United States Central Intelligence Agency(CIA) (April 28, 2011). "The World Fact Book – Iran". CIA. Retrieved May 15, 2011.
- ^ Library of Congress, Federal Research Division. "Ethnic Groups and Languages of Iran" (PDF). Retrieved December 2, 2009.
- ^ Beck, Lois (2014). Nomads in Postrevolutionary Iran: The Qashqa'i in an Era of Change. Routledge. p. xxii. ISBN 978-1317743866.
(...) an ethnic Persian; adheres to cultural systems connected with other ethnic Persians
- ^ Samadi, Habibeh; Nick Perkins (2012). Martin Ball; David Crystal; Paul Fletcher, eds. Assessing Grammar: The Languages of Lars. Multilingual Matters. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-84769-637-3.
- ^ R. N. Fyre, "IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN" in Encyclopaedia Iranica, "The largest group of people in present-day Iran are Persians (*q.v.) who speak dialects of the language called Fārsi in Persian, since it was primarily the tongue of the people of Fārs."
- ^ C.S. Coon, "Iran:Demography and Ethnography" in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume IV, E.J. Brill, pp 10,8. Excerpt: "The Lurs speak an aberrant form of Archaic Persian" See maps also on page 10 for distribution of Persian languages and dialect
- ^ Kathryn M. Coughlin, "Muslim cultures today: a reference guide," Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. pg 89: "...Iranians speak Persian or a Persian dialect such as Gilaki or Mazandarani"
- ^ a b "Iran :: Ethnic groups – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". .britannica.com. Retrieved June 10, 2012.
- ^ a b David Sacks; Oswyn Murray; Lisa R. Brody (2005). Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world. Infobase Publishing. pp. 256 (at the right portion of the page).
- ^ a b Encyclopædia Britannica. "Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopedia Article: Media ancient region, Iran". Britannica.com. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
- ^ a b David Sacks, Oswyn Murray, Lisa R. Brody; Oswyn Murray; Lisa R. Brody (2005). Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world. Infobase Publishing. pp. 256 (at the right portion of the page). ISBN 978-0-8160-5722-1. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
- ^ Edward Farr (1850). History of the Persians. Robert Carter. pp. 124–7.
- ^ a b c d Roisman & Worthington 2011, p. 345.
- ^ Περσίς. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "Persia". Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ^ For example, Abu Rayhan Biruni, a native speaker of the Eastern Iranian language Khwarezmian mentions in his Āthār al-bāqiyah ʻan al-qurūn al-xāliyah that "the people of Khwarizm, they are a branch of the Persian tree." See Abu Rahyan Biruni, "Athar al-Baqqiya 'an al-Qurun al-Xaliyyah" ("Vestiges of the past: chronology of ancient nations"), Tehran, Miras-e-Maktub, 2001. Original Arabic of the quote: "و أما أهل خوارزم، و إن کانوا غصنا ً من دوحة الفُرس"(pg 56)
- ^ The language used in the ancient Marzbānnāma was, in the words of the 13th-century historian Sa'ad ad-Din Warawini, "the language of Ṭabaristan and old, original Persian (fārsī-yi ḳadīm-i bāstān)" See Kramers, J.H. "Marzban-nāma." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Ed: P. Bearman, Th. Bianqui,, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. November 18, 2007 <http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-4990>
- ^ The language of Tabriz, being an Iranian language during the time of Qatran Tabrizi, was not the standard Khurasani Parsi-ye Dari. Qatran Tabrizi(11th century) has an interesting couplet mentioning this fact: Mohammad-Amin Riahi. "Molehaazi darbaareyeh Zabaan-I Kohan Azerbaijan"(Some comments on the ancient language of Azerbaijan), 'Itilia'at Siyasi Magazine, volume 181–182.
- ^ Al Mas'udi (1894). De Goeje, M.J., ed. Kitab al-Tanbih wa-l-Ishraf (in Arabic). Brill. pp. 77–78.
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- ^ Gershevitch,, Ilya; Bayne Fisher, William; A. Boyle, J. (1985). The Cambridge History of Iran. II (reissue, illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780521200912.
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The Medes and the Persians, c.1500-559
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- ^ Gilbert Lazard: The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Farsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Balochi, Pashto, etc., Old Middle and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran. In Lazard, Gilbert 1975, "The Rise of the New Persian Language" in Frye, R. N., The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4, pp. 595–632, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Benjamin W. Fortson, "Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction", John Wiley and Sons, 2009. pg 242: " Middle Persian was the official language of the Sassanian dynasty"
- ^ (Shapur Shahbazi 2005)
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- ^ Lazard, Gilbert 1975, "The Rise of the New Persian Language" in Frye, R. N., The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4, pp. 595–632, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. "The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Farsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Balochi, Pashto, etc., Old Persian, Middle and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran."
- ^ Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, Peter Trudgill, "Sociolinguistics Hsk 3/3 Series Volume 3 of Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society", Walter de Gruyter, 2006. 2nd edition. pg 1912. Excerpt: "Middle Persian, also called Pahlavi is a direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country." "However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, the Pahlavi language was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian."
- ^ Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006). Encyclopedia Iranica, "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts, "new Persian, is "the descendant of Middle Persian" and has since been "official language of Iranian states for centuries", whereas for other non-Persian Iranian languages "close genetic relationships are difficult to establish" between their different (Middle and Modern) stages. Modern Yaḡnōbi belongs to the same dialect group as Sogdian, but is not a direct descendant; Bactrian may be closely related to modern Yidḡa and Munji (Munjāni); and Wakhi (Wāḵi) belongs with Khotanese."
- ^ (Skjærvø 2006, vi(2). Documentation. Old Persian.)
- ^ Kuhrt 2013, p. 197.
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- ^ Will Durant, Age of Faith, (Simon and Schuster, 1950), 150; Repaying its debt, Sasanian art exported it forms and motives eastward into India, Turkestan, and China, westward into Syria, Asia Minor, Constantinople, the Balkans, Egypt, and Spain..
- ^ Krishna Chandra Sagar (1992). Foreign influence on ancient India. Northern Book Centre. p. 17.
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- ^ Rafie Hamidpour D E Dabfe, Rafie Hamidpour (2010). Land of Lion, Land of Sun. AuthorHouse. p. 54.
- ^ a b c Penelope Hobhouse; Erica Hunningher; Jerry Harpur (2004). Gardens of Persia. Kales Press. pp. 7–13.
- ^ L. Mays (2010). Ancient Water Technologies. Springer. pp. 95–100.
- ^ Mehdi Khansari; M. Reza Moghtader; Minouch Yavari (2004). Persian Garden: Echoes Of Paradise. Mage Publishers.
- ^ Sibyl Marcuse (1975). A survey of musical instruments. Harper & Row. pp. 398–401.
- ^ (Lawergren 2009) iv. First millennium C.E. (1) Sasanian music, 224-651.
- ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr (1987). Islamic art and spirituality. SUNY Press. pp. 3–4.
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- Ansari, Ali M. (2014). Iran: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199669349.
- Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2010). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 1-4051-7936-8.
- Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2011). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 1-4443-5163-X.


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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
I was in a car accident about 8 months ago and will need a small surgury in my left shoulder, I lost some great time away from work. There is a chance I may have complications and pain with my shoulder for a long time and it's just been a mess for me. My car was totaled. Accident was not my fault. This is still within statue of limitations and it seems like there only offering to pay medical and 20k over for pain. Too me that doesnt seem good enough. Any suggestions?
The payment of financial compensation stemming from an act of negligence is a highly fact-dependent matter. The determination of what is 'fair' is something that only you, in consultation with a experienced personal injury attorney, can determine. If you have not retained a personal injury attorney, it would be highly advisable to do so. An insurance company has its best interests in mind, not yours, when it negotiations with someone who is unrepresented by counsel.
If you don't feel the amount you are being offered is fair, and you have not consulted with an attorney in your area, please do so. You can look up an attorney using avvo.com.
Finally, don't rush to settle your case, particularly if your injuries at not completely healed. It is important that you reach maximum medical improvement, or, if this is not possible, that you have a complete understanding of your medical situation before accepted payment for the settlement of your claim.
Disclaimer: This does not constitute legal advice. No attorney-client relationship has been formed through this answer.
You need to contact an attorney-it sounds to me that you would certainly benefit from having counsel on such a case and would more likely than not have a much higher net recovery with the assistance of counsel.
There are many variables that will determine the value of your claim. A short answer on AVVO is not the proper forum to evaluate those variables. You should contact an attorney who can assist you and asnwer your questions. Most attorneys working in the personal injury field will provide a free initial consultation.
The insurance company is not goint to offer you "fair value" for your claim unless you have shown them that you will accept nothing less than fair value. The only entity that can tell an insurance company what is "fair value" is a jury. If you have not shown the insurance company you are willing to take your case to a jury, they are not going to take you seriously. The first step to show them that you are serious is to hire an attorney.
No, it doesn't seem good enough. One of the factors that needs to be emphasized and properly documented medically is the potential that you may have complications and pain with the shoulder for a long time. If you have not had an experienced personal injury attorney in your jurisdiction go toe-to-toe with the insurance company you should be aware that the insurance industry's own statistics indicate that once an attorney is brought in, the value of the claim increases.
The simple answer is that you need to hire a competent and experienced lawyer to represent you. The offer is probably inadequate and competent counsel will more than pay for themself.
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- Anonyme
- Australie, Femme, 25-30
- Nomade novice
- 1 revue
Initially we were impressed. The room was big, clean, well located and the staff were lovely. There were noises of people coming in and out through the night -that was fine, we are not too bothered by noise, however we then were woken by 8am by men shouting, power tools, hammering and just impossible noise to sleep in - we had woken the previous day at 5am! We were tired! We only had one more night so didn't make a fuss but we would've appreciated being notified so we could time our sleep better
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