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The gender pay gap has fallen below 10% for the first time after women's earnings increased faster than men's in the past year, according to official figures today.
The gap between men's and women's median full-time hourly earnings fell from 10.1% in April 2010 to 9.1% in April of this year, said the Office for National Statistics.
The change followed a 1.9% increase in women's earnings - up from £11.69 an hour to £11.91 - compared with a rise of 0.8% for men, from £13 to £13.11.
The gender pay gap for part-time workers was -5.6%, widening from -4.3% last year, which means that part-time women are paid more than part-time men.
The pay gap based on all employees fell from 19.8% to 19.5%.
Other data from the ONS showed that median weekly earnings for full-timers increased by 0.4%, or £2, to £501. Public sector workers saw a rise of 0.3%, from £554 in 2010 to £556 this year, while in private firms the increase was 0.8%, from £473 a week to £476.
There was a widening in the gap between the highest and lowest-paid workers, with hourly earnings of the best paid employees increasing by 1.8%, compared with 0.1% for the lowest paid.
The region where employees had the highest full-time median gross weekly earnings was London, at £651, while the lowest was Northern Ireland at £451.
The district with the highest-paying jobs was the City of London (a median of £981 a week full-time) and the district with the lowest-paid jobs was Torridge in Devon (£333).
The highest paid occupation was directors and chief executives of major organisations (£1,956 a week full-time), while the lowest was school mid-day assistants (£233 a week full-time).
TUC general secretary Brendan Barber said: "Today's fall in the gender pay gap is very welcome, though with female unemployment at a 23-year high the main concern for many women will be keeping jobs, let alone securing higher pay.
"Today's figures confirm that 2011 has been a year of wage stagnation, with pay rises far outstripped by inflation, and low-paid employees being squeezed particularly hard.
"Falling wages and self-defeated austerity have been the main reasons for the UK's economic woes, rather than a eurozone crisis which has yet to fully show up in official statistics.
"Decent wages are the great ignored issue in the Government's search for pro-growth policies, but wage-led growth is the only way to secure a sustainable economic recovery."
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Photo/Styling: Aran Goyoaga
Makes 6 to 8 servings
Recipe Time
Prep: 14 Minutes
Cook: 40 Minutes
8 ounces (about 8 slices) bacon, chopped
2 tablespoons butter
1 onion, chopped
1 orange or red bell pepper, chopped
3 garlic cloves, minced
1 teaspoon seafood seasoning
1/2 teaspoon coarsely ground black pepper
6 cups chicken or vegetable broth
1 1/2 pounds (about 4 medium) Yukon gold potatoes, cubed
1/2 to 1 canned chipotle chile in adobo, minced
1 1/2 cups fresh or frozen corn kernels
1 1/2 pounds peeled and deveined shrimp
Garnish: fresh parsley leaves
1. Cook bacon in a large (8-quart) soup pot over medium heat, stirring occasionally, until crisp. Remove bacon from pot with a slotted spoon, reserving 1 teaspoon drippings in pot; set bacon aside.
2. Add butter to bacon drippings in pot, and melt butter over medium heat. Add onion and next 4 ingredients; cook 10 minutes, stirring frequently.
3. Stir in broth, potatoes, and chile. Bring to a boil; reduce heat, and simmer 20 minutes or until potatoes are tender. Stir in corn and shrimp; cook 3 minutes or until shrimp are just cooked through. Stir in reserved bacon. Adjust seasonings, if necessary. Garnish, if desired.
November 2012

subset: commoncrawl


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Hunguest Hotel Palota
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Day 2
... guests. Peter and Dinah were leaving, and were collected by Deana for transfer to Budapest. Roy took me back to the hotel, with a detour to the centre of Eger, a lovely old town, to get some postcards. I took advantage of the spacious indoor pool before supper, where Roy kindly kept me company as he was waiting for his latest guest. We had a good chat about Devon and Cornwall (where Roy had been a policeman), and enjoyed a few birding ...
Day 1
... residents, with coots, possibly a gadwall, and Great and Pygmy cormorants. We headed back after this, arriving at the hotel at 4.30, time to catch up with my bird list and have a welcome g&t. I joined Peter and Dinah for an enjoyable supper of 'Wellness Salad" (mixed salad with feta) and pork tenderloin with potato grids, washed down with some local Pinot noir. Back to my room at 9pm and crashed ready for an early start in the ...
There and Back Again, Part 1
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Nice Horses
[L]Feeling a little less than at peace with Slovakia we headed further south to the Hungry Border. Our first stop in Hungry was the home of the Lipanzer horses Szilvasvarad. Visited the local horse stud and watched the stupid foals playing. Nothing like the smell of stables to brighten the spirits. PS still raining heavily, add a bit of thunder and lightening ...
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... the plate with our saliva glands on overdrive. Thankfully we all were able to eat multiple pieces so no brawl ensued.
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Traditionally macrophages (MΦ) have been considered to be the key type of antigen presenting cells (APC) to combat bacterial infections by phagocytosing and destroying bacteria and presenting bacteria-derived antigens to T cells. However, data in recent years have demonstrated that dendritic cells (DC), at their immature stage of differentiation, are capable of phagocytosing particulate antigens including bacteria. Thus, DC may also be important APC for initiating an immune response to bacterial infections. Our studies focus on studying how DC and MΦ process antigens derived from bacteria with no known mechanism of phagosomal escape (i.e. Salmonella typhimurium) for T cell stimulation as well as what role these APC types have in Salmonella infection in vivo. Using an in vitro antigen processing and presentation assay with bone marrow-derived (BM) APC showed that, in addition to peritoneal elicited MΦ and BMMΦ, BMDC can phagocytose and process Escherichia coli and S. typhimurium for peptide presentation on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I (MHC-I) and class II MHC-II. These studies showed that both elicited peritoneal MΦ and BMMΦ use an alternate MHC-I presentation pathway that does not require the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) or the proteasome and involves peptide loading onto a preformed pool of post-Golgi MHC-I molecules. In contrast, DC process E. coli and S. typhimurium for peptide presentation on MHC-I using the cytosolic MHC-I presentation pathway that requires TAP, the proteasome and uses newly synthesized MHC-I molecules. We further investigated the interaction of Salmonella with BMDC and BMMΦ by analyzing surface molecule expression and cytokine secretion following S. typhimurium infection of BMDC and BMMΦ. These data reveal that Salmonella co-incubation with BMDC as well as BMMΦ results in upregulation of MHC-I and MHC-II as well as several co-stimulatory molecules including CD80 and CD86. Salmonella infection of BMDC or BMMΦ also results in secretion of cytokines including IL-6 and IL-12. Finally, injecting mice with BMDC that have been loaded in vitro with S. typhimurium primes naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to Salmonella-encoded antigens. Taken together, our data suggest that DC may be an important type of APC that contributes to the immune response to Salmonella.
The immune system has evolved to protect us from harmful microorganisms. To accomplish this complex task, two strategies are used, one providing non-specific protection and the other providing antigen-specific protection. The first line of defense, the innate immune system, consists of physical barriers such as skin, mucous membranes and secretions, that act in concert with phagocytic cells populating areas of antigen entry. The phagocytic cells non-specifically engulf invading microorganisms and eliminate them using an array of mechanisms including degradative enzymes as well as oxygen and nitrogen radicals [1]; the innate system does not have an enhanced response upon re-exposure to the same antigen. The second line of defense, the acquired immune system, has lymphocytes as a key component and generates a specific immune response. The hallmark features of the specific immune response are, as the name implies, antigen specificity as well as an ability to mount an enhanced response upon re-exposure to the same antigen. The innate immune system is linked to the specific immune system through a group of cells collectively called antigen presenting cells (APC). These cells function to take up foreign antigens such as bacteria, process the proteins into peptide fragments and present the peptides to T cells in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The presentation of antigens to T cells results in activation of effector lymphocytes and hence initiation of a specific immune response. Thus, phagocytosis and processing of invading pathogens by APC followed by presentation of pathogen-derived peptides to T cells is the key event in starting a specific immune response to microorganisms.
Antigen processing and presentation
The classical view of antigen processing and presentation is that two pathways exist. These pathways are defined largely by three characteristics: (1) the origin of the antigen being presented (endogenous vs. exogenous); (2) the type of MHC molecule loaded with peptides (MHC class I (MHC-I) vs. MHC class II (MHC-II) molecules); and (3) the subset of T cells stimulated (CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cells vs. CD4+ (helper) T cells) [2,3]. The pathways can be summarized as follows. Typically, MHC-I molecules are loaded with peptides derived from endogenous antigens synthesized within the APC. These antigens are processed within the cytosol by the proteasome, and the resulting peptides are transported into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). The peptides are loaded onto MHC-I molecules in the ER and the resulting peptide—MHC-I complexes are transported to the APC surface for recognition by CD8+ T cells [3]. In contrast, exogenous antigens such as bacteria are internalized by APC and are processed into peptides in phagolysosomal compartments. Resulting peptides are loaded onto MHC-II molecules in compartments of the endosomal system and are transported to the cell surface for recognition by CD4+ T cells [2].
It has recently become evident, however, that these two pathways are not completely separated. Studies have shown that MHC-II molecules can present endogenous antigens to CD4+ T cells [4] and at least a subset of APC can process exogenous antigens for presentation by MHC-I molecules to CD8+ T cells [5–7]. This latter, alternative MHC-I antigen presentation pathway may be an important means by which the immune system detects and eliminates intracellular microorganisms residing in vacuolar compartments. It is this aspect of antigen processing and presentation, as well as T cell stimulation by microbes residing in vacuolar compartments, that is the focus of the present article. This article will discuss how bone marrow-derived macrophages (MΦ) (BMMΦ) and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DC) (BMDC) infected with the intracellular bacterium Salmonella typhimurium process the bacteria and present bacteria-derived antigens for T cell recognition. We will summarize the mechanisms by which BMMΦ and BMDC process S. typhimurium for peptide presentation on MHC-I and MHC-II, the influence of bacterial interactions with BMMΦ and BMDC on the expression of cell surface molecules important in triggering an immune response and on cytokine production by the infected APC. Finally, we will discuss the role of DC in priming an immune response to S. typhimurium infection using a murine model.
MΦ are bone marrow-derived cells that enter the blood as monocytes. After approximately a day in the blood stream, they enter and reside in several different tissues of the body including secondary lymphoid organs, lungs, skin and liver [8]. MΦ are actively phagocytic and endocytic cells that express low levels of MHC-II and co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80 and CD86 unless activated by mediators such as interferon (IFN)-γ. The exposure of MΦ to inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ triggers a number of changes in the cells including upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules, increased endocytic capacity, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and generation of reactive compounds that can destroy the phagocytosed pathogen [1,9]. Inflammatory stimuli also recruit large numbers of MΦ from the blood to the site of local inflammation. Due to their endocytic and phagocytic capacity as well as their ability to upregulate MHC and co-stimulatory molecules upon activation, MΦ have an important role as APC.
DC are also bone marrow—derived cells residing in organs exposed to antigen contact including the skin and mucous membranes. They are also important residents in other parts of the body such as lymphoid organs [10,11]. Unlike MΦ, which have a critical role in establishing inflammation, DC seem to have a more refined role as APC. This is due to several features of DC such as their ability to capture antigens, migrate to lymphoid organs and prime naïve T cells [10,11]. The function of DC, however, is linked to their differentiation state. Immature DC, i.e. cells that have not received antigenic stimulus, are highly active in internalizing antigens in soluble or particulate form. Immature DC use a variety of mechanisms to internalize antigens including pinocytosis, macropinocytosis, receptor-mediated internalization (FcγR or mannose receptor) or phagocytosis [12–15]. After receiving antigenic stimulus or being exposed to other 'maturation' signals such as IL-1β, TNF-α or LPS, the capacity of DC to internalize antigens is dramatically decreased and surface expression of co-stimulatory molecules including CD80 (B7-1), CD86 (B7-2), CD40, CD54 (ICAM-1) and both MHC-I and MHC-II is increased [13,14,16]. In addition, a rapid increase in biosynthesis and altered intracellular trafficking of MHC-II molecules is directly associated with DC maturation [17,18]. DC maturation also involves altered chemokine production by DC as well as modulation of chemokine receptor expression on DC that facilitates their migration from the periphery to the T cell areas of lymphoid organs [19,20]. Together, these observations have led to the following model for DC function as APC: immature DC acquire antigen in the periphery and begin to undergo a maturation program that downregulates antigen capture capacity and upregulates antigen presentation capacity. These processes, combined with modulation of chemokine production and chemokine receptor expression patterns, results in DC migration into lymphoid organs for interaction with antigen-specific T cells. Thus, DC expressing high levels of co-stimulatory molecules present peptides from antigens acquired in the periphery, thereby activating antigen-specific lymphocytes in the T cell areas of secondary lymphoid organs.
S. typhimurium
S. typhimurium is a Gram-negative bacterium that survives and replicates inside infected MΦ[21], remaining confined inside vacuoles in the infected cells [22]. S. typhimurium has evolved a series of strategies to survive inside the harsh milieu of phagolysosomal compartments of phagocytic cells including delaying acidification of phagosomes containing bacteria, inducing tolerance to acid stress, and being resistant to a family of antimicrobial peptides called defensins [23]. In addition, S. typhimurium is cytotoxic for the phagocytosing cell [24].
S. typhimurium infection causes typhoid fever-like pathogenesis in mice. The ingested bacteria cross the mucosal barrier by penetrating the M cells [25], invade the gut-associated lymphoid tissue and penetrate into spleen and liver [26]. If untreated, the bacterial load in these organs increases due to replication inside phagocytic cells and death is the likely outcome of the infection. The pathogenesis of S. typhimurium in mice is similar to Salmonella typhi infection in humans, which has made this a useful animal model for studying typhoid fever pathogenesis.
Processing and presentation of bacterial antigens on MHC-I and MHC-II by infected APC
We have developed an in vitro system to study the ability of APC to process bacterial proteins by expressing well defined T cell epitopes as fusion proteins in Escherichia coli or S. typhimurium[27], bacteria that have no known mechanism of phagosomal escape. The initial studies showed that peritoneal-elicited MΦ could process and present bacterial antigens on MHC-II [28] as well as MHC-I [29]. The observed presentation on MHC-II was predicted, since exogenous antigens such as bacteria are normally processed by APC in vacuoles of the endocytic system for peptide presentation on MHC-II. However, the MHC-I presentation of peptides derived from a model protein (Crl-OVA) expressed in the cytosol of bacteria that lack an ability to escape from phagosomal compartments was a novel finding [29]. This MHC-I presentation required active uptake and processing of the bacteria, as viable MΦ were required for presentation of the MHC-I-binding OVA(257–264) peptide and inhibiting phagocytosis using cytochalasin D (CCD) abrogated the observed presentation. Furthermore, the MHC-I presentation was resistant to brefeldin A and cycloheximide, suggesting that a preformed pool of post-Golgi MHC-I was being used. In addition, it was shown that bacterial peptides were transferred from infected MΦ to preformed MHC-I molecules in a process termed peptide regurgitation [29]. Further characterization of this alternative MHC-I presentation pathway revealed that the processing of the bacterial fusion protein by peritoneal-elicited MΦ was not dependent on TAP [30,31] or the proteasome [31]. We have now extended these studies to BMMΦ which give identical results. That is, presentation of cytosolic OVA(257–264) by BMMΦ infected with E. coli expressing Crl-OVA does not depend on TAP (Fig. 1; [32]) or the proteasome [32]. Thus, the activation status of the MΦ per se does not appear to alter the pathway used to present a model antigen expressed in E. coli with respect to dependence on TAP and the proteasome.
Considering the data demonstrating the phagocytic capacity of DC [12,33], we decided to investigate whether these cells were also able to process and present bacterial antigens on MHC-I and MHC-II. This was indeed demonstrated to be the case with BMDC cultured in GM-CSF for 6–8 days [34]. These CD11c+ BMDC are in an intermediate stage of maturation [18]. BMDC were shown to efficiently phagocytose E. coli expressing the model antigen Crl-OVA and process the bacteria for MHC-I and MHC-II presentation. Both MHC-I and MHC-II presentation required active phagocytosis of the bacteria and processing in vacuolar compartments. Bacteria processing by BMDC was rapid, requiring less than 30 min of DC bacteria co-incubation for significant peptide presentation on MHC-I [34]. Similar rapid antigen processing for MHC-I presentation has also been measured for BMMΦ (Fig. 1). However, in contrast to the situation for bacteria-infected BMMΦ (Fig. 1), the pathway used by BMDC to present bacterial derived peptides on MHC-I was dependent on TAP as well as the proteasome, and uses newly synthesized MHC-I molecules [32]. These initial studies were performed using E. coli expressing Crl-OVA, and we have also demonstrated that BMDC process S. typhimurium expressing Crl-OVA for presentation of the OVA(257–264) epitope on Kb using a TAP-dependent pathway (Fig. 2).
Thus, both BMMΦ and BMDC are efficient at processing and presenting bacterial antigens on MHC molecules but the pathways used to accomplish this are not identical:
BMMΦ and peritoneal-elicited MΦ can process and present bacterial antigens on MHC-II but the cells need to be stimulated with IFN-γ to induce sufficient levels of MHC-II expression. BMDC, however, constitutively express high levels of MHC-II and therefore do not require IFN-γ pretreatment to present antigens on MHC-II.
BMDC require newly synthesized MHC-I, the proteasome and the TAP transporter to present bacterial antigens on MHC-I, showing that the cytosolic pathway is preferentially used. In contrast, BMMΦ and peritoneal-elicited MΦ use a non-cytosolic pathway as well as the cytosolic pathway for presenting bacterial antigens on MHC-I. BMMΦ can generate MHC-I loaded with bacteria-derived peptides without using newly synthesized MHC-I molecules, and do not require the proteasome or TAP. It should be noted that although BMMΦ presentation on MHC-I occurs in the absence of a functioning cytosolic MHC-I presentation pathway, it is reduced compared to the level of presentation when the cytosolic pathway is intact, at least as measured in experiments of 90 min or longer duration [30–32]. Shorter incubations (30 min or less), such as that shown in Fig. 1, reveal equal levels of presentation. This initial, rapid presentation may be due to the peptide regurgitation pathway, while at later time points, the cytosolic pathway may contribute significantly. This suggests that both cytosolic as well as non-cytosolic pathways are utilized in BMMΦ infected with E. coli or S. typhimurium and that initially the non-cytosolic is the predominant pathway detected.
BMDC do not regurgitate peptides that bind preformed MHC-I molecules following phagocytosis of E. coli[32]. In contrast, BMMΦ and peritoneal-elicited MΦ regurgitate peptides that bind MHC-I molecules following phagocytosis of E. coli (data not shown and [29]). The explanation for this difference in peptide regurgitation is not clear, and could be due to different characteristics of the cells. For example, BMDC phagocytose E. coli at a slower rate than BMMΦ, and BMDC accumulate fewer bacteria per cell compared to BMMΦ[32]. Other contributing factors could be different degradative capacities of the endosomal/phagolysosomal compartments harboring the bacteria in BMDC vs. BMMΦ or differences in trafficking of bacteria-containing vacuoles in the two types of APC.
Cell surface molecule expression and cytokine production by bacteria-infected APC
Immunomodulatory compounds such as TNF-α or LPS induce maturation in DC [13,14,16] and cause changes in the properties of MΦ[1]. LPS is a component of the cell surface of Gram-negative bacteria and accordingly, the influence of Gram-negative bacteria on DC maturation as well as on MΦ is an interesting issue to address. We have shown that co-incubation of BMDC or BMMΦ with S. typhimurium results in upregulation of a number of cell surface antigens including CD80, CD86, MHC-I and MHC-II (Fig. 3; Svensson et al., in preparation). This response does not require internalization of the bacteria, nor does it require that the bacteria are viable, since similar upregulation of the surface molecules is observed upon co-culture of APC and bacteria in the presence of CCD or with heat-killed bacteria. An influence of S. typhimurium and E. coli on DC is consistent with other reports demonstrating reduced endocytic capacity after phagocytosis of Chlamydia psittaci[35] and enhanced synthesis and stability of MHC-I and MHC-II molecules after infection with the Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus gordonii[36].
We have also shown that co-incubation of APC with S. typhimurium or E. coli results in IL-6 and IL-12 production by APC (Table 1). However, unlike the conditions that resulted in upregulation of surface molecules as discussed above, significant cytokine production by BMDC and BMMΦ requires phagocytosis of the bacteria, as CCD treatment of APC results in only moderate levels of cytokine secretion. In addition, although bacterial viability is not absolutely required for cytokine production by infected BMDC, the quantity of cytokine detected is significantly enhanced by co-incubation of APC with viable bacteria (Table 1). This is in contrast to the case for bacteria-infected BMMΦ, which produce approximately the same amount of IL-6 or IL-12 using heat-killed or viable bacteria (Table 1). Finally, co-incubation of BMMΦ with E. coli or S. typhimurium induces nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and production of reactive nitric oxide intermediates, as assessed by quantitating the accumulation of NO2− (Table 1). BMDC infected with bacteria, however, do not stimulate iNOS and do not produce significant amounts of reactive nitric oxide intermediates (Table 1). This is yet another feature that distinguishes the different response of BMDC and BMMΦ to infection with Gram-negative bacteria.
|S. typhimurium
|S. typhimurium (heat-killed)
|S. typhimurium+CCD
|1 µm Polystyrene beads
|S. typhimurium
|S. typhimurium (heat-killed)
|S. typhimurium+CCD
|1 µm Polystyrene beads
|S. typhimurium
|S. typhimurium (heat-killed)
|S. typhimurium+CCD
|1 µm Polystyrene beads
|S. typhimurium
|S. typhimurium (heat-killed)
|S. typhimurium+CCD
|1 µm Polystyrene beads
Bone marrow from C56BL/6 mice was cultured for 7 days in IMDM media supplemented with GM-CSF. DC or MΦ derived from the bone marrow cultures were co-incubated with either viable or heat-killed (65°C, 40 min) S. typhimurium 14028 (15:1 ratio) in either the absence or presence (+CCD) of CCD (10 µg ml−1; to inhibit phagocytosis) for 2 h. The remaining bacteria were subsequently washed away, cells were treated with 25 µg ml−1 gentamicin, and were cultured for an additional 46 h. At this time point, the presence of cytokines in the supernatants was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using antibody pairs specific for either IL-12 or IL-6. The presence of nitrite in the supernatants was also determined by mixing 100 µl of supernatant 1:1 with Griess reagent (1% sulfanilamide, 1% naphthylethyne diamine dihydrochloride, 2.5% H3PO4), incubating at room temperature for 10 min and reading the absorbance at 540 nm. NaNO2 was used as the standard for nitrite determinations.
Assessing the role of DC to Salmonella infection in vivo
The studies discussed above have shown that BMDC phagocytose bacteria and process them for peptide presentation on MHC-I and MHC-II. In addition, BMDC interaction with bacteria results in altered expression of co-stimulatory molecules important in triggering the immune response and in cytokine production by the infected cells. However, it is not yet clear what role DC play in initiating or maintaining an immune response to bacterial infection in vivo. Do bacteria such as S. typhimurium reside in DC in vivo? If so, what is the role of these infected DC in influencing the immune response to the bacteria? To initiate studies to address these issues, we have loaded BMDC with S. typhimurium expressing a model antigen in vitro under conditions where the BMDC present bacterial derived peptides on MHC-I and MHC-II. Injection of Salmonella-loaded DC into mice results in activation of both CD4+and CD8+ T cells that are specific for the Salmonella-encoded model antigen. This was assessed by demonstrating upregulation of CD44 expression on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as the presence of antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells and IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells in the spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes of DC-immunized mice (Yrlid et al., submitted). In the splenic APC population, host APC, primarily DC, are activated. This was shown by the presence of a population of CD11c+ cells expressing higher amounts of the co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and CD86 (Yrlid et al., submitted). These results suggest that DC-containing S. typhimurium can stimulate naïve T cells. This is supported by another study showing that DC loaded in vitro with non-viable Chlamydia trachomatis presented antigen to Chlamydia-sensitized CD4+ T cells [37]. The Chlamydia-loaded DC also induced protective immunity against chlamydial infection in the genital tract that was equal to that obtained after infection with live bacteria. Together, these results suggest that DC have a role in initiating an immune response to infection with Gram-negative bacteria.
In the immune response to a bacterial infection, MΦ play a critical role by phagocytosing and destroying the microorganisms as well as presenting bacteria derived peptides to T cells. These APC also produce cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-12 which can influence the subsequent immune response. It has recently become evident that DC are also phagocytic and can process bacterial antigens for peptide presentation on MHC-I and MHC-II. Like MΦ, DC also produce cytokines in response to bacterial infection, bacterial products such as LPS or other immunomodulatory cytokines including TNF-α. Data are also beginning to emerge showing that DC have a role in the immune response to bacteria [37] and parasite [38,39] infections in vivo. However, the precise contribution of DC vs. MΦ to microbial infections awaits appropriate animal models, such as knock out mice specifically lacking one or the other type of APC or a means to specifically ablate MΦ or DC while leaving the other population unperturbed. In this article, we have discussed data generated in our laboratory, both in vitro and in vivo, as well as data published by several groups demonstrating that in addition to MΦ, DC also play a pivotal role in the immune response to microbial infections.
There are important functional similarities between these APC. Both MΦ and DC are present in the periphery and are highly phagocytic (however, DC only in their immature state). Both APC types respond to Gram-negative bacteria by secreting IL-6 and IL-12. The production of IL-12 by phagocytic cells may be of particular importance in mounting cell-mediated responses against pathogens such as S. typhimurium that reside and replicate in vacuolar compartments of phagocytic cells. Similar to BMMΦ and peritoneal-elicited MΦ, DC are capable of processing bacterial antigens for peptide presentation on MHC-I and MHC-II. Furthermore, bacterial interaction with either BMMΦ or BMDC results in upregulation of several co-stimulatory molecules important for T cell activation. Immunization of mice with DC that have phagocytosed S. typhimurium generates cytotoxic T cells and IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells specific for bacteria-encoded antigens. This demonstrates that BMDC can prime naïve T cells to bacterial antigens in vivo.
Functional differences between MΦ and DC may explain more about their specific role in generating an immune response to microbes. For example, BMDC are poor producers of nitric oxide radicals after bacterial infection whereas MΦ are robust inducers of iNOS and produce reactive nitrogen intermediates (Table 1; Svensson et al., in preparation). The functional significance of this differential iNOS induction between MΦ and DC remains to be studied, but it could have consequences for microbial survival, antigen processing and presentation, or bacterial persistence in vivo. Moreover, the different level of co-stimulatory molecules expressed by DC vs. MΦ may influence the ability of the APC types to stimulate a T cell response. Whereas DC have moderate to high levels of MHC-I, MHC-II, CD40 and CD86 constitutively expressed on their surface, MΦ constitutively express a high level of only MHC-I; MΦ must be activated to increase expression of MHC-II and CD86, for example. The high migratory capacity of DC relative to MΦ is also a significant difference between the two types of APC; DC have a coordinated program of chemokine production and chemokine receptor modulation that corresponds with maturation after antigen exposure or stimulation by immunomodulatory compounds. The features of DC and MΦ described here may provide insight into their relative roles in the immune response to bacterial pathogens. However, defining the relative role of these two types of APC to microbial infection in vivo awaits further definitive studies.
This work was supported by the Swedish Natural Sciences Research Council (project 10610-306), the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research Infection and Vaccinology Program, Lund University Medical Faculty, The Österlund Foundation, Kock's Foundation, Kungliga Foundation, The Crafoord Foundation, and Åke Wiberg's Foundation.


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Focus on girls track and field
1. Arrowhead 1 (last week)
2. Franklin 2
3. West Bend West 3
4. Brookfield East 4
5. Kenosha Tremper 6
6. Milwaukee King 7
7. Whitefish Bay —
8. Mukwonago 5
9. Muskego 9
10. Brookfield Central —
STATE HONOR ROLL, according to wisconsintrackonline. The top area performers in each event through Sunday.
100 meters: Danielle Riggins, Kenosha Tremper, 11.71 seconds.
200: Riggins, 24.06.
400: Cassy Goodrich, Union Grove, 56.78.
800: Brenna Calder, Beaver Dam, 2:14.31.
1,600: Elizabeth Flatley, Brookfield Central, 4:53.88.
3,200: Flatley, 10:38.06.
100 high hurdles: ToNaya Gulley, Kenosha Tremper, 14.18.
300 low hurdles: Alisha Harper, Brookfield East, 45.70.
400 relay: Milwaukee King, 48.6.
800 relay: Milwaukee King, 1:44.05.
1,600 relay: West Bend West, 3:59.68.
3,200 relay: West Bend West, 9:32.14.
Shot put: Kiley Sabin, Slinger, 46 feet 2 inches.
Discus: Sam Noennig, Hartford, 146-6.
High jump: Khadiya Hollingsworth, Brookfield East, 5-8.
Pole vault: Taylor Amann, Arrowhead, 12-6.
Long jump: Alisha Harper, Brookfield East, 19-3¼.
Triple jump: Jerica Kotarek, Muskego, 37-9½.
ATHLETE OF THE WEEK: Alisha Harper, Brookfield East. The senior accounted for 22% of her team's points at Greater Metro meet last Tuesday as the Spartans completed the final leg of the league's triple crown.
Three of the UW-Milwaukee recruit's four winning efforts were season bests. She won the 100-meter high hurdles in 15.42, which is tied for 11th-fastest in the state and took the 300 low hurdles in a state-best 45.70. Her mark of 37-5¾ in the triple jump ranks fourth overall. The only event she didn't post a state best in was the long jump, which she won with a mark of 17-8. Harper, however, owns the state-best in that event, a 19-3 she achieved at the Menomonee Falls Invitational earlier this month.
The 300 was her first of the season. She ran the race to help the team win conference but did so well that she'll continue to run it in the postseason.
"We were definitely in awe of her performance. She was almost a whole hurdle length ahead of the competition at one point after making her turn toward the end of the race...," East coach Lisa Foss said. "All the performances were amazing, but that was just really cool because we hadn't really seen her in that event since last season."
TEAM OF THE WEEK: Wauwatosa West. Tosa West got the final word in the back and forth that went on between it and New Berlin West this season. The two split the Woodland's major meets with Tosa West winning the West Division indoor and New Berlin West taking the overall conference relay title.
The Trojans shone in the relays, where they won three of four races. The team of sophomores Brianna Horton, Mercy Ndon, senior Sheria Brown and freshman Cheri'A Adams won in a season-best 1:46.79.
Tosa West also won two individual events: freshman Azaya McLin took the 200 (25.98) and senior Elise Ditscheit won the 400 (1:00.54).
FLYING: One of the biggest moments of the season came last month at the Dan Benson Invitational, where Whitefish Bay freshman Cami Davre blew past Brookfield Central's Elizabath Flatley in the final 225 of the 1,600 and posted a time of 4:54.08. That was the best time in the state until Flatley ran a 4:53.88 at the Greater Metro Outdoor.
That was a conference record as was the 2:17.28 she ran in the 800. At the regional, the California recruit will run the 1,600, 3,200 and 3,200 relay.
"Throughout the outdoor season she has been developing with that race," Central coach Lorie Lewis said via email. "Every time she competes in it, there are things she learns to help her with the next race. "
DYNAMIC DUO: Kenosha Tremper is set to defend its Division 1 state title and like last season seniors Danielle Riggins and ToNaya Gulley have the potential to score a load of points.
Riggins, the defending 100 high hurdle champion, will run that event as well as the 100 and 200. Gulley will run the 100, 100 high hurdles and 300 low hurdles.
The tandem's standing on the honor roll shows their potential to score big at state. Gulley and Riggins rank 1-2, respectively, in the high hurdles, while Riggins owns the top 100 and 200 times and Gulley checks in with the No. 7 time in the 300s.
Regional and sectionals are this week. Tuesday the top four teams/relays in the each event of the regional advance to the sectional. Advancing to state from the sectional will be the top three individuals/relays in each event in Division 1 and the top four individuals/relays in each event in Divisions 2 and 3.
Here is where area teams are headed Tuesday. Field event start times are listed first followed by the starting time of the running events.
Beaver Dam (3:30, 4:15): Beaver Dam, Fond du Lac, Hartford, Plymouth, Port Washington, Slinger, West Bend East, West Bend West.
Lake Geneva Badger (4, 4:45): Burlington, Elkhorn, Kenosha Bradford, Kenosha Indian Trial, Kenosha Tremper, Waterford, Westosha Central, Wilmot.
Verona (4:15, 5): Beloit Memorial, Delavan Darien, Fort Atkinson, Janesville Craig, Janesville Parker, Milton, Oregon, Stoughton, Verona.
Cedarburg (4, 4:45): Cedarburg, Germantown, Homestead, Milwaukee King, Milwaukee Riverside, Milwaukee Morse. Marshall/Languages, Nicolet, Whitefish Bay.
Watertown (3:45, 4:30): Arrowhead, Hamilton, Menomonee Falls, Milwaukee Madison/Career & Technical Ed, Milwaukee Vincent/Destiny, Oconomowoc, Pewaukee, Watertown.
Milwaukee Marquette (3:30, 4:15): Divine Savior Holy Angels (girls only), Marquette (boys only), Milwaukee Bradley Tech., Milwaukee South, Milwaukee Washington/CEO Leadership, Wauwatosa East, Wauwatosa West, West Allis Central, West Allis Hale.
Kettle Moraine (3:30, 4:15): Brookfield Central, Brookfield East, Kettle Moraine, New Berlin Eisenhower, New Berlin West, Waukesha North, Waukesha South, Waukesha West.
South Milwaukee (3:30, 4:15) Cudahy, Franklin, Greendale, Greenfield, Milwaukee Bay View/Lifelong Learning, Milwaukee Hamilton, Milwaukee Pulaski/Arts/Juneau/Ronald Reagan, Oak Creek, South Milwaukee.
Whitnall (4, 4:45): Mukwonago, Muskego, Milwaukee Pius, Racine Case, Racine Horlick, Racine Park, Union Grove, Whitnall, Wisconsin Lutheran.
Clinton (4, 4:45): Walworth Big Foot, Cambridge, Clinton, East Troy, Jefferson, Lake Mills, Lakeside Lutheran, Palmyra-Eagle, Whitewater.
Wisconsin Lutheran (3:45, 4:30): Catholic Memorial, Kenosha Christian Life/Faith Christian, Kenosha St. Joseph Catholic Academy, Greendale Martin Luther, Racine Saint Catherine's, St. Francis, St. John's Northwestern (boys only), St. Thomas More, Shoreland Lutheran.
North Fond du Lac (4, 4:45): Campbellsport, Kewaskum, Laconia, Lomira, Mayville, North Fond du Lac, Random Lake, Ripon, Waupun, Winnebago Lutheran Academy.
Brown Deer (4, 4:45): Brookfield Academy, Brown Deer, Grafton, Kettle Moraine Lutheran, Milwaukee Messmer, Milwaukee Lutheran, Milwaukee North, St. Anthony, Shorewood, Tenor/Veritas, University School.
Markesan (4, 4:45): Central Wisconsin Christian, Horicon, Living Word Lutheran, Lourdes Academy, Markesan, Ozaukee, Princeton/Green Lake, St. Mary's Springs, Valley Christian.
Pardeeville (4, 4:45): Deerfield, Dodgeland, Fall River, Johnson Creek, Madison Country Day/Abundant Life, Pardeeville, Rio, Waterloo, Wayland Academy.
Union Grove (3:30, 4:15): Burlington Catholic Central, Whitefish Bay Dominican, Eastbrook Academy, Hope School, Lake Country Lutheran, Racine Lutheran, Racine Prairie, Trinity Academy, University Lake School, Williams Bay, Wisconsin School for the Deaf.
Division 1
Sussex Hamilton: Field events 3:30. Running events 4:15
Janesville Parker: Field events 4. Running events 4:45
Oshkosh West: Field events 4:15. Running events 5
West Allis Central: Field events 4. Running events 4:45
Wisconsin Lutheran: Field events 4. Running events 4:45
Division 2
Viroqua: Field events 4. Running events 4:45
Whitewater: Field events 3:30. Running events 4:15
Division 3
Princeton: Field event 3:30. Running events 4:15
- Mar 26, 2016 | Focus on girls track
- May 19, 2014 | Focus on girls track and field
- May 12, 2014 | Focus on girls track and field
- May 5, 2014 | Focus on girls track and field
- Apr 28, 2014 | Focus on girls track and field
- Apr 21, 2014 | Focus on girls track
- May 13, 2013 | Focus on girls track
- May 6, 2013 | Focus on girls track
- Apr 29, 2013 | Focus on girls track and field
- Apr 22, 2013 | Focus on girls track and field
- Apr 15, 2013 | Focus on girls track
- Apr 8, 2013 | Focus on girls track
- Oct 15, 2012 | Focus on girls cross country
- Oct 8, 2012 | Focus on girls cross country
- Oct 1, 2012 | Focus on girls cross country
Access scores, schedules, rosters, statistics and more from area high school sports teams.
Stats Leaders


text:
Focus, Varna
- Free WiFi
Main amenities
- 18 guestrooms
- Room service
- Self parking
- Airport shuttle
- 24-hour front desk
- Air conditioning
- Daily housekeeping
- Front desk safe
- Laundry service
- Meeting rooms
- Multilingual staff
- Luggage storage
For families
- Private bathroom
- Television
- Daily housekeeping
- Laundry facilities
- Hair dryer
- Minibar
What's around
- In a regional park
- Russian monument (0.3 mi / 0.5 km)
- Ticha Stadium (0.7 mi / 1.1 km)
- Treta buna beach (1.4 mi / 2.2 km)
- Dolphinarium (1.4 mi / 2.2 km)
- Zoopark (1.5 mi / 2.4 km)
More great choices
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 18 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 3 floors
- Check-in time 2 PM-6 AM
- Check-out time is 11:30 AM
- Express check-in/out
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Children (6 years old and younger) stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- No pets or service animals allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Self parking *
Nearby Three Star Varna hotels
In the hotel
- Room service
- Meeting rooms
- 24-hour front desk
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Luggage storage
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Designated smoking areas
In the room
- Air conditioning
- Minibar
- Balcony
- Private bathroom
- Bathtub or shower
- Hair dryer
- Cable TV channels
- Free WiFi
- Phone
- Daily housekeeping
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Focus, Varna's small print
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Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
This property does not have elevators.
The name on the credit card used at check-in to pay for incidentals must be the primary name on the guestroom reservation.
Optional extras
Self parking costs EUR 5.00 per day
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
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text:
Splishin' and splashin'
It's a sweltering Saturday afternoon in July, and a Brea family is strolling around Birch Street, hopping from the Edwards Cinemas to Farrell's Ice Cream Parlour to Old Navy. They are trying to get out of the heat.
The family walks north on Brea Boulevard. Next to Fire Station No. 2, they see a children's playground but instead of the usual swings and slides, they see kaleidoscopic structures spewing cool water upward, downward, forward and sideways as children in drenched swimsuits laugh. The parents let their son join the other children, giving him a reprieve from the heat.
Unfortunately, nothing of the kind actually exists next to the fire station or anywhere else in Brea. The land next to Fire Station No. 2, in fact, is composed of nothing but abandoned railroad tracks and arsenic-laden dirt.
But that may change.
According to the results of a six-week outreach program the city released last week, Brea residents want a community splash pad for their kids. Splash pads are playgrounds made up of a series of nozzles that spray water in all directions, allowing kids to get wet and stay cool. Splash pads are, in essence, a contemporary alternative to children running in and out of sprinklers in their backyards.
And because of the outreach program, getting a splash pad just moved to the top of the city's wish list of future amenities, Brea officials say.
"This (survey) gives us marching orders," said Community Services Director Chris Emeterio. "It is very clear that the community has interest in a splash pad. ... Splash pads have been on our radar for a while. But this validated our early thoughts and gives us direction for further development."
A splash pad offers a system of filters and drains to recycle water, meaning besides evaporation, they lose little water.
Also, because there is no sitting water, splash pads do not need life guards or city supervisors to watch the children. A splash pad in Brea may also relieve pressure on the often-overcrowded plunge, the city's community pool.
"I'm very excited that the community is behind this," said Councilman Brett Murdock, who has a young son of his own and is a proponent of a splash pad. "This is on the horizon for Brea."
There is no set location for a future splash pad, but one of the prime locations is next to Fire Station No. 2 because of its proximity to Brea Downtown. That location "has great synergy," Murdock said, noting that the city could design the splash pad to incorporate train or fire truck themes.
The outreach survey was an attempt by the Community Services Department to determine what amenities should one day accompany The Tracks at Brea, a 41/2-mile stretch of abandoned Union Pacific railroad tracks that are in the process of being converted into a walking trail that will bisect the city, east to west.
Over the course of six weeks, the city solicited suggestions via the Internet, comment boxes at the Community Center and Senior Center, and a June 25 town hall meeting. The result: "an overwhelming request for a splash pad/water feature," according to a memo released by the city manager's office.
"We try to get a pulse for what the city is looking for," said Carrie Hernandez, who spearheaded the outreach. "We want to get residents in on the process."
City officials are confident they will receive enough state or federal money to complete the basics of The Tracks at Brea. Yet any amenity to accompany the new trails is a ways off.
At the moment, there is no funding set aside for a splash pad. And though the city has yet to fully research the feasibility of a splash pad, Emeterio thinks that developing one in Brea would cost $150,000 to $350,000, depending on how extravagant it is.
"We don't have funding for amenities, so we can't promise anything at this point," said Cathie DeRobbio, the Community Services Department's economic development manager. "But that doesn't mean we can't start preparing for the amenities."
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Society & Culture, Personal JournalsFollow
|Personal Journals
|Society & Culture
Desert Island Discs was created by Roy Plomley in 1942, and the format is simple: a guest is invited by Kirsty Young to choose the eight records they would take with them to a desert island
December 26th, 2010
Episode 128 of 586 episodes
Singer Sandie Shaw joins Kirsty Young to choose her Desert Island Discs.
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Welcome to the daily audio workout for your head.


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- Horoscopes
- Dear Abby
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- Food & Drink
- Arts & Music
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One of the amusing ironies of the misguided attempt by a group of tea party Republicans in the House to defund the Affordable Care Act through a form of political extortion, is that news of the resulting government shutdown and near default ended up deflecting attention away from the troubled rollout of "Obamacare."
In the 36 states that chose the option of letting the federal government fully or partially run their health insurance exchanges - allowing individuals to choose among competing plans online - there were reports of serious and aggravating problems. In many cases the exchanges did not work, and some are still not working.
Interestingly in Connecticut, which chose to operate its own exchange - Access Health CT - the opening went fairly smoothly, with some problems, but not more than might be expected with the launching of any such complex program. Nearly 4,000 state residents signed up for insurance the first two weeks.
While national problems received media attention, it was dwarfed by the bigger issues of the closing of government services and the calamity global markets faced if Congress refused to lift the debit limit. After President Obama and Democrats stood firm in their refusal to abandon or delay the implementation of the health care program, Republican leadership buckled, agreeing to a plan to extend government spending and the debt ceiling for several months.
This situation exposes the most fundamental flaw among anti-Obamacare zealots. If the act is as flawed as critics contend, why don't they let it unfold? If their predictions of doom and gloom prove accurate, Obamacare will be so unpopular that Republicans will have a ready-made issue for the 2014 and 2016 elections, and ultimately gain the electoral victories they need to drastically alter or repeal the ACA.
The real fear, it seems, is that it will work, or at least set the expectation that government should play a role in helping assure that people have access to health insurance coverage. Even should Obamacare prove too unwieldy and costly, and fall short of its goals, the public will expect Republicans to come up with an alternative policy. No longer will it be acceptable to tolerate 40 million people without access to insurance.
Much of the opposition to Obamacare appears visceral. Republicans still chafe against the fact Democrats pushed through the ACA without any GOP votes and finalized it in the lame-duck 2010 session before Republicans, having won a majority in the House, could take control.
It's time to get over it.
Time for Connecticut Republicans to step up, stop whining and start dealing
The hidden life of the office candy dish and what it means when you take a piece
Independence for Montville chairman folds party, but won't abandon crusade against 'foolish spending'
AP source: Trump's revised travel ban targets same countries
Malloy budget proposal hits Groton harder than comparable towns
Time for Connecticut Republicans to step up, stop whining and start dealing


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Program Council presents: RAC w/ special guest Niftee
Program Council
Thursday, April 24, 2014 from 8:00 PM to 11:30 PM (MDT)
Who's Going
San Francisco, California
London, United Kingdom
Florence, Italy
Event Details
RAC hits Glenn Miller Ballroom April 24th!
Program Council is pleased to announce their presentation of RAC in the University of Colorado at Boulder's Glenn Miller Ballroom on Thursday, April 24!
Founded in 2007, RAC is the solo project of Remix Artist Collective's frontman André Allen Anjos. Known for his unique approach to remixing songs, RAC has taken hits from artists including The Shins, Chromeo, and Lana Del Ray and turned them on their heads, adding new dimensions of smooth electronic artistry. His most recent album 'Strangers' is filled with original songs, with performances by artists such as St. Lucia, Katie Herzig, and Tegan and Sara. The album's closing track "Cheap Sunglasses" was recently recognized by iTunes as the Single of the Week.
Check out RAC's track "Let Go" here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SeXBiXcEBkY
The University of Colorado Program Council is a student-run organization that provides affordable, high quality, face-rocking entertainment and professional event support for the Boulder campus community. Through scheduling, facilitating, and producing events, Program Council offers educational opportunities for students to gain experience and insight into the entertainment industry.
When & Where
Glenn Miller Ballroom
1669 Euclid Avenue
Thursday, April 24, 2014 from 8:00 PM to 11:30 PM (MDT)
Add to my calendar
Program Council
Program Council is a student-run organization at the University of Colorado Boulder dedicated to bringing quality, affordable entertainment to campus. The group hosts a wide variety of concerts with big name acts in venues such as the Farrand Field, Balch Fieldhouse and Club 156. Program Council also hosts consistent film screenings in CHEM 140 that are free to students and the general public.
For more information on Program Council, and to see a complete calendar of upcoming events, visit programcouncil.com.


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Police: 'Awful Language,' No Specific Threat In Hate Letters Sent To MosquesAuthorities joined Muslim community leaders to condemn a series of threatening letters sent to Southern California mosques.
Rash Of Anti-Semitic Fliers Sent To Colleges Around The Country, Including USCThe fliers are addressed to "white men" and disparage Jewish people. They include links to a neo-Nazi website.
LA County Hate Crimes Jump After Paris, San Bernardino AttacksNearly a dozen hate crimes against Muslims and Middle Easterners were reported in Los Angeles County over November and December, compared to one such crime during the same period in 2014.
Hate Crimes, Homicides Declined In California In 2014The state attorney general's office says hate crimes and homicides decreased across California in 2014, along with most other crimes.
Law Enforcement Officials From Across SoCal Recognized For Fighting HateMore than 30 law enforcement officials from across Southern California have been honored by the Anti-Defamation League for their efforts to fight hate crimes.
Nooses Found Dangling From Trees At 2 SoCal SchoolsTwo nooses were found this week at two rival Southland high schools in instances that authorities said were being investigated as hate crimes.
Man Pleads Not Guilty To Hate Crimes, Weapons ChargesA man pleaded not guilty Tuesday to hate crime, vandalism and weapons charges after allegedly vandalizing a San Fernando Valley plumbing business twice with anti-Semitic graffiti.
Report: Pair Of Calif. Colleges Failed To Report 37 Sexual Assaults, Other CrimesA bill that would require colleges to report sexual assaults, hate crimes and other violent campus crimes to local law enforcement was unanimously passed Tuesday by a legislative committee.
Southland Law Enforcement Officials Get Hate Crime Prizes Nearly two dozen law enforcement officials from across Southern California were honored by the Anti-Defamation League for their efforts to fight hate crimes.
2 Gang Members Plead Guilty In Compton Hate CrimesTwo Latino gang members Thursday pleaded guilty to federal hate crimes connected to a reportedly racially motivated New Year's Eve attack in Compton.
LA County Hate Crimes Drop 6 Percent In 2012The number of hate crimes in Los Angeles County dropped to the second-lowest level in 23 years last year but blacks remained the most frequent targets and there was troubling violence against homosexuals.
Man Sentenced To 32 Months After Wilshire Temple Bomb ThreatA man who pleaded no-contest to threatening to bomb the Wilshire Boulevard Temple and a nearby parked police car was sentenced Monday to 32 months in prison.


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English, PDF, 601kb
Global FDI flows picked up in the second half of 2014, increasing 17% in Q3 and 3% in Q4, representing an overall 9% increase in the second half of 2014 compared to a year earlier. The volume of flows in 2014 was USD 1.3 trillion, 2% lower than 2013, but this decrease was due to...
The NEPAD-OECD Africa Investment Initiative aims to strengthen the capacity of African countries to design and implement reforms that improve their business climate and raise the profile of Africa as an investment destination.
This report provides recommendations on the design and implementation of a new investment promotion strategy for the Government of Chile. The work took place in a context of a series of investment policy related reforms in Chile, which finds itself needing a modern investment promotion strategy and instruments, particularly as its competitors for foreign direct investment are sharpening their investment promotion.
English, PDF, 357kb
Infrastructure investment in Indonesia was seriously impaired by the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Indonesia plans to increase investment sharply through both public spending and private finance. Yet, Indonesia lacks suitable long-term investment vehicles and capital markets are still developing.
International investment is one of the main drivers of globalisation so sound policies towards investment are vital for world prosperity and stability. The OECD works with regions and economies around the world to help improve the investment climate.
Integrity Week is an annual event organised by the OECD and its CleanGovBiz Initiative to actively support governments and organisations in their efforts to strengthen integrity, build trust, and fight corruption.
Paris, 16 March 2015: Organised by the OECD-hosted Freedom of Investment Roundtable, this conference assessed opportunities and challenges associated with investment treaties and how the system can be improved.
The FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index (FDI Index) measures statutory restrictions on foreign direct investment in 58 countries, including all OECD and G20 countries, and covers 22 sectors.
This publication provides governments with guidance on the policy options that are available to make the most of private investment opportunities in clean energy infrastructure, drawing on the expertise of climate and investment communities among others. It identifies key issues for policy makers to consider, including in investment policy, investment promotion and facilitation, competition policy, financial markets, and public governance. It also addresses cross-cutting issues, including regional co-operation and international trade for investment in clean energy infrastructure.
This online public consultation was held to gather interested stakeholders' comments on the draft Policy Framework for Investment currently being updated. The consultation ran until 25 February 2015.


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The Rules Advisory Committee has recommended proposed amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure that would set guidelines for courts to follow when evaluating a request for sanctions for spoliation of discovery information, both paper and electronic documents. If enacted, the proposed amendments to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(e) (FRCP 37(e)) would become the most significant rule governing eDiscovery to have been enacted since the Zubulake line of cases. Issued amid a flurry of recent eDiscovery rulings, the proposed amendments may have particular importance for corporate defendants in litigation.
Under the proposed amendments to FRCP 37(e), courts would weigh the following factors when considering sanctions:
The issue of preservation and sanctions has been a "hot-button" issue for litigants since the last round of amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in December 2006. The proposed amendments to FRCP 37(e) should be well received by litigants, particularly corporate defendants, for a number of reasons.
First, the amendments would provide a much-needed national standard for the imposition of sanctions. This issue has bedeviled defendants who currently grapple with an array of different and often conflicting standards of spoliation in federal courts.
Second, under FRCP 37(e)(1)(B)(i), sanctions would be available solely in instances where the offending party has acted "willfully" or in "bad faith," and only "if the affected claim or defense was central to the litigation." Sanctions are only deemed appropriate when the loss of discoverable information caused "substantial prejudice" to the requesting party by irreparably depriving the party of any meaningful opportunity to present or defend against claims in the litigation. Even if the court determines a party has been substantially prejudiced by the failure to preserve discoverable information, the proposed amendments provide leeway for the court not to impose sanctions as long as the court believes curative measures would sufficiently reduce the prejudice caused by the failure to preserve documents.
This is the key provision in the proposed amendments, and it would theoretically protect the "innocent spoliator" who loses or destroys discoverable information by mistake. Indeed, the availability of significant sanctions against parties for mere negligence in preserving data has long been a point of criticism for corporate defendants. To that end, the proposed revisions to FRCP 37(e) suggest an implicit rejection of a 2002 decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in Residential Funding Corp. v. DeGeorge Fin. Corp., permitting sanctions for negligent failure to preserve, in favor of the less stringent standards in the Fourth and Eleventh Circuits, which require a showing of "willfulness" or "bad faith" to support sanctions for spoliation.
Third, the proposed amendments to FRCP 37(e) reiterate that a party's preservation obligations are limited in scope and in proportion to the circumstances of the case, rejecting the black and white approach toward preservation that many federal courts have imposed since the 2006 rule changes.
The proposed amendments have already come under fire. In Sekisui American Corporation v. Hart, Judge Shira Scheindlin, a well-respected judge in the Southern District of New York and author of the seminal Zubulake cases, criticized the proposed amendments to FRCP 37(e) on the grounds that it will encourage litigants to take the duty to preserve less seriously and inevitably lead to sloppier preservation practices. Judge Scheindlin also criticized the Advisory Committee Note to the proposed amendments for requiring the innocent party to prove that "it has been substantially prejudiced by the loss of relevant information, even where the spoliating party destroyed information willfully or in bad faith."
Despite its limitation on the imposition of sanctions for the loss of discoverable information, the proposed amendments to FRCP 37(e) provide that courts may impose a variety of remedies short of sanctions that can be severe in their own right. For example, a court would be able to order:
The six-month public comment period for the proposed amendments to FRCP 37(e) concludes on February 15, 2014. Before the proposed amendments can take effect, they must be approved by the U.S. Supreme Court and Congress. Congress has up to six months to reject, modify, or refuse to take action on the proposed amendments. If Congress does not take any action, the proposed amendments will become effective on December 1, 2015.
If enacted, FRCP 37(e) would be a significant benefit for litigants producing large volumes of electronically stored information, or ESI, particularly corporate defendants who routinely face asymmetrical discovery disputes and the constant threat of sanctions. Although the proposed amendments stop short of establishing a bright-line rule for assessing or determining sanctions, the proposed guidelines should nonetheless reduce the prevalence and severity of sanctions for the loss of discoverable information, which would be music to the ears for many in-house legal departments.
See more »
DISCLAIMER: Because of the generality of this update, the information provided herein may not be applicable in all situations and should not be acted upon without specific legal advice based on particular situations.
© Ballard Spahr LLP
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West Suburban Senior Services
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Sobre nosotros
West Suburban Senior Services has been assisting senior citizens in the near West Cook County suburbs township for over 30 years. As a charitable, non-profit organization, the agency provides a variety of services, programs and assistance exclusively to address the needs of senior citizen residents.
Beginning as a transportation agency assisting senior citizens with rides to physicians, hospitals, grocery shopping and other locations, the agency has expanded its services and the communities that it serves. The communities are all in western Cook County, Illinois and include forty-four villages in the townships of Berwyn, Cicero, Leyden, Lyons, Norwood Park, Oak Park, Proviso, River Forest, Riverside and Stickney.
The services provided by the agency have grown over the years and include an array of community based programs. Each year, over 6,000 different senior citizens and their families are helped. While the majority of services are provided in senior citizen's homes, the agency operates out of three sites in Bellwood, LaGrange and Forest Park. In addition, our staff routinely work with senior citizens in area hospitals, nursing homes and retirement communities.
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Teléfono: 708-547-5600
Fax: 708-547-8044
439 Bohland, Bellwood, IL, 60104, US


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State scholarships
The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania takes pleasure offering Lithuanian state scholarships for students, lecturers and researchers of foreign countries for 4 types of scholarships in the academic year 2016-2017:
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Call for proposal for the academic year 2016-2017 is posted on the new website http://www.scholarships.lt (or http://stipendijos.lt/en).
For full-time master degree studies
Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania takes pleasure in offering Lithuanian state scholarships for full-time Master degree studies for nationals of Republic of Belarus, Republic of Georgia, Republic of Moldova, Republic of Ukraine, Republic of Armenia, Republic of Azerbaijan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Republic of Uzbekistan and People's Republic of China as well as foreigners of Lithuanian origin to study in Lithuanian higher education institutions.
Call for proposal for academic year 2016-2017 is now open. You can find all the information on www.scholarships.lt.


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This review is from: YAMAHA NSAW350B 2 CH All Weather Speakers w/ Wide Frequency, Black Color Pair
Pros: Good sound, projects well, nice and wide.
Cons: The mounts for the speakers are somewhat limiting if you want to ceiling mount them. I have a set of these on my back patio where they are vertically mounted with no issues at all. The pair in my garage workshop are ceiling mounted so I had to make them horizontally mounted. I can't angle them enough like I would like to. I'll probably build something to mount to the ceiling and then mount the speakers to those...that way I have more control.
Other Thoughts: Great speakers for the money. A win, really.READ FULL REVIEW
This review is from: The Matrix (Blu-ray / WS / 1999) Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss, Joe Pantoliano, Hugo Weaving, Belinda Mcclory, Julian Arahanga, Marcus Chong, Robert Taylor, Matt Doran
Pros: Sound was good
Good movie
Cons: The transfer to Blu Ray was just so-so for me. The image was simply too grainy. I could actually see it. That surprised me because I've read comments about the transfer to Blu Ray being outstanding. My Back To The Future set on Blu Ray absolutely put this one to shame.READ FULL REVIEW
This review is from: ASUS GX-D1081 Power-Saving Gigabit Switch
Pros: Simply stated, this is a great switch. Major bang for the buck here. I'm using it to connect my PS3, PS2, TV, and Blu Ray player into my network from the media room. It feels solidly built and I haven't had any issues with it in the time I've had it. An outstanding product & price from ASUS.
Cons: It doesn't spit out large amounts of cash.READ FULL REVIEW


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IRENE Writing Desk
Product: IRENE Writing Desk
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IRENE writing desk is entirely handmade out of reclaimed wood, using natural products and eco-friendly processes.
Our furniture is handmade in a small workshop, so delivery time may vary depending on availability.
- Natural wood and green.
length: 62 cm, width: 130 cm, height: 75 cm, weight: 25 kg


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James Schlueter '80 JOURN
2/13/2012 8:00 am
Director, Communications Engineering, Operations and Technology, Jame Schlueter '80 JOURN, was instrumental in the creation and launching of a new Boeing website on Boeing Innovation.
The 'Innovation is in the Air' video features Chief Technology Officer John Tracy. "The Shape of Things to Come" features Bob Liebeck, the 'father' of Blended Wing Body technology, and an Illinois alum.


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Hotel Alpha-1 Jouetsu
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... routes in Japan on Google Maps. I can spend hours on Google Maps looking at street view of possible routes, clicking on hotels or restaurants along the way. I think I drive Amy crazy when I do this but that's how I found St. Cousair Winery.
St. Cousair Winery (www.stcousair.com) was started by a hard working, Japanese entrepreneur and his wife initially as a small, apple jam retail shop in Nagano that has grown into a budding entreprise with a ...
No to snow monkeys but yes to grasshoppers
... people know each other. There's something cleansing (no pun intended) about sitting at a stool in a stall with a low mounted water tap and a plastic pan that you fill with water and drench yourself. I find it quite refreshing and relaxing and many Japanese dream of retiring in a town or home with an onsen facility.
I've not plotted a route for tomorrow yet. Needless to say, judging by the mountains in all the photos, there will be climbing ...
Myoko to Kyoto- a 4 train journey
Overnight we had 35 cm of snow so the view was white white and white. We woke to the sound of snow machines clearing things up a bit. After brekky we checked out, getting a lovely set of chopsticks as a Thankyou for staying and got dropped at the train for our 4-5 hrs or so of travel to get to Kyoto. The first train was down to Nagano then we booked seats for the rest of the journey to Nagoya on the Shinano then the rest of the way on the second ...
Snow shoe trekking and sake cocktails
... coming in lower and greyer and just as we got in the van it started to rain a bit. For lunch we went to a local place and had an absolute feast. Home made soba which were cold, you dip into a soy type sauce with shallots and wasabi and slurp them up, fried marinated tofu, tempura vegies and dipping sauce as well as some nasty little fishy things which I tried then gave away. After the soba are gone, soba broth is added to the dipping sauce ...
Up to the mountains
... who are working in Nagoya at an international school. We were dropped at a restaurant that has all sorts of small dishes to try and many types of drinks. I had to try the sparkling sake which was delicious- tad expensive so I won't be having those very often. We ordered some gyoza, duck with leeks, steamed chicken with ginger and steamed vegies. The flavours were lovely and it was just ...


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We won't be strolling the aisles of this year's EICMA show in Milan, and that's nothing short of a crying shame. There's going to be a wide selection of fantastic machines on display, including a very interesting project built on the bones of the Yamaha Vmax. Yamaha Europe has released a teaser for the custom bike, and as it turns out, the project has called upon some of the most renowned builders in the world. Roland Sands, Marcus Walz and Ludovic Lazareth have all thrown in a bit of expertise
Yamaha Vmax
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4Yamaha calls on big-name talent for Vmax Hyper Modified project
- Zach Bowman
- Oct 27, 2011
- 4
22Officially Official: 2009 Star Motorcycles VMax, with live pictures
- Jeremy Korzeniewski
- Jun 4, 2008
- 22
Click above for more live images from the official worldwide VMax unveiling
26Web-assisted early look at the 2009 V-Max
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- May 29, 2008
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Click above for more early shots of the 2009 V-Max
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Hacienda Pacifica
1km. E from Pali on the way to Quepos airport, Quepos NULL, Costa Rica
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Check-in: 14:00
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A great choice for a stay in Quepos, Hacienda Pacifica offers an airport shuttle (available on request). Guests can enjoy the outdoor pool, and mountain biking, scuba diving, and snorkeling are nearby. A children's pool and a garden are other highlights, and condos offer conveniences like kitchens and sofa beds.
1km. E from Pali on the way to Quepos airport Quepos NULL, Costa Rica