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Acidovorax citrulli is the causal agent of bacterial fruit blotch of cucurbits. We have shown previously that type IV pili (TFP) are required for wild-type levels of virulence of A. citrulli on melon and that this pathogen can colonize and move thorough the xylem vessels of host seedlings. Here, comparative studies between wild-type and TFP mutant strains using microfluidic flow chambers demonstrated that TFP play a critical role in both the surface attachment and the biofilm formation of A. citrulli under a medium flow. Additionally, TFP null mutants were unable to perform twitching movement against the direction of medium flow. Assays using a flagellin mutant showed that, in contrast to TFP, polar flagella do not contribute to the adhesion and biofilm formation of A. citrulli under tested conditions. Also, flagellum-mediated swimming motility of wild-type strains was not observed under medium flow. These results imply that TFP may play an important role in colonization and spread in the xylem vessels under sap flow conditions, while polar flagella could be more important for spread during periods of time when xylem flow is minimal.
Acidovorax avenae ssp. citrulli (Schaad et al., 1978; Willems et al., 1992) is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of cucurbit plants. The destructive potential of this bacterium was fully realized during the late 1980s, following severe BFB outbreaks in watermelon fields in the United States that led to high yield losses of up to 100% (Latin & Hopkins, 1995; Schaad et al., 2003). Since then, the disease has spread to different parts of the world, causing severe yield losses in watermelon and melon (Bahar & Burdman, 2010). Recently, Schaad (2008) suggested a new classification for subspecies of A. avenae, with A. avenae ssp. citrulli being reclassified as Acidovorax citrulli. Herein, we adopt this new nomenclature.
Molecular, biochemical and host-range characterization of A. citrulli isolates revealed the existence of two distinct groups: group I includes strains isolated mainly from nonwatermelon plants, while group II includes strains isolated mostly from watermelon (Walcott et al., 2000, 2004; Burdman et al., 2005; Feng et al., 2009). The genome of a group II strain (AAC00-1) has been sequenced recently by the Joint Genome Institute.
Few studies have shed light on the transmission mechanisms of A. citrulli inside the plant. It has been shown that this bacterium can penetrate the plant through blossoms and subsequently infect seeds (Walcott et al., 2003; Lessl et al., 2007). In a recent study, we showed that A. citrulli can systemically infect melon seedlings and can move basipetally and acropetally through the xylem vessels (Bahar et al., 2009).
The aforementioned studies suggest that motility contributes to both infection and translocation of the bacterium throughout the plant. Indeed, we demonstrated recently that type IV pili (TFP) and polar flagella, mediating twitching and swimming motilities, respectively, are required for the full virulence of A. citrulli on melon seedlings (Bahar et al., 2009; O. Bahar and S. Burdman, unpublished data). Nevertheless, the roles of TFP and polar flagella in xylem colonization and translocation inside the plant are not yet understood.
Microfluidic flow chambers (MFCs) mimic the xylem vessels of plant vascular systems (Meng et al., 2005) and have been used as a model system to investigate the behavior of bacteria under flow conditions. For instance, MFC studies with Xylella fastidiosa, a xylem-limited pathogen that lacks flagella and causes Pierce's disease of grapes (Meng et al., 2005; De La Fuente et al., 2007a, b), demonstrated the ability of X. fastidiosa to move against medium flow with the assistance of TFP and to strongly adhere to surfaces by means of type I pili (De La Fuente et al., 2007a, b).
We hypothesize that the observed reduced virulence of A. citrulli TFP and polar flagellum mutants on seedlings is at least in part due to their reduced abilities to adhere to and form biofilms on the vascular tissue, and to spread against xylem flow. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate A. citrulli behavior under xylem flow-mimicking conditions, with an emphasis on surface adhesion, biofilm formation and movement. In particular, we aim to define the role of TFP and flagella during the infection process of A. citrulli. Here, we used the MFC technology to compare the group I wild-type strain M6 with a TFP null mutant M6-M (M6 impaired in the TFP assembly gene pilM) and with a hyperpiliated mutant (M6-T, impaired in pilT that encodes an ATPase protein required for TFP retraction and twitching). An M6 mutant lacking polar flagella (M6-flg) was also assessed. To authenticate the role of TFP in A. citrulli in the MFC system, experiments using the group II wild-type strain W1 compared with its TFP null mutant W1-A (impaired in pilA, encoding pilin, the major TFP subunit) were also conducted.
Materials and methods
Bacterial strains and growth conditions
Acidovorax citrulli strains and their characteristics are described in Table 1. For MFC studies, strains were grown in Nutrient Broth (Difco) at 28 °C with shaking (200 r.p.m.) until the midlog phase. Cultures were then collected using a sterile 1-mL syringe and introduced into the MFCs. Assays were set at 25 °C according to De La Fuente (2007b) and lasted 3–8 days.
|Polar flagella
|Twitching motility
|Swimming motility
|Group I wild-type strain; ApR
|Burdman (2005)
|M6 Tn5-mutant defective in pilM (TFP assembly protein); ApR, KmR
|Bahar (2009)
|M6 insertional mutant defective in pilT (ATPase protein); ApR, KmR
|Bahar (2009)
|M6 insertional mutant defective in the gene encoding flagellin (fliC); ApR, KmR
|This study
|Group II wild-type strain; ApR
|Burdman (2005)
|W1 insertional mutant defective in pilA (major TFP subunit pilin); ApR, KmR
|Bahar (2009)
|Polar flagella
|Twitching motility
|Swimming motility
|Group I wild-type strain; ApR
|Burdman (2005)
|M6 Tn5-mutant defective in pilM (TFP assembly protein); ApR, KmR
|Bahar (2009)
|M6 insertional mutant defective in pilT (ATPase protein); ApR, KmR
|Bahar (2009)
|M6 insertional mutant defective in the gene encoding flagellin (fliC); ApR, KmR
|This study
|Group II wild-type strain; ApR
|Burdman (2005)
|W1 insertional mutant defective in pilA (major TFP subunit pilin); ApR, KmR
|Bahar (2009)
KmR and ApR, kanamycin and ampicillin resistance, respectively.
† Swimming motility of mutant M6-T is dependent on the experimental conditions.
Generation of the flagellin mutant M6-flg
A mutant impaired in flagellin was generated on the background of wild-type M6. Primers Flg-mut-F (5′-GCCGAATTCGCAGACCAAGACCGTCAACG-3′) and Flg-mut-R (5′-GCCGGATCCTTGATGTCCTTGCCCGACTCGTT-3′) were designed based on the Aave_4400 sequence (fliC) of strain AAC00-1 (http://genome.jgi-psf.org/aciav/aciav.info.html). The amplified fragment, which does not span the 3′- and 5′-ends of the gene, was digested with EcoRI and BamHI (the restriction sites are underlined in the above primer sequences) and cloned into the suicide vector pJP5603 (Penfold & Pemberton, 1992), conferring kanamycin (Km) resistance. Transformation into strain M6 was carried out as described previously (Bahar et al., 2009). Putative mutants were selected on NA with Km at 50 μg mL−1, and verified by Southern blot. Loss of swimming motility was confirmed in soft agar (0.3%) plates and under the microscope (not shown).
MFCs and microscopy
MFCs were fabricated as described previously (De la Fuente et al., 2007b). Briefly, the chamber body was constructed with polydimethylsilioxane and consisted of two parallel channels measuring 80 μm wide, 3.7 cm long and 50 μm high, separated by a 50 μm wide polydimethylsilioxane ridge. Chamber bodies were then sandwiched between a cover glass and a supporting glass microscope slide. Teflon tubes were attached to inlet and outlet channels, and media were introduced into the channels using syringes controlled by pumps (Pico Plus, Harvard Apparatus). The chambers were mounted on a Nikon Ti/U E20L80 microscope (Nikon Co.) using 40 × phase-contrast and differential interference contrast optics. Time-lapse images were recorded using a DS-Qi1Mc digital camera and analyzed using nis elements software (Nikon Co.).
Assessment of bacterial adhesion force
The adhesion abilities of bacterial cells were evaluated using a modification of a described procedure (De La Fuente et al., 2007b): (1) cells were introduced from side channels, while the flow in the main channels was stopped, allowing cells to attach; (2) introduction of cells from the side channels was stopped and medium flow in the main channels was resumed at a rate of 0.25 μL min−1 to remove unattached cells; and (3) the flow rate in the main channels was gradually increased from 0.25 to 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 μL min−1, each rate being maintained for one minute. Time-lapse movies were captured during the course of the assay and cells attached to the glass surface were quantified using nis elements software. Each repetition of steps 1–3 was considered a replicate. For each strain, at least three replicates in different locations along the channels were measured. For each flow rate, the amount of cells washed from the field of view was calculated as a function of the total number of cells present at the beginning of the assay. At the end of each flow rate, the number of attached cells was determined by averaging the amount of attached cells in the last three frames of that time period (corresponding to the last 15 s of the corresponding flow rate). Adhesion forces were determined according to De La Fuente (2007b).
Biofilm formation and cell motility
Biofilm formation was monitored inside the MFCs by maintaining a flow rate of 0.25 μL min−1 in the main channel and capturing images at 30-s intervals for a period of 6–24 h. Swimming and twitching were assessed for all strains inside the MFCs. Twitching motility rates were calculated for six bacterial cells according to De La Fuente (2007a).
Statistical analyses
All experiments were repeated at least three times and data were subjected to the Tukey–HSD test using jmp in v3.2.1 (SAS Institute Inc.). For comparison of adhesion forces, one-way anova were performed using statistix 8.0 (Analytical Software). Differences among means were determined using Fisher's protected LSD test at P=0.05.
TFP mutants possess reduced attachment ability
All the experiments described were based on the interaction between bacterial cells and the glass surface of the MFCs; however, similar observations were made on polydimethylsilioxane surfaces (not shown). Differences were evident among the wild types and TFP mutants in their ability to adhere to glass as soon as cells were introduced into the MFCs. While M6 and W1 cells attached immediately to the surface, the respective TFP mutants failed to do so (Fig. 1). Blocking medium flow at the main channel for up to 90 min resulted in the accumulation of TFP mutant cells in the field of view. However, when medium flow was resumed (0.25 μL min−1), all TFP mutants (all M6-M and the majority of M6-T and W1-A cells) were immediately displaced.
In contrast to M6-M cells, which, under flow, were unable to adhere to the channel surface regardless of the incubation time, M6-T and W1-A cells showed sporadic attachment after 24 h of incubation. Interestingly, the hyperpiliated M6-T cells attached to the surface not only as solitary cells but also as small clusters of about 5–15 cells (Fig. 2). No apparent differences were observed between M6 and M6-flg, as both effectively attached to the surfaces (not shown).
TFP contribute to the strength of bacterial adhesion
Adhesion force evaluation assays were conducted to compare the strength of attachment among wild types and mutants. This assay was not performed with mutant M6-M, due to its inability to attach to the surface under tested conditions.
Gradually increasing the flow rate from 0.25 to 16 μL min−1 did not reveal substantial differences between strains M6 and M6-T in attachment ability. However, following the application of flow rates of 32 and 64 μL min−1, the majority (84%) of the M6-T cells were displaced from the surface (Fig. 2; Supporting Information, Movie S1). Under these conditions, only 37% of the M6 cells were displaced from the surface, and the differences between these strains were significant (P=0.05) (Fig. 2b). Accordingly, wild-type M6 showed a significantly (P=0.01) higher adhesion force (174.8 pN) than M6-T (104.4 pN) (Fig. 2b). For a qualitative assessment of the strength of attachment, the flow rate was increased to 100 μL min−1, equivalent to a drag force of 380 pN (De la Fuente et al., 2007b) for 1 min. Here too, the majority of M6 cells that withstood the previous rate of 64 μL min−1 remained attached to the surface. No significant differences were observed between M6 and M6-flg in adhesion assays (Fig. 2b).
Wild-type W1, which, in contrast to strain M6, does not produce polar flagella (Table 1), showed a behavior similar to that of M6, with an average of 49% of the initial cells being displaced from the surface at the end of the assays (not shown). On the other hand, the majority of W1-A cells were quickly removed from the surface following the application of a flow rate of 8 μL min−1. The few remaining W1-A cells were displaced from the surface when the flow rate was increased to 32 μL min−1 (not shown).
Polar flagella- and TFP-mediated motilities inside MFCs
During incubation inside the chambers, even at the minimum flow of 0.25 μL min−1, swimming motility was not observed for strains M6 and M6-M. However, when medium flow was stopped, random swimming was immediately observed for both strains. This implies that cells of these strains possessed functional flagella, and that the lack of swimming was likely due to the medium flow being too strong to allow swimming movement. As expected, swimming was not observed for strains W1 and M6-flg under the tested conditions (not shown).
Under the tested conditions in MFC, it was difficult to observe twitching of strain M6. The more common form of movement was characterized by cells moving 1–4 μm, up and down the channel, perpendicular to the direction of medium flow. Another typical form of movement for M6 was characterized by cells spinning around without moving to a certain direction. M6-flg showed movement patterns similar to M6. Twitching movement was not observed for either of the TFP mutants.
Twitching of W1, on the other hand, was frequently observed in the opposite direction of medium flow (0.25 μL min−1), immediately after cells attached to the surface. Cells moved for short distances, typically 10–20 μm against the flow, before being removed from the surface. An estimation of the twitching speed indicated that cells moved at approximately 9.9 ± 1.1 μm min−1.
Functional TFP contribute to biofilm formation
In all assays, whenever biofilms were formed, we observed a succession of characteristic events. First, a biofilm never formed sooner than 48 h after the beginning of the assay, and in some experiments, it occurred only after 72 h (shown in Fig. 3 for strain W1), regardless of the cell density. Second, after the biofilm was formed, and even before it had completely filled up the field of view, chunks of cells continuously disconnected from the biofilm, which immediately grew back to fill up the gaps formed by the disconnecting chunks (shown for W1 in Movie S2). Third, following biofilm disassembly, the time required for a biofilm to re-grow was considerably faster (6–8 h) than the time required for the initial biofilm to fill up the field of view (∼20–24 h). This pattern of biofilm disassembly and regrowth was described for other bacteria and is considered a form of cell redistribution (Dow et al., 2003).
Biofilm formation as described above was typical of wild types M6 and W1, as well as mutant M6-flg. Strain M6-T was able to form a biofilm, but was slower in filling up the field of view (not shown). It appeared that the M6-T biofilm grew mainly due to cell division rather than both movement and cell division as observed for the wild types. Because mutant M6-T possesses TFP, but is impaired in twitching motility, this is understandable. The TFP-null mutants M6-M and W1-A did not form biofilms at any stage (not shown).
While most biological assays are based on a final outcome, the MFC device enables continuous monitoring of cells, allowing a fascinating glance into the microorganism's world in 'real time.' Here, we used MFCs to assess several behaviors of wild types and TFP/polar flagellum mutants of A. citrulli.
TFP and polar flagella are involved in motility, attachment and biofilm formation in different bacterial species (Josenhans & Suerbaum, 2002; Mattick, 2002; Craig et al., 2004). We have demonstrated previously that TFP and polar flagella are involved in the pathogenicity of A. citrulli (Bahar et al., 2009; O. Bahar and S. Burdman, unpublished results). We also showed that functional TFP are required for biofilm formation of this bacterium on glass and polystyrene surfaces (Bahar et al., 2009).
Acidovorax citrulli has the ability to colonize the xylem vessels of melon seedlings (Bahar et al., 2009). Here, studies with xylem-mimicking MFCs revealed an even more drastic effect of TFP on surface attachment and biofilm formation. Under flow conditions, cells of the TFP-null mutant M6-M were unable to attach to the surface. This result was in contrast to findings from conventional assays, where cell attachment and biofilm formation by this mutant were observed to some extent (Bahar et al., 2009). These results were corroborated by the use of an additional TFP-null mutant in a different A. citrulli strain, W1-A, which is impaired in pilA (major TFP subunit pilin), and showed a behavior similar to that of M6-M in MFCs. The W1-A mutant, generated in the background of wild-type M6, was used in these assays because numerous attempts to generate a pilA mutant in the background of strain M6 were unsuccessful (Bahar et al., 2009). It is important to mention that strain W1 is not a typical A. citrulli strain as it lacks a polar flagellum and possesses reduced virulence in comparison with other group II strains of this bacterium (Bahar et al., 2009). Nevertheless, in this specific study, utilization of the W1-A mutant served as an additional means to assess the role of A. citrulli TFP in the MFC system.
An interesting phenotype was seen with the hyperpiliated pilT mutant M6-T. In contrast to M6-M, M6-T cells were able to attach to the surface; however, the strength of attachment was significantly weaker than M6, supporting the fact that functional TFP is crucial for surface attachment under flow. Our findings also demonstrate that under flow, functional TFP play an important role in biofilm growth by A. citrulli. In contrast, under the conditions tested, polar flagella appear to be less important for adhesion and biofilm formation of A. citrulli. This statement is supported by the fact that the flagellin mutant M6-flg and wild-type W1 (both lacking flagella) were able to attach to the surface and form a biofilm in a manner similar to that of M6.
TFP are well-established virulence determinants of animal pathogenic bacteria, and were recently shown to contribute to the virulence of several phytopathogenic bacteria, including Ralstonia solanacearum, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, Xylella fastidiosa and A. citrulli (Kang et al., 2002; Meng et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2007; Bahar et al., 2009). While the contribution of TFP to the virulence of animal pathogens has been investigated, the mechanisms by which TFP contribute to the virulence of phytopathogenic bacteria are poorly understood. The findings from this study may provide a possible explanation for the reduced virulence of A. citrulli TFP mutants (Bahar et al., 2009). It is well known that xylem sap in plant vessels does not flow at a constant rate, and at nights, may even be reduced to a minimum. However, under average rates, sap flow may minimize cell adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation on xylem walls, thus affecting virulence, particularly in the case of TFP mutants.
Biofilms are thought to contribute to the virulence of phytopathogenic bacteria through several mechanisms, including blockage of xylem sap, increased resistance to plant antimicrobial substances and/or enhanced colonization of specific niches (Danhorn & Fuqua, 2007). Nevertheless, the picture can often be more complex than expected. For instance, Guilhabert & Kirkpatrick (2005) showed that a hemagglutinin mutant of X. fastidiosa, which is impaired in cell aggregation and biofilm maturation, was hypervirulent on grapevines. The authors hypothesized that the formation of an immature monolayered-biofilm structure by this mutant was sufficient to induce severe disease symptoms, while the lack of cell aggregation promoted a faster distribution of the pathogen in the plant, yielding a phenotype more severe than that of the wild type. In A. citrulli, the hyperpiliated M6-T mutant was shown to form cell aggregates in MFC to a much greater extent than wild-type M6. Interestingly, previously reported virulence assays revealed that not only is the M6-T mutant less virulent than the wild type, it is also less virulent than the TFP-null mutant M6-M (Bahar et al., 2009), suggesting that cell aggregation could negatively affect virulence, probably by hampering the distribution of the pathogen inside the plant.
In addition to the effect of TFP on virulence through biofilm formation, TFP-mediated twitching may also contribute to bacterial spread along the plant, especially against the flow direction, as observed here and in studies with X. fastidiosa (Meng et al., 2005). Indeed, stem inoculation experiments demonstrated that both A. citrulli and X. fastidiosa possess the ability to spread against the sap flow in xylem vessels (Meng et al., 2005; Bahar et al., 2009). In our study, the twitching speed of A. citrulli was approximately 9.9 ± 1.1 μm min−1. Similar twitching assays showed that wild-type cells of X. fastidiosa moved at 0.86 ± 0.04 μm min−1; however, an X. fastidiosa mutant lacking type I pili (which slows down twitching) moved at 4.85 ± 0.27 μm min−1 (De La Fuente et al., 2007a). Thus, the twitching speed of A. citrulli is roughly comparable to that of the X. fastidiosa mutant lacking type I pili. This is not surprising as, according to the annotation of the sequenced AAC00-1 strain, A. citrulli lacks type I pili.
Our findings, however, do not explain the impaired virulence of strains W1 and M6-flg. Although these strains lack polar flagella, they do possess adhesion and biofilm formation abilities similar to those of strain M6 in the MFCs. It is possible that, in contrast to our observations in the present studies, polar flagellum does play a role in attachment to, colonization of and biofilm formation on xylem vessels. Moreover, the role of polar flagella in virulence may not be limited to these features. We speculate that under conditions of minimal xylem sap flow, swimming contributes to long spread of the pathogen thorough the xylem, thus allowing further colonization of parts distant from the infection site.
An obvious limitation of MFCs is that they mimic the xylem vessels only to a certain extent: not only are the surface and the medium different, the chambers lack the complex dynamics of a plant–pathogen interaction system. Nevertheless, this technology provided powerful insights into several behaviors of A. citrulli under flow conditions and raised new questions that can now be addressed and examined in a full-biological system, using the host plant and suitable experiments.
We thank Ms Jennifer Parker and Dr Yael Helman for critically reading the manuscript. The research of Ofir Bahar at Auburn University was supported by a graduate student fellowship from the United States–Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development (BARD) Fund.
Supporting Information
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In a recent precedential decision, the Federal Circuit granted mandamus relief and ordered the transfer of a patent case from Delaware, the defendant's state of incorporation, to the Northern District of California. In re Link_A_Media Devices Corp., No. 2011-M990 (Fed. Cir. Dec. 2, 2011). The decision is part of a recent line of Federal Circuit decisions granting mandamus relief and transferring patent cases out of forums with minimal or questionable connections to the case. The decision is particularly significant because it rejects the notion that a plaintiff's choice of forum, coupled with a defendant's incorporation in that forum, effectively eliminates the possibility of transfer to a more convenient forum under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). Although the Federal Circuit has previously granted mandamus relief and ordered the transfer of patent cases out of plaintiff-friendly districts, such as the Eastern District of Texas, its decision to transfer a patent case out of Delaware is unique and may tip the scales in favor of transfer for defendants forced to litigate patent disputes in the state solely because they are incorporated there.
Summary of the Case
On October 11, 2010, Marvell International Ltd. (Marvell) filed a patent infringement case against Link_A_Media Devices Corp. (LAMD) in the District of Delaware. The case was assigned to Judge Sue L. Robinson. The complaint alleged that LAMD infringed and continues to infringe four Marvell patents related to error correction of data stored in computer-readable mediums. LAMD, a Delaware corporation having its principal place of business in northern California, produces microchips for data storage devices that are sold and distributed in the United States. Nearly all of LAMD's 130 employees work in its headquarters in northern California. Although Marvell is a foreign holding company having its principal place of business in Bermuda, the inventors of the patents-in-suit are employed by a Marvell affiliate, Marvell Semiconductor, Inc., which is also located in northern California.
LAMD moved to transfer the case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) from the District of Delaware to the Northern District of California, a forum that LAMD argued was more convenient to the parties and potential witnesses. Judge Robinson denied the motion to transfer for two primary reasons. First, LAMD's incorporation in Delaware constituted a "pivotal connection" to the forum and, "because LAMD is a Delaware corporation, it has no reason to complain about being sued in Delaware." Second, Judge Robinson held that Marvell's decision to file suit in Delaware was a "paramount consideration" because the plaintiff's choice of forum is afforded substantial deference in the venue transfer analysis.
LAMD petitioned the Federal Circuit for a writ of mandamus vacating Judge Robinson's order and directing the District of Delaware to transfer the case to the Northern District of California.
Summary of the Federal Circuit's Decision
In reviewing LAMD's petition for a writ of mandamus, the Federal Circuit initially noted that it was bound by the law of the regional circuit, in this case the Third Circuit. In accordance with Third Circuit jurisprudence, various public and private interest factors must be considered when determining whether a venue transfer under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) is appropriate.
The public interest factors include: (i) the enforceability of the judgment; (ii) practical considerations that could make the trial easy, expeditious or inexpensive; (iii) court congestion; (iv) the local interest in deciding local controversies at home; (v) the public policies of the forums; and (vi) the familiarity of the trial judge with the applicable state law in diversity cases. The private interest factors include: (i) the plaintiff's forum preference as manifested in the original choice; (ii) the defendant's preference; (iii) whether the claim arose elsewhere; (iv) the convenience of the parties as indicated by their relative physical and financial condition; (v) the convenience of the witnesses; and (vi) the location of books and records.
With respect to Marvell's choice of forum, the Federal Circuit determined that the district court placed too much weight on this factor. Although the Third Circuit places significance on a plaintiff's choice of forum, when a plaintiff brings a case in a venue that is not its home forum, that choice of forum is entitled to less deference. Similarly, where the plaintiff is a foreign entity, such as Marvell in this case, the presumption favoring its choice of forum also is weakened.
The Federal Circuit also criticized the district court's heavy reliance on the fact that LAMD was incorporated in Delaware. In particular, the Federal Circuit pointed out that neither 28 U.S.C. § 1404 nor Third Circuit case law include the defendant's state of incorporation as a relevant factor in the venue transfer inquiry. Even if the defendant's state of incorporation was a factor, the Federal Circuit noted that it certainly is not a determinative factor, as the district court apparently believed.
According to the Federal Circuit, the district court's fundamental error was finding that Marvell's choice of forum, coupled with the fact that LAMD was incorporated in Delaware, was dispositive of the venue transfer inquiry. Instead, the district court should have fairly balanced all of the relevant private and public interest factors to determine if the Northern District of California was a more convenient forum. Because other relevant interest factors, including the location of witnesses, tangible evidence and the parties' business operations, clearly favored transfer, the Federal Circuit granted LAMD's petition for a writ of mandamus and directed the district court to transfer the case to the Northern District of California.
Implications of the Decision for Companies Involved in Patent Litigation
The Federal Circuit's decision continues to erode the plaintiff's choice of forum as a dominant factor in the venue transfer analysis. Instead, courts must fairly balance all relevant interest factors to determine which forum is more convenient. No single factor, such as a defendant's state of incorporation or the plaintiff's choice of forum, is dispositive of the analysis. In accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a), the convenience of the parties and witnesses is the overriding criteria when determining whether a transfer of venue is appropriate.
A defendant sued in a remote forum that has little or no meaningful connection to the case would be well-advised to seek transfer to a more convenient forum, especially where the plaintiff is not suing in its home turf. As pointed out by the Federal Circuit, when the plaintiff is a foreign corporation or a domestic entity suing in a district that is not its home forum, its choice of venue is entitled to little deference. In such cases, other interest factors, such as the location of tangible evidence, witnesses and the parties' business operations, become more central to the venue transfer analysis. If the defendant secures a venue transfer, the plaintiff effectively loses its strategic selection of forum. By forcing the plaintiff to litigate in is a less favorable forum, the defendant may gain significant leverage in settlement negotiations or otherwise help set the stage for a positive outcome of the litigation on the merits.
Although it is unclear how judges within and outside the District of Delaware will respond to the decision, the Federal Circuit has sent a clear message that requests for venue transfer must be taken seriously. A judge can no longer shorthand the analysis and overemphasize a few arbitrary factors. An equitable weighing of all relevant private and public interest factors is required, which should result in a gradual increase in successful venue transfer requests by defendants.
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DISCLAIMER: Because of the generality of this update, the information provided herein may not be applicable in all situations and should not be acted upon without specific legal advice based on particular situations.
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25-34 year old woman treated with Belotero
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Before and after treatment of dark under-eye circles with Belotero.
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Secure Booking
Booking Fee
Nilkamal Travels is one of the renowned operators in the West region of India. Major states that Nilkamal Travels operates in are Gujarat, Maharashtra. Nilkamal Travels runs a total of 10 buses through the important cities such as Chennai, Bangalore, Pune. Ahmedabad to Surat, Ahmedabad to Mahuva, Ahmedabad to Rajula are some of the important routes for Nilkamal Travels. This operator has various type of buses for different routes, some of them being Volvo A/C Multi-Axle Semisleeper, Non A/C Seater, A/C Seater.
redBus.in provides Nilkamal Travels bus tickets at lowest fare. redBus makes it even easier with payment options like credit, debit cards and net banking. Most of the operators in redBus.in accepts m-tickets. Check the operator ratings and facilities provided to have a hazzle free journey.
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Ovary Stripe Song Lyrics
publisher: ©Warner/Chappell Music, Inc., Universal Music Publishing Group
writers: Hillary Lindsey, Martin Brammer, Troy Verges
album: Track 12 in album Kasabian
release date: 2004-8-25
popularity : 61 users have visited this page.
genres: Electronic Rock
styles: Leftfield/Lo-Fi/Brit Pop/Indie Rock
length: 3:50
producer: Kasabian
drums: Mitch Glover
mixer: Simon "Barny" Barnicott
additional producer: Jim Abbiss
background vocals: Sergio Pizzorno
electric guitar & synthesizer: Sergio Pizzorno
bass guitar: Chris Edwards
additional mixer: Jim Abbiss
electric guitar & synthesizer & omnichord: Christopher Karloff
composer: Sergio Pizzorno, Christopher Karloff
Album Informationcountry(area): Japan
format: CD
script: Latin
Cover Art
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$ 17.99
Way too cute to be a NY Jets fan! It's never too early to get your little one looking good in red white and blue. Train them young...GO PATS!
It's your first amendment right to stay in the know.
© 2017 Smack Apparel.
Make sure your Smack Apparel t-shirt fits appropriately:


text:
Students and School Resources
California Safe Schools Coalition
CSSC works to eliminate discrimination and harassment on the basis of actual or perceived sexual orientation and gender identity in California schools.
Gay-Straight Alliance (GSA) Network
Empowering youth activists to fight homophobia and transphobia in the schools
GLSEN, the Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network, is the leading national education organization focused on ensuring safe schools for all students. GLSEN envisions a world in which every child learns to respect and accept all people, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity/expression. GLSEN seeks to develop school climates where difference is valued for the positive contribution it makes to creating a more vibrant and diverse community.
LGBTQQ Centers and Youth Organizations
Looking for a center near you? CenterLink's directory of LGBT community centers in the US and internationally is online in a new and improved format.
National Center for Lesbian Rights provides a Legal Information Helpline as a service to all members of the LGBT community and allies. The Legal Information Helpline provides basic information about laws that affect LGBT people, including family law, and about resources available for people who are facing discrimination or other civil rights issues.
Santa Clara County Resources
Outlet empowers lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and questioning youth ages 13-18 living on the Peninsula and South Bay through support services, leadership training, community education and advocacy.
PFLAG San Jose
Local chapter of Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbian and Gays (PFLAG).
Bill Wilson Center
Runaway and Homeless Youth Shelter
The Runaway and Homeless Youth Shelter offers short-term housing for runaway, homeless, and other troubled youth (ages 11-17). Individual, group, and family counseling is provided to restore family ties when possible, and to stabilize the lives of homeless youth to avoid victimization from street life.
Drop-in Center
The Drop-in Center in downtown San Jose helps homeless at-risk youth, ages 12 – 22, by providing basic necessities such as food, clothing, and personal hygiene items. The program also provides more comprehensive services including counseling, living skills training, job readiness training, housing assistance, health education (including HIV prevention) and links to other services, such as access to legal services and health care.
LACY Legal Advocates for Children & Youth
LACY provides free legal representation, advocacy, and information to minors in Santa Clara County, and educates several minors, parents, service providers, and attorneys on legal issues relevant to minors.
Crisis Lines
24-7 Line for Youth
(888) 247-7717
A free hotline for youth ages 7-24, providing supportive listening, crisis intervention, and information and referrals. Youth may call the line ANYTIME FOR ANY REASON.
The Trevor Project operates the only accredited, nationwide, around-the-clock crisis and suicide prevention helpline for LGBTQ youth.
National Runaway Switchboard
The National Runaway Switchboard gives help and hope to youth and their families by providing non-judgmental, confidential crisis intervention and local and national referrals through a 24-hour hotline.
Community United Against Violence (CUAV) works to build the power of LGBTQQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning) communities to transform violence and oppression. We support the healing and leadership of those impacted by abuse and mobilize our broader communities to replace cycles of trauma with cycles of safety and liberation. As part of the larger social justice movement, CUAV works to create truly safe communities where everyone can thrive.
24-hour Safety Line: (415) 333-HELP (4357)
Health and Wellness
Apoyo para Jovenes GLBTQ (for Spanish-speaking GLBTQ youth).
Family Acceptance Project
Based at San Francisco State University, the Family Acceptance Project researches how to improve family wellness and offers support to families with LGBTQ members.
Planned Parenthood
Planned Parenthood health centers offer you the health care you need. Our caring and knowledgeable staff provide a wide range of services – including services for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) patients.
Sex positive sexuality education for youth and young adults.
Sex Etc.
Website that offers answers about sex for teens.
YouthResource a Web site by and for gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and questioning (GLBTQ) young people, takes a holistic approach to sexual health and exploring issues of concern to LGBTQ youth.


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Navdy 01.30.2017
Bottom Line: The Navdy adds head-up display technology to any vehicle made after 1996 to help keep your eyes on the road and your hands off your phone.
Bottom Line: With its attractive design and excellent features, the 2017 Ford Fusion Hybrid is the among the best full-size non-luxury hybrid sedans on the road.
Bottom Line: The redesigned 2016 Toyota Prius Four Touring offers increased passenger and cargo space, better handling, and remains one of the most fuel-efficient hybrid cars you can buy.
Bottom Line: If you're in the market for a high-end sports coupe, the 2017 Infiniti Q60 Red Sport 400 combines performance, luxury, and tech in an attractive package.
Bottom Line: Although a refresh of the 2016 Nissan Altima brings exterior updates, enhanced connectivity, and new safety features, it's not enough to keep up with increasingly competitive rivals in the midsize sedan segment.
Bottom Line: The 2016 Lexus RX 450h hybrid features a radical new exterior design, increased passenger space, and more car-like performance.
Bottom Line: The pricey 2016 Lexus LX 570 SUV combines luxury and eight-passenger capacity with exceptional off-road capabilities.
Bottom Line: The Pearl RearVision is a completely wireless backup camera that uses your smartphone as a monitor to deliver sharp, colorful video to the front seat of your car.
Bottom Line: Though rivals offer better tech and more engine choices, the 2016 Honda CR-V remains a sensible choice among crossovers vehicles.
Bottom Line: If you want an extra-large, extra-capable pickup that doesn't break the bank or tip the scales, the 2016 Nissan XD is a solid choice.


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Is This (Finally) the Year of Bluetooth?
Until recently, Bluetooth has been more hype than substance. Now, it seems, conditions have aligned to make it a mass-production reality. But is this enough to make it a "must-have" on future vehicles?
Advances in Putting Things Together
Whether you're welding aluminum or need to assemble engines, there are developments out there that provide some real advantages. Here's a look.
Nissan's Product-Led Transformation
When Carlos Ghosn took over as head of Nissan, one of his first priorities was to restructure the company's Product Planning department. As a result, the company is able to move more quickly, create more variants from common pieces, and create vehicles better suited to the markets in which they are sold. Vehicles like the 2004 Nissan Maxima and Infiniti FX45 are just the first examples of how this strategy will play out.
Advancing Materials: Clearly & (Almost) Invisibly Better
Here's a look at some advanced materials—some which you can see through, others which are so small that you maynot see them at all. But in all cases, performance is improved.
Lost foam casting at GM has moved from being a Saturn exclusive to a more commonplace technology. It is a simple process, but one that depends on subtle adjustments and experience to produce the best results.
Product Development: BETTER, FASTER, CHEAPER
With CAD/CAE becoming so well integrated into product development, it seems as though the role of physical models is becoming decreasingly relevant.
Considering Sienna - 53,000 Miles in the Making
An oft-cited phrase used to describe the development of vehicles nowadays is along the lines of "We designed it from the inside out."
Unigraphics NX: (What It May Mean To You)
Given the prevalence of Unigraphics and I-DEAS throughout the automotive supply change, EDS' approach to product convergence can have effects on your CAx operations. Here's a quick look.
A New Approach at Dearborn Stamping
"This is an old plant" says Miro F. Suga, director, Stamping Business Unit, Vehicle Operations, Ford Motor Company. He's talking about the Dearborn Stamping Plant, which is on the property that's known as the Rouge Complex, a series of facilities that is essentially being focused on the Dearborn Truck Plant, one of the operations that is producing the important F-150 pickup.
FORD's F-150: The Winner And Still Champion?
The best selling vehicle in Ford's lineup, and the best selling vehicle in America for more than 20 years, the F-150 is under increased pressure from competitors – both foreign and domestic – and consumers who want more for less. Its sales will determine the health of the Ford Motor Company for many years to come.
After winning LeMans in late 1966, engineers from Ford's Advanced Engine Engineering team wanted to build a 48-valve V12 for the Ford GT Mark 4 and humiliate the man who had so rudely rejected Ford's offer to buy his company four years earlier, Enzo Ferrari.
That there is global overcapacity in the auto industry is a given.
Even though it hasn't been given a snappy name yet by marketing, Kautex-Textron has a new multi-layer, blow-molded plastic fuel tank system heading for production.
The most successful dot-com firm is starting to make big waves in the auto business. eBay continues to grow by leaps and bounds—just as if the Internet boom never ended.
Marketing Matters for Suppliers
In a world of reverse auctions, shrinking bid lists, and sharp competition, it might seem that there is no place for the softer influence that is conferred by marketing on the purchasing process.


text: Description:50 gram. This new Orlik English Gold is a blend of bright Virginia tobaccos. Pressed to large cakes, then cut in thin slices - flakes. Natural sweet taste.Contents: Virginia Cut: Flake Average Ratings Strength: Mild to Medium Flavoring: Very Mild Taste: Mild to Medium Room Note: Pleasant TAX FREE: Please note that if you are an outside EU citizen the VAT (20%) will be deducted the listed prices when/if you finish your order. Remember it is your responsibility to check whether private import of tobacco to your country is legal.


text:
One Christmas Morning: A perfect Christmas treat! (Swell Valley Series Short Story)By: Tilly Bagshawe (author)eBook
£0.99Buy eBook
DescriptionA Christmas treat from bestselling author Tilly Bagshawe Christmas is not the time to get your heart broken… Dumped by the love of her life and in need of some time to recover, screenwriter Laura Tiverton retreats to the idyllic village of Fittlescombe where she used to spend time as a girl. Maybe lending her expertise to the annual nativity play will be just what she needs. Village heart-throb and the nativity's leading man, Gabe Baxter, has always been jealous of Laura. And now she's back – beautiful, bossy, and driving him insane. When the hotly-anticipated Christmas Ball comes around Laura can't quite believe her luck when she gets a date with the sexy playwright Daniel Smart. Perhaps it's going to be a merry Christmas after all. But when the night doesn't go to plan, and the day of the nativity dawns, Laura can't imagine showing her face in the village again. On the night before Christmas, who will be able to persuade her that the show must go on?
Create a review
Product Details
- publication date: 06/12/2012
- series: Swell Valley Series Short Story
- book language: en
- publisher: HarperCollins Publishers
- publisher imprint: Harper
Supported Platforms
- Android Epub DRM Yes
- Ereader Epub DRM Yes
- Desktop Epub DRM Yes
- IOS Epub DRM Yes
- Windows Epub DRM Yes


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Pack Of 30 25w Bc Golf Ball Clear Light Bulbs
Guide price: £18
Last updated on 4th Sep 2014
Tags: home furniturelighting
Pack Of 30 25w Bc Golf Ball Clear Light Bulbs
These incandescent Golf Ball Light Bulbs continue to be one of the most popular light sources for the majority of lighting applications due to their simple operation, flexibility, ease of installation and low cost. The rich white light output is a clear, crisp light that totally enhances the room.
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Features : Clean, straight lines and rectangular detailing define the classic styling of this large outdoor wall mount *White seedy glass panels create an elegant glow, while the cast aluminum hardware finished in black can withstand nature's seasonal elements *Comes in Black finish


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The former president FW de Klerk, now a deputy president, yesterday demanded that his former Cabinet member be granted temporary immunity from prosecution. The African National Congress bristled at Mr de Klerk's defence of the accused, saying it implied that the alleged crimes "were an integral part of the official policy of the government of the day."
Commentators compare the envisaged prosecution of General Malan and his comrades to the treason trial of Nelson Mandela in 1963-64 in terms of its legal significance and the impact on the country. "This is the most important political event in South Africa since the [1994 all-race] elections," said Paul Pereira, of the South African Institute of Race Relations, a private research group.
General Malan, indicted by the KwaZulu-Natal provincial attorney-general's office, is to be charged with the hit-squad-style killings of 13 blacks, 11 of them women and children, on 21 January, 1987.
Also facing murder charges are a former defence force chief, Jannie Geldenhuys, a former army chief, Kat Liebenberg, a former military intelligence director, Tieni Groenewald, and seven other senior officers.
While the news was greeted with enthusiasm by anti-apartheid activists and ANC supporters, conservative whites and black opposition groups accused the ANC of political opportunism in the timing of the announcement, just before the first all-race local government elections tomorrow. More worrying than the impact on the polls will be the repercussions on Mr Mandela's government of national unity, which includes Mr de Klerk's National Party and the Inkatha Freedom Party of Mangosuthu Buthelezi.
"The issue of Malan's arrest poses the single greatest threat to the government of national unity," said Paul van Zyl, of the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, an independent Johannesburg-based think-tank. Mr De Klerk will be in a difficult position if the Malan case goes to trial. He inherited General Malan as defence minister from his predecessor, PW Botha, in 1989 but demoted him to minister for water and forestry because of his confrontational style. None the less, Gen Malan remained in Mr De Klerk's cabinet until 1993.
"The degree of danger to the government depends first on whether the case goes to trial and how much information emerges which might make it difficult for De Klerk to stay in the government," Mr Van Zyl said. "The second question is to what extent can the government of national unity survive without De Klerk."
When he was president, Mr de Klerk granted indemnities to several ANC militants in order to aid negotiations and national reconciliation.
Mr De Klerk wants indemnities granted until the Malan case can be taken up by the Truth Commission, which is expected to start work next year and has the power to grant amnesties to people who committed crimes of a political nature in the apartheid era.
Neither Mr Mandela nor the ANC have indicated how they intend to deal with the situation.
- More about:
- Apartheid
- Durban
- Nelson Mandela


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Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
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This review is from: Linkworld 617-C.88-P4 Gray/Beige Steel MicroATX Mini Tower Computer Case 400W Power Supply
Pros: good case very light love the power supply 400w it was worth it
Cons: not good air flow had to make more air vents to keep cpu coolREAD FULL REVIEW


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Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
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Ships from United States. Most customers receive within 3-10 days.
Sold and Shipped by Samy's Camera
The RPS Studio Digital Flash Bracket combines many features desired for flash photography while incorporating features that have not been available to the photographer doing flash photography with a digital SLR.The first feature is an included electronic shutter release. This two position release allows the camera to set the exposure and auto focus and fire the shutter. Prior to this feature being included, the photographer would have to adjust the zoom of the lens and then reach back to the shutter button on the camera to take the shoot. This took a lot of time and could result in the loss of a good shot. The inclusion of the shutter release means that the lens can be zoomed or if not in auto focus mode, focused, and the shutter fired at any time without having to move the had back to the shutter release button on the camera.
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You could say it began a few years ago, at the moment in Internet history when I first clicked on a food blog. That was what led me to celery root after all, or even to hearing about it. Before then, I must've walked by it in the produce section a hundred times, unknowing, overlooking its gnarly brown exterior and bulb-like shape for more familiar things like bright orange carrots or leafy green spinach or, really, anything but it.
Yet in another way, you could say it began much earlier, when I was young, the girl who wore thick pink glasses and sported puffy bangs that were regularly permed. I played no sports, belonged to no clubs, had no real accomplishments. Looking back, truly, it seems all the signs were in place from the beginning: this girl was meant to like celery root. It was only a matter of time.
Celery root, also called celeriac or knob celery, is many things, but looking at it for the first time, only one stands out: this winter vegetable isn't pretty to look at. In fact, if you were a little like the mean kids I grew up with, you might say something like celery root is the ugliest vegetable there ever was and, you know, nobody wants to play with it.
With all that in mind, or maybe because of all that in mind, I walked towards, not away from, the celery root at my grocery store a few weeks ago, taking two globes in my hands, holding them like brains in one of those scary movies I'd never watch. I didn't know what made one good or bad, and I didn't know what I was going to do with the two I tucked into a plastic bag, but when I walked outside, inhaling the cold, crisp air, it was with a spring in my step.


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Fox News gives a run-down of sophisticated tools used by terrorist organizations, including a jerry-rigged drone and animation videos for recruitment. Still, the most advanced tech imaginable is the G.I. Joe doll faux-hostage. — Updated, 4:20 p.m.
Business Schools Embrace Emotion
From meditation classes at Columbia to Type-A control at Berkeley, top-tier business schools are giving emotional development a bigger priority in the curriculum. While often the butt of jokes, leadership and intrapersonal skills can actually make or break a business. "The real reason why I chose Stanford over other schools was the leadership aspect of it," said Arnulfo Ventura, "The analytical side, you can get anywhere." — Updated, 4:20 p.m.
Facebook Pays Users To Watch Ads
Facebook will be shelling out 10-cent virtual credits for watching certain advertisements, which can be redeemed on many of the social network's most popular programs, such as FarmVille and Causes. Even if Facebook payments are low, they might inadvertently trick users into believing they actually like the ads, with a psychological phenomenon known as "cognitive dissonance."
Video Games Honored At Smithsonian
Take that, Roger Ebert! Video games are now officially art, and will be showcased at the Smithsonian's "The Art of Video Games," March 16 through September 30, 2012—three months before the world ends. Blasts from the past, like The Secret of Monkey Island will live along side perennial greats SimCity and Super Mario Brothers.
Researchers at Queen's University in Canada have developed a paper-like phone with bending gestures. Now PR and government folks won't have to buy cargo pants to have enough pockets for all their phones.
Thought getting kids to drop Facebook and go play outside was the problem? Maybe parents are really the ones with the problem, as this new playful PSA by Gerry Graf shows social-networking addicted moms ignoring their children.
Sources: Fox News, The Wall Street Journal, All Things D, CnNet, BusinessInsider, Adweek
[Image: Flickr user d3stiny_sm4sher]


text:
In a message dated 12/16/2001 10:28:50 PM Central Standard Time,
firstname.lastname@example.com writes:
<< > The Hosta Library Auction is going now and I will be start posting some
> the newest 2002 Hostas starting tomorrow.
Hi Jim
You should post more often.
Bob >>
Thank you for the encouragement.
The weather has been good enough this fall, that I have been keeping very
busy continuing to work on my yard and display garden projects. At this web
site is a pix of my new water feature I put in my side yard this fall.
Now, I need to get to work on my 2002 catalog.
Thank you,
Jim Schwarz
web site: http://www.JimsHostas.com
Jim's Hostas
11676 Robin Hood Dr.
Dubuque, IA 52001-9506
One of the Volunteers at the Dubuque Arboretum
and Botanical Gardens
To sign-off this list, send email to firstname.lastname@example.com with the
message text UNSUBSCRIBE HOSTA-OPEN


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This app will stop working on 3rd April 2017. But you can still listen to BBC iPlayer Radio via your browser by visiting bbc.co.uk/radio
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Discover incredible stories about Bristol during WW1.
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Host by NetBox Version 2.8 Build 4128
Alex Toys Scrap 'n Stuff Bag
A scrapbook and bag all in one. Collage the precut cards, slip them into the 12 pockets and voila. A colorful bag to take anywhere. Comes with assorted colored paper, fabric, ribbons, sticky felt, buttons, white glue, stencil sheet, stickers and easy instructions. Ages 6 and above.
Product NotesView All Alex View All Craft Kits
List: $18.00
|Scrap 'n Stuff Bag
|Currently Unavailable
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Please contact us at 1-866-YOYO-123 (1-866-969-6123)


text:
Description: A gallery of the women I have had sex with
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Dam mann
LOL, you tripped out with some of these


text: 9 out of 10 Stephen High Wycombe. I'm an arranger. Good Points+ 'Don't Dilly Dally on the Way' (My Old Man)., 'I'm Henry The Eighth I Am' , 'All the Nice Girls Love a Sailor', Waiting at the Church' and others... Bad Points− It didn't include 'Down at the Old Bull & Bush and a few others are not in there. Confirmed purchase: 30 November 2015 Published on: 07 January 2016


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In This Issue:
- Huron County Seeks Clarification on Taxes
- Court Rules on Cost Allocation for Transmission Upgrades
- Amended Renewable Energy Plan Yields Rate Reductions
- Solar Panels at GM Tech Center
- New Energy NGO in Michigan
- Wind Towers Shipping from Monroe
- Give a Value to Stable Energy Fuel and Disposal Costs
- Excerpt from Huron County Seeks Clarification on Taxes:
The Huron County Board of Commissioners has resolved to not take any more action regarding wind energy projects until Michigan clarifies the regulation and taxation of wind turbines. Therefore, it has decided not to act on a request to release 26 acres in Windsor Township from restricted "farmland preservation use" needed to build a substation for the new Thumb Loop transmission line. Meanwhile, it has joined with other counties with wind energy projects (including Sanilac, Tuscola, and Gratiot Counties) to form the Michigan Renewable Energy Coalition. The MREC has lobbied the State Tax Commission to formulate a fair process to determine wind turbine tax values and tax depreciation schedules. Now the State Tax Commission has formed a "multiplier committee" consisting of the MREC, local equalization officials, and utility representatives to address the depreciation issue.
Please see full Newsletter below for more information.
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DISCLAIMER: Because of the generality of this update, the information provided herein may not be applicable in all situations and should not be acted upon without specific legal advice based on particular situations.
© Varnum LLP
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Karen helps people with real estate transactions and estate planning.[bio]
Karen Arscott
Khushhal practices in the areas of real estate and estate planning.[bio]
Khushhal Bains
Heather helps individuals, families and businesses with their Canadian immigration goals.[bio]
Heather Bell
Richard practices in wills and estate planning in Metro Vancouver, with over 30 years' experience.[bio]
Richard Bell
Shahroo helps clients with probate and estate management[bio]
Shahroo Fattahi
Jasmine can help with residential and commercial real estate transactions[bio]
Jasmine Fernando
Sunjeet helps clients with real estate transactions and estate planning.[bio]
Sunjeet Grewal
Sterling can help your business with its contracts and corporate structure.[bio]
Sterling Hein
Jennifer guides families and companies through the Canadian immigration process.[bio]
Jennifer Hunter
Geoff assists families and businesses with real estate and business contracts.[bio]
Geoffrey Lim
Ronan practices in the areas of business and entertainment law.[bio]
Ronan Reinart
Michael implements estate plans and helps clients administer trusts and estates.[bio]
Michael Scott
Steve has over 40 years in real estate experience to help you with property transactions.[bio]


text:
Hot Apricot Whip
|Dried apricots
|6 Ounce
|1 1⁄2 Cup (24 tbs)
|Ground cinnamon
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|Egg whites
|Cream of tartar
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
Combine apricots and water in a saucepan.
Bring to a boil.
Cover; reduce heat, and simmer 15 minutes or until tender.
Place undrained apricots and cinnamon in container of an electric blender or food proessor; process until smooth.
Spoon into a bowl; cover and chill.
Beat egg whites (at room temperature) and cream of tartar until stiff but not dry.
Add sugar, 1 tablespoon at a time, beating until stiff peaks form.
Fold one-third of egg white mixture into apricot puree.
Fold in remaining egg whites.
Spoon mixture into a 1 1/2-quarr souffle dish coated on bottom with cooking spray.
Place dish in a 13- x 9- x 2-inch baking pan; pour hot water into baking pan to a depth of 1 inch.
Bake at 050° for 05 minutes or until puffed and firm.
Spoon into individual dessert bowls, and serve.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size: Complete recipe
Calories 665 Calories from Fat 9
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 1 g1.7%
Saturated Fat 0.03 g0.17%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 0 mg
Sodium 210.3 mg8.8%
Total Carbohydrates 159 g53.1%
Dietary Fiber 13.1 g52.3%
Sugars 141.7 g
Protein 18 g36.9%
Vitamin A 122.7% Vitamin C 2.9%
Calcium 11.5% Iron 26.5%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


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Add a simply handsome sense of style into your dining room with this leg table. The piece carries an oak black finished base with an old gold dust finished top. The table is made using techniques that have been passed down through generations of Amish craftsmen, and is made out of solid hardwood. With farm and country design to spare, this dinner table is bound to leave you pleased.
The Homestead Amish Tapered Leg Dining Table by Simply Amish at Becker Furniture World in the Twin Cities, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Minnesota area. Product availability may vary. Contact us for the most current availability on this product.
A beautiful collection for your home, the Homestead Amish collection follows the classic style of the Shaker tradition. Based on the clean and simple lines of shaker furniture, the Homestead Amish Collection adds flush raised panels for slight twist on traditional style, adding a unique look to your home.
The Homestead Amish collection is a great option if you are looking for furniture in the Twin Cities, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Minnesota area.
These images are representative of this group as a whole and may differ from this item.
Browse other items in the Homestead Amish collection from Becker Furniture World in the Twin Cities, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Minnesota area.
This item has been tagged as: Table, Dining Tables, Table Set, Dining Table Set, Pub Table, Counter Height Table, Bar Table, Pub Table Set, Counter Height Table Set, Bar Table Set, Dining Room Furniture, Entertaining Furniture, Furniture Sets, Game Table Set, Gaming Tables, Office Furniture, Conference Tables, Meeting Tables, Serving Tables, Kitchen Table, Kitchen Table Set, Bistro Table, Bistro Table Sets, Pedestal Table, Leg Table, Dining Room Tables, Food Table, Table with Leaves, Leaf Table, Dinner Table, Dinette, Dinette Set, Extension Dining Table, Extendable Table
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On June 20, 2014, the New York state legislature approved a bill that would allow patients to use marijuana for limited medical therapeutic purposes. Governor Cuomo is expected to sign the bill into law. The bill will not take effect until 18 months after it is signed into law, giving employers time to consider the potential impact that it will have on their workplaces.
The New York medical marijuana bill will allow the "certified medical use" of marijuana, but prohibits smoking the drug. It will also allow the Health Department to license five private companies in the state to produce and distribute medical marijuana products through dispensaries.
Notable for employers, the bill contains a non-discrimination clause which provides that patients who use the drug will be deemed to have a disability under the Human Rights Law. However, patients will have to meet a number of requirements in order to be eligible to receive medical marijuana and, therefore, to be considered disabled under this law.
The bill sets forth a robust certification process by which a practitioner certifies that the patient is likely to receive therapeutic or palliative benefit from the use of marijuana. Only patients aged 21 or over who suffer from one of the ailments specified in the bill—cancer, HIV/AIDS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, certain spinal cord injuries, epilepsy, inflammatory bowel disease, neuropathies, or Huntington's disease—will be eligible to use the drug as part of their treatment. Even those afflicted with these diseases are only eligible to use medical marijuana if they suffer certain clinical symptoms, which include wasting syndrome, severe or chronic pain, severe nausea, seizures, or severe or persistent muscle spasms. Notwithstanding the provisions of this law, it is likely that an employee with one of these listed conditions and symptoms would be considered disabled under the Americans With Disabilities Act, or the New York State Human Rights Law. The Health Department will have discretion to approve other "serious conditions" for use of marijuana as needed.
The new law will not bar an employer's enforcement of a policy prohibiting employees from performing their employment duties while impaired by a controlled substance. In addition, the bill specifically states that it does not require any person or entity to do any act that would put that person or entity in violation of federal law or cause the loss of a federal contract or funding. Therefore, employers who are subject to the Drug Free Workplace Act or other federally-imposed drug related restrictions are still required to follow and abide by such laws and requirements. In these circumstances, an employer would not be required to employ someone using medical marijuana when doing so conflicts with superseding federal requirements prohibiting employees' use of such drugs.
See more »
DISCLAIMER: Because of the generality of this update, the information provided herein may not be applicable in all situations and should not be acted upon without specific legal advice based on particular situations.
© Proskauer Rose LLP
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The mission of the OSUCCC Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource (BISR) is to advance cancer research throughout the OSUCCC by providing end-users with advanced biomedical informatics services and expertise. End-users include OSUCCC leadership, investigators, research staff, trainees, and other shared resources (SRs) and scientific programs (SPs). In the last CCSG award cycle, the BISR was a developing shared resource and in this cycle will serve as a full shared resource. The BISR accomplishes its mission through a number of mechanisms, including the following specific services: 1) customization, deployment, and management of caBIG technologies and platforms in support of clinical and bio-molecular data management and integration requirements;2) the execution of complex data analyses that require bioinformatics and computational-biology expertise;and 3) biomedical informatics consulting, project planning, and training. The BISR is organized into two complementary arms, focusing on Computational Biology Services (CBS) and Data Management Services (DMS). The CBS arm of the BISR provides end-users with services, including the planning and execution of SP- or SR-specific data management applications and analytical workflows, with an emphasis on the utilization of high throughput biological data, such as that generated by OSUCCC instrumentation SRs. The DMS arm of the BISR provides technical services and expertise in support of the adoption, customization, and use of caBIG technologies and platforms to facilitate SP- and SR-specific data management requirements, with an emphasis on the provision of data-analytic pipelines that enable end-users to identify, integrate, exchange, and analyze heterogeneous and distributed data sets/sources. In addition, the DMS arm facilitates OSUCCC end-user access to enterprise-wide clinical informatics tools and data sources, such as the Medical Center's Information Warehouse (a comprehensive enterprise-wide data warehouse), as well as the data management tools and resources being developed by the CTSA-funded OSU Center for Clinical and Translational Science (CCTS). The BISR serves as a catalyst throughout the OSUCCC to integrate and rapidly translate discoveries from the lab to cancer treatment and prevention.
The OSUCCC Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource (BISR) provides a suite of services, technologies, and expertise that support the timely and efficient conduct of basic, clinical, and translational research projects. The BISR provides OSUCCC members with access to: 1) informatics consultation services in order to assist such end-users to identify and engage informatics methods and tools throughout their active or planned activities;2) data management, exchange, and analysis tools and platform;and 3) complex data analysis methods requiring bioinformatics and computational-biology expertise.
|Salem, Galena; Ruppert, Amy S; Elder, Patrick et al. (2015) Lower dose of antithymocyte globulin does not increase graft-versus-host disease in patients undergoing reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Leuk Lymphoma 56:1058-65
|Niederwieser, C; Kohlschmidt, J; Volinia, S et al. (2015) Prognostic and biologic significance of DNMT3B expression in older patients with cytogenetically normal primary acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 29:567-75
|Billingsley, Caroline C; Cohn, David E; Mutch, David G et al. (2015) Polymerase ? (POLE) mutations in endometrial cancer: clinical outcomes and implications for Lynch syndrome testing. Cancer 121:386-94
|Krok-Schoen, Jessica L; Kurta, Michelle L; Weier, Rory C et al. (2015) Clinic type and patient characteristics affecting time to resolution after an abnormal cancer-screening exam. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 24:162-8
|Biddle, Martha J; Lennie, Terry A; Bricker, Gregory V et al. (2015) Lycopene dietary intervention: a pilot study in patients with heart failure. J Cardiovasc Nurs 30:205-12
|Jin, Ming; Roth, Rachel; Rock, Jonathan B et al. (2015) The impact of tumor deposits on colonic adenocarcinoma AJCC TNM staging and outcome. Am J Surg Pathol 39:109-15
|Llanos, Adana A; Pennell, Michael L; Young, Gregory S et al. (2015) No association between colorectal cancer worry and screening uptake in Appalachian Ohio. J Public Health (Oxf) 37:322-7
|Nguyen, Huyen T; Jia, Guang; Shah, Zarine K et al. (2015) Prediction of chemotherapeutic response in bladder cancer using K-means clustering of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI pharmacokinetic parameters. J Magn Reson Imaging 41:1374-82
|Berman-Booty, Lisa D; Thomas-Ahner, Jennifer M; Bolon, Brad et al. (2015) Extra-prostatic transgene-associated neoplastic lesions in transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice. Toxicol Pathol 43:186-97
|Pant, Shubham; Martin, Ludmila K; Geyer, Susan et al. (2014) Baseline serum albumin is a predictive biomarker for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer treated with bevacizumab: a pooled analysis of 7 prospective trials of gemcitabine-based therapy with or without bevacizumab. Cancer 120:1780-6
Showing the most recent 10 out of 1178 publications


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Tim Fitzharris joins Horter Investment Management in Symmes Township as vice president of sales and financial advisor. Before joining Horter, Fitzharris served as vice president at J. P. Morgan Securities. In this role he grew assets under management by over 27 percent and increased the number of high net worth clients by 33 percent.
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Suns Fall 123-105 Against Charlotte - Game Recap
Charlotte got 26 points from Boris Diaw en route to a 123-105 victory over Phoenix on Saturday at Time Warner Cable Arena.
Charlotte was the ATS victor, as they covered the 2.5-point spread as a favorite. Over-Under bettors who played OVER the total of 198.5 were rewarded at the payout window.
Charlotte got 24 points from Stephen Jackson and another 22 points from Tyrus Thomas. Stephen Jackson contributed 10 assists, while Stephen Jackson cleaned the glass with 10 rebounds.
Phoenix got 23 points from Grant Hill in a losing cause and another 18 points from Hedo Turkoglu. Goran Dragic contributed 10 assists for the Suns, while Channing Frye had 6 rebounds.
First-half bettors who backed Charlotte were victorious, as the score was 55-51 at the break.
Charlotte won the battle of the boards, outrebounding their counterparts 41-34.
Charlotte looks to continue their winning ways next game with a battle against the Knicks. The Suns will aim to get back on the winning track at Houston.