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Gratin De Blettes à la Provençal
Not all of the outside influences in Marseille cooking are foreign. Dishes like this Swiss chard gratin were introduced by Provençal highlanders who moved to the seaport, usually for economic reasons.
Makes 4 to 6 servings
3 pounds Swiss chard
3 cloves garlic, chopped
3 tablespoons chopped parsley
3 slices white bread
1 cup milk
1/2 cup (about 2 ounces) shredded Gruyère cheese
1/2 cup cooked white rice
2 eggs, beaten
3 tablespoons olive oil
Freshly ground black pepper
2 teaspoons bread crumbs
1. Preheat the oven to 425 degrees. Separate the Swiss chard leaves from the stalks, thoroughly wash the leaves, and drain. Place the leaves in a pot with 1/2 teaspoon salt, cover, and heat over moderately high heat for 15 minutes. Transfer the leaves to a strainer to drain out the liquid. When the leaves have cooled, squeeze out any remaining liquid with your hands, chop the leaves coarsely (this should produce about 3 cups chopped Swiss chard), and place in a large mixing bowl.
2. Chop the garlic with the parsley and add to the Swiss chard.
3. Place the bread slices in a shallow bowl and cover with milk. Let stand for 1 minute. Squeeze out the milk from the bread slices with your hands and combine with the Swiss chard, garlic, and parsley. Add the Gruyère, rice, eggs, and olive oil, season with salt and pepper, and mix well.
4. Place the mixture in a 9 by 9-inch baking pan, casserole, or gratin dish, sprinkle with bread crumbs, and bake in the oven for 15 minutes.
Sardine and Swiss Chard Gratin
Grease the bottom of the baking pan or casserole with olive oil. Place 6 to 8 split fresh sardine fillets on the bottom of the pan, skin side down. Drizzle with olive oil and top with half the Swiss chard mixture. Top with another layer of 6 to 8 split sardine fillets, this time skin side up. Drizzle with olive oil. Top with the remaining Swiss chard mixture, sprinkle with bread crumbs, and bake in a 425-degree oven for 20 minutes. Makes 4 main-course servings.
Made in Marseille
Food and Flavors from France's Mediterranean Seaport
by Daniel Young
HarperCollins Publishers
Hardcover; 288 pages
Recipe reprinted by permission.
This page created November 2002
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Smartphones are a handheld device that integrates mobile phone capabilities with the more common features of a handheld computer or PDA. Smartphones allow users to store information, e-mail, install programs, along with using a mobile phone in one device. For example a Smartphone could be a mobile phone with some PDA functions integrated into the device, or vise versa.
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Like everything in technology, AI touches on so many other trends, like self-driving cars and automation, and Big Data and the Internet of Things... Read More »DevOp's Role in Application Security
As organizations rush to release new applications, security appears to be getting short shrift. DevSecOps is a new approach that holds promise. Read More »Slideshow: Easy Editorial SEO Tips to Boost Traffic
This slideshow reviews five easy on-page editorial SEO tips to help drive organic search engine traffic, including the page title, heading,... Read More »
Java is a high-level programming language. This guide describes the basics of Java, providing an overview of syntax, variables, data types and... Read More »Java Basics, Part 2
This second Study Guide describes the basics of Java, providing an overview of operators, modifiers and control Structures. Read More »The 7 Layers of the OSI Model
The Open System Interconnection (OSI) model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers. Use this handy guide to compare... Read More »

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Willow Creek Music Online is an online music studio devoted to providing a high-quality music education to students of all ages who want to develop their God-given talents. Whether you are finally setting aside time so you can learn "that song" you've always wanted to play, or your child is pursuing their dream of a professional career in music, we would be delighted to help you meet your goals!
Rebekah, founder and owner of Willow Creek Music Online, offers private online piano, harp, and music theory lessons to students of all ages and levels as well as onsite lessons in Indianapolis, IN. Contact Rebekah today through the contact form or email firstname.lastname@example.com for more information.
We are thrilled to not only offer lessons in Indianapolis, IN, but also to be connecting with students everywhere for affordable, personal, online music lessons. All ages and skill levels are welcome: ages 4 to 94, beginner to advanced! If you have questions about how online lessons work, send us a new student inquiry, but if you're ready to get started, fill out a registration form today!
The only technical equipment you need for online lessons is a good internet connection and a computer or tablet with a webcam. It's that easy!
Rebekah, harp and piano teacher at WCMO, has over a decade of experience teaching music to students of all ages. Her students have participated in and received honors at several performance festivals and competitions, and some have gone on to major in music in college, but Rebekah's main passion is fostering an enjoyment of music in her students that will last a lifetime.
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Songs in the Night, Rebekah Heinz and Jean Miller's peaceful album for harp, voice, and flute was released in December 2015!
To purchase CDs or downloads of the music, visit our web store today, or click here to read more about the album.


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- 02-06-2014, 01:11 AM Thread Author #1
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Pics on Micro SD card loading up on Gallery on Galaxy S3, but not on my PC - HELP!
I'm very new to this forum and all this info is overwhelming to me! So pardon me if this has been asked, and maybe someone can direct me.
I have a Sprint Galaxy S3 using a micro SD card that was from a previous cell that I had for 3 years! I just used the same micro SD from my old cell and popped into my Galaxy S3.
I haven't done anything to unmount my micro SD card, and all of a sudden my 2 apps that were saved on there and all my pics, downloaded music, and videos couldn't be accessed. So, I panicked, popped it out and loaded the SD card onto my card reader and into the PC and I now can't view any of my pics, music and videos on that SD card.
I wanted to copy it all and paste it onto my pc's external hard drive. This is what my folders are looking [ATTACH=CONFIG]103584] like when I pop my SD card into the reader into the PC. My folders are labeled with jibberish. When I click on them, I cannot pull anything up....no pics or anything.
Then, I popped it back into my Galaxy and I was able to access just my pics and videos - no music - and I'm currently backing it up onto my onto Dropbox....but I still want to copy all and paste onto my pc external hard drive!
1. Does anyone know why I can't access my pics, videos and music on my PC?
2. Do you think a photo recovery software will recover on my pics, videos and music on my PC so I can copy it all to my external hard drive?
Thanks....so lost!
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Re: Pics on Micro SD card loading up on Gallery on Galaxy S3, but not on my PC - HELP!
Could be corrupted file, try to do a disk scan on it. Right click -> Properties - > Tools -> "Check now" button. Let it to scan and fix errors. If the scan is successful try to copy the files to your pc. If not, maybe that microSD is permanently damages. 3 years is about the right time for it to go.
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(Theme Thursday`s Challenge)
On January 13 2005 1 Views
View all photos »
Berta15 On 14/01/2005
Miss_pebbles On 14/01/2005
Héééé, die ken ik.
Linda On 14/01/2005
Dé enige echte Pinksoup!! ze blijft leuk.
female - 29/0144 PhotosUnited States
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In the fall of 2008, the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of Canada (CCFC) released its report, "The Burden of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Canada." This landmark document revealed that over 200,000 Canadians suffer from inflammatory bowel disease. IBD affects more people than multiple sclerosis or HIV and is almost as prevalent as epilepsy and Type 1 diabetes. In spite of that, IBD remains a closet disease, shrouded in silence and relatively unknown.


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nsCacheEntry reports its Size as mDataSize + mMetaData.Size(). However, it also holds a pointer to an nsCString (mKey) which it keeps alive. When testing on popular websites like google.com, you often see mKey be 300-400 bytes in length. As a result, in many cases the size of mKey is of the order of what nsCacheEntry reports as its size.
In other words, there is a potentially significant amount of memory that is used but not reported to about:cache, and not taken into consideration for how many entries to keep in the cache (but this isn't technically a leak). In a simple benchmark (see 'test page' attachment in bug 634642, run over hundreds of page loads), it looks like mKey is an additional 20% over the reported size of nsCacheEntry.
Created attachment 519252 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch makes nsCacheEntry::Size() take into account the length of mKey, so it more accurately represents how much memory the nsCacheEntry uses.
Comment on attachment 519252 [details] [diff] [review]
Looks good on try.
biesi, can you please take a look (or tell me who I should ask, I'm not sure who reviews netwerk/cache stuff)?
Requesting blocking-fennec since this can save 1MB of memory in some cases (we allow 1MB for memory cache, and the amount of memory actually used can be twice as much due to these strings).
Lets get this in to our next release
Comment on attachment 519252 [details] [diff] [review]
Yeah, cache patches get reviewed by me or one of the other necko peers


text:
Access your Emirates Skywards or Business Rewards account
Explore our website in multiple languages for a tailored experience.
Find flights, see our featured fares, and earn Skywards Miles on your travels.
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The Hong Kong Golf Club, Hong Kong, China
November 18 to 21, 2010
Co-sanctioned by the European and Asian Tours, the UBS Hong Kong Open is held annually at the Hong Kong Golf Club in Sheung Shui. Typically held in mid-to-late autumn, the tournament offers a prize fund of USD 2.5 million and is played over 72 holes. After 36 holes are played, the field is cut to the leading 70 players.
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The first sign that breakfast at the Crystal Palace buffet is not going to be as other breakfasts I have eaten comes as we approach the restaurant. For the 300-cover diner is, for reasons unknown, housed in a miniaturised facsimile of Sir Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace, complete with palm trees, wrought-iron conservatory furniture and staff in the get-up of mid-Victorian milkmaids.
"I may be wrong," says Ron, the sous chef giving us a tour of the snaking buffet, "but I believe this is an exact replica of the crystal palace that the Prince [Albert] gave the Queen [Victoria]".
I let that one slide, as my attention – and that of my friend Gillian – is now entirely taken up with the food in front of us; there is a great snaking counter before us groaning with hot plates and dishes, bowls and jars. It is a glutton's dream; like something from a Punch cartoon on the dangers of gout.
We go in hard and heavy. Our haul includes "breakfast pizza" and sausage gravy, heavy frittatas and fried "Pooh toast", smoked salmon, and boiled eggs. We even try an inventive confection called "breakfast lasagne", which owed little to breakfast and less to lasagne, and whose content, the label above it revealed, includes: "layers of waffle, pancakes, pound cakes, strawberries and bananas topped with pastry cream and caramelized sugar".
It was an unreal start to the day, but then Walt Disney World is an unreal place.
We had travelled on the nine-hour flight from Gatwick to the 26-square-mile Disney estate outside Orlando, Florida, with a singular aim: to eat our way through Disney's four parks. We would eat salads in the Magic Kingdom; burgers at Hollywood Studios; chow down on chips at Epcot; and enjoy a steak while staring at the animals going about their business in the Animal Kingdom.
It sounded so easy. I have, after all, spent years eating large quantities of all manner of food for The Independent. At Disney, however, I met my Waterloo. I was defeated by the sheer breadth of food on offer, and the number of restaurants and cafés and burger joints and pizza houses – 281 in all. The thought alone is enough to raise your cholesterol by a percentage point.
Of course, you don't have to eat everything that doesn't move in Mickey's Magic Kingdom; indeed to do so would not only cause a tightening of the waistband but also an emptying of the bank account. For the average main course in most of the sit-down restaurants we ate in came in somewhere around $30-$40 (£18-£25) mark. Not cheap by anyone's reckoning. And because the Disney Estate is twice the size of Manhattan, eating anywhere save for the park or one of its 30 hotels demands a not-inconsiderable car drive.
There is, though, help at hand. Walt Disney World is currently running a Free Dine Offer. Book a trip to the resort for five or more days in 2014 by 5 November this year and you dine free for the entire stay. While a good few terms and conditions apply (Easter, for example, is excluded), this is a lifeline for hungry families.
When the park opened its gates to punters on 1 October 1971, its culinary offering didn't extend much beyond burger and fries. In the intervening years, though, as tastes have changed, so have its restaurants. You can still have a take-out lunch for little over $10 but it's also just as easy to drop $100 on a three-course meal – and that's without wine.
The first stop on our foodie tour is the Yachtsman Steakhouse, a restaurant very much in the upper price bracket. The corridors leading to the dining room might be thronged with people in shorts and bumbags, but inside they aspire to a certain formality: men wear jackets, women dresses and the waiters are decked out in ties and waistcoats. It also has the distinction of being the only restaurant I have ever visited whose waiting area contains a 9ft-high glass box inside which a butcher spends the entirety of his day slicing and dicing the meat which gawping punters will soon find on their plates.
Our waiter, Thomas, recommends the Porterhouse steak: "Taste and texture; it's the best of both worlds." It's also 27oz. I flinch and go for the New York strip steak instead. This 12oz hunk of cow is expertly cooked with a proper char on the outside and a blood-red centre. It is a fine dinner.
Equally good are Charlie Restivo's creations. Restivo is a thick-set New Yorker of Italian extraction, who makes the most dreamy pizzas I have eaten in a long while. In the briefing notes Disney had sent before I flew, it claims that "Disney World calibrate the water used to make the dough for its pizzas to the pH found in Naples." Perhaps this is Charlie's secret.
Either way, it is the type of lunch people write sonnets about – and, of course, I follow it with a ride on a rollercoaster. I know, I know ... climbing aboard the Rock'n'Rollercoaster – 0-60 mph in two seconds – is no way to treat a lovingly-made lunch. But what else were we to do? We were in Walt Disney World.
One of the stranger experiences to be had at Walt Disney World is not on a ride, though, but in the Coral Reef Restaurant. Here you can dine on an extensive seafood menu while being ogled by the 4,000 sea creatures that swim in the aquarium which forms one wall of the dining room. "I think that stingray is staring me out," says Gillian as she eats her Scottish salmon.
It is here, our helpful guide Angel tells us, that a businesswoman throwing a children's party asked for a scuba-diving Mickey to be present throughout her event. "It cost $6,000," says Angel. "Disney always tries to make it happen for the guests."
Disney, alas, didn't make it happen for me on our trip to Sanaa in the Animal Kingdom Resort (a sort of vast nature reserve with rooms). Here you can "experience the art of African cooking with Indian flavours". It is not a happy meeting of cultures, but we are lucky and a giraffe walks passed the windows as we eat our naan bread and houmous, which adds to the excitement considerably.
It is not all fusion food and concept restaurants, though. The traditional fast-food joint, with its snaking queues, is still very much part of the experience. Here prices are cheap and vegetables hard to come by. Much better to take the middle road and order your burger, chips and milkshake at the Sci-Fi Dine-in Theater Restaurant at Hollywood Studios. Your table for lunch is a Fifties-style car and entertainment comes in the form of a massive cinema-screen playing clips from black-and-white horror films. It is memorable in the best way.
The problem with all these dinners is that they are invariably heavy on meat but light on veg and fruit. It's a puzzling state of affairs considering the vast Land Pavilion in Epcot was built in 1982 as a far-sighted attempt to get visitors to be a little more ecologically friendly. It produces 25 tons of fruit a year for the park, including Mickey Mouse-shaped cucumbers and a single tomato vine that produces a harvest of 32,000 tomatoes.
Ride-weary adults should also note that alcohol is hard to come by in the parks. In the Magic Kingdom, for instance, only Be Our Guest – a restaurant themed around Beauty and the Beast and featuring eight talking suits of armour – serves booze. There is, however, a six-month waiting list for tables in the evening.
In Epcot at least, things are little freer flowing. In the Mexican-themed area you can visit La Cava del Tequila which has a range of 200 tequilas and mezcals. Or if you long for home comforts, you can always visit the Rose and Crown Pub which has a "specially designed ale warmer" which heats pints to 55F: "The temperature favoured by Brits."
The sense of unreality runs deep at Walt Disney World and the food is no exception. It is, of course, not the place to go for a gourmet meal, but then that is not the point of the place. To dine there is to be asked to become part of the all-encompassing Disney fantasy; for a moment you become an extra in the show. Very often that means restaurants are extensions of, or accompaniments to, the rides. The conceit may sometimes wear thin for adults, but if you are a child, the experience can hardly be anything but magical. And that is what Disney is all about.
Travel Essentials
Getting there
Samuel Muston travelled as a guest of Walt Disney World Resort Florida. Travellers who book a stay of 5-21 nights at Walt Disney World Florida by 5 November will receive free dining for each guest. The offer is valid for selected arrivals in 2014 up to 30 November, excluding 9-26 April 2014. For more details, see disneypackages.co.uk.
Staying there
Travel City Direct (0844 557 6965; travelcitydirect.com) offers a week in Orlando from £1,004 per person including park tickets, accommodation at Disney's Caribbean Beach Resort, the Disney quick service dining plan and car hire. Prices are per person, based on two adults and two children travelling and sharing a standard room, based on departure on 10 January 2014.Reuse content


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The Horse Forum (http://www.horseforum.com/forumindex.php)
- Horse Protection (/horse-protection/)
- - 177 horses taken from upstate new york horse race farm (http://www.horseforum.com/horse-protection/177-horses-taken-upstate-new-york-25859/)
177 horses taken from upstate new york horse race farm
I just started up my internet and this was a headlining story today on MSN.com
Racehorse breeder charged with animal cruelty - Wire Services - Horses- nbcsports.msnbc.com
Wow, I hate hearing about stories like this (although I'm glad the horses got rescued)...my horse was a rescue who came from a similar situation, and I don't know how people can knowingly starve an animal! Why wouldn't you just say "hey, I can't take care of her anymore, so I'd better find someone who can!"??
People who can neglect and/or abuse animals have deep issues IMO...
Yeah, when I get older I'm becoming an animal right activist to prevent these horrible things :(
Good for you Shamrock! :-)
yeah, I'm defiently going to do something in the area of horses and maybe horse shelter things.
If I can save just one horses life, it will be worth it.
:( I hate people who do things like this. It is very upsetting .
being in this area, these stories make me so angry, horse racing is a big thing here and the conditions that some of these horses are in is rediculous. I can't believe this was a headline on MSN!
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|Message view
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|James Strachan <james.strac...@gmail.com>
|Re: heads up: initial contribution of a client API to session state management for OpenEJB, ServiceMix, Lingo and Tuscany
|Fri, 03 Mar 2006 18:23:22 GMT
On 1 Mar 2006, at 19:56, Dain Sundstrom wrote: > Actually, the more I think about it, you are bringing up the need > for another API for request routing. This would be something that > can make a decision about what to do with a request and could > optionally work with out session API. I'm thinking of something > that captures the concept of a request and a decision. Off the top > of my head... > > public interface Request { > Object getHeader(); > String getSessionId(); > String getTarget(); > } > > public interface Router { > public RouterPolicy route(Request request); > } > > RouterPolicy is an enumeration containing local, move session, > proxy, redirect. > > With a simple API like this we should be able to enable smart load > balancing features contained in the clustering implementations out > there today, while keeping the caller's job simple. Agreed - I think there's a requirement for the container (web/JBI/EJB/ SCA) to not worry at all about this stuff and just delegate to some policy which decides whether to proxy, move, redirect. I hacked up a little strawman http://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/geronimo/trunk/modules/session/src/ java/org/apache/geronimo/session/remote/util/ DefaultRemoteSessionStrategy.java but as you suggest, I think being able to pass in more metadata to the policy would be a good idea James ------- http://radio.weblogs.com/0112098/
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As your excellent map makes clear, the extension affects only about 15 per cent of the former bypass and does not affect the newly opened-up access from the city to St Catherine's Hill and the water meadows.
The inspector who reported on the public inquiry certainly said that he expected many people to continue believing that the proposal was contrary to a pledge that had been given, and that they would do so in the face of the facts and his findings.
He also reached the following conclusion: "I do not consider that the proposals would either contravene policies, or cause significant harm, in relation to the protection of recreational land, ecological issues and historical and archaeological matters. I am satisfied, too, that the environmental effects of the proposals would, overall, probably be slightly beneficial, but at worst would be neutral. I also believe that the traffic implications of the proposals would in total be beneficial, and would not cause serious problems to traffic or pedestrians on any part of Winchester's road network."
Chairman, Winchester Movement and Access Panel
Hampshire County Council
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Video: Couple Whose Abortion Was Canceled Discuss Court Ruling
Marni Evans and her fiance, John Lockhart, had to delay a scheduled abortion after a decision by the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals allowed Texas to implement strict new regulations on the procedure.
Texas Tribune donors or members may be quoted or mentioned in our stories, or may be the subject of them. For a complete list of contributors, click here.
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Cybersecurity is unarguably the world's paramount IT challenge, requiring a highly trained workforce with advanced skills capable of moving beyond traditional approaches.
A new tool to help managed services providers (MSPs) navigate the customer engagement process – from initial prospecting through contract renewal – is available from CompTIA, the nonprofit association for the technology industry
TechAmerica's Human Services IT Advisory Group (HSITAG) released a white paper entitled, "The Role of Data in Health Care Reform: Better Health, Better Care, & Lower Costs".
A new professional-level skills certification for information technology (IT) workers immersed in the fast-growing environment of cloud computing was launched recently by CompTIA, the non-profit association for the global IT industry.
Information technology (IT) industry executives detail proactive tips and solutions dealing with warranty abuse in a new whitepaper, IT Industry Warranty and Service Abuse, released recently by CompTIA, the non-profit association for the industry, and the Alliance for Gray Market and Counterfeit Abatement (AGMA).


text:
Daily Post reports that a former chieftain of the All Progressives Congress (APC) in Ondo state, Hon. Bola Ilori, had alleged that Bola Tinubu instructed them to join the Alliance for Democracy (AD).
Ilori said this on a political program on TVC.
Ilori reportedly said Tinubu took the decision due to Oyegun and Buhari's highhandedness in handling party issues.
He was quoted as saying: "I don't know APC before; it was Asiwaju Tinubu that said we should move to APC and we did.
Read Also: We must not allow Tinubu to leave the party — Buhari
"He has said AD is the option now; even if he said AA we won't look back before we move to the party.
"All they are doing in the national headquarters of the party is anti-Tinubu policies.
"The same thing is happening in Kogi, Edo, Ogun and other parts of the country.
"Let Oyegun resign first and the problem of the party will be drastically reduced."
Ilori said they don't have an option but dump the party as they are not happy with what is going on.
He claimed that some people were committing evil using the name of President Buhari, wondering why the president was silent.
"Someone who keeps silent in a situation like this, it is either the person is a coward or confused," Ilori added.
Tinubu had wanted Segun Abraham to become the party's candidate, ahead of the November 26 governorship election in the state.
Read Also: How we plotted and defeated PDP in 2015 – Bola Tinubu.
Rotimi Akeredolu somehow defeated Tinubu's preferred candidate and was declared winner of the governorship primaries.
Ilori is an ardent supporter of another aspirant, Olusola Oke, who came third in the primary.
After he lost, Oke defected to AD with some of his supporters and he is expected to fly the flag of the party in the coming poll.
A former governorship aspirant under the APC, Gani Dauda, has been picked as his running mate for the governorship poll.


text: Duranguense is generally a man's world, with very few female voices to mention in the rapidly growing genre. Diana Reyes appears perfectly comfortable staking her claim nonetheless. Born in Puerto de la Paz in Baja California, Reyes showed an affinity for music early on. Under the name Diana Polanco, she began performing in local festivals and giving concerts while most of her peers were in the first grade. She recorded her first norte+¦o record at the age of eight in Guadalajar... Read more


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Yesterday we brought you some of the key parties and events from the UK this year, today here are some of big events of the celebrity world in 2011.
The writing was on the wall when Cheryl Cole arrived to the US X-Factor dressed like a sweet. Still, the nation reacted in shock when it discovered that the US didn't love our northern national treasure as much as we did, and fired her from the talent show.
Kate Winslet, however, went from strength to strength. She got to play the role of real life action hero during a stay on Sir Richard Branson's Necker Island, when a fire broke out at the house. Not even having time to throw on a bra, Winslet, her children in tow, picked up Branson's redoubtable mother Eve, and carried her to safety. On the trip she was also supposed to have grown close to Branson's "zany" nephew Ned RocknRoll, who became her new gentleman caller.
Those reading yesterday should know that over-the-top weddings weren't simply confined to the UK. When Petra Ecclestone, the daughter of Formula 1 boss Bernie, married businessman James Stunt in Rome, the party (in a castle and featuring performances from Eric Clapton and the Black Eyed Peas) was so extravagant that even her billionaire father expressed surprise at the cost – a mere £12m. Meanwhile, reality star Kim Kardashian's marriage to basketball player Kris Humphries became one of the biggest media events in the US, as did its ending which came a little over two months later.
Slightly more surprising was the separation between Charlie Sheen and normal behaviour. In March, he was sacked from Two and A Half Men after a spectacular meltdown, which saw him claim to be both a "total bitchin' rock star from Mars" and a "Vatican assassin", who had "tiger blood" coursing through his veins. He also adopted the motto: "winning", which proved to be quite apt when he sued the producers of the sitcom and received a pay-off of more than $100m.
Lindsay Lohan's rewards were more modest this year, after she pocketed $1m for posing naked in Playboy magazine. This followed a spell where she had been accused of stealing a necklace, not sufficiently carrying out her community service and enjoying another (brief) spell in prison, all while trying to convince the world that she is a credible actress.
This was the year that Suri Cruise, the daughter of Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes, cemented her place in the celebrity world. Despite being only five she has been labelled variously a future star and fashion icon, and is a favourite among the paparazzi, particularly for her eye for a photo opportunity, such as when she grabbed a box of penis-shaped Gummy Bears while out for dinner with her mother. But Suri will have some competition in 2012 in the fashionable child stakes from Harper Seven, the Beckhams' new daughter.
- More about:
- Actors And Actresses
- Charlie Sheen
- Eric Clapton
- Lindsay Lohan
- Marriage
- Richard Branson
- Talent Shows
- The Super-Rich


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Kfc Coleslaw Dressing
Total Time
Prep 10 mins
Cook 0 mins
The dressing is not that difficult to make.That's pretty much all there is to making the KFC coleslaw recipe. It is one of the easier ones to make, but still very delicious and handy to whip up to impress at BBQ's and pot luck dinners.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 2 -3 tablespoons lemon juice
- 1 -2 tablespoon white vinegar
- 1 pinch salt
- 1 pinch ground pepper
- 1 quarter of a cup milk
- 1 quarter of a cup buttermilk
- half a cup mayonnaise
- 1 third of a cup granulated sugar
- You simply need to add all of the following ingredients into a bowl and mix them up!
Most Helpful
I really thought this would be way too wet, but the coleslaw took it well and I enjoyed this for 2 different meals. Thanks for posting! :)
This is exactly what I have been looking for. A little sweet, just the way I like it. Thank you


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The Noose and Monkey Lenon Tie in Navy features an all over grey and black skull print. This is perfect for adding an extra edge to any outfit.
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Trig values of special angles
Find the sine and cosine of special angles, which are angles whose trig values we can determine without the use of a calculator.
Trigonometric values of special angles
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Hmmmm Ummm Welll not much to say let me start with its about a guy named Makoto who like a girl Katsura and is helped by a new friend Sekai and along the way he has already fallen in "love" with Katsura and then he get bored with his new toy and tosses her aside for Sekai and so the cycle starts again with the same thing happening again but this time he becomes a full fleged sex addict have affairs with like 7 girls within those a threesome (he pulled a small scale tiger woods) and in the end he along with Sekai get brutally murdered slaughtered and what else well not much but yeah a really screwed up series along the way with things like rape and murder. basically the only thing Makoto didnt have sex with was the scenery(or did he) and Katsura's little sister which again suprised me
but anyways the stroy didnt have much originality yes even the mass amount of cheating involved still it gats a 4 out of 10
whats there to animate a lot of sex some fights blood yeah no loose ends to tie up here the animation gets 3 out of 10
The ONLY good thing about this anime the voice actors were good throughout the whole anime its jusy they didnt really get cast in a good anime needless to say the only score the sound gets is 5 out of 10
one of my favorite points and also the most integeral in any anime the characters and yet they ruined raped mutilated stabbed killed slughtered every characters seriously a sex addict come to realize the 1st girl he like was "the one" and then just to end the series on a happy fun time note the main character gets brutally murdered by his I dont know ex-girlfriend(what the hell) and then his last girlfriend....(not sure but its psycho) brutally kills his ex...............................................seriously what the hell is wrong with this anime its not a love triangle is more like a love octagon from hell
Im just gonna skip to the overall this anime in my favor get 3 cheated on girls out of 10
REVIEWER'S NOTE I warn you do not watch this anime it sucks beyond anything I can imagine to compare its the Shark Attack 3 of anime I would much rather spend 24 hours watching Pokemon Giratina & The Sky Warrior looping than watch this again
@HopeGrace thanks for enjoying the review I hope to become an official one day ,also thanks again for the comment.
"basically the only thing Makoto didnt have sex with was the scenery(or did he) and Katsura's little sister which again suprised me"


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Aina Gonzales, the 2006 FHM Girls Next Door winner and the EB Babes are on the cover of FHM this April.
One of the prizes for being a GND winner is to become a cover girl and FHM was just waiting for the right time to feature Aina. The current Eat Bulaga dancers or EB Babes are also featured on this issue.


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Thanks for helping us sort this video!
Thanks for helping us associate the correct Pornstars to this video!
Помогите нам: эти порнозвезды присутствуют в этом видео?
Pornstar Name:
I broke my stick señor
If Cindi wore those see-thru panties while cheerleading all eyes would be on her hot little pussy. Naughty young lady with that lollypop, If you like to suck on something hard and round, my cock is ready for you. Have to admit she is a sexy woman with a nice body and gorgeous pussy. I like that she kept her panties on while playing with her pussy. She is so sexy and erotic
I have to say i've been watching this vid for years. who is this woman? so amazing!
Shut the fuck up you dont even what you were talking you little pussy
a la bonnasse
fuckin big tits
she is fucking...................dam!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! :) them tits r amazing
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Leviticus 17:1-4New King James Version (NKJV)
The Sanctity of Blood
17 And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, 2 "Speak to Aaron, to his sons, and to all the children of Israel, and say to them, 'This is the thing which the Lord has commanded, saying: 3 "Whatever man of the house of Israel who kills an ox or lamb or goat in the camp, or who kills it outside the camp, 4 and does not bring it to the door of the tabernacle of meeting to offer an offering to the Lord before the tabernacle of the Lord, the guilt of bloodshed shall be imputed to that man. He has shed blood; and that man shall be cut off from among his people,
New King James Version (NKJV)
Scripture taken from the New King James Version®. Copyright © 1982 by Thomas Nelson. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
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|Re: This
|attached to Facebook Comment Prompts Arrests In Cyberbullying Suicide Case
|attached to Apple Now Offering Free Recycling For PCs
|This is a stupid thing to complain about
|attached to 35% Consumers Want iPhone 5... Sight Unseen
|Re:Logical conclusion of this
|attached to Data-Mining Ban Struck Down By US Supreme Court
|Re:Birthers still unconvinced Obama white enough
|attached to The Internet's New Alternate Reality
|Re:Princeton has very short leases.
|Re:Princeton has very short leases.
|attached to Bug Forces Android Devices Off Princeton Campus Network
|Re:Lets Stop Expanding This Rights Nonsense
|attached to Berners-Lee: Web Access Is a 'Human Right'
|Re:They've been sloppy and lazy for years
|They've been sloppy and lazy for years
|attached to McAfee's Website Full of Security Holes
|Re:Android/iPhone UI performance
|attached to Nexus S Beats iPhone 4 In 'Real World' Web Browsing Tests
|Re:Oh boy
|attached to FCC Commissioner Blasts Verizon On Net Neutrality
|Re:Yes, this has been a problem for Nmap too
|attached to Are AV False Positives Hurting You?
|Same reason business apps are so expensive
|attached to Why Are Tech Books So Expensive?
|Re:Got any MTA code? Prepare for pain
|Got any MTA code? Prepare for pain
|attached to A .Net 2.0 Migration Strategy?
|attached to Searchable C/C++ DB surpasses 275 million lines
|Well, THIS sure is helpful...
|attached to Apple and MS Battle For Desktop Search Supremacy
|Many, many ways to do this
|attached to Multi-Room Wireless Sound System?
|Will you people make up your minds?
|attached to No Pictures, Thanks
|What, no sendmail.cf?
|attached to Poll: Most Feared File?
|Wait, what?
|attached to Russia, China World's Biggest Spammers
|Brood War
|attached to Diablo II Gets Native Mac OS X Installer
|Yet another recommendation...
|attached to Online Gaming for Couples?
Somebody's terminal is dropping bits. I found a pile of them over in the corner.


text:
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text:
I'm an avowed fan of Vineyard 29, but the winery's stuff is so hard to find that I rarely get a chance to experience its wines. How fun to get a bottle of the 2010 "Cru" release, a Napa Valley Bordeaux-style blend made up of 84% Cabernet Sauvignon, 7% Merlot, 4% Malbec, 3% Petite Verdot, and 2% Cabernet Franc.
It's a perfect little wine, wonderfully balanced and drinking shockingly well just 7 months after in bottle. Brilliant cassis, black currants, and plenty of wood, but not overdone. The Port-like raisin character is taken to the perfect level — not jammy and not syrupy, despite the big 14.8% alcohol level. Shades of menthol, violets, and dark chocolate throughout. Great wine from a vintage that's otherwise shaping up erratically for California.
A / $54 / vineyard29.com
Similar Posts:
- Review: 2012 Vineyard 29 Cru Cabernet Sauvignon Napa Valley
- Review: 2010 Chateau Montelena Cabernet Sauvignon Napa Valley
- Review: Warre's Otima 10 Ten Year Old Tawny Port
- Tasting Report: 2010 California Cabernet Sauvignon


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XBOX 360 Mortal Combat vs DC Universe
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@MISC{Abellán_somevariations, author = {J. Abellán and M. Gómez-olmedo and S. Moral}, title = {Some Variations on the PC Algorithm}, year = {}}
This paper proposes some possible modifications on the PC basic learning algorithm and makes some experiments to study their behaviour. The variations are: to determine minimum size cut sets between two nodes to study the deletion of a link, to make statistical decisions taking into account a Bayesian score instead of a classical Chi-square test, to study the refinement of the learned network by a greedy optimization of a Bayesian score, and to solve link ambiguities taking into account a measure of their strength. It will be shown that some of these modifications can improve PC performance, depending of the objective of the learning task: discovering the causal structure or approximating the joint probability distribution for the problem variables. 1
pc algorithm
bayesian score
classical chi-square test
link ambiguity
possible modification
greedy optimization
statistical decision
pc performance
pc basic learning algorithm
joint probability distribution
problem variable
causal structure
minimum size cut set
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text:
Bronchoalveoloar lavage fluid cytokines and chemokines as markers and predictors for the outcome of interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis patients
DOI: 10.1186/ar2766
© Schmidt et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2009
Received: 24 November 2008
Accepted: 17 July 2009
Published: 17 July 2009
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a frequent manifestation of systemic sclerosis (SSc), and cytokines can contribute to the disease pathology. The aim of the current study was to identify specific changes in cytokine levels that may serve as disease markers and possible targets for therapy.
Cytokines were measured with bioplex analysis in 38 bronchoalveolar fluids (BALFs) from 32 SSc patients (27 with alveolitis and 11 without alveolitis) and 26 control patients. In the case of SSc patients, cytokines were correlated with the respective bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell differentiation, lung function, and thoracic HR-CT score. For 35 BALF samples derived from 29 SSc patients, follow-up investigations of clinical data, lung-function parameter, or thoracic HR-CT scans were available to evaluate the predictive capacity of BALF cytokines and chemokines.
High IL-7 levels were characteristic of SSc-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD) and, in addition, when compared with ILD-negative SSc patients, ILD-positive SSc patients revealed higher IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and CCL2 (MCP-1) BALF levels. High CCL2 and IL-8 BALF concentrations were associated with neutrophilic and mixed alveolitis. Cytokine levels of IL-4, IL-8, and CCL2 correlated negatively with lung-function parameters; CCL2 concentrations also correlated with HR-CT scores. High concentrations of several cytokines were associated with the progress of ILD and end-stage ILD. Univariate analyses revealed high IL-2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels as the best predictors for progressive disease, together with lung-function parameters, young age, and neutrophilic alveolitis. Multivariate analyses partially confirmed these results but did not sufficiently converge because of the limited number of patients.
The association of BALF cytokines with lung fibrosis and its progress suggests that cytokines contribute to the pathogenesis of ILD and hence could be regarded as potential therapeutic targets.
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin and various internal organs. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) and its complications represent the most prominent causes of death in SSc. Alveolitis develops in up to 80% of SSc patients, and progression to end-stage fibrosis occurs in about 15% [1]. Unfortunately, factors that predict progression and poor prognosis are missing. Cellular differentiation of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells is often used to define alveolitis. In addition, neutrophilic alveolitis has been suggested to predict the progression of fibrosing alveolitis [2]. In a recent multicentric study including 141 patients, BAL neutrophilia was associated with early and overall mortality, but the effect on overall mortality was lost when disease severity was taken into account [3]. The authors concluded that BAL findings add only limited prognostic information in SSc-related interstitial lung disease in addition to HR-CT scans and lung-function parameters (LFP) [3, 4]. Nevertheless, the authors argued that other markers might reflect disease progress and the pathogenic mechanisms present in SSc-ILD.
The role of chemokines and cytokines as markers reflecting disease severity and predicting outcome in SSc-related lung disease has not been studied extensively. Chemokines are important regulators of cell migration and the recruitment of leukocytes to specific tissue sites [5]. Among them, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1 or CCL2) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP1β or CCL4) may play a role in SSc, as the overexpression of these chemokines has been detected in SSc-related lung disease [6, 7]. In addition to chemokines, cytokines such as IL-6 or TGF-β also can mediate different pathogenic processes in systemic sclerosis. Polymorphisms of several cytokines found to be associated with SSc and involved in the regulation of fibrosis support their role in SSc pathogenesis [8, 9]. Therefore, both chemokines and cytokines could play a role in the pathogenesis of SSc-ILD and as targets of future therapies [10].
In the present investigation, we have determined levels of cytokines and chemokines in BAL fluids (BALF) in an early SSc cohort. Furthermore, we analyzed controls with ILD due to other diseases to identify key cytokines specifically involved in the pathogenesis of SSc-related lung disease. Furthermore, in a cross-sectional study, the correlation of cytokine and chemokine levels with signs of lung fibrosis was studied. Finally, by follow-up investigations of the clinical data, lung function, and HR-CT scores, the predictive value of cytokines and chemokines was evaluated. We have identified key cytokines that appear to be associated with lung fibrosis and that may predict worsening of ILD in SSc patients.
Materials and methods
Demographic characteristics of the patients
(n = 32)
(n = 12)
Other ILD
(n = 8)
Healthy donor
(n = 6)
Age (years)
58.5 (30–72)
47 (30–67)
56.5 (24–78)
41 (20–57)
Recovery (percentage)
73.5 (47–90)
73.7 (60–80)
80 (50–83)
71.6 (53–77)
3 (0–49)
2 (0–6)
15.5 (0–56)
3 (0–3)
8 (0–48)
27 (13–62)
20.5 (6–70)
6 (3–9)
1 (0–15)
0 (0–1)
0.25 (0–3)
0 (0–0.5)
81.5 (32–99)
69 (31–82)
55 (24–82)
90 (88–94)
Assessment of the patients
For cross-sectional analyses, patients were assessed for signs of lung fibrosis with lung-function tests (LFTs) or with high-resolution computed tomography (HR-CT) scans, including HR-CT scores (Aquilion 16/Aquilion 64, Toshiba Medical Systems, Zoetermeer, The Netherlands). Furthermore, for the evaluation of fibrotic skin changes, the modified Rodnan Skin Score (mRSS) was used [12]. Pulmonary fibrosis was defined by evidence of fibrosis such as bibasilar fibrosis on chest radiograms or HR-CT scans or both. Spirometry and body plethysmography (Siregnost FD 40/FD 91, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) were performed to determine forced vital capacity (FVC) and total lung capacity (TLC). The pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) was determined with the single-breath method (DLCO-SB; Transferscreen II, Fa. Jäger, Würzburg, Germany). Values for TLC, FVC, and DLCO were expressed as percentages of predictive normal values adjusted for age, sex, and height. For the longitudinal study, follow-up of LFTs and HR-CT scores was performed at a mean period of 49 weeks and 58 weeks, respectively. Clinical data also were obtained for SSc patients. Deterioration of lung-function parameters (predicted FVC and DLCO-SB) was defined by changes of 10% or more. Progressive lung disease was defined by worsening of at least one lung function parameter by 10% or more or by an increase in HR-CT scores of 3 or more, or both. If the HR-CT scan was not available for scoring, progressive disease was defined by the consent of two experienced radiologists. In addition, end-stage ILD was defined either by death or by the need for continuous oxygen supplementation.
CT scan and visual analysis
CT scans were performed by using a CT scanner (Aquilion 16/Aquilion 64) 3 or fewer months before BAL. Acquisition was done by using the 0.75-mm detectors; images were reconstructed in 0.5-mm slice widths. Thin-section CT scans of the lungs were independently evaluated by two radiologists independently on a GE Workstation at fixed window width of 1,500 Hounsfield units (HU) and level (-500 HU). Visual evaluation included a score of severity and a score of extent (range, 0 to 30) and was performed as described [13]. To assess intraoperator reproducibility, one radiologist (S.M.) repeated the visual assessment in all patients 3 times, separated by at least 24 hours.
BAL procedure and recovery of BALF
BAL was performed as recommended by the American Thoracic Society according to the task-force guidelines and as described previously by using an Olympus BF 1T20 fiberoptic bronchoscope (Olympus Europe, Hamburg, Germany) [14, 15]. In brief, the bronchoscope was wedged into a segment bronchus of the right middle lobe, and 150 ml of 0.9% sodium chloride solution (37°C) was instilled and gently aspirated. BAL differential cell counts were performed on cytospin preparations stained with the May-Grünwald-Giemsa method. According to normal values obtained by the same BAL procedure [16], the following BAL differential cell counts were classified as pathologic in nonsmokers: more than 15% lymphocytes, more than 3% neutrophils, more than 0.5% eosinophils, or a combination of these; in smokers, more than 7% lymphocytes, more than 3% neutrophils, more than 0.5% eosinophils, or a combination of these. Alveolitis/ILD was defined as an increase in the proportions or absolute numbers (or both) of inflammatory cells present in BAL fluid [17]. Pathologic BAL cell counts were differentiated into lymphocytic, neutrophilic, eosinophilic, and mixed forms (combination of lymphocytosis and granulocytosis).
Bioplex analysis
Cytokine concentrations adjusted according to the recovery rate of BALFs were determined by using the Bio-Plex Protein Array System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Cytokine-specific antibody-coated beads (Bio-Rad) were used for these experiments. The assay was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cytokine concentrations were automatically calculated with Bio-Plex Manager software by using a standard curve derived from a recombinant cytokine standard. According to previous experiments analyzing 17 cytokines (IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, CCL2, CCL4, TNF-α, G-CSF, GM-CSF, and INF-γ) derived from BALF samples of 11 SSc patients as well as from 15 controls, the following cytokines were selected for further analyses of all BALF samples: IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, CCL2, CCL4, G-CSF, and TNF-α.
Detection of TGF-β1 in BALF and sera
For the detection of TGF-β1 concentrations, a commercially available ELISA was used and performed according to the manufacturer's instructions (Quantikine Human TGF-β1, R&D Systems, Wiesbaden, Germany). The recommended dilution of sera (1:40) and of BALF (1:20) revealed values below the detection level. Therefore, sera and BALF were diluted 1:20 and 1:5, respectively. Values were corrected according to the dilution and BALF recovery.
GraphPad Prism Version 3.02 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) for Microsoft®, Windows, was used for statistical analysis. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare cytokine levels in different groups. P values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Linear correlation was estimated by the Pearson correlation coefficient. Logistic regression analysis was performed by using the SPSS V 15.0 statistical package. BALF cytokine concentrations were examined with univariate analysis, as well as age, gender, DLCO-SB, FVC, HR-CT score, mRSS, neutrophilic and eosinophilic alveolitis, and BALF cytokines. Multivariate analysis was performed with those parameters selected by univariate analyses with P values less than 0.1.
In a second multivariate analysis, only BALF cytokines were studied. Multiple samples from one patient were accordingly weighed for analysis. Based on the pilot character of the study in patients with a rare disease, P values were not adjusted for multiple testing.
Patients with systemic sclerosis have specific cytokine changes
Median BALF cytokine concentrations and ranges in SSc patients with and without alveolitis compared to different controls
Median concentration in BALF from SSc patients (range)
Median concentration in BALF from control patients (range)
P values
SSc (n = 38) versus all controls (n = 26)
17.72 (1.7–177)
25.5 (6.3–567)
4.43 (0–17.4)
1.95 (0–8.6)
SSc alveolitis (n = 27) versus alveolitis due to other disease (n = 20)
4.88 (0.75–17.4)
1.95 (0–8.6)
SSc alveolitis (n = 27) versus alveolitis due to sarcoidosis (n = 12)
4.88 (0.75–17.4)
2.01 (0–8.6)
105.5 (14.9–754)
46.3 (13.0–191.8)
ILD-positive SSc (n = 27) versus idiopathic ILD (n = 6)
4.88 (0.75–17.4)
2.0 (0–4)
2.23 (1.3–6.7)
1.75 (0–2.1)
3.47 (0–22.9)
0 (0–5.2)
20.9 (1.7–177)
13.4 (6.2–20.0)
4.88 (0.75–17.4)
2 (0–5.8)
106 (14.9–794)
47 (5.9–223)
92.2 (14.1–2001)
24.1 (0–97.5)
ILD-positive SSc (n = 27) versus ILD-negative controls without any lung disease (n = 6)
4.88 (0.75–17.4)
2 (0–8.2)
106 (14.9–794)
31 (0–112.2)
92.2 (14.1–2001)
31.6 (14.4–42.6)
46.0 (24.6–350)
21.6 (2.8–58.8)
1.2 (0–8.1)
0 (0–0.6)
When comparing ILD-positive SSc patients with ILD-negative SSc patients, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, and CCL2 levels were significantly increased in the ILD-positive SSc patients. Compared with ILD-negative healthy controls, ILD-positive SSc patients showed higher IL-7, IL-8, and CCL2 levels (Table 1). In addition, ILD-positive SSc patients revealed higher TNF-α and CCL4 levels. BALF TGF-β1 and IL-13 levels were below the detection level in SSc patients (data not shown). ILD-positive patients with other diseases revealed a different cytokine/chemokine pattern. In patients with idiopathic ILD, only increased CCL4 (median, 126.9 pg/ml) and CCL2 (132.2 pg/ml) concentrations were found compared with those in ILD-negative healthy controls (P = 0.0043 and P = 0.026; data not shown). ILD due to sarcoidosis was characterized by increased cytokine levels of TNF-α compared with healthy donors (1.2 versus 0 pg/ml). The other BALF cytokine levels did not show any significant differences.
Cytokine levels of IL-8, CCL2, and IL-6 are highest in patients with neutrophilic alveolitis and are not secondary phenomena due to the BAL cellular constituents
Correlation between the percentage and absolute number of BAL cells per milliliter recovery and different BALF cytokines
Percentage of cells
Absolute number of cells per millilitre of recovery fluid
Percentage of cells
Absolute number of cells per millilitre of recovery fluid
Percentage of cells
Absolute number of cells per millilitre of recovery fluid
Percentage of cells
Absolute number of cells per millilitre of recovery fluid
Cytokine and chemokine levels correlated with LFTs and HR-CT scores for lung fibrosis in SSc
As shown in Table 2, several cytokines were increased in SSc-ILD patients when compared with ILD-negative SSc patients. The highest upregulated cytokine was CCL2; that was three-to fourfold increased when compared with healthy donors or ILD-negative SSc patients. Other cytokines such as IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, and IL-8 were two- to threefold upregulated in ILD-positive SSc patients compared with ILD-negative SSc patients.
Linear correlation of cytokine levels and lung-function parameters as well as thoracic HR-CT scores
Pearson r
P value
Pearson r
P value
Pearson r
P value
HR-CT score
Pearson r
P value
We had 36 HR-CT scores derived from 30 SSc patients at the time of BAL. When comparing the HR-CT scores with the cytokine levels, a weak correlation was seen between CCL2 levels and the HR-CT scores (Table 4). Patients with an HR-CT score of 20 or greater had higher CCL2 levels when compared with patients with fewer fibrotic changes (P = 0.04, data not shown). No other cytokine concentrations were found to be related to HR-CT scores.
BALF cytokine levels predict deterioration of lung fibrosis
Cytokine and chemokine concentrations from 35 SSc BALF samples related to the clinical characteristics and progression of ILD
All BALF samples
(n = 35)
Samples from stable ILD
(n = 19)
Samples from progressive ILD
(n = 16)
Samples from end-stage ILD
(n = 12)
28.2 (1.4–191)
23.9 (1.4–45)
34.1 (20.2–191)a
32.6 (20.2–50.6)a
0.9 (0–17.2)
0.5 (0–2.8)
1.3 (0.3–17.2)b
1.3 (0.3–17.2)a
3.6 (0–24.9)
0.9 (0–7.6)
5.7 (0.9–24.9)a
5.7 (2.8–24.9)b
0.4 (0–22.9)
0 (0–4.6)
3.5 (0–22.9)b
5.2 (0–22.9)a
15.8 (1.7–104.6)
13.1 (6.2–30.7)
21.4 (1.7–104.6)b
21.4 (1.7–104.6)b
4.43 (0–11.7)
3.5 (0–6.1)
4.88 (1.24–11.66)
4.88 (1.95–11.66)
71.1 (5.9–794.5)
43.7 (5.9–209.3)
105.5 (22.4–794.5)b
124.2 (53.8–94.5)b
47.1 (0–19,248)
44.6 (0–19,248)
92.2 (14.1–2,000.5)
139.4 (26.7–2,000)a
45.5 (4.2–119.9)
39.5 (4.2–111.3)
53.9 (24.6–119.9)
53.9 (35–107.1)
0.9 (0–8.1)
0.3 (0–3.6)
1.7 (0–8.1)b
1.9 (0–8.1)b
Immunosuppressive therapy at the time point of BAL (during follow-up)
8 (23)
1 (9)
8 (16)
7 (12)
8 (11)
6 (9)
2 (2)
1 (1)
17 (3)
10 (3)
6 (0)
4 (0)
Age (y)
59 (37–72)
61 (37–72)
53 (38–63)b
49 (41–59)b
Disease duration (a)
3 (0.5–14)
3.5 (0.5–14)
3 (0.5–10)
3 (0.5–8)
S/Ex/NS (%)
3/7/19 (10/24/66)
1/3/15 (5/16/79)
2/4/4 (20/40/40)
1/4/1 (17/67/17)
22 (76%)
15 (79%)
7 (70%)
4 (67%)
13 (0–31)
14 (0–31)
10.5 (0–24)
11.5 (0–24)
HR-CT score
13.5 (0–27)
13.8 (0–27)
13 (0–27)
17 (0.7–27)
81.2 (47.2–124)
81.2 (47.9–124)
79.4 (47.2–104)
65.4 (47.2–97.1)
75.7 (29.3–108)
84.4 (29.3–108)
68.8 (43.3–92.7)b
62.2 (43.3–72.6)b
61.6 (20.4–108.3)
66.7 (32.9–108.3)
53.6 (20.4–68.4)a
36.6 (20–68.4)b
Neutrophils (%)
3 (0–49)
2 (0–9)
14.5 (3–49)c
16.5 (4–38)c
82 (39–98)
87.5 (39–98)
73 (41–93)a
74 (49–91)
4 (14%)
1 (6%)
3 (30%)
3 (50%)
In the present work, we studied cytokine and chemokine levels in BALF to identify key players in the disease process and potential therapeutic targets of SSc-related lung disease. Systemic sclerosis is a rare disease, and most studies analyzing BALF cytokines have included only few patients with SSc. Our analysis is one of the largest studies addressing soluble mediators in BALF associated with SScs. Furthermore, in contrast to other investigations that have used ultrafiltration or other methods to concentrate BALF cytokines and chemokines for ELISA testing [18–21], we used a highly sensitive Bioplex assay, allowing the detection of cytokines without any BALF manipulation that could influence the stability of cytokines. By using this technique, we observed abnormalities in a broad range of cytokines and chemokines, probably reflecting the complexity of the underlying disease processes present in SSc. Cytokines/chemokines produced by lymphocytes (for example, IL-4, IL-2) and monocytes/macrophages (CCL2, CCL4, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6), as well as other cell types, were shown to be increased, indicating activation of different cell types in SSc. In controls with ILD due to other diseases, fewer abnormalities were observed; however; some cytokines/chemokines, such as CCL2 and CCL3, were increased in idiopathic ILD as well as in SSc-associated ILD, indicating an important, but nonspecific contribution of these chemokines in lung fibrosis. As tested here for SSc patients, CCL2 concentrations were found to be correlated with lung-function parameters and HR-CT score. The importance of CCL2 as a key mediator for lung fibrosis also is supported by data from animal models showing a reduction and prevention of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis by anti-CCL2 monoclonal antibodies or by pharmacologic blockade, respectively [22, 23]. CCL2 also mediates profibrotic effects in SSc through the release of IL-4 from T cells, and IL-4 also was found to correlate with lung-function parameters in our study [24]. Taken together, our data support the role of CCL2/3 as targets for future therapies.
Additional cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-8, also could be important, as IL-8 gene polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk of SSc [25]. IL-8 also is expressed by scleroderma fibroblasts and by alveolar macrophages [26–28], and increased IL-8 levels in BALF and serum of SSc patients have been described by others [18, 29]. By reducing multivariate logistic regression analysis on BALF cytokines, high IL-8 levels also were predictive of a poor prognosis. IL-8 is a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils, and the correlation of IL-8 levels with LFTs suggests a possible role of this cytokine in ILD pathogenesis, as suggested by others [29]. Therefore, IL-8 could also serve as a potential therapeutic target.
In comparison with alveolitis due to other diseases, SSc-related alveolitis was characterized by higher levels of IL-7, suggesting disease-specific pathogenic processes. IL-7 was originally described as a potent proliferative stimulus of pro-B and pre-B cells from bone marrow [30] and as a promoter of the growth and expansion of mature effector T cells [31]. It is expressed by stromal medullar cells, epithelial cells, and macrophages [32] and exhibits both fibrotic and antifibrotic effects, probably underlined here by the missing correlations between IL-7 levels and LFTs or HR-CT scores detectable for other cytokines. IL-7 transgenic mice showed increased levels of the profibrotic cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 [33]. Here, higher IL-4 levels also were detected in SSc-associated alveolitis. The antifibrotic effect of IL-7 is reflected by an improvement of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis through IL-7 [34]. This effect could explain the better prognosis of SSc-associated alveolitis compared with that of idiopathic ILD [35].
However, as suggested by our study, the activation of T cells by IL-7 could be important for SSc-ILD. In line with this, and in addition to the clinical associations of IL-4, IL-2 concentrations correlate with predicted DLCO levels. Furthermore, high IL-2 levels together with high TNF-α levels were the best predictors for progressive/end-stage ILD. Increased levels of the IL-2 receptor are proposed as a marker of disease activity in SSc [36] and SSc-associated ILD [37]. In line with this, blockade of the IL-2 receptor activation ameliorated bleomycin lung fibrosis [38].
In another study, anti-CD3 therapy also diminished bleomycin-induced fibrosis [39]. Therefore, T-cell therapy could provide a useful target for further therapies.
Because most of the fibroblast characteristics obtained from SSc patients are reproduced in normal fibroblasts after stimulation with TGF-β1, TGF-β1 was stated as a key cytokine in SSc-associated fibrosis (reviewed in [40]). Here, BALF TGF-β1 levels were below the detection level. In contrast, serum TGF-β1 levels were detectable by using the same assay but did not provide any correlations with LFTs or HR-CT scores and revealed no predictive capacity (Figure 2). The low levels of potential profibrotic cytokines found in our study do not exclude autocrine or paracrine effects, as suggested by others to play a role in SSc [41]. However; several cytokines analyzed here and showing increased concentrations exhibit inhibitory effects on TGF-β1 expression (for example, IL-7 and TNF-α), indicating a contribution of TGF-β1-independent mechanisms in SSc-ILD proposed by others, such as autoantibodies, Th2 cytokines, growth factors, and several other cytokines/chemokines [42, 43]. As detected with our first analysis including 17 different cytokines, profibrotic cytokines such as IL-13 or IL-17 also revealed very low or undetectable BALF concentrations and no differences from controls or a relation to ILD. Levels of IL-17 correlated with BAL lymphocytosis but not with clinical parameters in SSc (data not shown). Because BAL lymphocytosis is associated with stable lung function over time [44], IL-17 does not seem to play a major role in SSc-ILD. Despite the possible important role of lymphocyte activation and cytokine release in SSc-ILD, accumulation of lymphocytes in BAL was not predictive of disease progression.
Instead, and supporting studies from several groups, we found neutrophilic alveolitis as one of the strongest predictors for progressive disease. The role of neutrophilic alveolitis and BAL analysis as predictors of progressive disease was recently discussed [45]. Several observational studies, including a total of 190 SSc patients, indicated that the presence of BAL alveolitis, and especially of neutrophilic alveolitis, was associated with deterioration of lung-function tests in patients that did not receive immunosuppressive treatments (summarized in [45]).
In contrast, a recent analysis of 66 placebo-treated patients from the Scleroderma Lung Study did not show any relation between the presence of baseline BAL granulocytosis and changes in lung function [4]. As recently outlined, a previous study was not sufficiently powered to allow subgroup stratification [45]. Furthermore, undetected infections, technical issues such as the instilled volume of saline, the site from which BAL was performed, different cut-offs used to define alveolitis, or comorbidity such as reflux can influence BAL cellularity (summarized in [45]). This could lead to different results, as reported in other studies [3, 4]. Here, in this single-center study, we used a standardized procedure, and we have adjusted the cytokine concentrations for BAL recovery. By this procedure, TNF-α, a cytokine with the capacity to increase the migration of neutrophils, was found to be one of the best predictors for poor prognosis. This cytokine was found to correlate with the absolute number and frequency of BAL neutrophils (Table 3). In line with this, our study supports the predictive value of neutrophilic alveolitis, which could be different from granulocytic alveolitis, because eosinophils did not reveal any predictive capacity in SSc. However, our study is not powered to provide conclusive information about the value of BAL to predict disease progress. Nevertheless, cytokines found to be predictive, even in our small patient sample, have promise of a high prognostic potential. Their role in a multivariate setting in addition, to known prognostic factors, must be assured with higher case numbers. Further studies are needed to address this question.
Major limitations of the study are the fact that the majority of patients received immunosuppressive therapies at the time of BAL. Therefore, it cannot be excluded that immunosuppressants could influence BALF cytokines and, subsequently, cytologic and clinical correlations. However, in the few patients investigated twice or thrice, no significant BAL changes were observed despite immunosuppressive therapies. Another limitation of the study is the low number of patients and the heterogeneity of the control group.
In conclusion, we identified several abnormalities in the cytokine and chemokine patterns in BALF of SSc patients, suggesting an important role of these mediators in the pathogenesis of ILD. According to our results, CCL2, IL-7, and probably IL-8 and IL-4 appear to be the most-promising candidates for a targeted therapy in SSc-associated ILD. Furthermore, T-cell targeted therapy could be a promising therapeutic intervention. The data also suggest the usefulness of BALF analyses as an early predictor of progression of SSc-related ILD.
High BALF cytokine and chemokine levels are associated with severe ILD in SSc and are associated with deterioration of ILD. Cytokines and chemokines could have a role in the disease pathogenesis of ILD. Analyses of BALF chemokine and cytokine levels can probably provide therapeutic targets in SSc-associated ILD.
American Congress of Rheumatology
bronchoalveolar lavage
bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
computed tomography
predicted diffusion capacity
German Network (Deutsches Netzwerk) of Systemic Scleroderma (DNSS)
- dSSc:
diffuse SSc
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
European Scleroderma Trial and Research network
predicted forced vital capacity
high-resolution computed tomography scan (HRCT)
Hounsfield units
interstitial lung disease
lung-function parameter
- lSSc:
limited SSc
modified Rodnan Skin Score
standard deviation
- SSc:
systemic sclerosis
total lung capacity.
This manuscript was supported by the Charité Universitätsmedizin, the Scleroderma Foundation, the EUSTAR Network, and by the BMBF-funded German Systemic Sclerosis Network (DNSS, BMBF Fkz 01 GM 0310, C6, TP6).
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.


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Mr. Gartman has been directly involved in the capital markets since August of 1974, after his graduate work at the North Carolina State University.
He was an economist for Cotton, Inc. in the early 1970's, analyzing cotton supply/demand in the U.S. textile industry. From there he went to NCNB National Bank in Charlotte, North Carolina where he traded foreign exchange and money market instruments. In the late 70's, Mr. Gartman became the Chief Financial Futures analyst for A.G. Becker & Company in Chicago, Illinois. Mr. Gartman was an independent member of the Chicago Board of Trade until 1984, trading in Treasury bond, Treasury note and GNMA futures contracts. In 1984, Mr. Gartman moved to Virginia to run the futures brokerage operation for the Sovran Bank, and in 1987 Mr. Gartman began producing The Gartman Letter on a full time basis. He continues to do so today.
Clients of The Gartman Letter, L.C. include many of the leading banks, broking firms, mutual funds, hedge funds, energy trading companies, and grain trading companies. Mr. Gartman has lectured on capital market creation to central banks and finance ministries around the world, and has taught classes for the Federal Reserve Bank's School for Bank Examiners on derivatives. Mr. Gartman served a two-year term as an outside Director of the Kansas City Board of Trade from 2006-2008. He has been a member of the Suffolk Industrial Development Authority, and now serves on the Investment Committee of both the University of Akron and the North Carolina State University. Mr. Gartman appears often in financial media discussing commodities and the capital markets, and speaks before various associations and trade groups around the world.
Dennis Gartman,The Gartman Letter founder and editor, and Carl Larry, Oil Outlooks & Opinions president, provide their outlook on oil prices as the economy begins to improve.
Dennis Gartman, The Gartman Letter founder and editor, and Kelly King, BB&T Corporation chairman & CEO, discuss how the Fed's asset buying program has impacted the economy. The real issue is not tapering, it's when they begin to raise interest rates, says King.
Eight things you should know from this week's "Fast Money."
A yield above 4 percent is "not even anywhere close to an outlier," Dennis Gartman says.
Iranian crude oil will likely hit the market by year's end, Dennis Gartman says.
Barry Silbert, SecondMarket, and Dennis Gartman, The Gartman Letter, discuss the skepticism surrounding bitcoin as a viable currency.
Dennis Gartman and other bearish traders say that if gold keeps falling, it will soon look very attractive.
Coal is "a perfect contrarian's play," Dennis Gartman says.
The traders kicked off a big week of CNBC's "Fast Money" by addressing increasingly mainstream concerns of a bubble in the equity markets.
"I think that we've seen a massive top taking place here," said Dennis Gartman of The Gartman Letter.
Melissa Lee is the host of CNBC's "Fast Money" and "Options Action."
Andrew B. Busch is the founder of andrewbusch.com.
Managing Director and Chief Investment Officer, Bessemer Trust
TradingAnalysis.com founder
Director, Senior Foreign Exchange Sales at UniCredit AG
Editor and Publisher, The Gartman Letter


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left to right: Bob Ghafouri (Senior Executive & Global Lead, Customer
Insight Practice, Accenture), Kristin Ganong (Vice President, Digital
Strategy & Engagement, Diageo North America), Paul Marcum (Director,
Global Digital Marketing & Programming, General Electric Company ),
Salman Amin (Senior Vice President and Global Chief Marketing Officer, PepsiCo),
Arun Sinha (Senior Faculty Fellow, Yale School of Management, Yale University
), Ashok Shenoy (President, Ascend CT/Westchester Chapter).
The Executive
Perspectives Business Roundtable event hosted by the Ascend
CT/Westchester chapter on June 4th at UConn Stamford was a big
success. This was the second executive business roundtable since its launch in
2011, and is the marquee event for the Ascend CT/Westchester chapter.
More than 125 professionals and students from 32 firms
and 3 universities attended the roundtable event, sponsored by GE Capital and
PepsiCo. The discussion was followed by a networking reception, which provided a
great networking opportunity for attendees over drinks and savory Asian
The panel of senior marketing executives from
Accenture, Diageo, GE, PepsiCo and Yale University shared their
insights on branding, digital marketing and social media. They shared their
perspectives on the rise of digital media, changing consumer habits, the
evolution of branding in a digital age and the value of social media.
The chapter is soliciting feedback on the event from
the attendees. To provide feedback please click here.
More pictures at http://s1248.photobucket.com/albums/hh483/AscendCT-WestchesterChapter/
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