text:
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.0; en-US; rv:1.9.1b3pre) Gecko/20090123 Shiretoko/3.1b3pre (.NET CLR 3.5.30729)
Build Identifier: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.0; en-US; rv:1.9.1b3pre) Gecko/20090123 Shiretoko/3.1b3pre (.NET CLR 3.5.30729)
The URL I specified contains wave files which are encoded in several different ways. The files designated as PCM play natively. All the others do not play.
I specified that wave files play in WMP but the non-PCM files do not open WMP or any other program I put in the Applications option. However, I discovered that if I change it to a plugin for audio/x-wav such as the Quicktime plugin and then change it back to WMP all the files open in WMP. I just have to move my pointer to the plugin then move it to WMP and click OK.
This only lasts for the life of the session. Once I exit FF the problem happens again. This 'workaround' only works if there is a plugin associated with this MIME.
Reproducible: Always
Steps to Reproduce:
1.see details
Actual Results:
Non-PCM encoded wave files don't play
Expected Results:
All Wave files should play.
confirmed with Seamonkey 1.9.1 branch.
The internal video/audio component takes the wav files, doesn't display any controls which is really ugly in the case of such a standalone file and it doesn't play non-pcm wave files.
The HTML5 specification only requires the internal audio element to playback PCM encoded wav files:
"User agents must support the WAVE container format with audio encoded using the PCM format."
As I said I can't set another application to handle waves unless I use my workaround as described. So this might be an additional problem.
I just want to add that in my case my online VOIP voice mail is a GSM wave file. It does not play. I can accept the HTML5 specification but non-PCM wave files should at least open in the Program I specify in the Applications options.
I didn't mention that the controls become visible when I move my pointer to the upper left hand side of the blank screen. They don't do anything however.
So the problem might not be that non-PCM wave files are not being played natively but that they aren't being played by external programs or plugins without using my workaround.
Perhaps a new problem report should be created for this?
I don't understand why my bug appears to be dead in the water. There are so many sites that use non PCM encoding. FF at it stand now won't even let me play them in another application such as WMP. Also, HTML5 states that it must support PCM format not that other formats can't exist.
Please rethink this.
>I don't understand why my bug appears to be dead in the water.
To give you a feeling about timeframes in bugzilla : this 3 month old bug is a very, very young bug, we have thousands of open bugs that are 2 years or older.
I think a new bug should be created for comment 4. Could you be more specific about what non-pcm based formats you want supported?
The URL I provided at the top contains just about all the ways a Wave file can be encoded. I'd like to see all of them supported either natively or at the least be able to click on a non-PCM wave and have it opened in my media player which used to work but doesn't work now. All other browsers can play all the wave files, btw.
The GSM encoded waves I believe are used to record my voice mail I listen to online. Clicking on it just produces a screen with the video controls which is also seems shouldn't happen.
In a nutshell sites use all of the methods above to encode their waves so why not support them all? Even if HTML5 says no more non-PCM encoded wave files you can't just stop all the sites that use them dead in their tracks so to speak.
*** Bug 491385 has been marked as a duplicate of this bug. ***
Apparently the formats of the .wav files on that nch.com.au website are:
file 8kulaw.wav
RIFF (little-endian) data, WAVE audio, ITU G.711 mu-law, mono 8000 Hz
How will Firefox 3.5 handle non-PCM .wav files? If the files are not played, IMO that is a significant regression over the out-of-the-box experience of Firefox 3.0 on Mac, which uses the QuickTime plugin. (From Gary's comments above, it sounds like it's a regression on Windows as well.) I can confirm that our web-based voice mail system at work uses non-PCM .wav files:
Listening to messages works by default with Firefox 3.0 and with Safari, but it's broken in Firefox 3.5 Beta 4. At the least, I think that when Firefox 3.5 encounters a non-PCM .wav file, it should provide an easy way for the user to switch back to the Firefox 3.0 behavior (i.e., the use of the QuickTime plugin). Otherwise, I think many novice users will get very frustrated.
I think that when a natively handled mime type is loaded and it contains an unsupported format (audio/x-wav with a compressed encoding, or a video/ogg with an mp3 audio stream if that's possible) it should fall back to plugins if available. Please file a new bug for that (see comment 7 and comment 4).
I submitted bug 491487 on the fall back behavior. I'll leave it to someone else to decide if it should be blocking-1.9.1.
It's very difficult to hand off playback to another application after we've decoded some quantity of the data and discover that we don't understand the particular codec used.
You can set the media.wave.enabled pref to false, but that's not a great solution. I'm not really sure what to do here.
Manu, what Wave codec is IBM using?
Created attachment 378061 [details]
example WAVE file from voice mail app
This is an example WAVE file from my work's web-based voice mail system that doesn't play in Firefox 3.5.
Is this served via an <object> element? Or as a link that opens an external app?
Created attachment 379028 [details] [diff] [review]
This patch stops us from loading Wave files as stand-alone documents (in <object> or top-level documents). Wave files can still work in <audio> and <video> elements.
Comment on attachment 379028 [details] [diff] [review]
This patch fixes a regression for people using Wave files on the Web with codecs we don't support. For Wave files appearing in <object> or loaded directly into a tab, We're just going to pretend the browser doesn't understand Wave files and hand them off to a plugin or helper app, like Firefox 3 did. Apparently some products depend on this.
It doesn't affect <audio> and <video> elements, we'll still use our own Wave codec there, but there are no issues of compatibility with existing content there, of course.
There's not real loss of functionality for users since almost all systems can play Wave files one way or another.
In response to comment 16, in the voice mail app there are direct links to the .wav files; there is no <object> element involved AFAIK. If I'm wrong I'll post another comment.
Please, please fix this. All the other browsers will play any encoded wav file PCM or not. To lose this functionality in FF is not acceptable.
Comment on attachment 379028 [details] [diff] [review]
Roc, I cannot get it to work on XP with all the listed wav files on http://www.nch.com.au/acm/. Nothing gets played with todays nightly builds of Minefield and Shiretoko. There is even not a save as dialog.
For me this is not fixed. Or am I doing something wrong?
Henrik, do you have appropriate plugins to play the files? With a build including this patch, visiting the URLs linked from the bug URL play the media files back via the QT plugin on OS X.
Since we're reverting to platform-specific behaviour in this case, you should see the same behaviour that you see in Firefox 3.0.
I see the same thing as Henrik, no save as dialog when clicking on one of the wave file. But with Firefox 3.0, the save as dialog appears.
I have no plugin installed that can handle audio/x-wav
Matthew, given by the os/platform I thought this is Windows only so I haven't give an UA. Everything works fine on OS X and Linux but not with Shiretoko and Minefield on Windows.
Reopening bug for clarification and further work.
Doesn't appear to be working as I expected. I have both media player and QT on the application list for wav files. Even though I have Media Player as the default all wav files are played in QT.
Secondly QT plays all wav files including PCM. I thought PCM waves would be played natively. If I disable the QT plugin I get native PCM playback and Media Player is ignored so all I get is the throbber for non-PCM files.
Definitely something is askew.
Comment on attachment 379028 [details] [diff] [review]
(clearing flag for query-sanity; the patch can stay, as it's obviously better if not yet fully fixed)
Got a fix, but I'm not sure why it's only broken on Windows.
Created attachment 380029 [details] [diff] [review]
additional patch v0
Don't register Wave MIME types with the doc loader. I don't know why this bug only occurs on Windows (differences in content sniffing?), but it's clear that we shouldn't be registering these MIME types when we have no intention of handling them.
Comment on attachment 380029 [details] [diff] [review]
additional patch v0
very safe followup fix
re comment #28:
The 2 plugins case which are handling the same mime-type is the old behavior.
You can not control which plugin plays the mime-type, there is no default and it depends on which plugin is found first (?) on the hdd. The plugin manager bug is for setting a default in such cases.
Pre-approved to bake on trunk.
Ok, I've checked with Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.9.2a1pre) Gecko/20090601 Minefield/3.6a1pre (.NET CLR 3.5.30729) ID:20090601041706 and everything is fine on Windows now.
Comment on attachment 380029 [details] [diff] [review]
additional patch v0
a191=shaver, please land ASAP!
can someone look at this, (sorta related) https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=470518
*** Bug 470518 has been marked as a duplicate of this bug. ***
Verified fixed with a 1.9.1 build on Windows Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.9.1pre) Gecko/20090604 Shiretoko/3.5pre (.NET CLR 3.5.30729) ID:20090604045218


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Businesses in the oil and gas industry are cautioned to pay careful attention to evolutions in anti-corruption law in the jurisdictions where they operate. The U.S. government has successfully enforced the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and related laws against several oil and gas firms, and recent developments in U.S. law point to further risk increases. Developments in foreign law are also expanding the anti-corruption traps for the industry. Furthermore, as oil and gas production expands dramatically in the United States, participating firms could face new risks under domestic state law. This paper reports on the present state of the anti-corruption landscape facing the oil and gas industry and encourages businesses to assess and mitigate the specific risks they face in their operations.
Oil and gas businesses operate in a dynamic realm of increasing anti-corruption enforcement risk. The industry is perceived to be among the most corrupt, with a high incidence of bribery of foreign officials in resource-rich countries.1 Prosecutions by the U.S. government have resulted in payments by oil and gas companies totaling hundreds of millions of dollars, and new developments in U.S. law have increased burdens on the industry. New prosecution risks are emerging as foreign governments enact and strengthen their anti-corruption laws and enforce them against oil and gas firms. Moreover, firms engaged in the booming but controversial renaissance in domestic oil and gas production may face additional risks under the anti-corruption laws of the states where they operate. Oil and gas businesses are accordingly advised to regularly re-assess their anti-corruption risk and implement compliance programs that are carefully tailored to their operational profiles.
Oil and Gas Firms Face Demonstrated Anti-Corruption Risk Under Evolving U.S. Law
The principal anti-corruption enforcement tool of the U.S. government has been the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA).2 Anti-bribery provisions in the FCPA make it illegal to "corruptly" give, promise to give or authorize the giving of, whether directly or through another, "anything of value" to a "foreign official"3 for the purpose of influencing that foreign official to achieve a business advantage.4 The prohibitions apply to (1) the conduct anywhere of any business entity (or principal, employee or agent thereof) that issues securities in the United States, (2) the conduct anywhere of a non-issuing U.S. business entity or U.S. individual, or (3) conduct within the United States by a non-issuing, non-U.S. business entity or non-U.S. individual.5 The FCPA includes exceptions for certain payments that are expressly legal under foreign law, and for certain bona fide expenses.6 But the FCPA offers no "good faith" defense to corporations for acts of their employees or agents and no exception for de minimis violations.
The anti-bribery provisions of the FCPA are complemented by accounting provisions applicable to any issuer of securities in the United States.7 Issuers must maintain fair and accurate books and records, and must implement internal controls to assure that corporate acts are duly authorized.8 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 sharpened the teeth of those provisions by mandating certain disclosures and corporate compliance procedures, and by requiring officers to certify financial statements under the threat of civil and criminal penalties.9
The Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) have enforced the FCPA aggressively in recent years, with the oil and gas industry accounting for many of the prosecutions.10 In 2006, the Norwegian firm Statoil ASA agreed to pay $21 million in penalties and disgorgement as part of a deferred prosecution agreement.11 Statoil admitted to violating the bribery provisions of the FCPA when it made payments to an Iranian official in exchange for assistance in securing a contract to develop certain oil fields in Iran.12 The company further admitted to violating the books and records provisions by failing to properly account for the payments and for characterizing the arrangement as a "consulting" agreement. Finally, the company admitted that it violated the internal control provisions by failing to maintain adequate compliance processes.13
A group of FCPA prosecutions further shook the oil and gas industry in 2010. Seven parent corporations and certain subsidiaries agreed to pay more than $236 million in payments to settle prosecutions arising from the investigation of the Swiss corporation Panalpina World Transport (Holding) Ltd. (PWT). PWT and its subsidiaries provided global freight forwarding and customs clearance services with a primary focus on the oil and gas industry.14 PWT admitted that, for its own benefit and as an agent on behalf of its customers, it paid approximately $49 million in bribes to foreign officials in at least seven countries, with more than $27 million paid on behalf of U.S. issuers or U.S. businesses.15 There were various reasons for the illicit payments, but the agreement highlighted payments made to customs officials in Nigeria to bypass the customs process or avoid the imposition of duties or penalties on improper imports.16 PWT agreed to pay a $70.6 million criminal penalty, an amount set below the federal sentencing guideline range in part in consideration for "substantial assistance" provided to the DOJ in investigating PWT and its customers.17
The United States disclosed six other oil and gas-related agreements on the same day it released the PWT deferred prosecution agreement. Four of the companies, Royal Dutch Shell plc, Transocean Ltd., Tidewater Marine International, Inc. and GlobalSantaFe Corporation (now a subsidiary of Transocean Ltd.), entered deferred prosecution agreements with payments totaling more than $90 million.18 The firms admitted to similar patterns of conduct relating to bribes paid through various subsidiaries and agents (apparently including PWT) and to related books and records violations.19 Admitted conduct included bribes paid to Nigerian officials to circumvent customs procedures and to avoid the costly re-importation of oil rigs after temporary import permits expired.20 Noble Corporation admitted to similar conduct but the DOJ agreed not to prosecute because the company made a "timely, voluntary and complete disclosure" of violations that it discovered internally, but the company still agreed to more than $8 million in payments.21 Pride International, Inc., a U.S. offshore drilling company, entered a deferred prosecution agreement with a $32.6 million penalty relating to bribes paid in Venezuela, Mexico and India and related books and records violations.22 The penalty was well below the federal sentencing range, again reflecting "substantial assistance" provided to the DOJ.23
In August 2012, despite substantial industry resistance, the SEC placed new burdens on oil and gas businesses by issuing a rule to implement Section 1504 of the Dodd-Frank Act.24 The rule requires any oil, gas or mineral company that files an annual report with the SEC to separately file a certified report of all payments totaling $100,000 or more made to the U.S. or a foreign government to develop any oil, gas or mineral project.25 The SEC also launched a whistleblower program to implement other provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act, which has led to thousands of tips of potential violations—including 115 FCPA tips—in Fiscal Year 2012 alone.26
In November 2012, the SEC and DOJ jointly released long-awaited guidance regarding enforcement of the FCPA.27 The guidance provides, among other things, interpretations of certain key terms, including "corruptly," "willfully" and "anything of value," and also provides direction on corporate compliance programs and their impact on enforcement.28 The guidance further addresses related federal statutes that the DOJ has charged in FCPA actions. This includes the Travel Act, which broadly prohibits commercial travel or use of the mail to engage in "unlawful activity," including violations of the FCPA.29 In February 2013, however, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and other business groups identified a number of shortcomings in the guidance and asked the DOJ and SEC to address areas where businesses continue to be "left guessing."30 Among the points raised were concerns that robust compliance programs would be inadequately considered in charging decisions and that the key terms "foreign official" and "instrumentality" remain inadequately defined.31
Oil and Gas Firms Face Increasing Anti-Corruption Risk Under Evolving Foreign Law
Foreign corruption is a matter of remarkable international cooperation. Forty nations, including every member of the G-7, are signatories to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions (the "Convention).32 The Convention requires each state to criminalize the bribery of foreign officials for business advantage, and to establish related accounting laws and regulations.33 It further instructs each nation to establish jurisdiction over offenses in its territory and, if consistent with internal law, offenses committed abroad by its nationals.34 The OECD Working Group on Bribery serves in a watchdog role by monitoring and critiquing anti-bribery legislation and prosecution efforts in member states.35
Recent developments demonstrate that oil and gas businesses must also look to international law to effectively assess and mitigate anti-corruption risk. The United Kingdom's Bribery Act of 2010, and formal guidance issued thereto in 2011, demonstrates that the U.K. intends to "play a leading role in stamping out corruption and supporting trade-led international development."36 Although there have been few prosecutions under the relatively new regime, Ernst & Young determined that the oil and gas sector was the most at risk from investigation under the U.K. Bribery Act.37 Described by one commentator as "the toughest anti-corruption legislation in the world," the U.K. Bribery Act is similar to the FCPA in many respects.38 It criminalizes the promising or giving of a "financial or other advantage to a public official" to influence that official to achieve a business advantage.39 Also like the FCPA, the Bribery Act provides jurisdiction over acts of bribery committed anywhere by U.K. individuals and businesses. But the U.K. law further establishes jurisdiction over any "commercial organization" that fails to prevent bribery anywhere by any associated person, regardless of nationality, so long as the organization conducts business "in any part of the United Kingdom."40
Unlike the FCPA, the U.K. Bribery Act does not contain a books and records provision and it provides a complete defense for a commercial organization that fails to prevent an act of bribery but proves that it had adequate preventative procedures in place.41 However, the U.K. Bribery Act reaches beyond bribery of foreign public officials to also criminalize general commercial bribery.42 In March 2012, the OECD Working Group on Bribery recommended that the U.K.'s Serious Fraud Office (SFO) reconsider its 2011 guidance indicating that it would generally seek civil sanctions in lieu of criminal prosecution of companies that self-report violations.43 In response, the SFO revised its policies to "make it clear that there will be no presumption in favour of civil settlements in any circumstances."44
Recent OECD attention may also have spurred Canada to expand enforcement of its existing anti-bribery legislation, with a direct impact on the oil and gas industry. In 1999, Canada implemented the OECD Convention through the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (CFPOA).45 The CFPOA criminalizes bribes to foreign officials to obtain or retain a business advantage, and includes related money laundering and trafficking provisions. Unlike the United States and the United Kingdom, Canada does not generally recognize criminal jurisdiction based solely on nationality, so liability under the CFPOA would likely require a "real and substantial link" to the territory of Canada.46
In March 2011, the OECD Working Group on Bribery issued a report evaluating Canada's implementation and enforcement of the OECD Convention.47 The report recognized Canada's progress in enacting legislation and creating enforcement structures but was sharply critical of Canada's failure to dedicate sufficient resources to prosecution.48 Canada's sole conviction under the CFPOA up until that point resulted in a fine of only $24,000 against Hydro-Kleen Group, Inc., an oil pipeline maintainer, which admitted to paying a $28,000 bribe to a U.S. immigration official.49 Since the OECD report, however, Canada announced two new guilty pleas under the CFPOA with substantially larger fines—both by Canadian oil and gas businesses.
In June 2011, Niko Resources Ltd. agreed to a $9.5 million Canadian fine after admitting to bribes paid to an official in Bangladesh for assistance in securing a favorable gas purchase and sales agreement and favorable treatment after an accident at a gas well in that country.50 In January 2013, Griffiths Energy International Inc. agreed to a $10.35 million Canadian penalty after self-reporting a $2 million U.S. bribe (couched as consulting fees) to the wife of Chad's ambassador to Canada in order to gain an advantage in negotiations over access to certain oil fields in Chad.51 Furthermore, in February 2013 Canada's Foreign Affairs Minister announced that legislation had been introduced to eliminate an exception in the CFPOA for "facilitation payments," to expand jurisdiction over Canadian nationals and to increase the maximum jail term for convictions from five years to 14.52 Oil and gas businesses with any connection to Canada are accordingly on notice to ensure compliance with the CFPOA and to pay careful attention to legal developments in that country.
Oil and Gas Firms Operating Within the United States Should Consider Potential Risks Under State Law
While recent developments in foreign bribery laws demand careful attention, game-changing shifts in oil and gas production may also present new anti-corruption risks under domestic state law. Hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling operations in the United States are expected to fundamentally alter global patterns of trade in the industry. But the new techniques are also controversial, having been linked to groundwater contamination and increases in seismic activity.53 In New York, natural gas interests have reportedly spent more than $4.5 million lobbying in recent years to have a hydraulic fracturing moratorium lifted in that state, while other interest groups are pushing for a permanent ban.54 Similarly, a recent draft of regulations intended to govern hydraulic fracturing in California—a state estimated to have two-thirds of the shale oil reserves in the country—has drawn vocal opposition and litigation from environmental groups.55
In this divisive environment, oil and gas firms operating and engaging political processes in the United States do so under intense scrutiny. Those businesses accordingly face potential anti-corruption prosecution risk under the diverse laws of the states where they operate. California, for instance, has an expansive criminal bribery law under which prosecutors do not need to prove that a particular official act was pending, or an intention on the part of the bribing party to influence any particular act.56 New York has an array of bribery provisions that criminalize a host of interactions with public servants.57 Businesses must also consider local law before any interactions with politicians. Pennsylvania, for instance, forbids corporations from making political donations.58 As oil and gas production in the United States continues to expand, participating firms are advised to consider any new anti-corruption risks that may come with the territory.
Oil and gas companies operate in a dynamic anti-corruption risk landscape. Recent FCPA prosecutions and developments in related U.S. law have added to the burdens and potential traps facing the industry. Developments in foreign law signal additional evolutions in prosecution risk. Moreover, major changes in the oil and gas industry itself could expose businesses to local prosecution under anti-corruption laws in the states where they operate. Oil and gas firms are accordingly advised to develop comprehensive compliance programs specifically tailored to their unique business activities. History is a useful guide, but evolutions in law and the industry itself require careful assessment and regular updates.
1 Transparency International, Bribe Payers Index 15 (2011); See Transparency International, Promoting Revenue Transparency: 2011 Report on Oil and Gas Companies 5 (2011).
2 15 U.S.C. § 78dd-1, et seq.
3 A "foreign official" is "any officer or employee of a foreign government or any department, agency, or instrumentality thereof, or of a public international organization, or any person acting in an official capacity" with regard to any such government entities or organizations. 15 U.S.C. § 78dd-1(f)(1)(A).
4 Id. §§ 78dd-1(a); 78dd-2(a); 78dd-3(a). Note that a thorough discussion of the contours, traps and exceptions of the FCPA is beyond the scope of this article.
5 Id.
6 Id. §§ 78dd-1(a); 78dd-2(a); 78dd-3(a).
7 15 U.S.C. § 78m
8 Id. § 78m(b)(2).
9 See 15 U.S.C. §§ 7241, 7262; 18 U.S.C. § 1350.
10 Ernst & Young, Oil and gas sector most at risk from investigation under the UK Bribery Act, warns Ernst & Young, May 9, 2011, http://www.ey.com/UK/en/Newsroom/News-releases/Assur---11-5-9---Oil-and-gas-sector-most-at-risk-from-investigation-under-the-UK-Bribery-Act.
11 Press Release, U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Resolves Probe Against Oil Company that Bribed Iranian Official, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2006/October/06_crm_700.html (Oct. 13, 2006).
12 United States v. Statoil, 06 Cr., Deferred Prosecution Agreement at 4 (Oct. 11, 2006), http://www.justice.gov/criminal/fraud/fcpa/cases/statoil-asa-inc/10-09-06statoil-agree.pdf.
13 Id. at 4-5.
14 United States v. Panalpina World Trans. (Holding) Ltd., Deferred Prosecution Agreement at B-2 (Nov. 4, 2010), http://www.justice.gov/opa/documents/panalpina-world-transport-dpa.pdf.
15 Id. at B-3.
16 Id.
17 Id. at 5-7, 11.
18 United States v. Shell Nigeria Exploration and Prod. Co. Ltd., Deferred Prosecution Agreement (Nov. 4, 2010), http://www.justice.gov/opa/documents/shell-dpa.pdf; United States v. Transocean Inc., Deferred Prosecution Agreement (Oct. 21, 2010), http://www.justice.gov/opa/documents/transocean-dpa.pdf; United States v. Tidewater Marine Int'l, Inc., Deferred Prosecution Agreement (Nov. 1, 2010), http://www.justice.gov/opa/documents/tidewater-dpa.pdf; see Press Release, Securities and Exchange Commission, SEC Charges Seven Oil Services and Freight Forwarding Companies for Widespread Bribery of Customs Officials, http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-214.htm (Nov. 4, 2010).
19 Id.
20 Id.
21 Letter from Denis J. McInerney to Mary C. Spearing (Nov. 4, 2010), http://www.justice.gov/opa/documents/noble-npa.pdf.
22 United States v. Pride Int'l, Inc., Deferred Prosecution Agreement (Nov. 4, 2010), http://www.justice.gov/opa/documents/pride-intl-dpa.pdf.
23 Id.
24 Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, Pub. L. No. 111-203, § 1504, 124 Stat. 1376, 2220 (2010) (codified at 15 U.S.C. § 78m(q)); 17 C.F.R. 240.13q-1. Industry representatives have sued to preclude enforcement of the provision but it remains effective at the time of this writing. Am. Petroleum Inst. v. SEC, No. 12-1668, (D.D.C. Oct. 10, 2012) (complaint). The SEC denied a motion to stay enforcement of the rule on November 8, 2012. In re Am. Petroleum Inst., Release No. 68197 (Nov. 8, 2012) (order denying stay), http://www.sec.gov/rules/other/2012/34-68197.pdf.
25 17 C.F.R. 240.13q-1. In addition to the Section 1504 rule, the SEC also issued a new rule implementing Section 1502 of the Dodd-Frank Act on the same day. This "conflict minerals" provision requires reporting companies that utilize certain minerals determined to be financing conflicts in and around the Democratic Republic of Congo to undertake a country of origin inquiry and make certain disclosures to the SEC. 17 C.F.R. 240.13p-1.
26 U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Annual Report on the Dodd-Frank Whistleblower Program Fiscal Year 2012 (Nov. 2012) Appendix A, http://www.sec.gov/about/offices/owb/annual-report-2012.pdf.
27 U.S. Department of Justice and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, A Resource Guide to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (Nov. 14, 2012), http://www.sec.gov/spotlight/fcpa/fcpa-resource-guide.pdf.
28 Id. at 52-60.
29 Id. at 48; See 18 U.S.C. § 1952. Another broad provision of federal criminal law that can extend to FCPA fact patterns exists in 18 U.S.C. § 1346, which brings the deprivation of "honest services" under the ambit of mail and wire fraud. A recent decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit confirmed the breadth of this statute by upholding a conviction in the campaign contribution context. United States v. Ring, No. 11-3100, 2013 U.S. App. LEXIS 1655 at *8-*19 (D.C. Cir. Jan. 25, 2013).
30 Letter from U.S. Chamber of Commerce, et al. to Lanny A. Breuer and George S. Canellos (Feb. 19, 2013).
31 Id.
32 Convention on Combatting Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, Nov. 21, 1997, http://www.oecd.org/daf/briberyininternationalbusiness/anti-briberyconvention/38028044.pdf.
33 Id. Art. 1 §§ 1, 2.
34 Id. Article 4 §§ 1, 2.
35 See, e.g., OECD Working Group on Bribery, Phase 3 Report on Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention in the United Kingdom (Mar. 2012).
36 Bribery Act of 2010 (c. 23) (U.K.), http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/23/pdfs/ukpga_20100023_en.pdf; U.K. Ministry of Justice, The Bribery Act 2010: Guidance 3 (Mar. 2011) (hereinafter "Guidance").
37 Ernst & Young, supra, Note 10.
38 Jonathan Russell, Fears Bribery Act will harm UK plc, The Telegraph (U.K.), Jan. 21, 2011, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/yourbusiness/bribery-act/8272140/Fears-Bribery-Act-will-harm-UK-plc.html.
39 Bribery Act of 2010 § 6.
40 Id. § 7. In its 2011 Guidance, the Ministry of Justice stated that a "common sense approach" will apply to assessing the existence of a business presence in the United Kingdom, but acknowledged that the courts will be the final arbiter of such questions. Guidance at 15.
41 Bribery Act of 2010 § 7; Guidance at 33.
42 Bribery Act of 2010 § 1; Guidance at 10.
43 OECD Report, supra, Note 35 at 32-33.
44 Serious Fraud Office (U.K.), Questions and Answers, http://www.sfo.gov.uk/bribery--corruption/the-bribery-act/questions-and-answers.aspx.
45 Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act, S.C. 1998, c. 34 (Can.), http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/C-45.2.pdf.
46 R. v. Libman, [1985] 2 S.C.R. 178 (Can.); see OECD Working Group on Bribery, Phase 3 Report on Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention in Canada (March 2011) 40, http://www.oecd.org/canada/Canadaphase3reportEN.pdf.
47 OECD Report, supra, Note 46 at 37-39.
48 Id. at 5, 36.
49 Canada News Center, Strengthening Canada's Fight Against Foreign Bribery (Feb. 5, 2013), http://news.gc.ca/web/article-eng.do?nid=719079.
50 Id.
51 Id.
52 Susan Mas, Canada to crack down on foreign corruption, bribery, CBCNews (Feb. 5, 2013), http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/story/2013/02/05/pol-john-baird-combating-corruption-bribery.html.
53 Kevin Bullis, Can Fracking Be Cleaned up?, MIT Technology Review (June 5, 2012), http://www.technologyreview.com/news/428076/can-fracking-be-cleaned-up/; Charles Choi, Fracking-Earthquake Connection Suggested in New Study, Huffington Post (Aug. 7, 2012), http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/07/fracking-earthquake-conne_n_1752414.html.
54 Danny Hakim, Cuomo Proposal Would Restrict Gas Drilling to a Struggling Area, New York Times (June 13, 2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/14/nyregion/hydrofracking-under-cuomo-plan-would-be-restricted-to-a-few-counties.html.
55 Norimitsu Onish, Vast Oil Reserve May Now Be Within Reach, and Battle Heats Up, New York Times (Feb 3, 2013), http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/us/vast-oil-reserve-may-now-be-within-reach-and-battle-heats-up.html.
56 See People v. Diedrich, 643 P.2d 971 (Cal. 1982).
57 N.Y. Penal Law Article 200.
See more »
DISCLAIMER: Because of the generality of this update, the information provided herein may not be applicable in all situations and should not be acted upon without specific legal advice based on particular situations.
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text:
Early Childhood Care and Education
Edited by Edward Melhuish Konstantinos Petrogiannis
Format: Hardback
Normal Price: $259.00
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Early Childhood Care and Education by Edward Melhuish
Book DescriptionThroughout the world the number of working mothers with young children has continued to grow. This has important consequences for social policy decisions, particularly in the fields of parental leave, childcare and pre-school services provision. Some countries are far more successful at combining high quality early childhood services with high percentages of mothers in employment, whereas others continue to struggle. This edited volume examines the ways in which different countries across the world are tackling early childhood services and how these services affect young children's experiences and development, for better and worse. Some of the recurring questions of childcare provision are tackled, including: * Is pre-school childcare detrimental to children? * Does the quality of childcare matter? * Why are some countries succeeding in providing quality childcare services, and others are not? * How can we best organise parental leave, employment regulations and childcare provision?
Buy Early Childhood Care and Education book by Edward Melhuish from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9780415383684
(234mm x 156mm x 17mm)
Pages: 192
Imprint: Routledge
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd
Publish Date: 21-Sep-2006
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Other Editions...
Books By Author Edward Melhuish
Early Childhood Matters, Hardback (January 2010)
Documents the development of the importance of early years education from the late 90s into this millennium. This book provides a contribution to the importance of pre-school.
Early Childhood Care and Education, Paperback (September 2006)» View all books by Edward Melhuish
Throughout the world the number of working mothers with young children has continued to grow. This book examines the ways in which different countries across the world are tackling early childhood services and how these services affect young children's experiences and development, for better and worse.
» Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Early Childhood Care and Education book by Edward Melhuish and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!)
Author Biography - Edward Melhuish
Edward Melhuish is Professor of Human Development at Birkbeck, University of London And Visiting Professorial Fellow at the Institute of Education, University of London. He specialises in child development and the influence of experience. For several years Professor Melhuish has been a principal investigator on the Effective Provision of Pre-school Education (EPPE) and Effective Pre-school Provision in Northern Ireland (EPPNI) projects based in England and Northern Ireland. He is also currently the Executive Director of the National Evaluation of Sure Start. Dr Petrogiannis is lecturer in developmental psychology at the Democritus University of Thrace, Greece. He has worked as a visiting tutor in the Department of Psychology of the Panteion University, Athens, and as a lecturer in the Department of Philosophy, Education and Psychology at the University of Ioannina, Greece. His main areas of interest are in psychological measurement and research methodology, child care impact upon children's development and parent-child relationships.
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text:
Hampton Inn Livermore
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
How has this hotel rated in the past?
- Continental Breakfast
- Free High-Speed Internet
- Swimming pool
- Business Services
- Wheelchair accessibility
- Fitness/Health center
Photos of Hampton Inn Livermore
Travelers also recommend:
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- Swimming pool
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- Free High-Speed Internet
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TripAdvisor Reviews Hampton Inn Livermore
Travel Blogs from Livermore
Our final hotel....Campbell. April 2015
... we are stripped down to our summer clothes and feeling like we've arrived in the height of summer! The temperatures are a steady 22 degrees which is a nice temperature for us. We get the keys for our house on Friday night, we can't wait to finally have an address. We have been on the hunt for air beds, sauce pans, towels, pillows, blankets and cutlery to get us started. We are also collecting a sofa from Craigslist on Saturday to give ...
A day with Tami and her boys
... Lisa's Mom, Diane's House. She was a very gracious hostess and prepared a wonderful meal of pulled pork with all the fixings. I had a chance to meet the rest of Lisa's family and spent the evening talking about our trip and listening to the challenges of raising children and grandchildren.
We ended the day back at Lisa's and spent a little time with the family before calling it a night.
Time with family is always good. Life is good.
Leave your mind in San Francisco
... in a coffee shop in the main street. It turned out that the cafe had since closed but I had a great day mooching around thrift stores and taking photos.
The area that I was staying in was blessed with place names such as Pleasant Hill and Upper Happy Valley but you'd never know so from the bad tempers of its drivers. I don't have enough fingers to count the times I was hooted at for doing this or for doing that. I tell you, ...
Up into the Hills
When we headed out of Reno on the I-80 toward Oakland it was a beautiful day, sunny and wind-free. That quickly changed as did the landscape. The desert landscape turned into a forest of pines as we gained elevation.
We went through an agricultural inspection station as we entered California where they asked us if we had any firewood, game or ...
Pre Take-Off
T-minus 2 1/2 Hours until I leave for the airport. I am only bringing one bag. Simplicity is essential in order to soak in the full experience. I feel a little anxiety but I know it will wear off once I am on that plane and I start reading my new book The Way of the Peaceful ...


text:
(MANHATTAN, Kan.) Savannah graduate Blake McFadden made the biggest start of his young career Sunday, albeit short-lived.
Head coach Brad Hill gave the freshman the ball to start Kansas State's Regional Championship Game against Arkansas. He lasted only 1 2/3 innings, giving up the only three Razorback runs of the game, but avoided the loss.
The Wildcats rallied to defeat Arkansas 4-3 to advance to the first Super Regional in program history.
McFadden (6-2) struck out a pair, walked one, and gave up five hits in his outing while his ERA ballooned to 4.40. Gerardo Esquivel (2-2) picked up the win through 4 1/3 innings of work.
Kansas State (44-17) went unbeaten through the Manhattan Regional and will face Oregon State in the Super Regional in a Best-of-3 series.
Copyright 2017 Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.


text:
Hoshino Resort Kai Atami
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
- Minbar in room
- Refrigerator in room
- Wireless internet connection in public areas
- Wireless internet connection in room (free)
- Room service
- Restaurant
Photos of Hoshino Resort Kai Atami
Travelers also looked at:
- Restaurant
- Minbar in room
- Refrigerator in room
- Wireless internet connection in public areas
- Wireless internet connection in room (free)
- Breakfast Available
- High-speed internet in room
- Air-Conditioning
- Free parking
- Room service
TripAdvisor Reviews Hoshino Resort Kai Atami
Travel Blogs from Atami
Enjoy the Journey
... loves riding the bus. I think it's the big windows that give him a bigger vantage than normal. He was glued to the window taking in the sights and calling out the vehicles he spotted. Initially I was disappointed having to add a bus ride to the itinerary, but since we opted not to drive it was the only way up. However, I too enjoyed the ride as it allowed the opportunity to see the lovely towns and beautiful crimson and gold mountainsides. Thirty minutes later we exited ...
November 7th We left Yokohama on the Yokohama and Yokosuka JR Rail Lines. We had to check out of the Best Western in Yokohama at 10am, but Jiji was anxious to get going, so we headed out after breakfast. Our next destination was Zushi, where I was able to pick up a nice little house on AirBNB. It took some effort to get to, since the cell tower nearby kept fiddling with our wifi router, but we got there before noon. We ...
I think there is something edible in there
... consisting of a number of small varied dishes. And varied they are. At one point Mary's cousin exclaims "well, I think there is something edible in there." There are beautiful pieces of sashimi, plenty of rice, pickled vegetables, miso soup, white wallpaper paste and something that looked like a cross between a chestnut and a mushroom. Some fish jelly thing. And other things I can not even identify. I'm a fairly adventurous eater, but ...
Kamakura seaside and Shibuya Scramble
... by train to the seaside town of Kamakura which is South-east of Tokyo. Lovely narrow streets full of antique stores, ceramics and artists. Lots of quaint cafes, including one that only seated about 6 people, and food outlets. And of course lots of shrines and a massive bronze Buddha. We went for a bushwalk involving a rugged steep climb (not the best thing to do when you are feeling feverish and have a runny nose!!!).
... a hot soup of sliced pork and soba noodles which was much better than mine. After lunch we worked our way to the pier and got on the boat for a cruise on the lake. The cruise boat was shaped like a pirate ship which was fun. Mount Fuji had totally cleared up when we were on the boat which made for great view and great pictures. The boat ride took about 40 minutes to cross the the lake where we got off. The autumn colours were also starting to show along the edges of the ...


text:
Created attachment 558637 [details] [diff] [review]
initialize mark bits in Chunk::init
In Bug 673017, Rafael found that uninitialized mark bits were being read by xpc_UnmarkGrayObject. He has a patch for it. This bug is mostly just so I can nominate that patch for Aurora and Beta.
The general problem is that xpc_UnmarkGrayObject and the cycle collector proper rely on mark bits being valid, but the bits are uninitialized from when a chunk is allocated until garbage collection is run. One specific case of this, chunks allocated from startup being examined by the CC before the GC has a chance to run, is explicitly handled by checking if the GC has run when the CC starts up, and running the GC if not. This does not handle everything.
Aside from the case Rafael found, one troubling possibility is that a chunk can be allocated at some point after the first GC, then have objects allocated in it, then the CC runs and examines those objects, all before the GC runs. It will be reading random uninitialized mark bits, which I think this has the potential for causing things to be freed when they shouldn't be.
Bill found that this didn't have any noticeable performance impact.
I've attached Rafael's patch as committed to m-c: http://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/rev/f092ce58bc20
Comment on attachment 558637 [details] [diff] [review]
initialize mark bits in Chunk::init
Approved for mozilla-beta and mozilla-aurora. If there are any issues we'll back it out. Please land by early tomorrow.
I'll land this on beta tonight.


text:
Customers have downloaded this add-on 8,474 times.
by Atlassian Labsfor Confluence Server 3.0 - 5.7.4
This add-on isn't formally supported, but you can ask a question via Atlassian Answers.
This add-on isn't formally supported, but you can ask a question via Atlassian Answers.
SSL for Confluence
Having trouble connecting Confluence to LDAPS, a mail server, or a different Atlassian product over SSL? Sick and tired of keytool import statements? Then this plugin is for you. It offers a simple admin UI for connecting to another resource over SSL.
Please note that this plugin does not cover the use-case of running Conflunce over SSL; it's limited to importing SSL certs from other sites.
Read more »Read less »
Additional screenshots
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User reviews(9)Sign in to write a review »
Need an update for 5.10.0. Looks like this hasn't been updated for years unfortunately so I'm not holding my breath.
Where's the documentation? I've installed this, but can't find any way to add certificates.
Super helpful. Would be awesome if you also showed expiration date. Expiry of certs is a common cause of headache. As handy as this is I still need to mess with keytool to troubleshoot expiration issues.
After spending a little bit of time trying to import an SSL chain in to java after a certificate re-issuing caused SSL handshake/validation errors this plugin worked first attempt and certainly makes the process far easier.
Update for the latest Confluence please..
SSL for Confluence isn't formally supported.
Version 1.0 • Confluence Server 3.0 - 5.7.4 • Released 2012-02-24
Initial release
This is an initial release.
- Log into your Confluence instance as an admin.
- Click the admin dropdown and choose Add-ons. The Manage add-ons screen loads.
- Click Find new add-ons from the left-hand side of the page.
- Locate SSL for Confluence via search. Results include add-on versions compatible with your Confluence instance.
- Click Install to download and install your add-on.
- You're all set! Click Close in the Installed and ready to go dialog.


text:
Clarion Inn
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
How has this hotel rated in the past?
- Free High-Speed Internet
- Continental Breakfast
- Swimming pool
- Business Services
- Fitness/Health center
- Wheelchair accessibility
Travelers also recommend:
- More recommendations
- Swimming pool
- Fitness/Health center
- Free High-Speed Internet
- Wheelchair accessibility
- Free parking
- Continental Breakfast
- Business Services
TripAdvisor Reviews Clarion Inn North Charleston
Travel Blogs from North Charleston
South Carolina Low Country
8/6/15 - Thursday
We took advantage of the 1:00 PM check out time and biked the 3 mile Big Ferry Trail before checking out and heading to Charleston, SC. It was a mostly rainy drive with lots of lightning on the horizon. Our new campsite is in the Mt. Pleasant KOA and we arrived in time to get ready to watch the first Republican ...
Wednesday with Rabuses
In the morning, we took a walk with the dogs and then went to tour the Model homes in the complex with Karen while Jack took the dogs back to the house. Was a lot of un...like being on HGTV! We then went to a local hot dog place that is a favorite of the Rabuses for chili cheese dogs....the hot dogs are custom made by a butcher using a special recipe of the owner. After a little ...
Major plan revision
... contraindicated. n short, I was not in the best of shape and both Maggie and I decided reassess our situation.
With plans made in Florida, Wisconsin and Washington, and with plane tickets already purchased for Christmas with families, visits with friends, and various travel modalities at play, we have decided to return on the boat to Oriental where she has a permanent slip (read, no rental). We will return to Melbourne by rental car ...
Charleston: South of Broad
... spending some time on the water. My last stop for today takes me out to the harbor for a sunset cruise. As we head out of the harbor we have a fantastic view of the Ravenel Bridge, iconic to the area and referred to by some as the "Golden Gate of the South". The bridge really is striking, driving across the Cooper River and passing below the twin diamonds of the bridge is spectacular. We circle around to view the USS Yorktown at Patriots Point, ...
Day 29 City Marina Charleston - Calgary
... and lull up the fenders (my job) the journey is only 7 miles to new marina for storage.
Its been a wild month we have seen so many great things, witnesses all kinds of weather and really have learned so much about El Nido and life aboard a yacht. I have many lessons learned which I'll post later so we remember :-)
We traveled a total of 1168 NM and El. Nido managed it all with ease...a few ...