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Throughout history, dentists have tried to recreate the function and beauty of natural teeth when tooth structure has been lost. Restoring function used to be the main goal of a dentist because prior to the 1970's, dentistry lacked the proper technology to achieve fine esthetics as well as function. Dentists could only predictably offer patients a restoration that would simply "fill" the empty space. Today, dentistry has more advanced dental materials and newly developed techniques that allow dentists to offer artistically-recreated, natural-looking crowns and modern tooth bonding that would fool even the most critical eye.
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There are two reasons why individuals need a dental crown lengthening procedure: to properly restore a tooth or to make a "gummy smile" more attractive and cosmetic dentistry can help with both.
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Crown lengthening is recommended to properly restore a broken down tooth or to improve the esthetics of a gummy smile. If a general or cosmetic dentist does not frequently do surgeries, he or she may refer the individual to a periodontist who specializes in dental crown lengthening.
By Laura Minsk, DMD


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Magnolia is located in Iowa. Magnolia, Iowa has a population of 173. Magnolia is less family-centric than the surrounding county with 12.28% of the households containing married families with children. The county average for households married with children is 32.39%.
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About Me
To explore and experience the USA as fully possible.
Hey guys! I'm Craig. I'd like to describe myself as a photographer, traveler, food slayer and worldly adventurer. I was born and raised in the San Francisco Bay Area, and moved out to the East Cost for college and work (I'm a news aide and freelance photographer for the Washington Post)I love going to new places and meeting new people. I started CS when I first moved to DC as a way of meeting more locals and then as a way to make friends in the cities I traveled to. 3 years and counting, its been great so far. One of my goals for the not so distant future is to visit all 50 states before I'm 25 (I've been to 29 so far!)
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I'm a big fan of music (I was taught guitar by John Mayer. Not THE John Mayer. Just another dude named John Mayer) History, politics, philosophy and literature. I'm even getting into Sports now too!
"Buy the Ticket, Take the Ride"-Hunter S Thompson.
Why I'm on Couchsurfing
I surf, and host(coffee and drink option for now) and show anyone around who happens to be in the area. If you want a history professor as a tour guide, i'm your dude. Did you know DC was actually attacked by the Confederacy during the Civil War? and that the Washington Monument had two construction periods? Thats just the start of it, there is way more info if i show you around.
CS has been an amazing experience. Everywhere i've gone from Boston, Toronto, Memphis, Birmingham, Nashville, Chicago, Cinci, Pittsburgh, Atlanta, Knoxville, Richmond, Philly, Syracuse and counting have been great.
I love spending time in any type of nature or city with a good story to it. Music of all kinds, History both modern and more into ancient as time goes on, Politics (I appreciate any opinions that one can back up) and different forms of philosophy. This is just off the top of my head; I could say alot about many different things.
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Music, Movies, and Books
Favorite Movies-Good Will Hunting, Scent of a Woman, Garden State, City of God, Saving Private Ryan, Downfall, V For Vendetta, American History X, Malcolm X, Schindlers List, Downfall, Che, Charade, Breakfast at Tiffany's, All the Presidents Men, The Girl Next Door, Airplane! Star Wars, The Matrix, LOTR, Raging Bull, Taxi Driver, The Godfather, Cabaret
Music: Unwritten Law, MxPx, Something Corporate, Green Day, Third Eye Blind, The Offspring, Anberlin, Atmosphere, Immortal Technique, Jedi Mind Tricks, Blink 182, Dashboard Confessional, Tiesto, Darth & Vader, Felguk, Al Bizarre, Mord Fustang, Wolfgang Gartner, Skrillex, Deadmau5, AC/DC, Van Halen, Led Zeppelin, The Rolling Stones, Atreyu, Children of Bodom, Trivium, Lamb of God, Metallica, Slayer
Books:Love novels and damn good stories. Hunter S Thompson, Hemingway, Nietzsche, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Dostoyevsky, Herman Wouk, George Orwell, John Jakes, Steve Coll, Any good current history or politically insightful novel-Bob Woodward.
One Amazing Thing I've Done
My photos have made the front page of the Washington Post, was a student at the XXV Eddie Adams workshop, got to photograph and be a part of some really cool events, from Obama's second inauguration and the Tribute in Light in New York City on 9/11/11 to the Golden Gate Bridges 75th birthday and being in the crowd in the front of the White House after we got Bin Laden.
visited 27 states (54%)Create your own visited map of The United States or Free android travel guide
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The author is a Forbes contributor. The opinions expressed are those of the writer.
Continued from page 1
North America is the biggest market for League of Legends so far, but Europe is slowly catching up. The move to include League of Legends in the professional gaming circuit also has boosted its presence in Asia.
Can you explain some of the recent charts and data that you found and what that means with League of Legends?
League of Legends has a strong and loyal user base – the game has remained resilient since its entrance to the market and continues to grow in popularity. According to Xfire data, it is apparent that when it comes to the release of new games, such as the recent launches of Star Wars: The Old Republic and Diablo III, LoL experiences a drop in users as with any other game; but they are minor in comparison to other games such as World of Warcraft, and the numbers recover much quicker than any other games currently in the PC marketplace.
How does League of Legends compare to StarCraft II?
When StarCraft II was released in July 2010, LoL was the only game of Xfire's top three titles (which also included Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare and World of Warcraft) to not experience a hit in terms of hours played on Xfire. LoL continues to add to its user base, while SC2 seems to be experiencing a steady decline in play time.
How does League of Legends compare to other MOBAs like DotA 2?
While the popularity of MOBAs is still at an all-time high, DotA 2 and Heroes of Newerth combined don't come close to the player audience that League of Legends boasts on Xfire.
Based on the data you've seen thus far, what growth do you expect to see with League of Legends moving forward?
It is hard to predict exactly what is going to happen in the future for this title, but based on what we know today, there are a lot of loyal people playing this game, and it doesn't seem to have hit its peak. As long as they continue to keep things interesting for users, there seem to be bright times ahead, especially as Riot continues to push regular updates and content to its user base.
What impact do you think the $5 million Season Two has had on League of Legends' success?
The data speaks for itself – obviously Season Two has been positive and has kept things fresh for LoL. Five million is a big investment, but if it shows a high ROI, which it seems it has, then it is a good news story.
Competitive gaming is a critical part of Riot's marketing and community management strategy, and the constant challenge of having "star" players to aspire to and watch online creates a great ecosystem to keep gamers playing year after year. A general rule in the F2P space is the longer you keep a player playing, the higher the monetization.


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To get to Placencia, head southeast from Belmopan on the Hummingbird Highway. The highway is one of Belize's better roads, as well as its most scenic. On your right rise the jungle-covered Maya Mountains, largely free of signs of human habitation except for the occasional field of corn or beans. As you approach Dangriga you'll see large citrus groves.
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Talk:Edward I of England
|This is the talk page for discussing improvements to the Edward I of England article.
This is not a forum for general discussion of the article's subject.
Article policies
|Edward I of England has been listed as one of the History good articles under the good article criteria. If you can improve it further, please do so. If it no longer meets these criteria, you can reassess it.
|Current status: Good article
|This article is written in British English, which has its own spelling conventions (colour, travelled, centre, realise, defence), and some terms used in it are different or absent from other varieties of English. According to the relevant style guide, this should not be changed without broad consensus.
|Edward I of England has been listed as a level-4 vital article in People. If you can improve it, please do. This article has been rated as GA-Class.
|This article is of interest to multiple WikiProjects. Click [show] for further details.
|A fact from this article was featured on Wikipedia's Main Page in the On this day... section on November 21, 2006, November 21, 2007, November 21, 2008, and November 16, 2012.
- 1 Category: Main Image
- 2 Category: Pertinence
- 3 Category:Antisemitism (People)
- 4 Bush genealogy
- 5 Edward and the Great Cause
- 6 Persecution of Scots and Jews
- 7 Edward the First?
- 8 Issue
- 9 Edward and the Jews
- 10 Number of childeren with Eleanor listed
- 11 Fair use rationale for Image:Patrick mcgoohan.jpg
- 12 Longshanks
- 13 From WP:RD/H
- 14 Tone
- 15 Accession date
- 16 Picture
- 17 Deletion of information on the Mongols
- 18 The Edict of Expulsion
- 19 Edward I and the Edict of Expulsion
- 20 Edward I and the Conquest of Wales
- 21 Later career and death section.
- 22 Childhood and marriages mismatch.
- 23 POV + Reference Please
- 24 References
- 25 Coinage
- 26 New file
- 27 Government of England between 1272 and 1274
- 28 Just some questions before the GA review...
- 29 GA Review
- 30 Lead
- 31 Opening of tomb in 1774
- 32 Edward II and Caernarfon Castle
- 33 John Botetourt
- 35 Issue section discontinuity
- 36 Juliana...
- 37 Proposed tweak to bibliography...
- 38 Proposed change to pp page numbering...
Category: Main Image[edit]
Have replaced image of York Minster statue with that of possible portait of Edward I in Westminster Abbey. The reason behind this is, of course, down to the obvious fact that this image is associated with Edward I much more strongly among the (British) public. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 23:39, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
Is a 'possibly of' image appropriate for a title infobox? If there are no reliable images then I don't think that including a 'possibly' image is appropriate. If there is no contemporaneous image of someone then I don't think it is appropriate to include a 'maybe' image instead. On a secondary topic the face on this painting looks like it was redone by a 10 year old. Even it it was genuine at some point clearly it is no longer original. Mtpaley (talk) 21:19, 18 July 2013 (UTC)
- It's an image that's commonly used in publications about Edward, including English Heritage and other quasi-governmental institutions. Hchc2009 (talk) 05:42, 19 July 2013 (UTC)
- OK I admit that if this is the widely recognized picture then wikipedia should use it. I still have to point out that the face is clearly done later so the chances of it being contemporaneous are minimal but it is not Wikipedias role to worry about such stuff. Mtpaley (talk) 22:13, 19 July 2013 (UTC)
I admit that if this is the generally accepted image it should be used but there is still the obvious fact that the painting has been vandalised/tweaked/contemporised or whatever phrase you choose to use. The face is obviously painted over the original, surely nobody could deny that. It seems unreasonable that wikipedia should show this painting without prominent text saying that it is almost certainly incorrect or at least heavily tweaked to fit later preconceptions. Mtpaley (talk) 20:57, 9 August 2013 (UTC)
- Any manuscript image (for that matter any contemporary image) isn't going to be true to life ... the idea just didn't exist in the period. So talking about "incorrect" is a bit of an anachronism. And what evidence is there that it's been painted over? I've yet to see any evidence of that fact. Ealdgyth - Talk 21:21, 9 August 2013 (UTC)
Category: Pertinence[edit]
"He was voted the 94th greatest Briton in the 2002 poll of 100 Greatest Britons." - is this an encyclopaedia entry or a page in Q magazine? This is such a trivial piece of information to be displayed in the opening paragraph of the entry I feel. 188.8.131.52 18:43, 28 January 2003 (UTC)
Category:Antisemitism (People)[edit]
It has been proposed that the category Category:Antisemitism_(People) be deleted. Since it has been proposed to add this article to that category, please consider voting on it at: Wikipedia:Categories for deletion#Category:Antisemitism (People)--CTSWyneken 21:13, 24 January 2006 (UTC)
- I came across an article on (Edward I) and his persecution of the Jews.Presumably Edward borrowed money from the Jewish money lenders, as Christians were prohibited to lend money. When his debt became too enormous, he gathered the Jewish money lenders in a synagogue and set it on fire. I can not recall where I saw the article. Has anyone else come across this story? 188.8.131.52 07:48, 10 April 2006 (UTC)
- The synagogue story is almost certainly a fabrication. Prestwich devotes three pages to the expulsion, and says it "was not the occasion for massacres, as it might well have been", the average Englishman hating Jews as much or more than Edward; Edward gave them royal safe-passage out of the country. The only horror story recorded was where a shipowner persuaded the Jews on board (they had paid to cross the Channel) to take a walk on the sands when the ship grounded in the Thames estuary, and he left them to drown when the tide came in. Prestwich considers that the expulsion was as much political as financial, the records showing that the Jews' assets had been mostly vacuumed out by taxation already. Stan 17:58, 10 April 2006 (UTC)
- Does anyone knows why Edward I of england was deleted form the category "Anti-Semitic people"? - Roger_Smith 188.8.131.52 14:31, 3 September 2006 (UTC)
- Why bother putting medieval people in that category? It would be more noteworthy if they *weren't* anti-Semitic. Adam Bishop 14:45, 3 September 2006 (UTC)
- So why is Agobard on the category "anti-Semitic people"? - Roger_Smith 22.214.171.124 17:42, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
- I've been deleting Edward I from the anti-Semitic category, because placing him there is contradictory to the reasoning given by this article for his treatment of the Jews. There is no evidence, to my knowledge, that Edward had any personal animosity for the Jews. Even if he killed many for financial reasons, does that mean he was anti-Semitic? -Whitebengal 21:45, 25 March 2007 (UTC)
Bush genealogy[edit]
I came across a thing of the Bush Family's Geneology, and it says in the 24 generation, he was related to King edward 1. Should it be mentioned? the url is http://www.svu2000.org/genealogy/George_W.pdf Seamus215 01:15, 21 May 2006 (UTC)
- Please say its not true, im related to longshanks aswell, I REALLY DO NOT WANT TO BE RELATED TO GEORGE BUSH —Preceding unsigned comment added by 18.104.22.168 (talk) 15:15, 27 October 2007 (UTC)
- Any person in the 24th generation has 2^24 = 16 million ancestors (assuming no in-breeding at all, which is impossible) considering that, it should not be regarded as notable. 220.127.116.11 (talk) 10:39, 11 January 2008 (UTC)
- Very improbable perhaps, maybe even astronomically unlikely; but impossible? The world population 24 generations ago (say 600 years) was between 310 million and 791 million (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population ). That's enough to allow for about 20 to 50 individuals today that have ancestors who haven't inbred since. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 04:31, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
- which means of course that most people are very inbred. I am also a descendant of Longshanks (as are several U.S. Presidents, Brad Pitt and Elizabeth Taylor). The amount of 3rd and 4th cousin marriage on all these lines is a bit shocking by today's standards, and then there's the occasional first and second cousin marriage as well - not to mention, of course, a resetting of part of the lineage clock with even 5-10th cousins marrying. When I look at where these people lived and their modes of transportation, it's not too surprising that only the King's female children and a few other high born kids got out of their immediate gene pool. And of course every descendant from any form of peerage made, for generations, attempts to "stay within their own kind," even if titles and styles were not inherited and they were all second, third, fourth and fifth born kids of some aristocrat. Edward's story (and the story of his children and grandchildren) make it clear how perilous bloodlines were even if one were King. He had what, 5 sons with Wife 1 and only 1 survived to adulthood? Amazing story - I wish sometimes that Wikipedia pulled out those kinds of details a bit more. 22.214.171.124 (talk) 04:53, 14 August 2011 (UTC)
Edward and the Great Cause[edit]
Among the lasting misconceptions concerning Edward's involvement in the question over the vacant Scottish throne is that he deliberately chose John Balliol as the creature of his ambitions. In 1290 the Scots, unable to settle the question of the succession by any internal process, invited Edward's arbitration to prevent the outbreak of a dynastic war. Although Edward insisted that he be recognized as the feudal superior of Scotland before giving the matter his full attention, the whole process that followed was both exhaustive and scrupulously fair. Edward did not 'pick' John Balliol; he emerged as the strongest candidate, being senior in descent from a former Scottish king. He was selected by a panel of arbiters, appointed by the leading candidates. Edward then gave formal judgement in his favour. These simple truths should not detract from Edward's later misuse of the feudal concessions he had gained. Rcpaterson 02:25, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
Persecution of Scots and Jews[edit]
Doubt this goes here but here goes: I didn't see any mention whatsoever of how Longshankes captured Scottish Royal females & friends fo the Scottish Royal family; and had them imprisoned. Though this may not be something very important, or out of the ordinary; but it would be if three of the Scottish females were locked up in an actual cage! One Scottish female who was locked in a cage, happend to be the sole heir to the Scottish throne, who happend to be barely tweleve years of age! Something this huge should be mentioned in his article.
The additional information concerning the persecution and murder of Jews in England by Edward I, was taken from the Government of Ontario, Canada television service, TVO. The weekly series, made in Britain, is title A History of Britain. For more information see the following external link: [2]
I believe that no less an authority than Winston Churchill wrote in "Birth of Britain" that Edward II borrowed money from the Jewish money lenders and expelled them to avoid paying it back. I do not believe it was taxation, according to Churchill. 188.8.131.52 02:29, 9 July 2006 (UTC)
Edward the First?[edit]
The article says:
He initially intended to call himself Edward IV, recognising the three Saxon kings of England of that name. However, for reasons unknown he was called Edward I instead... How can this be? The first monarch to bear a name is not given a numeral after his or her name. We don't refer to King John I of England or Queen Victoria I of the United Kingdom, for example. If there was another King John or Queen Victoria only then would we need a way to distinguish the two, in the same way that Queen Elizabeth I was not called this until 1952, when Elizabeth II became queen.
- THREE Saxon kings? Edward the Elder, Edward the Confessor...who else? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 04:05, 21 November 2008 (UTC)
- Never heard of Edward the Martyr? Jess Cully (talk) 22:43, 3 September 2010 (UTC)
I suggest that he did not call himself anything but Edward, and that he became Edward I only when Edward II became king. --Jumbo 14:06, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
- I agree that it is unlikely Edward intended to call himself anything apart from Edward, but I think your reasoning is flawed. You are using current practice and modern custom to reflect medieval intentions. Medieval kings did not tend to refer to themselves in succession, though I am sure they were aware of past monarch's titles. I have heard, though have no source to hand, that medieval kings of England tended to be called by their origin. The Black Prince was known in his time as Edward of Woodstock, and Edward III as Edward of Winchester. It is helpful, from our perspective, to continue to use the numerical system and I think the title of pages in Wikipedia should reflect this for ease of finding if nothing else. Zach Beauvais 19:23, 5 October 2007 (UTC)
- He actually called himself "Edward the First after the Conquest".
Updated his issue according to these sites: 1 and 2.
Both of them mention two daughters, Beatrice and Blanche, born between 1986 and 1290 (Eleanor's death). They also mention Juliana (or Katherine), born in Palestine circa 1271, as well as Alice (1278-79) and a second Elizabeth (in one of them listed as being born in 1292, which is impossible since the queen had died 2 years earlier, and in the other one listed as born in the same year as Alice - twins?). The first Katherine (twin to Eleanor) is not menioned anywhere, probably due to an early death or confusion with the younger Katherine (called Juliana). 220.127.116.11 20:25, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
Edward and the Jews[edit]
The section about the Expulsion on this page indicates that the reasons for the Expulsion had nothing to do with finances. While finances were not the only reason, they did play a factor. As this section lacks any citations, I'll be rewriting it once I get a hold of my books on the English Jewry. --Sidhebolg 20:46, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
Number of childeren with Eleanor listed[edit]
My question is the number of children listed in the article. Why so many? I just read in The Times Kings & Queens of The British Isles, by Thomas Cussans ISBN 0-0071-4195-5 (page 86), where it states Edward (age 15) & Eleanor (age 13) when they were married went on to have 15 children of which 9 died. The article says they had 16 and the number of kids listed in the article is 17. The numbers dont add up! Dthem 2000 08:07, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
Fair use rationale for Image:Patrick mcgoohan.jpg[edit]
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Does anyone know why he was called Longshanks? 220.127.116.11 12:14, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
- If you click the note at the beginning of the article, it says "Because of his 6 foot 2 inch (1.88 m) frame." Adam Bishop 00:57, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
- He wore long trowsers; it was a nickname if you will, it's like calling him "neddy long trousers". 184.108.40.206 15:13, 27 October 2007 (UTC)
About his hight has anything been verified ???? i mean in modes times and not 237 hundred years ago! how reliable is an 18th century english account that reported that his body had been well preserved ?, and measured the king's body to be 6 feet 2 inches ??? (perhaps exaggerated)?? and is the value of fete still the same as in the 18th century ?? and finally could this prove that william wallace or robert the bruce (about an inch or two shorter but never mentioned for his hight) were exceptionally tall too --Cormag100 (talk) 22:25, 19 January 2012 (UTC)
- It is well documented that the tomb of Edward I in Westminster Abbey was opened in the 18th Century and the remains of the King inspected and measured. I think we may be assured that there was sufficient technology available to measure the height of the King. Please also ber aware that the Plantagenets were inavariably very tall in comparsion to many of their conrempraries. Edward IV, for instance, was reputed to be 6' 4" tall, which must have been very impressive for the late 15th Century.Ds1994 (talk) 15:26, 6 September 2012 (UTC)
From WP:RD/H[edit]
- Copied from Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Humanities/2007 August 31. --Ghirla-трёп- 21:21, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
As you clearly have discovered, the Wikipedia page on Edward I does not really do proper justice to a seminal reign (Why, I would have to ask, is there such a large section on contact with the Mongols, a minor episode, out of all proportion?! And the picture of Patrick McGoohan as the absurd 'Longshanks' from Braveheart is grossly out of place!) The real point to hold in mind here is that Edward was a complex man. Do not, I urge you, fall into the trap opened by the question you face; for Edward was both law-maker and law-breaker; Justinian and Joshua! He was certainly a 'bully' when it came to dealing with the Welsh and the Scots, jealous in every way of his imperial and feudal rights. But he could also be quite overbearing when it came to his own subjects. At the beginning of his reign, determined to restore some of the rights of the crown eroded during the reign of Henry III, his politically inept father, he instituted a series of legal inquiries, known as Quo Warranto. By this he challenged holders of liberties, particularly those with jurisdictions, like that enjoyed by the Palatinate of Durham, to prove that they held these by legal title. These investigations were a source of much friction, and Edward was compelled to modify his legal offensive in 1290 under political pressure from his barons. But it also provides an insight into the lawyer-like and nit-picking mentality with which Edward doggedly pursued the prerogatives of the crown, a clue to his later attitude towards his feudal superiority over Scotland.
So, yes, something of a single-minded bully, without a great deal of interest in constitutional niceties. Yet consider this: in 1275, not long after the beginning of his reign, he wrote to the Pope, explaining that he could do nothing concerning the power of the crown without "consulting the magnates and the prelates." It was during his reign that Parliament began to be a regular feature of the English political landscape. In the summons for that of 1295 it was announced that "What touches all should be approved by all.", meaning that taxation could only be granted by consent, one of the great founding principles of English constitutional law. It was during this time that the census known as the Hundred Rolls was taken, the first comprehensive survey of English property rights since the earlier Domesday Book. As a result, the law was further refined in the Stute of Westminster, and other law codes issue subsequent to this document. So, here is your English Justinian!
In ever sense, therfore, Edward was the perfect feudal lawyer; therin lies his strength, and therin lies his weakness. For his notions of what was right were often so narrowly defined and pursued with a single-minded purpose, regardless of the political damage caused, and with hidden costs to the crown. Unlike his father, he was a good soldier; but his conquest of Wales, and the attendant castle building, was ruinously expensive. It would have been wise to consolidate and pause for reflection, but the vacancy of the Scottish crown following the death in 1290 of Margaret opened what was to be known as the Great Cause. It was, perhaps, the defining moment of Edward's reign, confirming that jealousy of privilege and title that marked the outset of his reign in England. He came to Scotland as a lawyer, and as a bully; and he fought his wars in Scotland as a lawyer, and as a bully. You see-and this is a point that is often overlooked-Edward never, at any point claimed the crown of Scotland for himself: he simply fought to maintain his position as feudal overlord, granted to him by the Scots in 1292. Even in 1305, when the conquest seemed to be complete, Edward produced Ordinances for the government of Scotland, of which he is Lord, not King. Clio the Muse 01:41, 1 September 2007 (UTC)
- Wikipedia List of Parliaments of England #Parliaments_of_Edward_I says that Edward had representatives from Scotland in his parliaments in 1292. That seems to indicate that he DID incorporate Scotland into England. 188.8.131.52 (talk) 04:37, 17 September 2014 (UTC)
The tone of some of this piece is doubtful. Language under the image of Edward's US Congress Portrait is particularly doubtful. Claiming that Edward began the parliamentary system borders on ludicrous. This should be discussed and ammended accordingly. Zach Beauvais 19:15, 5 October 2007 (UTC)
Accession date[edit]
What exactly is the bases for the November 21 (or 20?) accession date? His father died on November 16, and since he himself was in the Holy Land, he can't even have found out that he was king until some months later, and he wasn't crowned until a few years later. So where does this date come from? What does it actually indicate? john k (talk) 07:55, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
- I think under English law a monarch succeeds immediately upon the death or abdication of his or her predecessor. Edward would have become king the moment Henry died, whether he knew about it or not. BTLizard (talk) 11:25, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
- Changed it back to November 16th, also somebody had changed Henry VIII's accession date (I've since fixed that aswell). The King/Queen is dead, long live the King/Queen (weither the new monarch knows about it or not). GoodDay (talk) 14:59, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
- Indeed, I was just wondering where in the world November 21 came from - either he succeeds on his father's death, or at some other point, but given the circumstances November 21 made no possible sense as that other point, since Edward wasn't even in England then. john k (talk) 03:25, 29 November 2007 (UTC)
- Changed it back to November 16th, also somebody had changed Henry VIII's accession date (I've since fixed that aswell). The King/Queen is dead, long live the King/Queen (weither the new monarch knows about it or not). GoodDay (talk) 14:59, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
- Previously, English monarchs had reckoned their reigns from coronation. However, Edward was away when his father died, so the authorities decided to proclaim him king immediately after the funeral. Subsequent monarchs were proclaimed immediately after the death of their predecessor. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 16:55, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
We might question as well the section heading "Early reign, 1274–96". Was the period November 16, 1272, to August 19, 1274, not part of the "Early reign". I was not aware that the English had an Interregnum in their constitution! Also, if he met Pope Gregory X and if he met him in Rome, it would have to have been before the Pope left for Orvieto in June 1272. Pope Gregory X left Orvieto for Lyons on June 5, 1273. Where was Edward I between June 5, 1273, and his return to England on August 2, 1274? And what was he doing? A number of these dates must be wrong. Vicedomino (talk) 06:03, 3 January 2016 (UTC)
- Most historians don't talk about Edward "reigning" until his return and his actual coronation (either in practical or symbolic terms). In terms of movements, if memory serves Edward is in Scily in November 1272, Rome in February 1273, followed by Savoy, then Paris in summer 1273, then Gascony, and then finally back to England in August 1274. A fairly leisurely return. Hchc2009 (talk) 08:24, 3 January 2016 (UTC)
Why is the picture at the very top left hand side of this page the same as the Edward II page? shouldnt there be diferent pictures? Lovingnews1989 (talk) 04:14, 25 November 2007 (UTC)
Deletion of information on the Mongols[edit]
I dispute the complete deletion of any mention of the relations of Edwards I with the Mongols [3]. This is a well-known and important part of Edward's life, which, in my opinion fully deserves representation in an Encyclopedia claiming to be "the sum of all knowledge". Deleting such important and referenced information seems quite incredible and unjustified. Deleted paragraphs:
As soon as Edward arrived in Acre, he sent an embassy to the Mongol ruler of Persia Abagha, an enemy of the Muslims. The embassy was led by Reginald Rossel, Godefroi of Waus and John of Parker, and its mission was to obtain military support from the Mongols.[1] In an answer dated September 4, 1271, Abagha agreed for cooperation and asked at what date the concerted attack on the Mamluks should take place.
The arrival of the additional forces of Hugh III of Cyprus further emboldened Edward, who engaged in a raid on the town of Qaqun. At the end of October 1271, the Mongol troops requested by Edward arrived in Syria and ravaged the land from Aleppo southward. Abagha, occupied by other conflicts in Turkestan could only send 10,000 Mongol horsemen under general Samagar from the occupation army in Seljuk Anatolia, plus auxiliary Seljukid troops, but they triggered an exodus of Muslim populations (who remembered the previous campaigns of Kithuqa) as far south as Cairo.[2]
When Baibars mounted a counter-offensive from Egypt on November 12th, the Mongols had already retreated beyond the Euphrates, but these unsettling events allowed Edward to negotiate a ten year peace treaty with the Mamluks.
At this point Edward was forced to return to England, having heard of his father's death. He remained in communication with the Mongols, and when a delegation was sent by Abagha to the Second Council of Lyons in 1274, the Mongol embassy visited Edward after the Council on January 28, 1275. A letter from Edward is known, in which he acknowledges Abagha's promise to fight together with the Crusaders.[3]
Overall, Edward's crusade was rather insignificant and only gave the city of Acre a reprieve of ten years. However, Edward's reputation was greatly enhanced by his participation in the crusade and was hailed by some contemporary commentators as a new Richard the Lionheart. Furthermore, some historians believe Edward was inspired by the design of the castles he saw while on crusade, such as Krak des Chevaliers, and incorporated similar features into the castles he built to secure portions of Wales, such as Caernarfon Castle.
Later contacts with the Mongols
The Mongol ruler Arghun sent several embassies to European rulers from 1287, to invite them to join in combined operations against the Mamluks in the Holy Land. In 1287, he sent the Nestorian Rabban Bar Sauma, with the objective of contracting a military alliance to fight the Muslims in the Middle-East, and take the city of Jerusalem. Sauma returned in 1288 with positive letters from Pope Nicholas IV, Edward I of England, and Philip IV the Fair of France whom he had all visited. He met with Edward in the city of Bordeaux:[4].
"King Edward rejoiced greatly, and he was especially glad when Rabban Sauma talked about the matter of Jerusalem. And he said "We the kings of these cities bear upon our bodies the sign of the Cross, and we have no subject of thought except this matter. And my mind is relieved on the subject about which I have been thinking, when I hear that King Arghun thinketh as I think"— Account of the travels of Rabban Bar Sauma, Chap. VII.[5]
In 1289, Arghun sent a third mission to Europe, in the person of Buscarel of Gisolfe, a Genoese who had settled in Persia. The objective of the mission was to determine at what date concerted Christian and Mongol efforts could start. Arghun committed to march his troops as soon as the Crusaders had disambarked at Saint-Jean-d'Acre. Buscarel was in Rome between July 15th and September 30th 1289. He was in Paris in November-December 1289. Buscarel then went to England to bring Arghun's message to Edward I. He arrived in London January 5, 1290. Edward, whose answer has been preserved, answered enthusiastically to the project but remained evasive and failed to make a clear commitment, probably because of the difficult internal situation with the Welsh and the Scots.[6] Edward sent a prominent English notable, Sir Geoffrey de Langley, to accompany Buscarel back to Persia.[7]
Arghun then sent a fourth mission to European courts in 1290, led by a certain Chagan or Khagan, who was accompanied by Buscarel of Gisolfe and a Christian named Sabadin. Arghun's death on March 10, 1290, deprived the plan of a motivating force. On May 18, 1291, Saint-Jean-d'Acre was conquered by the Mamluks following a six week siege.
These attempts to mount a combined offensive had mainly failed because of the internal conflicts which preoccupied the European monarchs and this pattern was to continue.
In March 1302, Edward I would again respond to Mongol proposals (this time from Ghazan), explaining that he supported combined action but that he was obliged to give priority to challenges from nearby states:
"The wars that trouble Christiandom have blocked us for a long time from taking, as we would like, resolutions regarding the Holy Land. But when the Pope will have established favourable conditions, we will gladly commit all our forces to this enterprise, for which we wish a successful outcome, more than anything in the world."— Letter from Edward I to Ghazan, 12 March 1302, Westminster.[8]
Comments welcome. PHG (talk) 17:52, 15 March 2008 (UTC)
- I will repeat what I said about this on the Franco-Mongol alliance article. This is not a "well known and important part of Edward's life. Once more, in Prestwich's biography of Edward, which is comprehensive, there are seven pages in the index listed with a mention of Mongols. The main text of the book is over 500 pages. Arghun gets a mention on three of those pages. We don't mention every detail of every embassy sent by Edward, as we shouldn't, as we are writing in a "summary style" which means we aren't supposed to go into the detail you would in a comprehensive biography or historical monograph. Of course, I welcome any comments from other contributors to the article. Ealdgyth - Talk 18:06, 15 March 2008 (UTC)
- Articles on Wikipedia are not supposed to be written in "summary style" at all: actually that would "defeat the purpose of the contributions" (See Wikipedia:Summary style). In short, it is improper to delete important referenced information from an article, except if you provide a link to a more detailed sub-article somewhere else. One way or another, this information is proper and therefore should be reinstated. That some authors do not talk about it is irrelevant, because many others do indeed, in quite a lot of details. PHG (talk) 09:30, 16 March 2008 (UTC)
- This is another article where undue weight was a problem. When the Mongol section, which gets a full sentence or two in most historical works, takes up a fourth of an article on the subject, something is wrong. Shortening this is perfectly acceptable. Unfortunately, even if the information that was removed is actually representative of the sources being used, once you remove the large and unnecessary quote sections, there's not really enough there for an entire article. Writing on Wikipedia should be clear and concise; I think Ealdgyth has done an excellent job copyediting here.
- It's worth a sentence or two...not half the article. Adam Bishop (talk) 05:58, 16 March 2008 (UTC)
- Per Wikipedia:Summary style, the solution is not to delete: "This information should not be removed from Wikipedia: that would defeat the purpose of the contributions. So we must create new articles to hold the excised information." If you consider that one fourth of the article for the Mongols is too much, then we should create a sub-article, such as Edward I and the Mongols, but deleting such proper and referenced information on the relations of Edward I with the Mongols is, I am afraid, improper and contrary to the aim of Wikipedia of being "the sum of all knowledge". Regards PHG (talk) 12:24, 16 March 2008 (UTC)
- I took an interest in this article when it was mentioned in a discussion on a talk page and discovered that it needed some copyediting. What I knew about Edward I before reading this article could have been written on the back of a postage stamp in inch-high letters. Personally, as an objective reader of the article, I found the material on relations with the Mongols very interesting. It wouldn't have occurred to me that English Kings were on speaking terms with Mongol Khans or prepared to ally with them. (I'd always thought that Mongols and Europeans got on like sodium metal and water.) Perhaps the disproportionate appearance of the space given to the Mongols in the article indicates that other parts should be added or expanded. Retarius | Talk 02:21, 20 March 2008 (UTC)
- Thank you Retarius for your comment. This is indeed important, if little-known, material. I would suggest that either we reinstate it in the article, if necessary in a slightly condensed form, or, if a two-line summary is preferred, create the Edward I and the Mongols as the main article for this subject. Regards PHG (talk) 09:56, 22 March 2008 (UTC)
- The criterion for including material in an article is not whether it's interesting or informative, but whether it's important to the subject. I'm no expert on medieval history, but even I can see that relations with the Mongols were not an important part of Edward's life or foreign policy. As Adam Bishop says, a sentence or so is sufficient, and in proportion with the treatment given by the biography mentioned by Ealdgyth. --Akhilleus (talk) 15:47, 22 March 2008 (UTC)
- There is no need to put detailed information about the Mongols into this biography of Edward I. Especially because this information is already covered in the article about the Ninth Crusade. I did go ahead and add a link to that article, in the "Crusade" section of the Edward biography here, and that should be all that's needed. I definitely do not see a need for an independent "Edward I and the Mongols" article, as that would definitely give undue weight to the contacts. PHG, I understand that you are fascinated by any connections between Asian and European culture, but that doesn't mean that each such contact is notable enough for its own article. If there were multiple published books and articles about "Edward and the Mongols", then a Wikipedia article might be appropriate. But as it is, we should keep things in context. Edward, as a major monarch of his time, communicated with a lot of people about a lot of different things. The Mongol communications were only a tiny portion of that. There's no need to go into any further detail. --Elonka 16:25, 22 March 2008 (UTC)
The Edict of Expulsion[edit]
I did some copyediting on this topic and added a reference note a while back. I've just noticed the following on the Humanities Ref Desk:
Edward I and the Edict of Expulsion
In your page on Edward I of England there is a section on the 1290 expulsion of the Jews. Some possible reasons are given for King Edward's decision, though nothing very specific. I would be grateful for any info on the reasons behind the precise timing of this measure. Thanks. Dora Kaplan (talk) 13:07, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
- In truth, no-one really knows, although plenty speculate. Our article dismisses the usury angle because there was little for the crown to gain, but I think there's a good chance it may be relevant, particularly from the angle of baronial pressure for expulsion of those who were owed substantial moneys. Edward needed to keep his barons on-side and he'd rather they paid him any available cash to finance his ambitious wars, than any Jewish money-lenders. But, I'm speculating. The timing is odd, as it doesn't really coincide with any time of political weakness, but perhaps it's in an unusual lull in foreign martial exploits, so Edward was able to turn his attention to domestic affairs for once? --Dweller (talk) 15:50, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
- Actually, we do know quite a lot about the precise timing of the Edict of Expulsion: the Wikipedia article here has clearly not yet caught up with the latest scholarship on the subject. Certainly Edward's decision was based on a long tradition of anti-Semitism, and the precedent of more limited expulsion, including one initiated by Simon de Montfort, who had expelled the Jews from Leicester early in his career. But in 1290 Edward needed money, which could only be obtained by a new Parliamentary grant of taxation. When Parliament was assembled, the knights of the shires demanded the expulsion of the Jews as a condition of such a grant. And so it followed. The measure was so popular that Edward received the biggest tax grant of the Middle Ages. Clio the Muse (talk) 21:16, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
I'll see if I can obtain the reference for this from Clio and amend the section accordingly. Retarius | Talk 04:42, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
- Copied from the answer to my enquiry on Clio's talk page:
...the book you should look for is A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain by Marc Morris, published in England earlier this month by Hutchison. I took the specific reference from his article, Edward I: Best of Kings, Worst of Kings?, which appeared in the March 2008 issue of the monthly periodical History Today, p. 57. Clio the Muse (talk) 00:07, 20 March 2008 (UTC)
- I'll try to use this to improve the section on the Edict of Expulsion. Retarius | Talk 06:08, 20 March 2008 (UTC)
Edward I and the Conquest of Wales[edit]
It is generally accepted, and stated in this article, that Edward was the monarch who conquered Wales. But is that actually true?
As I understand it, it was only the Principality of Wales that was made part of the Kingdom of England by the Statute of Rhuddlan, enacted on 3 March 1284, not the whole of Wales. The Principality comprised just two thirds of Wales, mainly in the north.
These territories did not include a substantial swathe of land from Pembrokeshire through south Wales to the Welsh Borders which was largely in the hands of the Marcher Lords and were not subject to English law.
So, is it correct to say that Edward 'conquered Wales'? Jongleur100 (talk) 11:41, 25 July 2008 (UTC)
- As there has been no response to my question I propose to alter the sentence to read '....conquered large parts of Wales.'
- Any objections? Jongleur100 (talk) 08:46, 27 July 2008 (UTC)
- Wasn't the south already held by the Marcher Lords who were loyal to the English Crown?18.104.22.168 (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 02:08, 6 August 2008 (UTC)
- The Marcher lords were largely autonomous and Welsh law was frequently used in the Marches in preference to English law. as they were not legally part of the realm of England. Some of the lords paid lip service to the Crown, but even if they had been loyal the words 'Edward conquered Wales' would still have been wrong. ♦ Jongleur100 ♦ talk 10:41, 1 September 2008 (UTC)
- By 1283 however all of Wales was conquered, and was under English rule for a further 120 od years before the rise of Glyndwr, but yeah, it was more the marcher lords (with some reinforcements sent by Edward) who conquered Wales rather than Edward himself.--188.8.131.52 (talk) 19:37, 12 September 2008 (UTC)
Later career and death section.[edit]
A note, it does not actually say were or how he died? Celtic Muffin&Co. (talk) 17:27, 18 September 2008 (UTC)
- "In 1307 he died at Burgh-by-Sands, Cumberland on the Scottish border, while on his way to wage another campaign against the Scots"
Not sure how he died though.--18.104.22.168 (talk) 00:23, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
Childhood and marriages mismatch.[edit]
Guys, in this section it sais that "From 1239 to 1246 Edward was in the care of Hugh Giffard (the son of Godfrey Giffard) and his wife, Sybil", while on the page on Godfrey Giffard it says "Giffard was the son of Hugh Giffard of Boyton in Wiltshire,[1] a royal justice, and of his wife Sibyl". Considering that the years are right and Edward was born in 1239 and Godfrey in 1235, Hugh should be the father of Godfrey, but could someone having a reliable source double check and correct the Edward-page? RaulOancea 08:58, 21 November 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by RaulOancea (talk • contribs)
POV + Reference Please[edit]
Under 'Scottish Wars' section:
"Eventually, after weeks of English machination and intimidation," please would you reference it or remove it, many thanks Twobells (talk) 22:10, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
- I didn't write this, but it's an interesting question; it depends on which authority you consult. Barrow (pp. 85-6) seems to think Edward used "excessive force", while Prestwich (p. 365) disagrees. I am currently undergoing a rewrite of the whole page, and hopefully I'll be able to deal with this issue in time. Lampman (talk) 23:20, 29 January 2009 (UTC)
- ^ "Histoire des Croisades III", Rene Grousset, p.653. Grousset quote a contemporary source ("Eracles", p.461) explaining that Edward contacted the Mongols "por querre secors" ("To ask for help")
- ^ "Histoire des Croisades III", Rene Grousset, p.653.
- ^ Richard, "Histoire des Croisades", p.452
- ^ Boyle, in Camb. Hist. Iran V, pp. 370-71; Budge, pp. 165-97. Source
- ^ "The Monks of Kublai Khan Emperor of China", Sir E. A. Wallis Budge Source
- ^ "Histoire des Croisades III", Rene Grousset.
- ^ Iranica Encyclopedia [1]
- ^ Quoted in Luisetto, p.116
File:Groat of Edward I 4 pences.jpg File:Edward_I_penny.jpg File:Edward_I_farthing_quarter_of_a_penny.jpg Edward I issued the first English Groats. From PHG (talk) 19:36, 17 February 2009 (UTC)
- Replaced the 1902 engraving with the pic, thanks PHG! Ealdgyth - Talk 19:46, 17 February 2009 (UTC)
- Also a penny and a farthing. You're welcome.PHG (talk) 19:53, 17 February 2009 (UTC)
New file[edit]
Recently the file File:King Edward I from memoranda roll.jpg (left) was uploaded and it appears to be relevant to this article and not currently used by it. If you're interested and think it would be a useful addition, please feel free to include it. This is a contemporary image of King Edward I from a memoranda roll. Dcoetzee 21:10, 27 April 2009 (UTC)
- Thanks, it's a good image and I might try to incorporate it into the article. I removed it from here though, as it distorts the talk page discussion a bit. All images can be found on Commons. Lampman (talk) 22:34, 21 August 2009 (UTC)
Government of England between 1272 and 1274[edit]
Who was governing England between Henry III's death and Edward I's return to England? john k (talk) 03:13, 2 June 2009 (UTC)
- A council, including Robert Burnell. Ealdgyth - Talk 03:19, 2 June 2009 (UTC)
- Hmm...the article on Walter de Merton states that he was "regent in all but name" during this period. Some discussion of the issue in this article would seem in order. john k (talk) 19:31, 3 June 2009 (UTC)
Just some questions before the GA review...[edit]
- Lead
- Lead is poorly worded in some areas. Edward submitted Wales to English rule...???? Wales submitted to English rule, or to Edward's rule. I changed it to English rule, but this is the sort of thing I mean. In another part... Initially brought in to arbitrate over a succession dispute, Edward claimed feudal suzerainty over the kingdom. In the war that followed, the English seemed victorious at several points, but Scottish resistance persevered." Initially asked to arbitrate a succession dispute, Edward claimed feudal suzerainty. In the ..... that followed, the Scots ...
- Should have been "subjected" of course, that might have gone a bit fast. I tried to change the other part as you indicate.
- "... restoring royal authority after the reign of Henry III..." Most readers won't know what you're talking about.
- The first paragraph deals almost entirely with the civil war of Henry III's reign; I figured this would explain it.
- First Section:
- why start with name and epithets? Why not include that later?
- I was in a lot of doubt about this, and decided to put it at the top simply because this seems to be what most people are concerned with (and indeed, it took up most of the lead section before I rewrote it). I'm happy to move it down though.
- let's wait and see.
- "English Justitian".Do you mean Justinian?
- Typo...
- good, I thought I was clueless, I am sometimes, but this would have been an entirely new term.
- Childhood and marriage
- some explanation of such an early marriage would probably be a good thing.
- Well, at 15 it's really not that early. This would take a longer digression on marriage patterns in the medieval aristocracy to explain.
- see my tweak to check for accuracy.
- Generally, your prose uses weak verbs and gerunds, which deflects its power. I've inserted a couple of changes, to show you where and how you might strengthen this. Drop me a note when you have time to take a look. Auntieruth55 (talk) 23:49, 18 August 2009 (UTC)
- I know my language is sometimes criticized as overly vague due to such things as light verbs, gerunds and subjunctive. This is largely a matter of stylistic choice, because 1.) writing about the highly uncertain facts of medieval history, and 2.) trying to force a huge subject into a few paragraphs, I try not to use too bombastic language. Still, I know I can often make poor choices of words, and be sloppy (as demonstrated above...), so I'll be happy to receive input on this. Lampman (talk) 22:19, 21 August 2009 (UTC)
In this paragraph, for example:
Back in England, early in 1262, Edward fell out with some of his former (which-- Luisignan?) allies over financial matters. A year later (for his father?) he led a campaign in Wales against Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, with limited results (?).[19] Around the same time, Simon de Montfort, who had been out of the country (exiled??) since 1261, returned to England and re-ignited the baronial reform movement (Oxford? or Magna carte?).[20] The king (following his usually astute policy of mediation?) gave in (acceded?) to the barons' demands, but Edward – who was now firmly on the side of his father – held out. He reunited with some of the men he had alienated the year before – among them his childhood friend, Henry of Almain, and John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey – and retook Windsor Castle from the rebels.[21] Through the arbitration of King Louis IX of France, known as Saint Louis, the two parties agreed to the
an agreement was made between the two parties. This so-called Mise of Amiens, was largely favourable to the royalist side, but which laid the seeds for further conflict.[22]
I think what might make sense here is not necessarily to focus on the chronology, but to use the chronology to illustrate his learning curve. He was a smart man and arguably one of England's "better" Plantagenet kings. How did he learn his smarts, what kinds of trials and errors did he make, and how did he improve the condition of kingship in England? If you try to focus on Edward did first this and then that, and then something, else, you'll just have confusion. Auntieruth55 (talk) 00:10, 22 August 2009 (UTC)
- Yes, the "learning curve" as you call it is important, and I could probably emphasise this more. I agree that this part is a bit too much chronology without context. I'll see if I can rewrite it. Lampman (talk) 16:23, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
Further thoughts of Edward's young adulthood.
Henry sought to stay above local conflicts between and among barons. It was part of his success, something he learned during the civil war. Although he was quite willing to exploit the Baron's conficts with one another, he best alternative to was to appear to them as a fair and impartial mediator of their disputes, and once he got that figured out, his problems with the Barons receded (they didn't go away, they just became less in his face). Edward didn't learn that for a while (if he ever really did). His policy was often to force his will, right? He did learn some political manuvering, but largely his ability to field a decent army and lead it to victory, or to persuade his opponents to hand over a key instigator (such as Wallace), was key to his success? Am I right about this? So Henry's watchword was finesse, and Edward's was force, then finesse. ?? Auntieruth55 (talk) 00:15, 22 August 2009 (UTC)
- No, this is not the historical consensus. Henry is generally seen as a failed king: he was very insistent on the royal prerogative, but was too weak and fearful to manage to enforce it. His reign was largely a failure, depending too much on unpopular courtiers, and the victory in the Barons' War and the stability of the last years of his reign was mostly due to the forceful intervention of Edward (and partly also others, like Richard of Cornwall and Gloucester). I haven't gone too much into the character of Henry III, since the article is not about him, but I could perhaps say more about what a failure his reign was, to emphasise Edward's task of restoring royal authority. As for Edward, that analyses is more correct: he got his way mostly through coercion - military political or judicial - but he lacked the ability for cooperation and compromise. This I get into more depth on in the "Character and assessment" section at the bottom. Lampman (talk) 16:23, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
- Yes, it needs some sort of analytical summary of the historiography, something to pull it together, otherwise it is one darn thing after another, and what's the point of that. He did a lot of toing and froing, and raising armies and such, but so what? Auntieruth55 (talk) 21:21, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
I see you're working on it. That's good. One phrase jumped off the screen at me: Even though he managed to kill the assassin, he was struck in the arm by a dagger feared to be poisoned, and became strongly weakened over the next months --- Strongly weakened? Interesting juxtaposition. Auntieruth55 (talk) 01:00, 29 August 2009 (UTC)
- Funny you should mention that; I just noticed it with a "did I write that"-reaction...changed to "severely". Anyway, I've made some changes now to add some more context and analysis to his early life. Also added some more pictures. Lampman (talk) 04:34, 4 September 2009 (UTC)
- it's strange how we construct these statements, isn't it? Drop me a line on my talk page when you're ready. Ruth Auntieruth55 (talk) 18:41, 4 September 2009 (UTC)
GA Review[edit]
- This review is transcluded from Talk:Edward I of England/GA1. The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.
This is a good looking start for a GA article. I have some questions, which I raised above on the talk page.
- It is reasonably well written.
- a (prose): b (MoS):
- It is factually accurate and verifiable.
- a (references): b (citations to reliable sources): (OR):
- It is broad in its coverage.
- a (major aspects): b (focused):
- It follows the neutral point of view policy.
- Fair representation without bias:
- It is stable.
- No edit wars, etc.:
- It is illustrated by images, where possible and appropriate.
- a (images are tagged and non-free images have fair use rationales): b (appropriate use with suitable captions):
- Overall:
- Pass/Fail:
The lead is clearly underwritten in respect to Edward's later life, as the last date it mentions is the year of his coronation with nothing regarding his time as king. Can someone knowledgeable flesh it out? Mbinebri talk ← 22:00, 17 April 2010 (UTC)
Opening of tomb in 1774[edit]
Was the opening of the tomb in May or January 1774? This article disagrees with 1774 in Great Britain. Drutt (talk) 10:54, 17 May 2010 (UTC)
Edward II and Caernarfon Castle[edit]
Regarding this edit, althoughGlanmor (talk · contribs) doesn't provide a source, they are correct. According to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography "On 7 February 1301 Edward, now almost seventeen, was created prince of Wales and earl of Chester at the Lincoln parliament (although the title of prince was not used in official documents until May 1301)". Nev1 (talk) 16:33, 20 September 2010 (UTC)
- Then add it! (pokes Nev). Ealdgyth - Talk 17:10, 20 September 2010 (UTC)
John Botetourt[edit]
The reference to John Botetourt at the end of the "Issue" section needs a citation.
To my understanding, it is not generally accepted by the historical community that Botetourt was the illegitimate son of the king. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.127.116.11 (talk) 21:26, 21 March 2011 (UTC)
- A look at the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography suggests you're correct and I've made this change. Do you think that's ok? Nev1 (talk) 21:41, 21 March 2011 (UTC)
- Yes, thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 00:14, 3 April 2011 (UTC)
SOMETHING VERY IMPORTANT![edit]
SOMETHING VERY IMPORTANT! I am introducing this matter here only to both get help and because it is significant. I greatly enjoy Wiki and use it often but very rarely comment.However I have been reading on wiki quite a lot about the early -post Norman Conquest -Kings of England.Now I fully realise that in the popular sense these were and are recognised as ^English^ but this term is totally deceptive in any general sense. In 1066 Saxon England was totally defeated and taken over completely by the French Normans.From that momentand for around 350 years, England became a French speaking nation. Its law were written in French and all the political or military conflicts that followed were planned created and carried out by people we would instantly call French. Ufortunately this fact is never clearly mentioned There are simply continuous references to England and the English .One aspect of this is that it allows every kind of nonsense to be stirred up by nationalist forces.There is of course nothing intrinsically wrong with nationalism but when every kind of historical event is distorted as the use of English and England distorts then it becomes a serious matter.I put a lengthy introduction to the Edward first article and found to my amazement a message saying iy had been removed by some robotic scanner as vandalism.If anything it was the article that should have been removed or rewritten — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.8.131.52 (talk • contribs) 24 June 2011
- I agree that the word "English" should receive some disambiguation here, when we speak of the Norman French Kings. However, the Anglo Saxon Kings aren't Bretish - and Saxon was as important in emerging ENglish as Angle-speak. Over the years, Angle, Saxon, Jut and indigeneous Bretish had combined into English - and under the Normans, the language was about to change (radically) again. At some point (certainly by Edward III) the "French" spoken In England was regarded back in Paris as not the real deal. Indeed, the Normans themselves had a different dialect than the French court - hence the phrase "Norman-English." All of this could be worked into this artlcle, but not by a swift, minor edit, going to take some work.220.127.116.11 (talk) 04:35, 14 August 2011 (UTC)
There is a second and equally important point here too: 'Scotland' and 'the Scots' were also not the same thing back then as they were later. The use of the word 'Scotland' is therefore misleading since back then the word referred to the Kingdom of the Scots - solely a highland entity, whilst the 'Scottish' lowlands were back then English. Similarly the 'Scottish' nobilty were, just as in England, mostly Norman French and would not have considered themslves either Scots or English. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 10:05, 23 September 2012 (UTC) This is simply wrong. English and Scottish people most certainly did see themselves as English and Scots, and that includes the lords. Many (though not all) English and Scottish lords had French surnames but since more than 200 years had elapsed since the Norman conquest of England we should not think of them as being 'French' any more than we should think of David Cameron as being Scottish or Bill Clinton as being English. Robert I - for example - had much more Gael, Norse and Irish ancestry than Norman...he just happened to have a Norman name. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.127.116.11 (talk) 14:54, 10 April 2016 (UTC)
I have been trying to find the language used by the court of Edward I of England. He was only 200 years after the Norman conquest and this puts him in the Norman vs Saxon era but so far I have not been able to find which language was used by those in power. Mtpaley (talk) 22:24, 19 July 2013 (UTC)
- Edward mainly spoke Anglo-Norman French, but could also speak English and Latin. The formal language of his the court was French. Hchc2009 (talk) 07:09, 20 July 2013 (UTC)
Issue section discontinuity[edit]
All of of a sudden, it says "By Margaret..." Margaret who? He loved his first wife, it says - and then all of sudden, is this a second wife with no relationship to him other than breeding with him? Why is Margaret neglected in this section? I realize for balance that Eleanor should get more words (more kids) but surely we should be reminded who Margaret is before we delve into her progeny at that point.184.108.40.206 (talk) 04:32, 14 August 2011 (UTC)
- She's introduced at the bottom of the "Diplomacy and war on the Continent" section, above. --Old Moonraker (talk) 05:22, 14 August 2011 (UTC)
Hello, Hchc2009! I want to greet you and explain something about Edward I's family. I deleted Juliana's name from the table of his issue because there is no evidence he had daughter Juliana. If Eleanor bore him a daughter at the time, there is still no contemporary source for her name. You can see this, where John Carmi Parsons wrote about names in Edward's family. (My talk) 14:12, 28 March 2014
- It's probably worth starting a thread on the talk page of Edward I, Mychele; if you like I can copy and paste this over? Hchc2009 (talk) 15:03, 28 March 2014 (UTC)
- Yes, off course! Just go ahead; I will join discussion tomorrow! (original unsigned)
- (Copied across from my talk page.) Hchc2009 (talk) 16:04, 28 March 2014 (UTC)
- Yes, off course! Just go ahead; I will join discussion tomorrow! (original unsigned)
Proposed tweak to bibliography...[edit]
If folks are content, I'm going to add the "ref = harv" label to the bibliographic templates, which should then allow the short citations to link directly to the volume in the bibliography if clicked on. It shouldn't change the visual appearance on the article page at all. Hopefully uncontroversial, but given WP:CITE, I think still worth asking first. Hchc2009 (talk) 08:47, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
I'd like to propose a minor change to the citation style, separating descriptive footnotes (e.g. "As the sources give the time simply as the night between the 17 and 18 June, we can not know the exact date of Edward's birth.") into a separate section called "notes", distinct from the references - see William the Conqueror as an example of this in action. This would make it easier to see when a footnote is pointing to a citation, and when it is providing additional information to the reader. It is a minor change, but, as per WP:CITEVAR, this does require prior discussion on the talk page. Hchc2009 (talk) 14:44, 2 May 2014 (UTC)
Proposed change to pp page numbering...[edit]
I'd like to propose a (v.) minor change to the citation style. Multiple pages are currently numbered as (e.g.) pp.88-9. I'd like to alter this style to (e.g.) pp.88-89, which I think is easier to read on the screen / less easy to make minor mistakes with. WP:CITEVAR applies, though, thus this note. Hchc2009 (talk) 14:50, 26 May 2014 (UTC)
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