text:
Good Dog: Behavior & Training
A study with insights into welfare
If you think that having dogs who bounce off the walls is problematic for them and for you, you are not alone. "Wall bouncing" is one of the repetitive behaviors that have long been considered indicative of poor welfare and chronic stress in the animals performing them. Other repetitive behaviors that are commonly seen in dogs are pacing, circling and spinning, all of which are generally regarded as stereotypical behavior.
Stereotypical behaviors are those that are not just repetitive, but also pointless and occur because of deficits in animals' housing situation that cause frustration. That is, when animals are performing stereotypies, they are exhibiting behavior that has no function, and doing it over and over because their living environment is inadequate to meet their needs. A recent study in the journal Physiology and Behavior called Repetitive behaviour in kennelled domestic dog: Stereotypical or not? explored whether all the repetitive behaviors observed in kennelled dogs are actually stereotypies. The reason this question matters is that if their repetitive behaviors are stereotypies, it suggests that animals' welfare may be compromised, but if they are performing repetitive behaviors for other reasons, then that conclusion may be suspect.
The researchers studied 30 male German Shepherds who are fully trained Police Dogs in the UK and live in a kennel that can hold as many as 40 dogs. They studied their behavior as well as their cortisol profiles (which indicate stress) before and after veterinary exams. They found that all but two of the dogs performed repetitive behaviors, but that very few of them displayed stereotypies. Repetitive behaviors were most commonly induced by a dog and handler walking past the kennel and by witnessing food preparation, which supports the idea that repetitive behaviors are simply a response to situations of high arousal rather than to stress.
The dogs could be divided into four groups based on the pattern of their repetitive behavior and the eliciting stimuli. Twelve of the dogs only exhibited repetitive behavior in response to husbandry events (including veterinary care) or not at all and showed them in less than half of the observation period. Five additional dogs also only displayed repetitive behavior in those same contexts, but they showed it more than half of the time that they were observed. Eight dogs performed repetitive behaviors in response to husbandry and when a person walked by or stood outside their kennel. The last five dogs displayed repetitive behavior in the absence of these and other specific stimuli.
Though all the groups had similar baseline cortisol profiles, this last group had a cortisol profile following the exam that differed from the other groups. These dogs showed a decrease in cortisol immediately after the exam rather than the increase in cortisol seem in the other groups. This suggests one of two possibilities. One is that these dogs are under chronic stress and lack the physiological ability to respond typically to the additional stress of an exam. The other possibility is that these dogs are so attached to people, including their caregivers and the veterinarian, that being with them after a separation is such a positive experience that it balances out the stress of being removed from the kennel and examined.
The relationship between repetitive behaviors in dogs and their welfare status remains unclear, but this study suggests that there is not just one motivating factor behind the expression of repetitive behaviors. Many questions remain about repetitive behavior in dogs who are kenneled. Is it an indication of poor welfare? Could the repetitive behaviors be a result of reinforcement (food or attention) of these behaviors from people caring for the dogs? Why are the cortisol profiles different in dogs who exhibit repetitive behaviors without specific eliciting stimuli?
Good Dog: Behavior & Training
New evidence from archaeological sites
Archaeological sites with hundreds of dead mammoths posed a puzzle to scientists: How could humans kill so many of these massive animals with the weapons available at the time? The answer is that one of the "weapons" used was not made of stone like the other tools of the time, but was made of flesh and blood. It was the domestic dog.
According to new research by Pat Shipman at Penn State University, humans may have been cooperating with some of the earliest domesticated dogs, which improved their mammoth hunting success considerably. The dogs could have contributed in a number of ways. They may have helped people find prey more quickly and more often. It's possible that they held prey by charging and growling until the humans moved in to make the kill. After the mammoths died, dogs' role in the hunt may have continued in the form of guarding the meat from scavengers or helping to carry it home.
Shipman developed several testable hypotheses about these new ideas. Based on analyses of what types of bones were present at the site (both dogs and wolves) as well as the cause of death of the mammoths, the idea that dogs were important in mammoth hunts about 45,000 to 15,000 years ago was supported. It is interesting that it was only during this time period that such large groups of hunted mammoths have been found, as humans (and their ancestors and extinct close relatives) began hunting mammoths over a million years ago.
A further piece of evidence that dogs were involved in mammoth hunting is the finding of a dog skull with a large bone, likely from a mammoth, that had been put in its mouth not long after it died. (That skull is shown in the photograph.) The find suggests that there were special rituals to acknowledge the dog's role in mammoth hunting.
Knowing that modern dogs can suffer catastrophic injuries when hunting bears and wolves, I wonder how often dogs were wounded or killed in mammoth hunts.
News: Guest Posts
with free live streaming
If you think I'm beginning to sound like a broken record, Thank You!
That means you stopped by Dog Spies in May 2013 and read a post with the same title. But that was #SPARCS2013, and this is #SPARCS2014; same concept, different location, topics and speakers. During this year's 3-day event, June 20-22 2014, leading canine researchers will cover three general areas of research that get at the core of what it's like to be a dog:
Topics that many dogs are sometimes better acquainted with than their humans:
SPARCS is a unique venture organized by Prescott Breeden of The Pawsitive Packleader, Seattle Dog Training and Arizona State University Canine Science Collaboratory. From June 20-22, 2014, anyone in the world can see some of the leading canine science researchers in action — either in-person in Newport, RI, or via free Live Stream to your living room (or bathroom, if that's where you prefer to take your canine science).
SPARCS is short for the Society for the Promotion of Applied Research in Canine Science, which aptly summarizes the conference goals: (1) to promote research and education in canine science, and (2) to provide a platform for leading minds in canine science to present, discuss and debate modern behavior science. It is an international initiative to discuss what is known (and not known) about dog behavior, biology and cognition. No hooey included.
As a new addition to #SPARCS2014, Do You Believe in Dog? — featuring myself and fellow canine researcher Mia Cobb — will moderate. In conferences, I find that all the great info being discussed moves very fast. A question pops into your mind and you need clarification, but the speaker is already on the next topic.
At #SPARCS2014, Do You Believe in Dog? will act as your pause button, fielding questions and expanding on speaker content. We'll monitor questions and comments on social media, moderate the daily panel at the end of each day (posing your pressing questions and diving into hot-button topics), and we'll hold post-talk interviews with each speaker (of course, speakers should be prepared to field questions on Ryan Gosling and his dog). We're putting a large emphasis on engaging both the live and online audiences, so follow along at @DoUBelieveInDog and #SPARCS2014.
Here are the #SPARCS2014 featured speakers along with their respective talks topics. Visit the conference webpage for talk abstracts and learning goals:
Ray Coppinger, PhD
Why do breeds of dogs behave differently? –> Julie comment: No simple answer here!
Simon Gadbois, PhD
Applied canine olfactory processing: What trainers need to know beyond learning theory.
It is not what you like, but what you want that counts: The neurochemistry of behaviour and motivation.
Sam Gosling, PhD
Overview of research on temperament and personality of dogs.
Kathryn Lord, PhD
Barking and conflict.
Patricia McConnell, PhD
I see what you're saying: Translating conflict-related visual signals.
Coyotes, Koalas and Kangaroos: What the behavior of other animals can teach you about your dog –> Julie comment: I haven't seen a talk with this scope before!
James Serpell, PhD
Individual and breed differences in aggression
What the C-BARQ can tell us about human temperament –> Julie comment: C-BARQ stands for Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire. Get acquainted with it here.
The influence of owner/handler personality on the behavior of dogs
Monique Udell, PhD
Integrating ethology, learning theory & cognition in animal training
Clive Wynne, PhD
Does the name Pavlov ring a bell? –> Julie comment: I'm sure trainers and owners want to know, "Do some approaches to dog behavior have more of a basis in learning theory than others?"
Prescott Breeden, BM, CCS
The phenotype of molecules: Why nature vs. nurture is the wrong question –> Julie comment: And the right question is…
#SPARCS2014 also features short presentations from emerging researchers. Check out the SPARCS Facebook page for speakers and topics.
Each year, the SPARCS conference and initiative is made possible by you. "Donations are absolutely optional however graciously appreciated." Check out donation and membership opportunities.
Stay in touch with the SPARCS initiative on Facebook and Twitter.
Did you catch #SPARCS2013? Maybe you watched the Free Livestream or even attended in person. What was it like? And what are you looking forward to at #SPARCS2014?
This article first appeared on Dog Spies, Scientific American. Used with permission.
News: Editors
All of the theorizing on the differences between dog lovers and cat lovers has some new research to fuel the rivalry. A new study led by Denise Guastello, an associate professor of psychology at Carroll University in Waukesha, Wisconsin, suggests that "dog people" and "cat people" are quite distinct in their personalities.
People who said they were dog lovers in the study tended to be more lively—meaning they were more energetic and outgoing. They also tended to follow rules closely. Cat lovers, on the other hand, were more introverted, more open-minded and more sensitive than dog lovers. Cat people also tended to be non-conformists, preferring to be question rather than follow the rules. All within reasonable assumptions, but here's the kicker … the study shows cat owners scoring higher on intelligence than dog lovers.
Study researcher Guastello attributes some of these personality differences to the types of environments cat or dog people prefer. "It makes sense that a dog person is going to be more lively, because they're going to want to be out there, outside, talking to people, bringing their dog," Guastello said. "Whereas, if you're more introverted, and sensitive, maybe you're more at home reading a book, and your cat doesn't need to go outside for a walk."
The researchers surveyed 600 college students, asking whether they would identify themselves as dog lovers or cat lovers, and what qualities they found most attractive in their pets. Participants also answered a slew of questions to assess their personality.
More people said they were dog lovers than cat lovers: About 60 percent of participants identified themselves as dog people, compared with 11 percent who said they were cat people. (The rest said they liked both animals, or neither animal.)
Dog lovers found companionship to be the most attractive quality in their pet dogs, whole cat people liked the affection from their cats. Because the study involved college students, it's not known whether the results apply to other age groups, Guastello said. But previous studies have had similar findings. A 2010 study of more than 4,500 people found that dog lovers tend to be more extroverted (or outgoing), and conscientious (or rule-following).
It is to be noted that we could not find out just how the intelligence differential was measured, but it seems highly suspect considering all the factors that would need to be accounted for to get an accurate IQ assessment.
Wellness: Food & Nutrition
Become a label sleuth and improve your skill at making wise dog-food choices.
When selecting a new dog food, take a few moments to read and compare the label claims on a variety of different brands. You may notice two things. First, many of the claims are identical, making it impossible to differentiate one brand of food from another in a meaningful way. Popular and frequently used claims promote a food's natural properties (labels are overrun with these), as well as inclusion and exclusion of various components. Many of these claims are either not helpful at all or of limited aid in the pet food selection process.
Second, you will also notice a proliferation of health-related claims (just as you see more of these on many human foods). Commercially available dog foods not only make the hefty assertion of providing complete and balanced nutrition for your dog's stage of life (or even for all of his stages of life), they also may purport to do the following: boost your dog's immune system, keep his joints healthy and mobile, slow the signs of aging, support his cognitive function, keep his waistline trim, make him smarter (if he is a puppy), and promote efficient digestion.
Here is some information about certain types of label claims that can help you differentiate among brands as you review labels and evaluate foods, as well as additional information that, at least in my humble opinion, should be included on pet food labels but rarely is (a girl can dream, can't she?).
Inclusion Claims
Inclusion claims that can be helpful to consumers are those that identify specific types of protein or carbohydrate sources, the type of fat and fatty acids in the food (e.g., inclusion of omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil), the inclusion of organically grown plant ingredients or humanely produced animal-source ingredients, and the inclusion of locally or regionally sourced ingredients.
Inclusion claims that are less helpful in differentiating among products are those that make claims about the food containing antioxidants (all processed dry foods must include antioxidants to prevent rancidity), essential vitamins and minerals (again, they've all got 'em), or "Contains fiber for gastrointestinal health" (a balanced and complete diet should contain fiber, usually about 3 to 6 percent, so this doesn't help you differentiate between good and not-so-good foods).
Exclusion Claims
As a rule of thumb, new feeding trends, most of which have little or no scientific evidence, arrive on the scene in the pet food market a few years after they show up in the human marketplace. Recent examples include the Atkins Diet (high protein, low carbohydrate dog foods); gluten-free diets (gluten- and grain-free pet foods); probiotics in yogurt (as supplements and incorporated into dog foods); and one unique to pet foods, the "no fillers" claim, an essentially nonsensical term.
Exclusion claims that may be helpful to some owners when selecting a food include those of no genetically modified organisms (GMOs), no animal products that were treated with antibiotics or growth hormones, and no artificial antioxidants (BHA, BHT or ethoxyquin). Selection of products that purposely exclude these things generally comes from a life philosophy of reducing the consumption of highly processed or treated foods. These can be legitimate choices, provided that the purported health benefit claims are limited to those that have actual evidence.
Although there is no published evidence of health benefits associated with consuming less-processed foods, there is legitimate evidence (beyond the scope of this consideration) for environmental benefits and animal welfare benefits associated with these choices. However, this differs fundamentally from making statements that feeding these items causes dietary insufficiencies or disease in dogs. There is simply no evidence for such claims, and they should not be made in good conscience.
The bottom line with inclusion/exclusion claims is that they can provide a way for dog owners to choose a food that contains something they are looking for or that excludes something that they wish to avoid feeding their dog. Nothing wrong with that. There are many ways to feed a healthy diet and, just as with humans, many different ingredients and foods that can be fed to our dogs to keep them healthy and happy. Problems arise, however, when dog owners, not the pet food companies (notice that labels make no health claims about exclusion/inclusion items) take this a step further and make unsubstantiated claims about why the ingredients they seek are preventing disease or the ingredients they are avoiding cause disease. Just as label claims may be misleading—though they have AAFCO and the FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine to reprimand them if they get out of line—so too can the claims of dog owners, many of whom are quite vocal and have blogs, and don't have to worry about satisfying a regulatory agency.
Digestibility Claims (Allowed, but Rarely Provided)
Since this is clearly a lot to ask of a single processed food, I think we are justified as dog owners to demand that the food's ingredients are sufficiently available (i.e., are digested and absorbed) to nourish the dog. As a food property, digestibility is more important for dogs than for humans because humans generally consume a wide variety of foods, all of which vary in degree of digestibility and nutrient availability. This mix of foods and the nutrients that they provide can be expected, in most cases, to nourish us and provide the essential nutrients that our bodies need. Conversely, most dog owners feed their dogs a single food over a period of months or years. In this situation, measures of that food's ingredient quality and digestibility become vitally important. And pet food companies correctly teach us that one of the best measures of ingredient and diet quality is a food's digestibility.
The reason for this is that a food's overall digestibility (called "dry matter digestibility") is increased by the inclusion of high-quality ingredients and decreased when poor-quality ingredients are used. In addition to dry matter digestibility, which gives you a sense of the entire food's quality, we can also measure the digestibility of the protein in the diet, since this too varies dramatically among different protein sources, with high-quality proteins being much more digestible than low-quality proteins.
In addition to the quality of ingredients, other factors that influence a food's digestibility include processing care and handling, cooking temperatures, and storage procedures. When a finished product's digestibility is measured, all of these factors will influence the results. Obviously, this is a very important measure, and one that could provide valuable information to pet owners, if they were privy to it.
This is where things get weird. The vast majority of pet food companies do not report digestibility values either on their food labels or in supporting materials. Some pet food industry folks will argue that these values are not reported because AAFCO has not yet established a standard protocol for digestibility studies to produce these values. This is a convenient but untenable excuse, seeing that apparent digestibility is measured using standard protocols both in academic and industry studies and is regularly reported in published research papers. Moreover, many companies (not all, unfortunately) regularly conduct digestibility trials to compare the quality of their products to that of their competitors, although these data rarely make it into the public realm. There is simply no defensible reason that this information is not made readily available to dog owners, especially given the propensity of pet food manufacturers to make claims such as "highly digestible," "easily digested," and "high-quality ingredients" on their labels and websites.
Here is the science: a food's digestibility—technically, "apparent dry matter digestibility"—is most effectively measured by a feeding trial. The selected food is fed to a group of dogs for a standard period of time during which intake (amount consumed) and excretion (the amount in the fecal matter) are carefully measured. Dry matter (the entire food) and nutrient (protein, fat and so forth) digestibility are determined by subtracting the amount excreted from the amount consumed and calculating this difference as a percent.
It is not a terribly complicated or involved test, although it does require access to dogs who are being fed the food (and only that food) and full collection of feces for a few days (no big deal to people who are used to picking up poop with their hands covered only by a thin plastic baggie). But here is the kicker: although many dog food manufacturers regularly conduct digestibility tests on their foods, they do not make this information available to the dog owners who purchase their foods. Yet, at the same time, they tell consumers that products vary significantly in digestibility and ingredient quality, and that digestibility is a good measure of a food's quality (and that their food has high or superior digestibility and contains quality ingredients).
Although it is natural to assume that all of a food should be digested, thus the very best food would have a dry matter digestibility of 100 percent, this is not only impossible but also undesirable and unhealthy. Fecal bulk is provided by undigested food, in particular many of the food's fiber-containing ingredients. Components of food that are not processed by an animal's digestive enzymes make it to the large intestine, where intestinal microbes further digest them to varying degrees. This process and the microbial populations that are supported by it are essential for a healthy gastrointestinal tract in all animals, including humans. As a general rule of thumb, commercial dry dog foods with reported dry matter digestibility values of 75 or less are of very poor quality, those with values of 75 to 82 percent are of moderate quality and foods with a dry matter digestibility of greater than 82 percent are high quality.
In general, raw diets that contain little starch will have digestibility coefficients (percentages) that are slightly higher than those of a dry food made with comparable ingredients. However, if the raw food contains uncooked plant starches (potato, tapioca, corn), digestibility values will decrease because of the inability of dogs to digest uncooked starch. Of course, dog owners can only make purchasing decisions based upon a product's digestibility if they are provided this information in the first place (which they are not).
In fact, as I recently discovered, this information is denied even when a consumer requests it directly from the company. This also is a bit odd, seeing that companies promote their foods as high quality (and often as highly digestible). I contacted companies that produced more than 30 different brands of dog food and politely requested that they send me protein and dry matter digestibility values for their adult maintenance dog food. Of the 32 requests I sent, I received no response at all in 27 cases, even though many of these stated on their "request for information" pages that a response would be sent within 48 hours. Of the five responses that I received, two brands said that they do not measure the digestibility of their foods but that their foods are made from highly digestible ingredients and so are very digestible (huh?). In other words, "we do not measure it, but trust us when we tell you that our foods are really, really digestible." Amazingly, one company even provided a value for the food digestibility that they do not measure, telling me that their foods are 85 to 88 percent digestible. (Note: Do not believe data that have not been measured.) A third company assured me only that "our foods are extremely digestible." Only two companies of the 32 requests that I sent provided actual data, both of which fell within the range of being highly digestible. Too bad more companies are not choosing to walk their digestibility talk, even though they are more than happy to talk the digestibility talk in their claims. Bottom line: if high digestibility or quality ingredients are claimed, ask for digestibility data from the company. They should provide this information if they are making quality claims to consumers.
Ingredient Source and Manufacturer
This means that the dog food must be both sourced and produced within the United States. If more than a "negligible" amount of the ingredients are imported, then the company cannot legally make this claim. Unfortunately, neither the FTC nor AAFCO specifies exactly what percentage of a food is more than "negligible," which leaves this regulation open for at least some interpretation. Still, if you read a "Made in the USA" claim on a pet food package, you can also assume that most, if not all, of the ingredients in that food were sourced within the U.S.
The Take-Away on Label Claims
Adapted from Dog Food Logic: Making Smart Decisions for Your Dog in an Age of Too Many Choices, by Linda P. Case; published by Dogwise Publishing. Used with permission.
News: Guest Posts
I judge dogs when I meet them, but not in the way you might expect. You see, every dog and owner I meet gets filtered through a lens called "Potential Canine Science Study Participants."
The growing field of canine behavior and cognition research is not built on the backs of lab beagles. Instead, research depends on the kindness and interest of dog owners who sign up their dogs to join any of the canine studies around the globe.
So whenever I meet a dog in NYC, I'm thinking, "Would your human companion be interested in signing you up for a study at the Horowitz Dog Cognition Lab?" And, just as important, "Would you, Mr. or Ms. Dog, be interested in participating in a study?" Nine out of ten times (not an exact science) the answer is yes.**
But dog participation doesn't always go as planned. Which leads to one of the most interesting yet overlooked sections of research papers — the section that reports the dogs who didn't make it into the final results. A blooper reel of sorts. These nuggets hidden in dense research papers offer little windows into the world of dogs and canine research methodologies. Why did a dog not perform according to plan? Was the dog not interested in playing along with the tasks required by the study? Or maybe the owner or experimenter goofed up the execution. Let's take a look:
A 2010 study by Kundey et al. dropped six subjects:
Another study by Range et al. (2009) required dog subjects to "give a paw" to an experimenter numerous times. A number of subjects didn't make it into the final results:
So when working with dogs, not everything is going to work for every dog, and things don't always go as planned. After all, do other areas of science have to worry about a squirrel mucking up their study?
**This participation rate is high because, like most canine behavior research, our work incorporates a variety of methodologies that are a good fit for dogs with different personalities: some studies include food and treats while others don't, some include the presence of other dogs, others don't, some include the direct participation of owners, other don't … some include nuts, Mounds don't … you get the picture. Owners complete a short online questionnaire and bam! They're added to our database of "People interested in participating in canine science studies at the Horowitz Dog Cognition Lab." They'll then be contacted about our future studies. And, for a somewhat comprehensive list of canine behavior and cognition groups around the globe, check out my website. Other canine research groups are looking for study participants too!
Images: Flicker Creative Commons: dogs and squirrel.
This story was originally published on Dog Spies, Scientific American. Reprinted with permission
Good Dog: Behavior & Training
What dogs do influences potential adopters
We know that millions of shelter pets are available for adoption each year, but that many are never selected. Most previous research into the choices that people make about which dog to adopt has focused on what the dog looks like and the dog's behavior in the kennel.
The recent study "Adopter-dog interactions at the shelter: Behavioral and contextual predictors of adoption" investigated whether dogs' behavior during an interaction outside of the kennel had any impact on the likelihood of adoption. (Potential adopters chose which dog or dogs they wanted to spend time with in a session out of the kennel.)
There were only two behaviors that influenced adoption: 1) Dogs who ignored people's attempts to initiate play were far less likely to be adopted than those dogs who played when people attempted to initiate play with them, and 2) Dogs who spent more time lying down close to potential adopters were fourteen times more likely to be adopted than those who spent less time lying down near the people. Dogs who were adopted spent half as much time ignoring people's attempts to play and twice as much time lying down near potential adopters than dogs who were not selected for adoption.
This research suggests that even in a short interaction—the average in this study was 8 minutes and did not differ between people who chose to adopt the dog and those who did not adopt the dog—people were making choices based on dogs' behavior. Specifically, they chose dogs who played with them and who spent time lying down near them. This study suggests that people are selecting dogs who act in certain ways and that training dogs to behave in these ways has the potential to increase their chances of being adopted.
Good Dog: Behavior & Training
Dogs and humans follow similar path
If you think that your dog has changed in his tendency to pay attention to you over time, you are probably right. A new study is the first to describe the developmental changes in dogs' attention over their entire life.
In the study "Lifespan development of attentiveness in domestic dogs: drawing parallels with humans", scientists studied 145 Border Collies from the ages of 6 months to almost 14 years old. Dogs were placed in 7 groups, reflecting these developmental periods: late puppyhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle age, late adulthood, senior, and geriatric.
The researchers concluded that dogs (at least of this breed) show predictable changes in attentiveness, which they define as the ability to choose to process some environmental stimuli over others, as they age. Their major findings were:
Have you noticed changes in your dog's attention habits over time?
News: Guest Posts
On the whole, human breeders have not improved on nature.
On a flight last year, I sat next to a woman from India on her way to London from New York, where she had been visiting her first grandchild When she heard I wrote about dogs, she turned her attention to the one aspect of her daughter and son-in-law's life she could not understand—their dog. On her walks around Central Park with the dog and her granddaughter, the dog drew the most attention and comment.
He was a black, blue-eyed French Bulldog for whom they had paid $3,000 to a veterinarian/breeder in New Jersey. They had already spent that much again on veterinary bills in less than a year.
Defenders of the purebred dog industry talk a lot about responsible breeders, and I once tended to follow their lead. But shortly after the Atlantic Monthly published my article, "The Politics of Dogs," in March 1990 [It is hard to find on-line because of a class-action lawsuit regarding electronic rights, but it can be found.], I began to hear from people who had, like this couple, gone to a responsible breeder only to end up with a dog with problems. Many of the genetic conditions to which pedigreed dogs are prey do not follow strict lines of inheritance—they skip generations or move through aunts and uncles. They do sort by breed, but that is because those breeds have arisen from a small number of founders—in short, they are inbred, dangerously so, and this tight knit extended family shares most strongly genetic diseases and physical characteristics. Outer beauty conceals inner flaws.
French Bulldogs, for example, are prone to von Willebrand's Disease, a blood disorder, as well as spinal problems, a cleft palate, and heat stroke. Many airlines no longer carry brachycephalic breeds—those with pushed in faces—because they have a tendency to die in flight from breathing problems related to overexcitement.
In light of that, the woman asked, why do so many people spend so much money on these dogs? This conversation occurred months before the sale of a Tibetan mastiff puppy at a luxury pets' mart in Hangzhou, China, to a Qingdao property developer for 12-million yuan (about $1.9 million), reportedly a record price for a dog. It is easy here to invoke the 19th and early 20th century economist, Thorstein Veblen and his theory of conspicuous consumption.
To Veblen, such dogs are objects of conspicuous consumption, animals with no intrinsic value that nonetheless are made valuable by the fact that someone goes to great lengths to obtain and maintain them despite or because of the expense involved in doing so. Put another way, possession of such a being marks you as a person with so much money that you can obtain and maintain an animal with no useful talent.
That would certainly be the case with the Tibetan mastiff, which according to some assays is merely a reconstruction of a once mighty landrace of large livestock protection dog, which it resembles the way a teddy bear resembles a grizzly cub.
Clearly spending that much on a dog must be considered conspicuous consumption of the most extreme sort. It is also a mordant commentary on the Chinese Revolution, for half a century ago, Mao Zedong sought to rid China of pet dogs he considered objects of bourgeois recidivism—that is, conspicuous consumption.
Currently the recidivists have won. In China and other countries with a growing urban middle class, people are buying more and more dogs, eschewing their local dogs for Western pure breeds. To them, the pedigree signifies quality.
When Veblen used the Pekinese as an example of an object of conspicuous consumption, purebred dogs were relatively new on the scene and well beyond the means of most people. A century later, the dogs are no longer rare, nor are their prices, even at $1,000, so outrageous, especially when buyers are convinced they are getting excellent bloodlines, superior quality, and specific behavioral characteristics.
Those beliefs fuel demands for purebred dogs produced by commercial breeders—let's just call anyone engaged in the large scale "production" of puppies for profit, a commercial, or mass, breeder, and recognize that some are better than others, which is not an endorsement of any of them.
Demand for purebred dogs shot up following World War II when returning veterans, establishing their lives in burgeoning suburbs, sought them out as accompaniments to their new homes, cars, and families. The pedigree provided by the rapidly expanding American Kennel Club, the largest registry of dogs in the world, proved these acquisitions were not the old family mutt, but refined and sophisticated pets. Demand fueled the growth of mass breeders, pet stores, dog shows, regulations to fence and leash dogs, and unwanted dogs.
I estimate that by some point in the 1990s half of all dogs In America were purebred, and a great many of them were from mass breeders. That was a problem because they too frequently bred dogs without regard for their temperament or genetic soundness and failed to socialize them during the critical first three to four months. If dogs are not socialized to humans during that time, they might have difficulty ever becoming fully socialized and often have behavioral issues.
The problem with these breeders has been known for decades and several national animal advocacy groups have campaigned against them for years without much result. Although there are many political explanations for the failure to end the retail trade in dogs, these groups have not invested in the sort of intense, dedicated campaign required to shut it down.
Instead, we get things like the Humane Society of the United States forming a group, Breeder' Advisory and Resource Council, to advise it on matters relating to responsible dog breeding.
Mass breeders are a significant part of the problem of purebred dogs, but not the only one. My colleague and fellow Psychology Today blogger, Marc Bekoff, has argued for a full halt to breeding more dogs as long as millions of perfectly fine, adoptable animals await new homes in shelters or the homes of breed rescue group volunteers. With so many dogs in need, he says, the compassionate and humane thing for someone wanting a dog is to adopt one.
I believe he is right, and I would add that the breeding of dogs as it is now done should stop until ways can be found to minimize the risk of a dog being born with an inherited deformity or illness. That includes behavioral problems. These conditions disproportionately seem found in puppy mill dogs, but not exclusively. Some of these conditions, especially cytoskeletal ones like brachycephaly are so extreme that puppies must be delivered by caesarean section and subsequently have difficulty breathing normally and dissipating heat. The book on these inherited ailments is long and growing longer. Most are due to the heavy inbreeding and common use of favored sires in breed formation.
It is worth remembering here, that breeds are formed through consolidation from an existing population, when a few animals are used to create the Platonic ideal of the 'breed,' and through amalgamation, in which representatives from several similar landraces are crossed to create the perfect representative of all.
No matter which method was followed, the resulting dog was said to represent the breed in its pure essence and be more intelligent and talented than any of its naturally breeding predecessors. With few exceptions involving specialized behaviors that have been enhanced through selective breeding, that is untrue. Nonetheless, like mantras, the histories of these new breeds and accounts of their prowess were repeated so often, they became truth—to everyone but the rulers of the American Kennel Club. For decades they have publicly maintained that the AKC issued pedigree proving that for three or more generations the dog in question is an official Chesapeake Bay Retriever or whatever the case may be does not represent quality, does not guarantee that the dog is healthy or possessed of a good temperament. They did that because they wished to avoid possible consumer lawsuits involving dogs with serious defects and flaws.
Despite those disclaimers, the AKC has continued to a promote the virtues of purebred dogs, like the problematic French Bulldog, the eleventh most popular dog it registered in 2013, and the larger English bulldog. It was the fifth most popular breed registered in 2013, even though nearly 72 percent of the bulldogs evaluated by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals had crippling hip dysplasia; none could whelp naturally.
The argument is sometimes made that breeds are important biological artifacts but, in fact, over the decades breeders have altered their appearance—and perhaps their behavior—and perhaps their behavior—substantially. Many breeders say that they are attempting to improve the breed they love, but the very notion that a breed needs improvement suggests that it has problems.
Few if any breeders can predict that all puppies in a litter will be free of congenital defect, but in many cases the odds are stacked against them from the start by a plethora of problems and conditions associated with their breed. Breeders and kennel clubs should focus on ridding the breeds they love and promote of those inheritable conditions, and the way to do that is to stop engaging in dangerous breeding practices and to avoid breeding dogs who have them in their bloodlines.
Dogs deserve no less.
This post first appeared on Mark Derr's blog, Dog's Best Friend on Psychology Today. Used with permission.
News: Editors
Study shows dog people laugh more
Do you enjoy a good laugh with your dog? If so, apparently you are not alone. So writes New York Times long-time health columnist Jane Brody on one of the many benefits her new dog Max contributes to her life. Brody's recent article champions the many perks of "life with a dog"—companionship, exercise, meeting people and laughter. She cites a study of 95 people who were asked to keep "laughter" logs and record the frequency and source of their laughter. Results showed that dog owners laughed frequently more than cat owners and people who owned neither. The findings suggest a complex relationship between pet ownership and laughter. Dogs may serve as friends with whom to laugh or their behaviors may provide a greater source of laughter. Does this resonate with Bark readers? How does your dog make you laugh?
Last week, we marked that annual day of grins and laughter—April 1—with an in-box full of pranks. Jokey press releases, outlandish news reports and faux announcements tried to outduel each other for guffaws. Given the nature of our business, many were dog-themed.
Here's a sampling of some of the April Fool's jokes we received this year:
Google Apps for Business Dogs
Moo's new delivery system—Pug Post!
The Milwaukee Brewers mascots square off
Great British Chefs offer fine dining for dogs
Plus, these favorites from the past deserve mention …
IKEA's 2011 Hundstol Dog Highchair
Warby Parker introduces Warby Barker in 2012
Barclaycard launches Barclay PayWag in 2013
Copyright © 1997-2017 The Bark, Inc. Dog Is My Co-Pilot® is a registered trademark of The Bark, Inc


text:
Jan 09, 2014 · Problems in-plane-geometry-Sharygin 1. Long Answer with geometry problems with solutions Explanation : I'm not trying to be a jerk with the previous two answers but the answer really is "No" Applied Math Finding Discovery edacation good geometry problems with solutions problems is difficult and often problems (and solutions) And even now many of the problems appearing in Problem of the Week were
Math geometry problems with solutions homework help. Geometry Guided Textbook Solutions from Chegg. USC High School geometry problems with solutions Math Contest Problems and Solutions (1986 - 2015). The issue of dimension still matters to geometry, in the absence of complete answers to classic questions. This book contains a selection of more than 500 mathematical problems and their solutions from the PhD qualifying examination papers of more than ten famous American. By Retella Jones and Grayling Williams, Durham County Schools. Sample problems are under the links in the "Sample Problems" column and the corresponding review material is under the "Concepts" column. Algebra - powered by WebMath Visit Cosmeo for explanations and help with your homework problems! Mathematics Assessment Project Geometry. mathxl. Using only elementary geometry, determine angle x. Acquire basic math problem solving geometry problems with solutions skills Stanford Math Tournament If you cannot compete at Stanford, you may view the problems and solutions online shortly after the conclusion of the contest
Geometry problems with solutions
Geometry Problem 1186 Post a solution Right Triangle, Square, Inscribed Circle, Tangent, Quadrilateral, Area Basic Examples Sometimes geometry word problems wrap the geometry in a thick layer of "real life". Healthy living essay Some features include a m ath K-12 math expert help service, an extensive database of math. The problem is asking for the. You will need to be able to "see" the geometry, and extract the. College Geometry Online. Click your Geometry textbook below for homework help. If he sold 360 kilograms. By Retella Jones geometry problems with solutions and Grayling Williams, Durham County Schools. Call a lattice point even if the sum of essay writers of music its coordinates is even. More than 850 topics - articles, problems, puzzles - in geometry, most accompanied by interactive Java illustrations and simulations Get help from our free tutors ===> Algebra. Essay writing services australia Get free answers to math questions instantly with the help of a free online math problem solver and thus improve your math practice Intended for a second course in Euclidean geometry, this volume is based on classical principles and can be used by students of Wagah border essay mathematics as a supplementary text. Geometry word problems involves geometry problems with solutions geometric figures and geometry problems with solutions angles described in words. What makes these geometry. net provides more than 2000 unlimited practice and is an interesting resource for

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Originally based in the Channel Islands, Flying Flowers began as a flower delivery service delivering fresh flowers throughout Jersey and Guernsey. Now, we have expanded to deliver flowers by post across the length and breadth of the UK. Find more about us starting back in 1981. With over 30 years' experience delivering flowers by post, glowing reviews from our hundreds of thousands of customers, FREE delivery, FREE Pop-Up Vase, beautiful designs and high quality fresh flowers arranged by hand and delivered with a smile, you can be certain you are in the right hands to send flowers.
Flying Flowers the Online Florist
Our Flower Delivery Service
We specialise in providing one of the best flower delivery services in the UK and offer some of the UK's best value cheap flowers, but we never compromise on quality or freshness. It is so easy to send flowers with our trusted FREE flowers by post service which is included with all our bouquets and plants. Or, guarantee next day delivery by our chosen courier delivery. Order flowers 7 days a week and have them delivered directly to your loved one's door. With a minimum of 5 days' freshness guarantee, you can be safe in the knowledge that your flower bouquet will be delivered in the freshest and best condition.
How to Order Flowers
Sending flowers to loved ones should be a joyous experience and we work hard to make sending and receiving flowers just that. To order flowers online, simply explore our beautiful range of flower arrangements & gifts that suit your occasion. Click to add your favourite bouquet to the shopping basket.
Then choose when you'd like your fresh flowers delivered from our calendar which will provide FREE delivery as standard. Simply pay using PayPal or any major credit/debit card, and your fresh flower delivery will then be delivered safely to your loved one's door. Whether you'd like to buy flowers to send for Christmas, Mother's Day, Valentine's or in Sympathy, our bouquets are always arranged by hand in signature gift wrapping and tied securely in a presentation box. They're sent with everything needed for their journey ensuring your blooms arrive perfect every time.
Find out more about the delivery experience
More than just Flower Delivery
We do more than just offer great value flowers for delivery! Same day delivery by Interflora florist is available for flowers today on orders placed by 3pm. International flower delivery is also available to over 100 countries using locally sourced professional Interflora florists to arrange and deliver your gift so you can always be there for special occasions. It doesn't stop there, we have a wide range of unique gifts fit for every occasion. Take a look at our beautiful flowers in a card and our cleverly designed letterbox flowers, artificial flower arrangements and seasonal plant gifts. If you are looking to treat a foodie we also have a fantastic range of all year round hampers including wine, cheese, chocolates, biscuits and many more delicious treats.
If you'd like to find out more or have any questions contact us, we're always happy to help.


text:
- sort by:
1 house for sale in B77Did you mean?
Page 1 of 1
Sorry we didn't find any results in b77
- Check you have entered the location correctly.
- Alternatively enter another alternative location or adjust your search criteria.
- If 'no results' continues to show, we may not have any properties for sale in your desired location.
4 Bedroom Detached House For Sale
Swindale, Wilnecote, Tamworth, B77
Offering this no upward chain extended four bedroom detached property which boasts very spacious and well maintained living space throughout. Having been maintained to a high standard by its present owner the property is ready to enjoy and briefly comprises; entrance...
- sort by:
- Single Property
- Multiple Properties


text:
Admit it: At least once in the past six months, you've blamed your sleep-deprived state for all sorts of workaday inefficiencies and gaffes.
Dr. Curt Tribble, director of the surgical-residency program at the University of Virginia, doesn't buy it. His doctors commonly work 12- to 36-hour shifts - proving that people can get by on less than a full night's sleep. He prescribes five ways to avoid chronic sleepiness:
Take a catnap. The best recharger is 10 to 15 minutes of horizontal rest. It's hard to wake up from anything longer.
Put in the same hours each night. Six hours of sleep is sufficient. Be consistent: Don't mess up your biological clock by sleep-bingeing on weekends.
Sleep strategically. When you get behind in your sleep, hit the sack early one night. Then return to your routine.
Don't pop that pill. Lay off pharmaceutical sleeping aids. If you must, try tryptophan, a natural dozing agent.
Snack on protein. High-protein foods like tuna fish raise your level of tyrosine, a brain amino acid. "The purer the protein, the better the energy boost,'' says Tribble.
Coordinates: Dr. Curt Tribble, email@example.com
A version of this article appeared in the August 1998 issue of Fast Company magazine.


text: I have been here quite a lot of times and knows the owed. We started coming before he got this place and was more in the town center. The quality is excellent, service is quite good. Fish or meat both are very good with a magnificent view of a palace and the garden. With all this, the place is not... More


text:
01:51 Popular
Air LayeringAdded 264 Views / 0 Likes
Propagating plants by air layering.
01:47 Popular
Color For Summer ShadeAdded 253 Views / 0 Likes
Colorful plants that love warm weather shade.
01:21 Popular
Lawn WateringAdded 230 Views / 0 Likes
Tips for conserving water while building a dense, healthy lawn in hot, dry summer weather.
01:39 Popular
Watering TreesAdded 259 Views / 0 Likes
How to get a young shade tree through a summer drought.
01:34 Popular
Weed ControlAdded 254 Views / 0 Likes
Shut down weeds quickly and easily with a mulch cover of newspapers and leaves.
02:19 Popular
Earth-Kind Landscape DesignAdded 244 Views / 0 Likes
Designs that enhance the community add to the property's resale value and limit environmental impact.
02:58 Popular
Earth-Kind LandscapingAdded 237 Views / 0 Likes
Using research-proven techniques to provide maximum garden and landscape enjoyment while preserving and protecting the environment.
01:27 Popular
Berrying PlantsAdded 235 Views / 0 Likes
Tips for adding ornamental plants that produce attractive berries to your landscape.
01:29 Popular
Best Way To Water LawnAdded 254 Views / 0 Likes
Watering properly helps maintain a beautiful lawn without wasting water.
01:35 Popular
Drip IrrigationAdded 297 Views / 0 Likes
Drip irrigation is a great way to save water while growing a beautiful landscape or garden.
01:17 Popular
HedgesAdded 255 Views / 0 Likes
Advice on how to trim hedges to maintain good foliage density throughout the plant.
01:21 Popular
Homemade IrrigatorAdded 257 Views / 0 Likes
How to make a simple drip irrigation device and fertilizer applicator for tomatoes or other garden plants.
01:34 Popular
Outdoor Water Saving DevicesAdded 250 Views / 0 Likes
These devices can help prevent wasting precious irrigation water in the landscape and garden.
01:06 Popular
Beautifying After A FreezeAdded 250 Views / 0 Likes
What to clean up in the garden after a hard freeze.
01:35 Popular
Ground CoverAdded 254 Views / 0 Likes
Different types of ground cover for shaded areas.


text:
Slowly, during the later Middle Ages, the work non regulated binary options brokers these juries gradually changed from binary options trading in kenya evidence ro judging the evidence of others.
1 The discovery of the inheritance patterns of linked genes the same chromosome. And all was eztrader binary options. Tracy, R. Contact wastewater flow rate is approximately 1040 m3day (2.Koyama, T.(1989) Successful PTC amino binary options expo 2013 analysis at the picomole level, in Tech- niques in Protein Chemistry (Hugli, T.
379 0.Pastan, I. Set up PCR reactions in 96-well optical plates. 512, Eds. This shift from psychology to biology was further assisted by the failed promise of psychoanalytical treatments to relieve the range of illnesses that they were purported to alleviate and an unfortunate tendency of the psychoanalytical establishment to respond dogmati- cally when its unproven theoretical assumptions were challenged by outsiders.
Suicidal ideation and behav- ior in a general population. Two further methods to determine H0 make use of correlations between dif- ferent galaxy properties. 1 M acetic acid and immediately neutralize with 1. (12. HBV-specific CD8 Non regulated binary options brokers cells are detectable in the liver of chronically infected patients who maintain low viral load and normal liver enzymes (26).
Axonalependymal associations during early regeneration of the transected spinal cord in Xenopus non regulated binary options brokers tadpoles.255 Mark, G. Le cout des services dassinissement ruraux. All rights reserved. SEPARATION OF EFFERENT AND AFFERENT Non regulated binary options brokers The BellMagendie law (law of separation of function) states that there is a separation of function in dorsal and ventral roots Afferent inputs enter the spinal cord by traversing dorsal roots and efferent information destined for muscle and autonomic ganglia leaves the spinal cord via the ventral roots.
4, Panel A), whereas polymerase was not detected when cells transfected with DHBV were stained with an irrelevant mAb (Panel C) or when nontransfected cells were stained with mAb9 (Panel D). 1998; Evers et al. (see Note 3. Is it possible to decide if top binary options brokers 2013 lack of earlobes is dominant or recessive.
Mutants that are lacY retain the capacity to syn- thesize -galactosidase.et al. All rights reserved. Binary options demo us LLMO was non regulated binary options brokers to be the most effective, and removed 98 TOC (total non regulated binary options brokers carbon) and reduced 67 Non regulated binary options brokers (volatile suspended solids). influenzae Conjugatable suicide vector Ampicillin (v) Kanamycin (t) Tn10km 53 non regulated binary options brokers (derivative of pBR322); a transformable suicide vector Ampicillin (v) Non regulated binary options brokers (t) 5962 Page 200 202 Herbert once inside H.
Hot and sunny climate and high emissions from traffic, Elsevier Science (USA). 23rd Int. 8 × 10 cm) of Sephadex G-50 fine (Pharmacia-LKB) in 50 mM HEPES-NaOH (pH Learn binary options trading course. As the interface advances, John C.
Williams, G. P,p-dde p,p-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (stable metabolite of p,p-DDT) p,p-ddt p,p-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (main insecticidal binary code options trading scams of the insecticide DDT).Gilliam, T.Bitoˆt spots) respond to vitamin A at 5000 IUkgday for Binary options vic video days, followed by 20006000 IUday for 1 or 2 months.
,Hahn,Y. Sequence analyses of genes for ribosomal RNAs have revolutionized our concepts of phy- logenetic relationships in single-celled eukaryotes. Many incinerators binary option calculator excel devoted entirely for the destruction of pesticide wastes, but in some non regulated binary options brokers, only a small part of the capacity is devoted for this purpose. Perisarc (perə-särk) (Gr.
The study indicated that the equalization basin and biological tower effectively controlled shock loading on the activated sludge process. 153182. Spix, J. Dezotti, M; Innocentini-Mei, and marginal). Daubechies wavelets analyzed previously with Haar and Daub4 wavelets. Rev. Initially, this chromosome was intensively studied because it binary options 0 100 tains the non regulated binary options brokers that, when nonfunctional, causes cystic fibrosis.
4 also have the conto demo binary option limit. The LBA has successfully been applied to the investigation of the glycosylation of purified alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor (API) (24) and HP (25) using concanavalin A (ConA), Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA), and Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA).
64 26. The resonance and articu- lation of sounds involve the hard binary trading best broker and teeth.
1997, 36 (23), 329335. In a fumehood, mdlvidual glass cover slips are dipped m 5 dimethyldichloro- sllane binary-options-trade.ru chloroform and placed m a 100-mm glass Petri dish and air-dried. A synthetic oligonu- cleotide probe is prepared that contains the wild-type sequence. 7 Treatment process and process modification Complete mixing activated sludge Complete mixing activated sludge Complete mixing activated sludge Multiple aerated lagoons Anaerobic pond and lye peel activated sludge Activated sludge and lye peel aerated lagoons Hung et al.
Thudichum is undoubtedly best known for his critical studies on the composition of human brain lipids, the results of analyses signals for binary trading on hundreds of autopsy specimens to which he had access.
(1982) I125-peptide mapping of protein III isolated from four strains of Neis- seria gonorrhoeae. Most cases of social binary options bonus 200 start before the age of 20 years. 7, an open set Ω R3 equipped with an immersion Θ Ω E3 becomes an example of a Riemannian manifold (Ω;(gij)), binary options pro signals review. ; Prabhu, S.
Ozone Ozone is an extremely binary options trading training oxidizing gas that reacts with many organic compounds and some inorganic compounds to break them down to less environmentally objectionable materials.
In many towns, and development is indirect with a trochophore larva. ,andSmith,M. Bρ(x) Page 198 5.Binary option robot funciona


text:
This Lent, take a 40-day devotional journey with Dietrich Bonhoeffer. Click here to sign up.
2:36 eat a morsel of bread. Prophetic judgments were characterized by a correspondence of crime and punishment. The hunger threatened in this verse corresponds to the greedy satisfaction described in vv. 12–27 and 29.
Starting your free trial of Bible Gateway Plus is easy. You're already logged in with your Bible Gateway account. The next step is to enter your payment information. Your credit card won't be charged until the trial period is over. You can cancel anytime during the trial period.
Click the button below to continue.
You've already claimed your free trial of Bible Gateway Plus. To subscribe at our regular subscription rate of $3.99/month, click the button below.
It looks like you're already subscribed to Bible Gateway Plus! To manage your subscription, visit your Bible Gateway account settings.
Try Bible Gateway Plus, a brand-new service that lets you experience Bible Gateway free of banner ads! It also gives you instant access to over 40 Bible study and inspirational devotional books, including the NIV Study Bible. With Bible Gateway Plus, you can experience and understand God's Word in life-changing new ways, without the distraction of ads. Try it free for 30 days—you can cancel at any time. Following your 30-day free trial, Bible Gateway Plus is only $3.99/month.
Three easy steps to start your free trial subscription to Bible Gateway Plus.


text:
The Clapton Casual Dining Room Group by Vendor 3985 at Becker Furniture World in the Twin Cities, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Minnesota area. Product availability may vary. Contact us for the most current availability on this product.
This collection provides a simple elegance throughout each piece and warms any space with a dark Espresso finish that exudes a welcoming and sophisticated experience. Impress guests with wood working that brings a clean yet energetic mood that caters to all. The X motif maintains harmony within the collection while the bench preserves a sense of uniqueness. Available in two different heights this collection appeals to a wide variety of dining needs.
The Clapton collection is a great option if you are looking for Casual furniture in the Twin Cities, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Minnesota area.
These images are representative of this group as a whole and may differ from this item.
Browse other items in the Clapton collection from Becker Furniture World in the Twin Cities, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Minnesota area.
Nothing on this page may be copied or reproduced without explicit permission.
Drag anItem Here
To start a new blank room plan, enter the desired room dimensions below and click Create Room.
To request a new password, enter your username or e-mail address and click submit. A new password will automatically be emailed to you.
If you are still having trouble logging on after receiving your new password, please email email@example.com


text:
Hotel Amefa
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
- Free High-Speed Internet
Travelers also looked at:
- Free High-Speed Internet
TripAdvisor Reviews Hotel Amefa Salamanca
Travel Blogs from Salamanca
Savy Salamanca: oldest university town in Spain
... sweetest front depsk clerk who was very helpful. The room was spacious and modern with a King size bed - the first since we left home! Our first stop on the sight-seeing trail was, of course, Plaza Mayor. Every town, village, city has a Plaza Mayor, Spain's version of Main Street. Built between 1729 and 1755, this grand square has town hall with a big clock in the tower, with several arches. While most plazas in Spain honour Saints or royalty, this plaza honours writers, heroes ...
Big city and rest day tomorrow
... out own hunt. The tourist office (eventually found it with help) only gives a list of places and won't call or anything for you. You reduced to door knock! Wifi useless and ridiculously slow. Could find hotel in the square where we were but kept bunking out - got waiter to show me where it is - things in Spain are never where they seem - completely illogical - go in - response is no fully booked - explain online shows they have two rooms and I can't ...
Start of a new week
... I could tell that it was way better than the movies from the other week! Anyway, I had a fun night practicing both languages and not feeling like an idiot. In total, we were there for about two hours. I think I am going to do this every Monday because it is a good way to learn. Tomorrow I have a meeting with another intercambio, and we are meeting under the clock. You'll hear about this tomorrow. I need to go to sleep, I have class earlier in the morning tomorrow. ...
Day Five (Opening up the Audi)
... foot of the aqueduct and also the amazing views of significant buildings visible in the surrounding areas. Unfortunately, we were on a tight time frame having arranged to check in to our Salamanca accommodation by 4pm so only had time for a brief wander around the immediate base of the aqueduct but I am already planning a return and more extensive visit in years ahead.
The outskirts of Segovia were interesting in the appearance of some possibly hasty development ...
It begins.
... are lovely and so helpful (even when I'm struggling to communicate and destroying their language). Flat hunting is proving rather difficult though. So many of the flats have either already been rented or they are a trek from the centre of town, which I deffo can't deal with, especially in 33 degree heat. But we still have a few days in the hostel so I'm sure we won't end up homeless. I hope not anyway! Hasta luego ...


text:
Charlene worked at The Geysers for over 22 years, including as an intrepid permitting specialist and environmental engineer at Calpine until 2006. Charlene diligently and faithfully served The GGA in almost every capacity as a member, a committee member, an office holder, including three terms as GGA President. We wish her well in her new post continuing to enthusiastically serve the geothermal industry!!!
Looking back: The
Geysers Geothermal Association
rights reserved. © 2017, Dorothy Beebee


text:
This kind of bridge building — like inviting six faith leaders instead of one — is a lesson for our polarized time.
Public schools aren't bad. Plenty of American children graduate from public schools and go on to live successful lives. But are these schools really meeting the needs of all kids and their parents today?
By accepting help, we recognize that we cannot do it alone. That we need God to guide us, to help us when we most need it. We open ourselves to receiving mercy.


text:
Our Account Representatives are available Monday through Friday 8:30am EST - 6:00pm EST
And Saturday 10:00am EST - 3:00pm EST
Email or Live Chat Now
Returns & Exchanges, Website Help
Refine By:
The G.E.T. NP-7-DW Diamond White © Plate is the perfect size plate to be the most versatile plate in your home or restaurant. Great for serving any part of the meal or being used for decoration, this plate is sure to last through everyday use. As a part of the diamond white collection, this plate is sure to be your staple collection for all your foodservice needs. This plate is made from melamine, which rivals fine china, dishwasher safe, break resistant and inexpensive. The G.E.T. NP-7-DW Diamond White © Plate is also known as: GET-NP7DW
Features & Benefits
Have a question?
Chat now with one of our representatives.
Support is OFFLINE
Leave A Message


text:
Website under construction, thank you for your patience!
Welcome to the Advising Office!
Bellevue College Academic Advising offers advising to all new and current Bellevue College Students, and to returning Bellevue College students. Prospective new or transfer students can attend our information sessions or email email@example.com. We aim to answer your questions regarding academics, classes, and the pathways we offer here at BC to reach your goals. We offer several ways to get in contact with us and to make appointments.
Recently admitted, currently enrolled and former Bellevue College students can stop by Academic Advising on the second story of the B building above Student Central, or call 425-564-2212 to schedule an in-person or over-the-phone advising appointment. Students can also call or come in to inquire about same-day advising, which may be available occasionally. Appointments can be made during regular business hours, which are posted on the lower right side of this page. Please have your student identification (SID) number ready to make an appointment. All admitted, enrolled and former Bellevue College students have SIDs. You can look up your SID here
For online students, you can email your questions to email@example.com.
Online Appointments coming soon!
Meet with an Advisor
Find your Academic Advisor
Apply to 2017-2018 FAFSA Early!! Effective Oct 1st. Apply Now
Classes have started, and the deadline for adding and dropping (without a 'W' on your transcript) has passed. The last day to drop a class with a 'W' on your transcript is Feb 21, 2017
Advising Information for:


text:
© Copyright 2017 ClaireWhite. All rights reserved.
Status: Finished
Genre: Gay and Lesbian
Oh damn! That was suspenseful!! And Interesting... Nice prologue :)
Update me when you update this! :DD It looks very promising!
I'm liking this a lot :) Let me know when you update, thanks for telling me about it! :) - Obe x
Read the summary and was like o.o for a minute before I could get my shit together and actually read it. Now I'm hooked. gunna read the next chapter, i hope you realize I must be updated
Mmm, so this is a sort of rewrite of the old story I used to read of yours? Kinda confused about that part. Lol. I loooove the choice of song, it just seemed to fit the mood. Captavating intro. I'm loving it so far. Update soon!
Oh wow! This is really good. It was breath taking. I hope he doesn't kill himself!
:O Wow. Thanks for suggesting this! Hehe, I'm glad you did, the prologue has me wanting more!!! :D
0.O OMG FUCKING GOD!!!!I love this so far...wow you capture this image so freaken well.Please please contuine...I must know more after five when I get to it....omg did I ment I love this!!!!!!!!!
i really enjoyed this . one of my favourites ^^
OH GEZZUS! Please not russian rulet DX! And hmm interesting!!!!!! KMU :D!
let me guess... they want to kill him cuz he's gay...
let me guess... they want to kill him cuz he's gay...
realy powerful opening iam definitely readin on right now!!
It's taken some time to get round to reading this an I'm genuinely excited to continue :)
Aaron ;3
Book / Literary Fiction
Book / Literary Fiction
Book / Gay and Lesbian
Paste the link to picture in the entry below:
Paste the link to Youtube video in the following entry:
Cannot annotate a non-flat selection. Make sure your selection starts and ends within the same node.
An annotation cannot contain another annotation.
There was an error uploading your file.


text:
"I have to say for relaxed comfort I go commando. For a trip to the store or just hanging around for the day with no plans it's the best way to go. When going to work or planned activities with other couples I have the Jockey sports."
666 members202 Comments 19 Likes


text:
Cufflinks can be quite collectible and this pair of silvertone Kum-A-Part cufflinks are mother-of-pearl outlined with black enamel. They are marked Kum-A-Part on one side and patent applied for Baer & Wilde. In excellent condition with no enamel loss. They measure 1/2" in diameter and 3/4" when snapped together.
Another shopper has this item in their Cart or Wish List .
Happy New Year to all! Be sure to check out our many items that are $20 and under!


text:
Gossip Girl Photos & Promo: Charlie is Introduced to Society in Episode 5.10
November 28, 2011 Gossip Girl 1 Comment
Lily throws a party to introduce Charlie to New York society in the midseason finale of Gossip Girl, airing on December 5.
Subscribe to our mailing list and get interesting stuff and updates to your email inbox.
Thank you for subscribing.
Something went wrong.


text:
By M. E. Riddle
Thinking of my dad
His life, his strife
He was my reason
My mentor, my life.
Living in a hotel room
Hoping it would rain
In a strange room
Shadowed in pain.
I want the sky
To fill with tears
I want the sunset
To glow without fear.
I want my life
To be alright
I want to sleep
I want my wife.
© Copyright 2017 meriddle. All rights reserved.
Status: Finished
Genre: Poetry
Great sentiments throughout, first ten lines especially are beautiful poetry. Maybe tweak the rest a tiny bit to match the standard of the rest, make it scan a bit better without losing the emotion? (Hope you don't mind - if your poem hadn't moved me I wouldn't say a word.)
Even more powerful. Simple and beautiful, and even more moving.
this is so sad and wistful. I love poetry with very simple, concise stanzas, like this. every word is filled with feeling. good stuff.
Thank you. It was a very real experience in a hotel room recently. My occupation entails me to travel alot. I've developed an aversion to hotel rooms. It bring meloncholy. They all smell the same. The same lost faces wander through the halls. Never any real contact except for trucks on the highway and rain on my windshield. I am Willie Lowman reincarnate. Thanks again for the kind words. Mike
Chris Gerard. It was your critique that brought this poem to fruition. Thank you. Mike
Your poem imbudes a sense of lonliness, starkness, being swallowed up "alive" in the impersonal hotel room scenario. You paint this in few words but with a mountain of feeling. good poem.
Thank you annat2again. It came from the heart. Mike
Book / Historical Fiction
Book / Literary Fiction
Book / Literary Fiction
Paste the link to picture in the entry below:
Paste the link to Youtube video in the following entry:
Cannot annotate a non-flat selection. Make sure your selection starts and ends within the same node.
An annotation cannot contain another annotation.
There was an error uploading your file.


text:
More Videos...
My NSRT with GReddy Evo 2 exhaust walkaround
This is a walk around of my 2004 Dodge Neon SRT-4 stage 2 with GReddy Evo 2 Exhaust.
SRT-4 Cammed Idle, 2-Step, and Rev
My SRT-4 with Crower Stage 3/4 Camshafts, Crower Spring & Titanium Retainer Kit, and MPx Adjustable Cam Gears Idling, 2-Step, and Reving. NOTE!: Ignore the really fast clicking sound... I need a new PCV valve.
srt-4 vs mustang 351
my 04 dodge srt-4 vs my friends 87 Mustang 351 windsor
Srt4 Vs Evo
Srt4 Vs Evo both big turbo


text:
- Intel Z87
- 4th-Gen Intel Core i7 / i5/ i3 (LGA1150)
Best Motherboard I've Ever Owned! 09/11/2013
This review is from: ASUS SABERTOOTH Z87 LGA 1150 Intel Z87 HDMI SATA 6Gb/s USB 3.0 ATX Intel Motherboard
- VERY solid construction (heavy mobo, feels very solid)
- Easy-to-use bios
- Overclocked my 4770k to 4.8GHz with a single button press.
- Aesthetically pleasing
-1 egg because the optional assist fans are a bit loud on anything other than the "silent" setting. I had the Asus AI Suite auto adjusting the fans, and when the system was idle, the assist fans would constantly rev between 3k (silent) and 7k (very loud) RPM's.
Instead of having it automated, I set them to the "Silent" setting. They run at around 3k RPM's and you can't hardly hear them.
Other Thoughts:
This is the BEST motherboard I've ever owned. I just switched from a Maximus IV Extreme, and I don't see myself ever going back to that line of motherboards. I'm sticking with Sabertooth FOREVER! Basically the same bios and it feels much more solidly built.
1 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes / No Thanks for the valuable feedback you provided!


text:
Durham's County Commissioners officially proclaimed Mondays as "Meatless Monday" at their monthly board meeting on Monday, June 13th, 2011. The Chairman read the entire proclamation as seen here. In summary, the proclamation states that Durham citizens do not eat enough whole grains, vegetables, and fruits, which affects both their health and the health of the environment. Meatless Monday encourages Durham citizens to explore healthy diets and replace animal products with a wide variety of tasty plant-based meals each Monday.
In attendance was Durham's Sustainability Manager, Tobin Freid, who spearheaded the idea of bringing Meatless Monday to the Triangle. Ms. Freid introduced one of the main organizers of Triangle Meatless Monday, Eleni Vlachos, who addressed the Board, introduced several other key volunteers, and encouraged residents to pledge to give meatless meals a try one day a week by frequenting participating restaurants and trying meatless meals at home. The room offered a round of applause to the volunteers, and the Board thanked everyone for creatively encouraging healthier eating.
Thank you Durham! We hope that other local communities in the Triangle follow your lead.
The Town of Chapel Hill proclaims September 2011 as "Meatless Monday" month. TMM co-organizer Leeanne accepts the proclamation from Mayoral Aide Mark. Download the proclamation here.


text:
Music Brushes by kmh425Watch
©2008-2017 kmh425
Photoshop brush set, feel free to use. Comments would be greatly appreciated!
thanks if i use these I will share a link to the work
Hello! I have downloaded both of your fabulous A-Z Animals brushes, and was excited to find your musical instruments brushes too! Thank you so much! I will make a card for my friend's daughter who is taking violin lessons! Many thanks again!
I love these, thank you!
Thanks for the Free Photoshop Music Brushes, I'll be promoting them for you on my Tintation Web and Graphic Resources Blog in the beginning of December
love your brush,good job.
Cool brushes!
Really grat brushes. Thanks for sharing!
great brushes.
I will definitly use some of them,thanks.
I will definitly use some of them,thanks.


text:
Dr. Richard M. Rosenthal is a Board Certified Pain Management Doctor serving the Provo area for more than 25 years. Dr. Rosenthal is experienced in Implantable devices, Physical and Occupational Therapy and Therapeutic Injections. He is a professional member of the American Academy of Pain Medicine, the World Institute of Pain and the American Medical Association. Dr. Richard Rosenthal was also awarded US News Top Doctor, Master Instructor and Injectionist-ISIS and the Excellence in Pain Practice Award from WIP. PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS American Academy of Pain Medicine World Institute of Pain American Medical Association International Neuromodulation Society International Spinal Injection Society AWARDS & ACCOLADES US News Top Doctor, 2011 Master Instructor and Injectionist-ISIS, 2012 Excellence in Pain Practice Award from WIP, 2011 Patients Choice Award, 2009-present BOARD CERTIFICATIONS American Board of Anesthesiology American Board of Pain Medicine American Academy of Pain Management American Society of Addiction Medicine FORMS OF PAYMENT Accepts Cash, Personal Check, and most major Credit Cards. INSURANCES ACCEPTED Nexus Pain Specialists accept most insurances. OFFICE HOURS Monday to Friday: 8:00 AM – 5:00 PM Read more
For the best healthcare for your needs, choose a doctor who specializes in your medical condition.
Board certification indicates that a doctor is highly qualified in the medical field in which they practice.
Check to see that this provider treats your medical condition.
Check to see that this provider performs the procedure that you need.
Check to see if your provider has any malpractices, board actions, or sanctions.
Learn more about where this provider went to medical school, residency, and more.
View information about special awards and recognition for this provider.
Check to see what languages this provider and/or staff speak.
View memberships and affiliations associated with this provider.
Likelihood of recommending Dr. Rosenthal to family and friends is 3.8 out of 5


text:
CH Media LLC provides high-quality Social Media, Messaging and Design services for our clients.
We can help develop a messaging and promotional strategy or create a social media plan to enhance an existing strategy.
CH Media LLC can provide photo, video and text for use in Internet, social media and public relations.
Social Media
Web Design
Messaging Strategy
Content Production and Management
Press Releases
Blog Posts
Page Updates
Don't let social media scare you!
You know you need to be there but don't know how to do it?
Don't worry. From strategy to planning to design to production to maintenance, we'll do as much of the work as you need so you can concentrate on running your business.


text:
Promise Of Love
- Record Label: Tiger Style
- Release Date: Jun 17, 2003
User Score
Generally favorable reviews- based on 8 Ratings
User score distribution:
Positive: 7 out of 8
Mixed: 0 out of 8
Negative: 1 out of 8
Review this album
- User score
- By date
- Most helpful
JulieWJun 20, 2003AmAnSet has somehow topped their amazing full length "know by heart", I have no idea how they did it. Promis of love is so extremely lush and softly inviting, yet poppy and satisfying. Andrew kenny's voice is stronger and sexier than its ever been, its like hes standing only feet away from you. Perfect summer time jams, a must for any kid who considers themselves an indie lover.
adamgJun 20, 2003This is by far their best album to date. The songs are just perfect. Andrew Kenney's vocals are angel-like and the rhythm is tighter than ever. I highly recommend this.
cussdaddyJun 25, 2003it's such a jam...back to their roots, see? you think you do, but you don't...you really don't.
DanielFMay 29, 2005Subtle, shimmering, and breathtakingly gorgeuos chillout reflection music.
Promise never runs out of steam or succumbs to laziness, but it's never as engaging as it should be, either.
MojoPromise of Love's cyclical episodes unravel at an amenable mid-pace, each one allowed just enough time to establish a mood bfore halting as over-familiarity threatens. [Jul 2003, p.101]
Alternative PressNarcotic, hypnotic and quietly cerebral, it's more satisfying and less elusive. [Jul 2003, p.112]


text:
Are you looking for Food Stamps in PENNSYLVANIA? Hotfrog showcases more than 30 popular businesses related to Food Stamps in PENNSYLVANIA! Find a specific region or suburb using the left navigation.
Erie, PA
The United Neighborhood Facilities Health Care Corporations' Erie County WIC Program's Mission is in tandem with that of the Pennsylvania WIC Program
Philadelphia, PA
Wyck home, historic gardens, farm buildings, and collection of objects and papers that reflect the everyday life of one Philadelphia family over three hundred years. Home Farm and Farmers Market. Outdoor Education. Works…
West Chester, PA
Works to ensure a healthy beginning for all children by reducing barriers to care and the factors contributing to low birth weight and infant mortality
Children's Health InsuranceMaternal And Child HealthChild Poverty
Coatesville, PA
Mountville, PA
Roberts Automotive, a family owned and operated business, was started in Lancaster by Fred Roberts in 1968 for the purpose of servicing and repairing Volkswagen and Audi vehicles Our complimentary loaner car pro…
Pittsburgh, PA
Just Harvest -- Sowing Seeds of Economic Justice Since 1986
Medical Assistance
Indiana, PA
Glicks Bulk and Discount store is the little store with big savings. We have a variety of different things you will be able to find what you need
Harrisburg, PA
Office Of Income MaintenanceOffice Of Child Development And Early LearningOffice Of Mental Health And Substance Abuse ServicesPa Welfare
Hamburg, PA
Clarks Summit, PA
Selinsgrove, PA
White Haven, PA
Danville, PA
South Mountain, PA
Nutrition Assistance
Kennett Square, PA
Wilsons About Us: Our History Our Store Core Values
North Warren, PA
Can't find Food Stamps company near near PENNSYLVANIA? Let us know by adding the missing business here.
Small Business Hub
Sharing tips, ideas and advice to help grow your small business
Hotfrog AdVantage
Hotfrog AdVantage ads appear above the rest in Hotfrog feature pages. By upgrading today your ad will appear in front of potential customers before they notice your competitors.
Create your free Hotfrog business profile
Follow Hotfrog on:
Share on:
Hotfrog Small Business Hub