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|Table of Contents
|Vol. 58, No. 5, 2012
Issue release date: August 2012
|Section title: Regenerative and Technological Section / Original Paper
Virtualizing the Assessment: A Novel Pragmatic Paradigm to Evaluate Lower Extremity Joint Perception in DiabetesGrewal G.a · Sayeed R.a · Yeschek S.a · Menzies R.A.b · Talal T.K.b · Lavery L.A.c · Armstrong D.G.d · Najafi B.a, d
aCenter for Lower Extremity Ambulatory Research (CLEAR), Scholl College of Podiatric Medicine, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Ill., USA; bDiabetic Foot and Wound Center, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Co., Doha, Qatar; cDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Tex., and dSouthern Arizona Limb Salvage Alliance (SALSA), Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Ariz., USA Corresponding Author
Bijan Najafi, PhD
Interdisciplinary Consortium for Advanced Motion Performance (iCAMP)
Southern Arizona Limb Salvage Alliance (SALSA)
University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue
Tucson, AZ 85724-5072 (USA), Tel. +1 520 626 1349, E-Mail firstname.lastname@example.com
Background: Individuals with diabetes have a higher risk of falls and fall-related injuries. People with diabetes often develop peripheral neuropathy (DPN) as well as nerve damage throughout the body. In particular, reduced lower extremity proprioception due to DPN may cause a misjudgment of foot position and thus increase the risk of fall. Objective: An innovative virtual obstacle-crossing paradigm using wearable sensors was developed in an attempt to assess lower extremity position perception damage due to DPN. Methods: 67 participants (age 55.4 ± 8.9, BMI 28.1 ± 5.8) including diabetics with and without DPN as well as aged-matched healthy controls were recruited. Severity of neuropathy was quantified using a vibratory perception threshold (VPT) test. The ability of perception of lower extremity was quantified by measuring obstacle-crossing success rate (OCSR), toe-obstacle clearance (TOC), and reaction time (TR) while crossing a series of virtual obstacles with heights at 10% and 20% of the subject's leg length. Results: No significant difference was found between groups for age and BMI. The data revealed that DPN subjects had a significantly lower OCSR compared to diabetics with no neuropathy and controls at an obstacle size of 10% of leg length (p < 0.05). DPN subjects also demonstrated longer TR compared to other groups and for both obstacle sizes. In addition, TOC was reduced in neuropathy groups. Interestingly, a significant correlation between TR and VPT (r = 0.5, p < 10–3) was observed indicating a delay in reaction with increasing neuropathy severity. The delay becomes more pronounced by increasing the size of the obstacle. Using a regression model suggests that the change in TR between obstacle sizes of 10% and 20% of leg length is the most sensitive predictor for neuropathy severity with an odds ratio of 2.70 (p = 0.02). Conclusion: The findings demonstrate proof of a concept of virtual-reality application as a promising method for objective assessment of neuropathy severity, however a further study is warranted to establish a stronger relationship between the measured parameters and neuropathy.
© 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel
Virtual reality Diabetes peripheral neuropathy Lower extremity joint perception Body-worn sensors Fall prevention Obstacle crossing
According to the National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC) [1], 20.8 million people in the USA – at least 7% of the population – have diabetes. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common complications of diabetes that affects nerve functions. It is estimated that DPN may occur in 25% of patients with 10 or more years of diabetes and up to 50% with 20 years of diabetes [2]. Among the elderly above 60 years of age with a history of diabetes, DPN can affect more than 50% of the population [3]. The result of long-term diabetes coupled with nerve damage leads to significant deficits in lower limb proprioception, touch sensation, vibration perception, and kinesthesia [4]. Patients with DPN experience a high incidence of injuries while walking and have a low level of perceived safety [5]. In certain cases the impaired judgment – mainly due to impaired proprioceptive feedback – can cause obstacle collision leading to falls and injuries [3,4,6,7,8].
The ankle inversion/eversion proprioceptive threshold for older subjects with DPN has been reported to be five times greater than age-matched subjects without DPN [9]. The reduced joint proprioception makes obstacle negotiation difficult and increases the risk of fall. During the actual phase of obstacle crossing, an individual does not have complete visual information regarding clearance between the obstacle and foot, and thus relies on proprioception for the leading limb and feed-forward mechanism for the trailing limb. Therefore, especially among subjects with degraded balance and lost proprioception of joint position, the risk of contact with obstacle would be high.
Diabetic neuropathy is known to reduce ankle muscle strength even before it is diagnosed [10]. Several studies suggest that diabetes itself may increase the risk of falling, suggesting that degradation in gait and balance may be initiated before diagnosing DPN. For example, Miller et al. [11] demonstrated that individuals with diabetes are 2.5-fold more likely to experience an accidental fall or a fall-related injury than healthy individuals. In the Women's Health and Aging Study (n = 1,002), Volpato et al. [12] reported persons with diabetes demonstrated a 44% increased risk of falls over 3 years through a multivariate model. In a study of osteoporotic fractures (n = 9,249), Schwartz et al. [13] reported a 68% increased fall risk for persons with diabetes. Interestingly, poor balance appears to describe more of the fall risk association than loss of sensation or decreased vibratory perception. Other authors have also described loss of sensation falling out of a multivariate model for conservative gait patterns in persons with diabetes [14]. Schwartz et al. [13] reported poor balance as assessed by tandem gait and standing described 23% and 14% of the fall risk association compared with 3% and 6% for monofilament insensitivity and decreased vibration perception. Thus, identifying subtle gait and balance degradations in patients with diabetes may be helpful for early diagnosis of neuropathy and assessing the associated risk of falling, especially in challenging environments, including obstacle avoidance.
The subtle, early findings that are indicative of postural instability are difficult to accurately assess from a clinical examination, and gait laboratory assessment is not currently available or practical. Thus, unfortunately, many patients that are 'at risk for falls' are undiagnosed. The conventional methods for assessment of gait, balance, and obstacle-crossing ability have been limited to gait laboratories equipped with motion-tracking systems [15,16,17,18,19] which may not be suitable for a clinical environment [20,21,22,23]. In addition, assessing gait and balance in a real condition such as using an actual obstacle could be risky for DPN patients and may cause injury during the test such as hitting the obstacle.
In the current study, we implemented a virtual-reality game-based obstacle-crossing paradigm using wearable sensors for quantifying subject's ability to successfully cross a series of virtual obstacles. The implemented portable system provides real-time joint-position feedback from the lower limbs and uses virtual obstacles thereby posing minimum risk of injury to participants. The visual feedback of the joint position can be removed when desired in order to measure the feed-forward response of the participant to the approaching obstacle.
Sixty-seven eligible subjects, ranging in age from 38 and 75 years, were recruited from podiatry clinics in Chicago, USA and Doha, Qatar over an 8-week period. Subjects were eligible for participation if they were able to walk at least 20 m without any walking aid. Additionally, individuals were required to have the ability to cross obstacles without assistance and no restrictions on the passive ranges of motion of the knees, hips, ankles, and MTP joints. Subjects were excluded if diagnosed with cognitive, vestibular, or central neurological dysfunction, musculoskeletal abnormality, foot ulcers, Charcot's joints, rheumatic diseases, or a history of a balance disorder unrelated to DPN. Furthermore, subjects were excluded if they had previous surgeries, diseases, or disorders other than type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) that caused nerve damage.
Patients with type 2 DM who were diagnosed by the primary physician and satisfied the above inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited. Healthy control subjects were matched to the recruited patients for age (±5 years), gender and BMI. Evidence of DPN was confirmed using the criteria explained in the ADA statement [24] and defined by insensitivity of a 10-gram Semmes-Weinstein monofilament at 1–3 sites in the following locations: hallux, 1st, 3rd, and 5th metatarsal heads and vibratory perception threshold (VPT) of 25 V or higher. Severity of neuropathy was quantified by VPT. Participants were classified into three groups including: group 1: healthy, group 2: type 2 DM without DPN, and group 3: type 2 DM with DPN.
Written consent was obtained from all participants through an IRB-approved consent form. The study was approved by Hamad Medical Corp., Doha, Qatar and the Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Ill., USA.
The current research study implemented a novel obstacle-crossing paradigm with a virtual game-based interface that provides real-time joint-position information to the participant and measures various obstacle-crossing parameters. Participants were presented with a virtual interface on a laptop screen placed in front of them. Their lower extremities were represented as a stick model in the center of the screen with the body facing the right side of the screen as illustrated in figure 1. Any motion of the lower extremities (e.g. lifting the foot from the ground) was captured by five wearable inertial sensors (LegSys™; Biosensics LLC, Cambridge, Mass., USA) attached to each shank, thigh, and the subject's lower back using elastic bands (fig. 1). Each sensor has a tri-axial accelerometer, tri-axial gyroscope and a tri-axial magnetometer. The system has a built-in memory to record and transfer data in real time at a frequency of 100 Hz using a wireless connection based on WiFi protocol. A five-link biomechanical model of the human body was developed to represent each shank and thigh as well as trunk segments and estimate the position of the ankle, knee, and hip joints. The model assumed the hip as a fix joint and animates other segments around the hip joint. The position of each joint was estimated based on the length of each segment and matrix of rotation extracted from the inertial sensors using a quaternion approach [7].
Before the measurement trials began the participants were explained the paradigm and allowed visualization of their limbs on the screen of the computer to become familiar with the system (fig. 2). The height of each individual was inserted to the program to estimate the length of lower body segments including each shank and thigh and estimate the height of the virtual obstacle proportionate to the length of the legs. The method of estimation of body segment length from the subject's stature was described in our previous publication [7]. This technique allows to create a realistic virtual environment for the subject. During measurement trials the stick model representing the lower extremities stood upright in the middle of the computer screen and a virtual obstacle appeared at the right end of the monitor and moved towards the participant at a speed of 0.25 m/s appropriately translated into pixels resolution of the monitor. The participants were expected to avoid the approaching virtual obstacle by lifting their foot off the ground as the obstacle approached closer. If the approaching obstacle was successfully avoided by lifting the foot to an appropriate height, the obstacle disappeared and a positive feedback sound was played. However, if the obstacle was hit, the obstacle disappeared with a negative feedback sound. A total of four blocks were performed – one practice and three assessments. Each block included ten trials of approaching obstacles and the time associated with each block was 2–3 min; a 1-min break between successive blocks was given to avoid fatigue. The obstacle height was chosen based on previously conducted research studies [15,25]. Subjects first initiated practice with an obstacle size of 5% of their leg length to become familiar with the protocol and virtual environment, then performance of subjects in crossing virtual obstacles was examined at 10% and 20% of the subject's leg length. For all trials, a visual and audio feedback was provided as described above. If the participant experienced difficultly in maintaining balance during the trials, the measurements were stopped and no further data was collected.
Performance of the participant for crossing virtual obstacles was quantified by measuring obstacle-crossing success rate (OCSR), toe-obstacle clearance (TOC), and reaction time (TR). OCSR was defined by the number of successful obstacle avoidances divided by the total number of obstacle trials multiplied by 100. TOC was defined as the vertical distance between foot and obstacle's top edge measured from the stick model and virtual obstacle presented on the laptop screen. TR was quantified as time from lifting the foot above a defined threshold to the time the foot successfully avoided or hit the approaching obstacle. Each parameter was estimated for all ten trials at each obstacle size and then averaged for each individual.
Independent-sample Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA test and Scheffé's post-hoc test were used to examine the difference between groups as well as between DPN and other groups. The Mann-Whitney U test (two samples) was used to compare the results between the two groups. Between-groups difference for gender and type of antidiabetic therapy was tested using the χ2 test. Repeated measures ANOVA test was used to examine significant change in performance between different obstacle sizes. If the data was found not to be spherical, a Huynh-Feldt adjustment was used to determine significance. When a significant difference (p < 0.05) was found the least significance difference test was used as the post-hoc test to assess pairwise comparisons. Spearman's correlation of coefficient was used to examine whether change in obstacle clearance parameters had a significant correlation with neuropathy severity quantified by the VPT score. A linear regression model (stepwise) was used to identify significant predictors for predicting neuropathy severity. Results were expressed as means ± SD. A p value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS® version 19.
Sixty-seven participants (age 55.4 ± 8.9, BMI 28.1 ± 5.8) were recruited. Two participants could not follow the protocol and the program crashed resulting in complete loss of data during trials for 4 different participants. Table 1 summarizes the demographic information of subjects included in data analysis for each group. Thirty percent of participants were female. No significant difference was found between groups for age, height, weight, gender, and BMI of participants (p > 0.05). The average history of diabetes for the non-DPN group was 10 ± 7 years and for the DPN group it was 14 ± 8 years. Average VPT was 10.5 ± 5.8, 15.4 ± 6.5, and 44.2 ± 17.7 V respectively for healthy, diabetes without neuropathy, and DPN groups. Hemoglobin A1C level was slightly higher in the neuropathy group compared to non-neuropathy (7.0 ± 1.7 vs. 8.0 ± 2.3%) but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.28, 95% CI = [–2.6, 0.9]).
There was no incidence of complete loss of balance during any of the trials for any participant. Table 2 summarizes obstacle-crossing performance for each group and each obstacle size. Overall, OCSR deteriorated in the DPN group compared to other groups for all obstacle sizes. However, only at an obstacle size of 10% of leg length, the difference achieved a statistically significant level (fig. 3a). At 10% obstacle size, OCSR in the DPN group was reduced 22% and 26% respectively compared to healthy (p = 0.05, diff. = –19%, 95% CI = [–38.0]%) and diabetes without DPN groups (p < 0.01, diff. = –24%, 95% CI = [–42, –5.5]). OCSR at an obstacle size of 10% was negatively correlated with the age (r = –0.33, p = 0.01) and BMI (r = –0.32, p = 0.02) of participants. Interestingly, results also suggest that by increasing neuropathy severity quantified by VPT the obstacle success rate was significantly reduced (r = –0.5, p < 10–6).
Between-groups comparison suggests that TR is significantly different between groups (table 2). In summary, both the DPN and non-DPN groups had slower TRs than healthy subjects irrespective of neuropathy. On the same note, comparison between the DPN group and non-DPN group suggest that neuropathy is associated with slower TRs. At 10% obstacle size, TR was increased in the DPN group by 64% and 20% on average compared to group 1 (healthy) and group 2 (diabetes without DPN) respectively (p < 0.05). Interestingly, TR was positively correlated with VPT (r = 0.50, p < 10–3; fig. 4), suggesting that by increasing neuropathy severity, the response time to an approaching obstacle is slowing down. The correlation reached its maximum value for group 2 (r = 0.65, p < 10–5). No significant correlation was found between TR and BMI as well as the age of participants (r < 0.1, p > 0.2). The results were consistent for both obstacle sizes.
Figure 3c plots the TOC observed among different groups and obstacle sizes. TOC was significantly reduced in the DPN group compared to other groups for both obstacle sizes (p < 0.01; table 2). However, no significant difference was found between DPN and non-DPN. While TOC remained the same by doubling the obstacle size (21 ± 9 cm for 10% vs. 20 ± 10 cm for 20%), the TOC was reduced for both diabetes with and without DPN by doubling the obstacle size. In the DPN group, TOC was reduced by 16% by increasing the obstacle size from 10% to 20% (p = 0.02, diff. = –2.8 cm, 95% CI = [–6.3, –0.4] cm). A similar trend was identified for non-DPN subjects (p = 0.03, diff. = –2.8 cm (15%), 95% CI = [–6.8, –0.5] cm) suggesting that independent of neuropathy, the ability of subjects in crossing higher obstacle size is reduced in patients with diabetes. No significant correlation was observed between TOC and age, BMI, and VPT (r < 0.1, p > 0.3) for an obstacle size of 10% of the subject's leg length. However, by increasing the obstacle size to 20%, a negative correlation was observed between VPT and TOC (r = –0.3, p < 0.05) suggesting that more severe neuropathy was associated with a reduction in the ability to cross taller obstacles. Similar to the finding with tests of an obstacle size of 10%, no significant correlation was found between TOC and age and BMI of participants for an obstacle size of 20%.
To identify significant predictors for evaluating neuropathy severity, a stepwise linear regression model was used. The dependent variable was VPT assuming a suitable predictor to evaluate neuropathy severity. The independent variables were TR, OCSR, and TOC estimated at an obstacle size of 10%, as well as their changes from an obstacle size of 10–20% of leg length. In addition, age and BMI of participants were assumed as additional independent variables. Table 3 summarizes the results. The model can significantly predict the VPT values with a fair-to-good accuracy (r = 0.64, p < 0.001). Results suggest that age, TR, as well as changes in TR and TOC between obstacle sizes 10% and 20% of leg length are significant predictors for neuropathy severity. Among the study parameters, the change in TR between obstacle sizes of 10% and 20% is the most sensitive predictor with an odds ratio of 2.69 indicating more delay in reaction when the obstacle size increases and severity of neuropathy is increasing.
Obstacle crossing has been the focus of research for a long time, but so far the tools implemented for measuring kinematic parameters have been limited to gait laboratories equipped with a motion-tracking system [15,16,17,18,19,21] which might not be suitable for a clinical environment and may also not reflect the real-world environment response of an individual [20,23,26]. In addition, conventional systems have other shortcomings, like the use of actual obstacles during experiments, which may increase the risk of adverse events during testing, required dedication of expensive infrastructure and a relatively large space that is not readily available for the vast majority of patients, need for expert technicians and longer time periods associated in preparation and trials. Very few studies have assessed obstacle crossing using technologically advanced wearable sensors [20] that would not require motion tracking. However, often due to heavy cost of calculation (e.g. double integration of acceleration to estimate toe clearance), these systems are incapable of real-time joint-position estimation, which is of key importance for virtual-reality application. To the best of our knowledge, our proposed technique is the first system that allows the assessment of obstacle-crossing ability using a combination of body-worn sensors and virtual reality.
The major effect of loss of joint proprioception and sensation is on gait and balance [3,4,6,7,27]. Diabetic neuropathy is known to reduce ankle muscle strength even before it is diagnosed [10]. The reduced joint proprioception makes obstacle negotiation difficult and increases the risk of falling. Studies have shown that patients with neurological disorders like diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and stroke have compromised obstacle negotiation [28,29]. A reduction in TOC during obstacle crossing has been reported among patients with neurological disorders when compared to healthy subjects [15,18,29,30]. Literature suggests that obstacle crossing even among healthy older adults is compromised causing them to adopt different strategies to avoid obstacles [16,17,31]. This study evaluated the proof of a concept of an innovative virtual-reality game-based system for quantifying the patient's ability to successfully avoid obstacles. The three parameters suggested to quantify obstacle-crossing ability included OCSR, TR, and TOC. The results suggest that all three parameters were significantly different between healthy subjects, subjects with diabetic neuropathy, and subjects with diabetes and no neuropathy. Additionally, the results suggest that subjects with more severe neuropathy had an increased response delay to an approaching obstacle. On the same note, the subject's reaction to an approaching obstacle was delayed more by increasing the size of the obstacle and increasing the neuropathy severity.
The findings of reduced TOC among DPN were consistent with recent literature [15]. It seems that the combination of loss of joint proprioception coupled with reduced ankle muscle strength would likely cause reduction in TOC ability and OCSR in the DPN group. However, delay in TR, in particular by increasing the obstacle size, may be explained by the delay in sensory response due to neuropathy, given the fact that the highest correlation was observed only between TR and VPT scores.
Lower rates of obstacle-crossing success in patients with DPN is consistent with previous studies suggesting a high risk of falling in the DPN group compared to healthy and diabetics without DPN [5]. Our results also suggest that reaction time to an approaching obstacle in subjects with diabetes (with or without neuropathy) was longer than in healthy subjects. This observation is consistent with recent studies suggesting that diabetes is an independent risk factor for falling [11,12]. An additional study is needed to explore whether quantification of obstacle-crossing performance could be used as a more sensitive predictor for risk of falling in patients suffering from diabetes.
There are several limitations in this study. First, since real-time joint-position visual feedback was provided during assessment, it may have aided somewhat towards an increased obstacle success rate. This in turn may reduce the effect size for recognizing potential damage in joint perception due to DPN. However, based on the significant differences observed between groups, the authors would like to conclude that the proposed paradigm of virtual obstacle avoidance was a successful attempt towards assessment of joint proprioception. Second, an additional study is required to validate whether the observed deteriorations in virtual obstacle-crossing performance due to diabetes and DPN are associated with the risk of falling. Third, using vibration perception testing alone may not be an accurate method to quantify neuropathy severity. Additional measures of sensory and autonomic neuropathy may help to assess neuropathy. Finally, the age of the study participants (55.4 ± 8.9 years) is rather young from a geriatric point of view. Although the chronologic age of our population is slightly younger, the chronic medical condition of diabetes and associated comorbidities results in an effective clinical situation where this population is physiologically and functionally more consistent with an older population. For example, Reistetter et al. [32], by studying 79,526 persons with a first-time hip fracture, demonstrated that younger patients with diabetes had poorer outcomes (e.g. length of stay in the medical rehabilitation unit or hospital) than patients with no diabetes. Their results also suggest that the difference between diabetes and non-diabetes in recovery outcomes after hip fracture is more pronounced in younger subjects than older subjects. This may suggest that fall prevention should be addressed in diabetics at an earlier age than non-diabetic subjects.
An early diagnosis of DPN would be of value in providing a change towards foot care before further complications arise. However, conventional modalities such as monofilament and VPT tests often diagnose neuropathy at a late stage and are subjective. A gait laboratory-based system can be used for an accurate and objective assessment of gait and balance deterioration due to reduce joint proprioception caused by neuropathy. However, these techniques are very expensive, they are not reimbursed by insurers and they are not suitable for busy clinics and routine clinical assessment. Additionally, it could be risky to examine patients who are vulnerable to trauma (such as diabetes) in a real condition, since even a small accident (e.g. hitting a real obstacle) could cause a serious adverse event such as diabetic foot ulcer, which is difficult to heal. The proposed technique based on virtual reality can replace the assessments performed in a gait laboratory without imposing any risk to patients and without requirement of expensive motion analyzer systems and/or devoting a big gait laboratory space, which is often unaffordable for many small clinics. Additionally, the developed technique could be used by diabetics at home for assessing their motor function deterioration caused by diabetes and neuropathy, which in turn may help to prevent falls and other associated traumas caused by progression in neuropathy severity.
Finally, the paradigm presented can also be implemented as a training tool for obstacle avoidance/crossing in a virtual environment. Such a motor learning-based virtual-reality paradigm would be of greater benefit for patients than conventional balance training programs, especially in a clinical environment. The visual information plays a significant role on foot elevation in feed-forward control of lower limbs locomotion during obstacle crossing [19]. Significant improvements in gait parameters and foot obstacle clearance using virtual obstacle and real-time feedback have been demonstrated in post-stroke patients with hemiplegia [33]. During the actual phase of obstacle crossing, an individual does not have complete visual information regarding clearance between the obstacle and the foot, thus they rely on proprioception of the leading limb and feed-forward mechanism of the trailing limb. Therefore, it stands to reason that providing visual feedback during obstacle crossing may be used as a motor learning paradigm to improve feed-forward performance (improvement in accuracy of prediction) via intact sensory feedbacks (e.g. visual, muscles, ligaments, etc.).
The project described was supported in part by Award No. T35DK074390 from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and by a grant from the Qatar National Research Foundation (Award No. NPRP08-499-3-109). The authors would also like to thank Steve Yeschek, Dr. Omar Haque, Dr. Mohammad Ahmad and Yaser Khan for their tremendous help in patient recruitment and data collection.
The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases or the National Institutes of Health or the Qatar National Research Foundation. The authors have no further conflicts of interest to disclose.
Bijan Najafi, PhD
Interdisciplinary Consortium for Advanced Motion Performance (iCAMP)
Southern Arizona Limb Salvage Alliance (SALSA)
University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue
Tucson, AZ 85724-5072 (USA), Tel. +1 520 626 1349, E-Mail firstname.lastname@example.com
Received: January 31, 2012
Accepted: March 16, 2012
Published online: May 10, 2012
Issue release date: August 2012
Number of Print Pages: 9
Number of Figures: 4
Number of Tables: 3
ISSN: 0304-324X (Print)
eISSN: 1423-0003 (Online)
For additional information: http://www.karger.com/GER
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A full advertisement view from the app "Haraj" I have been working on lately. Check the attachment for real pixels. The full page view is pretty long :P but I cropped it up to iPhone 5 pixels for now. Will show more soon.
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Crunchy Noodle Kugel a La Great-Aunt Martha
Total Time
Prep 30 mins
Cook 30 mins
Posted and developed by Melissa Clark, in the New York Times on 9/12/2007, for Rosh Hoshana. Not at all for the health conscious.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 cup raisins
- sherry wine or orange juice
- 1 lb egg noodles
- 6 tablespoons unsalted butter, cut into pieces, more for pan
- 4 large eggs
- 3 cups cottage cheese
- 1 cup sour cream
- 1⁄3 cup sugar
- 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
- 1 lemon, zest of, grated
- 1 pinch salt
- Put raisins in a micro-wave safe bowl or small saucepan and cover with sherry or orange juice. Heat on stove top (3 minutes) or microwave (1 1/2 minutes) until liquid is steaming hot. Let cool while you prepare kugel mixture.
- Preheat oven to 400 degrees F. Butter an 11 x 17 inch jellyroll pan. Cook noodles according to package directions and drain well. Immediately return noodles to pot and add butter. Toss until butter melts.
- In large bowl, whisk together the eggs, cottage cheese, sour cream, sugar, cinnamon, lemon zest and salt. Drain raisins and add to bowl along with butter noodles. Mix well.
- Spread mixture in prepared pan and smooth top. Bake until top is crusty and golden, 25 to 35 minutes. Serve warm or at room temperature.
Most Helpful
This came out really nice and crunchy, but there was a hint of creaminess in there too, with all that sour cream and cottage cheese. Which is good, because it kept the raisins soft which I liked alot. I used 1 cup of orange juice which went well with the recipe. I'm glad the sugar was only a third cup because with all the juice and raisins and cinnamon it would have been way too sweet to add more sugar.
Made for MIH tag game. I used orange juice instead of sherry and low-fat versions of the cottage cheese, and sour cream. I used pam to "butter" the pan with and I decreased the amount of butter on the noodles to 2 T. I also used egg substitute.


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A striking pair of board shorts by Animal. Featuring a collage print of scenic beach photographs, these shorts are complete with a draw-cord at the waist and a subtle Animal logo on the left hem.
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The first pioneer family to arrive in what is now Grayson County was that of DANIEL MONTAGUE who settled November 1837, close to Warren's trading post. As a surveyor, Daniel Montague amassed many acres of land. He was a leader in the fight against the Indian uprisings. While most settlers believed only in defending their families and property, Montague believed in going after the Indians. In 1843, he led a group of settlers who attacked and killed sixteen Indians in a grove of trees just south of Sherman. That grove has been called Montague Grove ever since.
Colonel Montague, whose name is synonymous with the early growth of north Texas, should be remembered as one of the most energetic men of that time. He was born 22 August 1798 in South Hadley, MA, the son of Seth Montague. He received a good education as a civil engineer and surveyor.
In 1820, Daniel, accompanied by his father and brothers, Rodney and Erastus, left MA for Hunter's Bottoms on the Ohio river in KY. Here the family split up. Daniel, twenty-one, went on down river to Louisiana.
For the next fifteen years, Daniel practiced his surveying profession and was settled on a plantation. Here he acquired many slaves and became a successful planter. He married first Rebecca (Covington) McDowell, a widow, and they had three children: Rebecca, Seth, and Luman. Only one of these children lived after childhood. This was Rebecca Montague, who married William Carroll Twitty in 1812 and died 21 March 1841. Rebecca left one daughter and there are descendants through this line only.
His first wife died and on 14 May 1833, Daniel married second, Sarah Margaret (Ross) Griffin, a widow. They had two children, Jane Ross and Elizabeth, born in LA before Daniel decided to come to Texas.
Upon hearing of the fall of the Alamo and the massacre a Goliad, he left his family in LA and hastened to Texas. By the time he reached Texas, the Battle of San Jacinto had been won. He returned home to take care of his business and bring his family to Texas.
In the fall of 1837, Colonial Montague settled his family at Old Warren, an abandoned trading post established by Abel Warren, about where Ambrose stands today. The Dugan family, who had been living near Orangeville, soon moved north to near Montague's homestead. This made the Montagues the first family to settle in what is now Grayson. However, after about ten years, Daniel Montague left Grayson Co. to settle in Cooke Co. The Dugan family was the first family to settle in what is now Grayson Co. and remain. Even today many Dugan descendants live in the Grayson Co.
Daniel Montague, upon his arrival in Texas, immediately began construction of a house that became the marvel of the region for its beauty and convenience. It had two large rooms with a wide hall between, side rooms, and a front porch. The logs were "finished off"and the cracks chinked with mortar smoothly put on. The whole inside and outside was treated to a coat of whitewash. The puncheon floor, made extra smooth, this was something few pioneer homes had. There was of course the deep and wide fireplaces for warmth and cooking.
The year of Montague's arrival, saw the creation of Fannin County from Red River County. The new county embraced numerous present day counties including Grayson, Collin, and Cooke Counties. In 1838 Warren was chosen as the county seat of Fannin County. Later it was moved to Bonham, which is the present day county seat.
Daniel Montague served in the Republic of Texas in the Snively Expedition in 1838-1839 as lieutenant colonel. But on Fourth of July 1839, his house was completed and the family settled in, so the invitations were sent to friends and acquaintances as far as Honey Grove and Preston Bend to attend this important event, perhaps the first ball ever held in Fannin County (now Grayson). Extensive preparations were made by the settlers to attend. "Biled" shirts (white dress shirts) came up from the depths of the family chests, forgotten finery saw light once more, and "bar" grease was in demand for the men's hair.
Turkeys, chickens, pigs, and wild game of all kinds were cooked by the wholesale in every known style by the backwoods culinary arts. All other edibles to be had, flanked by drinkables from persimmon beer to something a little stronger, were provided. For two days and nights mirth and good cheer reigned supreme. For a little while, troubles and anxieties were forgotten. The lads and lassies tripped the light fantastic to the music of fiddles. During the intervals, the musicians were tuning up and putting a little more rosin on the bows. What a flutter there must have been among the rustic belles when the call went out to choose your partner.
As surveyors were the most hated by the Indians, Daniel's scalp became a special trophy for any Indian to seek. So he felt that it was necessary for him to organize the settlers for protection against the Indians. As their leader, he was engaged much of the time in active Indian warfare. Many may look back and consider him ruthless, but killings took place on both sides of this conflict. Montague's leadership was appreciated by most of the people of that time.
In 1846, Montague joined the army to command a company as captain under Col. William C. Young in the Mexican War known as the "Red River Volunteers." When not engaged in military service or Indian fighting, he surveyed land for the government. He was paid in land grants and in this way, he accumulated a vast amount of land extending from Fannin Co. to the present town of Haskell, about 33,200 acres of land.
After moving to Texas, Daniel and Sarah had two more children: Nancy, born 15 Feb. 1839 and Daniel Ross born 31 March 1841. Nancy died when fifteen and Daniel Ross, the only son to reach adulthood, seems to have died at age 35 of a lingering illness. There is no record of his ever marrying.
As Daniel traveled to survey and to record his findings in Austin, he brought back to the settlers the news of the surrounding territory. He seems to have met many interesting people who sometimes visited in his home. So you might say, Daniel Montague was a link between the settlers and the rest of the world.
Daniel was a leading merchant at Warren, which was a principal trading post with the Indians on both sides of Red River. In 1838 he and William Henderson built a merchandise store at Warren. His trading with the Indians and leading active warfare against them, may sound contradicting. But many Indians were on good terms with the settlers. Most of the Indian trouble was from renegade bands. Yet some of the Indians killed in raids proved to be among the "friendly" Indians who worked for and traded with the settlers.
It is reported in a Fannin County history book, that in 26 May 1837, Montague and a party of seventeen men, seemingly without provocation, attacked a band of Kickapoos, Shawnees, Cherokees, and Delaware near Warren. Several Indians were killed and their bodies burned. After this incident, there was open warfare between the Indians ans the settlers.
Montague's second wife died 21 March 1841, and on 14 November 1841, he married Mary Elizabeth Dugan, daughter of Daniel and Catharine Dugan. An account of the wedding is in " Indian Depredations" by Wilbarger: "Colonel Montague and Mary Dugan were married on a Sunday afternoon at Dugan Chapel, a large number of friends and relatives attending and witnessing the ceremony. On Monday morning after breakfast, the wedding party left for Warren, the bride accompanied to her new home by her brother George and her sister Emily." By nightfall, George and Emily Dugan had returned home. It was that night that Indians attacked the Dugan home thinking Daniel Montague would still be there.
Daniel and Mary (Dugan) Montague became the parents of two children: James Newell, born 9 Jan. 1843 and died 12 July 1843, and Catharine Vaden Montague, born 21 October 1845 and died about 1850. Mary Montague died of lung fever on 15 December 1846. She and her children are buried in the Dugan Cemetery.
Sometime after marrying for the fourth time on 1 August 1848, Daniel and his new wife, Jane Shannon, moved northwest of Gainesville where he claimed more land and continued to survey for the state of Texas. There were no children by this last marriage.
After his daughter Rebecca died, his daughter Elizabeth married Rebecca's husband, William Carroll Twitty. Twitty was a captain in the mounted volunteers at Marysville, TX, formed 22 May 1861. Elizabeth and William had no children. She died in 1919 at the age of ninety-three. Both Elizabeth and her husband are buried near Daniel and Jane in the Marysville Cemetery between Munster and Gainsville.
Daniel Montague was foreman of a jury that sentenced 41 people to hang in 1862, the Civil War period. Montague, a dyed-in-the-wool Confederate, was so devastated by the outcome of the Civil War that he left Texas to live in Old Mexico. He located in the Tuxpan River Valley and remained there eleven years. His wife Jane and his son Daniel Ross accompanied him there where they grew tobacco. His son, Daniel Ross, died 12 July 1876 and soon afterwards, Daniel and Jane decided to return to Texas.
They arrived at the home of his only living child, Elizabeth Twitty, in November of 1876. Daniel, now aged and feeble, was greeted by Elizabeth with both a tearful and joyful welcome. Just a few weeks later, while visiting a friend at Marysville, Cooke Co., Col. Montague was stricken with pneumonia. He died 20 December 1876 at the age of seventy-eight. Throughout his life, he was a consistent Christian and an active member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The town of Montague bears his name as well as the county, Montague County, which was organized the first Monday in August 1857.
A Texas Historical Marker stands along Highway 82 in Cooke County near Lindsey in honor of the "First Cooke County Surveyor, Daniel Montague, 1798-1876." Besides being a surveyor, Daniel was a true pioneer, an Indian fighter , and a very colorful personality.
Compiled by: Lora B. Tindall
RESOURCE LOG: Montague Family Bible Records; Daniel & Catharine (Vaden) Dugan Bible Records; History of Grayson Co., TX, by Landrum; Handbook of TX; Montague Co., TX, Centennial Magazine; Indian Depredations of TX by Wilbarger (1890); Fannin Co., TX, Marriage Records; Old newspaper articles; Texas Landgrants and Deeds; History of Cooke Co., TX; The First hundred Years in Cooke Co., TX; Gravestone readings Marysville Cemetery (just north of a point between Munster and Gainesville on Hwy 82 in Cooke Co,) Gravestone readings from Dugan Cemetery north of Bells; The Southwestern Historical Quarterly Vol. XXIV p 56; Richard Montague and His Descendants, pub 1881; East Texas Historical Journal, The Dugan Family, Its contributions to Early Grayson Co., History, Vol. XL, NO. I, 2002 by Lora Whiting Tindall and Dr. Clyde Hall, pp 52-57


text:
Here are the smaller pics for all to see.
Chuck asked...
Could you also post full parentage and and explanation of why you think these are plicatas, and not some other cartenoid pattern.
Chuck Chapman
These are plicatas because the carotenoids present are directly associated with anthocyanins in the same cell space when they are both present. When they are crossed with anthocyanin plicatas the flowers have carotenoid spots that merge with the anthocyanin spots. It depends on if the anthocyanin parent carries the carotenoid plicata genes or not. So far they seem to inherited together quite often but sometimes they do break. Also, I have been selecting the line to be sure they have dotting on the inside of the standards. Some anthocyanin plicatas are like that as well. some have almost no dotting on their standards and distinct dotting on their falls.
The first two are dotted on the insides and the dotting continues onto the falls just as in most anthocyanin plicatas. They are also a result of the reduced production of anthocyanin. Very often they have a muddiness or tint caused by anthocyanin precursors and co-factors that diappears just before or after they open that fades as in 'Immortality' or others.
These are all derived from 'Beverly Sills' which is one parent of 'Light Beam' which display the pattern also. 'Beverly Sill' is only a carrier for the carotenid plicata. The other parent of 'Light Beam' is 'Broadway' which shows the dotting on the inside of the standards. The yellow dotting on the falls is masked by or comprises part of the red dotting on the fall edges of 'Broadway'. 'Light Beam' is not in the parentage of any of these however as it would not produce in the direction I wanted it to. Although I do have a few good seedlings to work with later down the line.
The parentge of pic 1 is (Beverly Sills x (Good Show x(Chicasaw Sue X Schiaparelli)sib 1 x sib 2
The parentage of pics 2 and 3 is Beverly Sills x (Beverly Sills x (Good Show x(Chicasaw Sue X Schiaparelli)):sib 1 .
'Chicasaw Sue' also displays a similar pattern to 'Broadway' just in orange and red and is recessive for lycopene. 'Schiaparelli' is also a carrier for the pattern since I got two carotenoid plicatas when crossed with 'Chicasaw Sue'.
Crossing these to 'Good Show' I got one heavily dotted orange seedling. Crossing this seedling to 'Beverly Sills' gave me two heavily orange dotted seedlings that I sibbed. These produced pic #1 with a more defined border of dots on the falls and light dotting on the inside base of the standards.
I have other carotenoid plicatas from other lines but all of them are yellow tones and of course some of the newer Introductions from other hybridizers but they are nowhere near pink. Tetraploid TB's are not the only ones to exibit this trait. 'Snickerdoodle' does (I believe it is a diploid and a much older cultivar), but it has a little bit of brown to muddy it up.


text: Went there for a business lunch and while a number of sushi places are serving all you can eat (if you can eat it), sushi tei has not. However, their sushi is very reasonably priced and it is excellent. We ordered the sushi lunch which comes with salad and soup. For 3 dollars more, we added tempura and it was... More


text:
Main page
Event Online
Thessaloniki - Greece welcomes the G1 WTF tournament ...
weather forecast by weather.gr
Tournament Outline
A warm Taekwondo welcome to all!
The Organizing Committee and Hellenic Taekwondo Federation would like once again to invite your delegation to attend the Greece Open 2016- WTF G1 Ranking Event, which will be held in Thessaloniki , Greece 10-11-12 June 2016. We guarantee high quality organization and competition and we would like to ensure that we will make every possible effort in organizing a successful Tournament of the highest technical level.
Stay tuned with this page and get all the information needed about the tournament.
Find below some highlights of the tournament. For futher details you may download our full invitation in pdf from
: PAOK SPORTS ARENA - 12, Antoni Tritsi str, Pilea , Thessaloniki
: 10-11-12 June 2016
: All participants must be member of a National Taekwodo Federation
Cadet male & female born in 2002,2003,2004
Junior male & female born in 1999,2000,2001
Senior male & female (WTF G1 Ranking) born in 1999 and older. *
* Juniors born in 1999 may compete as juniors or as seniors. Not in both categories.
Weight divisions
Weight divisions
Cadet Male: -33kg, -37kg, -4lkg,-45kg,-49kg,-53kg, -57kg,-6lkg,-65kg,+65kg
Cadet Female: -29kg,-33kg, 37kg,-4lkg,-44kg,-47kg,-5lkg,-55kg,-59kg,+59kg
Junior Male: -45kg,-48kg, -5lkg,-55kg,-59kg -63kg -68kg,-73kg,-78kg,+78kg
Junior Female: -42kg,-44kg,-46kg,-49kg -52kg,-55kg,-59kg,-63kg,-68kg,+68kg
Senior Male: -54kg,-58kg,-63kg,-68kg,-74kg,-8Okg,-87kg,+87kg
Senior Female: -46kg,-49kg, -53kg,-57kg,-62kg,-67kg,-73kg,+73kg
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text:
Pork Chops In Sour Cream
|3⁄4 Teaspoon
|1 Dash
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Loin pork chops
|6 (1/2 inch long)
|2 Tablespoon
|2 Medium, sliced
|Boiling water
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Dairy sour cream
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|1 Tablespoon
|Snipped parsley
|2 Tablespoon
Combine sage, salt, and pepper; rub chops with the mixture.
Brown chops lightly in hot fat.
Drain off excess fat.
Add onions to chops.
Dissolve bouillon cube in boiling water; pour over chops.
Cover and simmer 30 minutes.
Remove chops from broth.
Combine sour cream and flour; slowly stir in broth.
Return mixture to skillet; heat to boiling.
Serve gravy with chops; garnish with parsley.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size
Calories 414 Calories from Fat 232
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 26 g39.8%
Saturated Fat 9.7 g48.7%
Trans Fat 0.1 g
Cholesterol 127.5 mg42.5%
Sodium 275.7 mg11.5%
Total Carbohydrates 7 g2.4%
Dietary Fiber 1 g4.1%
Sugars 2.7 g
Protein 36 g72.9%
Vitamin A 11.3% Vitamin C 17.3%
Calcium 6.3% Iron 13.4%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


text:
First, go to http://windows.azure.com, and log in using your Windows Live account.
In the bottom left corner of your screen, click on "Hosted Services, Storage Accounts & CDN"
Click on "User Management" on the top left of the Azure Portal.
Click on the "Add New Co-Admin" button on the top left of the Azure portal.
Enter the Windows Live ID (email address) of the person you wish to add as a Co-Administrator,
and click on the checkbox of the subscription you wish to add the "co-admin" to.
Problems, Comments, Suggestions? Click here to contact Greg Thatcher
Please read my Disclaimer
Copyright (c) 2013 Thatcher Development Software, LLC. All rights reserved. No claim to original U.S. Gov't works.


text:
The Annual General Meeting – January 31, 2017 at 6:30 pm
The Annual General Meeting will be held on Tuesday, January 31, 2017 at 6:30 pm
The World Heritage Centre, Penno's Wharf (Parking available at Tiger Bay, St. George's)
- Approval of the 2015 AGM Minutes
- Chairman's Report:
- Proposed Slate of Directors
- Election of Directors
- Treasurer's Report
- Approval of 2015 Audited Financial Statements
- Appointment of Auditor
- General Manager's Report
- Any Other Business
We invite all SGF members to attend our AGM to give us feedback on our ongoing strategic planning process.
If you wish to become a member, please attend and membership sign-ups and renewals will be taken at the door.
Light refreshments will be served.
For further information call: 297-8043 or email: firstname.lastname@example.com


text: Anar Indian Restaurant may be outside of your area. Please enter your delivery address to check availability Do you need any... Napkins & Utensils Continue to Checkout Anar Indian Restaurant Back to Menu Your order refresh Anar Indian Restaurant Your Shopping Cart is empty edit Delivery Address Please enter delivery address edit Delivery Time N/A* Add someone to this order Saag Paneer Spinach and cheese cooked with onions and herbs. Choose Spiciness:Select one of the choices Prepare Mild Prepare Medium Prepare Hot Prepare Very HotAdd Rice & Soup?You may select one of the choices Add Rice & Chicken Soup ($3.00) Add Rice & Vegetable Soup ($3.00) x $9.00 Special Instructions: Label Item For: or Cancel


text:
I watched the sun go down,
down past the hills,
down past the waters edge.
I sat there in wonder,
sat at the waters edge
watching the sun disappear.
My mind was running,
running through my life,
questions popping up,
some that brought tears,
some that brought a smile to my face.
This night brought on a meaning,
a deeper meaning then nights past.
I remembered why,
I remembered reasons,
as the sun sank faster,
my tears reached the end,
dipped right from my chin,
into the darkening waters below.
I sat there looking at that spot,
with a smile of peace,
if not just for that moment,
I believed what I seek will find me.
I walked away from the waters edge this night,
knowing I would be alright.
© Copyright 2017 EganPhotography85. All rights reserved.
Status: Finished
Genre: Poetry
this is really good , I actually really love this ! please read some of my writing and comment and tell me what you think thanks so much xx!
A different poem, and a beautiful one. Very nicely done, especially the latent lyrical quality (if I am not mistaken) is worthy of praise.
I really like this. I love reading poetry but I especially loved reading this poem. I feel like I can relate.
Poem / Romance
Poem / Poetry
Poem / Poetry
Paste the link to picture in the entry below:
Paste the link to Youtube video in the following entry:
Cannot annotate a non-flat selection. Make sure your selection starts and ends within the same node.
An annotation cannot contain another annotation.
There was an error uploading your file.


text:
Wego.com recently found 6 hotels in West Mifflin, United States. Find a range of accommodation in West Mifflin at great prices. Book luxury West Mifflin hotels or find last minute accommodation. Save more on cheap hotels in West Mifflin with affordable room rates.
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Video Review: Seidio Innocase Combo for the Samsung Vibrant
If youve ever been a customer of Seidio before, then you know and expect the quality and craftsmanship that they put into their products. It is my pleasure to write that the Innocase case and holster combo for the Samsung Vibrant meets nothing less than these expectations, and offers the level of comfort, protection, and functionality that is desired. As with their past products, Seidio has continued to masterfully craft the Innocase to allow for full access to all functionality ports (charging, audio, camera, speakerphone, and buttons) on your device, and have done so without adding hardly any weight or bulk to the overall feel. Personally, I prefer to have the Innocase on at all times as it makes my Vibrant feel that much more comfortable to use. If youre in the market for a case that will provide adequate drop protection for your Vibrant and feel smoother and more streamlined than anything else currently available, then you cant go wrong with the Innocase case and/or holster combo.
The Innocase case and/or holster combo is available at seidioonline.com.


text: The brother of Texas bluesman Willard "Ramblin'" Thomas, Jesse "Babyface" Thomas never had the success of his more famous sibling. Born in the hamlet of Logansport, LA, near the Texas border in 1911, Jesse Thomas and his brother were personally close growing up, often working in the fields together, and he also aspired to a music career -- the two performed together. He moved to Dallas in 1929, at a time when Blind Lemon Jefferson and Lonnie Johnson were in their heyday; Thomas ... Read more


text:
Under Win8 the fog on tabbar for better readability on Glass is still shown. Also when Win8 doesn't use Glass.
Bug 816803 implements the -moz-windows-glass media query keyword which makes it possible to apply things only to Glass.
Created attachment 704259 [details] [diff] [review]
As bug 816803 has r+ it will be shortly checked-in. This patch makes applying the fog and the inverted icon on tabbar only on Glass.
Until bug 816803 is checked-in this patch needs applying the patch from this bug first.
Created attachment 706863 [details] [diff] [review]
patch v2
Added comments and two missing braces on tabmail-aero.css.
Comment on attachment 706863 [details] [diff] [review]
patch v2
Review of attachment 706863 [details] [diff] [review]:
I'm so, so sorry for how long this has taken me. :/ Took some time to get a build up that would work in Windows 8.
Anyhow, I did, and this looks wonderful, as usual. Thanks Richard!


text:
Motel 6 Sacramento - Rancho Cordova East
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OK, we're starting on another one.
... the pictures will begin from there. We will be visiting sites in Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. The highlight of this trip will be the Formula 1 race weekend in Austin, Texas the last weekend of October. ...
After 10 years
Since my visit to Lombard street, Ajay Sundar, with whom I spent more than 6 years of my school life and whom I last met in 2005, messaged me that he also lives in San Francisco. Since then, for the past 2 weeks I have been looking forward to meet my old pal. On Saturday evening, he drove for 2 hours, all the way from Folsom to meet me. We caught upon quite a lot of things that had changed in our life over the next few hours while riding our way to a very famous ...
Independent day sales
... baseball as usual. Dinner was planned with the group for 7pm at The Cheesecake Factory. Liam and I had our Big Bang theory moment. I had Madeira chicken and Liam had cheese pizza. We were full from our main meal and so we bought a wild blueberry white chocolate cheesecake which we will enjoy after the baseball camp tomorrow. Tomorrow starts baseball camp so it's an early night for ...
Gold Country
... history. We left there and went into Lincoln where Terry took me to my favorite store...Coldwater Creek. Since they are going out of business I wanted to pick up more capris. We had a quick lunch and then saw we were next to a SAMs gas station so we filled up. We got a nice surprise when we saw that we got gas for $3.77/gal (discounted $.37/gal). At the SAMs here they sell to non-members at a higher price. In fact throughout California they charge $.10-$.20 more if you use a ...
Leaving on a Jet Plane to Keep the Car Running
... all wounds?
Tonks has no idea we're about to leave her in the capable hands of our dog sitter, N. She busy chasing balls and being terrified of puddles. Good luck, puppy!
Jordan and the girls get up at 430 for a 645 flight. I have two more works days before I meet them, but they should start posting tomorrow, barring jet lag.
Wish us well on our exciting, somewhat harebrained expedition. Why would we have it any other way?


text:
Wego.com recently found 7 hotels in Lindberg, Germany. Find a range of accommodation in Lindberg at great prices. Book luxury Lindberg hotels or find last minute accommodation. Save more on cheap hotels in Lindberg with affordable room rates.
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text:
I received the following email from Clytie Siddall, from Renmark, in the Riverland of South Australia. Is anyone else having similar problems with Fictionwise?
Email begins:
My purchasing at Fictionwise has dwindled from a flood to a trickle since the imposition of "geographic limitations", but I still prefer to buy ebooks there if I can. I also signed up last year (before the imposition) for another 5 years of the Buywise club. Under the current publishing conditions, we customers are told that we will still be eligible for Buywise discounts for the life of our already-paid subscription, and that we can use our existing Micropay balance.
The Micropay balance is the issue here. In mid-July I tried to use mine. It's shown at the top of the Shopping Cart, and the Help says you can use it. However, the Micropay button no longer shows at the bottom of the Shopping Cart.
Previously, if your total was less than your Micropay balance, and you didn't have any "PayPal/Credit card Only" titles in your Shopping Cart, then you could press the Micropay button to checkout. Your balance would be debited by that amount, and you didn't need to pay with PayPal or credit card. This was quick and convenient, and definitely caused me to buy significantly more books.
In mid-July I couldn't find any way to checkout using my Micropay balance. I searched the site and the Help. I kept going back there every couple of days to see if the problem had been fixed. It wasn't.
So, on the 27th July, I put in a formal request for Customer Support. I have had no response. My titles are still sitting in my Shopping Cart, and I'm not game to buy anything else until this is cleared up. Fictionwise owe me over $60 Micropay: I really don't mind how they reimburse me (e.g. a voucher for books), but I'm distinctly unhappy that they aren't fulfilling their agreement to allow us to use up our Micropay balance, and that they don't respond to my customer service request. I've made a handful of requests over the years I've been at Fictionwise, and they have never responded. I have no idea why. There is nowhere to go on their site from that point.
So I emailed B&N, explaining my problem. The first reply was an auto-respond which didn't address my problem at all. So I asked them to read my email. The second reply was that I should contact Fictionwise. I said that I had tried that (repeatedly), without success, and that surely the customer service behaviour of a wholly-owned B&N company was B&N's business. The next reply was that it wasn't, and I should "contact Fictionwise".
I'd really appreciate hearing from anyone who's had any success in contacting Fictionwise, or has any idea how I can resolve this. B&N don't appear to care, which does raise some interesting questions.


text:
Loud, colorful and stocked to the ceiling with the latest and greatest in educational and award-winning toys, this children's nirvana lives up to its name (considering kids will want to come back again and again). Aside from baby and birthday party registries, Boomerang has thought of everything: bins of balls, model trains, stuffed animals and stickers, all at the fingertips of your favorite 0- to 13-year-olds.
- Credit Cards Accepted
- Toy & Game Stores


text:
Voting starts in March for the Drupal Association Board election.
I am trying to edit the content type in Open Out reach distribution to rearrange the order of the fields in the module but the edit open is just allowing me to edit the name and description on the content type. I don't see the tabs that will allow me to add, remove or rearrange the fields for the content types.
Is this made purposely ? or Is there an issue with mine? I really need to edit the content types fields to customize it based on my need.
Can anyone help me?
Comment #1rosemarymann CreditAttribution: rosemarymann commented
You need to enable the Field UI module to be able to add or rearrange fields.
Comment #2nedjo CreditAttribution: nedjo commented
|» Fixed


text:
One of the more engaging objects in Tate Modern's current Gauguin exhibition isn't a painting at all, but a house-front; four carved panels which Gauguin created to decorate his home in the Marquesas. This is, I should stress, a wayward judgement and a faintly perverse one – which stems, at least in part, from the fact that I found myself oddly disengaged by the paintings. It was one of those exhibitions, I found, where I could see the merits of the works but couldn't really feel them. So, in room after room, I admired his mark-making and his use of colour and the boldness of his simplifications, but then found myself moving on unmoved.
But these four great planks of wood – carved in a low bas-relief with Polynesian maidens and ornamental figures – stopped me in my tracks. And it wasn't the sculpture that did it so much as the writing. Above the lintel Gauguin had carved a name – "Maison du Jouir" ("house of pleasure") – a gesture the curators suggest was a deliberate affront to the missionaries who lived nearby. Since the French words could also potentially be translated as "house of orgasm", Gauguin was cocking a snook – or some more relevant part of his anatomy – at pious seemliness. That made for a good story, I thought, the neighbour from hell pitching up to undermine all your good efforts. On the right-hand side of the door Gauguin had elaborated on this idea. "Soyez Amoureuses et Vous Serez Heureuses" ("be loving and you will be happy"), he'd etched, above two female heads looking a little come-hither at the viewer. This I wasn't too sure about, since it carried more than smack of self-justification – the libertine's pretence that his pleasure is a kind of philosophy.
But on the other side was the real point of this object – the instruction "Soyez Mystérieuses" ("be mysterious"), a motto that also features in other Gauguin works, and was obviously central to his self-image. This, too, is open to a cynical interpretation – if you take it as a kind of marketing guide for the aspirational Bohemian artiste maudit. Gauguin, as you learn here, usually preferred his Tahitian paintings to retain their Polynesian titles when he shipped them to Paris for sale; that way they retained their marketable enigma as exotic objects. And that kind of calculated mystification isn't necessarily a good thing in art, since it's so easy to employ it in cases where it masks an essential vacancy. What lies behind the veil? Well, quite possibly, another veil, just in case the first one gets dislodged.
I don't think Gauguin is open to that charge, in fact. If anything his works strive a little too hard to incorporate mythic meaning – drawing both on the mythological structures of France and the South Seas (he has crucifixions and depositions alongside his Polynesian legends). But you can see how easily ersatz mystery might provide a substitute for genuine content.
In an uncynical reading, though, "Soyez Mystérieuses" is one of the great artistic credos, particularly when applied to narrative or representational work. It's hardly an injunction of which you need reminding if you're working as a conceptual or installation artist, when mystery is your raw material. But when the painting (or play, or film) can be said to be "about" something, and when the audience's incorrigible instinct is to translate that "about" line for line, it's often what divides great work from the merely workmanlike. Howard Hawks understood this just as well as Gauguin, or – in a different way – Shakespeare. Being mysterious in this reading isn't effortful opacity, or obscurity masquerading as depth. It's simply a matter of content that is extraneous to the work's obvious intentions, that in some odd way lies at an angle to it. You can't say what it's "about", because being "about" something is not why it's there. It may even be a distraction from the artist's main intentions, a detail that can't account for itself in any one-to-one tally of components and function, but which can't be removed without making the work die a little. So, I wasn't overwhelmed by Gauguin's paintings – but he did a great bumper sticker.
A poem that proves to be a bit of a mouthful
No question that the BBC's decision to dramatise Christopher Reid's poem "The Song of Lunch" is admirable. It flies in the teeth of demographic caution and trusts that an audience will be patient with a drama that obeys few of the rules of TV narrative. Though it unfolds in something very close to real time it moves slowly, and it doesn't offer the kind of neat resolutions that TV audiences have grown accustomed to. And as a two-hander it allows for real attention to the performances of Alan Rickman and Emma Thompson. So it is a good thing for TV. Whether it's a good thing for Christopher Reid's poem I'm less sure. The thing is that real images are generally poorer than poetic ones, and since the verse has essentially been used as a shooting-script there are a lot of occasions when description and things overlap. "The lift yawns emptily", writes Reid at one point. And we see a lift yawning emptily. Except, of course, that what we see is just a lift and the banal familiarity of the sight tends to block out the unfixable amalgam of feeling and function that Reid achieved. The picture takes a two-tone line and flattens it into a kind of literalism. Where it still works, significantly, is where no literal depiction of the words would be conceivable. "For a moment he halts, mouth full of pause/ Which he can either spit out or swallow", writes Reid, about a moment of mental hesitation. You can't show that on a screen, so it adds to the picture rather than simply subtitling it, as does Reid's fine description of his character's retreat to the restaurant toilet, where he inhales "the jabbing kidney reek that proclaims all men brothers". Again, impossible to film and impossible to reduce to a mere stage direction.
Vampires are not the only fright
It's intriguing that Jeanette Winterson has accepted a commission to write a horror novel for Hammer, who are extending their franchise into the book trade. She's always been a writer with a passion for the fantastical, and she's certainly capable of producing something that won't make your skin crawl, at least when it comes to literary style. If she wants to shoot for greatness, though, one thing is very important. She must invent her own monster. Hammer presumably intended to tap into the current vampire boom, as exemplified by True Blood and the Twilight books. But it would be very boring indeed if we got another of those everlasting teenagers, sleeping in late, moping about the place feeling sorry for themselves and occasionally biting chunks out of innocent bystanders. As a horror trope they're surely getting decidedly anaemic these days. Difficult as it would be to pull off, Winterson should aim to find an as yet untouched nerve in the human psyche. She has distinguished predecessors in the form of Mary Shelley and Robert Louis Stevenson, both of whom came up with fresh dreads that have been re-imagined again and again. I'm sure Winterson will do something scary whatever she writes. But if it's to be more than a curiosity she needs to start an entirely new blood-line.
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- Painting
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Item: U17586
Invigorate your light displays with this fresh yellow hue! Premium grade mini lights feature advanced technology and low maintenance installation, so you can create professional quality light displays with ease. Wrap yellow mini lights on white wire around columns, stairways and white Christmas decor for a pop of refreshing color to liven up your holiday displays!
|Each Price
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|100 - 200
|$7.82 each
|$6.29 each
Reviewed by valerie p.
on Sunday, April 27, 2014
Nice glowing mini lights
Put this set into a camping light and the glow from them is outstanding.


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During a visit to Wisconsin on Monday, President Barack Obama will visit ZBB Energy Corp. of Menomonee Falls, tour the facility and talk to workers, a White House official said Thursday.
The visit will give the president a backdrop to discuss clean-energy priorities and will help showcase greater Milwaukee's focus on energy storage as one of its key clean-tech pursuits, along with its pursuit in the water technologies sector.
The company is a recipient of a $14.7 million tax credit under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, Eric Apfelbach, ZBB chief executive, said in an interview Thursday.
"And he's interested in what small businesses are doing to grow in this economy," Apfelbach said. "We're excited to have him here."
ZBB develops energy storage systems that work to store energy produced by renewable power systems such as solar panels and wind turbines, and then sends it out to the grid at night when the sun is not shining or during periods when the wind isn't blowing. The stimulus tax credit will help finance equipment at a factory in southeastern Wisconsin that ZBB hopes to build if demand for its products surges. The tax credit was the largest among $35 million in tax credits awarded to Wisconsin companies earlier this year.
After the midmorning visit, Obama will go to a $250 per person luncheon fund-raiser for the state Democratic Party and its candidate for governor, Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett.
It's Obama's fourth trip to Wisconsin as president.
The trip is part of five-state, three-day fund-raising swing that includes stops in California, Washington state, Ohio and Florida.


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|Games & Hobbies
|Video Games
All of IGN.com's video game podcasts jammed into one feed. It's like one of those little clown cars, but for your ears.
May 28th, 2015
Episode 411 of 1028 episodes
As E3 2015 approaches, each of our Xbox podcast crew shares his best – or worst – E3 memories. Plus: we get teased by Halo 3: ODST releasing for Xbox One (but ultimately it didn't), teased by a real baseball game on Xbox (nope, it doesn't have the MLB license), and more!
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Academy Training
Under Pennsylvania ACT 120, any person employed as a municipal police officer in the Commonwealth is required to have successfully completed a 785.5-hour course of instruction, required by the Municipal Police Officer's Education Training Commission, covering all areas of police work. There will be additional mandatory training, free of charge, that does not extend the graduation date. Upon completion of this program, students are eligible to work as police officers in Pennsylvania.
Police Academy training is not only fundamental to becoming a police officer but can serve as the basis to earning an associate of science degree in either Criminal Justice/Police-Security/ACT 120 or Criminal Justice Counseling/ACT 120. This alliance permits students to earn their degree in a much shorter period of time, at a considerable savings and without duplication of course work. Upon accomplishment of the ACT 120 program, a student can earn anywhere between 15 and 21 credits towards the Criminal Justice Program.
Additional Traning Opportunities
The Police Academy also offers a variety of additional training opportunities, including Legal Updates, Threat Assessment & Management, Managing Public Events, and Emergency Vehicle Operation.
Use the drop down menus below for more information on each program!
MPOETC has finalized the Mandatory In-service Training requirements for all working police officers and county detectives. The requirements became effective January 1, 1991, and must be met by every working municipal police officer and county detective in a District Attorney's Office in order to maintain their certification.
Courses offered by the Academy include:
13-201: Legal Updates (Required & Legal Track)
This three-hour Mandatory In-Service Training (MIST) course covers important legal issues important to municipal police officers. The course, a required class in the MIST curriculum will cover topics such as changes and updates to criminal and vehicle codes, Rules of Criminal Procedure, changes in other statutes related to law enforcement. This course will also examine, review & explain significant court cases relevant to police officers in the Commonwealth of PA. Goals are to improve officer safety, increase convictions, reduce civil liability to departments and provide discussion relating to any unique legal issues that developed in 2012.
13-334: Threat Assessment & Management (Patrol & Officer Safety Track)
Assessing & managing communicated and unspoken threats related to school & workplace violence, sexual crimes, stalking, cybercrimes (cyber stalking), domestic violence, & terrorism is an important component of police response. This course will address threat assessment principles, the process of identifying and analyzing threats and the importance of devising interview/interrogation strategies which can assist the officer/investigator. Officers will learn to recognize & manage:
- Violence assessment
- Evaluation of threatening, intimidating & harassing statements/behaviors
- Analysis of stalking behavior
- Interview strategies
- Consultation with mental health professionals
- Recommendations for interviews, collecting, & evaluation critical collateral data regarding the threats.
13-335: Managing Public Events
The course provides examples of different types of public events and the challenges associated with managing them. Discussions will address protest groups, civil rights, social groups, & sporting event celebrations. Video footage will be used to illustrate challenges posed by such events. Participants, using a case study, will practice how to apply principles addressed during instruction.
13-336: Emergency Vehicle Operation – Remain in Control
The course will reinforce the importance of safe driving techniques and the need to be a focused driver. The course will focus on perceptual driving, night driving, vehicle inspections before the start of duty. They will review new Vehicle Code laws & pertinent case law that can affect pursuit & emergency response driving policy & procedures.
The non-refundable cost per officer for 12-hours mandatory in-service training is $59.40
The state of Pennsylvania requires that any person wishing to become a certified security officer or is privately employed and required, as a condition of employment, to carry a lethal weapon must participate in a 40-hour Lethal Weapons Training Program. Lackawanna College offers Basic Lethal Weapons Training classes as well as 8-hour re-certification classes. For an application or to verify dates of classes please call (570) 961-7844 or email us at email@example.com.
Persons seeking training must first obtain their letter of eligibility through MPOETC. Click here for more information.
There are currently no CLEE training events scheduled. Please request more information at email@example.com.
Police Academy 40th Anniversary
This year marks the 40th Anniversary of the Lackawanna College Police Academy. We hope our alumni and the community will be able to join us so we can showcase the tremendous success of our graduates in protecting and serving their communities.
Our anniversary celebrations will begin on April 12, from 6-9 p.m. at La Buona Vita, 200 Reilly St., Dunmore. Proceeds from the event will become part of the capital campaign to allow us to continue to deliver state-of-the-art training to our Cadets and active law enforcement agencies.
Tickets are $75 per person and can be purchased using the button below or by contacting Denise Boyle at firstname.lastname@example.com.
The Lackawanna College Police Academy offers training for the following programs:
- Expandable Baton
- Tactical Handcuffing
We also customize and develop training for entry level police as well promotional testing. The Academy can also tailor specialized training for individual departments.


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Football playoffs: Mater Dei wins on the road
WESTLAKE VILLAGE – Mater Dei doesn't like being underdogs.
It especially doesn't like hearing about it.
Something the Monarchs haven't grown tired of hearing: Coach Bruce Rollinson barking, "Defense wins championships."
"I love it, I love it." Mater Dei linebacker Ben Humphreys said. "It's an everyday saying. It's our motto. It's what we go by. It's the way we play. They doubted us a little bit but at the end of the day, it's Mater Dei football."
The Monarchs bullied Oaks Christian of Westlake Village on both sides of the line en route to a 28-17 victory Friday in a CIF-SS Pac-5 Division first round game at Oaks Christian High in the first meeting between the football powerhouses.
Mater Dei (9-2), which finished the regular season ranked No. 2 in the county and No. 9 in the division, will play host next week to county No. 1 Mission Viejo, the division's No. 2 seed.
Humphreys recorded two of the Monarchs' five sacks and recovered a fumble late in the fourth quarter with his team clinging to a 21-17 lead. Fullback London Iakopo busted through for a 16-yard touchdown on the following play to clinch the victory.
Mater Dei committed to running the ball early and never let up, despite losing 12 yards on its opening drive. The Trinity League runner-up ran of 54 of 66 plays from scrimmage and gained 337 yards. It converted 19 of its 20 first downs via the run. Chase Forrest ran 11 times for 113 yards, serving as a running back more than a quarterback.
"It started up front," Rollinson said. "Keep them off balance with formations, motions, heavy stuff, and try to eat the clock and move the chains. All of our backs stepped up."
Iakopo ignited the Mater Dei offense early with a 30-yard burst down the right sideline, which he followed up with a 9-yard touchdown run on the following play.
Forrest's 48-yard gain through the middle of the Lions' defense set up a 1-yard touchdown run by Malik McMorris, giving the Monarchs a 14-0 lead. Mater Dei took a 21-7 lead just before halftime when Forrest flipped a 5-yard shovel pass to Jonathan Lockett for a touchdown.
Oaks Christian quarterback Brandon Dawkins, an Arizona commit, completed 21 of 37 passes for 241 yards but failed to throw a touchdown for the first time all season. He ran for 84 yards and two touchdowns.
Oaks Christian (8-3) has won seven CIF section titles since 2003. This is only its second year in the Pac-5, however.
Contact the writer: email@example.com
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