text:
Healthcare-associated pneumonia among hospitalized patients in a Korean tertiary hospital
© Jung et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2011
Received: 4 November 2010
Accepted: 11 March 2011
Published: 11 March 2011
Healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) has more similarities to nosocomial pneumonia than to community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). However, there have only been a few epidemiological studies of HCAP in South Korea. We aimed to determine the differences between HCAP and CAP in terms of clinical features, pathogens, and outcomes, and to clarify approaches for initial antibiotic management.
We conducted a retrospective, observational study of 527 patients with HCAP or CAP who were hospitalized at Severance Hospital in South Korea between January and December 2008.
Of these patients, 231 (43.8%) had HCAP, and 296 (56.2%) had CAP. Potentially drug-resistant (PDR) bacteria were more frequently isolated in HCAP than CAP (12.6% vs. 4.7%; P = 0.001), especially in the low-risk group of the PSI classes (41.2% vs. 13.9%; P = 0.027). In-hospital mortality was higher for HCAP than CAP patients (28.1% vs. 10.8%, P < 0.001), especially in the low-risk group of PSI classes (16.4% vs. 3.1%; P = 0.001). Moreover, tube feeding and prior hospitalization with antibiotic treatment within 90 days of pneumonia onset were significant risk factors for PDR pathogens, with odds ratios of 14.94 (95% CI 4.62-48.31; P < 0.001) and 2.68 (95% CI 1.32-5.46; P = 0.007), respectively.
For HCAP patients with different backgrounds, various pathogens and antibiotic resistance of should be considered, and careful selection of patients requiring broad-spectrum antibiotics is important when physicians start initial antibiotic treatments.
Pneumonia has traditionally been classified as either community- or hospital- acquired, based on the patient's location when the infection was acquired. However, an increasing number of out-of-hospital services, such as nursing homes, outpatient parenteral therapy, hemodialysis clinics, and domiciliary care, create a class of patients who do not truly reside in the "community."
Previous studies have suggested that nursing home-acquired pneumonia or pneumonia in long-term care facilities should be considered separately from community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) [1–3]. Infections occurring in these patients show a more similar epidemiological pattern to hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) than to CAP [1–3]. Different epidemiological patterns from CAP require a distinct targeted therapeutic approach, especially against multidrug-resistant pathogens [4, 5]. Thus, since 2000, the newly published CAP guidelines have recommended management specific to this type of pneumonia, and considered it to be a separate entity from CAP [6–8].
In 2005, the American Thoracic Society (ATS)/Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) documented healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) as a new category of pneumonia [9]. However, only a few studies on HCAP have included patients who met the criteria of the 2005 ATS/IDSA guidelines[10]. Previous HCAP studies have revealed a diverse composition of participants because this new HCAP category includes various criteria for heterogeneous conditions, such as nursing home residence, previous antibiotic therapy, or regular attendance at a dialysis clinic [11–13]. Since the criteria for defining HCAP have not been standardized between these studies, and due to the existence of geographically different etiologies, more data are required for a better characterization of unified HCAP and for redefining HCAP.
In South Korea, there are limited data and no therapeutic guidelines focusing on HCAP [14]. Considering the relatively small proportion of long-term care facilities and the different antibiotic resistance patterns of the microorganisms in CAP, the clinical composition, causative pathogens, and clinical outcomes of HCAP in South Korea could be different from those in other countries. Therefore, a study evaluating HCAP characteristics and clinical outcomes in South Korea is needed.
The aim of this study was to categorize patients according to the 2005 ATS/IDSA guidelines, to determine differences in baseline characteristics, pathogens, and clinical outcomes between patients with HCAP and CAP in a university teaching hospital in South Korea, and to clarify approaches for initial antibiotic management.
Study design and subjects
We conducted a retrospective observational study of 527 patients with CAP or HCAP who were hospitalized at Severance Hospital (a 2,000-bed university tertiary referral hospital in Seoul, South Korea) between January 1 and December 31, 2008. Patients were classified into either a CAP or HCAP group, according to the 2005 ATS/IDSA guidelines. We compared baseline characteristics, and identified pathogens, antibiotics regimens, and clinical outcomes between the two groups. The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Severance Hospital.
Pneumonia was defined as the presence of a new infiltrate on the chest radiography plus at least one of the following: fever (temperature ≥ 38.0°C) or hypothermia (temperature < 35.0°C), new cough with or without sputum production, pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, or altered breath sounds on auscultation [15].
HCAP included any patient who fulfilled any of the following: (1) hospitalization in an acute care hospital for two or more days within 90 days of the infection; (2) residence in a nursing home or long-term care facility; (3) infusion therapy, such as intravenous antibiotic therapy, chemotherapy or wound care, within 30 days of a current infection; (4) regular attendance at a dialysis clinic, including hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis [9]. CAP included any patient with pneumonia who did not meet the HCAP criteria.
Patients were defined as being immunosuppressed if they fulfilled at least one of the following criteria: (1) daily administration of systemic corticosteroids (at least 15 mg of prednisone per day for more than one month or combination therapy with low dose corticosteroids and other immunosuppressants including azathioprine, mycophenolate, methotrexate, cyclosporine, or cyclophosphamide) (2) seropositivity for human immunodeficiency virus; (3) receipt of either a solid organ or bone marrow transplant; (4) treatment with radiation therapy or chemotherapy for an underlying malignancy during the 6 months prior to hospital admission; or (5) underlying acquired immune deficiency disorder [11, 13].
In this study, potentially drug resistant (PDR) pathogens included methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, based on previous reports showing problematic clinical outcomes for infections caused by these pathogens [16, 17].
Inappropriate antibiotic therapy was defined as when any initially prescribed antibiotics were not active against the identified pathogens, based on in vitro susceptibility testing [10, 12].
The definition of early treatment failure was clinical deterioration within 72 hours of starting treatment, such as a lack of response or worsening of fever, respiratory condition, and/or radiographic status, requiring mechanical ventilation or aggressive fluid resuscitation or vasopressors, or death [12, 18, 19].
The severity of pneumonia was evaluated and categorized using the validated prediction rule and pneumonia severity index (PSI) scores: low, class I to III; intermediate, class IV; high, class V [20, 21].
Antibiotic treatment
Antibiotic therapy was initiated in basic accordance with the ATS/IDSA guidelines (8,9), but the detailed antibiotic regimen complied with the attending physician's choice taking into consideration patient risk factors and the severity of the disease. Empirical antibiotic therapy was modulated after the pathogen was identified according to the susceptibility test. However, the antibiotic therapy was changed or extended according to the attending physician's decision for patients in whom the pathogen was not identified or whose clinical condition deteriorated.
Microbiological studies
Pathogens in samples obtained from sputum, blood, or other samples were investigated using standard microbiological procedures. Blood cultures were accepted as an etiological diagnosis if no other source could be identified for the positive blood culture. Sputum samples were cultured in a semi-quantitative manner, and an etiological diagnosis was established when a predominant microorganism was isolated from group 4 or 5 sputum, according to Murray and Washington's grading system [22]. A rapid immunochromatographic assay was used for detecting the Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen (BinaxNOW® S. pneumoniae Test; Binax Inc., Scarborough, ME, USA) and Legionella pneumophila serogroup I antigen (BinaxNOW® Legionella Test; Binax Inc., Scarborough, ME, USA) in urine. Antibodies against atypical pathogens (Mycoplasma pneumoniae) were detected by microparticle agglutination assay (MAG). Cases that did not meet any of these criteria were considered to be pneumonia of unknown etiology. The antibiotic sensitivity of all isolates was determined using a disc diffusion method, according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines [23].
Statistical analyses
Categorical variables were analyzed using the χ2 test or Fisher's exact test, and continuous variables were analyzed using Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. After testing the distribution of continuous variables, normally distributed variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and non-normally distributed variables were presented as median (interquartile range, [IQRs]). Multivariate analysis was performed using a logistic regression model to estimate risk factors for occurrence of PDR pathogens, which was presented with the odds ratio (OR, 95% confidence intervals, CI). Potential candidate variables were those with P < 0.05 in univariate analyses, and the multi-collinearity of variables was checked. All tests were two-sided and a P-value < 0.05 was deemed to be statistically significant. SPSS 18.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for all statistical analyses.
Patient characteristics
Baseline Characteristics of Patients with HCAP and CAPa
Baseline Characteristics
HCAP (n = 231)
(n = 296)
P- value
Age (year)
63.5 ± 13.1
65.4 ± 15.7
162 (70.1)
194 (65.5)
69 (29.9)
102 (34.5)
Underlying diseases
Diabetes Mellitus
52 (22.5)
59 (19.9)
Chronic lung diseaseb
22 (9.5)
56 (18.9)
Central nervous system disorders
26 (11.3)
47 (15.9)
Renal disease
31 (13.4)
27 (9.1)
93 (40.3)
125 (42.2)
Cardiovascular disease
19 (8.2)
62 (20.9)
Liver disease
12 (5.2)
16 (5.4)
Rheumatologic disease
9 (3.9)
18 (6.1)
156 (67.5)
58 (19.6)
Solid organ malignancy
133 (57.6)
42 (14.2)
Hematologic malignancy
26 (11.3)
17 (5.7)
Clinical parameters
35 (15.2)
34 (11.5)
Septic shock at onset
57 (24.7)
46 (15.5)
PaO2 < 60 mmHg, SpO2 < 90%, or PaO2/FiO2 < 300
79 (34.2)
96 (32.4)
Pleural effusion
43 (18.6)
49 (16.6)
Acute renal failure at onset
32 (13.9)
37 (12.5)
Laboratory findings
pH < 7.35
10 (4.3)
23 (7.8)
Hematocrit < 30%
87 (37.7)
51 (17.2)
Glucose > 250 mg/dL
20 (8.7)
21 (7.1)
Blood urea nitrogen > 30 mg/dL
67 (29.0)
49 (16.6)
Leukocytes (×103/μl)
12790 ± 13603
13175 ± 7519
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)
15.4 ± 11.2
13.1 ± 10.0
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (mm)
83.2 ± 33.8
71.4 ± 35.7
Eastern Cooperative Oncology
Group (ECOG)
1.7 ± 0.9
1.2 ± 0.9
Prior antibiotics use
97 (42.0)
6 (1.0)
142 (61.5)
39 (13.2)
Pneumonia Severity Index Risk Classes
113.7 ± 32.3
92.2 ± 33.6
Low (I-III)
55 (23.8)
159 (53.7)
Intermediate (IV)
115 (49.8)
99 (33.4)
High (V)
61 (26.4)
38 (12.8)
Pathogen distribution
Pathogen Distribution in Patients with HCAP and CAPa
HCAP (n= 231)
CAP (n= 296)
Pathogen identified
79 (34.2)
83 (29.1)
Gram-positive pathogens
34 (14.7)
54 (18.2)
9 (3.9)
6 (2.0)
4 (1.7)
9 (3.0)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
11 (4.8)
33 (11.1)
Streptococcus other
4 (1.7)
3 (1.0)
Enterococcus species
0 (0)
1 (0.3)
Others b
6 (2.6)
3 (1.0)
Gram-negative pathogens
46 (19.9)
28 (9.5)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
10 (4.3)
5 (1.7)
Escherichia coli
1 (0.4)
0 (0)
Haemophilus influenzae
2 (0.9)
3 (1.0)
Klebsiella pneumoniae
23 (10.0)
13 (4.4)
ESBL producing c
9/23 (39.1)
3/13 (23.1)
Enterobacter species
4 (1.7)
1 (0.3)
Acinetobacter baumannii
1 (0.4)
0 (0)
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
1 (0.4)
1 (0.3)
Others d
4 (1.7)
5 (1.7)
Anaerobes e
1 (0.4)
0 (0)
Atypical pathogens f
0 (0)
3 (1.0)
Fungal pathogensg
1 (0.4)
1 (0.3)
PDR pathogens
29 (12.6)
14 (4.7)
Antibiotic treatment and clinical outcomes
Antibiotic Treatments and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with HCAP and CAPa
(n= 231)
(n= 296)
Inappropriate antibiotic therapy b
27/73 (37.0)
19/78 (24.4)
30 (13.0)
53 (17.9)
3 (1.3)
5 (1.7)
5 (2.2)
8 (2.7)
Antipseudomonal penicillins
6 (2.6)
6 (2.0)
13 (5.6)
34 (11.5)
3 (1.3)
0 (0)
Combination therapy
201 (87.0)
243 (82.1)
β-lactams + fluoroquinolone
4 (1.7)
8 (2.7)
β-lactams + macrolide
36 (15.6)
112 (37.8)
β-lactams + clindamycin
10 (4.3)
14 (4.7)
β-lactams + aminoglycoside
6 (2.6)
1 (0.3)
Fluoroquinolone + clindamycin
13 (5.6)
12 (4.1)
Antipseudomonal β-lactams + fluroquinolone
63 (27.3)
48 (16.2)
Antipseudomonal β-lactams + macrolide
0 (0)
1 (0.3)
Antipseudomonal β-lactams + clindamycin
6 (2.6)
3 (1.0)
Antipseudomonal β-lactams + aminoglycoside
8 (3.5)
2 (0.7)
Other combination therapyc
55 (23.8)
42 (14.2)
Clinical outcomes
In-hospital mortality
65 (28.1)
32 (10.8)
Early treatment failured
56 (24.2)
37 (12.5)
ICU admission
49 (21.2)
37 (12.5)
ICU mortality
31 (13.4)
21 (7.1)
Need for mechanical ventilation
47 (20.3)
39 (13.2)
Duration of hospital stay (days)
18.6 ± 19.1
12.9 ± 13.1
Occurrence of PDR pathogens and clinical outcomes and in each severity class assessed by PSI
Occurrence of PDR Pathogens and Clinical Outcomes and in Each Severity Class Assessed by the Pneumonia Severity Index in Patients
Pneumonia Severity Index Classes
(n= 231)
(n= 296)
PDR pathogensa
Low (I-III)
7/17 (41.2)
5/36 (13.9)
Intermediate (IV)
14/40 (35.0)
5/29 (17.2)
High (V)
8/22 (36.4)
4/18 (22.2)
Early treatment failure b
Low (I-III)
9/55 (16.4)
10/159 (6.3)
Intermediate (IV)
21/115 (18.3)
18/99 (18.2)
High (V)
26/61 (42.6)
9/38 (23.7)
In-hospital mortality b
Low (I-III)
9/55 (16.4)
5/159 (3.1)
Intermediate (IV)
29/115 (25.2)
14/99 (14.1)
High (V)
27/61 (44.3)
13/38 (34.2)
Risk Factors for Occurrence of PDR Pathogens
Multivariate Analysis of Risk Factors for Occurrence of PDR Pathogens
Risk Factors
Odds Ratio
Gender, female
0.75 - 3.01
0.98 - 1.02
Tube feeding
4.62 - 48.31
Residence in a nursing home or extended care facility
0.53 - 6.86
Intravenous chemotherapy within 30 days
0.22 - 1.77
Attended a hemodialysis clinic
0.86 - 9.19
Hospitalized in an acute care hospital for two or more days within 90 days of the infection
1.32 - 5.46
This study showed that half of the hospitalized patients with pneumonia in a university tertiary referral hospital in South Korea were diagnosed with HCAP, and identified differences in comorbidities, pathogens, initial antibiotic regimens, and clinical outcomes between the HCAP and CAP groups. Moreover, tube feeding and prior hospitalization with antibiotic treatment within 90 days of pneumonia were found to be significant risk factors for PDR pathogens.
Patients with HCAP were more frequently classified into the intermediate- and high-risk classes than patients with CAP. More PDR pathogens were identified, more inappropriate antibiotic treatments were initiated, and clinical outcomes were worse for HCAP patients, especially those in the low and intermediate risk classes. The results of this study were consistent with those of previous studies reporting distinct clinical characteristics of HCAP and worse outcomes than CAP [10, 12, 14, 24]. However, the baseline characteristics and the backgrounds of patients with HCAP differed slightly from previous reports. In this study, more patients with HCAP had malignancies (67.5%) and an immunosuppressive condition (61.5%) as comorbidity than other studies (14.2% to 22.3%) [12, 24]. Furthermore, the HCAP group included a relatively lower proportion of patients residing in nursing homes or extended care facilities (9.1%) than previous reports (28.0% to 61.0%)[12, 24]. These differences indicate the heterogeneous aspect of HCAP and the difficulty of establishing one unified approach for patients with HCAP [25].
Despite the high rate of anti-pseudomonal therapy in HCAP patients, a high proportion of inappropriate initial antibiotics were given to the patients in this study (37.0%), as compared with the studies of Shindo et al. (20.8%), Carratalà et al. (5.6%), and Park et al. (24.6%) [10, 12, 14]. This is likely due to the higher rate of PDR pathogen infection (36.7%), as compared with the aforementioned reports of Shindo et al. (22.1%), Carratalà et al. (3.5%), and Park et al. (29.3%) in HCAP patients, and the relatively high proportion of ESBL-producing Gram-negative pathogens [10, 12, 14]. In this study, K. pneumoniae (10.0%) was the most common pathogen in patients with HCAP, followed by S. aureus (5.6%), S. pneumoniae (4.8%), and P. aeruginosa (4.3%) in that order. In addition, the rate of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae was relatively high in our study. This may be explained by differences in the underlying comorbidities of HCAP patients and their reasons for being in contact with the healthcare environment. A large proportion of patients with malignancies who had been regularly hospitalized for anti-cancer chemotherapy and a considerable proportion of patients with recent antibiotic therapy (42.0%) could explain an increasing colonization of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae. In a report by Park et al., another study done in a tertiary hospital of South Korea, K. pneumoniae is also the second most common pathogen of HCAP and the rate of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae comes to 79% in both CAP and HCAP [14]. Thus, efforts to identify the pathogens and to adjust empirical antibiotics accordingly, based on microbiological data, are more useful than automatic treatment with anti-pseudomonal broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Negative clinical outcomes, including early treatment failure and in-hospital mortality were all higher in HCAP patients than CAP patients. The differences were significant, especially among the low-risk class, and the occurrence of PDR pathogens was also more frequently observed in HCAP patients than in CAP patients among the low-risk class. These results were similar to the study of Shindo et al. in Japan, which showed higher mortality and PDR pathogens occurrence in HCAP patients than in CAP patients in the moderate severity class according to the A-DROP (age, dehydration, respiratory failure, orientation disturbance, and low blood pressure) scoring system [12]. In patients classified as high-risk, mortality was not different between HCAP and CAP patients, probably due to the severity of the illness itself, regardless of the presence of PDR pathogens. The poorer outcomes for patients with HCAP than for those with CAP in the low-risk class might be explained by the higher rate of early treatment failure (16.4% vs. 6.3%; P = 0.024), associated with a higher proportion of PDR pathogen (41.2% vs. 13.9%; P = 0.027), as shown in Table 4.
Although we could not find a significant difference in the rate of inappropriate initial antibiotics treatment between patients with HCAP and CAP, the proportion of inappropriate antibiotic treatment was significantly higher in HCAP patients infected with PDR pathogen than in those without (58.6% vs. 22.7%; P = 0.002) (data not shown), which is consistent with previous reports [14, 26]. Therefore, it is important to identify risk factors for PDR pathogens in patients with HCAP to decide who should receive broad-spectrum antibiotics. These efforts would improve clinical outcomes and prevent the emergence of multi-drug resistant microorganisms from overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics. According to multivariate analysis, significant risk factors for PDR pathogens included the use of antibiotics for more than two days during a prior hospitalization within 90 days of pneumonia onset as well as tube feeding. Thus, we suggest that physicians consider broad-spectrum antibiotics for treatment of HCAP patients with these risk factors for PDR pathogens.
HCAP is a newly defined group since 2005 and has been composed of heterogeneous patients with various severities of illness and different reasons for contact with the healthcare environment. Thus, there is little detailed data on these various HCAP groups, though it is associated with significant mortality and high health care costs [27, 28]. This study may provide useful guidance in understanding the characteristics of HCAP and in developing therapeutic approaches for patients with HCAP in South Korea.
To fully appreciate our results, we should consider the limitations of the present study. First, this was a retrospective study in a single institution with a relatively short duration and may not represent South Korean medical institutions in general. However, this study shows the general characteristics of pneumonia patients admitted to tertiary hospitals in South Korea. Second, the etiology of pneumonia was identified in a low proportion of patients. Thus, the true incidence of PDR pathogen and its effects on the clinical outcomes could have been underestimated. However, 89% and 99% of the patients were evaluated using their sputum and blood samples, and our successful pathogen identification rate of 30% was not relatively low compared to the rate of 20-50% from previous prospectively designed studies [10, 29, 30]. Third, atypical pathogens could not be fully evaluated due to inadequate information in the medical records. Fourth, prior antibiotic use could not be fully estimated due to insufficient information from other clinics in the medical records.
In summary, half of the hospitalized with pneumonia in a university tertiary referral hospital were diagnosed with HCAP. Patients with HCAP showed a higher occurrence of PDR pathogens, more frequent early treatment failure, and a higher mortality rate than patients with CAP, especially in patients with low-risk class. Those HCAP patients who underwent tube feeding and those who have been hospitalized and given antibiotic treatment within the previous 90 days should be mainly considered for broad-spectrum antibiotics.
healthcare-associated pneumonia
community acquired pneumonia
potentially drug-resistant
pneumonia severity index
American Thoracic Society.
Infectious Diseases Society of America
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
extended spectrum β-lactamase
microparticle agglutination assay
standard deviation
confidence intervals
intensive care unit
The authors are indebted to all who participated in this study. Thanks to all the health care professionals of the Severance Hospital, and specifically those from the pulmonology units and the emergency room.
Authors' Affiliations
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- Kollef MH, Shorr A, Tabak YP, Gupta V, Liu LZ, Johannes RS: Epidemiology and outcomes of health-care-associated pneumonia: results from a large US database of culture-positive pneumonia. Chest. 2005, 128 (6): 3854-3862. 10.1378/chest.128.6.3854.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Niederman MS: Making sense of scoring systems in community acquired pneumonia. Respirology. 2009, 14 (3): 327-335. 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2009.01494.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Shindo Y, Sato S, Maruyama E, Ohashi T, Ogawa M, Imaizumi K, Hasegawa Y: Comparison of severity scoring systems A-DROP and CURB-65 for community-acquired pneumonia. Respirology. 2008, 13 (5): 731-735. 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01329.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Shorr AF, Haque N, Taneja C, Zervos M, Lamerato L, Kothari S, Zilber S, Donabedian S, Perri MB, Spalding J, Oster G: Clinical and economic outcomes for patients with health care-associated Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol. 2010, 48 (9): 3258-3262. 10.1128/JCM.02529-09.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Lambert ML, Suetens C, Savey A, Palomar M, Hiesmayr M, Morales I, Agodi A, Frank U, Mertens K, Schumacher M, Wolkewitz M: Clinical outcomes of health-care-associated infections and antimicrobial resistance in patients admitted to European intensive-care units: a cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011, 11 (1): 30-38. 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70258-9.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kothe H, Bauer T, Marre R, Suttorp N, Welte T, Dalhoff K: Outcome of community-acquired pneumonia: influence of age, residence status and antimicrobial treatment. European Respiratory Journal. 2008, 32 (1): 139-146. 10.1183/09031936.00092507.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ruiz M, Ewig S, Marcos MA, Martinez JA, Arancibia F, Mensa J, Torres A: Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: impact of age, comorbidity, and severity. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1999, 160 (2): 397-405.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/11/61/prepub
Pre-publication history
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Hotel Spa
|Mon - Fri
|8:00 am
|9:00 pm
|Sat - Sun
|9:00 am
|7:30 pm
Online bookings let you pick date/time for your visit.
If you purchase an eVoucher you will need to book with the venue directly.
The Berkeley Health Club and Spa boasts the only heated rooftop pool in London with views across Hyde Park and sliding roof which opens to the sky in fine weather. Luxurious treatment rooms provide a haven of relaxation in which to experience sublime facial and body therapies that soothe and energise.
The Berkeley Health Spa located at the Berkeley Hotel has a wide range of beauty and body treatments such as DDF Wrinkle Relax Treatment, Javanese Lulur and European Massage. The Berkeley pool is one of only two rooftop pools in London.
The Berkeley is within easy reach of Knightsbridge's famous stores. It is moments from many of London's acclaimed museums and landmarks. The hotel is situated on the corner of Wilton Place and Knightsbridge.

subset: commoncrawl


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Seamless is simply the easiest way to order food for delivery or takeout. Whatever you're in the mood for, wherever you're in the mood for it, you've got it. No menus, no phone calls, and no repeating yourself. They have delivered food to over 2 million users from over 12,000+ restaurants in 40 cities. They guarantee you the best food possible in the best way possible. Delivery or takeout, individual or corporation, they are serious when they say "your fo... more
Find more Seamless promo codes at Retailmenot, Coupons.com and Dealspotr.


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March is shaping up to be a make-or-break month for Blackpool. Having propelled themselves from ninth to fourth over the course of the past seven matches, the next seven games - five of them against top-half opposition - will reveal a great deal more about their promotion credentials.
Anything is possible. By the end of it, they could conceivably be in pole position for the title if they take maximum points on the last two Saturdays against Reading and Southampton.
Equally, defeat in those matches could plunge them out of the automatic picture altogether and leave them struggling to make the play-offs, particularly if they continue to make life difficult by giving themselves mountains to climb.
In last 11 league matches, Blackpool have conceded the first goal nine times. It's a surprising statistic given their sudden rise to prominence but much of their success has been down to the vast array of attacking options at Ian Holloway's disposal and his ability to change the course of games from the substitutes bench.
Of the 23 goals that Blackpool have scored in the aforementioned 11-match sample, 19 have arrived in the second half and ten of those have been plundered in the last ten minutes. But perhaps most staggering of all is the fact that the Tangerines have come from behind to win five times and rescued a point twice.
However, salvaging something from a losing position against Hull City on Friday night might be an altogether different prospect if their bad habits continue. The Tigers haven't conceded twice in a game since a 2-1 defeat at Southampton in November and they head to the Fylde coast on a run of six straight clean sheets.
The contrasting characteristics of the two teams open up all kinds of possible betting angles but it's over the course of 45 minutes where we see the biggest window of opportunity, the deal-breaker being the statistic that shows Hull reaching the interval with their goal intact in 25 out of 33 matches.
In Jack Hobbs and James Chester, the Tigers boast arguably the most formidable central defensive partnership in the division and they provide a huge platform for Hull to reap full rewards against teams liable to shoot themselves in the foot.
Given that Blackpool have only reached half-time without conceding in seven of their last 23, there's a much greater chance that Hull might be ahead at the interval than the layers appear to be crediting them with and tempted though we are by the 0-1 and 0-2 options on the half-time score market at respective odds of 11/2 and 22/1, it's the 10/3 on Hull to win the first half that gets the nod.
Recommended bet:
1pt Hull to win the first half against Blackpool at 10/3 (Blue Square)
For more betting news and views, please visit Bestofthebets.com. You can also follow Mike Holden on Twitter: @Miguel_BOTBReuse content


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World of Warcraft Guild Website Design
- Status Closed
- Budget N/A
- Total Bids 21
Project Description
I'm using a description posted by a previous person seeking a WoW website to be designed, because what he/she posted is exactly what I'm looking for. Here is the description copied/pasted
I am looking for a freelancer to design and build a guild website for "World of Warcraft".
I'm looking for creative and innovative people who are able to create one of the best guild sites around whilst using the best possible technology.
You will be able to demonstrate related work/projects that you have previously completed.
You will be able to give ideas and suggestions and provide solutions for the smooth workings of this site.
You will provide mock-ups designs in regards to the site/banners etc before any work is started and only after we have both agreed on the design and possible future sections.
You will have expertise in custom website design, logo design, forums, themes, database, php, SQL, Java, photoshop, illustrator, and all other relevant experience which will add value to this project.
You will need to design a Template/Logo and appropriate graphics for various sections that will represent this guild and it's members accordingly.
The core purpose of this site is to allow our members to log in to the forums/account - View Suicide Kings Loot – Sign up for Raids – View Calendars for Raid times and events, access screenshots, news, server status, and have a wealth of information about current and previous raids, and other relevant info, and of course the recruitment of new members.
I would also like for the members to be able to choose their character race, class, level and other related info such as professions etc to be built into their profiles. Get info on Dungeons and WOW in general with built in search engines from [url removed, login to view] or [url removed, login to view] along with server status and be able to link WOW items and gear.
All this will need to be integrated into the site. The forums etc will be loading within the site and not opening new windows.
As I don't have experience in programming and web design, it will be up to the freelancer to suggest and explain the best possible technology in relation to the forums, event management and signups, DKP systems and general use and maintenance of this site.
In terms of look/feel for the site, we are interested in colorful yet subdued tones, for those familiar with the game, think the look feel of the zone Nagrand.Get free quotes for a project like this
Skills Required
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- Set your budget and the timeframe
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- Times Online


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Poor regeneration of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons is a major obstacle for treating ocular trauma and diseases including glaucoma. There are as yet no therapies to repair optic nerve once the damage is done. We now demonstrate that modulation of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) expression in adult RGCs using small interference RNAs (siRNA), with elevation of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and cyclic AMP (cAMP) promotes robust optic nerve regeneration. Remarkably, some regenerating axons successfully reach a brain target, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a master pacemaker for regulating circadian rhythms. The overall goal of this proposal is to determine;i) whether the axons that reach to the SCN form functional connections and induce recovery of circadian rhythm, and ii) develop strategies to further enhance optic nerve regeneration to the central targets. Despite impressive regeneration, not all retinal neurons regenerated their axons over long distances, and many regenerating axons stalled at the optic chiasm.
In Aim 1, we will combine strategies to enhance the intrinsic growth potentials of RGCs to further increase regeneration. Next, we will look for factors that limit axon regeneration into and beyond the optic chiasm. Recently, we found that over-expression of light sensor proteins induces some axon regeneration.
In Aim 2, we will elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this form of regeneration. It is unknown whether the regenerated axons in the SCN restore the ability of the SCN to adjust to light dark cycles, a process known as circadian photoentrainment.
In Aim 3, we will determine whether the axons that reach to the SCN form functional connections and induce recovery of circadian photoentrainment. Identifying methods to further increase regeneration to brain and determining whether the regenerated axons restore visual functions represent critical future studies. Results obtained from these studies will provide invaluable information on developing future therapies to repair degenerated optic nerve after glaucoma and traumatic optic neuropathy.
Poor regeneration of retinal ganglion cell axons is a major feature of glaucoma, optic neuritis and traumatic optic neuropathies. There are currently no therapies to repair damaged optic nerve. We now present a novel and therapeutically relevant approach that permits long-distance regeneration of retinal ganglion cell axons after injury. This grant will harness our new methods to further enhance regeneration, and determine whether the regenerating axons restore visual functions.
|Lee, Do-Hun; Luo, Xueting; Yungher, Benjamin J et al. (2014) Mammalian target of rapamycin's distinct roles and effectiveness in promoting compensatory axonal sprouting in the injured CNS. J Neurosci 34:15347-55
|Luo, Xueting; Yungher, Benjamin; Park, Kevin K (2014) Application of tissue clearing and light sheet fluorescence microscopy to assess optic nerve regeneration in unsectioned tissues. Methods Mol Biol 1162:209-17


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THUMBS UP! RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS ... A handful of renewable energy projects in New Mexico will be funded through federal grants and loans, according to a recent Associated Press report. In all, more than 500 agricultural producers and rural small businesses across the country are being awarded funds for renewable energy and efficiency projects, with businesses in Deming, Belen, Roswell and Los Lunas getting a piece of the action.
You have achieved the American dream: a family, great house, fifth-wheel travel trailer, new sports utility vehicles, flowers growing abundantly around here and there.
This quaint view of life is not shared by the dog, however. Being tethered to a four-foot log chain 24 hours a day, seven days a week is nothing to celebrate for him. There are no toys, so he tosses his water bowl in the air for entertainment. He watches achingly as kids play in front of him, but he is ignored — seen as something not animate, but as an "it," a thing not worthy of notice.
Driving to Las Vegas on a recent Friday evening to spend the weekend with friends, I was involved in a minor car accident.
When I arrived, I was feeling much muscle pain, stiffness and discomfort.
I drove to the emergency room of Alta Vista Regional Hospital. Upon my arrival there I felt reassured that everything was going to be well taken care of. Every person from the registration clerk, triage nurse, bedside nurse, radiology tech and, of course, my wonderful doctor, was extremely kind, caring and professional.
I read the letter to the editor written by Marino Rivera in the Sept. 2-4 edition of the Optic regarding oil drilling in Mora County.
I agree 100 percent with what is written. I'm glad several citizens have joined together to do something about it.
I honestly love each and every citizen in Mora County, but they need to wake up! We have a hidden paradise. Our valley is one of the more beautiful sites on the face of the earth.
Charles, Prince of Wales, and heir to the British throne, came to Montezuma on Oct. 28, 1982, to dedicate the Armand Hammer United World College of the American West.
Copyright © 2017
The Las Vegas Optic is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in San Miguel County and Las Vegas, NM, and the surrounding area.


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Positive Therapy
A Meta-theory for Positive Psychological Practice
By (author) P. Alex Linley Stephen Joseph
Format: Paperback
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Positive Therapy by P. Alex Linley
Book DescriptionPositive psychology emphasises the need to understand the positive side of human experience, as well as understanding and ameliorating psychopathology and distress. Positive Therapy explores the relevance of positive psychology to therapy. Stephen Joseph and P. Alex Linley argue that therapy is not so much about what you do as how you do it, emphasising the influence of the views we hold about human nature on our approach to therapy, and the importance of the relationship between therapist and client over the technique of the therapist. They consider the full range of positive therapies and illustrate the application of the approach in relation to their own work in the field of posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth. Finally, they discuss how positive therapy focuses our attention on the social and political context of our work as therapists. This book is essential reading for all psychotherapists, counsellors, social workers, coaches and psychologists interested in investigating how they engage with clients, and the implications of this engagement for their practice.
Buy Positive Therapy book by P. Alex Linley from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9781583917732
(216mm x 138mm x 16mm)
Pages: 202
Imprint: Taylor & Francis Ltd
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd
Publish Date: 13-Jul-2006
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Other Editions...
Books By Author P. Alex Linley
Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology and Work, Paperback (May 2013)
This handbook synthesizes the literature on the changing world of work from the perspective of positive psychology.
Happiness and Well-being, Hardback (December 2009)
As work on happiness and well-being flourishes as never before, this title meets the need for an authoritative reference work to make sense of the subject's vast literature and the continuing explosion in research output.
Trauma, Recovery, and Growth, Hardback (March 2008)
The latest theory and research on understanding posttraumatic stressand its treatment, providing evidence-based clinical interventionsusing techniques drawn from positive psychology It is known that exposure to stressful and traumatic events can have severe and chronic psychological consequences.
Positive Therapy, Hardback (July 2006)» View all books by P. Alex Linley
Intended for psychotherapists, counsellors, social workers, coaches and psychologists interested in investigating how they engage with clients.
» Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Positive Therapy book by P. Alex Linley and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!)
Author Biography - P. Alex Linley
Stephen Joseph is Professor of Psychology, Health and Social Care in the Department of Sociology and Social Policy at the University of Nottingham. His research interests are in understanding how people cope with trauma and adversity and more broadly in positive psychology and its applications. He is also a senior practitioner member of the British Psychological Society's Register of Psychologists who specialise in psychotherapy. P. Alex Linley is a lecturer in Psychology at the University of Leicester. He is interested in positive psychology and its applications, especially in relation to psychological strengths, and serves as the Director of the Centre for Applied Positive Psychology (CAPP).
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text:
A Quick Briefing
Welcome! You have reached my little corner of the internet which is a catalog of my music and art, as well as my ever growing portfolio. Feel free to browse around, look at some cats, watch speed paint videos, and listen to some tunes. Sorry, I'm all out of popcorn.


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This electronic publication provides recent statistics on the resources devoted to the R&D in OECD countries and in nine non-member economies.
More than 35 million people worldwide had dementia in 2010 and this number is expected to exceed 115 million by 2050. This paper reports on the opportunities offered by the informatics revolution and big data to address Alzheimer's Disease and dementia. This will require careful planning and multi-stakeholder collaboration as technical, administrative, regulatory, infrastructure and financial obstacles emerge.
This report presents new evidence on how governments steer and fund public research in higher education and public research institutions through research excellence initiatives (REIs). It provides information on how REIs work and institutions that host centres of excellence. The findings show some of the benefits to be gained through REIs and pitfalls to be avoided.
This OECD Review of Innovation Policy in Croatia offers a comprehensive assessment of the innovation system of Croatia, focusing on the role of government. It suggests that EU integration opens a window of opportunity for strengthening Croatia's science, technology and innovation systems, and recommends that Croatia improve governance, rebalance the innovation mix and do more to foster business innovation.
This paper reviews demand-side innovation policies, their rationales and importance across countries, different approaches to their design, the challenges entailed in their implementation and evaluation, and good practices. Three main forms of demand-side policy are considered: innovation-oriented public procurement, innovation-oriented regulations, and standards, with emphasis on innovation-oriented public procurement.
English, PDF, 1,103kb
This report presents findings and analyses regarding formal status, governance, establishment, funding, access and other issues. It is the result of a survey of existing infrastructures, followed by discussions among infrastructure practitioners: researchers, facility administrators, officials of ministries and funding agencies.
An ageing population brings new challenges both to healthcare systems and to medicine in terms of the increased manifestation of specific diseases primarily seen in the elderly. Biomedical innovation, and in particular research into "omics technologies", offers the promise of new means of detection, prevention and treatment of age-related disabilities and diseases.
This report describes recent trends in government and institutional level policies to enhance the transfer and exploitation of public research. It also benchmarks a set of countries, universities and public research institutions based on both traditional and new indicators.
This paper presents the findings of a survey of 25 countries. It provides a snapshot of current national or regional policy and research programmes designed to stimulate the growth of nanotechnology applications in diverse sectors of the economy while addressing the potential risks and the ethical and social challenges the technology might raise.
This page presents the OECD statistical work on human resources in science and technology, more specifically the OECD/UNESCO Institute for Statistics/Eurostat project on careers of doctorate holders.


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Ile St.-Louis In 2 days
Enter your dates to find available activities
At the moment there are no tours that match your criteria. Please go to the main page to find tours.
ParisSee all 715 tickets & tours
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Want to discover all there is to do in Ile St.-Louis? Click here for a full list.
What People Are Saying About Ile St.-Louis
Great safe way to get to all the attractions in the city.
We got the 3 day ticket and would recommend this if you have the time. Sometimes the traffic is heavy in the city centre so it takes a while to get to attractions. This would be the same in a car or taxi though. We got the subway sometimes also but definitely felt safer on the tour bus.
Paris: 1, 2, or 3-Day Hop-on Hop-off Ticket Reviewed by Lorraine, 10/24/2016
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Average City Prices
- Per NightCity
- US$19.30 Belfast
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- US$27.18 Portrush
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Other Locations in Northern Ireland
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text:
A Whitehall computer was used to censor a Tory Minister's Wikipedia page to edit out all reference to "victims" of the Bedroom Tax.
The entry for Housing Minister Kris Hopkins includes a section which referred to the "disabled victims" of the hated Coalition policy.
But it has been edited to read "disabled people who would pay" the levy.
Online records show the IP address responsible for the change matches one used to hide the IT networks of Government departments.
Labour's Shadow Cabinet Office Minister Jon Ashworth blasted: "Government spin doctors will clearly go to desperate lengths to pretend the Bedroom Tax is not hurting thousands of people across Britain."
He added: "Rather than fiddling around on websites, the Tories should just get rid of this unfair tax."
It is not known exactly who carried out the changes to Mr Hopkins' comments – reported in the Mirror and made at a Select Committee hearing earlier this year.
The IP address had previously been used to edit a Wikipedia page about the Hillsborough Disaster, which led to the sacking of a civil servant.
Mr Hopkins was unavailable for comment today.
A Government spokeswoman said: "Civil servants are required to follow a code when working online."


text:
For Entrepreneurs
Henry Jordan
Copyright © Henry Jordan 2011 - All rights reserved.
Smashwords Edition
This book is written for you if you are an ambitious, hard working achiever who makes America what it is – the land of opportunity. You make things happen and you make a profit doing it. You work at what you love to do in order to create a better life for you and your family.
You are an entrepreneur who had the urge to be in business for yourself, and the nerve to go ahead and do it.
You have enjoyed running your business for some time – but you are beginning to wonder if you really "Own a Business" or if the "Business Owns You." You are beginning to think seriously about stepping aside sometime in the future.
By now you realize that if you were to have a heart attack, an auto accident, a stroke, or some other serious debilitating ailment, or if some unforeseen event were to take place to keep you from working a few weeks, your business would in fact be out of business. A hard pill to swallow, but true.
Even if you have employees in place who could keep the business going for awhile, there would be no procedure in place to manage and finance the business without you, the boss. There would be no way to pass the business on to someone else or to another company. There would be no stock of real value without you that your heirs could sell or keep.
You might also admit that you are working way too hard. If you are like most workaholic entrepreneurs, your actual income per hour, including time devoted to thinking about the business and actually working, is meager -- possibly less than the minimum wage.
You want things done right, so you do them yourself. You just don't seem to have been able to find the right person to partner with – someone who sees things exactly as you do. Besides, you don't really want a partner.


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This is the November 1, 2012 news archive. View today's Trail Blazers rumors and news.
Portland Trail Blazers
Portland Trail Blazers News and Rumors
Lakers' Nash (leg) doubtful Friday vs. Clippers
Los Angeles Lakers point guard Steve Nash will be listed as doubtful for Friday's game against the Los Angeles Clippers after suffering a lower leg bruise in the second quarter of the Lakers' 116-106 loss to the Portland Trail Blazers Wednesday night.Share Tweet
Lakers fall to 0-2 after Blazers stunCNNSI.com Nov 1, 2012PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) This was not the start the Los Angeles Lakers envisioned.Share Tweet


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Description from Williams-Sonoma
Every detail of this wok is faithful to its traditional Chinese origins, from its carbon steel construction to its hand-hammered design. Its fast-heating cooking surface is great for stir frying, deep frying, steaming and more. Each wok is hammered by handno two are exactly alike.
- Traditional carbon steel construction disperses heat evenly and quickly.
- Gradually sloping sides ensure food stays directly over heat source and facilitates tossing.
- Dual handles provide a firm grip.
- The flat bottom wok is designed to sit flush against the surface making it perfect for all types of cooktops including induction.
- 14″ diam., 5 1/2″ high.
- 5-qt. cap.
- Made in China.
$29.95 USD at time of publication Buy from Williams-Sonoma


text: March 1939. Thousands of childrens lives are under threat from the Nazis. At the outbreak of World War II Sir Nicholas Winton saved the lives of 669 Czechoslovakian children from the lethal threat of the Nazis. Dubbed the British Schindler for his heroism this film produced by Emmy - award winning producer Matej Minác tells the original story through dramatic re-enactments narrated by the rescued children and Sir Nicholas himself. Rare archival footage and interviews with Joe Schlesinger a CBC reporter and one of the rescued children documents not only how Wintons act changed the lives of those he rescued but also how it continues to influence the lives of thousands of others worldwide.Check stock and price


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Comment Re:Meanwhile in the 1940-50's... (Score 1) 159
Oh in case you prefer video presentation format....
Oh in case you prefer video presentation format....
I'm just going to leave this here...
I haven't even read the study and can tell you the title conclusion is completely ridiculous, bordering on bad click-bait.There exists over 1 Billion cars in the world. Unless the governments of all countries in the world both fully subsidize AND legally mandate people to switch to electric cars AND build global infrastructure to support 1 Billion electrical cars, then it ain't gonna happen. Simple as that, end of story.
... to create a private and permission based blockchain between banks a la R3CEV.COM with so far 46 banks. This way, when the keys get compromised, that hacker can be the richest person in the world.
It's ok, you utter the word, the secret's out now... Anyone seriously looking at "blockchain" technology is considering using Ethereum (aka bitcoin 2.0), not Bitcoin, including R3 CEV in the linked article. The ability to script transactions in bitcoin is fairly limited and not flexible. Yes there are ongoing ventures and ideas to work around that: side-chains, blockstream, colored coins, rootstock, etc, but these are all non-existent for production use at this time. Ethereum launched 6 months ago and can be used now, although it has far less time in the open than bitcoin (6 months vs ~7 years), so from a security perspective, it still needs to prove itself. Meanwhile, research teams of organizations can start testing it. Where Bitcoin can disrupt the financial sector, Ethereum can disrupt finance and "everything" else.
If it was 2 or 3 different authorities ok, but when it's thousands of pilots and hundreds of air traffic controllers who know the difference between an airplane and somehting that can do a 90 degree turn while going 20,000 miles per hour... and when it's hundreds of insiders in high ranks telling you not just what they saw, but what they know from decades on the job... at some point you have to pull the ear plugs off your ears and have a listen.
It seems to me you are. Your statement contradicts your signature. We call that hypocrisy around here.
Oh right, when they held positions in the scientific community, were Surgeons in hospitals, ex-NASA employees etc, in charge of F'ing nuclear weapons facilities they were all sane. All of a sudden they see a UFO and they are all crazy. Nice logic fail there.
One day, scientists and their followers will feel like complete idiots, when it becomes obvious aliens have been here all along.
Citation#1: US presidents have known about UFOs here on Earth, even seen them:
Citation#2: If 200+ NASA, Ex-Military, Ex-US government high ranking employees coming forth and willing to testify before congress isn't enough for you, then your mind is too closed: https://www.youtube.com/watch?...
Citation#3: How many pilot witnesses with radar evidence to back it up does it take before you belive that UFOs are real and here on Earth?
Citation#4: Is 3 Million alien abductions in the USA alone enough evidence for you, or are you waiting around for a nice round number like 10 million?
I want to print Circuit Boards at home and ideally even be able to assemble components on them. PLEASE work towards that goal, even if it takes 2-5 years.
Printing & assembling prototypes with traditional vendors costs anywhere from $10,000 to $50,000 PER 2 (identical) boards. It'd be nice to do it all for less than $500 per board at home, even if it takes 2-4 days to print it out & assemble it... which is still faster than 15-45 days via traditional printer & assemblers.
Thank you. That is all.
I think you mean Sanskrit. Have you heard Hindi these days? Having never studied it I already understand 20% of it, because 20% of it already is English. Don't believe me? Turn on the Hindi channel on your TV. Hindi is one of the most bastardized languages that I know of.
Bitcoin Exec? Really? Is that like the Bitcoin CEO the media was reporting on earlier this year? C'mon slashdot... How about some accuracy in your headlines for a change?
There is no Bitcoin Exec because bitcoin is not a corporation. There are thousands of bitcoin related companies, but they each have their name. So maybe a title of "Bitinstant Exec..." would have been more accuracy.
So let me see if I got this straight. Less than 300 years ago the fastest method of transportation was horse and buggey and sail ships on the Ocean.
In 300 years we now can put ships in space that can travel at 87,000 mph (143kph), and your best reasoning borrowed from Astrophysicists no less, is that aliens can't be here or make it here because the distances are just too vast ?!?!?
This lacks basic reasoning at minimum and surely imagination.
Imagine if you can how fast we'll be able to travel in space another 300 years from now. Now imagine how fast an alien race could travel if they were 5,000 years more advanced than we are. What about 100,000 years? 1 Million? 10 Million? Pretty sure after even a few thousand years the problem of going across these vast distances will be solved.
... bitcoin articles on Slashdot.
Have we learned nothing about the inherent risks of centralized banking? Apple pay.... Gah!!
... when the NSA is lying to us?
A: Anytime their lips are moving.
The wages of sin are high but you get your money's worth.


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Very good hotel. Fantastic service. Popular among solo travelers.
Guest Review Highlights
- Room needs to be redecorated
- Comfortable
- Fantastic service
Wego searches multiple travel sites so you can find and compare the best rates.
Based on 26 reviews from across the web.
Very good hotel. Fantastic service. Popular among solo travelers.
Check-in: 15:00:00
Check-out: 13:00:00
A Amidst the peacefulness of a residential sector with ease of access to major roads in the city Calle 36 and Carrera 27 equidistant to the exclusive Cabecera city sector the financial district and the city center Estelar Apartamentos Bucaramanga has been designed in accordance with a contemporary. Accommodation idea offering generous spaces excellent distribution total comfort technology business center transportation and the most complete range of services for your visits to the city.
Modern Studio-Apartments with housekeeping services social area kitchen with refrigerator stove range coffeemaker microwave oven television electronic safe box medical assistance service Emermedica wireless Internet access mini-bar and magnetic room access card.


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Science Keywords>OCEANS>SEA SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY>SEA SURFACE HEIGHT
Hourly Sea Level ObservationsEntry ID: LEVEL
Abstract: Hydrometeorological data are maintained by the Russian State Fund of
Data on condition of Environment. This dataset was created by
RIHMI-WDC in 1991 and contains data on sea level in the seas of the
USSR. Data is currently stored on magnetic tape (800 bit/inch).
Related URL
Geographic Coverage
Spatial coordinates
Temporal Coverage
Start Date: 1970-01-01Stop Date: 1975-12-31
Location Keywords
Science Keywords
Data Center
Distribution Media: magnetic tape 800 bit/inch, 9 tracks
Role: DIF AUTHOR
Email: yvikhlya at scs.gmu.edu
Contact Address:
CEOSR 4400 University Dr., 5C3
City: Fairfax
Province or State: VA
Postal Code: 22030
Country: USA
Extended Metadata Properties
(Click to view more)
Creation and Review Dates
DIF Creation Date: 2000-09-18
Last DIF Revision Date: 2016-12-13


text:
Showing 1-24 of 73 items found in Shopping
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Pickers Outlet Mall is a new 5,000 square foot building located on the busy Herrin Road (1.5 miles west of I-57). The mall can accommodate about 43 vendors. It is set-up like an antique mall, but has more to offer than antiques. It is a fun place to shop where the merchandise is changing daily.
CITY:Johnston City
Cedarhurst Center for the Arts & Mitchell Museum
Exhibitions, a children's gallery, a permanent collection and special events. Grounds include 85 acres sculpture park, nature trails and bird sanctuary. Hosts annual Cedarhurst Craft Fair.
CITY:Mount Vernon
With over 50 vendor spaces, Rosebud Antique Mall offers high quality antiques and collectibles for all budgets. Primitives, fine antique furniture, quilts, china and glassware, pottery, jewelry, toys, framed art, comics, stained glass and many other unique items fill our clean and well-lit space.
Enclosed mall with ten stores. Walkers welcome. Restaurants nearby.
CITY:West Frankfort
Schwartz Orchard in Mt. Vernon
This orchard features fresh-picked apples, peaches, a pumpkin patch, cider and special events for children during apple season.
Rend Lake College Market Place
Large golf outlet store plus clothing, brass, crafts and sporting goods store. Formerly Jent factory outlet mall.
CITY:Mount Vernon
Southern Illinois Artisans Shop and Visitors Center
More than 25 categories of arts and crafts from fine art to the traditional crafts from more than 900 Illinois artisans. Also, home to the Southern Illinois Art Gallery. Special workshops and events throughout the year.
From Our Hands to Yours, another unique DuQuoin Main Street shoppers delight. Find antiques, crafts and gifts of all sorts.
CITY:Du Quoin
Located in one of the city's oldest structures. Vendors of great variety feature hand-painted furniture, array of clocks, Fenton Collection, vintage kitchenware and much more. Open Tues-Sat 10am-5pm.
Shopping mall featuring Dillards, Sears, Target and the area's most unique specialty stores.
On the corner of 3rd and Rte. 3 St. Sells pottery, china, quilts, glassware, antiques, old signs, old toys, vintage clothing, old clocks, furniture, gas station memorabilia.
The perfect combination of great collectibles, seasonal items and great food. On the main street of West Frankfort. Only 10 miles south of Rend Lake.
CITY:West Frankfort
Located off Route 37 in Johnston City, this antique store has glassware, kitchenware, collectibles, and much more. Lots of variety in this newly established business.
CITY:Johnston City
Shopping mall with Sears, JC Penney, Peebles, and a variety of specialty shops.
CITY:Mount Vernon
More than 10,000 square feet of antiques and collectibles located seven miles south of Marion on Route 37 and west on Whitecotton Rd., or take exit 45 on interstate 57 and follow the signs north.
Antique and craft shop featuring primitives, gifts, collectibles, coins, and more with 50-plus vendors.
Eccentrics is an accessories boutique featuring women's clothing, jewelry, belts, hair pieces, handbags, and unique gifts. They are located in Carterville and online, offering a variety of women's clothing, fashion accessories and gift items. We cater to all price points. We carry many of the latest trends found in the fashion magazines.
Beautiful hand-stitched quilt,; plus a large supply of quilt and dress fabrics and notions in a quaint country store.
Ladies boutique and spirit wear store. Custom designs with all the sequins to shine! Rhinestone T's, fashion jewelry, jeans, scarves, purses, and accessories are available.
Come see many unusual items, some you don't see every day -- and our prices are very fair. We always tell the customer go check the rest, come back to the best!
Memories Antiques-Collectibles
We have a very large selection of fine glassware, vintage and antique furniture, and the latest in collectibles.
Come to the country and enjoy furniture, accessories and primitives from a piece of the past. This quaint store also offers seasonal decorations and gift ideas.
CITY:West Frankfort
Full-time, full service coin shop. Large selection of high grade silver coins. They will also purchase gold and silver bullions, half and Morgan dollars, and many other coins. Also has a large collection of sports cards and memorabilia.
This premier brand motorcycle dealership and apparel store has the largest inventory in the country. A two-story, 33,000 square foot warehouse building is located behind the store at 2400 Williamson County Parkway. This building can hold many events including fundraisers, concerts, wrestling, MMA matches and more!


text:
Romans 14:3New International Version (NIV)
3 The one who eats everything must not treat with contempt the one who does not, and the one who does not eat everything must not judge the one who does, for God has accepted them.
Cross references:
New International Version (NIV)
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text: GST groups A GST group consists of two or more business entities that operate as a single business for GST purposes. To form a group, the entities must satisfy certain requirements and notify us of the formation of such a group. Companies, trusts or partnerships with common ownership or membership may operate as a group. Individuals or family members of individuals, associated with these entities may also be part of a GST group. However, a GST group cannot consist solely of individuals. Are you eligible to form a GST group? You are eligible to form a GST group with one or more other members if each member satisfies the membership requirements of that GST group – that is, each member: is registered for GST has the same tax periods as all the other members of the proposed GST group accounts for GST on the same basis (that is, cash or non-cash) as all the other members of the proposed GST group does not belong to any other GST group has no branches for GST purposes satisfies the specific requirements and regulations that apply to its particular type of entity. How do you notify us about the formation of a GST group? If you want to form a GST group, you must ensure all group members satisfy the membership requirements and then notify us using a GST group – notification of forming, changing or cancelling (NAT 2952) form. You also use this form to: add a member to a GST group remove a member from a GST group change the representative member of a GST group cancel a GST group. One member of the group must be nominated as the representative member. This member must be an Australian resident for tax purposes. Other members do not need to be Australian residents for tax purposes. While the representative member is generally responsible for paying GST and claiming GST credits, the members of a GST group are jointly and separately responsible for any amount the representative member is liable to pay us. However, members of a GST group can enter into an indirect tax sharing agreement with the representative member of the group to limit their liability for the representative member's indirect tax liability. End of attention What are the representative member's GST obligations? The representative member of a GST group must complete the activity statement and account for any net GST adjustments on behalf of all group members. The representative member must also notify us: when they have added or removed members from the GST group changed the GST group's representative member dissolved the GST group within 21 days if an entity who was a member no longer meets the requirements to be in the group. How does your group work out its GST turnover? To calculate the GST turnover of the members of your group, the representative member must work out the GST turnover of the entire group (this excludes sales made by one group member to another). GSTR 2001/7 External LinkGoods and services tax: meaning of GST turnover, including the effect of section 188-25 on projected GST turnover. End of attention What are the benefits of forming a GST group? If you enter into a GST group, transactions you conduct with other members of the same GST group are not treated as taxable sales or purchases. This means you are not liable to pay GST to us on sales you make to members of your GST group and you cannot claim GST credits for purchases you make from members of your GST group. Find out more GST definitions: GST credits, purchases, sales End of find out more As a member of a GST group: your administrative and cash flow costs associated with intra-group transactions will decrease you do not have to issue tax invoices for intra-group transactions (tax invoices for transactions outside the group must still be issued by the group member making the sale). If you form a GST group, only the representative member completes the activity statement on behalf of all the group members. The representative member does not include the intra-group transactions in their activity statement. It is important to note that the representative member is responsible for the GST that each group member is liable to pay to us and can also claim all the GST credits to which each group member is entitled. If a GST group member makes a taxable importation and the GST is payable at the time customs duty is paid, the group member responsible for the importation will be liable to pay the GST. Otherwise, the representative member will pay the GST on the importation. In both cases, the representative member is eligible to claim any allowable GST credits on the importation. Is a GST group the same as a GST branch? GST groups and GST branches are not the same. A GST branch is formed where (after satisfying certain criteria) sections of a business are registered as separate entities for GST purposes. GST is payable on transactions between GST branches. Find out more GST branches End of find out more More information Find out more GST groups and branches How we can help End of find out more Abstract: This fact sheet explains how to form a GST group and how it operates under GST law. NAT 3089.Last modified: 02 Sep 2013QC 16235


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Likely to sell out
Lucignano, Arezzo: Half-Day Private Cooking Class
Duration: 4 hours
Cities in Italy
Want to discover all there is to do in Lucignano? Click here for a full list.
The chef and his wife / translator couldn't have been warmer, friendlier or more accommodating. Due to poor information from the booking agency we were almost an hour late, but it didn't seem to matter a bit to Boris and Mariana. The food prepared was fresh and healthy and delicious. It was especially fun that Boris' teaching was entirely in Italian.


text: Every One of Us is Dead at the Beginning of The Silent AgeMike Fahey3/04/13 11:30am31EditPromoteGo to permalinkPlenty of video games have toyed with a desolate future in which an extinction level event has wiped humanity from the face of the Earth. The Silent Age isn't about the future. It's about right now. Bang, you're dead.


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- 1 [uncountable] a system of government in which all the people of a country can vote to elect their representatives parliamentary democracy the principles of democracy See related entries: Political views and systems
- 2[countable] a country which has this system of government Western democracies I thought we were supposed to be living in a democracy.
- 3[uncountable] fair and equal treatment of everyone in an organization, etc., and their right to take part in making decisions the fight for justice and democracy Wordfindercapitalism, communism, democracy, dictatorship, fascism, imperialism, liberal, radical, socialism, system Wordfindercandidate, constituency, contest, democracy, election, majority, manifesto, poll, referendum, swing vote Word Origin late 16th cent.: from French démocratie, via late Latin from Greek dēmokratia, from dēmos
BrE BrE//dɪˈmɒkrəsi//; NAmE NAmE//dɪˈmɑːkrəsi//(pl. democracies) Political views and systems
Check pronunciation: democracy


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Browse By:
All Topics » Retirement Security » Federal employees
Federal employees (1 - 10 of 131 items)
Federal Retirement Processing: OPM Is Pursuing Incremental Information Technology Improvements after Canceling a Modernization Plagued by Management Weaknesses
GAO-13-580T: Published: May 9, 2013. Publicly Released: May 9, 2013.
In a series of reviews, GAO found that the Office of Personnel Management's (OPM) retirement modernization efforts were hindered by weaknesses in key management practices that are essential to successful information technology (IT) modernization projects. For example, in 2005, GAO made recommendations to address weaknesses in the following areas:Project management: While OPM had defined major comp...
Reemployment of Retirees: Six Agencies' Use of Dual Compensation Waiver Authority is Limited
GAO-12-855R: Published: Sep 10, 2012. Publicly Released: Sep 10, 2012.
In summary, the six agencies we reviewed made very little use of the NDAA waiver authority in fiscal years 2010 and 2011. The Department of Treasury made the most, although still very little, use of the waiver authority in both fiscal years--167 waivers in fiscal year 2010 and 214 waivers in fiscal year 2011. Agency officials told us that their agencies used a combination of NDAA and other waiver...
Federal Employees' Compensation Act: Benefits for Retirement-Age Beneficiaries
GAO-12-309R: Published: Feb 6, 2012. Publicly Released: Feb 6, 2012.
In 2010, 31,880or 10 percentof all FECA beneficiaries were long-term, full-time beneficiaries and 10,873 of thoseor 34 percentwere at full retirement age, as defined under the Social Security Act. Of the $1.9 billion total in cash benefits paid to FECA beneficiaries, over half (58 percent) went to long-term, full-time beneficiaries. Of that half, long-term, full-time benefi...
OPM Retirement Modernization: Progress Has Been Hindered by Longstanding Information Technology Management Weaknesses
GAO-12-430T: Published: Feb 1, 2012. Publicly Released: Feb 1, 2012.
In a series of reviews, GAO found that OPMs retirement modernization efforts were hindered by weaknesses in key management practices that are essential to successful IT modernization projects. For example, in 2005, GAO made recommendations to address weaknesses in the following areas:Project management: While OPM had defined major components of its retirement modernization effort, it had not...
Capitol Police: Retirement Benefits, Pay, Duties, and Attrition Compared to Other Federal Police Forces
GAO-12-58: Published: Jan 24, 2012. Publicly Released: Jan 25, 2012.
USCP generally has enhanced retirement benefits, a higher minimum starting salary, and a wider variety of protective duties than other federal police forces in the DC metro area that GAO reviewed, but has similar employment requirements. Even though USCP, Park Police, Supreme Court Police, and Secret Service Uniformed Division are federal police forces, they provide enhanced retirement benefits si...
Federal Employees' Group Life Insurance: Retirement Benefit and Retained Asset Account Disclosures Could Be Improved
GAO-12-94: Published: Nov 10, 2011. Publicly Released: Dec 12, 2011.
The Federal Employees' Group Life Insurance program (FEGLI), administered by the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), insures over 4 million federal employees and annuitants in the event of an enrollee's death. As a result, it is important that the program is clearly explained and properly overseen. However, some aspects of FEGLI, such as program disclosures and the use of retained asset accounts...
OPM Retirement Modernization: Longstanding Information Technology Management Weaknesses Need to Be Addressed
GAO-12-226T: Published: Nov 15, 2011. Publicly Released: Nov 15, 2011.
The Office of Personnel Management (OPM) is the central human resources agency for the federal government and, as such, is tasked with ensuring the government has an effective civilian workforce. As part of its mission, OPM defines recruiting and hiring processes and procedures; provides federal employees with various benefits, such as health benefits; and administers the retirement program for fe...
Department of State Overseas Comparability Pay
GAO-11-772R: Published: Jun 30, 2011. Publicly Released: Jun 30, 2011.
The Federal Employees Pay Comparability Act (FEPCA) of 1990 established locality pay to achieve pay comparability between federal and nonfederal jobs within the United States. Because FEPCA established pay localities only for areas within the United States, federal employees permanently stationed overseas, including members of the Foreign Service, did not receive locality pay. As the Washington, D...
Federal Workers' Compensation: Issues Associated With Changing Benefits for Older Beneficiaries
GAO-11-655T: Published: May 12, 2011. Publicly Released: May 12, 2011.
This testimony discusses issues related to possible changes to the Federal Employees' Compensation Act (FECA) program, a topic that we have reported on in the past. At the end of chargeback year 2010, the FECA program, administered by the Department of Labor (Labor) paid more than $1.88 billion in wage-loss compensation, impairment, and death benefits, and another $898.1 million for medical and re...
Social Security Administration: Cases of Federal Employees and Transportation Drivers and Owners Who Fraudulently and/or Improperly Received SSA Benefits
GAO-10-949T: Published: Aug 4, 2010. Publicly Released: Aug 4, 2010.
This testimony discusses the results of our investigation of the disability programs managed by the Social Security Administration (SSA). SSA administers two of the nation's largest cash benefit programs for people with disabilities: the Disability Insurance (DI) program, which provides benefits to workers with disabilities and their family members, and the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) progr...


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Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease characterized by late diagnosis, aggressive invasion of sun'ounding tissues, eariy metastasis, and resistance to therapy. The molecular basis of pancreatic cancer is incompletely understood. We have recently found that the majority of human pancreatic adenocarcinomas specifically over-express the gene for Ataxia-Telangiectasia Group 0 Complemented (ATDC). The ATDC gene was initially described in association with the genetic disorder ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) but was later found not to be the gene responsible for that disorder, and it's function remained unknown. We have found that high levels of expression of endogenous ATDC confer a growth advantage of pancreatic cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo by stabilization of beta-catenin. We have also identified ATDC as a novel DNA damage response gene that confers a survival advantage to pancreatic cancer cells exposed to iradiation therapy (RT) or the chemotherapeutic drug gemcitabine which are agents used for standard care of pancreatic cancer patients. We show that ATDC traffics to the nucleus and that loss of ATDC results in radioresistant DNA synthesis and a defect in downstream cell cycle checkpoint activation signaling. In this proposal, we will investigate the molecular mechanisms by which ATDC functions in the response to the combination of ionzing gemcitabine and RT. The experiments will test the hypothesis that ATDC is an important stress response regulator in both ATM- and ATR-mediated signaling cascades. Furthermore, we will analyze the effect of targeting ATDC in combination with gemcitabine and RT as a therapeutic modality in pancreatic cancer using a xenograft mouse model and immunoliposomes canning ATDC-targeting shRNA. The results from these preclinical animal studies will be used as a guide in the development of a clinical trial where ATDC will be targeted in pancreatic cancer cells prior to standard treatment with gemcitabine and RT. We propose that ATDC is a promising novel therapeutic target for both slowing the growth of pancreatic tumors as well as making them more susceptible to treatment with the combination of gemcitabine and RT.
|Xue, Xiang; Ramakrishnan, Sadeesh K; Shah, Yatrik M (2014) Activation of HIF-1? does not increase intestinal tumorigenesis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 307:G187-95
|Rho, Jung-hyun; Mead, Judson R; Wright, W Shea et al. (2014) Discovery of sialyl Lewis A and Lewis X modified protein cancer biomarkers using high density antibody arrays. J Proteomics 96:291-9
|Veloso, Artur; Kirkconnell, Killeen S; Magnuson, Brian et al. (2014) Rate of elongation by RNA polymerase II is associated with specific gene features and epigenetic modifications. Genome Res 24:896-905
|Cierpicki, Tomasz; Grembecka, Jolanta (2014) Challenges and opportunities in targeting the menin-MLL interaction. Future Med Chem 6:447-62
|Kanwar, Shailender Singh; Dunlay, Christopher James; Simeone, Diane M et al. (2014) Microfluidic device (ExoChip) for on-chip isolation, quantification and characterization of circulating exosomes. Lab Chip 14:1891-900
|Xie, Liwei; Xue, Xiang; Taylor, Matthew et al. (2014) Hypoxia-inducible factor/MAZ-dependent induction of caveolin-1 regulates colon permeability through suppression of occludin, leading to hypoxia-induced inflammation. Mol Cell Biol 34:3013-23
|Dame, Michael K; Jiang, Yan; Appelman, Henry D et al. (2014) Human colonic crypts in culture: segregation of immunochemical markers in normal versus adenoma-derived. Lab Invest 94:222-34
|Jiang, Yan; Djuric, Zora; Sen, Ananda et al. (2014) Biomarkers for personalizing omega-3 fatty acid dosing. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 7:1011-22
|Nie, Song; Lo, Andy; Wu, Jing et al. (2014) Glycoprotein biomarker panel for pancreatic cancer discovered by quantitative proteomics analysis. J Proteome Res 13:1873-84
|Yoon, Hyeun Joong; Kozminsky, Molly; Nagrath, Sunitha (2014) Emerging role of nanomaterials in circulating tumor cell isolation and analysis. ACS Nano 8:1995-2017
Showing the most recent 10 out of 28 publications


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This proposal requests continued support for a multidisciplinary training program in Experimental Immunology. The past ten years of this Training Program have been successful as concluded by two external consultants. The T32 supported 30 pre-doctoral students, all but four of which remain in training, or are scientifically active. Of the 16 trainees who completed training during this time, all had peer-reviewed first authored publications;three hold college/university faculty positions;seven continue in excellent postdoctoral positions;two are in MD/PhD or residency programs;one teaches at a Math &Science academy (high school);and one does industrial research. The Training Program includes 15 well-funded faculty members with active research programs in innate immunity, adaptive immunity, host-microbe interactions, and immunological disorders. Faculty members are from the Departments of Microbiology &Immunology, Medicine (Infectious Diseases and Hepatology), Pathology, and Surgery. Several trainers are associated with The Oncology Institute and The Infectious Disease and Immunology Institute (InDII), research institutes dedicated to enhancing interactive, translational research. Dr. Katherine L. Knight, Professor and Chair of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Co-director of InDII, is a highly regarded molecular immunologist with extensive pre-doctoral training experience, and will continue to be the Training Program Director. A training Program Committee and two outside consultants will assist Dr. Knight. The Training Program Committee will oversee the program, select pre-doctoral trainees, and review the progress of trainees. The outside consultants will provide general programmatic oversight. Pre-doctoral trainees will be selected after completion of their first or second year of study. Trainees will take a Core Curriculum during the first year, comprised of courses in Molecular Biochemistry, Cellular Biology, Systems Biology, Methods in Biomedical Research, Statistics, Bioethics, and oral communication skills. During year 1, they will do laboratory rotations and join a laboratory of their choice. During the second year, all students will take a series of elective didactic courses;students supported by the Immunology Training Program will take the journal article-based Advanced Immunology Course and two Immunology Topics Courses. In addition to becoming proficient immunologists, students are expected to become knowledgeable in biochemistry, cell biology, and molecular genetics. Strong emphasis is placed on developing both oral and written communication skills. All trainees and program faculty are expected to attend the weekly Immunology Journal Club as well as immunology seminars in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, in the Oncology Institute, and in InDII. A strategy to recruit minority and economically underrepresented individuals is provided. All members of the program faculty are committed to excellence in training. The program faculty members interact extensively with students and with each other at regularly scheduled seminars, research-in-progress meetings, and at the annual Immunology Retreat.
We study host-microbe interactions using three different model systems. Results from the studies are expected to identify means to enhance immunity in neonates and in the elderly and also to identify reagents that can prevent and/or down-regulate disease caused by infectious diseases.
|Mielech, Anna M; Kilianski, Andy; Baez-Santos, Yahira M et al. (2014) MERS-CoV papain-like protease has deISGylating and deubiquitinating activities. Virology 450-451:64-70
|Kilianski, Andy; Baker, Susan C (2014) Cell-based antiviral screening against coronaviruses: developing virus-specific and broad-spectrum inhibitors. Antiviral Res 101:105-12
|Zook, Erin C; Zhang, Shubin; Gerstein, Rachel M et al. (2013) Enhancing T lineage production in aged mice: a novel function of Foxn1 in the bone marrow niche. J Immunol 191:5583-93
|Martinez, Ruben; Burrage, Andrew M; Wiethoff, Christopher M et al. (2013) High temporal resolution imaging reveals endosomal membrane penetration and escape of adenoviruses in real time. Methods Mol Biol 1064:211-26
|Risner, Laurie E; Kuntimaddi, Aravinda; Lokken, Alyson A et al. (2013) Functional specificity of CpG DNA-binding CXXC domains in mixed lineage leukemia. J Biol Chem 288:29901-10
|Zook, Erin C; Krishack, Paulette A; Zhang, Shubin et al. (2011) Overexpression of Foxn1 attenuates age-associated thymic involution and prevents the expansion of peripheral CD4 memory T cells. Blood 118:5723-31
|McGuire, Kathleen A; Barlan, Arlene U; Griffin, Tina M et al. (2011) Adenovirus type 5 rupture of lysosomes leads to cathepsin B-dependent mitochondrial stress and production of reactive oxygen species. J Virol 85:10806-13
|Barlan, A U; Griffin, T M; McGuire, K A et al. (2011) Adenovirus membrane penetration activates the NLRP3 inflammasome. J Virol 85:146-55
|Moyer, Crystal L; Wiethoff, Christopher M; Maier, Oana et al. (2011) Functional genetic and biophysical analyses of membrane disruption by human adenovirus. J Virol 85:2631-41
|Cierpicki, Tomasz; Risner, Laurie E; Grembecka, Jolanta et al. (2010) Structure of the MLL CXXC domain-DNA complex and its functional role in MLL-AF9 leukemia. Nat Struct Mol Biol 17:62-8
Showing the most recent 10 out of 41 publications


text:
The Master of Science in Higher Education Administration is designed to develop students to accept positions as mid-level administrators at a variety of post-secondary institutions. The opportunities vary from entry-level direct service to director-level positions. The Master of Science in Higher Education Administration Program will prepare graduates to be critical, creative problem solvers, who have had broad based experiences in a variety of higher education administration contexts. Our graduates will "learn to be leaders" and will be prepared to assume roles in postsecondary institutions that will showcase their gifts and talents.
Credit Hours: 36
Degree: MS
Program Website
College: Reap College of Education and Human Development
Department Website: Education
Pennsylvania Department of Education
National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE)
Middle States Commission on Higher Education
Office of Graduate Admissions
866-279-9663, ext 6002
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Architecture Major
My favorite Marywood moment was the first weekend of freshman year!
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Use these camera tethers and adhesive anchors to further secure your GoPro camera in extreme conditions. The tethers attach to the camera housings backdoor and the adhesive anchors attach to your gear.
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