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The political economy of financial repression in transition economies
Financial systems in developing countries tend to be"restricted"or"repressed"through burdensome reserve requirements, interest-rate ceilings, foreign-exchange regulations, rules about the composition of bank balance sheets, or heavy taxation of the financial sector. Why are governments drawn to regulate financial markets to the point of financial repression? To address this question, the authors explore preliminary evidence from the post-Communist economies of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, where financial regulations have rarely been examined systematically. They find that public-finance framework has limited ability to explain financial repression in the transition economies, given the peculiar financial lineage of the socialist state. The weak distinction between"public"and"private"spheres of finance in transition economies means that the deficit often conveys little information about the governments'real fiscal activities. It is more fruitful to examine how political institutions, by shaping the incentives politicians face, affect financial policy. Their findings suggest that post-Communist governments may adopt repressive financial controls - not to finance deficits more cheaply than would be the caseunder financial liberalization, but to maintain the authority and ensure the survival of those in power. In countries where pre-reform elites are plentiful in legislative bodies, where interparty competition is low, and where government parties are well-represented in parliaments, elites have been able to perpetuate a system of implicit subsidies by"softening up"the financial sector - especially commercial banks - to ensure the continued flow of cheap credit to specific borrowers. The main beneficiaries of these policies - large formerly state-owned industries with tight financial links to the largest commercial banks - are thus able to convert their well-established claims on public resources into preferential access to credit lines. In other words, financial repression in transition economies may simply serve to solidify main-bank, main-firm relations. These results would lend support to the claim of smaller, cash-starved Eastern European entrepreneurs that the commercial banks have"taken over the role of the old planning ministries."
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|31 Dec 1998
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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Nouriel Roubini & Jeffrey Sachs, 1988. "Political and Economic Determinants of Budget Deficits in the IndustrialDemocracies," NBER Working Papers 2682, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Pradhan, S., 1996. "Evaluating Public Spending: A Framework for Public Expenditure Reviews," World Bank - Discussion Papers 323, World Bank.
- Bencivenga, Valerie R & Smith, Bruce D, 1992.
"Deficits, Inflation, and the Banking System in Developing Countries: The Optimal Degree of Financial Repression,"
Oxford Economic Papers,
Oxford University Press, vol. 44(4), pages 767-790, October.
- Bencivenga, V.R. & Smith, B.D., 1990. "Deficits, Inflation, And The Banking System In Developing Countries: The Optimal Degree Of Financial Repression," RCER Working Papers 214, University of Rochester - Center for Economic Research (RCER).
- Alesina, A. & Drazen, A., 1991.
"Why Are Stabilizations Delayed?,"
6-91, Tel Aviv - the Sackler Institute of Economic Studies.
- Alesina, Alberto & Drazen, Allan, 1991. "Why Are Stabilizations Delayed?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 81(5), pages 1170-1188, December.
- Alberto Alesina & Allan Drazen, 1989. "Why are Stabilizations Delayed?," NBER Working Papers 3053, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Easterly, William & DEC, 1993.
"How much do distortions affect growth?,"
Policy Research Working Paper Series
1215, The World Bank.
- Easterly, William, 1993. "How much do distortions affect growth?," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(2), pages 187-212, November.
- Giovannini, Alberto & de Melo, Martha, 1993. "Government Revenue from Financial Repression," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 83(4), pages 953-963, September.
- Luca Barbone & Domenico Marchetti, 1995.
"Transition and the fiscal crisis in Central Europe,"
The Economics of Transition,
The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, vol. 3(1), pages 59-74, 03.
- Luca Barbone & Domenico J. Marchetti, 1995. "Transition and the Fiscal Crisis in Central Europe," CASE Network Studies and Analyses 0040, CASE-Center for Social and Economic Research.
- Ross Levine, 1997.
"Financial Development and Economic Growth: Views and Agenda,"
Journal of Economic Literature,
American Economic Association, vol. 35(2), pages 688-726, June.
- Levine, Ross, 1996. "Financial development and economic growth : views and agenda," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1678, The World Bank.
- Buffie, Edward F., 1984. "Financial repression, the new structuralists, and stabilization policy in semi-industrialized economies," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 14(3), pages 305-322, April.
- Kornai, Janos, 1992. "The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Communism," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780198287766, December.
- Roubini, Nouriel & Sala-i-Martin, Xavier, 1995.
"A growth model of inflation, tax evasion, and financial repression,"
Journal of Monetary Economics,
Elsevier, vol. 35(2), pages 275-301, April.
- Roubini, N. & Sala-i-Martin, X., 1992. "A Growth Model of Inflation, Tax Evasion and Financial Repression," Papers 658, Yale - Economic Growth Center.
- Nouriel Roubini & Xavier Sala-i-Martin, 1992. "A Growth Model of Inflation, Tax Evasion, and Financial Repression," NBER Working Papers 4062, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- King, Robert G. & Levine, Ross, 1993.
"Finance and growth : Schumpeter might be right,"
Policy Research Working Paper Series
1083, The World Bank.
- Robert G. King & Ross Levine, 1993. "Finance and Growth: Schumpeter Might Be Right," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 108(3), pages 717-737.
- Brock, Philip L, 1989. "Reserve Requirements and the Inflation Tax," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 21(1), pages 106-121, February.
- Rodrik, Dani, 1993. "The Positive Economics of Policy Reform," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 83(2), pages 356-361, May.
- Van Wijnbergen, S., 1985. "Macro-economic effects of changes in bank interest rates : Simulation results for South Korea," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 18(2-3), pages 541-554, August.
- Vito Tanzi, 1993. "Fiscal Policy and the Economic Restructuring of Economies in Transition," IMF Working Papers 93/22, International Monetary Fund.
- Haggard, Stephan & Webb, Steven B, 1993. "What Do We Know about the Political Economy of Economic Policy Reform?," World Bank Research Observer, World Bank Group, vol. 8(2), pages 143-168, July.
- Roubini, Nouriel & Sachs, Jeffrey D., 1989. "Political and economic determinants of budget deficits in the industrial democracies," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 33(5), pages 903-933, May.
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Media informationYou are here:
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September 10, 2015
| Video
Julie Ventura shows how to create a no-mess neon splatter nail pattern design by creating DIY nail stickers.
September 9, 2015
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Probelle Beauty shows how to use a sponging technique to create a tie dye effect on nails.
September 2, 2015
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Tammy Taylor creative director Gisela Marti demonstrates the "Batik" nail art technique, which is slightly different than tie dye. "This technique is full of color with great artistic possibilities and the Gelegance Gel Color Polish and TT Gel Art Paints are packed full of pigment, making them the best gels to achieve this artistic technique," says Tammy Taylor.
September 1, 2015
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OPI guest artist Vu Nguyen shows how to create this abstract Venetian Blue design using OPI's Venetian GelColor collection.
August 13, 2015
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It's time to pony up, cowgirl style! Recreate this western-inspired mani and #MakeThemGelish this fall.
August 5, 2015
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Learn how to quickly lay So Gel Nails geometric circles design tape on your nail. Top it with the SO Simple No Heat Spike Gel and your nails will look amazing and will last!
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Started by
Mme. Hermine, October 22, 2003
Posted October 22, 2003
Help! I can't get the image to come out! ????
I couldn't either. :angry: Great photo!
assuming that one has to find an image hosting site, can anyone recommend one?
great picture -- look at those eyes! spooky!
Imagine taking class from HIM!
Well, he didn't teach playing the flute. He had a little fiddle "pochette" and sang a little bit.


text:
Sounds like you have the shopping under control Donna. Have you started
putting up Dept 56 yet?
Newspaper article says Indiana is forecasted to have a warmer than usual
winter due to higher surface temps in the Gulf. The warm weather will be
transported north by several winter storm systems.
Apparently the Cmas season - Peace on Earth, Good Will toward Men - is in
full swing. A woman in Gary IN was filling up her church van at a local gas
station and was robbed at knifepoint. She ran to the payment window and
asked the guy to call 911 for her. He refused - told her to use her cell
phone (neither the TV report nor the newspaper article indicated whether she
actually had one) He later claimed that they do not make any emergency
calls for fear of reprisals from the assailants.
----- Original Message -----
From: "Donna" <firstname.lastname@example.com>
To: <email@example.com>
Sent: Friday, November 25, 2005 9:22 PM
Subject: RE: [CHAT] Guess everyone survived
> Work- that is the agenda for me.
> Had a peaceful day yesterday, small crowd of 7, lots to eat.
> Got up bright and early, logged on to my computer and bought out the
> with sales. Proceeded to the menards, then best buy, and finally made it
> work... just got home about 8:30 pm- long day!
> Tomorrow as well as Sunday is another 12 hour days of work. Not sure we
> going to make our deadline of moving all that stock, but it will be close.
> Neck already hurts, can't wait till my next day off- Dec 4th!
> Donna
> Where it has snowed on and off all day when the temp warmed up- too cold
> snow currently.
> > -----Original Message-----
> > From: email@example.com [mailto:email@example.com] On
> > Behalf Of james singer
> > Sent: Friday, November 25, 2005 12:53 PM
> > To: Garden Chat
> > Subject: [CHAT] Guess everyone survived
> >
> > the groaning board, so what's on the agenda for the weekend? Our
> > weather will continue into the 80s both Saturday and Sunday, so we'll
> > probably be cleaning up some areas and doing a little planting here and
> > there. Also, there's a Georgia O'Feeffe exhibit at the Tampa Museum of
> > Art, so may try to check that out.
> >
> >
> > Island Jim
> > Southwest Florida
> > Hardiness Zone 10
> > Heat Zone 10
> > Minimum 30 F [-1 C]
> > Maximum 100 F [38 C]
> >
> > ---------------------------------------------------------------------
> > To sign-off this list, send email to firstname.lastname@example.com with the
> > message text UNSUBSCRIBE GARDENCHAT
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Woman injured by house fire
A fire badly damaged a home Friday and injured a woman.
The Hawaii County Fire Department said the home at 10 Manaolana St. in Hilo was about 60 percent involved when crews arrived at 7:52 p.m.
The occupant, Ellen Okimura, was injured but her status was unclear.
The cause is under investigation.
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CRS in Jordan
With ongoing dual crises in Syria and Iraq entering their 6th and 3rd year respectively, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan continues to play host to more than 1.3 million refugees, according to Government of Jordan estimates. In spite of its scarce resources, Jordan's geographical location and its openness and stability have made it a safe haven for refugees for decades, with refugees currently residing in Jordan from Palestine, Sudan, Syria, Iraq, and Yemen. The monarchy and the government have put continuous and consistent efforts towards addressing key social and security issues, confirming Jordan as a stable and open country and a respected member of the international community.
While the majority of the Jordanian population is Muslim, there is a significant presence of Christian communities, dating back to the very beginning of Christianity. Arabic-speaking Orthodox and Catholic churches have a well-respected role in social life.
In Jordan, CRS works with the local Caritas to provide —annually — critical assistance to more than 68,000 Syrian and Iraqi refugees and poor Jordanians, including basic health and psychosocial services, education, and basic emergency services. CRS also provides accompaniment to Caritas Jordan, promoting a strong partnership relationship and strengthening institutional capacity for efficient operational management and program implementation.
In addition, CRS provides legal assistance to migrant workers in need of protection.
People Served: 144,631
Population: 8,117,564 (July 2015 est.)
Size: 34,495 sq. mi.; slightly smaller than Indiana
Our PartnersBecome a Partner ›
Country News and Stories
January 25, 2017
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CRS' History in Jordan
For the past 20 years, CRS has been providing support to the social action of the Catholic Church in Jordan, primarily through Caritas Jordan.
In addition to project-based assistance for poor and vulnerable people, CRS has helped Caritas Jordan find ways to promote the values Catholic Social Doctrine amongst local Catholic communities and attract young volunteers, also on an ecumenical and interfaith basis.
More recently, CRS started working with the Adaleh Center for Human Rights and Law, a secular Jordanian NGO, on protection for migrant women.
Currently, CRS has a presence in Amman which is hosted by Caritas Jordan.


text:
Marchand's 5 Points Lead Bruins To 6-3 Win Over FlyersBrad Marchand collected five points to lead the Boston Bruins scored past the Philadelphia Flyers with a 6-3 victory on Saturday afternoon at TD Garden.
Flyers Beat Bruins 3-2 In ShootoutFlyers defenseman Shayne Gostisbehere scored in the ninth round of a shootout to give Philadelphia a 3-2 victory over the Boston Bruins on Tuesday night.
Bruins Lose To Senators, Need Flyers To Lose Final Two Games For Playoff SpotThe Boston Bruins were unable to carry any momentum from Thursday's win, losing on Saturday to the Senators in the regular-season finale.
Final Playoff Picture For Bruins Heading Into Season's Final WeekendHere's a complete breakdown of the playoff possibilities for the Bruins, in the simplest terms possible.
Help Wanted: An Updated Look At Bruins' Playoff PictureFollowing their 2-1 shootout loss to the Hurricanes, things are not looking good for the Boston Bruins' playoff hopes.
Detailed Playoff Picture For Bruins, Red Wings, FlyersThings are going to be tense for the next few days in Boston, Philadelphia and Detroit.
Mike In Woburn: You May Not Like Rinaldo, But His Hit Was Perfectly CleanA funny thing happened while the hockey Twitterverse was gathering up their torches and pitchforks. The NHL got it right.
Flyers Beat Bruins 5-4 In OTThe Philadelphia Flyers roared from behind with two goals in the third period and then scored in overtime to beat the Boston Bruins 5-4 on Wednesday night.
Kalman: Trade For Rinaldo Doesn't Mesh With Bruins' Stated PlanMatt Kalman breaks down the trade made by the Boston Bruins for Zac Rinaldo on Monday.
Marchand Scores Tying, Winning Goals In Key 3-2 Victory Over FlyersBrad Marchand scored with 14 seconds to play in regulation and again with just over a minute to go in overtime to help the Bruins beat Philadelphia and improve their playoff positioning.
Pastrnak Nets First Two Career Goals, Bruins Beat Flyers 3-1The Bruins received a spark from David Pastrnak, who scored the first two goals of his career during a 3-1 win in Philadelphia.
Bruins' Chris Kelly On Game-Winner: 'There's No Better Feeling'After missing the end of last season with a leg injury, veteran forward Chris Kelly couldn't wait to take the ice with his Bruins teammates in their season opener on Wednesday night.


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Incommensurability and Monetary Valuation
At the very heart of environmental cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is the claim that benefits and costs can be expressed in terms of money and hence made comparable. In particular, CBA puts all benefits and costs on a cardinal, monetary scale: it assumes monetary commensurability. A significant literature in ethics and political philosophy has arisen which doubts this assumption, but has so far had little impact on the theory or practice of CBA. In light of this, the paper assesses the defense of monetary commensurability offered by cost-benefit analysts and the wider economics literature.
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Volume (Year): 82 (2006)
Issue (Month): 2 ()
Pages: 141-161
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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Kelvin J. Lancaster, 1966. "A New Approach to Consumer Theory," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 74, pages 132-132.
- Satterfield, Terre & Slovic, Paul & Gregory, Robin, 2000. "Narrative valuation in a policy judgment context," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(3), pages 315-331, September.
- Irwin, Julie R & Slovic, Paul & Lichtenstein, Sarah & McClelland, Gary H., 1993. "Preference Reversals and the Measurement of Environmental Values," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Springer, vol. 6(1), pages 5-18, January.
- John List, 2004.
"Substitutability, experience, and the value disparity: Evidence from the marketplace,"
Framed Field Experiments
00175, The Field Experiments Website.
- List, John A., 2004. "Substitutability, experience, and the value disparity: evidence from the marketplace," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 47(3), pages 486-509, May.
- Nick Hanley & Jennifer Milne, "undated". "Ethical Beliefs and Behaviour in Contingent Valuation," Working Papers Series e96/1, University of Stirling, Division of Economics.
- Bromley, Daniel W., 1990. "The ideology of efficiency: Searching for a theory of policy analysis," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 19(1), pages 86-107, July.
- Carol Mansfield & George L. Van Houtven & Joel Huber, 2002. "Compensating for Public Harms: Why Public Goods Are Preferred to Money," Land Economics, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 78(3), pages 368-389.
- Peter A. Diamond & Jerry A. Hausman, 1994. "Contingent Valuation: Is Some Number Better than No Number?," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 8(4), pages 45-64, Fall.
- Frey, Bruno S & Oberholzer-Gee, Felix, 1997. "The Cost of Price Incentives: An Empirical Analysis of Motivation Crowding-Out," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 87(4), pages 746-755, September.
- Goodin, Robert E, 1994. "Selling Environmental Indulgences," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 47(4), pages 573-596.
- Broome, John, 1978. "Trying to value a life," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 9(1), pages 91-100, February.
- Spash, Clive L., 2000. "Ecosystems, contingent valuation and ethics: the case of wetland re-creation," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(2), pages 195-215, August.
- Payne, John W & Bettman, James R & Schkade, David A, 1999. "Measuring Constructed Preferences: Towards a Building Code," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Springer, vol. 19(1-3), pages 243-270, December.
- Arild Vatn, 2004. "Environmental Valuation and Rationality," Land Economics, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 80(1), pages 1-18.
- Frey, Bruno S & Oberholzer-Gee, Felix & Eichenberger, Reiner, 1996. "The Old Lady Visits Your Backyard: A Tale of Morals and Markets," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 104(6), pages 1297-1313, December.
- Amartya K. Sen, 1971. "Choice Functions and Revealed Preference," Review of Economic Studies, Oxford University Press, vol. 38(3), pages 307-317.
- John M. Gowdy, 2003.
"The Revolution in Welfare Economics and its Implications for Environmental Valuation and Policy,"
Rensselaer Working Papers in Economics
0315, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Economics.
- John M. Gowdy, 2004. "The Revolution in Welfare Economics and Its Implications for Environmental Valuation and Policy," Land Economics, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 80(2), pages 239-257.
- Ready Richard C. & Whitehead John C. & Blomquist Glenn C., 1995. "Contingent Valuation When Respondents Are Ambivalent," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 29(2), pages 181-196, September.
- Krupnick, Alan J & Cropper, Maureen L, 1992. "The Effect of Information on Health Risk Valuations," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Springer, vol. 5(1), pages 29-48, February.
- Henrik Svedsäter, 2003. "Economic Valuation of the Environment: How Citizens Make Sense of Contingent Valuation Questions," Land Economics, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 79(1), pages 122-135.
- Brekke, Kjell Arne, 1997. "The numeraire matters in cost-benefit analysis," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(1), pages 117-123, April.
- Chipman, John S & Moore, James C, 1978. "The New Welfare Economics, 1939-1974," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 19(3), pages 547-584, October.
- Roy Brouwer & Neil Powe & R. Kerry Turner & Ian J. Bateman & Ian H. Langford, 1999. "Public Attitudes to Contingent Valuation and Public Consultation," Environmental Values, White Horse Press, vol. 8(3), pages 325-347, August.
- Frey, Bruno S & Jegen, Reto, 2001. " Motivation Crowding Theory," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 15(5), pages 589-611, December.
- Viscusi, W. Kip, 1998. "Rational Risk Policy: The 1996 Arne Ryde Memorial Lectures," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780198293637, December.
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© Copyright 2017 JJC. All rights reserved.
Status: Finished
Genre: Romance
ok this is interesting. keep me posted please
Book / Romance
Book / Romance
Book / Romance
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text:
Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion (MATE) transporters are integral membrane proteins that move structurally unrelated lipophilic cations across the cell membrane by utilizing a preexisting sodium or proton gradient. Bacterial MATE transporters function as multidrug efflux pumps by expelling a cohort of antimicrobial agents from the cytoplasm, whereas their human counterparts mediate the excretion of various cytotoxic metabolites as well as therapeutic drugs. Given their functional relevance to the unwanted resistance to antimicrobials and chemotherapy, molecular structures of the MATE transporters will reveal not only how they transport their substrates across the cell membrane but also how their transport activity can be modulated in order to overcome drug resistance.
We aim to elucidate the molecular structure of an intact MATE transporter using X-ray crystallography. To date we have obtained crystals that diffract better than 3.8 E-resolution. Based on the crystal structure, we will construct various MATE mutants, reconstitute them into liposomes and characterize their transport properties utilizing substrate uptake assays. Our long-term objective is to decipher the molecular basis for multidrug binding and transport. Specifically, we seek to (1) establish the structures of a MATE transporter with and without drug substrates;(2) probe the transport mechanism via functional reconstitution of purified MATE transporters in liposomes;(3) determine the structures and drug-binding specificities of various MATE mutants. Our work will provide new insights into the general principles that govern multidrug binding and transport;it will also set the stage for structure-based design of pharmaceuticals targeting drug-resistant human pathogens and cancer cells.
Multidrug resistance is a widespread and serious health issue. The proposed studies seek a deep understanding of multidrug transport, a key and evolutionarily conserved mechanism that underlies multidrug resistance. The proposed research has relevance to public health, because the findings are generally applicable to combating both drug- resistant pathogenic microorganisms as well as human cancer cells.
|Lu, Min; Radchenko, Martha; Symersky, Jindrich et al. (2013) Structural insights into H+-coupled multidrug extrusion by a MATE transporter. Nat Struct Mol Biol 20:1310-7
|Lu, Min; Symersky, Jindrich; Radchenko, Martha et al. (2013) Structures of a Na+-coupled, substrate-bound MATE multidrug transporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:2099-104


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Lipscomb Bisons at Kentucky Wildcats Basketball
Sat, Dec 15, 2012 12:30 pm
Rupp Arena, Lexington, KY
Sorry, this event has already taken place. Please see similar events below.
|Feb 28 Tue 9:00 PM
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Lexington, KY
|Mar 4 Sat 11:00 AM
|Kentucky Wildcats at Texas A&M Aggies Basketball
|Reed Arena
College Station, TX
|Dec 23 Sat 12:00 AM
|CBS Sports Classic - (North Carolina vs Ohio State and Kentucky vs UCLA)
|Smoothie King Center
New Orleans, LA


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Internet giant, Google has entered into a partnership with Foxconn Technology Group to start manufacturing digital eyeglasses in the US.
The new digital eyeglasses will be designed by Google and will feature software and cameras, according to some sources closer to the matter. The Foxconn Technology Group is Taiwan is likely to produce the glasses at its plant in California in US. It is believed that Google working to develop the glasses under the `Project Glass' that is backed by company co-founder Sergey Brin.
Brin is reportedly describing the device as a new avenue in the future of the mobile computing. Some reports suggest that Google has tested the glasses with fashion designers, skydivers, acrobats and pilots to demonstrate its software, according to a post of the company's website. Some suggest that Foxconn's flagship, Hon Hai Precision Industry will produce the device for Google. Google might be planning to test interactive glasses in the next few days after conducting an online competition by inviting some users.
Google has not confirmed reports about the plans to produce the sunglasses for the customers. Louis Woo, a spokesman for Foxconn did not comment on the matter.
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Your Urban Playground [Video]
Posted February 25, 2013
Keywords: Arts & Culture, buenos aires, cairo, new york, Placemaking
A city can be boring, repetitive and grinding at times. It's the same old routine every day, a miserable day. But hey there is no need, it can be so different. Just think, it could be this exciting world of your own. A park, an ocean a dolls house. And then the city turns into an adventure playground, a huge entertainment park.
This is just how Fernando Livschitz for BlackSheepFilms imagined his city. A series of shorts show cities as playgrounds Buenos Aires - Inception Park, CONO Egypt Amusement Park TVC اعلان كونو الملاهي - كونو متفائلين and NEW YORK PARK.
And remember, the next time you leave the house, think of what the city could be to you.
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Reagents, Molecular Assay, Chromosome Anomaly, Translocation, t(12;15)(p13;q25)
Definition : Molecular assay reagents intended for use in identifying exchanges between chromosome 12 band p13 and chromosome 15 band q25, usually involving genes ETV6 and NTRK3, respectively. This translocation is characteristic of infantile fibrosarcoma; the mutation is also associated with mesoblastic nephroma and found in a subset of patients with multiple myeloma. Its detection may be used as a tumor marker.
Entry Terms : "Nephroma Diagnostic Reagents" , "Infantile Fibrosarcoma Diagnostic Reagents" , "Sarcoma Diagnostic Reagents" , "Myeloma Diagnostic Reagents" , "Chromosome Translocation t(12;15)(p13;q25) Detection Reagents"
UMDC code : 24059


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Sometimes it's important for me to pause.
I have food, and I'll be able to get food if I need it. This means I don't know true hunger and I'm thankful.
I have family. When I'm lonely, excited, goofy, confused, happy, have unanswered questions, or want feedback, my family is there.
I have love. Friends that care, parents that are involved even though they live 700 miles. People in my life that give honest affection, will join me on a simple walk or for tea, and sometimes tell me what I don't want to hear. That last bit can be hard but I really appreciate it.
Dogs. They're awesome.
Hobbies turned skills that are ever growing. Capable hands, how lucky!
Employment. By no means extravagant, but I'm relatively stable and this is good.
Knowledge, and access to education.
Sensory experiences. Last month I could smell the sweet flowers lining the streets of Portland. I can admire the faded colors of a vintage textile. I taste the sweet tartness of lemon juice on my salad and the smooth flavor of olive oil on my popcorn. I feel the soft fibers in the garment I'm knitting, and feel peace when a hand is rested on my back.
I have relatively good health. It's hard to complain about mild maladies when I remember how grateful I am to ride my bicycle every day, to wake and greet the day feeling alive and with energy, to feel sore muscles from games played with friends.
Life, how charming.


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My Care- Thetford- Employer/Provider Booking- 14 March
Actions and Detail Panel
My Care- Thetford- Employer/Provider Booking- 14 March
Tue 14 March 2017, 08:00 – 13:00 GMT
My Care Thetford 2017 will be taking place at the Charles Burrell Centre on 14th March 2017. The event has been designed to give an insight into careers in the Care industries, and specifically the opportunity to work with local employers.
This event will cover a broad range of roles in Care covering Health Care, Medical Care, Social Care, Child Care, Wellbeing, Adult Care, Animal Care and Preservation, to name but a few.
This first event is a mini event and open to all young people in the morning. There is achance to participate in a number of workshops, including an employer speed networking event, which should broaden their view of opportunities within Care. They will also get a chance to participate in various employability workshops on CV writing and interview skills. These workshops will be delivered by employers from the sector.
The event is also open to College, University Students, and those looking for employment will get a chance to participate in an "Opportunities Fair" with lots of sessions planned to enable young people to discuss future placements, internships and apprenticeship opportunities. These sessions will cover broad range of career opportunities in Care.
This registration form is for employers and training providers within the Care sector, however, PLEASE NOTE Colleges, Training Providers and Recruitment Agencies should contact us prior to booking as small fees apply. Pricing packages are available; please email email@example.com for more information.


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Less than 15 minutes from the San Antonio International Airport, the La Quinta Inn & Suites Schertz is the closest hotel to Natural Bridge Caverns and Wildlife Ranch and surrounded by shopping, Sea World, Tanger/Prime Outlets Mall, many dining options, and local businesses. Randolph AFB is only 4 miles away. We offer meeting facilities, business center w/fax, copy service, computer, and free high-speed Internet. Enjoy an outdoor pool and spa, fitness center, and guest laundry facilities.
Pet Policy
Pets stay FREE at La Quinta! Domestic pets, like cats and dogs, are welcome to stay at La Quinta. While rooms are spacious, no more than two (2) domestic pets are allowed per room. Be sure to keep your pets on a leash or in a carrier if they're outside your room. Pets may remain alone in a guestroom so long as the pet is well-behaved. With the exception of authorized service animals, pets are not allowed in the breakfast area, the fitness center and the laundry room or at the pool. If your cat is staying with you, you'll need to provide a litter box.
Features and Amenities
- Free Internet Access
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ReservationsBook Online or call 210-655-2700
Address & Contact:
17650 Four Oaks Ln
Schertz, TX 78154
United States
17650 Four Oaks Ln
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Mission of AFYE
AFYE provides opportunities for faculty, staff, and first-year students (including freshmen and new transfer students) to link curricular learning with co-curricular learning in ways that help new students make a successful transition to the University.
Programs of AFYE
The Freshman Celebration: annual fall exhibit of academic projects completed by students enrolled in University 100 and other Freshman Connection classes
The Freshman Connection: learning communities for first-semester freshmen (offered in summer as part of the Student Athlete Summer Success Program)
The Freshman Faculty Series: workshops and other events of particular interest to faculty and staff who work extensively with first-year students at CSUN. Includes an Archive of materials from past events and a downloadable library list (.xls) of books, DVDs, and videos available to faculty and staff for check-out from the AFYE office
University 100 (the Freshman Seminar): a three-unit, letter-graded General Education class for freshmen (offered in summer, fall, and spring). If you are interested in teaching UNIV 100, see http://www.csun.edu/undergraduate-studies/university-100/faculty
New Transfer Students: webpage and upper-division GE classes for new transfer students
Resources of AFYE
The AFYE Archives: AFYE offers workshops and book groups to CSUN faculty and staff. Resources from these workshops are collected on the web in the AFYE Archives.
The AFYE Library; this collection of books focuses on first-year student success (including first-year transfer students) and is available for use by CSUN faculty and staff in CIELO.


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- Cruising & Liveaboard Forum (http://www.sailnet.com/forums/cruising-liveaboard-forum/)
- - Sublet Available: Seattle - 50' Liveaboard Slip - Dec '09-Mar '10 (http://www.sailnet.com/forums/cruising-liveaboard-forum/60272-sublet-available-seattle-50-liveaboard-slip-dec-09-mar-10-a.html)
Sublet Available: Seattle - 50' Liveaboard Slip - Dec '09-Mar '10
Hi folks, hope this is the right forum for this - don't want to be spamming!
We've just sold our boat and won't take delivery of the new one until mid-March so our 50' fully legal liveaboard slip in Seattle is available for sublet.
It's at Shilshole Marina, which is the most popular liveaboard marina in Seattle. Right on Puget Sound, glorious views of the Olympic Mountains, nice neighbors, easy walk and weekday bus service into the nearby Ballard and Fremont neighborhoods with cafes, groceries, library, hardware store and everything you might need. Marina is also five minutes walk from West Marine and a couple of bars and restaurants.
The slip is right off the widest fairway and is one of the easiest in-and-out slips in the marina (that's why we chose it - LOL!).
Moorage is $700/mth which includes the liveaboard fee, water and all taxes (partial months will be billed at pro-rated amount). Metered 30amp power is available at city rates - our electric bill usually came in at $5/mth.
If your boat is less than 50' we'll consider a reduced rate on a per-foot basis.
Let me know if you're interested. You can reach us on (206) 203 3666 or via email at firstname.lastname@example.com.
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EEOC Sues Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas for Age Discrimination
Court Fired 70-Year-Old Employee Because of Age, Federal Agency Charges
PITTSBURGH - The Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County, Fifth Judicial District of Pennsylvania, violated federal law by firing an employee because of her age, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) charged in a lawsuit it announced today.
According to the EEOC, Carolyn J. Pittman, at age 70, was assigned to work at the Allegheny County Common Pleas Court by a staffing agency in February 2012. While Pittman was still in training with Lisa Moore, who was in charge of training and supervising her, Moore complained that Pittman was too old to work in the department. On March 28, 2012, Pittman was terminated.
Age discrimination against employees and job applicants who are age 40 or older is a violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA). The EEOC filed suit in U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania Pittsburgh Division (Civil Action No. 2:14-cv-00899) after first attempting to reach a pre-litigation settlement through its conciliation process.
"Federal law ensures that everyone has the right to participate and advance in the workplace without discriminatory barriers," said Regional Attorney Debra Lawrence of the EEOC's Philadelphia District Office, which oversees Pennsylvania, Delaware, West Virginia, Maryland and portions of New Jersey and Ohio. "Older workers bring invaluable experience and knowledge to the workplace which should not be overlooked by employers due to age-based stereotypes."
The EEOC enforces federal laws prohibiting employment discrimination. Further information about the agency is available at its website, www.eeoc.gov.
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- California Tops Latest List of 'Judicial Hellholes'
- Erie Strayer Company and Local Union Settle EEOC Disability Discrimination Case
- Court Awards Over Half Million Dollars Against Consol Energy/Consolidation Coal In EEOC Religious Discrimination Lawsuit
- Maxim Healthcare Services Will Pay $75,000 to Settle EEOC Disability Discrimination Suit
- Appeals Court Rules for the EEOC in Age Bias Lawsuit Against Baltimore County
This press release is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Read full copyright information here.


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Climbing stairs and lifting heavy boxes are just two of the everyday activities that strength and flexibility can enhance. The third is wrestling the family dog for the right to eat dinner every day. Pump it up with this Groupon.
Choose from Four Options
- $55 for 5 Pilates Reformer classes (up to a $144 value)
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- $35 for 5 JumpBarre classes (up to an $82 value)
- $55 for 10 JumpBarre classes (up to a $150 value)
Groups of nine sweat together atop Reformer machines—which enhance the challenge of Pilates moves with added resistance—as they fortify cores and boost overall strength and flexibility. Alternatively, JumpBarre classes—the house specialty and a registered trademark of Hermosa Pilates—harness the power of jumpboards to boost the fitness benefits of ballet. See the full schedule.
Sweat Fitness RB
The instructors at Sweat Fitness RB channel their varied fitness backgrounds into a range of Pilates classes, motivating students to improve their core strength, flexibility, and posture. Reformer machines and mirrors span the spacious, high-ceilinged studio, in which pulsing tunes amp up students as the instructors lead them through 55-minute classes. The classes include Pilates and yoga, Ugi, cardio circuits, and bouncing atop the jumpboard and bouts of TRX suspension training, which uses Thera-Band elastic exercise bands and ropes to challenge patrons with heightened resistance as they are suspended in the air working multiple muscle groups or practicing Peter Pan imitations.The new location also features new Peak Pilates MVE reformers, five new TRX systems, five new Ugi balls, and more.
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Bodegas Navarro-Lopez Tempranillo Valdepeñas Old Vines Gran Reserva 2002
Winemaker's Notes:
Tasting Notes: Intense ruby red. Concentrated fruit on the nose with a touch of vanilla. Full-bodied and rounded on the palate. Percentage Grape: 100% Tempranillo Soil: Clavey Lime Growing Climate: Cold chilling winters, hot and dry summers Date of Harvest: First half of september Type of Harvest: Manual harvest Vinification Length: 6 days Vinification Method: Maceration of the grapes with its peel Vinification Temperature: 24°C Percentage New Barrel: 20 % Age of Barrel: average 2 years Type of Wood: american/french 80/20% Level of Toast: medium Malolactic: Yes Alcohol Percentage: 13 % Aging Potential: ready to drink / 3 - 4 years Aging Time: 6 month Sugar Rate: 0-5 g/l Total Acidity: 4,7 - 4,9 g/l Cork Material: natural colmated Cork Size: 44mm
Member Reviews for Bodegas Navarro-Lopez Tempranillo Valdepeñas Old Vines Gran ReservaAdd your review
Five glasses
Spicy and interesting
Well balanced, but light bodied, nice soft tannin aftertaste. I would rate it between 2-4, depending on the mood: for soft spiced pork meals, it fits perfectly. but for a robust sirloin would be too weak. Nice for a summer light appetizer
External Reviews for Bodegas Navarro-Lopez Tempranillo Valdepeñas Old Vines Gran Reserva
This full-bodied wine has a dark cherry red color, with ruby red and bluish shimmer. Aromas of mature fruit like plum, blackberry and jam are in prefect harmony with varied spicy notes of natural licorice, vanilla, cacao and cinnamon. Smooth toasts of French and American oak contribute to the palate, which shows an excellent balance of fruit, alcohol, acidity and tannins. A complex and round wine, Old Vines Reserva has a long, pleasant finish.
Ein intensiver Wein mit einem feinen würzigen Bouquet, mit feinen Gerbstoffen und langem Abgang, anhaltend.
Food Pairings for Bodegas Navarro-Lopez Tempranillo Valdepeñas Old Vines Gran Reserva
Roasted Medley of Winter Roots Recipe
Alsatian Onion Tart Recipe
Stir-Fried Noodles with Beef & Vegetables Recipe
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CP690,550 inhibits oncostatin M-induced JAK/STAT signaling pathway in rheumatoid synoviocytes
DOI: 10.1186/ar3333
© Migita et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2011
Received: 1 September 2010
Accepted: 6 May 2011
Published: 6 May 2011
Interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokines exert their effects through activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling cascade. The JAK/STAT pathways play an important role in rheumatoid arthritis, since JAK inhibitors have exhibited dramatic effects on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in clinical trials. In this study, we investigated the molecular effects of a small molecule JAK inhibitor, CP690,550 on the JAK/STAT signaling pathways and examined the role of JAK kinases in rheumatoid synovitis.
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were isolated from RA patients and stimulated with recombinant oncostatin M (OSM). The cellular supernatants were analyzed using cytokine protein chips. IL-6 mRNA and protein expression were analyzed by real-time PCR method and ELISA, respectively. Protein phosphorylation of rheumatoid synoviocytes was assessed by Western blot using phospho-specific antibodies.
OSM was found to be a potent inducer of IL-6 in FLS. OSM stimulation elicited rapid phosphorylation of STATs suggesting activation of the JAK/STAT pathway in FLS. CP690,550 pretreatment completely abrogated the OSM-induced production of IL-6, as well as OSM-induced JAK/STAT, and activation of mitogen-activated kinases (MAPKs) in FLS.
These findings suggest that IL-6-type cytokines contribute to rheumatoid synovitis through activation of the JAK/STAT pathway in rheumatoid synoviocytes. Inhibition of these pro-inflammatory signaling pathways by CP690,550 could be important in the treatment of RA.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is characterized by the activation and proliferation of synovial tissues with associated degradation of articular cartilage [1]. Synovial fibroblasts are believed to play an important role in rheumatoid synovitis through the production of a variety of inflammatory mediators [2]. Activation of synovial fibroblasts is mediated in large part by cytokines, such as IL-1 or TNF-α, which are produced by monocytes/macrophages [3]. However, other cytokines likely participate in the process of synovial cell activation. Of the IL-6-related cytokines, oncostatin M (OSM) is another product of macrophages and activated T cells that is elevated in the synovial fluids of RA patients [4, 5]. Moreover, OSM stimulates chemokine and matrix metalloproteimase (MMPs) production suggesting its important effects in synovial inflammation [6]. IL-6-type cytokines exert their effects via the signal transducer gp130 leading to the activation of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) cascade [7]. In brief, the ligand-receptor interaction elicits the assembly of cytokine receptors, receptor-associated JAKs, which recruit and activate STAT proteins. Phosphorylated STATs then dimerize, translocate to the nucleus and direct transcription of the target genes [8]. Recently, JAK inhibition has been shown to have a prominent effect on autoimmune diseases [9]. CP690,550 is an orally available JAK antagonist that is in development for the treatment of RA and other autoimmune conditions [10, 11]. Furthermore, a recent clinical trial demonstrated that CP690,550 is efficacious in RA, resulting in rapid, significant reductions in the signs and symptoms of RA [12, 13]. The role of oncostatin M in diseases is less well defined, but recent studies suggest that it might be involved in inflammatory cell recruitment and cartilage destruction in RA [14]. In the present study, we used primary human rheumatoid synoviocytes and demonstrated the induction of multiple signaling cascades and a critical role of the JAK/STAT pathway in the oncostatin M-mediated IL-6 synthesis. Furthermore, we showed that interference of the JAK/STAT pathway using CP690,550, a JAK kinase inhibitor, completely abrogated the OSM-induced IL-6 production in rheumatoid synoviocytes.
Materials and methods
All RA patients fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA [15]. Synovial tissue samples were obtained from seven patients with RA during synovectomy. The whole study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Nagasaki Medical Center and informed consent was obtained from each of the individuals.
JAK inhibitor CP690,550 was obtained from Axon Biochemicals (Postbus, Netherlands). Human recombinant OSM was purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Human recombinant IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) were purchased from Peprotech (Rocky Hills, NJ, USA). PD98059, SB203580, SP600125 and pyridone 6 (2-tert-butyl-9-fluoro-3,6-dihydro-7H-benz [h]-imidaz (4,5-f) isoquinoline-7-one) were obtained from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA, USA). Phospho-specific and pan antibodies against JAK-1 (Tyr1022/1023), JAK-2 (Tyr1007/1008), STAT-1 (Tyr701), STAT-3 (Tyr705), STAT-5 (Tyr694), ERK-1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204), p38 (Thr180/Tyr182), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK; Thr183/Tyr185) and β-actin were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Phospho-specific and pan antibodies against JAK3 (Tyr980) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).
Preparation of FLS
Synovial tissue was obtained from patients with RA at the time of total joint replacement or synovectomy. Synovium was minced and incubated with 1 mg/ml collagenase type VIII (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) in serum-free RPMI 1640 medium (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA) for one hour at 37°C, filtered, extensively washed, and cultured in DMEM (Life Technologies) supplemented with 10% FBS in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere. FLS were used from passages 4 through 5 during which time they were a homogeneous population of cells (<1% CD 45 positive).
Cytokine and chemokine assays in synoviocytes-conditioned medium
The levels of cytokines and chemokines in FLS-conditioned media were measured using a RayBio Human Cytokine Antibody Array 5 (Ray Biotech, Inc. Norcross, GA, USA), according to the manufacturer's instructions. This assay employs a qualitative Western screening technique. The standard array matrix consisted of an 11 × 8 dot grid on a 20 mm × 30 mm nitrocellulose membrane with 79 unique capture antibodies. The array kit included the biotinylated-antibodies solution and chemiluminescent substrate. The cytokine array membrane was incubated with 1 ml of rheumatoid synoviocyte-conditioned media for two hours, and the membrane was then washed three times with washing buffer 1 for five minutes each, followed by washing buffer II for five minutes each. Cytokines were detected using cytokine antibody for one hour, followed by HRP-labeled strepavidin incubation for one hour. The dilution used for each of these reagents was indicated by the instructions contained in the assay kit. Reactive spots were visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech UK Limited, Little Chalfont, UK) with exposure to X-ray film.
Measurement of cytokine secretion
FLS (5 × 104) were seeded in 24-well plates containing RPMI plus 10% FCS for 24 hours. Following 24 hours of incubation in serum-free RPMI, the cells were stimulated with OSM for 24 hours. Cell-free supernatants were collected by centrifugation at 400 g for five minutes and assayed for IL-6 with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
Total RNA was extracted from FLS using the RNeasy total RNA isolation protocol (Qiagen, Crauley, UK). cDNA was prepared with Superscript reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY, USA). The amplification of the IL-6 transcripts was accomplished on a Light Cycler (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) using specific primers. The housekeeping gene fragment of glyceraldehydes-3-phosphates dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used for verification of equal loading.
Cell lysis and Western blotting
Serum-starved FLS were stimulated for 20 min with OSM indicated in the figure legends and the cells were washed by ice-cold PBS and lysed with a lysis buffer (1% Nonidet P 40, 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaF, 5 mM EDTA, 20 mM β-glycerophosphate, 1.0 mM sodium orthovanadate, 10 μg/mL aprotinin and 10 μg/mL leupeptin) for 20 minutes at 4°C. Insoluble material was removed by centrifugation at 15,000 × g for 15 minutes at 4°C. The supernatant was saved and the protein concentration was determined using the Bio-Rad protein assay kit (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). An identical amount of protein (50 μg) for each lysate was subjected to 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. Western blot analysis using phospho-specific anti-JAKs, STATs and MAPKs antibodies was performed with an ECL Western blotting kit (Amersham, Little Chalfont, UK).
Statistical analysis
All quantitative data are presented as the mean ± SD of independent experiments using different FLSs. Statistical comparison between treatments was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey's test. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significance.
OSM induced IL6 secretion by rheumatoid synoviocytes
OSM induces activation of the JAK/STAT pathways
Effects of CP690,550 on the MAPK pathways
To investigate the possible interaction between the JAK and MAPKs pathways, FLS were pretreated with CP690,550, stimulated with OSM and protein extracts were analyzed using phospho-specific anti-MAPKs antibodies. OSM stimulated phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 and JNK1/2 and CP690,550 attenuated the phosphorylation of these MAPKs in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 5B).
p38 pathway inhibition suppresses OSM-induced IL-6 production
Pyridone 6 inhibits OSM-induced JAK/STAT activation
In this study, we demonstrated that OSM activates the JAK/STAT and MAPK pathways in FLS. Furthermore, CP690,550 blocked the OSM-induced STAT phosphorylation, probably by affecting upstream JAKs. These results strongly suggest that the JAK/STAT pathways are essential for OSM-mediated rheumatoid inflammatory responses, and can be blocked by CP690,550. The IL-6 type cytokine OSM is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of RA [4]. It is secreted by activated T cells, monocytes, and neutrophils, and elevated levels of OSM are detected in the synovial fluid of patients with RA but not OA [4, 5]. OSM is known to activate the JAK/STAT signaling cascade in other systems [17], but this has not been properly elucidated in rheumatoid synoviocytes. Our demonstration of OSM-triggered phosphorylation of JAKs/STATs in primary rheumatoid synoviocytes suggests that these cells could be a source of activated STATs in rheumatoid synovial tissues [18]. CP690,550 is an orally available JAK antagonist that is currently in development for the treatment of RA and other autoimmune conditions [11–13]. Blockade of OSM-induced phosphorylation of JAK1, JAK2 and JAK3 by CP690,550 suggests that this JAK inhibitor also affected JAK1 and JAK2, in addition to JAK3. This notion was further supported by the abolishment of downstream STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5 activation and OSM-induced IL-6 production in rheumatoid synoviocytes. These results suggest the pivotal role of the JAK/STAT pathway in OSM signaling leading to rheumatoid inflammatory responses.
The biological agents targeted against tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) have been shown to successfully suppress rheumatoid inflammation and have been thought to be more efficacious than disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in controlling joint damage [19]. The combination of DMARDs with biological agents can increase the response rate; however, about 30% of patients do not respond to initial treatment [20]. This has prompted research into alternative methods to suppress rheumatoid disease activity. JAK3 is critical for signal transduction from the common γ-chain of the receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21 on the plasma membrane to the nuclei of immune cells [21]. These cytokines bind to cytokine receptors and signal through the JAK3-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways [22]. Therefore, a better understanding of JAK/STAT activation in the rheumatoid synovium may allow the development of a novel therapeutic strategy. Agents that selectively inhibit JAK3 have the potential to mediate potent immune modulation, affecting lymphocytes, macrophages and NK cells [23, 24]. CP690,550 was originally believed to be a JAK3 inhibitor. However, it is now clear that in addition to its effect on JAK3, this compound inhibits JAK1 and JAK2 at similar concentrations [25]. Interestingly, CP690,550 was shown to be effective in preventing joint damage in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis [26]. In CIA, IL-6 is a critical cytokine to induce arthritis [27]. In this study, we have demonstrated that CP690,550 inhibited OSM-induced IL-6 production from rheumatoid synoviocytes by affecting JAK/STAT signaling. The exact mechanism by which CP690,550 prevents CIA remains to be determined, it is possible that CP690,550 inhibits IL-6 induction as well as IL-6-mediated signaling by affecting the JAK/STAT pathway. We have provided evidence that CP690,550 is a potent inhibitor of the JAK/STAT pathway with in vitro activity in rheumatoid synoviocytes consistent with in vitro enzyme assay. Although the signaling pathways for IL-6 induction by proinflammatory cytokines and stimuli have been reported in many cell types [28], no data have been available on the regulation of IL-6 by OSM-signaling pathway. Our data clearly demonstrated that JAK/STAT activation play a pivotal role in OSM-mediated IL-6 up-regulation in RA. IL-6 is considered to be a critical cytokine that drives inflammatory joint destruction in RA [28]. Furthermore, the targeting of IL-6 has been shown to induce a therapeutic benefit in RA [29]. CP690,550 could be useful in blocking the JAK/STAT-mediated proinflammatory responses including IL-6-mediated signaling in RA.
The MAPKs play an important role in the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rheumatoid synovitis [30]. From the experiments using the specific MAPKs inhibitors, we concluded that OSM-mediated IL-6 release is weakly dependent on the ERK1/2 or JNK signaling, but depended mostly on the p38 signaling pathway. Our findings are consistent with previous studies showing the essential role of p38 in IL-6 production from activated rheumatoid synoviocytes [31]. Dimerization of IL-6 type cytokine receptors does not only lead to activation of the JAK/STAT-signaling pathway, but also to the induction of MAPK [17]. The relationship between the JAK/STAT pathway and the Ras/MAPK pathway is complex and these pathways cross at multiple levels [32]. The molecular mechanism linking JAK/STAT engagement to the activation of MAPKs remains to be analyzed in detail. Our findings provide the possibility that p38 MAPK may be partly involved in the JAK/STAT-mediated IL-6 induction.
JAK1 and JAK2 are more widely expressed, whereas JAK3 expression is mostly limited to haematopietic cell lines [33]. Although JAK3 has been identified as a potential therapeutic target in autoimmune disease, its role in rheumatoid synovitis has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we clearly demonstrated the JAK-family including JAK3 could be activated in FLS in response to an IL-6-type cytokine, OSM. Our data suggest that cytokine-activated JAKs in FLS could be an appropriate therapeutic target in inflammatory arthritis including RA.
We demonstrated that OSM activates the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in RA-FLS followed by MAPK activation leading to the induction of IL-6. CP690,550 blocked OSM-induced JAK/STAT activation, as well as MAPK resulting in the abrogation of OSM-responsive induction of IL-6. Therefore, the JAK/STAT pathways are essential in the transduction of OSM signaling and regulation of IL-6 genes inRA-FLS. Modulation of the JAK/STAT pathways by CP690,550 represents an alternative therapeutic strategy to regulate rheumatoid inflammation.
collagen-induced arthritis
- DMARDs:
disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs
enhanced chemiluminescence
fetal calf serum
fibroblast-like synoviocyte
glyceraldehydes-3-phosphates dehydrogenase
Janus kinase
- MAPKs:
mitogen-activated kinases
- MMPs:
matrix metalloproteimase
oncostatin M
signal transducers and activators of transcription
rheumatoid arthritis
- TNF-α:
tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
Special thanks to Fusae Higashi (Omura, Japan) for editing this manuscript.
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


text:
Assessments of Climate Change Impacts and Mapping of Vulnerability to Food Insecurity under Climate Change to Strengthen Household Food Security with Livelihoods' Adaptation Approaches (AMICAF)
For the AMICAF project in the Philippines, FAO partners with the Department of Agriculture, and other governmnent agencies and academic institutions. All four components of the AMICAF approach are implemented. Components 1 and 4 are linked with FAO's Asian Regional Rice Initiative pilot project.
AMICAF went into operation in the Philippines in early 2012. Component 1 work is in its final stage and will be finalized by the end of 2013. Component 2 will end by early 2014. Component 3 field activities started in Bicol region from 2012 wet season, and in Caraga region from 2013 dry season. Component 4 work is in progress.
Fore more information about AMICAF in the Philippines, please contact Eulito U. Bautista, AMICAF National Project Manager.
last updated: Monday, August 31, 2015


text:
May day may day
Hold on tight
Make sure you are
Because we don't want to give you a fright
May day may day hold on tight
Were going to crash but we will surive
May day may day
Count to three
Close your eyes
And fall free
May day may day
What will come next?
The sun & the moon never rest
May day may day
Where are you?
The plane is going to crash
& were going to collapse !
© Copyright 2017 bitoocrazy. All rights reserved.
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Genre: Mystery and Crime
Book / Romance
Book / Mystery and Crime
Poem / Mystery and Crime
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text:
There are two known paths of inheritence of yellow. the regular yellow
and the "alternatie yellow" which I have spoken about several times.
The regular yellow, production of cartenopid pigments is dominant over
non production of cartenoids. Regular dominant cartenoids are pinks,
regular yellow part of oranges, and yellows, both alpha and
beta-carotene. To get a non yellow we have to have cartenoid production
shut down previous to production of lycopene (shows as pink when not
converted to carotenes). this shut down is a recessive genetic control.
So in order to prevent regular cartenoid production we need four sets
of the recessive reduction of cartenoid genes. Thus when a yelow
(include pinks and oranges here) is crossed with a plant that has no
cartenouids (white or blue) all of the offspring will be yellow,
baring presence of the recessive reduction of cartenoids renes in the
yellow cultivar. Thus all or a significant number of seedlings will
have yellow.
A white with a red beard, such as Shy Fox has four sets of rrC
(recessive reduction of cartenoids). Lady Celestra is also a rrC
cultivar. If there was a yellow underlay, it would be violet or
purple, not blue.
Thus the question of wher the yellow comes from.
Now on to the "alternative yellow" which shows up in orange cultivars
primarily, but also in yellows with tangeringe factor beards.that is
red beards. This yellow is a
recessive, unlike normal cartenoids ,
which are dominant.
Now back to Sly Fox. this has a red beard, which strongly suggests
that it carries the alternative yellow or possible has alernative
yellow plus a repressor of this on petals ( I havn't checked into of a
repressor of alterrnative yellow this, but it is a good possibility).
This all leads to the possibility that Lady Celestra carries the
recessive genes for "alternative yellow". I did a quick check of its
parentage, and didn't see anything obvious.
The seedling you showed was a yellow with an anthocyanin wash over
falls to give its pattern.
Based on the analysis given, if it is an "alternative Yellow" then it
would be a recessive, and unlike regular yellows, (especially in
consideration that it should have four sets of rrC) would produce no
yellows if crossed to a blue, or white. But would produce some
cartenoid plants if crossed to a white with red beard.
To be sure of any of this and provide more information I would need
some numbers. Such as details of plants produced, from say about 10,
possible more seedlings from this cross. This should be enough info to
do a chi-square analysis and be sure of what is happening genetically.
Of course as David says, there can be recessives hanging around ready
to do their thing. But a chi-square analysis should be able to tease
this out, with a enough numbers.
AFor more on "alternative yellow" check previous posts, here and on
Chuck Chapman
Re: HYB TB Photo: SLY FOX x CELESTE correction
Posted by: "David Jewell"
Thu Jul 16, 2009 11:42 am (PDT)
I would have to say that the statments about gentics and what should or
should not apear seem somewhat nieve. While yellow cross yellow have a
higher chance of producing yellow there are no guidelines to say it
must produce yellow. If there were very simple formulas for these
things then everyone would have the perfect iris of the perfect color
and form that we are always looking for.
Genetics be it human or plants are always a crap shoot and can recess
backwards many generations or even make a step forward.
To: firstname.lastname@example.com
From: email@example.com
Date: Thu, 16 Jul 2009 14:31:28 -0400
Subject: [iris-photos] Re: HYB TB Photo: SLY FOX x CELESTE correction
I'm very interested in more details of crosses of Sly Fox producing
yellows. If crossed to something that is yellow it would be expected to
produce yellows. But in a cross to something that doesn't have yellow
it should not20produce yellows.
A yellow from Sly Fox X Lady Celeste is a mystery. As reduction of
yellow is supose to be a recessive, none from this cross should have
Ther have been rumours of a dominant yellow repression gene , but no
clear evidence of it's exsistence.
By the way, there is no "dominant White" gene. There is a dominant
repression of anthocyanin gene, but it has no effect on inheritence of
Chuck Chapman


text:
Oh my gosh!!! It was out of this world delicious. I had never heard of it and couldn't believe my mom had never prepared this great asparagus dish! If you love asparagus and have never eaten creamed asparagus on toast, you are in for a mouthwatering experience!
Saturday, March 27, 2010
Alice's Creamed Asparagus on Toast
Oh my gosh!!! It was out of this world delicious. I had never heard of it and couldn't believe my mom had never prepared this great asparagus dish! If you love asparagus and have never eaten creamed asparagus on toast, you are in for a mouthwatering experience!
20 comments:
I love fresh asparagus. We planted some in the garden but won't be ready until next year. I am going to try the Hasselback Potatoes tonight. Take care Pam and thanks for the great recipes.ReplyDelete
midwesttomidlands, I'm sure you will be really enjoying your fresh asparagus next year! Yum!ReplyDelete
Glad you're trying the Hasselback Potatoes! I wish I had added garlic to them the way some suggested in the post. Will do it the next time for sure!
Have a good day!
Fresh asparagus is such a treat. This was one of my Mother's favorite way to use it. Thanks for the memory - and the lovely recipe.ReplyDelete
Sounds good! I'm gonna have to get some asparagus next time I'm at the grocery store for sure. We used to eat it alot when I was a kid:)ReplyDelete
I adore asparagus! I haven't had it this way yet. Thanks for the great recipe! :)ReplyDelete
I have never tried asparagus this way before - sounds delicious though !ReplyDelete
Pam, this recipe sounds wonderful! Thanks for sharing. Btw, I have an award for you. Please feel free to stop by my blog to collect it. Thanks!ReplyDelete
Have a nice weekend.
Cheers, Kristy
Ive never tried asparagus period. maybe I could this way!ReplyDelete
Love this post. I could eat asparagus everyday, steamed,ReplyDelete
roasted in my toaster oven.
Now you are introducing some thing new to me; thank you.
Mary, lucky you to have grown up enjoying it! Glad it brought back a good memory for you! Glad also that you stopped by!ReplyDelete
Holly, hope you buy some and try it. It's a wonderful thing! Cheers!
theUngourmet, I do too! Hope you try it and like it! ;) Thanks for stopping by!
Lynda, it's a little different way to enjoy it and makes for a great sidedish! Enjoy your weekend!
My Little Space, love asparagus! How nice of you with the award! I will be checking it out! Thanks so much!
Six Feet Under Blog, sounds like to me asparagus is not your favorite. I hope this recipe will convert you! With the sauce, it's a different dish and your just might like it. Thanks for the visit!
Sage, the same here! No doubt I could eat it every day. I have not roasted it yet but will be doing that as I love many vegetables roasted. Thanks for the idea! Have a good day!
I came to thank you for your visit and sweet comment and I stopped dead at asparagus! Yum!! Being Italian, asparagus is a much used vegetable in soups and frittatas, roasted, and steamed. This sounds delicious!ReplyDelete
xoxo Pattie
I enjoy asparagus too, and this looks like a great recipe to use them in.ReplyDelete
I have always liked asparagus, and growing up in Michigan we had our share of fresh caught blue gills. Now living in Florida the past 20 years we have great seafood, but I do miss all the fresh water fish!ReplyDelete
I've made asparagus, steamed, marinated, stir fried, and lately oven roasted. I have never had it this way. I have a bunch of asparagus in the fridge now, and a new way to make it! Thanks!
I bet your future MIL was thrilled to have someone enjoy her cooking!
Allie and Pattie, it's great that you use asparagus a lot and it sounds like you have great ways of doing so! I have not made asparagus soup and will have to do that! Thanks!ReplyDelete
Fresh Local and Best, thanks! Hope you're having a great weekend!
Lyndsey, I would love all of the fresh seafood available to you, yum!!! And actually, I would love to have your weather also.
I hope you try this and like it!
My MIL was a great cook, always room for one more and loved to see people enjoy her food!
You have some great looking recipes on here! Thanks for visiting my blog and I'll be sure to continue checking yours out! Thanks!ReplyDelete
Ok - I love fresh asparagus. Steamed or blanched or . . .my favorite . . .grilled. I am going to try this for a light supper tomorrow night.ReplyDelete
Pouring anything over toast reminds me of my sweet grandmother. She went through a chicken al la king phase (served, of course, over toast) in the 60's that apparently left a lasting impression in my little bitty head.
Looking forward to this new asparagus dish!
Asparagus is a favorite of mine. I'm definitely bookmarking this to try! Thanks Pam! :-)ReplyDelete
Debbi Smith, thank you! The same works this way also!ReplyDelete
Tavern on the Concho: I love it too but have never grilled asparagus. I will be giving that at a try as soon as warms up enough to do it.
Yes, I still make turkey a la king after Thanksgiving and love chipped beef on toast also; although, I haven't cooked it in a long time.
I hope you try the asparagus! Thanks!
Martha, great! I hope you enjoy it! Thanks for stopping by!
I have an asparagus patch in my yard, they are starting to peek about ground. I'll be ready for them!ReplyDelete
Mimi, lucky you! My parents and in-laws did also. Loved having it fresh from the garden. Unfortunately, we have so many trees and lots of shade now that's not good for a garden.ReplyDelete