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RNA and DNA changes in the bone marrow and blood of rats after neutron and continuous gamma irradiation.
Misúrová, E; Gábor, J; Kropácová, K; Pado, D
Quantitative changes in nucleic acids and DNA synthesis in the bone marrow and blood were followed after a single neutron irradiation with the dose of 2 Gy alone and combined with subsequent continuous gamma irradiation up to accumulated dose of 6 Gy. The pattern of changes after neutron exposure was similar as after other kinds of ionizing radiation. Additional continuous gamma irradiation affected mainly the rate of regenerative processes. PMID:2479958
Lymphoid cell kinetics under continuous low dose-rate gamma irradiation: A comparison study
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Foster, B. R.
A comparison study was conducted of the effects of continuous low dose-rate gamma irradiation on cell population kinetics of lymphoid tissue (white pulp) of the mouse spleen with findings as they relate to the mouse thymus. Experimental techniques employed included autoradiography and specific labeling with tritiated thymidine (TdR-(h-3)). The problem studied involved the mechanism of cell proliferation of lymphoid tissue of the mouse spleen and thymus under the stress of continuous irradiation at a dose rate of 10 roentgens (R) per day for 105 days (15 weeks). The aim was to determine whether or not a steady state or near-steady state of cell population could be established for this period of time, and what compensatory mechanisms of cell population were involved.
Cell death (apoptosis) in mouse intestine after continuous irradiation with gamma rays and with beta rays from tritiated water
Ijiri, K.
Apoptosis is a pattern of cell death involving nuclear pycnosis, cytoplasmic condensation, and karyorrhexis. Apoptosis induced by continuous irradiation with gamma rays (externally given by a 137Cs source) or with beta rays (from tritiated water injected ip) was quantified in the crypts of two portions of mouse bowel, the small intestine and descending colon. The time-course change in the incidence of apoptosis after each type of radiation could be explained on the basis of the innate circadian rhythm of the cells susceptible to apoptotic death and of the excretion of tritiated water (HTO) from the body. For 6-h continuous gamma irradiation at various dose rates (0.6-480 mGy/h) and for 6 h after injection of HTO of various radioactivities (0.15-150 GBq per kg body wt), the relationships between dose and incidence of apoptosis were obtained. Survival curves were then constructed from the curves for dose vs incidence of apoptosis. For the calculation of the absorbed dose from HTO, the water content both of the mouse body and of the cells was assumed to be 70%. One megabecquerel of HTO per mouse (i.e., 40 MBq/kg body wt) gave a dose rate of 0.131 mGy/h. The mean lethal doses (D0) were calculated for gamma rays and HTO, and relative biological effectiveness values of HTO relative to gamma rays were obtained. The D0 values for continuous irradiation with gamma rays were 210 mGy for small intestine and 380 mGy for descending colon, and the respective values for HTO were 130 and 280 mGy, indicating the high radiosensitivity of target cells for apoptotic death. The relative biological effectiveness of HTO relative to 137Cs gamma rays for cell killing in both the small intestine and the descending colon in the mouse was 1.4-2.1.
The effect of continuous low dose-rate gamma irradiation on cell population kinetics of lymphoid tissue
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Foster, B. R.
Cellular response and cell population kinetics were studied during lymphopoiesis in the thymus of the mouse under continuous gamma irradiation using autoradiographic techniques and specific labeling with tritiated thymidine. On the basis of tissue weights, it is concluded that the response of both the thymus and spleen to continuous low dose-rate irradiation is multiphasic. That is, alternating periods of steady state growth, followed by collapse, which in turn is followed by another period of homeostasis. Since there are two populations of lymphocytes - short lived and long-lived, it may be that different phases of steady state growth are mediated by different lymphocytes. The spleen is affected to a greater extent with shorter periods of steady-state growth than exhibited by the thymus.
Lymphoid cell kinetics under continuous low dose-rate gamma irradiation: A comparison study
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Foster, B. R.
The mechanism of cell proliferation is studied in the lymphoid tissue of the mouse spleen under the stress of continuous irradiation at a dose-rate of 10 roentgens per day for 105 days. Autoradiography and specific labeling with tritiated thymidine were utilized. It was found that at least four compensatory mechanisms maintained a near-steady state of cellular growth: (1) an increase in the proportion of PAS-positive cells which stimulate mitotic activity, (2) maturation arrest of proliferating and differentiating cells which tend to replenish the cells damaged or destroyed by irradiation, (3) an increase in the proportion of cells proliferating, and (4) an increase in the proportion of precursor cells. The results are compared to previous findings observed in the thymus.
Changes in compartments of hemospoietic and stromal marrow progenitor cells after continuous low dose gamma-irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Domaratskaya, E.; Starostin, V.
The low dose continuous gamma-irradiation chosen corresponded with that affected the organisms onboard a spacecraft (Mitrikas, Tsetlin, 2000). F1 (CBAxC57Bl/6) male and female mice were used at 3 4 months of age. Experimental mice were- irradiated during 10 days to a total dose of 15 mGy (Co60 gamma-sources, mean dose rate of 1.5-2.0 mGy/day). Another group of intact mice served as control. Younger and advanced hemopoietic progenitors measured at day 11 (i.e. CFU -S-11) and day 7 (i.e. CFU-S-7), respectively, after transplantation of test donor cells were assayed by the method of Till and McCulloch (1961). Stromal changes were evaluated by estimation of in vitro fibroblastic colony-forming units (CFU -F ) content and by the ability of ectopically grafted (under renal capsule) stroma to regenerate the new bone marrow organ. CFU-S-11 number increased of 40% as compared with control and almost 2-fold higher than that of CFU-S-7. The CFU-F content increased almost of 3-fold. Size of ectopic marrow transplants was estimated at day 70 following grafting by counting myelokariocyte and CFU -S number that repopulated the newly formed bone marrow organ. It was found more than 2-fold increase of myelokariocytes in transplants produced by marrow stroma of irradiated donors. CFU -S contents in transplants increased strikingly in comparison to control level. CFU-S-7 and CFU-S-11 increased of 7.5- and of 3.7-fold, respectively, i.e. the rate of advanced CFU - S predominated. It should be noted a good correlation between number of stromal progenitor cells (CFU-F) and ectopic transplant sizes evaluated as myelokaryocyte counts when irradiated donors used. In the same time, if sizes of transplants was measured as CFU-S-7 and CFU - S-11 numbers, their increases were more pronounced. Therefore, continuous low dose gamma- irradiation augments significantly both hemopoietic and stromal progenitor cell number in bone marrow. Additionally, the ratio of distinct CFU -S subpopulations
Continuous Exposure to Low-Dose-Rate Gamma Irradiation Reduces Airway Inflammation in Ovalbumin-Induced Asthma.
Kim, Joong Sun; Son, Yeonghoon; Bae, Min Ji; Lee, Seung Sook; Park, Sun Hoo; Lee, Hae June; Lee, Soong In; Lee, Chang Geun; Kim, Sung Dae; Jo, Wol Soon; Kim, Sung Ho; Shin, In Sik
Although safe doses of radiation have been determined, concerns about the harmful effects of low-dose radiation persist. In particular, to date, few studies have investigated the correlation between low-dose radiation and disease development. Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory airway disease that is recognized as a major public health problem. In this study, we evaluated the effects of low-dose-rate chronic irradiation on allergic asthma in a murine model. Mice were sensitized and airway-challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) and were exposed to continuous low-dose-rate irradiation (0.554 or 1.818 mGy/h) for 24 days after initial sensitization. The effects of chronic radiation on proinflammatory cytokines and the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were investigated. Exposure to low-dose-rate chronic irradiation significantly decreased the number of inflammatory cells, methylcholine responsiveness (PenH value), and the levels of OVA-specific immunoglobulin E, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-5. Furthermore, airway inflammation and the mucus production in lung tissue were attenuated and elevated MMP-9 expression and activity induced by OVA challenge were significantly suppressed. These results indicate that low-dose-rate chronic irradiation suppresses allergic asthma induced by OVA challenge and does not exert any adverse effects on asthma development. Our findings can potentially provide toxicological guidance for the safe use of radiation and relieve the general anxiety about exposure to low-dose radiation. PMID:26588845
Continuous Exposure to Low-Dose-Rate Gamma Irradiation Reduces Airway Inflammation in Ovalbumin-Induced Asthma
Kim, Joong Sun; Son, Yeonghoon; Bae, Min Ji; Lee, Seung Sook; Park, Sun Hoo; Lee, Hae June; Lee, Soong In; Lee, Chang Geun; Kim, Sung Dae; Jo, Wol Soon; Kim, Sung Ho; Shin, In Sik
Although safe doses of radiation have been determined, concerns about the harmful effects of low-dose radiation persist. In particular, to date, few studies have investigated the correlation between low-dose radiation and disease development. Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory airway disease that is recognized as a major public health problem. In this study, we evaluated the effects of low-dose-rate chronic irradiation on allergic asthma in a murine model. Mice were sensitized and airway-challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) and were exposed to continuous low-dose-rate irradiation (0.554 or 1.818 mGy/h) for 24 days after initial sensitization. The effects of chronic radiation on proinflammatory cytokines and the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were investigated. Exposure to low-dose-rate chronic irradiation significantly decreased the number of inflammatory cells, methylcholine responsiveness (PenH value), and the levels of OVA-specific immunoglobulin E, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-5. Furthermore, airway inflammation and the mucus production in lung tissue were attenuated and elevated MMP-9 expression and activity induced by OVA challenge were significantly suppressed. These results indicate that low-dose-rate chronic irradiation suppresses allergic asthma induced by OVA challenge and does not exert any adverse effects on asthma development. Our findings can potentially provide toxicological guidance for the safe use of radiation and relieve the general anxiety about exposure to low-dose radiation. PMID:26588845
The effect of continuous low dose-rate gamma irradiation on cell population kinetics of lymphoid tissue
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Foster, B. R.
The problem studied involved cell proliferation in mice thymus undergoing irradiation at a dose rate of 10 roetgens/day for 105 days. Specifically, the aim was to determine wheather or not a steady state of cell population can be established for the indicated period of time and what compensatory mechanisms of cell population are involved.
Production of modified starches by gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kang, Il-Jun; Byun, Myung-Woo; Yook, Hong-Sun; Bae, Chun-Ho; Lee, Hyun-Soo; Kwon, Joong-Ho; Chung, Cha-Kwon
As a new processing method for the production of modified starch, gamma irradiation and four kinds of inorganic peroxides were applied to commercial corn starch. The addition of inorganic peroxides without gamma irradiation or gamma irradiation without the addition of inorganic peroxides effectively decreased initial viscosity, but did not sufficiently keep viscosity stable. The combination of adding ammonium persulfate (APS) and gamma irradiation showed the lowest initial viscosity and the best stability out of the tested four kinds of inorganic peroxides. Among the tested mixing methods of APS, soaking was found to be more effective than dry blending or spraying. Therefore, the production of modified starch with low viscosity as well as with sufficient viscosity stability became feasible by the control of gamma irradiation dose levels and the amount of added APS to starch.
Clark, E.
Two formulations of EPDM elastomer, one substituting a UV stabilizer for the normal antioxidant in this polymer, and the other the normal formulation, were synthesized and samples of each were exposed to gamma irradiation in initially pure deuterium gas to compare their radiation stability. Stainless steel containers having rupture disks were designed for this task. After 130 MRad dose of cobalt-60 radiation in the SRNL Gamma Irradiation Facility, a significant amount of gas was created by radiolysis; however the composition indicated by mass spectroscopy indicated an unexpected increase in the total amount deuterium in both formulations. The irradiated samples retained their ductility in a bend test. No change of sample weight, dimensions, or density was observed. No change of the glass transition temperature as measured by dynamic mechanical analysis was observed, and most of the other dynamic mechanical properties remained unchanged. There appeared to be an increase in the storage modulus of the irradiated samples containing the UV stabilizer above the glass transition, which may indicate hardening of the material by radiation damage. Polymeric materials become damaged by exposure over time to ionizing radiation. Despite the limited lifetime, polymers have unique engineering material properties and polymers continue to be used in tritium handling systems. In tritium handling systems, polymers are employed mainly in joining applications such as valve sealing surfaces (eg. Stem tips, valve packing, and O-rings). Because of the continued need to employ polymers in tritium systems, over the past several years, programs at the Savannah River National Laboratory have been studying the effect of tritium on various polymers of interest. In these studies, samples of materials of interest to the SRS Tritium Facilities (ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Teflon{reg_sign}), Vespel{reg_sign} polyimide, and the elastomer
Hardness Evolution of Gamma-Irradiated Polyoxymethylene
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hung, Chuan-Hao; Harmon, Julie P.; Lee, Sanboh
This study focuses on analyzing hardness evolution in gamma-irradiated polyoxymethylene (POM) exposed to elevated temperatures after irradiation. Hardness increases with increasing annealing temperature and time, but decreases with increasing gamma ray dose. Hardness changes are attributed to defects generated in the microstructure and molecular structure. Gamma irradiation causes a decrease in the glass transition temperature, melting point, and extent of crystallinity. The kinetics of defects resulting in hardness changes follow a first-order structure relaxation. The rate constant adheres to an Arrhenius equation, and the corresponding activation energy decreases with increasing dose due to chain scission during gamma irradiation. The structure relaxation of POM has a lower energy barrier in crystalline regions than in amorphous ones. The hardness evolution in POM is an endothermic process due to the semi-crystalline nature of this polymer.
Dielectric relaxation of gamma irradiated muscovite mica
Kaur, Navjeet; Singh, Mohan; Singh, Lakhwant; Awasthi, A.M.; Lochab, S.P.
Highlights: • The present article reports the effect of gamma irradiation on the dielectric relaxation characteristics of muscovite mica. • Dielectric and electrical relaxations have been analyzed in the framework of dielectric permittivity, electric modulus and Cole–Cole formalisms. • The frequency dependent electrical conductivity has been rationalized using Johnsher's universal power law. • The experimentally measured electric modulus and conductivity data have been fitted using Havriliak–Negami dielectric relaxation function. - Abstract: In the present research, the dielectric relaxation of gamma irradiated muscovite mica was studied in the frequency range of 0.1 Hz–10 MHz and temperature range of 653–853 K, using the dielectric permittivity, electric modulus and conductivity formalisms. The dielectric constants (ϵ′ and ϵ′′) are found to be high for gamma irradiated muscovite mica as compared to the pristine sample. The frequency dependence of the imaginary part of complex electric modulus (M′′) and dc conductivity data conforms Arrhenius law with single value of activation energy for pristine sample and two values of activation energy for gamma irradiated mica sample. The experimentally assessed electric modulus and conductivity information have been interpreted by the Havriliak–Negami dielectric relaxation explanation. Using the Cole–Cole framework, an analysis of real and imaginary characters of the electric modulus for pristine and gamma irradiated sample was executed which reflects the non-Debye relaxation mechanism.
Gamma irradiation effects in W films
Claro, Luiz H.; Santos, Ingrid A.; Silva, Cassia F.
Using the van Der Pauw methodology, the surface resistivity of irradiated tungsten films deposited on Silicon substrate was measured. The films were exposed to {gamma} radiation using a isotopic {sup 60}Co source in three irradiation stages attaining 40.35 kGy in total dose. The obtained results for superficial resistivity display a time annealing features and their values are proportional to the total dose.
Investigations on fiberoptic behaviour during gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Siehs, J.
The behavior of bulk glasses and fiber optics under gamma irradiation and two types of annealing processes (thermal and optical) were investigated. The samples were irradiated in the thermal column of the TRIGA Mark II reactor. The irradiation induced losses of transmission were measured in a dual beam spectrophotometer. The transmission was measured one hour after reactor shut-down. Thermal annealing was done at 300, 400 and 500 C. Photo bleaching was investigated with a quartz-lamp, an arc-lamp and an UV-laser light.
gamma-Irradiation of PEGd,lPLA and PEG-PLGA multiblock copolymers. I. Effect of irradiation doses.
Dorati, R; Colonna, C; Serra, M; Genta, I; Modena, T; Pavanetto, F; Perugini, P; Conti, B
To evaluate the effects of different gamma irradiation doses on PEGd,lPLA and PEG-PLGA multiblock copolymers. The behaviour of the multiblock copolymers to irradiation was compared to that of PLA, PLGA polymers. PEGd,lPLA, PEG-PLGA, PLA and PLGA polymers were irradiated by using a (60)Co irradiation source at 5, 15, 25 and 50 kGy total dose. Characterization was performed on all samples before and after irradiation, by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared absorption spectrophotometry (FTIR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The effect of gamma irradiation on polymer stability was also evaluated. Results of NMR and FTIR suggest an increase in -OH and -COOH groups, attributed to scission reactions induced by irradiation treatment. Data of GPC analysis showed that the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of polymer samples decreased with increasing irradiation dose. The extent of Mw degradation expressed as percentage of Mw reduction was more prominent for polymers with high molecular weight as PEGd,lPLA and PLA. The dominant effect of gamma-irradiation on both polymer samples was chain scission. The multiblock copolymer PEGd,lPLA presented higher sensitivity to irradiation treatment with respect to PLA, likely due to the presence of PEG in the matrix. The effect of gamma irradiation continues over a much longer period of time after gamma irradiation has been performed. It is suggested that the material reacts with oxygen to form peroxyl free radicals, which may further undergo degradation reactions during storage after irradiation. PMID:18528761
Mobile gamma-irradiation robot
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Teply, J.; Franek, C.; Vocilka, J.; Stetka, R.; Vins, J.; Krotil, J.; Garba, A.
The source container with 98 TBq of 137Cs and shielding made from depleted uranium has the total weight of 264 kg, height of 0.370 and diameter 0.272 m. The container is joined to accessories allowing movment of the radiation beam. The dose rate at a distance of 0.4 m in the beam axis is 50 Gy/h. Various technical means are available for manipulation and transport. The irradiation process proceeds according to a precalculated program. The safety measures have been taken to secure the possible application in historical buildings and similar objects. The licence from health physics authorities has been obtained. The first irradiation process performed is described.
ESR identification of gamma-irradiated albendazole
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Çolak, Seyda
The use of ionizing radiation for sterilization of pharmaceuticals is a well-established technology. In the present work, the spectroscopic and kinetic features of the radicals induced in gamma-irradiated solid albendazole samples is investigated at different temperatures in the dose range of 3-34 kGy by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Irradiation with gamma radiation produced two different radical species in albendazole. They were fairly stable at room temperature but relatively unstable above room temperature, giving rise to an unresolved ESR spectrum consisting of three resonance peaks centered at g=2.0057. Decay activation energies of the contributing radical species were calculated to be 47.8 (±13.5) and 50.5 (±9.7) kJ/mol using the signal intensity decay data derived from annealing studies performed at high temperatures. A linear function of the applied dose was found to best describe the experimental dose-response data. Albendazole does not present the characteristics of good dosimetric materials. However, the discrimination of irradiated albendazole from its unirradiated form was possible even 6 months after storage in normal conditions. Based on these findings, it is concluded that albendazole and albendazole-containing drugs can be safely sterilized by gamma radiation and that ESR spectroscopy could be successfully used as a potential technique for monitoring their radiosterilization.
Effects of gamma irradiation on deteriorated paper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bicchieri, Marina; Monti, Michela; Piantanida, Giovanna; Sodo, Armida
Even though gamma radiation application, also at the minimum dosage required for disinfection, causes depolymerization and degradation of the paper substrate, recently published papers seemed, instead, to suggest that γ-rays application could be envisaged in some conditions for Cultural Heritage original documents and books. In some of the published papers, the possible application of γ-rays was evaluated mainly by using mechanical tests that scarcely reflect the chemical modifications induced in the cellulosic support. In the present article the effect of low dosage γ-irradiation on cellulosic substrates was studied and monitored applying different techniques: colorimetry, spectroscopic measurements, carbonyl content and average viscometric degree of polymerization. Two different papers were investigated, a non-sized, non-filled cotton paper, and a commercial permanent paper. To simulate a real deteriorated document, which could need γ-rays irradiation, some samples were submitted to a hydrolysis treatment. We developed a treatment based on the exposition of paper to hydrochloric acid vapors, avoiding any contact of the samples with water. This method induces a degradation similar to that observed on original documents. The samples were then irradiated with 3 kGy γ-rays at a 5258 Gy/h rate. The aforementioned analyses were performed on the samples just irradiated and after artificial ageing. All tests showed negative effects of gamma irradiation on paper. Non-irradiated paper preserves better its appearance and chemical properties both in the short term and after ageing, while the irradiated samples show appreciable color change and higher oxidation extent. Since the Istituto centrale restauro e conservazione patrimonio archivistico e librario is responsible for the choice of all restoration treatments that could be applied on library and archival materials under the protection of the Italian State (http://www.icpal.beniculturali.it/allegati/DM-7
Silicon/HfO2 interface: Effects of gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Maurya, Savita
Quality of MOS devices is a strong function of substrate and oxide interface. In this work we have studied how gamma photon irradiation affects the interface of a 13 nm thick, atomic layer deposited hafnium dioxide deposited on silicon wafer. CV and GV measurements have been done for pristine and irradiated samples to quantify the effect of gamma photon irradiation. Gamma photon irradiation not only introduces positive charge in the oxide and at the interface of Si/HfO2 interface but also induce phase change of oxide layer. Maximum oxide capacitances are affected by gamma photon irradiation.
Influence of gamma ray irradiation on metakaolin based sodium geopolymer
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lambertin, D.; Boher, C.; Dannoux-Papin, A.; Galliez, K.; Rooses, A.; Frizon, F.
Effects of gamma irradiation on metakaolin based Na-geopolymer have been investigated by external irradiation. The experiments were carried out in a gamma irradiator with 60Co sources up to 1000 kGy. Various Na-geopolymer with three H2O/Na2O ratios have been studied in terms of hydrogen radiolytic yield. The results show that hydrogen production increases linearly with water content. Gamma irradiation effects on Na-geopolymer microstructure have been investigated with porosity measurements and X-ray pair distribution function analysis. A change of pore size distribution and a structural relaxation have been found after gamma ray irradiation.
COBALT-60 Gamma Irradiation of Shrimp.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sullivan, Nancy L. B.
Meta- and ortho-tyrosine were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in conjunction with electrochemical detection in shrimp irradiated using cobalt-60 gamma radiation in the absorbed dose range 0.8 to 6.0 kGy, in nonirradiated shrimp, and in bovine serum albumin (BSA) irradiated in dilute aqueous solution at 25.0 kGy. Ortho-tyrosine was measured in nonirradiated BSA. Para-, meta-, and ortho-tyrosine were measured using HPLC in conjunction with uv-absorption detection in dilute aqueous solutions of phenylalanine irradiated in the absorbed dose range 16.0 to 195.0 kGy. The measured yields of tyrosine isomers were approximately linear as a function of absorbed dose in shrimp, and in irradiated solutions of phenylalanine up to 37.0 kGy. The occurrence of meta- and ortho-tyrosine, which had formerly been considered unique radiolytic products, has not previously been reported in nonirradiated shrimp or BSA. The conventional hydrolyzation and analytical techniques used in the present study to measure meta- and ortho-tyrosine may provide the basis for a method to detect and determine the dose used in food irradiation.
Cobalt-60 gamma irradiation of shrimp
Sullivan, N.L.B.
Meta- and ortho-tyrosine were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in conjunction with electrochemical detection in shrimp irradiated using cobalt-60 gamma radiation in the absorbed dose range 0.8 to 6.0 kGy, in nonirradiated shrimp, and in bovine serum albumin (BSA) irradiated in dilute aqueous solution at 25.0 kGy. Ortho-tyrosine was measured in nonirradiated BSA. Para-, meta-, and ortho-tyrosine was measured using HPLC in conjunction with uv-absorption detection in dilute aqueous solutions of phenylalanine irradiated in the absorbed dose range 16.0 to 195.0 kGy. The measured yields of tyrosine isomers were approximately linear as a function of absorbed dose in shrimp, and in irradiated solutions of phenylalanine up to 37.0 kGy. The occurrence of meta- and ortho-tyrosine, which had formerly been considered unique radiolytic products, has not previously been reported in nonirradiated shrimp or BSA. The conventional hydrolyzation and analytical techniques used in the present study to measure meta- and ortho-tyrosine may provide the basis for a method to detect and determine the dose used in food irradiation.
ESR response of gamma-irradiated sulfamethazine
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Çolak, Seyda; Korkmaz, Mustafa
In the present work, characteristic features of the radiolytical intermediates produced in gamma-irradiated solid sulfamethazine (SMH) were investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The heights of the resonance peaks, measured with respect to the spectrum baseline, were used to monitor microwave saturation, temperature and time-dependent kinetic features of the radical species contributing to the formation of recorded experimental ESR spectra. Three species having different spectroscopic and kinetic features were observed to be produced in gamma-irradiated SMH. SO2, which is the most sensitive group of radiation in the SMH molecule, was found to be at the origin of radiation-produced ionic radical species. Based on the experimental results derived from the present study, the applicability of ESR spectroscopy to radiosterilization of SMH was discussed. In the dose range of interest (0.5-10 kGy), the radiation yield of solid SMH was calculated to be very low (G=0.45) compared with those obtained for sulfonamide aqueous solutions (G=3.5-5.1). Based on these findings, it was concluded that SMH and SMH-containing drugs could be safely sterilized by gamma radiation and that ESR spectroscopy could be successfully used as a potential technique for monitoring their radiosterilization.
Effect of gamma irradiation on the thermal and rheological properties of grain amaranth starch
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kong, Xiangli; Kasapis, Stefan; Bao, Jinsong; Corke, Harold
Physical properties of starch from two cultivars of gamma-irradiated grain amaranth with different amylose content were investigated. Pasting viscosities decreased continuously with the increase in dosages of irradiation. Furthermore, different irradiation dosages resulted in modification of the thermal properties and crystallinity of starch. Dynamic oscillation on shear was also employed, temperature and frequency sweeps showed that changes in storage modulus and loss modulus were significant, with Tibet Yellow producing more elastic gels as compared to Hy030 at different irradiation dosages.
Effect of gamma irradiation on curcuminoids and volatile oils of fresh turmeric ( Curcuma longa)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dhanya, R.; Mishra, B. B.; Khaleel, K. M.
In our earlier study a radiation dose of 5 kGy was reported to be suitable for microbial decontamination and shelf life extension of fresh turmeric ( Curcuma longa), while maintaining its quality attributes. In continuation of that work, the effect of gamma radiation on curcuminoids and volatile oil constituents in fresh turmeric was studied. Fresh peeled turmeric rhizomes were gamma irradiated at doses of 1, 3 and 5 kGy. Curcuminoid content and volatile oils were analyzed by reverse phase HPLC and GC-MS, respectively. The curcuminoid content was slightly increased by gamma irradiation. No statistically significant changes were observed due to irradiation in majority of the volatile oil constituents.
Effect of gamma irradiation on Korean traditional multicolored paintwork
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yoon, Minchul; Kim, Dae-Woon; Choi, Jong-il; Chung, Yong-Jae; Kang, Dai-Ill; Hoon Kim, Gwang; Son, Kwang-Tae; Park, Hae-Jun; Lee, Ju-Woon
Gamma irradiation can destroy fungi and insects involved in the bio-deterioration of organic cultural heritages. However, this irradiation procedure can alter optical and structural properties of historical pigments used in wooden cultural heritage paintings. The crystal structure and color centers of these paintings must be maintained after application of the irradiation procedure. In this study, we investigated the effects of gamma irradiation on Korean traditional multicolored paintwork (Dancheong) for the preservation of wooden cultural heritages. The main pigments in Korean traditional wooden cultural heritages, Sukganju (Hematite; Fe2O3), Jangdan (Minium; Pb3O4), Whangyun (Crocoite; PbCrO4), and Jidang (Rutile; TiO2), were irradiated by gamma radiation at doses of 1, 5, and 20 kGy. After irradiation, changes in Commision Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE) color values (L*, a*, b*) were measured using the color difference meter, and their structural changes were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The slightly change in less than 1 dE* unit by gamma irradiation was observed, and structural changes in the Dancheong were stable after exposure to 20 kGy gamma irradiation. In addition, gamma irradiation could be applied to painted wooden cultural properties from the Korean Temple. Based on the color values, gamma irradiation of 20 kGy did not affect the Dancheong and stability was maintained for five months. In addition, the fungicidal and insecticidal effect by less than 5 kGy gamma irradiation was conformed. Therefore, the optical and structural properties of Dancheong were maintained after gamma irradiation, which suggested that gamma irradiation can be used for the preservation of wooden cultural heritages painted with Dancheong.
EPR investigation of some gamma-irradiated excipients
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Aleksieva, Katerina; Yordanov, Nicola D.
The results of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies on some excipients: lactose, microcrystalline cellulose (avicel), starch, dioxosilane (aerosil), talc and magnesium stearate before and after gamma-irradiation are reported. Before irradiation, all samples are EPR silent except talc. After gamma-irradiation, they show complex spectra except magnesium stearate, which is EPR silent. Studies show the influence of gamma-irradiation on EPR spectra and stability of gamma-induced radicals. Analysis of the EPR spectrum of gamma-irradiated talc shows that this material is radiation insensitive. Only lactose forms stable-free radicals upon gamma sterilization and can be used for identification of radiation processing for a long time period thereafter.
The effect of gamma irradiation on injectable human amnion collagen
Liu, B.C.; Harrell, R.; Davis, R.H.; Dresden, M.H.; Spira, M. )
The effect of gamma irradiation on the physicochemical properties of injectable human amnion collagen was investigated. Pepsin-extracted human amnion collagen was purified, reconstituted, and irradiated with varying doses of gamma irradiation (0.25 Mrads to 2.5 Mrads). Gamma irradiation had a significant impact on the physical characteristics of the collagen. The neutral solubility of collagen in PBS at 45{degrees}C was decreased from 100% for the nonirradiated control sample to 16% for the 2.5 Mrads irradiated sample. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis also demonstrated the dose-dependent effect of gamma irradiation on collagen cross-links. Electron microscopic observation revealed that even at low irradiation dose (0.25 Mrads), collagen fibril diameter increased. The average diameter was 50 nm for nonirradiated control fibrils, while 4.4% of the irradiated collagen fibrils had a diameter greater than 100 nm. Irradiated collagen showed little evidence of damage. Well-preserved cross-striations were found in collagen fibrils at all doses of irradiation. Native amnion collagen irradiated with gamma rays demonstrated a slight increase in resistance to collagenase degradation compared with nonirradiated native collagen samples. Increased resistance to collagenase did not correlate with increasing irradiation dose. After 30 min of incubation at 37{degrees}C, both irradiated and nonirradiated collagen was completely digested by collagenase. However, gamma-irradiated collagen did become more sensitive to hydrolysis by trypsin. The higher the irradiation doses used, the greater sensitivity to trypsin was observed. At 0.25 Mrads irradiation only a slight increase was found. No marked differences in amino acid composition were noted among the high dose irradiated, low dose irradiated and control amnion collagen.
Stability of an injectable disulfiram formulation sterilized by gamma irradiation
Phillips, M.; Agarwal, R.P.; Brodeur, R.J.; Garagusi, V.F.; Mossman, K.L.
Stability of an injectable disulfiram suspension sterilized by gamma(gamma) irradiation was tested. Single doses of disulfiram powder in plastic syringes were subjected to 50,000 rads of gamma radiation. Culture media were inoculated with the irradiated drug to test for growth of bacteria, fungi, and mycobacteria. The irradiated drug and nonirradiated controls were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for disulfiram and its major degradation product, diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC). Ultraviolet absorption spectra of irradiated and nonirradiated disulfiram were obtained. No organisms grew in any of the culture media. HPLC analysis indicated that disulfiram content of the irradiated specimens was not reduced, and DDC was not detected. There were no important differences between the ultraviolet spectra of the irradiated and nonirradiated samples. Disulfiram can be sterilized by gamma irradiation without chemical degradation.
Stability of an injectable disulfiram formulation sterilized by gamma irradiation.
Phillips, M; Agarwal, R P; Brodeur, R J; Garagusi, V F; Mossman, K L
Stability of an injectable disulfiram suspension sterilized by gamma(gamma) irradiation was tested. Single doses of disulfiram powder in plastic syringes were subjected to 50,000 rads of gamma radiation. Culture media were inoculated with the irradiated drug to test for growth of bacteria, fungi, and mycobacteria. The irradiated drug and nonirradiated controls were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for disulfiram and its major degradation product, diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC). Ultraviolet absorption spectra of irradiated and nonirradiated disulfiram were obtained. No organisms grew in any of the culture media. HPLC analysis indicated that disulfiram content of the irradiated specimens was not reduced, and DDC was not detected. There were no important differences between the ultraviolet spectra of the irradiated and nonirradiated samples. Disulfiram can be sterilized by gamma irradiation without chemical degradation. PMID:2983546
Effects of gamma irradiation on physicochemical properties of native and acetylated wheat starches.
Kong, Xiangli; Zhou, Xin; Sui, Zhongquan; Bao, Jinsong
Effects of gamma irradiation on the physicochemical and crystalline properties of the native and acetylated wheat starches were investigated. Peak, hot paste, cool paste and setback viscosities of both native and acetylated wheat starches decreased continuously and significantly with the increase of the irradiation dose, whereas breakdown viscosity increased after irradiation. However, gamma irradiation only exerted slight effects on thermal and retrogradation properties of both native and acetylated wheat starches. X-ray diffraction and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that acetylation modification had considerable effects on the molecular structure of wheat starch, and the crystallinity of both untreated and acetylated starches increased slightly with the increase of irradiation dose. However, the V-type crystallinity of amylose-lipid complex was not affected by gamma irradiation treatments with doses up to 9kGy. PMID:27344953
Continuous wave laser irradiation of explosives
McGrane, Shawn D.; Moore, David S.
Quantitative measurements of the levels of continuous wave (CW) laser light that can be safely applied to bare explosives during contact operations were obtained at 532 nm, 785 nm, and 1550 nm wavelengths. A thermal camera was used to record the temperature of explosive pressed pellets and single crystals while they were irradiated using a measured laser power and laser spot size. A visible light image of the sample surface was obtained before and after the laser irradiation. Laser irradiation thresholds were obtained for the onset of any visible change to the explosive sample and for the onset of any visible chemical reaction. Deflagration to detonation transitions were not observed using any of these CW laser wavelengths on single crystals or pressed pellets in the unconfined geometry tested. Except for the photochemistry of DAAF, TATB and PBX 9502, all reactions appeared to be thermal using a 532 nm wavelength laser. For a 1550 nm wavelength laser, no photochemistry was evident, but the laser power thresholds for thermal damage in some of the materials were significantly lower than for the 532 nm laser wavelength. No reactions were observed in any of the studied explosives using the available 300 mW laser at 785 nm wavelength. Tables of laser irradiance damage and reaction thresholds are presented for pressed pellets of PBX9501, PBX9502, Composition B, HMX, TATB, RDX, DAAF, PETN, and TNT and single crystals of RDX, HMX, and PETN for each of the laser wavelengths.
Application of gamma irradiation for inhibition of food allergy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Byun, Myung-Woo; Lee, Ju-Woon; Yook, Hong-Sun; Jo, Cheorun; Kim, Hee-Yun
This study was carried out to evaluate the application of food irradiation technology as a method for reducing food allergy. Milk β-lactoglobulin, chicken egg albumin, and shrimp tropomyosin were used as model food allergens for experiments on allergenic and molecular properties by gamma irradiation. The amount of intact allergens in an irradiated solution was reduced by gamma irradiation depending upon the dose. These results showed that epitopes on the allergens were structurally altered by radiation treatment and that the irradiation technology can be applied to reduce allergenicity of allergic foods.
Gamma irradiation influence on physical properties of milk proteins
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cieśla, K.; Salmieri, S.; Lacroix, M.; Tien, C. Le
Gamma irradiation was found to be an effective method for the improvement of both barrier and mechanical properties of the edible films and coatings based on calcium and sodium caseinates alone or combined with some globular proteins. Our current studies concern gamma irradiation influence on the physical properties of calcium caseinate-whey protein isolate-glycerol (1:1:1) solutions and gels, used for films preparation. Irradiation of solutions was carried out with Co-60 gamma rays applying 0 and 32 kGy dose. The increase in viscosity of solutions was found after irradiation connected to induced crosslinking. Lower viscosity values were detected, however, after heating of the solutions irradiated with a 32 kGy dose than after heating of the non-irradiated ones regarding differences in the structure of gels and resulting in different temperature-viscosity curves that were recorded for the irradiated and the non-irradiated samples during heating and cooling. Creation of less stiff but better ordered gels after irradiation arises probably from reorganisation of aperiodic helical phase and β-sheets, in particular from increase of β-strands, detected by FTIR. Films obtained from these gels are characterised by improved barrier properties and mechanical resistance and are more rigid than those prepared from the non-irradiated gels. The route of gel creation was investigated for the control and the irradiated samples during heating and the subsequent cooling.
Gamma irradiation reduces the immunological toxicity of doxorubicin, anticancer drug
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kim, Jae-Hun; Sung, Nak-Yun; Raghavendran, H. Balaji; Yoon, Yohan; Song, Beom-Seok; Choi, Jong-il; Yoo, Young-Choon; Byun, Myung-Woo; Hwang, Young-Jeong; Lee, Ju-Woon
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used anticancer agent, but exhibits some immunological toxicity to patients during chemotherapy. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation on the immunological response and the inhibition activity on in vivo tumor mass of DOX. The results showed that DOX irradiated at 10 and 20 kGy reduce the inhibition of mouse peritoneal macrophage proliferation and induce the release of cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) when compared with non-irradiated DOX. The cytotoxicity against human breast (MCF-7), murine colon adenocarcinoma (Colon 26) and human monocytic (THP-1) tumor cell were not significantly different between non-irradiated and irradiated DOX ( P<0.05). In vivo study on the tumor mass inhibition, gamma-irradiated DOX showed a considerable inhibition of tumor mass and this effect was statistically non-significant as compared with non-irradiated DOX. In conclusion, gamma irradiation could be regarded as a potential method for reducing the immunological toxicity of DOX. Further researches is needed to reveal the formation and activity of radiolysis products by gamma irradiation.
Thermoluminescence and dielectric response of gamma irradiated muscovite mica
Kaur, Sukhnandan Singh, Surinder Singh, Lakhwant; Lochab, S. P.
The effect of gamma radiation dose on the thermoluminescence (TL) and dielectric properties of muscovite mica was studied. TL glow curves exhibited a single peak around 141 {sup 0}C and its activation energy was estimated to be about 0.89 eV. Different dielectric parameters like dielectric constant, dielectric loss and ac conductivity have been calculated in both pristine and gamma irradiated samples. These dielectric parameters have been studied as a function of irradiation dose.
Effect of gamma ray irradiation on sodium borate single crystals
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kalidasan, M.; Asokan, K.; Baskar, K.; Dhanasekaran, R.
In this work, the effects of 5 kGy, 10 kGy and 20 kGy doses of gamma ray irradiation on sodium borate, Na2[B4O5(OH)4]·(H2O)8 single crystals have been studied. Initially these crystals were grown by solution growth technique and identified as monoclinic using X-ray diffraction analysis. X-ray rocking curves confirm the formation of crystalline defects due to gamma rays in sodium borate single crystals. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectra have been recorded to identify the radicals created due to gamma ray irradiation in sodium borate single crystals. The thermoluminescence glow curves due to the defects created by gamma rays in this crystal have been observed and their kinetic parameters were calculated using Chen's peak shape method. The optical absorption increases and photoluminescence spectral intensity decreases for 5 kGy and 20 kGy doses gamma ray irradiated crystals compared to pristine and 10 kGy dose irradiated one. The effect of various doses of gamma rays on vibrational modes of the sodium borate single crystals was studied using FT-Raman and ATR-FTIR spectral analysis. The dielectric permittivity, conductance and dielectric loss versus frequency graphs of these crystals have been analyzed to know the effect of gamma ray irradiation on these parameters.
Radiation Sterilization and Food Irradiation Using Gamma Radiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
O'Hara, Kevin
Since the introduction of MDS Nordion's first irradiator in the early 1960's, a variety of gamma-processing systems has been developed. Each design is suited to a particular set of requirements - from high-throughput operations of diverse product lots to full automation or batch processing, all using gamma radiation. Gamma irradiator designs include the Centurion irradiator for temperature-sensitive food products like hamburgers and poultry; the Brevion, a compact batch irradiator providing flexibility, timeliness and simplicity on a whole new scale; a JS-10000 irradiator that operates in either automatic or batch mode to enable multipurpose product scheduling and optimum throughput; and, an irradiator that processes full pallets and is ideal for processing high-density products requiring excellent dose uniformity. These innovative irradiator designs help facilities to be more efficient, maximize operating time, improve product turnaround and minimize inventory levels. MDS Nordion's development of improved Point Kernel and Monte Carlo techniques is discussed, including their application in radiation source optimization, production irradiator design and process control. Absorbed-dose calculations also provide insight into the critical areas for dose mapping and routine monitoring, allowing for the optimum placement of dosimeters. Calculations may also be used to determine the absorbed-dose distribution within product, especially in areas of complex geometry such as material interfaces. The use of easily accessible, accurate and validated dose-calculation programs can be used to optimize the irradiation process. Key Words: dosimetry, irradiator design, dose calculation, modelling, modeling, process control, radiation source optimization.
Some Radiation Techniques Used in the GU-3 Gamma Irradiator
Dodbiba, Andon; Ylli, Ariana; Stamo, Iliriana; Kongjika, Efigjeni
Different radiation techniques, measurement of dose and its distibution throughout the irradiated materials are the main problems treated in this paper. The oscillometry method combined with the ionization chamber, as an absolute dosimeter, is used for calibration of routine ECB dosimeters. The dose uniformity, for the used radiation techniques in our GU-3 Gamma Irradiator with Cs-137, is from 93% up to 99%.
Raman and AFM study of gamma irradiated plastic bottle sheets
Ali, Yasir; Kumar, Vijay; Dhaliwal, A. S.; Sonkawade, R. G.
In this investigation, the effects of gamma irradiation on the structural properties of plastic bottle sheet are studied. The Plastic sheets were exposed with 1.25MeV {sup 60}Co gamma rays source at various dose levels within the range from 0-670 kGy. The induced modifications were followed by micro-Raman and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The Raman spectrum shows the decrease in Raman intensity and formation of unsaturated bonds with an increase in the gamma dose. AFM image displays rough surface morphology after irradiation. The detailed Raman analysis of plastic bottle sheets is presented here, and the results are correlated with the AFM observations.
Effect of gamma irradiation on rice and its food products
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sung, Wen-Chieh
Two milled indica rice varieties were exposed to gamma radiation with doses ranging from 0 to 1.0 kGy. The effects of gamma irradiation on rice flour pasting properties and the qualities of its food product, rice curd, were compared to the effects of storage. A dose of 1 kGy can decrease the flour paste viscosity and tenderize the texture of the rice curd to similar levels as those obtained after 12 months of storage. It was thus shown that gamma irradiation could shorten the indica rice aging time and improve the processing stability and quality of rice products.
Corrosion of stainless steel for HLW containers under gamma irradiation
Osada, K.; Muraoka, S.
The corrosion behavior of type 304 stainless steel was studied under gamma irradiation as part of the evaluation for the long-term durability of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) disposal containers. Gamma rays, generated from fission products in high-level radioactive waste, are considered to change the environment around the canisters and overpacks. The redox potentials for NaCl solutions and corrosion potentials of stainless steel were measured to consider the effects of gamma irradiation, by using an electrochemical method. The pitting potentials of stainless steel for NaCl solutions were also measured to examine the pitting corrosion under gamma irradiation. As a result of this experiment, it is concluded that the oxidizing properties as a result of the formation of H{sub 2}O{sub 2} and H{sub 2} produced by gamma irradiation depended on the concentration of Cl{sup -}, and that the strength of oxidizing properties of 1M (mol{center_dot}dm{sup -3}) NaCl solution was particularly high, and the pitting corrosion as found for 1M NaCl solution under gamma irradiation at the dose rate of 2.6{times}10{sup 2} C/kg{center_dot}h (1.0{times}10{sup 6} R/h) at 60{degrees}C, by using an electrochemical method.
Fluorescence diagnostics for foods subjected to gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kulawansa, Digala M.; Menzel, E. R.; Banford, H. M.
We have examined the inherent fluorescence of pepper and cinnamon samples exposed to radiation from a 60Co gamma source. We find that in the pepper the fluorescence intensity increases with radiation dose and the ratio of fluorescence intensity at two specific wavelengths, 566 and 674 nm, increases with radiation dose. In contrast, in the cinnamon the distinction between unirradiated and irradiated is not clear. Our preliminary work on gamma ray irradiated pepper indicates that laser-induced fluorescence may be utilized to detect the absorbed dose of irradiation of food samples.
Neutron and gamma irradiation damage to organic materials.
White, Gregory Von, II; Bernstein, Robert
This document discusses open literature reports which investigate the damage effects of neutron and gamma irradiation on polymers and/or epoxies - damage refers to reduced physical chemical, and electrical properties. Based on the literature, correlations are made for an SNL developed epoxy (Epon 828-1031/DDS) with an expected total fast-neutron fluence of {approx}10{sup 12} n/cm{sup 2} and a {gamma} dosage of {approx}500 Gy received over {approx}30 years at < 200 C. In short, there are no gamma and neutron irradiation concerns for Epon 828-1031/DDS. To enhance the fidelity of our hypotheses, in regards to radiation damage, we propose future work consisting of simultaneous thermal/irradiation (neutron and gamma) experiments that will help elucidate any damage concerns at these specified environmental conditions.
Neutron and gamma irradiation effects on power semiconductor switches
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Schwarze, G. E.; Frasca, A. J.
The performance characteristics of high power semiconductor switches subjected to high levels of neutron fluence and gamma dose must be known by the designer of the power conditioning, control and transmission subsystem of space nuclear power systems. Location and the allowable shielding mass budget will determine the level of radiation tolerance required by the switches to meet performance and reliability requirements. Neutron and gamma ray interactions with semiconductor materials and how these interactions affect the electrical and switching characteristics of solid state power switches is discussed. The experimental measurement system and radiation facilities are described. Experimental data showing the effects of neutron and gamma irradiation on the performance characteristics are given for power-type NPN Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs), and Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs). BJTs show a rapid decrease in gain, blocking voltage, and storage time for neutron irradiation, and MOSFETs show a rapid decrease in the gate threshold voltage for gamma irradiation.
Neutron and gamma irradiation effects on power semiconductor switches
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Schwarze, G. E.; Frasca, A. J.
The performance characteristics of high-power semiconductor switches subjected to high levels of neutron fluence and gamma dose must be known by the designer of the power conditioning, control and transmission subsystem of space nuclear power systems. Location and the allowable shielding mass budget will determine the level of radiation tolerance required by the switches to meet performance and reliability requirements. Neutron and gamma ray interactions with semiconductor materials and how these interactions affect the electrical and switching characteristics of solid state power switches is discussed. The experimental measurement system and radiation facilities are described. Experimental data showing the effects of neutron and gamma irradiation on the performance characteristics are given for power-type NPN Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs), and Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs). BJTs show a rapid decrease in gain, blocking voltage, and storage time for neutron irradiation, and MOSFETs show a rapid decrease in the gate threshold voltage for gamma irradiation.
Neutron and gamma irradiation effects on power semiconductor switches
Schwarze, G.E.; Frasca, A.J.
The performance characteristics of high power semiconductor switches subjected to high levels of neutron fluence and gamma dose must be known by the designer of the power conditioning, control and transmission subsystem of space nuclear power systems. Location and the allowable shielding mass budget will determine the level of radiation tolerance required by the switches to meet performance and reliability requirements. Neutron and gamma ray interactions with semiconductor materials and how these interactions affect the electrical and switching characteristics of solid state power switches is discussed. The experimental measurement system and radiation facilities are described. Experimental data showing the effects of neutron and gamma irradiation on the performance characteristics are given for power-type NPN Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs), and Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs). BJTs show a rapid decrease in gain, blocking voltage, and storage time for neutron irradiation, and MOSFETs show a rapid decrease in the gate threshold voltage for gamma irradiation.
Effect of. gamma. -ray irradiation on alcohol production from corn
Han, Y.W.; Cho, Y.K.; Ciegler, A.
Cracked corn was irradiated with ..gamma.. rays at 0-100 Mrad and the effects of the irradiation on sugar yield, susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis of starch, yeast growth, and alcohol production were studied. Gamma irradiation at 50 Mrad or greater produced a considerable amount of reducing sugar but little glucose. At lower dosages, ..gamma.. irradiation significantly increased the susceptibility of corn starch to enzymatic hydrolysis, but dosages of 50 Mrad or greater decomposed the starch molecules as indicated by the reduction in iodine uptake. About 12.5% reducing sugar was produced by amylase treatment of uncooked, irradiated corn. This amount exceeded the level of sugar produced from cooked (gelatinized) corn by the same enzyme treatment. The yeast numbers in submerged cultivation were lower on a corn substrate that was irradiated at 50 Mrad or greater compared to that on an unirradiated control. About the same level of alcohol was produced on uncooked, irradiated (10/sup 5/ - 10/sup 6/ rad) corn as from cooked (121 degrees C for 30 min) corn. Therefore, the conventional cooking process for gelatinization of starch prior to its saccharification can be eliminated by irradiation. Irradiation also eliminated the necessity of sterilization of the medium and reduced the viscosity of high levels of substrate in the fermentation broth. (Refs. 10).
Effect of gamma irradiation on ethylene-octene copolymers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Jiuqiang; Peng, Jing; Qiao, Jinliang; Jin, Dongbin; Wei, Genshuan
Two ethylene-octene copolymers (POE) were irradiated with 60Co gamma radiation and influence of irradiation atmosphere, absorbed dose and heat treatment of samples on the crosslinking were studied. Thermal properties and crystalline morphology of non-irradiated and irradiated POE were determined by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXS), respectively. The Charlesby-Pinner equation was used to describe the relationship between absorbed dose and sol fraction. The gel fraction of irradiated POE was lower and decreased with the increase of octene content when irradiated in oxygen, compared to irradiation in nitrogen atmosphere. The gel fraction increased significantly with the increasing of absorbed dose for the two copolymers. Heat treatment of samples prohibited the crosslinking of irradiated POE. The DSC results indicated that a subtle change of thermal properties of POE was observed before and after gamma irradiation at low dose. No change was found from the WAXS spectra of non-irradiated and irradiated POE. For heat-treating samples, the Charlesby-Pinner equation can not fit perfectly with the relationship between the sol fraction and absorbed dose, but it fits well with the crosslinking reaction of POE pellets.
Irradiation tests of prototype self-powered gamma and neutron detectors
Vermeeren, L.; Carcreff, H.
In the framework of the SCK.CEN-CEA Joint Instrumentation Laboratory, we are developing and optimizing a self-powered detector for selective in-core monitoring of the gamma field. Several prototypes with bismuth emitters were developed and tested in a pure gamma field (the PAGURE gamma irradiation facility at CEA) and in mixed neutron and gamma fields (in the OSIRIS reactor at CEA and in the BR2 reactor at SCK.CEN). Detailed MCNP modelling was performed to calculate the gamma and neutron sensitivities. Apart from a few failing prototypes, all detectors showed equilibrium signals proportional to the gamma field with a good long-term stability (under irradiation during several weeks). A tubular geometry design was finally selected as the most appropriate for in-core gamma detection, coupling a larger sensitivity with better response characteristics. In the same experiment in BR2 six prototype Self-Powered Neutron Detectors (SPNDs) with continuous sheaths (i.e. without any weld between the sensitive part and the cable) were extensively tested: two SPNDs with Co emitter, two with V emitter and two with Rh emitters, with varying geometries. All detector responses were verified to be proportional to the reactor power. The prompt and delayed response contributions were quantified. The signal contributions due to the impact of gamma rays were experimentally determined. The evolution of the signals was continuously followed during the full irradiation period. The signal-to-noise level was observed to be well below 1% in typical irradiation conditions. The absolute neutron and gamma responses for all SPNDs are consistent. (authors)
Induction of Oral Tolerance by Gamma-Irradiated Ovalbumin Administration
Yang, Hui; Lee, Junglim; Seo, Ji Hyun; Oh, Kwang Hoon; Cho, Young Ho; Yoo, Yung Choon
Oral administration of soluble antigen can induce peripheral tolerance to the antigen. This study was conducted to evaluate whether gamma-irradiated ovalbumin (OVA) can induce oral tolerance. To investigate this, we administrated intact or irradiated OVA to mice, induced allergic response using intact OVA and alum, then compared humoral and cellular immune responses. Mice treated with gammairradiated OVA had less OVA-specific IgE compared with those who were administered intact OVA. There was no difference in levels of OVA-specific IgG+A+M, IgG1, and IgG2a. Splenocytes of mice administered irradiated OVA showed similar OVA-specific T cell proliferation and secretion of IFN-γ and IL-4. However, there was an increase in IL-2 and a decrease of IL-6 secretion in mice treated with irradiated OVA. These results indicate that gamma-irradiated OVA have similar effects to intact OVA on antigen tolerance. PMID:27499658
Thermal and crystallization behaviour of gamma irradiated PLLA
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Milicevic, D.; Trifunovic, S.; Galovic, S.; Suljovrujic, E.
Structure, crystallization behaviour and some thermal properties of poly- L-lactide (PLLA), gamma irradiated up to 300 kGy, have been studied. Through differential scanning calorimetry measurements, radiation-induced changes were evident in the enthalpy of melting and cold crystallization, as well as in the degree of crystallinity. Decay of the glass transition, cold crystallization and melting temperatures with irradiation dose was observed in all cases. The annealing treatment, which can substantially reduce the concentration of free radicals, also had a great impact on thermal/crystallization behaviour of irradiated PLLA. Extensive chain scission, as a dominant effect of gamma irradiation, confirmed by gel permeation chromatography, has as a consequence a growth of new thin crystal lamellae and occurrence of the second low-temperature melting peak. Thermogravimetric analyses have shown that irradiation lowered the thermal stability of PLLA.
Health protection and food preservation by gamma irradiation
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Results of several major studies on food systems for space missions beginning with Apollo 12 through Apollo-Soyuz and investigations of the application of irradiation to food for manned space flight are reported. The study of flight food systems involved the application of radurization (pasteurizing levels) doses of gamma irradiation to flour and bread supplied by Pepperidge Farms in advance of the missions. All flights from Apollo 12 through 17 carried irradiated fresh bread. On Apollo 17, cooperation with Natick Laboratories permitted the introduction of a ham sandwich using irradiated bread and irradiated sterile ham. Investigations centered on irradiated bread were conducted during the course of these missions. Studies were applied to the concept of improving fresh bread from the point of view of mold inhibition. The studies considered how irradiation could best be applied at what levels and on a variety of bread types. Throughout the studies of the application of gamma irradiation the emphasis was placed upon using low levels of irradiation in the pasteurizing or radurizing doses--under a Megarad. The primary goal was to determine if a public health benefit could be demonstrated using radurization along with food preservation and food quality improvements. The public health benefit would be parallel to that of pasteurization of milk as a concept. Publications are included providing the details of these observations, one dealing with the flour characteristics and the other dealing with the influence on fresh bread types. These demonstrate the major findings noted during the period of the studies examining bread.
The pros and cons of polyethylene sterilization with gamma irradiation.
Hopper, Robert H; Engh, C Anderson; Fowlkes, LaTonya B; Engh, Charles A
This retrospective study evaluated the implant, patient and surgical factors associated with polyethylene wear for one type of porous-coated hemispheric total hip arthroplasty cup. Radiographic wear measurements among 567 Duraloc cups (512 patients) revealed that liners sterilized by gamma-irradiation wore 0.085 mm/year less than those that were sterilized by gas-plasma, a noncross-linking chemical surface treatment. The substantially decreased wear rate associated with gamma-irradiation was attributed to sterilization-induced polyethylene cross-linking. Shelf-aging adversely affected liners that were gamma irradiated in air. On average, highly crystalline Hylamer liners showed a 0.064 mm/year increase in wear rates for each year of shelf storage after terminal sterilization with gamma-irradiation in air. Among conventional Enduron liners, the effect of shelf aging after gamma-irradiation in air was more modest, increasing wear rates by 0.014 mm/year for each year of shelf storage. Because Hylamer's wear performance degraded at about five times the rate of Enduron's, the improved wear resistance associated with gamma-irradiation in air would be lost after 1.3 years of shelf aging for Hylamer compared with 6.1 years for Enduron. For every additional year of age at the time of surgery, the wear rate decreased by 0.003 mm/year. Increased body mass index, a preoperative diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis, and a ceramic femoral head also were associated with decreased wear rates. PMID:15577466
Clark, E.
Two formulations of EPDM elastomer, one substituting a UV stabilizer for the normal antioxidant in this polymer, and the other the normal formulation, were synthesized and samples of each were exposed to gamma irradiation in initially pure deuterium gas to compare their radiation stability. Stainless steel containers having rupture disks were designed for this task. After 130 MRad dose of cobalt-60 radiation in the SRNL Gamma Irradiation Facility, a significant amount of gas was created by radiolysis; however the composition indicated by mass spectroscopy indicated an unexpected increase in the total amount deuterium in both formulations. The irradiated samples retained their ductility in a bend test. No change of sample weight, dimensions, or density was observed. No change of the glass transition temperature as measured by dynamic mechanical analysis was observed, and most of the other dynamic mechanical properties remained unchanged. There appeared to be an increase in the storage modulus of the irradiated samples containing the UV stabilizer above the glass transition, which may indicate hardening of the material by radiation damage. Revision 1 adds a comparison with results of a study of tritium exposed EPDM. The amount of gas produced by the gamma irradiation was found to be equivalent to about 280 days exposure to initially pure tritium gas at one atmosphere. The glass transition temperature of the tritium exposed EPDM rose about 10 �C. over 280 days, while no glass transition temperature change was observed for gamma irradiated EPDM. This means that gamma irradiation in deuterium cannot be used as a surrogate for tritium exposure.
Effects of aeration on gamma irradiation of sewage sludge
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chu, Libing; Wang, Jianlong; Wang, Bo
In this paper the effect of aeration on gamma irradiation of sewage sludge was investigated to examine the potential solubilization of solids in sewage sludge to ultimately reduce the solids volume for disposal. Results showed that aeration increased the effectiveness of gamma radiation. The efficiency of sludge solubilization with aeration was increased by around 25% compared to that without aeration at an irradiation dose of 2.5-9 kGy. The soluble protein, polysaccharide and humic (like) substance concentrations were higher under aerated conditions. With aeration the overall reaction appears to be oxidative as evidenced by the higher nitrate and nitrite ion concentrations in solution.
Physicochemical, thermal and pasting characteristics of gamma irradiated rice starches.
Gul, Khalid; Singh, A K; Sonkawade, R G
Starches isolated from two recently released rice cultivars (PR 121 and PR 116) grown in sub-tropical climates of Punjab, India were subjected to gamma irradiation at 0, 2, and 10kGy doses using a Co(60) irradiator source. Physicochemical, thermal, pasting, and morphological properties were studied. Irradiation resulted in a significant decrease in apparent amylose content, swelling power and pasting properties. Carboxyl content and solubility increased with irradiation. The granule morphology was evaluated using scanning electron microscope, particle size analyzer and light microscope. Irradiation resulted in formation of small size granules. Granules were irregular and polyhedral in shape. The granule morphology and A-type X-ray diffraction pattern were not altered by irradiation. PMID:26778155
Royal jelly modulates oxidative stress and tissue injury in gamma irradiated male Wister Albino rats
Azab, Khaled Shaaban; Bashandy, Mohamed; Salem, Mahmoud; Ahmed, Osama; Tawfik, Zaki; Helal, Hamed
Background: Royal jelly is a nutritive secretion produced by the worker bees, rich in proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Aim: The present study was designed to determine the possible protective effects of royal jelly against radiation induced oxidative stress, hematological, biochemical and histological alterations in male Wister albino rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wister albino rats were exposed to a fractionated dose of gamma radiation (2 Gy every 3 days up to 8 Gy total doses). Royal jelly was administrated (g/Kg/day) by gavages 14 days before exposure to the 1st radiation fraction and the treatment was continued for 15 days after the 1st irradiation fraction till the end of the experiment. The rats were sacrificed 3rd, equivalent to 3rd post 2nd irradiation fraction, and equivalent to 3rd day post last irradiation fraction. Results: In the present study, gamma- irradiation induced hematological, biochemical and histological effects in male Wister albino rats. In royal jelly treated irradiated group, there was a noticeable decrease recorded in thiobarbituric reactive substances concentration when compared to γ-irradiated group. Also, the serum nitric oxide concentration was significantly improved. The administration of royal jelly to irradiated rats according to the current experimental design significantly ameliorates the changes induced in serum lipid profile. Moreover, in royal jelly treated irradiated group, there was a noticeable amelioration recorded in all hematological parameters along the three experimental intervals. The microscopic examination of cardiac muscle of royal jelly treated irradiated rats demonstrated structural amelioration, improved nuclei and normal features of capillaries and veins in endomysium when compared to gamma-irradiated rats. Conclusion: It was suggested that the biochemical, hematological and histological amelioration observed in royal jelly (g/Kg/day) treated irradiated rats might be due to the antioxidant
Effects of gamma irradiation on solid and lyophilised phospholipids
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Stensrud, G.; Redford, K.; Smistad, G.; Karlsen, J.
The effects of gamma irradiation (25 kGy) as a sterilisation method for phospholipids (distearoylphosphatidylcholine and distearoylphosphatidylglycerol) were investigated. 31P-NMR revealed minor chemical degradation of the phospholipids but lower dynamic viscosity and pseudoplasticity, lower turbidity, higher diffusion constant, smaller size, more negative zeta potential and changes in the phase transition behaviour of the subsequently produced liposomes were observed. The observed changes could to some extent be explained by the irradiation-induced degradation products (distearoylphosphatidic acid, fatty acids, lysophospholipids).
Gamma irradiation treatment of cereal grains for chick diets
Campbell, G.L.; Classen, H.L.; Ballance, G.M.
Wheat (W), triticale (T), hulled barley (HB), hull-less barley (HLB), hulled oats (HO), and hull-less oats (HLO) were gamma irradiated (/sup 60/Co) at 0, 3, 6 and 9 Mrad to study the effect of irradiation on the nutritional value of cereal grains for chicks. A significant curvilinear relationship between radiation dose and 3-wk body weight of chicks fed irradiated cereals was noted for T, HB, HLB, HO and HLO. Chicks fed W or T showed no effect or lower body weight, respectively, while body weights of chicks fed barley or oat samples were higher with irradiation. The improvement tended to be maximal at the 6 Mrad level. Irradiation significantly improved the gain-to-feed ratio for chicks fed either HO or HLO. Apparent fat retention and tibia ash were higher in chicks fed irradiated HLO than in those fed untreated HLO. In a second experiment chick body weight, apparent amino acid and fat retention, tibia ash, and gain-to-feed ratios were lower in chicks fed autoclaved (121 degrees C for 20 min) barley than in those fed untreated barley. Irradiation (6 Mrad) subsequent to autoclaving barley samples eliminated these effects. Irradiation appears to benefit cereals containing soluble or mucilagenous fiber types as typified by beta-glucan of barley and oats. These fibers appear prone to irradiation-induced depolymerization, as suggested by increased beta-glucan solubility and reduced extract viscosity for irradiated barley and oat samples.
Influence of a single gamma-irradiation on rat microflora.
Benová, K; Falis, M; Toropila, M; Sehnalková, H; Pastvová, L
Changes in leukocyte counts and in the gut microflora of laboratory rats irradiated with single whole-body dose of gamma rays (5.0 Gy) were determined. The number of leukocytes was lower especially 1 and 2 weeks after irradiation. A significant decrease in lymphocytes was observed 1 week and in monocytes 1 and 2 weeks after irradiation. In parallel with these changes, an increase in common microflora was observed; some microorganisms, which normally are not present in duodenum, liver and mouth cavity, were detected in these organs. PMID:12422530
The dissociation of histone from deoxyribonucleohistone by gamma-irradiation.
Lloyd, P H; Peacocke, A R
1. Experiments were carried out to determine the extent of dissociation of histone from deoxyribonucleohistone as a result of irradiation with gamma-rays from (60)Co. 2. The bulk of the nucleohistone was removed from the irradiated solutions either by sedimentation or by precipitation with dilute sodium chloride solution. The supernatants were then analysed for DNA and histone. 3. The ratios of histone to DNA in these supernatants were less than for the original nucleohistone. This indicated that histone was dissociated by the irradiation, and then aggregated either with itself or with other nucleohistone molecules, and so was removed with the bulk of the nucleohistone during sedimentation or precipitation. PMID:5685855
Survival Study of Zebrafish Embryos Under Gamma Irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mena, Pamela; Allende, Miguel; Morales, José Roberto
Zebrafish embryos have interesting biological properties for the study of human diseases. The present work uses zebrafish embryos in a particular development state, to study biological effects due to gamma radiation, arising from a calibrated 60Co source. Initially, the lethal dose for fish embryos was determined and subsequent irradiations were performed at sub-lethal doses, in order to study more subtle effects.
Sucrose synthesis in gamma irradiated sweet potato
Ailouni, S.; Hamdy, M.K.; Toledo, R.T.
Effect of ..cap alpha..-irradiation carbohydrate metabolism was examined to elucidate mechanism of sucrose accumulation in sweet potato (SP). Enzymes examined were: ..beta..-amylase, phosphorylase, phosphoglucomutase, phosphoglucose isomerase, sucrose phosphate synthetase and sucrose synthetase. Irradiated SP (Red Jewell) sucrose was synthesized to yield 10.7% after 4 d PI. Activities of sugar synthesizing enzymes in irradiated SP were enhanced to different degrees using 100-200 Krad and 3 d PI at 24/sup 0/C. Phosphorylase and phosphoglucomutases specific activities reached 2.4 and 1.8 folds, respectively compared to control SP. ..beta..-amylase, phosphoglucose isomerase, sucrose synthetase and sucrose phosphate synthetase were also affected to yield 1.2, 1.3, 1.3 and 1.2 folds, respectively compared to controls. It is believed that amylase hydrolyzed starch to glucose which is converted to fructose by phosphoglucose isomerase. Sucrose is then formed by sucrose phosphate synthetase and/or sucrose synthetase leading to its accumulation. The irradiated SP was used for alcohol fermentation leading to 500 gal. of 200 proof ethanol/acre (from 500-600 bushels tuber/acre).
Stability of Grafted Polymer Nanoscale Films toward Gamma Irradiation.
Borodinov, Nikolay; Giammarco, James; Patel, Neil; Agarwal, Anuradha; O'Donnell, Katie R; Kucera, Courtney J; Jacobsohn, Luiz G; Luzinov, Igor
The present article focuses on the influence of gamma irradiation on nanoscale polymer grafted films and explores avenues for improvements in their stability toward the ionizing radiation. In terms of applications, we concentrate on enrichment polymer layers (EPLs), which are polymer thin films employed in sensor devices for the detection of chemical and biological substances. Specifically, we have studied the influence of gamma irradiation on nanoscale poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) grafted EPL films. First, it was determined that a significant level of cross-linking was caused by irradiation in pure PGMA films. The cross-linking is accompanied by the formation of conjugated ester, carbon double bonds, hydroxyl groups, ketone carbonyls, and the elimination of epoxy groups as determined by FTIR. Polystyrene, 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl, dimethylphenylsilanol, BaF2, and gold nanoparticles were incorporated into the films and were found to mitigate different aspects of the radiation damage. PMID:26259102
Rapid differentiation between gamma-irradiated and non irradiated potato tubers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jona, Roberto; Fronda, Anna
The use of gamma irradiation as commercial method for the preservation of fruits and vegetables calls for methods of differentiation between irradiated and non-irradiated foodstuffs. In a previous research, the polysaccharidic content of cell walls of irradiated tissue has been investigated, but it required rather long time to reach the result. A method devised to ascertain the vitality of cells has been applied to distinguish irradiated from non-irradiated potato tubers. 500 mg of tissue excised from tubers have been infiltrated with tetrazolium chloride 0.6% in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. After 15 hrs of incubation at 30°C the treated tissues have been extracted with 95% ethanol whose O.D. has been measured at 530 mμ wavelength. The colour intensity of the alcohol allowed a very clearcut recognition of the irradiated tubers.
Experimental qualification of a code for optimizing gamma irradiation facilities
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mosse, D. C.; Leizier, J. J. M.; Keraron, Y.; Lallemant, T. F.; Perdriau, P. D. M.
Dose computation codes are a prerequisite for the design of gamma irradiation facilities. Code quality is a basic factor in the achievement of sound economic and technical performance by the facility. This paper covers the validation of a code by reference dosimetry experiments. Developed by the "Société Générale pour les Techniques Nouvelles" (SGN), a supplier of irradiation facilities and member of the CEA Group, the code is currently used by that company. (ERHART, KERARON, 1986) Experimental data were obtained under conditions representative of those prevailing in the gamma irradiation of foodstuffs. Irradiation was performed in POSEIDON, a Cobalt 60 cell of ORIS-I. Several Cobalt 60 rods of known activity are arranged in a planar array typical of industrial irradiation facilities. Pallet density is uniform, ranging from 0 (air) to 0.6. Reference dosimetry measurements were performed by the "Laboratoire de Métrologie des Rayonnements Ionisants" (LMRI) of the "Bureau National de Métrologie" (BNM). The procedure is based on the positioning of more than 300 ESR/alanine dosemeters throughout the various target volumes used. The reference quantity was the absorbed dose in water. The code was validated by a comparison of experimental and computed data. It has proved to be an effective tool for the design of facilities meeting the specific requirements applicable to foodstuff irradiation, which are frequently found difficult to meet.
Effect of gamma irradiation on antinutritional factors in broad bean
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Al-Kaisey, Mahdi T.; Alwan, Abdul-Kader H.; Mohammad, Manal H.; Saeed, Amjed H.
The effect of gamma irradiation on the level of antinutritional factors (trypsin inhibitor (TI), phytic acid and oligosaccharides) of broad bean was investigated. The seeds were subjected to gamma irradiation at 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 kGy, respectively using cobalt-60 gamma radiation with a dose rate 2.37 kGy/h. TI activity was reduced by 4.5%, 6.7%, 8.5% and 9.2% at 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 kGy, respectively. Meanwhile, irradiation at 10.2, 12.3, 15.4 and 18.2 kGy reduced the phytic acid content. The flatulence causing oligosaccharides were decreased as the radiation dose increased. The chemical composition (protein, oil, ash and total carbohydrates) of the tested seeds was determined. Gamma radiation seems to be a good procedure to improve the quality of broad bean from the nutritional point of view.
Antioxidant activity potential of gamma irradiated carrageenan.
Abad, Lucille V; Relleve, Lorna S; Racadio, Charles Darwin T; Aranilla, Charito T; De la Rosa, Alumanda M
The antioxidant capacity of irradiated κ-, ι-, λ-carrageenans were investigated using the hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay and DPPH radical scavenging capacity assay. The degree of oxidative inhibition increased with increasing concentration and dose. The type of carrageenan had also an influence on its antioxidant activity which followed the order of lambda
EPR investigations of gamma-irradiated novolacs
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Schrödner, M.; Wünsche, P.; Lampe, I. v.
EPR investigations of γ-irradiated phenol, p-chlorophenol, o-chlorophenol, 3,5-dichlorophenol and p-cresol novolac are presented. The elimination of a chlorine atom from the phenolic ring must be assumed in the case of chlorinated novolacs. The corresponding aryl radical could only be detected in the case of 3,5-dichlorophenol novolac in a large amount. Furthermore phenoxy and cyclohexadienyl radicals were found in the spectra. The radiation chemical as well as the resist sensitivity are enhanced by chlorination but there is no definite correlation between them.
Variation in electrical properties of gamma irradiated cadmium selenate nanowires
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chauhan, R. P.; Rana, Pallavi; Narula, Chetna; Panchal, Suresh; Choudhary, Ritika
Preparation of low-dimensional materials attracts more and more interest in the last few years, mainly due to the wide field of potential commercial applications ranging from life sciences, medicine and biotechnology to communication and electronics. One-dimensional systems are the smallest dimension structures that can be used for efficient transport of electrons and thus expected to be critical to the function and integration of nanoscale devices. Nanowires with well controlled morphology and extremely high aspect ratio can be obtained by replicating a nanoporous polymer ion-track membrane with cylindrical pores of controlled dimensions. With this technique, materials can be deposited within the pores of the membrane by electrochemical reduction of the desired ion. In the present study, cadmium selenate nanowires were synthesized potentiostatically via template method. These synthesized nanowires were then exposed to gamma rays by using a 60Co source at the Inter University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi, India. Structural, morphological, electrical and elemental characterizations were made in order to analyze the effect of gamma irradiation on the synthesized nanowires. I-V measurements of cadmium selenate nanowires, before and after irradiation were made with the help of Keithley 2400 source meter and Ecopia probe station. A significant change in the electrical conductivity of cadmium selenate nanowires was found after gamma irradiation. The crystallography of the synthesized nanowires was also studied using a Rigaku X-ray diffractrometer equipped with Cu-Kα radiation. XRD patterns of irradiated samples showed no variation in the peak positions or phase change.
Inactivation of Coxiella burnetti by gamma irradiation
Scott, G.H.; McCaul, T.F.; Williams, J.C.
The gamma radiation inactivation kinetics for Coxiella burnetii at - 79 C were exponential. The radiation dose needed to reduce the number of infective C. burnetii by 90% varied from 0-64 to 1.2 kGy depending on the phase of hte micro-organism, purity of the culture and composition of suspending menstruum. The viability of preparations containing C. burnetti was completely abolished by 10 kGy without diminishing antigenicity or ability to elicit a protective immune response in vaccinated mice. Immunocytochemical examinations using monoclonal antibodies and electron microscopy demonstrated that radiation doses of 20 kGy did not alter cell-wall morphology or cell-surface antigenic epitopes.
X-ray versus gamma irradiation effects on polymers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Croonenborghs, B.; Smith, M. A.; Strain, P.
Today, the most common methods used for medical device sterilisation are by gaseous ethylene oxide and by electron beam or gamma irradiation. With X-ray sterilisation about to enter the market, its material compatibility needs to be assessed at doses typically encountered during a sterilisation process. This paper reports on a study that compares the effects of exposing different types of plastics that are commonly used in medical devices to 60Co or to 5 MeV X-rays. The dose rate for both irradiation modalities was of the same order of magnitude. Under these conditions, both types of radiation are found to have similar effects on polymer properties.
Enhanced release of bone morphogenetic proteins from demineralized bone matrix by gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sung, Nak-Yun; Choi, Jong-il
Gamma irradiation is a useful method for sterilizing demineralized bone matrix (DBM), but its effect on the osteoinductivity of DBM is still controversial. In this study, the osteoinductive activity of gamma-irradiated DBM was examined using a mouse myoblastic cell line (C2C12). DBM was extracted from adult bovine bone and was irradiated at a dose of 25 kGy using a 60cobalt gamma-irradiator. Cell proliferation with DBM was not affected by gamma-irradiation, but alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin productions were significantly increased in C2C12 cell groups treated with gamma-irradiated DBM. It was reasoned that bone morphogenetic proteins were more efficiently released from gamma-irradiated DBM than from the non-irradiated control. This result suggests the effectiveness of radiation sterilization of bone implants
Evaluation of gamma-irradiation in cocoa husk.
Bonvehí, J S; Isal, D G
gamma-Irradiation was investigated as a technique to improve the hygienic quality of cocoa husk. Cocoa husk is a byproduct of cocoa bean processing industry. It contains approximately 57.5% (w/w) dietary fiber (nonstarch polysaccharides plus lignin), 15% (w/w) crude protein, 10.7% (w/w) mineral elements, 2.32% (w/w) cocoa butter, and 2.8% (w/w) carbohydrates (free sugars plus starch). The effect of irradiation on the growth rates of microorganisms are reported. Total counts, enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus "D" of Lancefield, and yeast and mold counts before and after irradiation at 5, 8, and 10 kGy were determined. Cocoa husk was irradiated in open containers. An irradiation dose of 5 kGy was already sufficient to decrease the microbial counts to a very low level. No alteration in dietary fiber was measured in the irradiated product and no significant differences were detected between irradiated and nonirradiated cocoa husk. PMID:10888573
Degradation of poly(carbonate urethane) by gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Özdemir, T.; Usanmaz, A.
Poly(carbonate urethane) (PCU), is a valuable commercial engineering polymer. In order to understand the possible use of PCU in radioactive waste management as a solidifying agent or as a disposal container, radiation stability of the PCU is studied by Co-60 gamma irradiations at two different dose rates of 1540 and 82.8 Gy/h. The total dose of irradiation was up to 6.24 MGy. Degradation nature was tested by studying the changes in mechanical and thermal properties with rate and total dose of irradiation. Ultimate tensile strength and toughness first increased and then decreased with the irradiation dose. Half value dose (HVD) for elongation was 4010 kGy and for tensile strength 6010 kGy at the dose rate of 1540 Gy/h. The non-irradiated PCU transparent color changed to yellow and then brown with increased irradiation dose. The FTIR spectral analysis showed a random scission of polymer with irradiation. From the experimental observation, it was shown that PCU can be used for embedding radioactive waste for about 300 years.
Effects of. gamma. irradiation on cartilage matrix calcification
Nijweide, P.J.; Burger, E.H.; van Delft, J.L.; Kawilarange-de Haas, E.W.M.; Wassenaar, A.M.; Mellink, J.H.
The effect of ..gamma.. irradiation on cartilage matrix calcification was studied in vitro. Metatarsal bones of 14- to 17-day-old embryonic mice were dissected and cultured under various conditions. Prior to culture, half of the metatarsal bones received absorbed doses of 1.0 to 30.0 Gy ..gamma.. radiation. Their paired counterparts served as controls. Irradiation inhibited longitudinal growth and calcification of the cartilage matrix during culture. In addition, a number of histological changes were noted. The inhibition of matrix calcification appeared to be due to an inhibition of the intracellular calcium accumulation. The formation of extracellular calcification foci and the growth of the calcified area already present at the moment of explanation were not inhibited during culture.
Enhancement of Antioxidant and Isoflavones Concentration in Gamma Irradiated Soybean
Popović, Boris M.; Štajner, Dubravka; Mandić, Anamarija; Čanadanović-Brunet, Jasna; Kevrešan, Slavko
Serbian soybean genotype Ana was gamma irradiated at doses of 1, 2, 4, and 10 kGy in order to evaluate the influence of gamma irradiation on isoflavone (genistein, daidzein, and their glycosides genistin and daidzin) contents and hydroxyl radical scavenging effect (HRSE). The increase in genistin and daidzin contents as well as antioxidant activities was observed especially at doses of 4 and 10 kGy. Results were also compared with our previous results relating to total phenol content (TPC), DPPH radical scavenger capacity (DPPH RSC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Our results indicated that doses up to 10 kGy improve the antioxidant activities of soybean and also nutritional quality with respect to isoflavone content. All results were analyzed by multivariate techniques (correlation matrix calculation and autoscaling transformation of data). Significant positive correlations were observed between genistin, daidzin, DPPH RSC, and HRSE. PMID:24298214
The design of an irradiator for the continuous processing of liquid latex
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Reuter, O.; Langley, R.; Zn, Wan Manshol Bin W.
This paper presents anew design concept for a gamma irradiation plant for the continuous processing of pumpable liquids. Typical applications of such a plant include ∗ the irradiation vulcanisation of natural latex rubber ∗ disinfection of municipal sewage sludge for agricultural use ∗ sterilisation of liquids in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries ∗ industrial processing of bulk liquids The authors describe the design and operation of the latex irradiator now operating on a small production scale in Malaysia and proposed developments. The design allows irradiation processing to be carried out under an inert or other gaseous environment. State-of-the-art computer control system ensures the fully automatic processing operation needed by industrial computers.
Effects of gamma irradiation on the colour of pigments
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Negut, D. C.; Ponta, C. C.; Georgescu, Rodica M.; Moise, I. V.; Niculescu, Gh.; Lupu, A. I. M.
The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of gamma irradiation process on the colour of painted wood panels. Insects and micro-organisms are frequently identified enemies of cultural objects from museums and archives. Based on its biocide effect, gamma radiation could be used for decontamination and conservation purposes. Important advantages can be mentioned in its favour: no toxic or radioactive residues remained in the treated item; large amount of objects can be treated quickly; excellent reliability; attractive cost. In case of emergency radiation treatment in industrial facilities is probably the only method that can be used. There is also a potential side-effect. Interaction of gamma rays with any substance may change its chemical and physical properties. The change is proportional with the irradiation dose. In the case of paintings, eventually colour changes have to be evaluated. Such an approach actually establishes irradiation treatment limitations. A portable integrating sphere spectrophotometer was used for colour measurements. The results of colour analysis before and after the radiation treatment of the painted wood panels are reported and discussed.
White spot syndrome virus inactivation study by using gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Heidareh, Marzieh; Sedeh, Farahnaz Motamedi; Soltani, Mehdi; Rajabifar, Saeed; Afsharnasab, Mohammad; Dashtiannasab, Aghil
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of gamma irradiation on white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). White spot syndrome virus is a pathogen of major economic importance in cultured penaeid shrimp industries. White spot disease can cause mortalities reaching 100% within 3-10 days of gross signs appearing. During the period of culture, immunostimulant agents and vaccines may provide potential methods to protect shrimps from opportunistic and pathogenic microrganisms. In this study, firstly, WSSV was isolated from infected shrimp and then multiplied in crayfish. WSSV was purified from the infected crayfish haemolymph by sucrose gradient and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. In vivo virus titration was performed in shrimp, Penaeus semisulcatus. The LD50 of live virus stock was calculated 10 5.4/mL. Shrimp post-larvae (1-2 g) were treated with gamma-irradiated (different doses) WSSV (100 to 10-4 dilutions) for a period of 10 days. The dose/survival curve for irradiated and un-irradiated WSSV was drawn; the optimum dose range for inactivation of WSSV and unaltered antigenicity was obtained 14-15 kGy. This preliminary information suggests that shrimp appear to benefit from treatment with gammairradiated WSSV especially at 14-15 KGy.
Fisher, D.; Westbrook, M.; Sindelar, R.
Hydrated metal oxides or oxyhydroxides boehmite and gibbsite that can form on spent aluminum-clad nuclear fuel assemblies during in-core and post-discharge wet storage were exposed as granular powders to gamma irradiation in a {sup 60}Co irradiator in closed laboratory test vessels with air and with argon as separate cover gases. The results show that boehmite readily evolves hydrogen with exposure up to a dose of 1.8 x 10{sup 8} rad, the maximum tested, in both a full-dried and moist condition of the powder, whereas only a very small measurable quantity of hydrogen was generated from the granular powder of gibbsite. Specific information on the test setup, sample characteristics, sample preparation, irradiation, and gas analysis are described.
Retinal functional changes after whole body gamma-irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Talaat, M. S.; Sallam, S.; Abd El-Salaam, S.
Retinal functional changes were evaluated, after gamma-irradiation of rabbits, at doses 1-5 Gy, by studying the electroretinogram (ERG) and retinal impedance. Records were immediately carried out after irradiation and at 7 days post irradiation. Results indicated that, at all of the doses used, radiation damage to the retina appeared as changes in electrical impedance and alterations of latency, amplitude and duration of ERG components. These changes appeared at 1 and 2 Gy and progressively increased at 3 and 5 Gy, after 7 days of exposure. The changes indicated a functional alteration of photoreceptors (significant decrease or complete disappearance of the a-wave accompanied by an increase in its latency), an impairment in Müller's and bipolars cells (decrease of the b-wave amplitude with an increase in its duration) and also in the pigment epithelium cells (a decrease in the c-wave amplitude with a significant increase in its duration).
Improvement of saccharification process for bioethanol production from Undaria sp. by gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yoon, Minchul; Choi, Jong-il; Lee, Ju-Woon; Park, Don-Hee
Recently, many research works have reported on improvements to the saccharification process that increase bioethanol production from cellulosic materials. Gamma irradiation has been studied as an effective method for the depolymerization of complex polysaccharides. In this study, the effect of gamma irradiation on saccharification of Undaria biomass for bioethanol production was investigated. The Undaria biomass was irradiated at doses of 0, 10, 50, 100, 200 and 500 kGy and then hydrolyzed using sulfuric acid. The effects of gamma irradiation were measured through microscopic analysis to determine morphological changes and concentration of the reducing sugar of hydrolysates. Microscopic images show that gamma irradiation causes structure breakage of the Undaria cell wall. The concentration of reducing sugar of hydrolysates significantly increased as a result of gamma irradiation, with or without acid hydrolysis. These results indicate that the combined method of gamma irradiation with acid hydrolysis can significantly improve the saccharification process for bioethanol production from marine algae materials.
Chemometric characterization of gamma irradiated chestnuts from Turkey
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Barreira, João C. M.; Antonio, Amilcar L.; Günaydi, Tugba; Alkan, Hasan; Bento, Albino; Luisa Botelho, M.; Ferreira, Isabel C. F. R.
Chestnut (Castanea sativa Miller) is a valuable natural resource, with high exportation levels. Due to their water content, chestnuts are susceptible to storage problems like dehydration or development of insects and microorganisms. Irradiation has been revealing interesting features to be considered as an alternative conservation technology, increasing food products shelf-life. Any conservation methodology should have a wide application range. Hence, and after evaluating Portuguese cultivars, the assessment of irradiation effects in foreign cultivars might act as an important indicator of the versatility of this technology. In this work, the effects of gamma irradiation (0.0, 0.5 and 3.0 kGy) on proximate composition, sugars, fatty acids (FA) and tocopherols composition of Turkish chestnuts stored at 4 °C for different periods (0, 15 and 30 days) were evaluated. Regarding proximate composition, the storage time (ST) had higher influence than the irradiation dose (ID), especially on fat, ash, carbohydrates and energetic value. Sucrose exhibited similar behavior in response to the assayed ST and ID. The prevalence of ST influence was also verified for FA, tocopherols and sucrose. Lauric, palmitoleic and linolenic acids were the only FA that underwent some differences with ID. Saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids levels were not affected either by storage or irradiation. α-Tocopherol was the only vitamer with significant differences among the assayed ST and ID. Overall, Turkish cultivars showed a compositional profile closely related with Portuguese cultivars, and seemed to confirm that gamma irradiation in the applied doses did not change chestnut chemical and nutritional composition.
Influence of gamma irradiation on carbon nanotube-reinforced polypropylene.
Castell, P; Medel, F J; Martinez, M T; Puértolas, J A
Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) have been incorporated into a polypropylene (PP) matrix in different concentrations (range: 0.25-2.5 wt%). The nanotubes were blended with PP particles (approximately 500 microm in size) before mixing in an extruder. Finally, rectangular plates were obtained by compression moulding. PP-SWNT composites were gamma irradiated at different doses, 10 and 20 kGy, to promote crosslinking in the matrix and potentially enhance the interaction between nanotubes and PP. Extensive thermal, structural and mechanical characterization was conducted by means of DSC, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, uniaxial tensile tests and dynamic mechanical thermal (DMTA) techniques. DSC thermograms reflected higher crystallinity with increasing nanotube concentration. XRD analysis confirmed the only presence of a monoclinic crystals and proved unambiguously that CNTs generated a preferred orientation. Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the intercalation of the polymer between bundles is favored at low CNTs contents. Elastic modulus results confirmed the reinforcement of the polypropylene matrix with increasing SWNT concentration, although stiffness saturation was observed at the highest concentration. Loss tangent DMTA curves showed three transitions for raw polypropylene. While gamma relaxation remained practically unchanged in all the samples, beta relaxation temperatures showed an increase with increasing CNT content due to the reduced mobility of the system. Gamma-irradiated PP exhibited an increase in the beta relaxation temperature, associated with changes in glass transition due to radiation-induced crosslinking. On the contrary, gamma-irradiated nanocomposites did not show this effect probably due to the reaction of radiative free radicals with CNTs. PMID:19908494
Improvement of colour strength and colourfastness properties of gamma irradiated cotton using reactive black-5
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ahmad Bhatti, Ijaz; Adeel, Shahid; Nadeem, Raziya; Asghar, Toheed
The dyeing behaviour of gamma irradiated cotton fabric using Reactive Black-5 dye powder has been investigated. The mercerized, bleached and plain weaved cotton fabric was irradiated to different absorbed doses of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 Gy using Co-60 gamma irradiator. Dyeing was performed using irradiated and un-irradiated cotton with dye solutions. The dyeing parameters such as temperature of dyeing, time of dyeing and pH of dyeing solutions were optimised. The colour strength values of dyed fabrics were evaluated by comparing irradiated and un-irradiated cotton in CIE Lab system using Spectra flash SF650. Methods suggested by International Standard Organisation (ISO) were employed to study the effect of gamma irradiation on the colourfastness properties of dyed fabric. It is found that gamma irradiated cotton dyed with Reactive Black-5 has not only improved the colour strength but also enhanced the rating of fastness properties.
Reduction of pathogenic bacteria in organic compost using gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yun, Hye-Jeong; Lim, Sang-Yong; Song, Hyun-Pa; Kim, Byung-Keun; Chung, Byung-Yeoup; Kim, Dong-Ho
Organic compost is a useful fertilizer for organic farming. However, it poses a microbiological hazard to the farm products because most of the composts are originated from excremental matters of domestic animals. In this study, the radiation treatment was performed to improve microbiological safety of organic compost and the effectiveness of gamma irradiation for inactivating Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli was investigated. The total aerobic and coliform bacteria in the 16 commercial composts were ranged from 10 5 to 10 7 CFU/ml and 0 to 10 3 CFU/ml, respectively. All coliform bacteria in the composts were eliminated by irradiation at a dose of 3 kGy, while about 10 2 CFU/ml of the total aerobic bacteria were survived up to 10 kGy. In the artificial inoculation test, the test organisms (inoculated at 10 7 CFU/g) were eliminated by irradiation at 3 kGy. Approximate D10 values of Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli in the compost were 0.40 and 0.25 kGy, respectively. In the cultivation test, the test organisms of the compost had transfer a lettuce leaves. The growth pattern of lettuce was not different between irradiated and non-irradiated composts.
Disinfection of sewage sludge cake by gamma-irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Watanabe, Hiroshi; Takehisa, Masaaki
Disinfection of municipal sewage sludge cake by gamma-irradiation was reviewed. Total bacterial count in the sludge cake did not vary markedly throughout all four seasons in Japan, and it was in the range of 1.6 × 10 8/g to 4.1 × 10 9/g. Coliform count in aerobically activated sludge was form 1.8 × 10 7/g to 4.8 × 10 8/g, while in anaerobically digested sludge it was less than 8.3 × 10 7/g. The dose to reduce the coliforms to undetectable levels ranged from 0.3 to 0.5 Mrad, depending on the season. In addition, it was observed that no coliforms reappeared in 0.5 Mrad irradiated sludge cake during storage at room temperature (6 - 16°C) and at 30°C. The adequate disinfection dose is therefore considered to be 0.5 Mrad. Pseudomonas cepacia was a predominant bacterium in non-irradiated sludge cake. In a range of 0.5 to 0.7 Mrad, the residual flora consisted of Bacillus species, and radioresistant Deinococcus proteolyticus, Deinococcus radiodurans and Pseudomonas radiora were isolated from sludge cake irradiated at dose levels of more than 1 Mrad. Bacterial regrowth and the growth of Escherichia coli K-12 seeded in irradiated sludge cake are discussed.
Identification of gamma-irradiated fruit juices by EPR spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Aleksieva, K. I.; Dimov, K. G.; Yordanov, N. D.
The results of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) study on commercially available juices from various fruits and different fruit contents: 25%, 40%, 50%, and 100%, homemade juices, nectars and concentrated fruit syrups, before and after gamma-irradiation are reported. In order to remove water from non- and irradiated samples all juices and nectars were filtered; the solid residue was washed with alcohol and dried at room temperature. Only concentrated fruit syrups were dried for 60 min at 40 °C in a standard laboratory oven. All samples under study show a singlet EPR line with g=2.0025 before irradiation with exception of concentrated fruit syrups, which are EPR silent. Irradiation of juice samples gives rise to complex EPR spectra which gradually transferred to "cellulose-like" EPR spectrum from 25% to 100% fruit content. Concentrated fruit syrups show typical "sugar-like" spectra due to added saccharides. All EPR spectra are characteristic and can prove radiation treatment. The fading kinetics of radiation-induced EPR signals were studied for a period of 60 days after irradiation.
Gamma-ray irradiation of ohmic MEMS switches
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Maciel, John J.; Lampen, James L.; Taylor, Edward W.
Radio Frequency (RF) Microelectromechanical System (MEMS) switches are becoming important building blocks for a variety of military and commercial applications including switch matrices, phase shifters, electronically scanned antennas, switched filters, Automatic Test Equipment, instrumentation, cell phones and smart antennas. Low power consumption, large ratio of off-impedance to on-impedance, extreme linearity, low mass, small volume and the ability to be integrated with other electronics makes MEMS switches an attractive alternative to other mechanical and solid-state switches for a variety of space applications. Radant MEMS, Inc. has developed an electrostatically actuated broadband ohmic microswitch that has applications from DC through the microwave region. Despite the extensive earth based testing, little is known about the performance and reliability of these devices in space environments. To help fill this void, we have irradiated our commercial-off-the-shelf SPST, DC to 40 GHz MEMS switches with gamma-rays as an initial step to assessing static impact on RF performance. Results of Co-60 gamma-ray irradiation of the MEMS switches at photon energies ≥ 1.0 MeV to a total dose of ~ 118 krad(Si) did not show a statistically significant post-irradiation change in measured broadband, RF insertion loss, insertion phase, return loss and isolation.
Optical fiber sensor for low dose gamma irradiation monitoring
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
de Andrés, Ana I.; Esteban, Ã.`scar; Embid, Miguel
An optical fiber gamma ray detector is presented in this work. It is based on a Terbium doped Gadolinium Oxysulfide (Gd2O2S:Tb) scintillating powder which cover a chemically etched polymer fiber tip. This etching improves the fluorescence gathering by the optical fiber. The final diameter has been selected to fulfill the trade-off between light gathering and mechanical strength. Powder has been encapsulated inside a microtube where the fiber tip is immersed. The sensor has been irradiated with different air Kerma doses up to 2 Gy/h with a 137Cs source, and the spectral distribution of the fluorescence intensity has been recorded in a commercial grade CCD spectrometer. The obtained signal-to-noise ratio is good enough even for low doses, which has allowed to reduce the integration time in the spectrometer. The presented results show the feasibility for using low cost equipment to detect/measure ionizing radiation as gamma rays are.
Brevion: the new small-scale industrial gamma irradiator
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
McKinney, Dan; Perrins, Robert; Gibson, Wayne; Levesque, Daniel
The economical processing of low-volume products has been a challenge to the gamma industry since inception, influencing customers to send their products to contractors or choose alternative technologies. With the introduction of the Brevion irradiator (patent pending), economical gamma processing of low annual volume product lines is now possible. This innovative design is specifically targeted at plants processing product volumes of up to 20,000 m 3/yr. Brevion provides good cobalt efficiency and good dose uniformity, thus processing these volumes efficiently and economically. The Brevion facility has the distinct advantage of a low capital cost, compared to medium-sized automatic tote plants, while maintaining similar performance. Lead-time for the construction phase is also considerably shorter, resulting in significantly lower start-up costs. Companies with low-volume product lines can now achieve the control provided by in-house processing, and eliminate transportation time and costs associated with shipping products off-site.
EPR studies of gamma-irradiated taurine single crystals
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bulut, A.; Karabulut, B.; Tapramaz, R.; Köksal, F.
An EPR study of gamma-irradiated taurine [C 2H 7NO 3S] single crystal was carried out at room temperature. The EPR spectra were recorded in the three at mutually perpendicular planes. There are two magnetically distinct sites in monoclinic lattice. The principle values of g and hyperfine constants for both sites were calculated. The results have indicated the presence of 32ṠO -2 and 33ṠO -2 radicals. The hyperfine values of 33ṠO -2 radical were used to obtain O-S-O bond angle for both sites.
Gamma Irradiation of Magnetoresistive Sensors for Planetary Exploration
Sanz, Ruy; Fernández, Ana B.; Dominguez, Jose A.; Martín, Boris; Michelena, Marina D.
A limited number of Anisotropic Magnetoresistive (AMR) commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) magnetic sensors of the HMC series by Honeywell, with and without integrated front-end electronics, were irradiated with gamma rays up to a total irradiation dose of 200 krad (Si), following the ESCC Basic Specification No. 22900. Due to the magnetic cleanliness required for these tests a special set-up was designed and successfully employed. Several parameters of the sensors were monitored during testing and the results are reported in this paper. The authors conclude that AMR sensors without front-end electronics seem to be robust against radiation doses of up to 200 krad (Si) with a dose rate of 5 krad (Si)/hour and up to a resolution of tens of nT, but sensors with an integrated front-end seem to be more vulnerable to radiation. PMID:22666039
Chemical constituents of Panax ginseng exposed to. gamma. irradiation
Kwon, Joongho; Belanger, J.M.R.; Sigouin, M.; Lanthier, J.; Willemot, C.; Pare, J.R.J. )
Chemical constituents were monitored to assess the biochemical and nutritional safety of Panax ginseng powders that were irradiated at doses of 1-10 kGy. Quantitative analysis has shown that the main effective components - saponins - are not altered by {sup 60}Co {gamma} irradiation. Ginsenoside-Rg{sub 1} was not affected by the treatment. Negligible changes were observed in the free carbohydrate contents. Doses of more than 5 kGy caused significant decreases in sulfur-containing amino acids and in tyrosine. At doses of 10 kGy, free amino acids, such as proline and lysine, showed an appreciable increase. The composition in minerals was not altered irrespective of the applied doses.
gamma-Irradiation effects on the thermal decomposition behaviour and IR absorption spectra of piperacillin
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mahfouz, R. M.; Gaffar, M. A.; Abu El-Fadl, A.; Hamad, Ar. G. K.
The thermal decomposition behaviour of unirradiated and pre-gamma-irradiated piperacillin (pipril) as a semi-synthetic penicillin antibiotic has been studied in the temperature range of (273-1072 K). The decomposition was found to proceed through three major steps both for unirradiated and gamma-irradiated samples. Neither appearance nor disappearance of new bands in the IR spectrum of piperacillin was recorded as a result of gamma-irradiation but only a decrease in the intensity of most bands was observed. A degradation mechanism was suggested to explain the bond rupture and the decrease in the intensities of IR bands of gamma-irradiated piperacillin.
Influence of irradiation upon few-layered graphene using electron-beams and gamma-rays
Wang, Yuqing; Feng, Yi Mo, Fei; Qian, Gang; Chen, Yangming; Yu, Dongbo; Wang, Yang; Zhang, Xuebin
Few-layered graphene (FLG) is irradiated by electron beams and gamma rays. After 100 keV electron irradiation, the edges of FLG start bending, shrinking, and finally generate gaps and carbon onions due to sputtering and knock-on damage mechanism. When the electron beam energy is increased further to 200 keV, FLG suffers rapid and catastrophic destruction. Unlike electron irradiation, Compton effect is the dominant damage mechanism in gamma irradiation. The irradiation results indicate the crystallinity of FLG decreases first, then restores as increasing irradiation doses, additionally, the ratio (O/C) of FLG surface and the relative content of oxygen groups increases after irradiation.
Recovery of the Brookhaven gamma forest following 18 years' irradiation
Kroot, I.B.
Vegetative growth at the oak-pine forest at Brookhaven National Laboratory was examined 2-5 years following cessation of chronic irradiation from a 9500 Ci Cesium-137 gamma source. Zonation of vegetation, first seen early in the irradiation period, remains strongly evident. Unusual patterns of vegetative recovery include: a failure of a dense Carex (sedge) zone to spread into the adjacent devastated zone; a decrease in lichen density from that seen during irradiation, with no discernible cause; and significant persistent changes in soil P levels in the devastated zone, correlated with differential growth of an annual composite species. Recovery is marked by a rapid vegative spread of Rubus alleghenensis and Populus tremuloides into the devastated zone; almost complete dominance by Carex and Rubus with the former Carex zone; and a slow reinvasion by the late successional oak and pine species. Comparisons with data from surveys taken during the irradiation period show ( in all zones except the devastated zone) a significant decrease in species diversity during the recovery period.
EPR study on non- and gamma-irradiated herbal pills
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Aleksieva, K.; Lagunov, O.; Dimov, K.; Yordanov, N. D.
The results of EPR studies on herbal pills of marigold, hawthorn, yarrow, common balm, tutsan, nettle and thyme before and after gamma-irradiation are reported. Before irradiation all samples exhibit one weak singlet EPR line with a g-factor of 2.0048±0.0005. After irradiation herbal pills could be separated in two groups according to their EPR spectra. Radiation-induced free radicals in pills of marigold, yarrow, nettle, tutsan and thyme could be attributed mainly to saccharide excipients. Tablets of hawthorn and common balm show "cellulose-like" EPR spectrum, superimposed on partly resolved carbohydrate spectrum, due to the active part (herb) and inulin, which is present in the pills as an excipient. Fading study of the radiation-induced EPR signals confirms that sugar radicals are more stable than cellulose species. The reported results show that the presence of characteristic EPR spectra of herbal pills due to excipients or active part can be used as unambiguous proof of radiation processing within 35 or more days after irradiation.
Mechanisms of an increased level of serum iron in gamma-irradiated mice.
Xie, Li-hua; Zhang, Xiao-hong; Hu, Xiao-dan; Min, Xuan-yu; Zhou, Qi-fu; Zhang, Hai-qian
The potential mechanisms underlying the increase in serum iron concentration in gamma-irradiated mice were studied. The gamma irradiation dose used was 4 Gy, and cobalt-60 ((60)Co) source was used for the irradiation. The dose rate was 0.25 Gy/min. In the serum of irradiated mice, the concentration of ferrous ions decreased, whereas the serum iron concentration increased. The concentration of ferrous ions in irradiated mice returned to normal at 21 day post-exposure. The concentration of reactive oxygen species in irradiated mice increased immediately following irradiation but returned to normal at 7 day post-exposure. Serum iron concentration in gamma-irradiated mice that were pretreated with reduced glutathione was significant lower (p < 0.01) than that in mice exposed to gamma radiation only. However, the serum iron concentration was still higher than that in normal mice (p < 0.01). This change was biphasic, characterized by a maximal decrease phase occurring immediately after gamma irradiation (relative to the irradiated mice) and a recovery plateau observed during the 7th and 21st day post-irradiation, but serum iron recovery was still less than that in the gamma-irradiated mice (4 Gy). In gamma-irradiated mice, ceruloplasmin activity increased and serum copper concentration decreased immediately after irradiation, and both of them were constant during the 7th and 21st day post-irradiation. It was concluded that ferrous ions in irradiated mice were oxidized to ferric ions by ionizing radiation. Free radicals induced by gamma radiation and ceruloplasmin mutually participated in this oxidation process. The ferroxidase effect of ceruloplasmin was achieved by transfer of electrons from ferrous ions to cupric ions. PMID:26511140
Observation of Gamma Irradiation-Induced Suppression of Reversed Annealing in Neutron Irradiated MCZ Si Detectors
Li, Z.; Gul, R.; Harkonen, J.; Kierstead, J.; Metcalfe, J.; Seidel, S.
For the development of radiation-hard Si detectors for the SiD BeamCal program for the future ILC (International Linear Collider), n-type MCZ Si detectors have been irradiated first by fast neutrons to flueneces of 1.5 x 1014 and 3 x 1014 neq/cm2, and then by gamma up to 500 Mrad. The motivation of this mixed radiation project is to develop a Si detector that can utilize the gamma/electron radiation that exists in the ICL radiation environment, which also includes neutrons. By using the positive space charge (SC) created by gamma radiation in MCZ Si detectors, one can cancel the negative space charge created by neutrons, thus reducing the overall/net space charge density and therefore the full depletion voltage of the detector.
The impact of hyper-gravity and gamma-irradiation on physiology of wheat seedlings.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Singh, Sandhya; Vidyasagar, Pandit
Exposing plants to altered gravity and gamma radiation can provide us with a fundamental knowledge of plant behavior in such conditions, since the mechanisms involved in response of plants to these stresses is still unclear. The more we understand these mechanisms the more we can apply this information to take the journey of life beyond the boundaries of earth. Hence many experiments were performed on pre-imbibed wheat seeds (Lok-1 variety), wherein they were exposed to hyper-gravity stress (300g-1500g) and gamma-irradiation (Dose 20Gy-100Gy) separately. After exposure these seeds were grown in normal conditions and their growth, fluorescence parameters, and total proline content were observed on the 5th day of their growth. A gradual decline in overall growth and fluorescence parameters, with increase in hyper-gravity stress value (300g-1500g) or gamma-irradiation dose (20Gy-100Gy) was observed. Interestingly in the hyper-gravity studies a consistent increase in the total proline content was observed only till 1200g but the total proline content deteriorated thereafter for higher 'g' values. On the other hand gamma irradiation studies revealed that the total proline content continuously increased with increase in the gamma radiation dose (20Gy-100Gy). Later, pre-imbibed seeds were exposed to both stresses (combined as hyper-gravity (300g-1500g) + gamma-irradiation (40Gy)) and same parameters were studied revealing that there was comparatively greater decline in overall growth and fluorescence parameters of wheat seedlings. Also the total proline content gradually increased ( from 300g+40Gy-900g+40Gy) with 900g+40Gy stress value having highest value of total proline content but the total proline content decreased subsequently for higher stress values (1200g+40Gy, 1500g+40Gy). Results obtained in the current research showed that exposing pre-imbibed wheat seeds to hyper-gravity stress, gamma radiation or both combined together may affect the proline biosynthesis and
Effects of gamma irradiation on physicochemical properties of Korean red ginseng powder
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Byun, Myung-Woo; Yook, Hong-Sun; Kwon, Oh-Jin; Kang, Il-Jun
Gamma irradiation was applied to Korean red ginseng powder to improve its quality. Major physicochemical properties (approximate composition, pH, acidity, browning pigment, hydrogen donating activity, fatty acids, minerals and saponin) were not significantly changed by gamma irradiation up to 10 kGy. The TBA value was increased depending on the increment of irradiation dose level. In free amino acids, threonine was increased while, serine and glutamic acid were decreased by gamma irradiation. In total amino acids, total contents were not significantly changed by gamma irradiation though tyrosine was slightly decreased P ⩽ 0.05. In free sugar, glucose, sucrose and maltose were significantly increased by 7.5 and 10 kGy gamma irradiation P ⩽ 0.05
Degradation of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole in aqueous solution by gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bao, Qiburi; Chen, Lujun; Tian, Jinping; Wang, Jianlong
Industrial wastewaters containing 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), a widely used chemical additive, usually cannot be treated properly by conventional biological methods, thus cause an environmental risk. Ionizing radiation was proposed as a method for abatement of several refractory pollutants from water. The paper investigated MBT degradation using irradiation technology. The decomposition kinetics was described, and the transformation and the change of biodegradability were discussed. The results of gamma radiation experiments on MBT-containing aqueous solutions indicated that reactive radicals resulting from water radiolysis effectively degrade MBT and improve the biodegradability of the solutions. At a 20 mg/L MBT concentration, the removal of 82% was achieved at the absorbed dose of 1.2 kGy. The results of specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) test showed that MBT was decomposed into biodegradable products, after irradiation at 20 kGy. Radicals attacked the sulfur atoms of the studied molecule leading to the release of sulfate ions, but the mineralization of organic carbons was rather weak. Initial concentration significantly affected the degradation efficacy of MBT by gamma radiation.
Albumin grafting on biomaterial surfaces using gamma-irradiation
Kamath, K.R.
Surface modification has been used extensively in various fields to introduce desirable surface properties without affecting the bulk properties of the material. In the area of biomaterials, the approach of surface modification offers an effective alternative to the synthesis of new biomaterials. The specific objective of this study was to modify different biomaterial surfaces by albumin grafting to improve their blood compatibility. The modified surfaces were characterized for surface-induced platelet activation and thrombus formation. This behavior was correlated with the conditions used for grafting. In particular, albumin was functionalized to introduce pendant double bonds into the molecule. The functionalized albumin was covalently attached to various surfaces, such as dimethyldichlorosilane-coated glass, polypropylene, polycarbonate, poly(vinyl chloride), and polyethylene by gamma-irradiation. Platelet adhesion and activation on these surfaces was examined using video microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The extent of grafting was found to be dependent on the albumin concentration used for adsorption and the gamma-irradiation time. Release of the grafted albumin during exposure to blood was minimal. The albumin-grafted fibers maintained their thromboresistant properties even after storage at elevated temperatures for prolonged time periods. Finally, the approach was used to graft albumin on the PLEXUS Adult Hollow Fiber Oxygenators (Shiley). The blood compatibility of the grafted oxygenators improved significantly when compared to controls.
Selection of Novel Cowpea Genotypes Derived through Gamma Irradiation
Horn, Lydia N.; Ghebrehiwot, Habteab M.; Shimelis, Hussein A.
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) yields are considerably low in Namibia due to lack of improved varieties and biotic and abiotic stresses, notably, recurrent drought. Thus, genetic improvement in cowpea aims to develop cultivars with improved grain yield and tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress factors. The objective of this study was to identify agronomically desirable cowpea genotypes after mutagenesis using gamma irradiation. Seeds of three traditional cowpea varieties widely grown in Namibia including Nakare (IT81D-985), Shindimba (IT89KD-245-1), and Bira (IT87D-453-2) were gamma irradiated with varied doses and desirable mutants were selected from M2 through M6 generations. Substantial genetic variability was detected among cowpea genotypes after mutagenesis across generations including in flowering ability, maturity, flower and seed colors and grain yields. Ten phenotypically and agronomically stable novel mutants were isolated at the M6 each from the genetic background of the above three varieties. The selected promising mutants' lines are recommended for adaptability and stability tests across representative agro-ecologies for large-scale production or breeding in Namibia or similar environments. The novel cowpea genotypes selected through the study are valuable genetic resources for genetic enhancement and breeding. PMID:27148275
Selection of Novel Cowpea Genotypes Derived through Gamma Irradiation.
Horn, Lydia N; Ghebrehiwot, Habteab M; Shimelis, Hussein A
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) yields are considerably low in Namibia due to lack of improved varieties and biotic and abiotic stresses, notably, recurrent drought. Thus, genetic improvement in cowpea aims to develop cultivars with improved grain yield and tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress factors. The objective of this study was to identify agronomically desirable cowpea genotypes after mutagenesis using gamma irradiation. Seeds of three traditional cowpea varieties widely grown in Namibia including Nakare (IT81D-985), Shindimba (IT89KD-245-1), and Bira (IT87D-453-2) were gamma irradiated with varied doses and desirable mutants were selected from M2 through M6 generations. Substantial genetic variability was detected among cowpea genotypes after mutagenesis across generations including in flowering ability, maturity, flower and seed colors and grain yields. Ten phenotypically and agronomically stable novel mutants were isolated at the M6 each from the genetic background of the above three varieties. The selected promising mutants' lines are recommended for adaptability and stability tests across representative agro-ecologies for large-scale production or breeding in Namibia or similar environments. The novel cowpea genotypes selected through the study are valuable genetic resources for genetic enhancement and breeding. PMID:27148275
An experimental and mathematical analysis of lymphopoiesis dynamics under continuous irradiation
Zukhbaya, T.M.; Smirnova, O.A. )
A mathematical model describing the dynamics of lymphopoiesis in mammals continuously exposed to ionizing radiation has been developed. It is based on the theory of chalone regulation of hematopoiesis. The model comprises a system of nine differential equations. Results from the model were compared with our experimental data for bone marrow and blood lymphocytes of rats continuously exposed to gamma radiation in a wide range of dose rates. The model reproduces the lymphopoiesis dynamics that we observed in our experiment, in particular, the radiation hormesis at low dose rates, the reduction of lymphopoiesis at intermediate dose rates, and extinction of lymphopoiesis at high dose rates of continuous radiation. The possible explanation of the hormesis is suggested by the framework of the model. The model can be used for predicting the lymphopoiesis dynamics in mammals under continuous irradiation.
Apparatus for irradiating a continuously flowing stream of fluid
Speir, Leslie G.; Adams, Edwin L.
An apparatus for irradiating a continuously flowing stream of fluid is diosed. The apparatus consists of a housing having a spherical cavity and a spherical moderator containing a radiation source positioned within the spherical cavity. The spherical moderator is of lesser diameter than the spherical cavity so as to define a spherical annular volume around the moderator. The housing includes fluid intake and output conduits which open onto the spherical cavity at diametrically opposite positions. Fluid flows through the cavity around the spherical moderator and is uniformly irradiated due to the 4.pi. radiation geometry. The irradiation source, for example a .sup.252 CF neutron source, is removable from the spherical moderator through a radial bore which extends outwardly to an opening on the outside of the housing. The radiation source may be routinely removed without interrupting the flow of fluid or breaching the containment of the fluid.
Modification of LDPE molecular structure by gamma irradiation for bioapplications
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ferreira, L. M.; Falcão, A. N.; Gil, M. H.
The surface properties of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) can be modified by the grafting of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). This was done aiming at the production of new materials suitable for bioapplications. Samples with different monomer concentrations were prepared from LDPE particles by gamma irradiation, following different irradiation protocols, including irradiation in presence and absence of air. The samples were characterized by thermal analysis techniques (DSC and TGA) and by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results obtained show a decrease in the crystallinity of the supporting matrix for copolymers with high yields of grafting. However, the new materials prepared maintain good structural order resulting from the protective effect of polyHEMA grafted onto LDPE backbone. These effects can improve the diffusion of other species deeper inside the matrix and increase the material hydrophilicity. The studies performed made possible the selection of experimental protocols adequate for the production of new copolymeric materials with high grafting yield. These were used in the production of new LDPE films with enhanced hydrophilic properties.
Gamma irradiation of corn starches with different amylose-to-amylopectin ratio.
Chung, Kok-Heung; Othman, Zainon; Lee, Jau-Shya
Corn starches with different amylose-to-amylopectin ratio (waxy, normal, Hylon V, and Hylon VII) were treated with five doses of gamma irradiation (1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 kGy). The effects of gamma irradiation on the physicochemical properties of starch samples were investigated. Waxy samples showed an increase of amylose-like fractions when irradiated at 10 kGy. The reduction in apparent amylose content increased with amylose content when underwent irradiation at 25 and 50 kGy. Low amylose starches lost their pasting ability when irradiated at 25 and 50 kGy. Results from thermal behavior and pasting profile suggested that low level of cross-linking occurred in Hylon VII samples irradiated at 5 kGy. Severe reduction in pasting properties, gelatinization temperatures and relative crystallinity with increasing irradiation intensity revealed that waxy samples were affected more by gamma irradiation; this also indicated amylopectin was the starch fraction most affected by gamma irradiation. Alteration level was portrayed differently when different kind of physicochemical properties were investigated, in which the pasting properties and crystallinity of starches were more immensely influenced by gamma irradiation while thermal behavior was less affected. Despite the irradiation level, the morphology and crystal pattern of starch granules were found remain unchanged by irradiation. PMID:26396368
Change in the enzymatic dual function of the peroxiredoxin protein by gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
An, Byung Chull; Lee, Seung Sik; Lee, Jae Taek; Park, Chul-Hong; Lee, Sang Yeol; Chung, Byung Yeoup
PP1084 protein was exposed to gamma irradiation ranging from 5 to 500 kGy. Native PAGE showed minor structural changes in PP1084 at 5 kGy, and major structural changes at >15 kGy. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) showed the formation of a new shoulder peak when the protein was irradiated with 15 and 30 kGy, and a double peak appeared at 100 kGy. The results of PAGE and SEC imply that PP1084 protein is degraded by gamma irradiation, with simultaneous oligomerization. PP1084 chaperone activity reached the highest level at 30 kGy of gamma irradiation, and then, decreased in a dose-dependent manner with increasing gamma irradiation. However, the peroxidase activity significantly decreased following exposure to all intensities of gamma irradiation. The improvement of chaperone activity using gamma irradiation might be promoted by the oligomeric structures containing covalently cross-linked amino acids. Consequently, PP1084 modification using gamma irradiation could elevate chaperone activity by about 3-4 folds compared to the non-irradiated protein.
Decoloration and degradation of some textile dyes by gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Şolpan, Dilek; Güven, Olgun
The textile industry has long been one of the largest water users and polluters. Wastewater released by textile industries contains toxic refractory dye stuff at high concentration. Most of the dyes in the textile industry are non-degradable, therefore, effective treatment of dye waste effluent has not been achieved by ordinary processes. Ionizing radiation has been considered a promising process for the treatment of textile dye waste effluents. In this study, the possibility of using gamma rays to degrade or decolorize reactive dyes in water was investigated. Two different reactive dyes (Reactive Blue 15 and Reactive Black 5) in aqueous solutions were irradiated at doses of 0.1-15 kGy, at 2.87 and 0.14 kGy/h dose rates. The change of absorption spectra, pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and the degree of decoloration (percent reduction in optical density) were examined in the presence of air and H 2O 2. The absorption bands at 664, 640, 340, 260 nm and 596, 392, 312 nm for RB15 and RB5 decreased rapidly with increasing irradiation dose. The degree of decoloration of each dye solution with irradiation dose appeared to be 100 percent for the lower concentration (50 ppm) dye solutions. The complete decoloration was observed after 1 and 15 kGy doses for RB5 and RB15, respectively. pH of RB5 and RB15 solutions was decreased from 6.15 and 6.98 to 3.40 and 3.68 with the irradiation dose. The COD reduction for all the dye solutions was approximately 76-80% at 1 and 15 kGy for RB5 and RB15. The COD reduction and the change of pH for all the dye solutions were examined similar to each other.
Gamma-Irradiated Sterile Cornea for Use in Corneal Transplants in a Rabbit Model
Yoshida, Junko; Heflin, Thomas; Zambrano, Andrea; Pan, Qing; Meng, Huan; Wang, Jiangxia; Stark, Walter J.; Daoud, Yassine J.
Purpose: Gamma irradiated corneas in which the donor keratocytes and endothelial cells are eliminated are effective as corneal lamellar and glaucoma patch grafts. In addition, gamma irradiation causes collagen cross inking, which stiffens collagen fibrils. This study evaluated gamma irradiated corneas for use in corneal transplantations in a rabbit model comparing graft clarity, corneal neovascularization, and edema. Methods: Penetrating keratoplasty was performed on rabbits using four types of corneal grafts: Fresh cornea with endothelium, gamma irradiated cornea, cryopreserved cornea, and fresh cornea without endothelium. Slit lamp examination was performed at postoperative week (POW) one, two, and four. Corneal clarity, edema, and vascularization were graded. Confocal microscopy and histopathological evaluation were performed. A P < 0.05 was statistically significant. Results: For all postoperative examinations, the corneal clarity and edema were statistically significantly better in eyes that received fresh cornea with endothelium compared to the other three groups (P < 0.05). At POW 1, gamma irradiated cornea scored better than the cryopreserved and fresh cornea without endothelium groups in clarity (0.9 vs. 1.5 and 2.6, respectively), and edema (0.6 vs. 0.8 and 2.0, respectively). The gamma irradiated corneas, cryopreserved corneas and the fresh corneas without endothelium, developed haze and edema after POW 2. Gamma irradiated cornea remained statistically significantly clearer than cryopreserved and fresh cornea without endothelium during the observation period (P < 0.05). Histopathology indicated an absence of keratocytes in gamma irradiated cornea. Conclusion: Gamma irradiated corneas remained clearer and thinner than the cryopreserved cornea and fresh cornea without endothelium. However, this outcome is transient. Gamma irradiated corneas are useful for lamellar and patch grafts, but cannot be used for penetrating keratoplasty. PMID:26180475
The gamma irradiation effects on structural and optical properties of silk fibroin/HPMC blend films
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shetty, G. Rajesha; Rao, B. Lakshmeesha; Gowda, Mahadeva; Shivananda, C. S.; Asha, S.; Byrappa, K.; Sangappa, Y.
In this paper the structural, chemical and optical properties of gamma irradiated silk fibroin/Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (SF-HPMC) blend films were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-visible spectroscopy. The results indicate that the gamma radiation did not affect significantly the primary structure of polypeptide arrangement in the blend films. But the optical properties of the blends changed with gamma irradiation dosage.
Application of nondestructive gamma-ray and neutron techniques for the safeguarding of irradiated fuel materials
Phillips, J.R.; Halbig, J.K.; Lee, D.M.; Beach, S.E.; Bement, T.R.; Dermendjiev, E.; Hatcher, C.R.; Kaieda, K.; Medina, E.G.
Nondestructive gamma-ray and neutron techniques were used to characterize the irradiation exposures of irradiated fuel assemblies. Techniques for the rapid measurement of the axial-activity profiles of fuel assemblies have been developed using ion chambers and Be(..gamma..,n) detectors. Detailed measurements using high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry and passive neutron techniques were correlated with operator-declared values of cooling times and burnup.
Inactivation of fungal contaminants on Korean traditional cashbox by gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Choi, Jong-il; Lim, Sangyong
In this study, gamma irradiation was applied to decontaminate a Korean cultural artifact, a wooden cashbox stored in local museum. Fungi isolated from the wooden cashbox were identified by 18S rDNA sequencing methods. It was observed that the isolated fungi exhibited high similarity to Aspergillus niger, Penicillium verruculosum, and Trichoderma viride. Each strain was tested for sensitivity to gamma irradiation, and was inactivated by the irradiation at a dose of 5 kGy. The wooden cashbox was thus gamma-irradiated at this dose (5 kGy), and consequently decontaminated. Two months after the irradiation, when the wooden cashbox was retested to detect biological contamination, no fungi were found. Therefore, these results suggest that gamma irradiation at a low dose of 5 kGy can be applied for successful decontamination of wooden artifacts.
Effect of gamma irradiation on the conversion of ginsenoside Rb1 to Rg3
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kim, Jae-Hun; Kwon, Sun-Kyu; Sung, Nak-Yun; Jung, Pil-Mun; Choi, Jong-il; Kim, Jae-Kyung; Sharma, Arun K.; Lee, Ju-Woon
Ginsenosides, the most important secondary metabolites in ginseng, have various biological activities. Many studies have focused on the conversion of one of the major ginsenosides, Rb1, to the more active minor ginsenoside, Rg3. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of gamma irradiation on the conversion of Rb1 to Rg3. Rb1 solutions were gamma-irradiated at doses of 10 and 30 kGy and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). HPLC chromatograms showed a decreased content of Rb1 with increasing irradiation dose, but the content of Rg3 was increased. The highest content of Rg3 was present in the 30 kGy-irradiated Rb1 sample. The cytotoxic effects tested in cancer cell lines were increased in the gamma-irradiated group. Therefore, these results suggest that gamma irradiation can be an effective method for the conversion of the ginsenoside Rb1 to Rg3.
Formation of uranium based nanoparticles via gamma-irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nenoff, Tina M.; Ferriera, Summer R.; Huang, Jianyu; Hanson, Donald J.
The ability to fabricate nuclear fuels at low temperatures allows for the production of complex Uranium metal and alloys with minimum volatility of alloy components in the process. Gamma irradiation is a valuable method for the synthesis of a wide range of metal-based nanoparticles. We report on the synthesis via room temperature radiolysis and characterization of uranium (depleted, d-U) metal and uranium-lathanide (d-ULn, Ln = lanthanide surrogates) alloy nanoparticles from aqueous acidic salt solutions. The lanthanide surrogates chosen include La and Eu due to their similarity in ionic size and charge in solution. Detailed characterization results including UV-vis, TEM/HR-TEM, and single particle EDX (elemental analyses) are presented for the room temperature formed nanoparticle products.
Electrical Characteristics of Mid-wavelength HgCdTe Photovoltaic Detectors Exposed to Gamma Irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Qiao, H.; Hu, W. D.; Li, T.; Li, X. Y.; Chang, Y.
The study of electrical characteristics of mid-wavelength HgCdTe photodiodes irradiated by steady-state gamma rays has been carried out. The measurement of the current-voltage curves during irradiation revealed an abnormal variation of zero biased resistance R 0, and it didn't tend to change monotonically as observed in the case of post irradiation measurement. The irradiation effect was dominated by bulk effect inferred from the fitting calculations, and the generation-recombination current in the depletion region was drastically affected by gamma irradiation. Another irradiation effect was the linear increase of the series resistance with irradiation dosage which was related with the change of transportation parameters of carriers. The influence of hydrogenation on the gamma irradiation effects was also studied for comparison with the same batch of HgCdTe photodiodes, and it was found that R 0 for the hydrogenated devices showed similar change to those without hydrogenation. The series resistance, however, gave a totally different irradiation effect from the non-hydrogenated detectors and showed little change up to nearly 1 Mrad(Si) of gamma irradiation, which may be explained by the annihilation of hydrogen radicals with the defects caused by gamma irradiation.
Electrical Characteristics of Mid-wavelength HgCdTe Photovoltaic Detectors Exposed to Gamma Irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Qiao, H.; Hu, W. D.; Li, T.; Li, X. Y.; Chang, Y.
The study of electrical characteristics of mid-wavelength HgCdTe photodiodes irradiated by steady-state gamma rays has been carried out. The measurement of the current-voltage curves during irradiation revealed an abnormal variation of zero biased resistance R 0, and it didn't tend to change monotonically as observed in the case of post irradiation measurement. The irradiation effect was dominated by bulk effect inferred from the fitting calculations, and the generation-recombination current in the depletion region was drastically affected by gamma irradiation. Another irradiation effect was the linear increase of the series resistance with irradiation dosage which was related with the change of transportation parameters of carriers. The influence of hydrogenation on the gamma irradiation effects was also studied for comparison with the same batch of HgCdTe photodiodes, and it was found that R 0 for the hydrogenated devices showed similar change to those without hydrogenation. The series resistance, however, gave a totally different irradiation effect from the non-hydrogenated detectors and showed little change up to nearly 1 Mrad(Si) of gamma irradiation, which may be explained by the annihilation of hydrogen radicals with the defects caused by gamma irradiation.
Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Structural and Biological Properties of a PLGA-PEG-Hydroxyapatite Composite
Shahabi, Sima; Najafi, Farhood; Majdabadi, Abbas; Hooshmand, Tabassom; Haghbin Nazarpak, Masoumeh; Karimi, Batool
Gamma irradiation is able to affect various structural and biological properties of biomaterials In this study, a composite of Hap/PLGA-PEG and their ingredients were submitted to gamma irradiation doses of 25 and 50 KGy. Various properties such as molecular weight (GPC), thermal behavior (DSC), wettability (contact angle), cell viability (MTT assay), and alkaline phosphatase activity were studied for the composites and each of their ingredients. The results showed a decrease in molecular weight of copolymer with no change in the glass transition and melting temperatures after gamma irradiation. In general gamma irradiation can increase the activation energy ΔH of the composites and their ingredients. While gamma irradiation had no effect on the wettability of copolymer samples, there was a significant decrease in contact angle of hydroxyapatite and composites with increase in gamma irradiation dose. This study showed an increase in biocompatibility of hydroxyapatite with gamma irradiation with no significant effect on cell viability in copolymer and composite samples. In spite of the fact that no change occurred in alkaline phosphatase activity of composite samples, results indicated a decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity in irradiated hydroxyapatites. These effects on the properties of PLGA-PEG-hydroxyapatite can enhance the composite application as a biomaterial. PMID:25574485
Effect of gamma irradiation on structural and biological properties of a PLGA-PEG-hydroxyapatite composite.
Shahabi, Sima; Najafi, Farhood; Majdabadi, Abbas; Hooshmand, Tabassom; Haghbin Nazarpak, Masoumeh; Karimi, Batool; Fatemi, Seyyed Mostafa
Gamma irradiation is able to affect various structural and biological properties of biomaterials In this study, a composite of Hap/PLGA-PEG and their ingredients were submitted to gamma irradiation doses of 25 and 50 KGy. Various properties such as molecular weight (GPC), thermal behavior (DSC), wettability (contact angle), cell viability (MTT assay), and alkaline phosphatase activity were studied for the composites and each of their ingredients. The results showed a decrease in molecular weight of copolymer with no change in the glass transition and melting temperatures after gamma irradiation. In general gamma irradiation can increase the activation energy ΔH of the composites and their ingredients. While gamma irradiation had no effect on the wettability of copolymer samples, there was a significant decrease in contact angle of hydroxyapatite and composites with increase in gamma irradiation dose. This study showed an increase in biocompatibility of hydroxyapatite with gamma irradiation with no significant effect on cell viability in copolymer and composite samples. In spite of the fact that no change occurred in alkaline phosphatase activity of composite samples, results indicated a decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity in irradiated hydroxyapatites. These effects on the properties of PLGA-PEG-hydroxyapatite can enhance the composite application as a biomaterial. PMID:25574485
Irradiation with low-dose gamma ray enhances tolerance to heat stress in Arabidopsis seedlings.
Zhang, Liang; Zheng, Fengxia; Qi, Wencai; Wang, Tianqi; Ma, Lingyu; Qiu, Zongbo; Li, Jingyuan
Gamma irradiation at low doses can stimulate the tolerance to environmental stress in plants. However, the knowledge regarding the mechanisms underlying the enhanced tolerance induced by low-dose gamma irradiation is far from fully understood. In this study, to investigate the physiological and molecular mechanisms of heat stress alleviated by low-dose gamma irradiation, the Arabidopsis seeds were exposed to a range of doses before subjected to heat treatment. Our results showed that 50-Gy gamma irradiation maximally promoted seedling growth in response to heat stress. The production rate of superoxide radical and contents of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde in the seedlings irradiated with 50-Gy dose under heat stress were significantly lower than those of controls. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, glutathione (GSH) content and proline level in the gamma-irradiated seedlings were significantly increased compared with the controls. Furthermore, transcriptional expression analysis of selected genes revealed that some components related to heat tolerance were stimulated by low-dose gamma irradiation under heat shock. Our results suggest that low-dose gamma irradiation can modulate the physiological responses as well as gene expression related to heat tolerance, thus alleviating the stress damage in Arabidopsis seedlings. PMID:26945467
Quantitative study of cell death and mitotic inhibition in. gamma. -irradiated imaginal wing discs of Drosophila melanogaster
James, A.A.; Bryant, P.J.
A dose of 2500 R of ..gamma.. rays was shown by cell counting to kill about 30% of the cells in developing wing discs of Drosophila within 4 h after irradiation. Histologically detectable cell death continues for at least 44 h after it first appears, indicating a delayed effect on some cells. The radiation also inhibits mitosis; this effect is evident 1 h after irradiation and is maximal at 4 h. Mitosis resumes 8 h after irradiation, and by 24 h, sufficient cell division is taking place to offset the continuous cell death seen, and the discs register a net gain in cell number. It is concluded that irradiation affects imaginal disc cells by damaging the nuclei, and that the damage is manifest in cell death when the cells attempt to divide.
Imaging of gamma-Irradiated Regions of a Crystal
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Dragoi, Danut; McClure, Steven; Johnston, Allan; Chao, Tien-Hsin
A holographic technique has been devised for generating a visible display of the effect of exposure of a photorefractive crystal to gamma rays. The technique exploits the space charge that results from trapping of electrons in defects induced by gamma rays. The technique involves a three-stage process. In the first stage, one writes a holographic pattern in the crystal by use of the apparatus shown in Figure 1. A laser beam of 532-nm wavelength is collimated and split into signal and reference beams by use of a polarizing beam splitter. On its way to the crystal, the reference beam goes through a two-dimensional optical scanner that contains two pairs of lenses (L1y, L2y and L1x,L2x) and mirrors M1 and M2, which can be rotated by use of micrometer drives to make fine adjustments. The signal beam is sent through a spatial light modulator that imposes the holographic pattern, then through two imaging lenses L(sub img) on its way to the crystal. An aperture is placed at the common focus of lenses Limg to suppress high-order diffraction from the spatial light modulator. The hologram is formed by interference between the signal and reference beams. A camera lens focuses an image of the interior of the crystal onto a charge-coupled device (CCD). If the crystal is illuminated by only the reference beam once the hologram has been formed, then an image of the hologram is formed on the CCD: this phenomenon is exploited to make visible the pattern of gamma irradiation of the crystal, as described next. In the second stage of the process, the crystal is removed from the holographic apparatus and irradiated with rays at a dose of about 100 krad. In the third stage of the process, the crystal is remounted in the holographic apparatus in the same position as in the first stage and illuminated with only the reference beam to obtain the image of the hologram as modified by the effect of the rays. The orientations of M1 and M2 can be adjusted slightly, if necessary, to maximize the
The aging process of optical couplers by gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bednarek, Lukas; Marcinka, Ondrej; Perecar, Frantisek; Papes, Martin; Hajek, Lukas; Nedoma, Jan; Vasinek, Vladimir
Scientists have recently discovered that the ageing process of optical elements is faster than it was originally anticipated. It is mostly due to the multiple increases of the optical power in optical components, the introduction of wavelength division multiplexers and, overall, the increased flow of traffic in optical communications. This article examines the ageing process of optical couplers and it focuses on their performance parameters. It describes the measurement procedure followed by the evaluation of the measurement results. To accelerate the ageing process, gamma irradiation from 60Co was used. The results of the measurements of the optical coupler with one input and eight outputs (1:8) were summarized. The results gained by measuring of the optical coupler with one input and four outputs (1:4) as well as of the optical couplers with one input and two outputs (1:2) with different split ratios were also processed. The optical powers were measured on the input and the outputs of each branch of each optical coupler at the wavelengths of 1310 nm and 1550 nm. The parameters of the optical couplers were subsequently calculated according to the appropriate formulas. These parameters were the insertion loss of the individual branches, split ratio, total losses, homogeneity of the losses and directionalities alias cross-talk between the individual output branches. The gathered data were summarized before and after the first irradiation when the configuration of the couplers was 1:8 and 1:4. The data were summarized after the third irradiation when the configuration of the couplers was 1:2.
Gamma irradiation improves the antioxidant activity of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) extracts
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mi Lee, Eun; Bai, Hyoung-Woo; Sik Lee, Seung; Hyun Hong, Sung; Cho, Jae-Young; Yeoup Chung, Byung
Aloe has been widely used in food products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics because of its aromatic and therapeutic properties. In the present study, the ethanolic extracts of aloe gel were gamma-irradiated from 10 to 100 kGy. After gamma irradiation, the color of the ethanolic extracts of aloe gel changed to red; this color persisted up to 40 kGy but disappeared above 50 kGy. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated the production of a new, unknown compound (m/z=132) after gamma irradiation of the ethanolic extracts of aloe gel. The amount of this unknown compound increased with increasing irradiation up to 80 kGy, and it was degraded at 100 kGy. Interestingly, it was found that gamma irradiation significantly increased the antioxidant activity, as measured by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl-radical scavenging capacity. The antioxidant activity of aloe extract was dramatically increased from 53.9% in the non-irradiated sample to 92.8% in the sample irradiated at 40 kGy. This strong antioxidant activity was retained even at 100 kGy. These results indicate that gamma irradiation of aloe extract can enhance its antioxidant activity through the formation of a new compound. Based on these results, increased antioxidant activity of aloe extracts by gamma rays can be applied to various industries, especially cosmetics, foodstuffs, and pharmaceuticals.
Effect of gamma-irradiation on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes and allergenicity of cherry tomatoes
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Todoriki, Setsuko; Bari, Latiful; Kitta, Kazumi; Ohba, Mika; Ito, Yasuhiro; Tsujimoto, Yuka; Kanamori, Norihito; Yano, Erika; Moriyama, Tatsuya; Kawamura, Yukio; Kawamoto, Shinichi
The presence of Listeria monocytogenes in fresh produce is a growing concern because of the possibility of food-borne illness. Ionizing radiation is an effective non-thermal means of eliminating pathogenic bacteria in fresh produce; however, the effect of ionizing irradiation on the allergenic properties of the host commodities remains unknown. This study aimed (i) to determine the effective dose of gamma-irradiation in eliminating L. monocytogenes on whole cherry tomatoes and (ii) to evaluate the effect of gamma-irradiation on the allergenic properties of tomato proteins. Cherry tomatoes that were inoculated with a mixture of five L. monocytogenes strains were treated with gamma-rays from a 60Co source. A 1.25 kGy dose of gamma-irradiation was found to be sufficient to eliminate L. monocytogenes on whole cherry tomatoes. The immunoblot profile of serum samples obtained from two patients with tomato allergy revealed that gamma-irradiation did not affect the allergenicity of tomato proteins for up to 7 days after irradiation when the tomatoes were stored at 20 °C. Additionally, the m-RNA levels of β-fructofuranosidase, polygalacturonase, pectin esterase, and superoxide dismutase, the main allergenic proteins in tomato, were not affected by the applied irradiation dose. Thus, this study demonstrated that a 1.25 kGy dose of gamma-irradiation effectively eliminates L. monocytogenes on cherry tomatoes without affecting the expression of allergenic proteins in the fruits.
Improvement of color and physiological properties of tuna-processing by-product by gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Choi, Jong-il; Kim, Hyun-Joo; Kim, Jae-Hun; Song, Beom-Seok; Chun, Byeong-Soo; Ahn, Dong-Hyun; Byun, Myung-Woo; Lee, Ju-Woon
Although the by-products from fishery industry had many nutrients, it is being wasted or only used as bacteria media. In this study, the effect of a gamma irradiation on the cooking drips of Thunnus thynnus (CDT) was investigated to examine the possible use of the cooking drips as a functional material for food and cosmetic composition. Total aerobic bacteria, and yeasts/molds from CDT were detected at the level of 2.79 and 2.58 Log CFU/mL, respectively. But, CDT was efficiently sterilized by a gamma irradiation at a low dose of 1 kGy. The Hunter L* value of the gamma-irradiated ethanol extract of CDT was increased, and the a* and b* values were decreased compared to the non-irradiated extract, showing color improvement. Antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of CDT was increased by a gamma irradiation depending on the irradiation dose. The increased contents of polyphenolic compounds and proteins in CDT extract by gamma irradiation may be the reason of the increased biological activity. These results suggested that the wasted cooking drips can be successfully used as functional components with gamma irradiation treatment.
Effect of gamma irradiation on the physicochemical properties of alkali-extracted rice starch
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ashwar, Bilal Ahmad; Shah, Asima; Gani, Asir; Rather, Sajad Ahmad; Wani, Sajad Mohd.; Wani, Idrees Ahmed; Masoodi, Farooq Ahmad; Gani, Adil
Starches isolated from two newly released rice varieties (K-322 and K-448) were subject to irradiation at 0, 5, 10, and 20 kGy doses. Comparative study between native (not irradiated) and irradiated starch samples was carried out to evaluate the changes in physicochemical, morphological and pasting properties due to gamma irradiation. Significant decrease was found in apparent amylose content, pH, swelling power, syneresis, and pasting properties, whereas carboxyl content, water absorption capacity, and transmittance were found to increase with the increase in irradiation dose. Granule morphology of native and irradiated starches under scanning electron microscope revealed that granules were polygonal or irregular in shape. The starch granules were somewhat deformed by gamma irradiation. X-ray diffraction pattern showed A type of pattern in native as well as irradiated starches.
Response of thyroid follicular cells to gamma irradiation compared to proton irradiation. I. Initial characterization of DNA damage, micronucleus formation, apoptosis, cell survival, and cell cycle phase redistribution
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Green, L. M.; Murray, D. K.; Bant, A. M.; Kazarians, G.; Moyers, M. F.; Nelson, G. A.; Tran, D. T.
.12 Gy(-1) for protons), which suggests that the higher level of survival of gamma-irradiated cells could be attributed to the persistence of nonlethally irradiated thyrocytes and/or the capacity to repair damage more effectively than cells exposed to equal physical doses of protons. The final assessment in this study was radiation-induced cell cycle phase redistribution. Gamma rays and protons produced a similar dose-dependent redistribution toward a predominantly G(2)-phase population. From our cumulative results, it seems likely that a majority of the proton-irradiated cells would not continue to divide. In conclusion, these findings suggest that there are quantitative and qualitative differences in the biological effects of proton beams and gamma rays. These differences could be due to structured energy deposition from the tracks of primary protons and the associated high-LET secondary particles produced in the targets. The results suggest that a simple dose-equivalent approach to dosimetry may be inadequate to compare the biological responses of cells to photons and protons.
Wastewater treatment using gamma irradiation: Tétouan pilot station, Morocco
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tahri, Loubna; Elgarrouj, Driss; Zantar, Said; Mouhib, Mohamed; Azmani, Amina; Sayah, Fouad
The increasing demand on limited water supplies has accelerated the wastewater reuse and reclamation. We investigated gamma irradiation effects on wastewater by measuring differences in the legislated parameters, aiming to reuse the wastewater. Effluents samples were collected at the urban wastewater treatment station of Tetouan and were irradiated at different doses ranging from 0 to 14 kGy using a Co 60 gamma source. The results showed an elimination of bacterial flora, a decrease of biochemical and chemical oxygen demand, and higher conservation of nutritious elements. The results of this study indicated that gamma irradiation might be a good choice for the reuse of wastewater for agricultural activities.
Effect of gamma irradiation on DC electrical conductivity of ZnO nanoparticles
Swaroop, K.; Somashekarappa, H. M.; Naveen, C. S.; Jayanna, H. S.
The temperature dependent dc electrical conductivity of gamma irradiated Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles is presented in this paper. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern shows hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirms Zn-O stretching vibrations. UV-Visible spectroscopy studies show that the energy band gap (E{sub g}) of the prepared ZnO nanoparticles increases with respect to gamma irradiation dose, which can be related to room temperature dc electrical conductivity. The result shows significant variation in the high temperature dc electrical conductivity of ZnO nanoparticles due to gamma irradiation.
Changes in microbial community during biohydrogen production using gamma irradiated sludge as inoculum.
Yin, Yanan; Wang, Jianlong
The changes in microbial community structures during fermentative hydrogen production process were investigated by analyzing 16S rDNA gene sequences using gamma irradiated sludge as inoculum. The experimental results showed that the microbial community structure of untreated sludge was very rich in diversity. After gamma irradiation, lots of species were inhibited, and species with high survival rates under radiation conditions became dominant. After fermentation, Clostridium butyrium and a sequence closely related to Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124(T) (CP000246) became predominant, which were all common hydrogen producers. Microbial distribution analysis indicated that gamma irradiation was a good pretreatment method for enriching hydrogen-producing strains from digested sludge. PMID:26492174
Effect of gamma irradiation on viscosity reduction of cereal porridges for improving energy density
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lee, Ju-Woon; Kim, Jae-Hun; Oh, Sang-Hee; Byun, Eui-Hong; Yook, Hong-Sun; Kim, Mee-Ree; Kim, Kwan-Soo; Byun, Myung-Woo
Cereal porridges have low energy and nutrient density because of its viscosity. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of irradiation on the reduction of viscosity and on the increasing solid content of cereal porridge. Four cereals, wheat, rice, maize (the normal starchy type) and waxy rice, were used in this study. The porridge with 3000 cP was individually prepared from cereal flour, gamma-irradiated at 20 kGy and tested. Gamma irradiation of 20 kGy was allowed that the high viscous and rigid cereal porridges turned into semi-liquid consistencies. The solid contents of all porridges could increase by irradiation, compared with non-irradiated ones. No significant differences of starch digestibility were observed in all cereal porridge samples. The results indicated that gamma irradiation might be helpful for improving energy density of cereal porridge with acceptable consistency.
Dyeing behaviour of gamma irradiated cotton fabric using Lawson dye extracted from henna leaves (Lawsonia inermis)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rehman, Fazal-ur; Adeel, Shahid; Qaiser, Summia; Ahmad Bhatti, Ijaz; Shahid, Muhammad; Zuber, Mohammad
Dyeing behavior of gamma irradiated cotton fabric using Lawson dye extracted from henna leaves has been investigated. Cotton and dye powder are irradiated to different absorbed doses of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 kGy using Cs-137 gamma irradiator. The dyeing parameters such as dyeing time, electrolyte (salt) concentration and mordant concentrations using copper and iron as mordants are optimized. Dyeing is performed using un-irradiated and irradiated cotton with dye solutions and their color strength values are evaluated in CIE Lab system using Spectraflash -SF650. Methods suggested by International Standard Organization (ISO) have been employed to investigate the colourfastness properties such as colourfastness to light, washing and rubbing of irradiated dyed fabric. It is found that gamma ray treatment of cotton dyed with extracts of henna leaves has significantly improved the color strength as well as enhanced the rating of fastness properties.
Effect of gamma irradiation on high temperature hardness of low-density polyethylene
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chen, Pei-Yun; Yang, Fuqian; Lee, Sanboh
Gamma irradiation can cause the change of microstructure and molecular structure of polymer, resulting in the change of mechanical properties of polymers. Using the hardness measurement, the effect of gamma irradiation on the high temperature hardness of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was investigated. The gamma irradiation caused the increase in the melting point, the enthalpy of fusion, and the portion of crystallinity of LDPE. The Vickers hardness of the irradiated LDPE increases with increasing the irradiation dose, annealing temperature, and annealing time. The activation energy for the rate process controlling the reaction between defects linearly decreases with the irradiation dose. The process controlling the hardness evolution in LDPE is endothermic because LDPE is semi-crystalline.
The effect of gamma irradiation on chitosan and its application as a plant growth promoter in Chinese kale (Brassica alboglabra)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Isa, Mohd Hafez Mohd; Yasir, Muhamad Samudi; Hasan, Abu Bakar; Fadilah, Nur Izzah Md; Hassan, Abdul Rahman
This research project was conducted to study the effects of irradiation on chitosan and its potential application as a plant growth promoter. Chitosan in the form of flakes was irradiated with gamma rays at irradiation dosage of 50 kGy, 100 kGy, 200 kGy and 400 kGy. The effect of irradiation on chitosan in terms of intrinsic viscosity and average molecular weight was measured using Ubbelohde capillary viscometry technique and the results obtained showed irradiation at doses of up to 50 kGy had caused an extremely significant reduction of both parameters and this trend continued at higher irradiation doses, although the decrease were not significant. The effect of various concentrations of chitosan and irradiated chitosan on growth promotion of Chinese kale (Brassica alboglabra) was hydroponically grown and cultivated for 50 days. Statistical analysis showed addition of 10 ppm of irradiated chitosan of 200 kGy and 400 kGy, respectively, resulted in an extremely significant increase in the percentage weight gain of Chinese kale (Brassica alboglabra). Results obtained in this study showed the potential use of irradiated chitosan as a plant growth promoter for plants grown hydroponically.
Color changes in CR-39 nuclear track detector by gamma and laser irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nouh, S. A.; Said, A. F.; Atta, M. R.; El-Melleegy, W. M.; El-Meniawy, S.
A study of the effect of gamma and laser irradiation on the color changes of polyallyl diglycol (CR-39) solid-state nuclear track detector was performed. CR-39 detector samples were classified into two main groups. The first group was irradiated with gamma doses at levels between 20 and 300 kGy, whereas the second group was exposed to infrared laser radiation with energy fluences at levels between 0.71 and 8.53 J/cm(2) . The transmission of these samples in the wavelength range 300-2500 nm, as well as any color changes, was studied. Using the transmission data, both the tristimulus and the coordinate values of the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) LAB were calculated. Also, the color differences between the non-irradiated samples and those irradiated with different gamma or laser doses were calculated. The results indicate that the CR-39 detector acquires color changes under gamma or laser irradiation, but it has more response to color changes by gamma irradiation. In addition, structural property studies using infrared spectroscopy were performed. The results indicate that the irradiation of a CR-39 detector with gamma or laser radiations causes the cleavage of the carbonate linkage that can be attributed to the H abstraction from the backbone of the polymer, associated with the formation of CO 2 and OH with varying intensities.
Control of Postharvest Bacterial Soft Rot by Gamma Irradiation and its Potential Modes of Action
Jeong, Rae-Dong; Chu, Eun-Hee; Park, Duck Hwan; Park, Hae-Jun
Gamma irradiation was evaluated for its in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity against a postharvest bacterial pathogen, Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc). Gamma irradiation in a bacteria cell suspension resulted in a dramatic reduction of the viable counts as well as an increase in the amounts of DNA and protein released from the cells. Gamma irradiation showed complete inactivation of Ecc, especially at a dose of 0.6 kGy. In addition, scanning electron microscopy of irradiated cells revealed severe damage on the surface of most bacterial cells. Along with the morphological changes of cells by gamma irradiation, it also affected the membrane integrity in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanisms by which the gamma irradiation decreased the bacterial soft rot can be directly associated with the disruption of the cell membrane of the bacterial pathogen, along with DNA fragmentation, results in dose-dependent cell inactivation. These findings suggest that gamma irradiation has potential as an antibacterial approach to reduce the severity of the soft rot of paprika. PMID:27147935
Control of Postharvest Bacterial Soft Rot by Gamma Irradiation and its Potential Modes of Action.
Jeong, Rae-Dong; Chu, Eun-Hee; Park, Duck Hwan; Park, Hae-Jun
Gamma irradiation was evaluated for its in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity against a postharvest bacterial pathogen, Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc). Gamma irradiation in a bacteria cell suspension resulted in a dramatic reduction of the viable counts as well as an increase in the amounts of DNA and protein released from the cells. Gamma irradiation showed complete inactivation of Ecc, especially at a dose of 0.6 kGy. In addition, scanning electron microscopy of irradiated cells revealed severe damage on the surface of most bacterial cells. Along with the morphological changes of cells by gamma irradiation, it also affected the membrane integrity in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanisms by which the gamma irradiation decreased the bacterial soft rot can be directly associated with the disruption of the cell membrane of the bacterial pathogen, along with DNA fragmentation, results in dose-dependent cell inactivation. These findings suggest that gamma irradiation has potential as an antibacterial approach to reduce the severity of the soft rot of paprika. PMID:27147935
Semiconductor quantum dot scintillation under gamma-ray irradiation
Letant, S E; Wang, T
We recently demonstrated the ability of semiconductor quantum dots to convert alpha radiation into visible photons. In this letter, we report on the scintillation of quantum dots under gamma-ray irradiation, and compare the energy resolution of the 59 keV line of Americium 241 obtained with our quantum dot-glass nanocomposite material to that of a standard sodium iodide scintillator. A factor 2 improvement is demonstrated experimentally and interpreted theoretically using a combination of energy-loss and photon transport models. These results demonstrate the potential of quantum dots for room-temperature gamma-ray detection, which has applications in medical imaging, environmental monitoring, as well as security and defense. Present technology in gamma radiation detection suffers from flexibility and scalability issues. For example, bulk Germanium provides fine energy resolution (0.2% energy resolution at 1.33 MeV) but requires operation at liquid nitrogen temperature. On the other hand, Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride is a good room temperature detector ( 1% at 662 keV) but the size of the crystals that can be grown is limited to a few centimeters in each direction. Finally, the most commonly used scintillator, Sodium Iodide (NaI), can be grown as large crystals but suffers from a lack of energy resolution (7% energy resolution at 662 keV). Recent advancements in nanotechnology6-10 have provided the possibility of controlling materials synthesis at the molecular level. Both morphology and chemical composition can now be manipulated, leading to radically new material properties due to a combination of quantum confinement and surface to volume ratio effects. One of the main consequences of reducing the size of semiconductors down to nanometer dimensions is to increase the energy band gap, leading to visible luminescence, which suggests that these materials could be used as scintillators. The visible band gap of quantum dots would also ensure both efficient photon counting
[Effect of gamma-linolenic acid on microsomal oxidation in the rat liver following gamma-irradiation].
Zavodnik, L B; Sushko, L I; Tarasov, Iu A; Ignatenko, K V; Chumachenko, S S; Ovchinnikov, V A; Brzosko, V; Buko, V U
The antioxidant and radioprotector properties of gamma-linolenic acid isolated from the seeds of Borago officialis were studied on rats gamma-irradiated to a dose of 1 Gy. The irradiation caused an increase in the content of malonaldehyde in microsomal liver fraction and disturbed the metabolism of xenobiotics. The administration of gamma-linolenic acid in the form of a commercial drug Neoglandin (daily dose, 150 mg/kg, p.o.; over 1, 3, or 7 days after irradiation reduced the level of lipid peroxidation (for all treatment schedules), normalized the activity of NADPH-oxidase, NADH-oxidase, and NADPH-reductase, and increased the content of cytochromes P-450 and b5 as compared to bothirradiated and control animals. PMID:11589114
Gamma irradiation effect on Rayleigh scattering in low water peak single-mode optical fibers.
Wen, Jianxiang; Peng, Gang-Ding; Luo, Wenyun; Xiao, Zhongyin; Chen, Zhenyi; Wang, Tingyun
The Rayleigh scattering loss in low water peak single-mode optical fibers under varying Gamma rays irradiation has been investigated. We observed that the Rayleigh scattering coefficient (CR) of the fiber is almost linearly increased with the increase of Gamma irradiation in the low-dose range (< 500 Gy). Based on the electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra analysis, we confirmed that the Rayleigh scattering mainly results from the irradiation-induced defect centers associated with electron transfer or charge density redistribution around Ge and O atoms. This work provides a new interpretation of the optical loss and reveals a new mechanism on irradiation influence on Rayleigh scattering. PMID:22109205
The Building 830 Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) was decommissioned because its design was not in compliance with current hazardous tank standards and its cobalt-60 sources were approaching the end of their useful life. The facility contained 354 stainless steel encapsulated cobalt-60 sources in a pool, which provided shielding. Total cobalt-60 inventory amounted to 24,000 Curies when the sources were shipped for disposal. The decommissioning project included packaging, transport, and disposal of the sources and dismantling and disposing of all other equipment associated with the facility. Worker exposure was a major concern in planning for the packaging and disposal of the sources. These activities were planned carefully according to ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principles. As a result, the actual occupational exposures experienced during the work were within the planned levels. Disposal of the pool water required addressing environmental concerns, since the planned method was to discharge the slightly contaminated water to the BNL sewage treatment plant. After the BNL evaluation procedure for discharge to the sewage treatment plant was revised and reviewed by regulators and BNL's Community Advisory Council, the pool water was discharged to the Building 830 sanitary system. Because the sources were sealed and the pool water contamination levels were low, most of the remaining equipment was not contaminated; therefore disposal was straightforward, as scrap metal and construction debris.
Effect of gamma irradiation on HPMC/ZnO nanocomposite films
Rao, B. Lakshmeesha; Asha, S.; Madhukumar, R.; Latha, S.; Gowda, Mahadeva; Shivananda, C. S.; Harish, K. V.; Sangappa; Shetty, G. Rajesha
The present work looks into the structural and mechanical properties modification in ZnO nanoparticle incorporated Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) polymer films, induced by gamma irradiation. The irradiation process was performed in gamma chamber at room temperature by use of Cobalt-60 source (Average energy of 1.25MeV) at different doses: 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kGy respectively. The changes in structural parameters and mechanical properties in pure and gamma irradiated HPMC/ZnO nanocomposite films have been studied using X-ray scattering (XRD) data and universal testing machine (UTM). It is found that gamma irradiation decreases the structural parameters and improves the mechanical properties of nanocomposite films.
Effect of gamma irradiation on nutrient digestibility in SPF mini-pig
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lee, Jun-Yeob; Cho, Sung-Back; Kim, Yoo-Yong; Ohh, Sang-Jip
This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation on nutrient digestibility of either soy-based or milk-based diet for specific pathogen-free (SPF) mini-pigs. Gamma irradiation of the diets was done at dosage of 10 kGy with 60Co whereas autoclaving was executed at 121 °C for 20 min. Apparent crude protein digestibilities of gamma irradiated diets were higher ( p<0.05) than those of autoclaved diets regardless of diet type. Digestibilities of dry matter, gross energy and total carbohydrate in the irradiated diet were higher than those of the autoclaved diet. From the results of nutrient digestibility of mini-pig diets in this study, 10 kGy gamma radiation was suggested as a convenient diet radicidation method that can minimize the decrease in nutrient digestibility on feeding to SPF mini-pigs.
Gamma irradiation effects on the luminescence properties of SrBPO5: Sm
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mohapatra, M.; Kumar, M.; Natarajan, V.; Godbole, S. V.
Samarium doped SrBPO5 phosphor was synthesized by a high temperature solid state reaction route and its luminescence properties were investigated before and after gamma irradiation. A photo-acoustic spectroscopic technique was used to record the excitation/absorption spectrum of the sample. Photoluminescence studies on the sample prior to gamma irradiation confirmed the presence of Sm3+ at an asymmetric site. After 2 kGy of gamma irradiation, the sample showed strong afterglow without any external source that lasted for several minutes. Thermoluminescence (TSL) studies revealed the presence of glow peak at 323 K for the system. Electron spin resonance (ESR) studies suggested the formation of borate and oxygen based radical centers in the gamma irradiated system. Detailed ESR-TSL correlation study confirmed the destruction of the oxygen radical to be responsible for the observed glow peak. Based on the findings, a probable mechanism was proposed for the glow peak and observed afterglow.
Effect of gamma irradiation on HPMC/ZnO nanocomposite films
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rao, B. Lakshmeesha; Asha, S.; Madhukumar, R.; Latha, S.; Gowda, Mahadeva; Shetty, G. Rajesha; Shivananda, C. S.; Harish, K. V.; Sangappa
The present work looks into the structural and mechanical properties modification in ZnO nanoparticle incorporated Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) polymer films, induced by gamma irradiation. The irradiation process was performed in gamma chamber at room temperature by use of Cobalt-60 source (Average energy of 1.25MeV) at different doses: 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kGy respectively. The changes in structural parameters and mechanical properties in pure and gamma irradiated HPMC/ZnO nanocomposite films have been studied using X-ray scattering (XRD) data and universal testing machine (UTM). It is found that gamma irradiation decreases the structural parameters and improves the mechanical properties of nanocomposite films.
Comparative Effects of Gamma Irradiation and Ozone Treatment on Hygienic Quality of Korean Red Ginseng Powder
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Byun, Myung-Woo; Yook, Hong-Sun; Kang, Il-Jun; Chung, Cha-Kwon; Kwon, Joong-Ho; Choi, Kang-Ju
For the purpose of improving hygienic quality of Korean red ginseng powder, the comparative effects of gamma irradiation and ozone treatment on the microbial and physicochemical properties were investigated. Gamma irradiation at 7.5 kGy resulted in sterilization of total aerobic bacteria, molds and coliforms below detective levels, while ozone treatment for 8 hours up to 18 ppm did not sufficiently eliminate the microorganisms of the red ginseng powder. Physicochemical properties including compositions of the red ginseng saponin (ginsenosides) and fatty acids, pH and hydrogen doanting activity were not significantly changed by gamma irradiation, whereas, ozone treatment caused significant changes in fatty acid compositions, TBA value, pH, acidity and hydrogen donating activity. The results from this study led us to conclude that gamma irradiation was more effective than ozone treatment both for the improvement of hygienic quality and for the maintenance of physicochemical quality of red ginseng powder.
Role of gamma irradiation on the natural antioxidants in cumin seeds
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kim, Jae Hun; Shin, Mee-Hye; Hwang, Young-Jeong; Srinivasan, Periasamy; Kim, Jae Kyung; Park, Hyun Jin; Byun, Myung Woo; Lee, Ju Woon
Antioxidants quench oxidation by transferring hydrogen atoms to free radicals. In the present investigation, the effect of gamma irradiation on the natural antioxidants of irradiated cumin was studied. Cumin samples were purchased from retailers and then irradiated in a cobalt-60 irradiator to 0, 1, 3, 5 and 10 kGy at ambient temperature. The effect of irradiation on the antioxidant properties of the cumin seed were investigated by evaluating the radical-scavenging effect on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, determination of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total polyphenol content (TPC) and the antioxidant index by β-carotene/linoleic acid co-oxidation. Electron spin resonance (ESR) was performed to assess ionization of cumin seeds by gamma irradiation. Irradiation was found to nonsignificantly increase and/or maintain all antioxidant parameters, TPC and the ESR signal intensity was found to be increased in cumin seeds.
Effect of gamma-ray irradiation on the unloaded animal model
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Choi, Jong-Il; Yoon, Min-Chul; Sung, Nak-Yoon; Kim, Jae-Hun; Jong Lee, Yun; Lee, Ki-Soo; Choi, In-Ho; Nam, Gung Uk; Lee, Ju-Woon
During the space flight, human beings encountered the extreme conditions such as the cosmic ray irradiation and microgravity. There have been developed the animal models to simulate the microgravity condition in laboratory, but no study was carried out to investigate the combined effect of microgravity and exposure to irradiation. In this study, it was examined the effect of gamma irradiation on the suspension model. Rats were divided into four groups, Group I was loaded and not exposed to gamma irradiation, Group 2 was unloaded and not exposed, Group 3 was loaded and exposed to gamma irradiation at the dose of 50 mSV, and Group 4 was unloaded and exposed to gamma irradiation at the same dose. It was measured body, muscles and tissues weights and the biological analysis and the hematological response in blood samples were conducted. Anti-gravity tissue weight was only changed between loading and un-loading condition. However, there was no difference between irradiation exposed and not exposed unloaded groups. To know the difference of protein expression in anti-gravity tissues, 2 dimensional electrophoresis was performed. It has been found that the expression levels of several proteins were different by unloading condition and by irradiation exposed condition, respectively. These results provided the information on the combined effect of irradiation and microgravity to simulate space flight, and could be useful to search the candidate material for the countermeasure against space environment.
Postharvest Control of Botrytis cinerea and Monilinia fructigena in Apples by Gamma Irradiation Combined with Fumigation.
Cheon, Wonsu; Kim, Young Soo; Balaraju, Kotnala; Kim, Bong-Su; Lee, Byeong-Ho; Jeon, Yongho
To extend the shelf life of apples in South Korea, we evaluated the effect of gamma irradiation alone or gamma irradiation combined with fumigation on the control of postharvest decay caused by Botrytis cinerea and Monilinia fructigena. An irradiation dose of 1.0 kGy caused the maximal inhibition of B. cinerea and M. fructigena spore germination. The gamma irradiation dose required to reduce the spore germination by 90% was 0.76 and 0.78 kGy for B. cinerea and M. fructigena, respectively. Inhibition of conidial germination of both fungal pathogens occurred at a greater level at the doses of 0.2 to 1.0 kGy compared with the nontreated control; 0.2 kGy caused 90.5 and 73.9% inhibition of B. cinerea and M. fructigena, respectively. Treatment in vitro with the ecofriendly fumigant ethanedinitrile had a greater effect compared with the nontreated control. The in vitro antifungal effects of the gamma irradiation and fumigation treatments allowed us to further study the effects of the combined treatments. Interestingly, when irradiation was combined with fumigation, the percentage of disease inhibition increased more at lower (<0.4 kGy) than at higher doses of irradiation, suggesting that the combined treatments reduced the necessary irradiation dose in phytosanitary irradiation processing under storage conditions. PMID:27497129
Effects of gamma irradiation as a quarantine treatment on development of codling moth larvae
Burditt, A.K. Jr.; Moffitt, H.R.; Hungate, F.P.
Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), larvae were exposed to gamma radiation at doses upto 160 Gy. Following irradiation the larvae were permited further development, pupation and adult emergence. The number of adults emerging, mature larvae and pupae present were determined. Data from these studies will be used to predict doses of gamma irradiation required as a quarantine treatment to prevent emergence of codling moth adults from fruit infested by larvae. 5 refs., 1 tab.
Modifications induced by gamma irradiation to Makrofol polymer nuclear track detector
Tayel, A.; Zaki, M.F.; El Basaty, A.B.; Hegazy, Tarek M.
The aim of the present study was extended from obtaining information about the interaction of gamma rays with Makrofol DE 7-2 track detector to introduce the basis that can be used in concerning simple sensor for gamma irradiation and bio-engineering applications. Makrofol polymer samples were irradiated with 1.25 MeV 60Co gamma radiations at doses ranging from 20 to 1000 kG y. The modifications of irradiated samples so induced were analyzed using UV–vis spectrometry, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and the measurements of Vickers' hardness. Moreover, the change in wettability of irradiated Makrofol was investigated by the contact angle determination of the distilled water. UV–vis spectroscopy shows a noticeable decrease in the energy band gap due to gamma irradiation. This decrease could be attributed to the appearance of a shift to UV spectra toward higher wavelength region after irradiation. Photoluminescence spectra reveal a remarkable change in the integrated photoluminescence intensity with increasing gamma doses, which may be resulted from some matrix disorder through the creation of some defected states in the irradiated polymer. The hardness was found to increase from 4.78 MPa for the unirradiated sample to 23.67 MPa for the highest gamma dose. The contact angle investigations show that the wettability of the modified samples increases with increasing the gamma doses. The result obtained from present investigation furnishes evidence that the gamma irradiations are a successful technique to modify the Makrofol DE 7-2 polymer properties to use it in suitable applications. PMID:25750755
Critical evaluation of gamma-irradiated serum used as feeder in the culture and demonstration of putative nanobacteria and calcifying nanoparticles.
Martel, Jan; Wu, Cheng-Yeu; Young, John D
The culture and demonstration of putative nanobacteria (NB) and calcifying nanoparticles (CNP) from human and animal tissues has relied primarily on the use of a culture supplement consisting of FBS that had been gamma-irradiated at a dose of 30 kGy (gamma-FBS). The use of gamma-FBS is based on the assumption that this sterilized fluid has been rid entirely of any residual NB/CNP, while it continues to promote the slow growth in culture of NB/CNP from human/animal tissues. We show here that gamma-irradiation (5-50 kGy) produces extensive dose-dependent serum protein breakdown as demonstrated through UV and visible light spectrophotometry, fluorometry, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, and gel electrophoresis. Yet, both gamma-FBS and gamma-irradiated human serum (gamma-HS) produce NB/CNP in cell culture conditions that are morphologically and chemically indistinguishable from their normal serum counterparts. Contrary to earlier claims, gamma-FBS does not enhance the formation of NB/CNP from several human body fluids (saliva, urine, ascites, and synovial fluid) tested. In the presence of additional precipitating ions, both gamma-irradiated serum (FBS and HS) and gamma-irradiated proteins (albumin and fetuin-A) retain the inherent dual NB inhibitory and seeding capabilities seen also with their untreated counterparts. By gel electrophoresis, the particles formed from both gamma-FBS and gamma-HS are seen to have assimilated into their scaffold the same smeared protein profiles found in the gamma-irradiated sera. However, their protein compositions as identified by proteomics are virtually identical to those seen with particles formed from untreated serum. Moreover, particles derived from human fluids and cultured in the presence of gamma-FBS contain proteins derived from both gamma-FBS and the human fluid under investigation-a confusing and unprecedented scenario indicating that these particles harbor proteins from both the host tissue and the FBS used as
Gamma-irradiation improves the color and antioxidant properties of Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) extract.
Kim, Jae-Hun; Sung, Nak-Yun; Kwon, Sun-Kyu; Srinivasan, Periasamy; Song, Beom-Seok; Choi, Jong-Il; Yoon, Yohan; Kim, Jin Kyu; Byun, Myung-Woo; Kim, Mee-Ree; Lee, Ju-Woon
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ionizing radiation on color and antioxidative properties of Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) extract (CME). CME (10 mg/mL) was gamma-irradiated at 0, 3, 5, 7, and 10 kGy, and color, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic compound levels were then determined. The lightness and yellowness were increased (P < .05), and the redness was decreased (P < .05), as irradiation dose increased. The antioxidant parameters such as the 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, superoxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing/antioxidant power, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation increased as the irradiation dose increased. Also, the total phenolic compound levels of CME were increased (P < .05) by gamma-irradiation. These results suggest that gamma-irradiation could be considered a means for improving the antioxidant properties and the color of CME. PMID:20041791
Improvement of shelf stability and processing properties of meat products by gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Byun, Myung-Woo; Lee, Ju-Woon; Yook, Hong-Sun; Lee, Kyong-Haeng; Kim, Hee-Yun
To evaluate the effects of gamma irradiation on the processing properties of meat products, emulsion-type sausage, beef patties and pork loin ham were manufactured. Most contaminated bacteria were killed by 3 kGy-irradiation to raw ground beef, and sausage can be manufactured with desirable flavor, a reduction of NaCl and phosphate, and extension of shelf life using gamma irradiation on the raw meat. The beef patties were manufactured with the addition of antioxidants (200 ppm), BHA, ascorbyl palmitate, α-tocopherol, or β-carotene, and gamma-irradiation. Retardation of lipid oxidation appeared at the patties with an antioxidant. A dose of 5 kGy was observed to be as effective as the use of 200 ppm NaNO 2 to provide and maintain the desired color of the product during storage. After curing, irradiation, heating and smoking could extensively prolong the shelf life of the hams.
Gamma ray irradiated AgFeO{sub 2} nanoparticles with enhanced gas sensor properties
Wang, Xiuhua; Shi, Zhijie; Yao, Shangwu; Liao, Fan; Ding, Juanjuan; Shao, Mingwang
AgFeO{sub 2} nanoparticles were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method and irradiated by various doses of gamma ray. The products were characterized with X-ray powder diffraction, UV–vis absorption spectrum and transmission electron microscope. The results revealed that the crystal structure, morphology and size of the samples remained unchanged after irradiation, while the intensity of UV–Vis spectra increased with irradiation dose increasing. In addition, gamma ray irradiation improved the performance of gas sensor based on the AgFeO{sub 2} nanoparticles including the optimum operating temperature and sensitivity, which might be ascribed to the generation of defects. - Graphical abstract: Gamma ray irradiation improved the performance of gas sensor based on the AgFeO{sub 2} nanoparticles including sensitivity and optimum operating temperature, which might be ascribed to the generation of defects. - Highlights: • AgFeO{sub 2} nanoparticles were synthesized and irradiated with gamma ray. • AgFeO{sub 2} nanoparticles were employed to fabricate gas sensors to detect ethanol. • Gamma ray irradiation improved the sensitivity and optimum operating temperature.
Mutagenicity test of gamma-irradiated humus in aqueous solution for the safety evaluation of irradiated water
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Furuta, Masakazu; Hosokawa, Yasushi; Fujita, Shin'ichi; Nagata, Yoshio; Katayama, Tadashi; Shiomi, Nobuyuki; Toratani, Hirokazu; Takeda, Atsuhiko
Fulvic acid and humic acid which are difficult to be removed from water by ordinary purification processes were degraded by 60Co gamma-irradiation and the partially degraded samples were examined for the mutagenetic activity using Salmonella mutagenicity test. No mutagenic activity was detected even in 1000-fold concentrated samples. Addition of S9 mix did not stimulate mutagenicity either. These results revealed that 60Co gamma irradiation did not produce mutagenetic substances from the partially degraded fulvic and humic acids at detectable quantities.
Abnormal proliferation and aging of cultured fibroblasts from pigs with subcutaneous fibrosis induced by gamma irradiation
Martin, M.; Remy, J.; Daburon, F. )
In vivo, fibrotic disorders, which may be due either to injury or disease, are characterized by overproliferation of fibroblasts and overproduction of connective tissue. In vitro, however, most of the fibrotic cell lines studied exhibited no differences in growth potential compared with control cell lines derived from normal skin. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro behavior of fibroblasts derived from pigs with subcutaneous fibrosis induced by gamma irradiation. The cells were isolated from the scar tissue six to 20 months after irradiation. In primary cultures, the cells derived from the fibrotic lesions exhibited greater attachment efficiency and faster proliferation than those of the cells derived from the normal skin of the same animal. In long-term cultures, the differences between normal and fibrotic cells were still greater: the normal skin cells underwent 17 population doublings and then died, whereas the fibrotic cells exhibited a prolonged life span, and were still actively proliferating after 80 population doublings. Cell morphology and the number of chromosomes were modified throughout subcultures. These results imply that in the scar tissue active fibrotic cell proliferation continued for years after irradiation and that this activation was expressed in vitro. Therefore, in this pig fibrosis model, the data acquired in the present in vitro studies closely resemble that obtained from earlier in vivo observations.
Some microbial, chemical and sensorial properties of gamma irradiated sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds.
Al-Bachir, Mahfouz
The effect on microbial, chemical and sensorial properties of sesame seeds was determined after irradiation and storage. The sesame seeds were analyzed before and after irradiation with 3, 6 and 9 kGy of gamma irradiation, and after 6 and 12 months of storage. The results showed that gamma irradiation had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the moisture, ash and fat content on sesame seeds. While, small differences, but sometimes significant (p<0.05), on protein and sugar contents were recorded between irradiated and non-irradiated samples. Total acidity percentage decreased significantly (p<0.05), while total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) increased significantly (p<0.05) due to irradiation. During storage, total acidity increased (p<0.05) and TVBN decreased (p<0.05). Gamma irradiation reduced the microorganisms of sesame seeds. Samples treated with 3 kGy or more remained completely free of fungi throughout the storage. While, only the samples treated with 9 kGy remained completely free of bacteria at the end of storage period (after 12 months). The scores for taste, flavor, color and texture of irradiated samples were higher, but not significantly (p>0.05) than those of non-irradiated samples. PMID:26616940
Characterization of blends of PP and SBS vulcanized with gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
González, J.; Albano, C.; Candal, M. V.; Ichazo, M. N.; Hernández, M.
The present work has the objective of analyzing blends of PP with 30 wt% SBS vulcanized with gamma irradiation. In order to do so, SBS was irradiated at 10, 25 and 50 kGy with gamma rays. Results indicate that the gel fraction increases with irradiation dose, varying from 0.3% to 13.0% for the doses employed. Concerning tensile properties, it can be seen that the incorporation of SBS non-irradiated or irradiated decreases Young's modulus, while increasing elongation at break. Respect to thermal studies, it was detected that SBS decreases melting enthalpy of blends, fact that implies a decrease on crystallinity degree, being this effect more noticeable when SBS is irradiated at doses higher than 10 kGy. On the other hand, melting temperature diminishes slightly when adding SBS to PP, but does not show significant variations when SBS is irradiated. PPs MFI decreased with the addition of SBS, being the effect more notorious with irradiation dose. Finally, it can be concluded that SBS can be vulcanized by gamma irradiation, and that the crosslinking degree increases with irradiation dose.
Nutritional quality evaluation of velvet bean seeds (Mucuna pruriens) exposed to gamma irradiation.
Bhat, Rajeev; Sridhar, Kandikere R; Seena, Sahadevan
Effects of gamma irradiation on Mucuna pruriens seeds at various doses (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15 and 30 kGy) on the proximate composition, mineral constituents, amino acids, fatty acids and functional properties were investigated. Gamma irradiation resulted in a significant increase of crude protein at all doses, while the crude lipid, crude fibre and ash showed a dose-dependent decrease. Raw Mucuna seeds were rich in minerals (potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron and selenium). Sodium, copper and manganese were significantly decreased on irradiation at all the doses, while magnesium and iron showed a significant decrease only above 10 kGy. The essential amino acids of raw and gamma-irradiated Mucuna seeds were comparable with the FAO/WHO recommended pattern. A significant increase of in vitro protein digestibility was seen in seeds irradiated at 30 kGy. High amounts of unsaturated fatty acids in Mucuna seeds decreased significantly after irradiation. However, linoleic acid was not present in raw seeds but detected after irradiation and it was elevated to high level at 30 kGy. Behenic acid, a major anti-nutritional factor, was reduced significantly on irradiation, indicating the positive effect of gamma irradiation on Mucuna seeds. Significant enhancement in the water absorption and oil absorption capacities, protein solubility, emulsion activity and improvement in the gelation capacity was recorded after irradiation. Results of the present investigation reveal that application of gamma irradiation does not affect the overall nutritional composition and can be used as an effective method of preservation of Mucuna seed and their products. PMID:17852489
Effects of gamma and electron beam irradiation on the microbial quality of steamed tofu rolls
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jia, Qian; Gao, Meixu; Li, Shurong; Wang, Zhidong
The effectiveness of two kinds of radiation processing, gamma and electron beam (ebeam) irradiation, for the inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria innocua which were inoculated in pre-sterilised steamed tofu rolls was studied. The corresponding effects of both irradiation types on total bacterial counts (TBCs) in commercial steamed tofu rolls available in the market were also examined. The microbiological results demonstrated that gamma irradiation yielded D10 values of 0.20, 0.24 and 0.22 kGy for S. aureus, S. enteritidis and L. innocua, respectively. The respective D10 values for ebeam irradiation were 0.31, 0.35 and 0.27 kGy. Gamma and ebeam irradiation yielded D10 values of 0.48 and 0.43 kGy for total bacterial counts in commercial steamed tofu rolls, respectively. The results suggest that ebeam irradiation has similar effect on decreasing TBCs in steamed tofu rolls, and gamma irradiation is slightly more effective than ebeam irradiation in reducing the populations of pathogenic bacteria. The observed differences in D10-values between them might be due to the significant differences in dose rate applied, and radiation processing of soybean products to improve their microbial quality could be available for other sources of protein.
Using gamma irradiation for the recovery of anthocyanins from grape pomace
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ayed, N.; Yu, H.-L.; Lacroix, M.
This research investigated the effect of gamma irradiation from 0 to 9 kGy, packaging in air or under vacuum, or in combination with other treatments for enhancing anthocyanin extraction from grape pomace. Results indicate that the irradiation at 6 kGy and packaging in the presence of a low concentration of sodium metabisulfite yielded the highest value of anthocyanin extraction.
Sensitivity of Pseudomonas fluorescens to gamma irradiation following surface inoculations on romaine lettuce and baby spinach
Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN)
Irradiation of fresh fruits and vegetables is a post-harvest intervention measure often used to inactivate pathogenic food-borne microbes. We evaluated the sensitivity of Pseudomonas fluorescens strains (2-79, Q8R1, Q287) to gamma irradiation following surface inoculations on romaine lettuce and spi...
Raman spectroscopy of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-acrylamide copolymer using gamma irradiation for crosslinking
Goheen, Steven C.; Saunders, Rachel M.; Davis, Rachel M.; Harvey, Scott D.; Olsen, Peter C.
A copolymer hydrogel was made by mixing acrylamide and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate monomers in water and polymerizing with gamma irradiation. The progress of polymerization and the vibrational structure of the hydrogel was examined using Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectra indicated that the co-polymer has a molecular structure different from polyacrylamide or the individual monomers. The Raman data also indicate the presence of crosslinking at the C=O, NH2 and OH side chains. The spectra further suggest the continuous lengthening of the backbone of the polymers with increasing gamma dose. This is shown as the increase in C-C modes as C=C vibrations decrease. Raman spectra changed most dramatically as the monomer mixture became a gel at a dose of approximately 320 Gy. Spectral differences were subtler with doses exceeding 640 Gy, although chain lengthening continued beyond 1500 Gy. Potential applications of the copolymer hydrogel include reconstructive tissue as well as a standard material for radiation protection dosimetry. Results are discussed in relation to other potential applications of this polymer and dose-dependent changes in the Raman spectrum.
Structural ordering of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) caused by gamma (γ)-ray irradiation
Silambarasan, D. Vasu, V.; Iyakutti, K.; Asokan, K.
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were irradiated by Gamma (γ)-rays in air with absorbed doses of 25 and 50 kGy. As a result of γ-ray irradiation, the inter-wall distance of MWCNTs was decreased and their graphitic order was improved. The reduction in inter-wall distance and structural ordering was improved with the increasing dosage of irradiation. Experimental evidences are provided by powder XRD and micro-Raman analyses.
Photorecovery of gamma irradiated cultures of blue-green alga, Anacystis nidulans.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Asato, Y.
Evidence is given for photorecovery of Anacystis nidulans after exposures to Co 60 gamma radiation. After irradiation the levels of viable cells were higher in cultures kept in white light than in cultures kept dark for 24 hr. The post-irradiation survival rate increase after 30-min exposures to visible light is demonstrated in cultures irradiated with 35 krad. An increase in survival rates was not observed after exposures to ?red' light.
Effect of gamma irradiation on mistletoe (Viscum album) lectin-mediated toxicity and immunomodulatory activity☆
Sung, Nak-Yun; Byun, Eui-Baek; Song, Du-Sup; Jin, Yeung-Bae; Kim, Jae-Kyung; Park, Jong-Heum; Song, Beom-Seok; Jung, Pil-Mun; Byun, Myung-Woo; Lee, Ju-Woon; Park, Sang-Hyun; Kim, Jae-Hun
This study evaluated the effect of gamma irradiation on the reduction of the toxicity of mistletoe lectin using both in vitro and in vivo models. To extract the lectin from mistletoe, an (NH4)2SO4 precipitation method was employed and the precipitant purified using a Sepharose 4B column to obtain the pure lectin fraction. Purified lectin was then gamma-irradiated at doses of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 kGy, or heated at 100 °C for 30 min. Toxic effects of non-irradiated, irradiated, and heat-treated lectins were tested using hemagglutination assays, cytotoxicity assays, hepatotoxicity, and a mouse survival test and immunological response was tested using cytokine production activity. Hemagglutination of lectin was remarkably decreased (P < 0.05) by irradiation at doses exceeding 10 kGy and with heat treatment. However, lectin irradiated with 5 kGy maintained its hemagglutination activity. The cytotoxicity of lectin was decreased by irradiation at doses over 5 kGy and with heat treatment. In experiments using mouse model, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) levels were decreased in the group treated with the 5 kGy irradiated and heat-treated lectins as compared to the intact lectin, and it was also shown that 5 kGy irradiated and heat-treated lectins did not cause damage in liver tissue or mortality. In the result of immunological response, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL-6) levels were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the 5 kGy gamma-irradiated lectin treated group. These results indicate that 5 kGy irradiated lectin still maintained the immunological response with reduction of toxicity. Therefore, gamma-irradiation may be an effective method for reducing the toxicity of lectin maintaining the immune response. PMID:23847758
Effect of gamma irradiation on the physiological activity of Korean soybean fermented foods, Chungkookjang and Doenjang
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Byun, Myung-Woo; Son, Jun-Ho; Yook, Hong-Sun; Jo, Cheorun; Kim, Dong-Ho
Effects of gamma irradiation on the physiological activity of Korean soybean fermented foods were investigated. Chungkookjang, the whole cooked soybean product and Doenjang, soybean paste were purchased and irradiated at 5, 10 and 20 kGy of absorbed doses. The physiological activity was evaluated by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition, xanthine oxidase inhibition, tyrosinase inhibition and radical scavenging ability and results indicated that at 10 kGy or below did not show any significant change on physiological activities by irradiation.
Performance degradation of QAM based inter-satellite optical communication system under gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Liu, Yun; Zhao, Shanghong; Gong, Zizheng; Zhao, Jing; Li, Xuan
Main devices in quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) based inter-satellite optical communication system were irradiated to a total dose of 20 krad with the dose rate of 5 rad/s using a Co60 radiation source. Gamma irradiation impacts on devices were analyzed and on the basis, system performance degradation was simulated. Variety of system BER along with onboard working time for different inter-satellite links was presented. In addition, some adaption methods were proposed to reduce gamma irradiation induced degradation.
Preliminary investigations into the bioconversion of gamma irradiated agricultural waste by Pleurotus spp.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gbedemah, C. M.; Obodai, M.; Sawyerr, L. C.
The application of gamma irradiation for pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials for their hydrolysis and to increase their digestibility for rumen animal have been reported in the literature. Gamma irradiation of corn stover in combination with sodium hydroxide for bioconversion of polysaccharide into protein by Pleurotus spp has also been reported. In this study experiments were designed to find out whether gamma radiation could serve both as a decontaminating agent as well as hydrolytic agent of sawdust for the bioconversion of four varieties of Pleurotus spp. Preliminary results indicate that a dose of 20kGy of gamma irradiation increase the yield of Pleurotus eous var ET-8 whilst decreasing the yield of other varieties.
Efficiency of gamma irradiation to inactivate growth and fumonisin production of Fusarium moniliforme on corn grains.
Mansur, Ahmad Rois; Yu, Chun-Cheol; Oh, Deog-Hwan
The efficiency of gamma irradiation (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 kGy) as a sterilization method of corn samples (30 g) artificially contaminated with Fusarium moniliforme stored at normal condition (25ºC with approximate relative humidity (RH) of 55%) and optimal condition (25ºC with a controlled RH of 97%) was studied. The results showed that the fungal growth and the amount of fumonisin were decreased as the dose of gamma irradiation increased. Gamma irradiation at 1-5 kGy treatment significantly inhibited the growth of F. moniliforme by 1-2 log reduction on corn samples (P < 0.05). Sublethal effect of gamma irradiation was observed at 10-20 kGy doses after storage, and a complete inactivation required 30 kGy. Fungal growth and fumonisin production increased with higher humidity and longer storage time in all corn samples. This study also demonstrated that there was no strict correlation between fungal growth and fumonisin production. Storage at normal condition significantly resulted in lower growth and fumonisin production of F. moniliforme as compared with those stored at optimal condition (P < 0.05). Gamma irradiation with the dose of ≥ 5 kGy followed by storage at normal condition successfully prolonged the shelf life of irradiated corns, intended for human and animal consumptions, up to 7 weeks. PMID:24169453
Preparation of plasmid DNA by gamma-irradiation of recA cells
Radford, A.J.; MacPhee, D.G.; Reanney, D.C.
If recA bacteria are exposed to appropriate doses of gamma-irradiation, nondividing cells which can sustain the multiplication of ''small'' plasmids are produced. The gamma-irradiation technique has a number of advantages over other methods for preparing pure plasmid DNA: (1) there is little, if any, contamination of DNA preparations by chromosomal DNA owing to extensive degradation of the irradiated DNA by endogenous nucleases, (2) there is no need to introduce a uvr mutation to the host bacteria (there is when UV is used to inactivate the chromosome), (3) the method is extremely simple to work with since operations are not limited by considerations of volume and cell density, and (4) there is no need to transfer material from container to container. Yields of plasmid DNA obtained by the gamma-irradiation technique compare favorably with those obtained by other methods.
Techniques for the separation of neutron and gamma irradiations in thermoluminescent LiF
Abhold, M.E.
The light emission spectra from thermoluminescent LiF in the form of TLD-100 is investigated for irradiations from Cs-137 gammas, thermal neutrons, and Am-241 alphas. The light emission spectra for thermal neutron and Cs-137 gamma irradiations is observed to be identical over the spectral range from 300 nm to 660 nm. The spectral observed for Am-241 alpha irradiations exhibit an enhancement in the spectral region from 520 nm to 600 nm with respect to the gamma and thermal neutron irradiations. This enhancement is shown to be due to contaminants on the surface of the TLD most likely introduced by the standard cleansing rinse in Methanol. The design of a carbon dioxide laser heated TLD reader developed to observe the light emission spectrum of LiF is presented. The TLD reader is shown to exhibit excellent reproducibility in the heating rate, which allows for a repeatability in radiation dose measurements of less than two percent.
Effect of low dose gamma irradiation on plant and grain nutrition of wheat
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Singh, Bhupinder; Datta, Partha Sarathi
We recently reported the use of low dose gamma irradiation to improve plant vigor, grain development and yield attributes of wheat ( Singh and Datta, 2010). Further, we report here the results of a field experiment conducted to assess the effect of gamma irradiation at 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07 and 0.1 kGy on flag leaf area, stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthetic rate and plant and grain nutritional quality. Gamma irradiation improved plant nutrition but did not improve the nutritional quality of grains particularly relating to micronutrients. Grain carotene, a precursor for vitamin A, was higher in irradiated grains. Low grain micronutrients seem to be caused by a limitation in the source to sink nutrient translocation rather than in the nutrient uptake capacity of the plant root.
Recycling of gamma irradiated inner tubes in butyl based rubber compounds
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Karaağaç, Bağdagül; Şen, Murat; Deniz, Veli; Güven, Olgun
Recycling of gamma irradiated inner tubes made of butyl rubber in butyl based rubber compounds was studied. Gamma irradiated inner tube wastes and commercial butyl rubber crumbs devulcanized by conventional methods were replaced with butyl rubber up to 15 phr in the compound recipe. The rheological and mechanical properties and carbon black dispersion degree for both types of compounds were measured and then compared to those of virgin butyl rubber compound. It is well known that mechanical properties are deteriorated when rubber crumb is added to the virgin compound. The deterioration in the mechanical properties for the compounds prepared by recycling of irradiated inner tubes at 120 kGy is much lower than the compounds prepared by using commercial butyl crumbs. It has been observed that gamma irradiated used inner tubes were compatible with butyl rubber and could be recycled within butyl based rubber compounds.
Comparison of the efficacy of gamma and UV irradiation in sanitization of fresh carrot juice
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jo, Cheorun; Lee, Kyung Haeng
As there is no pasteurization procedure for the manufacture of fresh vegetable juice, both industry and consumers have sought a method for improving the storage stability and shelf-life of this category of products. In this study, the effects of commercially available, non-thermal pasteurization processes, such as gamma and UV irradiation, were compared for their efficacy in sanitizing fresh carrot juice (FCJ). FCJ was manufactured, packaged, and gamma irradiated with doses of 0, 1, 3, and 5 kGy. The manufactured FCJ was also passed through 4 UV light lamps at doses of 3.67, 4.69, and 6.50 kGy. The total aerobic bacterial count of the FCJ approached the legal limit (105 CFU/mL) after manufacturing. Both treatments were effective in reducing the number of total aerobic bacteria, and the reduced number was maintained during storage for 7 days. Gamma irradiation was more effective in suppressing microbial growth during storage. When the doses for UV treatment and gamma irradiation were higher, the inactivation effects were higher. The reduction of ascorbic acid content was greater upon gamma irradiation than UV treatment. No difference was found in the contents of flavonoids and polyphenols in FCJ after either treatment. After 3 days of refrigerated storage, the sensory scores of gamma- or UV-irradiated FCJ were superior to those of the control. The results indicate that both non-thermal treatments were effective in improving storage stability and extending shelf-life, but gamma irradiation was slightly better in suppressing microbial growth after treatment.
Identification of gamma-irradiated papaya, melon and watermelon
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Marín-Huachaca, Nélida S.; Mancini-Filho, Jorge; Delincée, Henry; Villavicencio, Anna Lúcia C. H.
Ionizing radiation can be used to control spoilage microorganisms and to increase the shelf life of fresh fruits and vegetables in replacement for the treatment with chemical fumigants. In order to enforce labelling regulations, methods for detecting the irradiation treatment directly in the produce are required. Recently, a number of detection methods for irradiated food have been adopted by the Codex Comission. A rapid screening method for qualitative detection of irradiation is the DNA Comet Assay. The applicability of the DNA Comet Assay for distinguishing irradiated papaya, melon, and watermelon was evaluated. The samples were treated in a 60Co facility at dose levels of 0.0, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0kGy. The irradiated samples showed typical DNA fragmentation whereas cells from non-irradiated ones appeared intact. In addition to the DNA Comet Assay also the half-embryo test was applied in melon and watermelon to detect the irradiation treatment.
SEU measurements using /sup 252/CF fission particles, on CMOS static RAMS, subjected to a continuous period of low dose rate /sup 60/CO irradiation
Sanderson, T.K.; Mapper, D.; Stephen, J.H.; Farren, J.; Adams, L.; Harboe-Sorensen, R.
SEU measurements have been made on a number of CMOS static RAMs over a period of eight months while they were being continuously irradiated with /sup 60/Co gamma rays. The results are discussed and compared with those of other workers using different methods.
Quantitative Evaluation of Infectivity Change of Cryptosporidium parvum after Gamma Irradiation
Lee, Soo-Ung; Joung, Mikyo; Nam, Taekyoung; Park, Woo-Yoon
Cryptosporidium parvum is a well-known waterborne and opportunistic intracellular protozoan parasite that causes diarrheal illness. In this study, we quantitatively investigated reduction of the infectivity of C. parvum after gamma irradiation and repair of the infectivity during incubation time after irradiation. C. parvum oocysts were subjected to gamma irradiation at various doses (1, 5, 10, and 25 kGy), and the in vitro infectivity was measured by real-time PCR every day up to 7 days after irradiation. The in vitro infectivity of C. parvum on human ileocecal adenocarcinoma cells (HCT-8) was effectively reduced (> 2 log10) by irradiation at 10 kGy or more. However, in the experiment to find out repair of the infectivity, recovery was not noted until day 7 post-incubation. PMID:19290085
Studies on the physicochemical characteristics of oil extracted from gamma irradiated pistachio (Pistacia vera L.).
Al-Bachir, Mahfouz
The present study evaluated the quality of pistachio oil, as a function of irradiation, to determine the dose level causing undesirable changes to pistachio oil. Physicochemical fatty acid composition, acidity value, peroxide value, iodine value specification number, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value and colour of pistachio oil extracted from samples treated with 0, 1, 2 and 3 kGy doses of gamma irradiation were determined. Gamma irradiation caused the alteration of fatty acids of pistachio oil which showed a decrease in oleic acid (C18:1) and an increase in linoleic acid (C18:2). All other fatty acids remained unaffected after irradiation. The higher used doses (2 and 3 kGy) decreased acidity value, peroxide value and iodine value, and increased specification number, with no effect on TBA value. Irradiation had a significant effect on colour values of pistachio oil. Parameters L, a and b increased at doses of 1 and 2 kGy. PMID:25148975
Effect of gamma irradiation on the hemocyte-mediated immune response of Aedes aegypti against microfilariae
Christensen, B.M.; Huff, B.M.; Li, J. )
The effect of gamma irradiation on the melanotic encapsulation response of Aedes aegypti black eye Liverpool strain against inoculated Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae (mff) was assessed at 1, 2, 3, and 6 days postinoculation (PI). Mosquitoes received 6000 rad from a 137Cs source (Shepard Mark I irradiator) at 3 days postemergence and were inoculated with 15-20 mff 24 hr later. These mosquitoes were compared to nonirradiated controls that also were inoculated with 15-20 mff at 3 days postemergence. The immune response was significantly reduced in irradiated mosquitoes as compared with controls at all days PI. Although the response was significantly inhibited compared with controls, irradiated mosquitoes were still capable of eliciting a response against 69% of recovered mff at 6 days PI. External gamma irradiation did not significantly affect the proliferation of hemocytes associated with the melanotic encapsulation response of A. aegypti. The number of circulating hemocytes increased in irradiated mosquitoes in response to inoculated mff in a manner similar to nonirradiated, inoculated controls. Hemocyte monophenol oxidase activity, however, was significantly reduced in gamma-irradiated mosquitoes at 12 hr PI as compared with controls. The reduced immunological capacity of irradiated mosquitoes might be related to an interference with gene activity required for the synthesis or activation of enzymes that are directly or indirectly involved in the biochemical processes associated with the production of melanotic substances that sequester mff.
Texture, color, lipid oxidation and sensory acceptability of gamma-irradiated marinated anchovy fillets
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tomac, Alejandra; Cova, María C.; Narvaiz, Patricia; Yeannes, María I.
The effect of gamma irradiation (0, 2, 3 and 4 kGy) on vacuum-packed marinated anchovy fillets was analyzed for their texture, color, lipid oxidation and sensory acceptability after 10 months under refrigeration. Marinated (3% acetic acid, 10% sodium chloride and 0.2% citric acid) Engraulis anchoita fillets were vacuum-packed and irradiated with a cobalt-60 source at a semi-industrial irradiation facility. The irradiation caused a slight increase in hardness values regardless of the applied dose but maintained a consistent texture over the 10 months, even though the control samples softened, most likely due to degradation. This hardness increase did not affect the textural sensory acceptability. Irradiation did not modify the color but still reduced color changes during storage, benefitting the product's quality. TBARS was increased in every sample throughout storage, but irradiation decreased these values. Sensory acceptability was not affected by gamma irradiation. Therefore, gamma irradiation could be successfully applied to this type of product for the purpose of shelf-life extension.
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition reverses vascular dysfunction after {gamma}-irradiation
Beller, Carsten J. . E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Radovits, Tamas; Seres, Leila; Kosse, Jens; Krempien, Robert; Gross, Marie-Luise; Penzel, Roland; Berger, Irina; Huber, Peter E.; Hagl, Siegfried; Szabo, Csaba; Szabo, Gabor
Purpose: The generation of reactive oxygen species during {gamma}-irradiation may induce DNA damage, leading to activation of the nuclear enzyme poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase (PARP) culminating in endothelial dysfunction. In the present study, we assessed the effect of PARP inhibition on changes in vascular function after acute and short-term irradiation. Methods and Materials: In the acute experiments, aortic rings were exposed to 20 Gy of {gamma}-irradiation. The aortae were harvested after 1 or 7 days. Two additional groups received the ultrapotent PARP inhibitor, INO-1001, for 1 or 7 days after irradiation. The aortic rings were precontracted by phenylephrine and relaxation to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were studied. Results: The vasoconstrictor response to phenylephrine was significantly lower both acutely and 1 and 7 days after irradiation. Vasorelaxation to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside was not impaired acutely after irradiation. One and seven days after irradiation, vasorelaxation to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside was significantly enhanced. Treatment with INO-1001 reversed vascular dysfunction after irradiation. Conclusion: Vascular dysfunction was observed 1 and 7 days after irradiation, as evidenced by reduced vasoconstriction, coupled with endothelium-dependent and -independent hyperrelaxation. PARP inhibition restored vascular function and may, therefore, be suitable to reverse vascular dysfunction after irradiation.
Physiological responses in potato plants under continuous irradiation
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Cao, W.; Tibbitts, T. W.
The physiological responses of four potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars to continuous irradiation were determined in a controlled environment. Under a constant 18C and a constant photoperiod of 470 micromoles s-1 m-2 of photosynthetic photon flux, 'Denali' and 'Haig' grew well and produced large plant and tuber dry weights when harvested 56 days after transplanting. 'Kennebec' and 'Superior' were severely stunted, producing only 10% of the plant dry matter produced by 'Denali' and 'Haig'. The differences in leaf chlorophyll concentration and stomatal conductance were not consistent between these two groups of cultivars. The leaf net CO2 assimilation rates in 'Kennebec' and 'Superior' were lower, and intercellular CO2 partial pressures were higher than in 'Denali' and 'Haig'. These results indicate that inhibition of net CO2 assimilation in 'Kennebec' and 'Superior' was not due to a limiting amount of chlorophyll or to CO2 in the leaf tissues. Concentrations of starch in leaflets of 'Kennebec' and 'Superior' plants were only 10% of those in 'Denali' and 'Haig' plants, although soluble sugar concentrations were similar in the four cultivars. Therefore, the lower net CO2 assimilation rates in stunted 'Kennebec' and 'Superior' plants were not associated with an excess carbohydrate accumulation in the leaves.
Effect of Gamma-irradiation and Heat on Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne javanica
Chinnasri, B.; Moy, J. H.; Sipes, B. S.; Schmitt, D. P.
Effects of gamma-irradiation on the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica were investigated. A dose of 7.5 kGy killed all second-stage juveniles (J2) within 1 day after treatment. Egg hatch was completely inhibited at 6.25 kGy. A bioassay on tomato measuring galling and egg production was used to determine the infectivity of irradiated J2 and J2 hatched from irradiated eggs. The J2 and eggs irradiated with a dose of 4.25 kGy did not induce galls or reproduce on tomato plants. When nematodes were exposed to combined irradiation and heat treatment, no synergistic effect on J2 or eggs was measured. Heat treatment at 49° C for 10 minutes or 20 minutes without irradiation immobilized J2 and prevented egg development. Irradiation rates needed to kill or incapacitate M. javanica were high and may be impractical as a quarantine measure. PMID:19274131
EPR study on gamma-irradiated fruits dehydrated via osmosis
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yordanov, N. D.; Aleksieva, K.
The shape and time stability of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of non- and γ-irradiated papaya, melon, cherry and fig samples dehydrated via osmosis are reported. It is shown that non-irradiated samples are generally EPR silent whereas γ-irradiated exhibit "sugar-like" EPR spectra. The recorded EPR spectra are monitored for a period of 7 months after irradiation (stored at low humidity and in the dark). The results suggest longer period of unambiguous identification of the radiation processing of osmose dehydrated fruits. Therefore, the Protocol EN 13708,2001 issued by CEN is fully applicable for the studied fruit samples.
Validation of gamma irradiator controls for quality and regulatory compliance
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Harding, Rorry B.; Pinteric, Francis J. A.
Since 1978 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has had both the legal authority and the Current Good Manufacturing Practice (CGMP) regulations in place to require irradiator owners who process medical devices to produce evidence of Irradiation Process Validation. One of the key components of Irradiation Process Validation is the validation of the irradiator controls. However, it is only recently that FDA audits have focused on this component of the process validation. What is Irradiator Control System Validation? What constitutes evidence of control? How do owners obtain evidence? What is the irradiator supplier's role in validation? How does the ISO 9000 Quality Standard relate to the FDA's CGMP requirement for evidence of Control System Validation? This paper presents answers to these questions based on the recent experiences of Nordion's engineering and product management staff who have worked with several US-based irradiator owners. This topic — Validation of Irradiator Controls — is a significant regulatory compliance and operations issue within the irradiator suppliers' and users' community.
ATM is required for rapid degradation of cyclin D1 in response to {gamma}-irradiation
Choo, Dong Wan; Baek, Hye Jung; Motoyama, Noboru; Cho, Kwan Ho; Kim, Hye Sun; Kim, Sang Soo
The cellular response to DNA damage induced by {gamma}-irradiation activates cell-cycle arrest to permit DNA repair and to prevent replication. Cyclin D1 is the key molecule for transition between the G1 and S phases of the cell-cycle, and amplification or overexpression of cyclin D1 plays pivotal roles in the development of several human cancers. To study the regulation of cyclin D1 in the DNA-damaged condition, we analyzed the proteolytic regulation of cyclin D1 expression upon {gamma}-irradiation. Upon {gamma}-irradiation, a rapid reduction in cyclin D1 levels was observed prior to p53 stabilization, indicating that the stability of cyclin D1 is controlled in a p53-independent manner. Further analysis revealed that irradiation facilitated ubiquitination of cyclin D1 and that a proteasome inhibitor blocked cyclin D1 degradation under the same conditions. Interestingly, after mutation of threonine residue 286 of cyclin D1, which is reported to be the GSK-3{beta} phosphorylation site, the mutant protein showed resistance to irradiation-induced proteolysis although inhibitors of GSK-3{beta} failed to prevent cyclin D1 degradation. Rather, ATM inhibition markedly prevented cyclin D1 degradation induced by {gamma}-irradiation. Our data indicate that communication between ATM and cyclin D1 may be required for maintenance of genomic integrity achieved by rapid arrest of the cell-cycle, and that disruption of this crosstalk may increase susceptibility to cancer.
Evaluating the Effects of Gamma-Irradiation for Decontamination of Medicinal Cannabis
Hazekamp, Arno
In several countries with a National medicinal cannabis program, pharmaceutical regulations specify that herbal cannabis products must adhere to strict safety standards regarding microbial contamination. Treatment by gamma irradiation currently seems the only method available to meet these requirements. We evaluated the effects of irradiation treatment of four different cannabis varieties covering different chemical compositions. Samples were compared before and after standard gamma-irradiation treatment by performing quantitative UPLC analysis of major cannabinoids, as well as qualitative GC analysis of full cannabinoid and terpene profiles. In addition, water content and microscopic appearance of the cannabis flowers was evaluated. This study found that treatment did not cause changes in the content of THC and CBD, generally considered as the most important therapeutically active components of medicinal cannabis. Likewise, the water content and the microscopic structure of the dried cannabis flowers were not altered by standard irradiation protocol in the cannabis varieties studied. The effect of gamma-irradiation was limited to a reduction of some terpenes present in the cannabis, but keeping the terpene profile qualitatively the same. Based on the results presented in this report, gamma irradiation of herbal cannabis remains the recommended method of decontamination, at least until other more generally accepted methods have been developed and validated. PMID:27199751
Gamma irradiation effect on the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity of Ipomoea batatas L
Tahir, D. Halide, H. Kurniawan, D.; Wahab, A. W.
The chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Ipomoea batatas L. (sweet potato) were studied by x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity. The irradiation treatment was performed by using Cs-137 as a gamma sources in experimental equipment. Treatment by irradiation emerges as a possible conservation technique that has been tested successfully in several food products. The amount of chemical composition was changed and resulting new chemical for absorbed dose 40 mSv. Interestingly, it was found that gamma irradiation significantly increased the antioxidant activity, as measured by DPPH radical scavenging capacity. The antioxidant activity of Ipomoea batatas L. extract was dramatically increased in the non-irradiated sample to the sample irradiated at 40 mSv. These results indicate that gamma irradiation of Ipomoea batatas L. extract can enhance its antioxidant activity through the formation of a new chemical compound. Based on these results, increased antioxidant activity of Ipomoea batatas L. extracts by gamma rays can be applied to various industries, especially cosmetics, foodstuffs, and pharmaceuticals.
Evaluating the Effects of Gamma-Irradiation for Decontamination of Medicinal Cannabis.
Hazekamp, Arno
In several countries with a National medicinal cannabis program, pharmaceutical regulations specify that herbal cannabis products must adhere to strict safety standards regarding microbial contamination. Treatment by gamma irradiation currently seems the only method available to meet these requirements. We evaluated the effects of irradiation treatment of four different cannabis varieties covering different chemical compositions. Samples were compared before and after standard gamma-irradiation treatment by performing quantitative UPLC analysis of major cannabinoids, as well as qualitative GC analysis of full cannabinoid and terpene profiles. In addition, water content and microscopic appearance of the cannabis flowers was evaluated. This study found that treatment did not cause changes in the content of THC and CBD, generally considered as the most important therapeutically active components of medicinal cannabis. Likewise, the water content and the microscopic structure of the dried cannabis flowers were not altered by standard irradiation protocol in the cannabis varieties studied. The effect of gamma-irradiation was limited to a reduction of some terpenes present in the cannabis, but keeping the terpene profile qualitatively the same. Based on the results presented in this report, gamma irradiation of herbal cannabis remains the recommended method of decontamination, at least until other more generally accepted methods have been developed and validated. PMID:27199751
External gamma irradiation-induced effects in early-life stages of zebrafish, Danio rerio.
Gagnaire, B; Cavalié, I; Pereira, S; Floriani, M; Dubourg, N; Camilleri, V; Adam-Guillermin, C
In the general context of validation of tools useful for the characterization of ecological risk linked to ionizing radiation, the effects of an external gamma irradiation were studied in zebrafish larvae irradiated for 96 h with two dose rates: 0.8 mGy/d, which is close to the level recommended to protect ecosystems from adverse effects of ionizing radiation (0.24 mGy/d) and a higher dose rate of 570 mGy/d. Several endpoints were investigated, such as mortality, hatching, and some parameters of embryo-larval development, immunotoxicity, apoptosis, genotoxicity, neurotoxicity and histological alterations. Results showed that an exposure to gamma rays induced an acceleration of hatching for both doses and a decrease of yolk bag diameter for the highest dose, which could indicate an increase of global metabolism. AChE activity decreased with the low dose rate of gamma irradiation and alterations were also shown in muscles of irradiated larvae. These results suggest that gamma irradiation can induce damages on larval neurotransmission, which could have repercussions on locomotion. DNA damages, basal ROS production and apoptosis were also induced by irradiation, while ROS stimulation index and EROD biotransformation activity were decreased and gene expression of acetylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase, cytochrome p450 and myeloperoxidase increased. These results showed that ionizing radiation induced an oxidative stress conducting to DNA damages. This study characterized further the modes of action of ionizing radiation in fish. PMID:26517177
Protective effect of ginseng against gamma-irradiation-induced oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in rats
Mansour, Heba Hosny
This study investigated the potential protective effects of ginseng on gamma-irradiation-induced oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in rats. Twenty four male albino rats were divided into four groups. In the control group, rats were administered vehicle by tube for 7 consecutive days. The second group was administered ginseng extract (100 mg/kg, by gavage) for 7 consecutive days. Animals in the third group were administered vehicle by tube for 7 consecutive days, then exposed to single dose gamma-irradiation (6 Gy). The Fourth group received ginseng extract for 7 consecutive days, one hour later rats were exposed to gamma-irradiation. Oral administration of ginseng extract prior to irradiation produced a significant protection which was evidenced by a significant reduction in serum creatine kinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), urea and creatinine levels with significant increase in serum total nitrate/nitrite (NO(x)) level. Moreover, ginseng significantly increased cardiac and renal superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activities, and reduced glutathione (GSH) content, associated with a significant depletion in malondialdehyde (MDA) and NO(x) levels compared to irradiated group. This study suggests that ginseng may serve as a potential protective agent against gamma-irradiation-induced cardio-nephrotoxicity via enhancing the antioxidant activity and inhibition of endothelial dysfunction. PMID:26622217
Gamma irradiation effect on the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity of Ipomoea batatas L.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tahir, D.; Halide, H.; Wahab, A. W.; Kurniawan, D.
The chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Ipomoea batatas L. (sweet potato) were studied by x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity. The irradiation treatment was performed by using Cs-137 as a gamma sources in experimental equipment. Treatment by irradiation emerges as a possible conservation technique that has been tested successfully in several food products. The amount of chemical composition was changed and resulting new chemical for absorbed dose 40 mSv. Interestingly, it was found that gamma irradiation significantly increased the antioxidant activity, as measured by DPPH radical scavenging capacity. The antioxidant activity of Ipomoea batatas L. extract was dramatically increased in the non-irradiated sample to the sample irradiated at 40 mSv. These results indicate that gamma irradiation of Ipomoea batatas L. extract can enhance its antioxidant activity through the formation of a new chemical compound. Based on these results, increased antioxidant activity of Ipomoea batatas L. extracts by gamma rays can be applied to various industries, especially cosmetics, foodstuffs, and pharmaceuticals.
The change in dielectric constant, AC conductivity and optical band gaps of polymer electrolyte film: Gamma irradiation
Raghu, S. Subramanya, K. Sharanappa, C. Mini, V. Archana, K. Sanjeev, Ganesh Devendrappa, H.
The effects of gamma (γ) irradiation on dielectric and optical properties of polymer electrolyte film were investigated. The dielectric constant and ac conductivity increases with γ dose. Also optical band gap decreased from 4.23 to 3.78ev after irradiation. A large dependence of the polymer properties on the irradiation dose was noticed. This suggests that there is a possibility of improving polymer electrolyte properties on gamma irradiation.
gamma. -ray and neutron irradiation characteristics of pure silica core single mode fiber and its life time estimation
Chigusa, Y.; Watanabe, M.; Kyoto, M.; Ooe, M.; Matsubara, T.; Okamoto, S.; Yamamoto, T.; Iida, T.; Sumita, K.
The investigation of the induced loss for a single mode (SM) optical fiber under ..gamma..-ray irradiation and neutron irradiation are described and the estimation method for induced loss with low dose rate and long-term ..gamma..-ray irradiation is proposed. The induced loss of pure silica core SM fiber was estimated to be 50 times lower than that of germanium containing silica core SM fiber after irradiation with 1 R/Hr for 25 years.
Low Dose Gamma Irradiation Potentiates Secondary Exposure to Gamma Rays or Protons in Thyroid Tissue Analogs
Green, Lora M
We have utilized our unique bioreactor model to produce three-dimensional thyroid tissue analogs that we believe better represent the effects of radiation in vivo than two-dimensional cultures. Our thyroid model has been characterized at multiple levels, including: cell-cell exchanges (bystander), signal transduction, functional changes and modulation of gene expression. We have significant preliminary data on structural, functional, signal transduction and gene expression responses from acute exposures at high doses (50-1000 rads) of gamma, protons and iron (Green et al., 2001a; 2001b; 2002a; 2002b; 2005). More recently, we used our DOE funding (ending Feb 06) to characterize the pattern of radiation modulated gene expression in rat thyroid tissue analogs using low-dose/low-dose rate radiation, plus/minus acute challenge exposures. Findings from these studies show that the low-dose/low-dose rate "priming" exposures to radiation invoked changes in gene expression profiles that varied with dose and time. The thyrocytes transitioned to a "primed" state, so that when the tissue analogs were challenged with an acute exposure to radiation they had a muted response (or an increased resistance) to cytopathological changes relative to "un-primed" cells. We measured dramatic differences in the primed tissue analogs, showing that our original hypothesis was correct: that low dose gamma irradiation will potentiate the repair/adaptation response to a secondary exposure. Implications from these findings are that risk assessments based on classical in vitro tissue culture assays will overestimate risk, and that low dose rate priming results in a reduced response in gene expression to a secondary challenge exposure, which implies that a priming dose provides enhanced protection to thyroid cells grown as tissue analogs. If we can determine that the effects of radiation on our tissue analogs more closely resemble the effects of radiation in vivo, then we can better
The effect of indomethacin on nucleic acids in blood, hemopoietic and lymphoid tissues in continuously irradiated rats.
Misúrová, E; Kropácová, K; Chlebovský, O; Pado, D
The effect of indomethacin--a nonsteroid antiinflammatory drug with potential antitumor activity--on the development of radiation-induced changes was followed in blood, bone marrow, spleen, thymus and testes of rats. Indomethacin administered in drinking water (0.7-1.0 mg/kg per day) during a continuous 7-day irradiation with gamma rays (dose rate of 2.055 Gy/day, total accumulated dose of 14.385 Gy) caused a higher and more rapid incorporation of 3H-thymidine into blood DNA, and an increase in blood RNA concentration. The results suggest some stimulation of hemopoiesis recovery by indomethacin treatment in continuously irradiated rats. PMID:2478902
Effect of gamma irradiation on commercial eggs experimentally inoculated with Salmonella enteritidis
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tellez, I. G.; Trejo, R. M.; Sanchez, R. E.; Ceniceros, R. M.; Luna, Q. P.; Zazua, P.; Hargis, B. M.
Using intact, fresh shell eggs, inoculated with 10 8 colony-forming units (cfu) of S. enteritidis, the effect of three doses of gamma irradiation on bacteriologic population and physical characteristics (Haugh units and yolk color) of the eggs was determinated. Penetration test area was picked at random just off the air cell of each egg. Aluminum cylinders were attached to the egg surface with a rim of molten paraffin, and 10 8S. enteritidis was then applied to inoculate the egg. Eggs were then irradiated within 2 hours using a Cobalt-60 gamma source at either 1, 2, or 3 kGy. A second set of inoculated, non-irradiated was used as controls. Following irradiation, eggs were maintained at 4°C for 42 hours prior culture. Irradiation with 1 kGy resulted in a significant (P < .05), 3.9 log reduction in detectable S. enteritidis in the shell and a higly significant (P < .025) 95% reduction in detectable S. enteritidis in the internal shell membranes. Irradiation of eggs with either 2 or 3 kGy reduced bacterial contamination to non-detectable levels in both the shell and internal membranes. However, irradiation at either 1, 2 or 3 kGy resulted in a significant (P <- .05) decrease (approximately 50%) in Haugh units. Additionally, irradiation of intact shell eggs at 2 or 3 Kgy significantly (P ≤ .05) reduced yolk color regardless of the level of irradiation exposure implemented. This data indicates that gamma irradiation of intact raw eggs is effective in reducing (1 kGy) or eliminating (2 or more kGy) S. enteritidis contamination. However, each of the levels of irradiation used in the present experiments caused marked reduction of selected measures of egg quality.
Hatch, L.P.; Miles, F.T.; Sheehan, T.V.; Wiswall, R.H.; Heus, R.J.
A method is presented for separating uranium-233 and protactinium from thorium-232 containing compositions which comprises irradiating finely divided particles of said thorium with a neutron flux to form uranium-233 and protactinium, heating the neutron-irradiated composition in a fluorine and hydrogen atmosphere to form volatile fluorides of uranium and protactinium and thereafter separating said volatile fluorides from the thorium.
Elimination of coliforms and Salmonella spp. in sheep meat by gamma irradiation treatment
Henriques, Luciana Salles Vasconcelos; da Costa Henry, Fábio; Barbosa, João Batista; Ladeira, Silvania Alves; de Faria Pereira, Silvia Menezes; da Silva Antonio, Isabela Maria; Teixeira, Gina Nunes; Martins, Meire Lelis Leal; de Carvalho Vital, Helio; dos Prazeres Rodrigues, Dália; dos Reis, Eliane Moura Falavina
This study aimed at evaluating the bacteriological effects of the treatment of sheep meat contaminated with total coliforms, coliforms at 45 °C and Salmonella spp. by using irradiation at doses of 3 kGy and 5 kGy. Thirty sheep meat samples were collected from animals located in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, and then grouped in three lots including 10 samples: non-irradiated (control); irradiated with 3 kGy; and irradiated with 5 kGy. Exposure to gamma radiation in a 137Cs source-driven irradiating facility was perfomed at the Nuclear Defense Section of the Brazilian Army Technological Center (CTEx) in Rio de Janeiro. The samples were kept under freezing temperature (−18 °C) until the analyses, which occurred in two and four months after irradiation. The results were interpreted by comparison with the standards of the current legislation and demonstrated that non-irradiated samples were outside the parameters established by law for all groups of bacteria studied. Gamma irradiation was effective in inactivating those microorganisms at both doses tested and the optimal dose was achieved at 3 kGy. The results have shown not only the need for sanitary conditions improvements in slaughter and processing of sheep meat but also the irradiation effectiveness to eliminate coliform bacteria and Salmonella spp. PMID:24688504
Physiological and molecular characterization of the enhanced salt tolerance induced by low-dose gamma irradiation in Arabidopsis seedlings
Qi, Wencai; Zhang, Liang; Xu, Hangbo; Wang, Lin; Jiao, Zhen
Highlights: • 50-Gy gamma irradiation markedly promotes the seedling growth under salt stress in Arabidopsis. • The contents of H{sub 2}O{sub 2} and MDA are obviously reduced by low-dose gamma irradiation under salt stress. • Low-dose gamma irradiation stimulates the activities of antioxidant enzymes under salt stress. • Proline accumulation is required for the low-gamma-ray-induced salt tolerance. • Low gamma rays differentially regulate the expression of genes related to salt stress. - Abstract: It has been established that gamma rays at low doses stimulate the tolerance to salt stress in plants. However, our knowledge regarding the molecular mechanism underlying the enhanced salt tolerance remains limited. In this study, we found that 50-Gy gamma irradiation presented maximal beneficial effects on germination index and root length in response to salt stress in Arabidopsis seedlings. The contents of H{sub 2}O{sub 2} and MDA in irradiated seedlings under salt stress were significantly lower than those of controls. The activities of antioxidant enzymes and proline levels in the irradiated seedlings were markedly increased compared with the controls. Furthermore, transcriptional expression analysis of selected genes revealed that some components of salt stress signaling pathways were stimulated by low-dose gamma irradiation under salt stress. Our results suggest that gamma irradiation at low doses alleviates the salt stress probably by modulating the physiological responses as well as stimulating the stress signal transduction in Arabidopsis seedlings.
Developmental inhibition of gamma irradiation on the peach fruit moth Carposina sasakii (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ryu, Jihoon; Ahn, Jun-Young; Sik Lee, Seung; Lee, Ju-Woon; Lee, Kyeong-Yeoll
Ionizing irradiation is a useful technique for disinfestation under plant quarantine as well as post-harvest management. Effects of gamma irradiation treatment were tested on different developmental events of Carposina sasakii, which is a serious pest of various orchard crops. Apple fruits infested by C. sasakii were irradiated by gamma rays ranging from 0 to 300 Gy. Inhibition rates were determined on behavioral events related to development, including larval exit from apples, cocoon formation, adult eclosion, and oviposition. Failure rates of all these developmental events increased with increasing doses of irradiation. Rates of larval exit from apples and cocoon formation decreased to 13.2% and 1.7%, respectively, at 300 Gy. However, the adult eclosion rate decreased to 5.4% at 100 Gy and was completely inhibited at doses greater than 150 Gy. LD99 values for the inhibition of cocoon formation and adult emergence was estimated into 313.4 and 191.0 Gy. Furthermore, adults developed from irradiated larvae completely failed to lay eggs. Thus, irradiation of infested apples at doses of 200 Gy and higher completely inhibited the next generation of C. sasakii. Our results suggest that gamma irradiation treatment would be a promising technique for the control of C. sasakii.
Effect of gamma irradiation on physicochemical properties of stored pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) flour
Bamidele, Oluwaseun P; Akanbi, Charles T
The effect of gamma irradiation at various doses (5, 10, 15, 20 kGy) was observed on pigeon pea flour stored for 3 months on proximate composition, functional properties, and peroxide value. Sensory evaluation was also carried out on bean cake (moinmoin) made from nonirradiated and irradiated pigeon pea flour. The results showed that stored gamma-irradiated samples had significantly lower (P < 0.05) value of protein and little or no effect on moisture content. There were slight decreases in crude fiber and ash content of the irradiated samples compared with the control sample. The result of functional properties of the irradiated flours showed slight increase in water absorption capacity, swelling capacity and bulk density. The peroxide value of crude oil increased significantly with dose increases for the period of storage. The sensory evaluation of moinmoin samples prepared from irradiated pigeon pea flour showed no significant difference from the moinmoin sample prepared from nonirradiated flour. It can be concluded that gamma irradiation can extend the shelf life of pigeon pea flour. PMID:24804044
ESR studies of some. gamma. -irradiated organic crystals. [N-tert-butylacrylamide, propionamide
Kilic, S.; Baysal, B.M.
Acrylamide, N-tert-butylacrylamide, and propionamide crystals were irradiated at -196/sup 0/C and the structures of radicals studied by ESR spectroscopy at various temperatures. The ..gamma..-irradiated acrylamide crystals show a five-line spectrum which is similar in shape to the signal obtained from the ..gamma..-irradiated propionamide crystals. Two types of radicals are produced in irradiated acrylamide and propionamide crystals at -196/sup 0/C. When the irradiated samples are kept at -78/sup 0/C the spectrum of propionamide remains the same, except in intensity. In contrast to this, the acrylamide spectrum changes to a triplet because of dimerization. Upon warming the irradiated acrylamide sample to between -50 and -30/sup 0/C, some small new peaks become apparent on either side of the triplet. These new peaks disappear above -20/sup 0/C and the spectrum changes to a triplet because of polymerization. To observe the changes in the ESR spectra of ..gamma..-irradiated N-tert-butylacrylamide we kept the sample at various temperatures from -196 to 100/sup 0/C. From -196/sup 0/C to about room temperature the spectrum is a quintet. At and above 35/sup 0/C, the spectrum changes to a triplet with shoulders on either side of the main peaks. With further warming above 80/sup 0/C the spectrum changes to a broad triplet.
Effects of gamma and electron beam irradiation on the properties of calendered cord fabrics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Aytaç, Ayşe; Deniz, Veli; Şen, Murat; Hegazy, El-Sayed; Güven, Olgun
The effects of gamma and e-beam irradiation on mechanical and structural properties of nylon 66 (Ny 66), nylon 6 (Ny 6) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabrics used in tyres were investigated. The untreated (greige), treated cords and calendered fabrics were irradiated at different doses. It is found that the effects of high energy irradiation on greige, treated cords and calendered fabrics are similar. No protective effect of compounds used in calendering was observed against radiation-induced oxidative degradation. The deterioration effect of gamma irradiation on mechanical properties is much higher than that of e-beam irradiation for all types of samples. Limiting viscosity numbers of both gamma and e-beam irradiated nylon 6 and nylon 66 cords were found to decrease with increasing dose. It is concluded that PET calendered fabric has higher resistance to ionizing radiation. Ny 6 and Ny 66 calendered fabrics are more sensitive even at low doses. Therefore, the effects of high energy irradiation on tyre cords have to be taken into consideration during tyre design reinforced with particularly Ny fabrics if pre-vulcanization with high energy radiation is to be applied.
Effect of mercerization and gamma irradiation on the dyeing behaviour of cotton using stilbene based direct dye
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bhatti, Ijaz Ahmad; Adeel, Shahid; Fazal-ur-Rehman; Irshad, Misbah; Abbas, Muhammad
The dyeing behaviour of mercerized and gamma irradiated cotton fabric using stilbene based direct dye has been investigated. The fabric was treated with different concentrations of alkali to optimize the mercerization. The optimum mercerized cotton fabric was irradiated to absorbed doses of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 kGy using Cs-137 gamma irradiator. Dyeing was performed using irradiated and un-irradiated cotton with dye solutions. The dyeing parameters such as temperature, time of dyeing, pH of dyeing solutions and salt concentration were optimized. The colour strength values of dyed fabrics were evaluated by comparing irradiated and un-irradiated cotton in CIE Lab system using Spectra flash SF650. Methods suggested by International Standard Organization (ISO) were employed to study the effect of gamma irradiation on the colourfastness properties of dyed fabric. It was found that mercerized and irradiated cotton have not only improved the colour strength but enhanced the rating of fastness properties also.
X-ray absorption studies of gamma irradiated Nd doped phosphate glass
Rai, V. N.; Rajput, Parasmani; Jha, S. N.; Bhattacharyya, D.
This paper presents the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) studies of Nd doped phosphate glasses before and after gamma irradiation. The intensity and location of L{sub III} edge white line peak of Nd changes depending on its concentration as well as on the ratio of O/Nd in the glass matrix. The decrease in the peak intensity of white line after gamma irradiation indicates towards reduction of Nd{sup 3+} to Nd{sup 2+} in the glass matrix, which increases with an increase in the doses of gamma irradiation. Similarity in the XANES spectra of Nd doped phosphate glasses and Nd{sub 2}O{sub 3} suggests that coordination geometry around Nd{sup 3+} in glass samples may be identical to that of Nd{sub 2}O{sub 3}.
Functionalization and magnetization of carbon nanotubes using Co-60 gamma-ray irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chen, C. Y.; Fu, M. J.; Tsai, C. Y.; Lin, F. H.; Chen, K. Y.
Functionalized magnetic carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be used in the biological and biomedical fields as biosensors, drug delivery systems, etc., which makes research into processes for manufacturing modified CNTs quite important. In this paper, Co-60 gamma irradiation is shown to be an effective tool for fabricating functionalized and magnetized CNTs. After the Co-60 gamma irradiation, the presence of carboxylic functional groups on the CNT walls was confirmed by their Fourier transform infrared spectra, and the presence of Fe3O4 was verified by the X-ray diffraction patterns. The functionalized and magnetized CNTs produced using Co-60 gamma irradiation have excellent dispersion properties. The techniques for functionalizing and magnetizing CNTs are introduced in this paper, and applications of the modified CNTs will be reported after more data are gathered.
Polymerization of calcium caseinates solutions induced by gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lacroix, M.; Jobin, M.; Mezgheni, E.; Srour, M.; Boileau, S.
Solutions of calcium caseinate (5%) combined with propylene glycol (PG) or triethylene glycol(TEG) (0, 2.5% and 5%) and used for the development of edible films and coatings, were irradiated at doses between 0 to 128 kGy. Solutions were chromatographed through toyopearl HW 55F resin to observe the effect of irradiation on cross-link reactions. In unirradiated calcium caseinate solutions, two peaks could be observed (fractions 30 and 37) while samples irradiated at 64 kGy and 128 kGy showed one shifted peak at fraction 32 and 29 respectively. No effect of the plasticizers was observed. According to proteins standards of knowed molecular weights, the molecular weight of calcium caseinate increased approximately 10 times when irradiated at 128 kGy and 5 times when irradiated at 64 kGy. The physico-chemical properties of bio-films prepared with the irradiated solutions, demonstrated that tensile strength at break increased with increase of irradiation dose. A maximum dose was obtained at 16 kGy.
A Mitochondria-Targeted Nitroxide/Hemigramicidin S Conjugate Protects Mouse Embryonic Cells Against Gamma Irradiation
Jiang Jianfei; Belikova, Natalia A.; Hoye, Adam T.; Zhao Qing; Epperly, Michael W.; Greenberger, Joel S.; Wipf, Peter; Kagan, Valerian E.
Purpose: To evaluate the in vitro radioprotective effect of the mitochondria-targeted hemigramicidin S-conjugated 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-N-oxyl (hemi-GS-TEMPO) 5-125 in {gamma}-irradiated mouse embryonic cells and adenovirus-12 SV40 hybrid virus transformed human bronchial epithelial cells BEAS-2B and explore the mechanisms involved in its radioprotective effect. Methods and Materials: Cells were incubated with 5-125 before (10 minutes) or after (1 hour) {gamma}-irradiation. Superoxide generation was determined by using dihydroethidium assay, and lipid oxidation was quantitated by using a fluorescence high-performance liquid chromatography-based Amplex Red assay. Apoptosis was characterized by evaluating the accumulation of cytochrome c in the cytosol and externalization of phosphatidylserine on the cell surface. Cell survival was measured by means of a clonogenic assay. Results: Treatment (before and after irradiation) of cells with 5-125 at low concentrations (5, 10, and 20 {mu}M) effectively suppressed {gamma}-irradiation-induced superoxide generation, cardiolipin oxidation, and delayed irradiation-induced apoptosis, evaluated by using cytochrome c release and phosphatidylserine externalization. Importantly, treatment with 5-125 increased the clonogenic survival rate of {gamma}-irradiated cells. In addition, 5-125 enhanced and prolonged {gamma}-irradiation-induced G{sub 2}/M phase arrest. Conclusions: Radioprotection/mitigation by hemi-GS-TEMPO likely is caused by its ability to act as an electron scavenger and prevent superoxide generation, attenuate cardiolipin oxidation in mitochondria, and hence prevent the release of proapoptotic factors from mitochondria. Other mechanisms, including cell-cycle arrest at the G{sub 2}/M phase, may contribute to the protection.
Biodegradable zein-based films: influence of gamma-irradiation on structural and functional properties.
Soliman, Emad A; Mohy Eldin, Mohamed S; Furuta, Masakazu
Zein, a predominant corn protein, is an alcohol-soluble protein extracted from corn and is characterized by unique film-forming properties. The characteristic brittleness of zein diminishes its usefulness as a structural material. The objective of this work was to study the effect of gamma-irradiation on improving the performance of zein films in packaging applications. This goal has been achieved by irradiating zein film-forming solutions with various doses of gamma-rays, namely, 10, 20, 30, and 40 kGy at dose rate of 10.5 kGy/h, using a Co(60) gamma-radiation source. The impact of radiation process on the structural properties has been explored through far-UV CD spectral analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, viscosity changes that reflect the effect of radiation treatment on degradation and/or cross-linking of protein chains have been measured. However, improvements in the performance of zein films as packaging materials that can be accomplished by radiation treatment have been investigated via monitoring of the color, surface density, roughness, mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation percentage), water uptake, and water barrier properties. The results indicated that gamma-irradiation treatment of the film-forming solution can be used to improve the water barrier properties, as well as color and appearance of the zein films. Moreover, a sterilization effect is considered to be an additional advantage for applying gamma- irradiation. PMID:19292471
Effects of gamma irradiation on chemical composition and ruminal protein degradation of canola meal
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shawrang, P.; Nikkhah, A.; Zare-Shahneh, A.; Sadeghi, A. A.; Raisali, G.; Moradi-Shahrebabak, M.
Gamma irradiation of canola meal (at doses of 25, 50 and 75 kGy) could alter its ruminal protein degradation characteristics by cross-linking of the polypeptide chains. This processing resulted in decrease (linear effect, P<0.001) of ruminal protein degradation and increase (linear effect, P<0.001) of intestinal protein digestibility. The results showed that gamma irradiation at doses higher than 25 kGy can be used as a cross-linking agent to improve protein properties of supplements in ruminant nutrition.
Physical properties of gamma irradiated poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel preparations
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mondino, A. V.; González, M. E.; Romero, G. R.; Smolko, E. E.
Poly(vinyl alcohol) films from 15% w/w aqueous solutions and a thickness of 0.2 mm were selected for this study. The films were first humidified and then acetalized and/or gamma irradiated. Then, their physical properties were tested. Tensile strength of the hydrogel films reached its maximum value in samples irradiated with a 80 kGy dose, in the case of acetalized films the dose necessary for maximum tensile strength was only 40 kGy. The combination of acetalization with formaldehyde and gamma radiation produced an elastic hydrogel with good tackiness and excellent mechanical and thermal strength.
Facility for gamma irradiations of cultured cells at low dose rates: design, physical characteristics and functioning.
Esposito, Giuseppe; Anello, Pasquale; Pecchia, Ilaria; Tabocchini, Maria Antonella; Campa, Alessandro
We describe a low dose/dose rate gamma irradiation facility (called LIBIS) for in vitro biological systems, for the exposure, inside a CO2 cell culture incubator, of cells at a dose rate ranging from few μGy/h to some tens of mGy/h. Three different (137)Cs sources are used, depending on the desired dose rate. The sample is irradiated with a gamma ray beam with a dose rate uniformity of at least 92% and a percentage of primary 662keV photons greater than 80%. LIBIS complies with high safety standards. PMID:27423023
Spirogyra varians mutant generated by high dose gamma-irradiation shows increased antioxidant properties
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lee, Hak-Jyung; Yoon, Minchul; Sung, Nak-Yun; Choi, Jong-il
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant properties of a Spirogyra varians mutant (Mut) produced by gamma irradiation. Methanol extracts were prepared from Spirogyra varians wild-type and Mut plants, and their antioxidant activities and total phenolic content (TPC) were determined. Antioxidant parameters, including the 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity and ferric-reducing/antioxidant power, were higher in the Mut extract. Moreover, the TPC level was higher (P<0.05) in the Mut methanol extract. Therefore, these results suggest that gamma irradiation-induced S. varians Mut has superior antioxidant properties.
Lipase inactivation in wheat germ by gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jha, Pankaj Kumar; Kudachikar, V. B.; Kumar, Sourav
An attempt was made to improve the shelf life of wheat germ by optimizing processing conditions involving γ-irradiation. Studies were carried out to investigate the effect of γ-irradiation (0-30 kGy doses) on the chemical composition of wheat germ with respect to variation in moisture, total ash, crude fat, free fatty acid, protein and lipase activity. The results demonstrate that shelf stability of wheat germ was achieved by inactivation of lipase at doses of γ-irradiation greater than 12 kGy.
Characterization of LWRS Hybrid SiC-CMC-Zircaloy-4 Fuel Cladding after Gamma Irradiation
Isabella J van Rooyen
The purpose of the gamma irradiation tests conducted at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) was to obtain a better understanding of chemical interactions and potential changes in microstructural properties of a mock-up hybrid nuclear fuel cladding rodlet design (unfueled) in a simulated PWR water environment under irradiation conditions. The hybrid fuel rodlet design is being investigated under the Light Water Reactor Sustainability (LWRS) program for further development and testing of one of the possible advanced LWR nuclear fuel cladding designs. The gamma irradiation tests were performed in preparation for neutron irradiation tests planned for a silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic matrix composite (CMC) zircaloy-4 (Zr-4) hybrid fuel rodlet that may be tested in the INL Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) if the design is selected for further development and testing
Sterilization of ready-to-cook Bibimbap by combined treatment with gamma irradiation for space food
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Park, Jae-Nam; Song, Beom-Seok; Kim, Jae-Hun; Choi, Jong-il; Sung, Nak-Yun; Han, In-Jun; Lee, Ju-Woon
Bibimbap, Korean traditional cooked rice mixed with various kinds of vegetables, together with mushrooms and a ground meat, and seasoned with red pepper paste, was developed as a ready-to-cook food by combined treatment with irradiation for the use in space. By gamma irradiation of 25 kGy, the total aerobic bacteria of Bibimbap that was initial by 6.3 log CFU/g decreased to below detection limit, but its sensory qualities were drastically decreased. To enhance the sensory quality, the effects of antioxidant in Bibimbap were evaluated. A treatment with 0.1% of vitamin C, vacuum packaging and gamma-irradiated at 25 kGy and -70 °C showed higher sensory scores than only the irradiation process. This result indicates that the radiation technology may be useful to produce a variety of space foods with high quality of taste and flavor, when combined with other methods.
Enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw by gamma irradiation-alkaline pretreatment
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yin, Yanan; Wang, Jianlong
Pretreatment of wheat straw with gamma irradiation and NaOH was performed to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw for production of reducing sugar. The results showed that the irradiation of wheat straw at 50 kGy decreased the yield of reducing sugar, however, the reducing sugar yield increased with increasing dose from 50 kGy to 400 kGy. The irradiation of wheat straw at 100 kGy can significantly decrease NaOH consumption and treatment time. The reducing sugar yield could reach 72.67% after irradiation at 100 kGy and 2% NaOH treatment for 1 h. The combined pretreatment of wheat straw by gamma radiation and NaOH immersion can increase the solubilization of hemicellulose and lignin as well as the accessible surface area for enzyme molecules.
Effect of gamma irradiation on starch viscosity and physicochemical properties of different rice
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wu, Dianxing; Shu, Qingyao; Wang, Zhonghua; Xia, Yingwu
Three types of rice cultivars (indica, japonica and hybrid rice) with similar intermediate apparent amylose content (AAC) as well as early indica rice cultivars with different amounts of AAC were selected for studying the effects of gamma irradiation on starch viscosity, physicochemical properties and starch granule structure. Four major parameters of RVA profile, that was determined by a rapid visco analyser (RVA, Model-3D), peak viscosity, hot pasting viscosity, cool pasting viscosity, and setback viscosity, were considerably decreased with increasing dose levels. Gamma irradiation reduced the amylose contents in the cultivars with low AAC, intermediate AAC, and glutinous rice, but had no effects on the high AAC cultivar. No visible changes in gelatinization temperature were detected after irradiation, but the peak time was reduced with the dose levels. Gel consistency was significantly increased in the tested cultivars, especially in the high AAC indica rice. The starch granules were somewhat deformed by gamma irradiation. These results suggested that it is promising to use gamma irradiation to improve rice eating or cooking quality.
Chemical composition and lipoxygenase activity in soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) submitted to gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Barros, Érica Amanda de; Broetto, Fernando; Bressan, Dayanne F.; Sartori, Maria M. P.; Costa, Vladimir E.
Soybeans are an important food due to their functional and nutritional characteristics. However, consumption by western populations is limited by the astringent taste of soybeans and their derivatives which results from the action of lipoxygenase, an enzyme activated during product processing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation on the chemical composition and specific activity of lipoxygenase in different soybean cultivars. Soybeans were stored in plastic bags and irradiated with doses of 2.5, 5 and 10 kGy. The chemical composition (moisture, protein, lipids, ashes, crude fiber, and carbohydrates) and lipoxygenase specific activity were determined for each sample. Gamma irradiation induced a small increase of protein and lipid content in some soybean cultivars, which did not exceed the highest content of 5% and 26%, respectively, when compared to control. Lipoxygenase specific activity decreased in the three cultivars with increasing gamma irradiation dose. In conclusion, the gamma irradiation doses used are suitable to inactivate part of lipoxygenase while not causing expressive changes in the chemical composition of the cultivars studied.
Study of the effect of gamma irradiation on a commercial polycyclooctene I. Thermal and mechanical properties
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
García-Huete, N.; Laza, J. M.; Cuevas, J. M.; Vilas, J. L.; Bilbao, E.; León, L. M.
A gamma radiation process for modification of commercial polymers is a widely applied technique to promote new physical, chemical and mechanical properties. Gamma irradiation originates free radicals able to induce chain scission or recombination of radicals, which induces annihilation, branching or crosslinking processes. The aim of this work is to research the structural, thermal and mechanical changes induced on a commercial polycyclooctene (PCO) when it is irradiated with a gamma source of 60Co at different doses (25-200 kGy). After gamma irradiation, gel content was determined by Soxhlet extraction in cyclohexane. Furthermore, thermal properties were evaluated before and after Soxhlet extraction by means of Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), as well as mechanical properties were measured by Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA). The results showed the variations of the properties depending on the irradiation dose. Finally, a first approach to evaluate qualitatively the shape memory behaviour of all irradiated PCO samples was performed by a visually monitoring shape recovery process.
Effect of gamma irradiation on physical characteristics of Jordanian durum wheat and quality of semolina and lasagna products
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Azzeh, F. S.; Amr, A. S.
This study was conducted to determine the effect of using varying gamma irradiation doses on the physiochemical and rheological properties of semolina and its products. Ash, protein and water content were not influenced with gamma irradiation, while falling number and fungi counts decreased with increasing irradiation dose. Irradiation adversely affected wet gluten at 5 kGy dose. Dough stability was deteriorated vigorously with increasing irradiation dose. Sensory evaluation showed that lasagna produced from 0.25- and 1 kGy-irradiated semolina did not show any significant differences as compared with the control sample.
Gamma irradiation effect on optical and dielectric properties of potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Guo, Decheng; Zu, Xiaotao; Yang, Guixia; Huang, Jin; Wang, Fengrui; Liu, Hongjie; Xiang, Xia; Jiang, Xiaodong
The effect of Co60 gamma-ray irradiation on potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals is investigated at doses ranging from 1 kGy to 100 kGy with different diagnostics, including UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, DC electrical conductivity, positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy and Doppler-broadening spectroscopy. The optical absorption spectra show a wide absorption band between 250 and 400 nm after γ-irradiation and its intensity increases with the increasing irradiation dose. The simulation of radiation defects show that this absorption is assigned to the formation of substitutional impurity defects due to Al, Mg ions substituting for K ions. The fluorescence peak at 355 nm blue shifts after irradiation. The fluorescence intensity is observed to increase with the increasing irradiation dose. The positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy is used to probe the evolution of vacancy-type defects in potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystal. The variation of size and concentration of vacancy-type defects with the different irradiation dose is investigated. The Doppler-broadening spectroscopy gives direct evidence of the formation of irradiation-induced defects. The dc electrical conductivity of γ-irradiated potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals increases with the increasing irradiation dose when the dose is less than 10 kGy, whereas keeps constant at high irradiation dose of 100 kGy. The increase of electrical conductivity is associated with the increase of the proton defect concentration in the crystal. A possible explanation about the change of proton defect concentration with irradiation dose is presented.
Detection of gamma irradiated pepper and papain by chemiluminescence
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sattar, Abdus; Delincée, H.; Diehl, J. F.
Chemiluminescence (CL) measurements of black pepper and of papain using luminol and lucigenin reactions were studied. Effects of grinding, irradiation (5-20 kGy) and particle size (750-140 μm) on CL of pepper, and of irradiation (10-30 kGy) on CL of papain, were investigated. All the tested treatments affected the luminescence response in both the luminol and lucigenin reactions; however, the pattern of changes in each case, was inconsistent. Optimum pepper size for maximum luminescence was 560 μm, and optimum irradiation doses were >15 kGy for pepper and >20 kGy for papain. Chemiluminescence may possibly be used as an indicator or irradiation treatment for pepper and papain at a dose of 10 kGy or higher, but further research is needed to establish the reliability of this method.
The morphological changes of Ascaris lumbricoides ova in sewage sludge water treated by gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shamma, M.; Al-Adawi, M. A.
Untreated wastewater sampled from Damascus sewage water treatment plant containing nematode Ascaris lumbricoides ova were treated using gamma irradiation (doses between 1.5 and 8 kGy), immediately after irradiation the morphological and developmental status of eggs was examined microscopically. Major morphological changes of the contents of the eggs were detected. These eggs were incubated for 8 weeks, after this period no larvae "inside the eggs" were observed. Thus the morphological changes can be used as a viable parameter.
Electron spin resonance of gamma-irradiated poly/ethylene 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate/.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Rogowski, R. S.; Pezdirtz, G. F.
The two types of radicals trapped in gamma-irradiated PEN 2,6 are identified by ESR as - O - CH - CH2 - O - (radical I) and a radical located on the naphthalene ring (radical II). The concentrations of the radicals in the gross polyer are 10 to 20% of I and 80 to 90% of II. Similar trapped radicals are established in beta-irradiated PET, a structurally related polymer.
Time course of lipolytic activity and lipid peroxidation after whole-body gamma irradiation of rats
Rejholcova, M.; Wilhelm, J.
The content of fluorescing products of lipid peroxidation (LFP) and hormone-stimulated lipolytic activity were determined in rat epididymal adipose tissue during a 29-day interval after whole-body gamma irradiation. An increase in LFP was accompanied by a decrease in lipolytic activity. It is suggested that these effects are interrelated and that the decrease in lipolysis in irradiated, semi fasting rats is an additional deteriorating factor leading to death in some animals.
Low-temperature radiation cracking of heavy oil under continuous and pulse electron irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zaikin, Yuriy A.
The dependence of the chain reaction parameters on the conditions of pulse and continuous electron irradiation is analyzed for the case of low-temperature radiation cracking of heavy oils. The specificity of kinetics and yields of light products after radiation cracking are considered in the cases of continuous and pulse irradiation. Theoretical calculations are compared with experimental data on electron irradiation of heavy oil in different conditions.
Pulsed UV (PUV) is novel UV irradiation system that is a non-mercury lamp based alternative to currently used continuous-wave systems for water disinfection. To compare the polychromatic PUV irradiation disinfection efficiency with that from continuous wave monochromatic low-pre...
Antibacterial Activity of Gamma-irradiated Chitosan Against Denitrifying Bacteria
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Vilcáez, Javier; Watanabe, Tomohide
In order to find an environmentally benign substitute to hazardous inhibitory agents, the inhibitory effect of γ-irradiated chitosans against a mixed culture of denitrifying bacteria was experimentally evaluated. Unlike other studies using pure aerobic cultures, the observed effect was not a complete inhibition but a transient inhibition reflected by prolonged lag phases and reduced growth rates. Raw chitosan under acid conditions (pH 6.3) exerted the strongest inhibition followed by the 100 kGy and 500 kGy irradiated chitosans respectively. Therefore because the molecular weight of chitosan decreases with the degree of γ-irradiation, the inhibitory properties of chitosan due to its high molecular weight were more relevant than the inhibitory properties gained due to the modification of the surface charge and/or chemical structure by γ-irradiation. High dosage of γ-irradiated appeared to increase the growth of mixed denitrifying bacteria in acid pH media. However, in neutral pH media, high dosage of γ-irradiation appeared to enhance the inhibitory effect of chitosan.
The Total Solar Irradiance Record and Its Continuity
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Willson, R. C.
Continuous time series of total solar irradiance (TSI) observations have been constructed from the set of redundant, overlapping TSI measurements made by satellite experiments during the past 29 Years. One, the ACRIM composite [Willson & Mordvinov, 2003], displays a significant upward trend in TSI of 0.04 percent per decade during solar cycles 21-23. Another, the PMOD composite [Frohlich & Lean, 1998], displays no significant trend using different combinations of TSI data sets, computational philosophy and assumptions. The potential significance of solar variability as a climate forcing makes it important to determine which TSI composites best represents the measurement database. Two types of experiments have provided TSI satellite data: self-calibrating, precision TSI monitors and Earth radiation budget (ERB) experiments. TSI monitors provide much higher accuracy and precision and are capable of self-calibrating the degradation of their sensors, providing enhanced data traceability. The ERB experiments are designed to provide less accurate and precise TSI 'boundary value' results for ERB modeling and cannot self-calibrate sensor degradation. The optimum composite TSI time series utilizes TSI monitor results where available. However, a two year gap in the TSI monitoring record between the ACRIM1 and ACRIM2 experiments (1989 - 1991) would have prevented compilation of a continuous record over the 29 years of satellite observations were it not for the availability of ERB results during the gap. The relationship between ACRIM1 and ACRIM2 results across the ACRIM gap can be derived using the overlapping ERB data sets: the Nimbus7/ERB and/or the ERBS/ERBE. These two choices are embodied in the construction of ACRIM and PMOD composites, respectively. The ACRIM composite uses the results for its constituent databases published by the experiment science teams and relates ACRIM1 and ACRIM2 using overlapping Nimbus7/ERB comparisons. The PMOD composite uses a different subset
Synergistic effect of the combined treatment with gamma irradiation and sodium dichloroisocyanurate to control gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) on paprika
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yoon, Minchul; Jung, Koo; Lee, Kwang-Youll; Jeong, Je-Yong; Lee, Ju-Woon; Park, Hae-Jun
Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) is one of the most major fungal pathogens in paprika. Generally, gamma irradiation over 1 kGy is effective for the control of fungal pathogens; however, a significant change in fruit quality (physical properties) on paprika was shown from gamma irradiation at over 0.6 kGy (p<0.05). Therefore, in this study, the synergistic disinfection effect of the combined treatment with gamma irradiation and sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) was investigated to reduce the gamma irradiation dose. In an artificial inoculation experiment of B. cinerea isolated from naturally-infected postharvest paprika, fungal symptoms were observed in the stem and exocarp of paprika after conidial inoculation. From the sensitivity of gamma irradiation and NaDCC, B. cinerea conidia were fully inactivated by 4 kGy of gamma irradiation (D10 value 0.99 kGy), and were fully inactivated by 50 ppm NaDCC treatment. The fungal symptoms were not detected by the dose-dependent gamma irradiation (>4 kGy) and NaDCC (>50 ppm). As a result of the combined treatment of gamma irradiation and NaDCC, the D10 value was significantly reduced by 1.06, 0.88, 0.77, and 0.58 kGy (p<0.05). Moreover, fungal symptoms were more significantly reduced in combined treatment groups (gamma irradiation and NaDCC) than single treatment groups (gamma irradiation or NaDCC). These results suggest that combined treatment with irradiation and NaDCC treatment can be applied to preserve quality of postharvest paprika or other fruits.
Gamma irradiation to improve plant vigour, grain development, and yield attributes of wheat
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Singh, Bhupinder; Datta, P. S.
Utilizing low dose gamma radiation holds promise for physiological crop improvement. Seed treatment of low dose gamma radiation 0.01-0.10 kGy reduced plant height, improved plant vigour, flag leaf area, total and number of EBT. Gamma irradiation increased grain yield due to an increase in number of EBT and grain number while 1000 grain weight was negatively affected. Further uniformity in low dose radiation response in wheat in the field suggests that the affect is essentially at physiological than at genetic level and that role of growth hormones could be crucial.
Effect of gamma irradiation on microbial load, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of soybeans (Glycine max L. Merrill)
Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN)
Gamma irradiation is highly effective in inactivating microorganisms in various foods and offers a safe alternative method of food decontamination. In the present study, soybeans (Glycine max L. Merrill) were treated with 0, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 10.0 KGy of gamma irradiation. Microbial populations on s...
Biochemical composition and antioxidant activities of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis in response to gamma irradiation.
Shabana, Effat Fahmy; Gabr, Mahmoud Ali; Moussa, Helal Ragab; El-Shaer, Enas Ali; Ismaiel, Mostafa M S
Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis is a blue-green alga, rich with bioactive components and nutrients. To evaluate effect of gamma irradiation, A. platensis was exposed to different doses of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5kGy. The data showed that the phenolic and proline contents significantly increased with the increase of gamma irradiation doses up to 2.0kGy, above which a reduction was observed. The soluble proteins and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were stimulated by all tested irradiation doses. Furthermore, the vitamins (A, K and B group) and mineral contents (N, P, Na, K, Ca, Mg and Fe) were stimulated by the irradiation doses compared with the control. The activities of some N-assimilating and antioxidant enzymes were significantly increased with the irradiation doses up to 2.0kGy. This study suggests the possible use of gamma irradiation as a stimulatory agent to raise the nutritive value and antioxidant activity of A. platensis. PMID:27507509
Gamma-irradiated bacterial preparation having anti-tumor activity
Vass, A.A.; Tyndall, R.L.; Terzaghi-Howe, P.
This application describes a bacterial preparation from Pseudomonas species isolated {number{underscore}sign}15 ATCC 55638 that has been exposed to gamma radiation exhibits cytotoxicity that is specific for neoplastic carcinoma cells. A method for obtaining a bacterial preparation having antitumor activity consists of suspending a bacterial isolate in media and exposing the suspension to gamma radiation. A bacterial preparation of an aged culture of an amoeba-associated bacteria exhibits anti-reverse transcriptase activity. A method for obtaining a bacterial preparation having anti-reverse transcriptase activity from an amoeba-associated bacterial isolate grown to stationary phase is disclosed.
Gamma-irradiated bacterial preparation having anti-tumor activity
Vass, Arpad A.; Tyndall, Richard L.; Terzaghi-Howe, Peggy
A bacterial preparation from Pseudomonas species isolated #15 ATCC 55638 that has been exposed to gamma radiation exhibits cytotoxicity that is specific for neoplastic carcinoma cells. A method for obtaining a bacterial preparation having antitumor activity consists of suspending a bacterial isolate in media and exposing the suspension to gamma radiation. A bacterial preparation of an aged culture of an amoeba-associated bacteria exhibits anti-reverse transcriptase activity. A method for obtaining a bacterial preparation having anti-reverse transcriptase activity from an amoeba-associated bacterial isolate grown to stationary phase is disclosed.
Effects of Platinum Nanocolloid in Combination with Gamma Irradiation on Normal Human Esophageal Epithelial Cells.
Li, Qiang; Tanaka, Yoshiharu; Saitoh, Yasukazu; Miwa, Nobuhiko
Our previous study demonstrated that platinum nanocolloid (Pt-nc), combined with lower-dose gamma irradiation at 3, 5, and 7 Gy significantly decreased proliferation and accelerated apoptosis of the human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma-derived cell line KYSE-70. The aim of the present study was to determine, under the same conditions as our previous study where gamma rays combined with Pt-nc were carcinostatic to KYSE-70 cells, if we could induce a radioprotective or the radiation-sensitizing effect on the human normal esophageal epithelial cells (HEEpiC). HEEpiC were treated with various Pt-nc concentrations and then irradiated with various gamma-ray doses. The proliferative status of HEEpiC was evaluated using trypan blue dye-exclusion and WST-8 assays. The cellular and nucleic morphological features were determined using crystal violet and Hoechst 33342 stainings, respectively. The intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HEEpiC was evaluated with a nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) assay. The apoptotic status was detected with caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 by Western blotting. Either Pt-nc or gamma irradiation could inhibit the growth of HEEpiC; however, their combined use exerted a significant proliferation-inhibitory effect in a Pt-nc dose-dependent manner than gamma irradiation alone. Pt-nc resulted in radiation sensitization rather than radiation protection on HEEpiC in vitro similar to KYSE-70 cells, when Pt-nc was administrated alone or combined with gamma irradiation. Thus, Pt-nc has an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation, a facilitative effect on apoptosis, and a certain degree of toxicity against HEEpiC. PMID:27483929
A Comparison of Molecular and Histopathological Changes in Mouse Intestinal Tissue Following Whole-Body Proton- or Gamma-Irradiation
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Purgason, Ashley; Mangala, Lingegowda; Zhang, Ye; Hamilton, Stanley; Wu, Honglu
receiving only 2 Gy of protons. Tissue of the gastrointestinal tract was also homogenized and RNA was isolated for cDNA synthesis and real-time PCR analysis. Inspecting apoptotic lesions of the duodenum of the small intestine as an endpoint of damage did not reveal a radio-adaptive response in C57BL/6 mice at the four hour time point. Results of gene expression changes showed consistent up or down regulation of a number of genes for all of the exposure doses that may play a role in proton-induced apoptosis. Preliminary results of gene expression alterations as a result of gamma-irradiation revealed a wealth of genes involved in oxidative stress and antioxidant defense processes being up- or down-regulated only at the highest exposure dose of 6 Gy and the combined dose of 5 cGy with 6 Gy. Those animals undergoing only 5 cGy of gamma-irradiation showed very little modification of gene expression. Taken together these results lead us to conclude that protons cause more severe morphologic damage to the duodenum of the small intestine at a dose of 2 Gy than a higher dose of 6 Gy of gamma rays to the same organ. Both protons and gamma rays lead to significant variation in gene expression at high doses in the small intestine and these changes may provide insight into the mechanism of injury seen in the gastrointestinal tract following radiation exposure. Astronauts experiencing prolonged exposure to protons in the low Earth orbit and in deep space, and experiencing acute exposure to protons from solar particle events, may face biological consequences that will impact a mission s success. We will continue this work by studying, quantifying, and comparing damage due to protons and gamma rays in the small intestine as well as other organs in a time-dependent manner.
Change in Ion Beam Induced Current from Si Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Capacitors after Gamma-Ray Irradiation
Ohshima, T.; Onoda, S.; Hirao, T.; Takahashi, Y.; Vizkelethy, G.; Doyle, B. L.
To investigate the effects of gamma-ray irradiation on transient current induced in MOS capacitors by heavy ion incidence, Si MOS capacitors were irradiated with gamma-rays up to 60.9 kGy(SiO2). The change in Transient Ion Beam Induced Current (TIBIC) signals due to gamma-ray irradiation was investigated using 15 MeV-oxygen ion microbeams. After gamma-ray irradiation, the peak current of the TIBIC signal vs. bias voltage curve shifted toward negative voltages. This shift can be interpreted in terms of the charge trapped in the oxide. In this dose range, no significant effects of the interface traps induced by gamma-ray irradiation on the TIBIC signals were observed.
Gamma ray irradiated silicon nanowires: An effective model to investigate defects at the interface of Si/SiOx
Yin, Kui; Zhao, Yi; Liu, Liangbin; Lee, Shuit-Tong; Shao, Mingwang E-mail: email@example.com; Wang, Xiaoliang E-mail: email@example.com Xue, Gi E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
The effect of gamma ray irradiation on silicon nanowires was investigated. Here, an additional defect emerged in the gamma-ray-irradiated silicon nanowires and was confirmed with electron spin resonance spectra. {sup 29}Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that irradiation doses had influence on the Q{sup 4} unit structure. This phenomenon indicated that the unique core/shell structure of silicon nanowires might contribute to induce metastable defects under gamma ray irradiation, which served as a satisfactory model to investigate defects at the interface of Si/SiOx.
Effects of gamma irradiation on the yields of volatile extracts of Angelica gigas Nakai
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Seo, Hye-Young; Kim, Jun-Hyoung; Song, Hyun-Pa; Kim, Dong-Ho; Byun, Myung-Woo; Kwon, Joog-Ho; Kim, Kyong-Su
The study was carried out to determine the effects of gamma irradiation on the volatile flavor components including essential oils, of Angelica gigas Nakai. The volatile organic compounds from non- and irradiated A. gigas Nakai at doses of 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 kGy were extracted by a simultaneous steam distillation and extraction (SDE) method and identified by GC/MS analysis. A total of 116 compounds were identified and quantified from non- and irradiated A. gigas Nakai. The major volatile compounds were identified 2,4,6-trimethyl heptane, α-pinene, camphene, α-limonene, β-eudesmol, α-murrolene and sphatulenol. Among these compounds, the amount of essential oils in non-irradiated sample were 77.13%, and the irradiated samples at doses of 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 kGy were 84.98%, 83.70%, 83.94%, 82.84% and 82.58%, respectively. Oxygenated terpenes such as β-eudesmol, α-eudesmol, and verbenone were increased after irradiation but did not correlate with the irradiation dose. The yields of active substances such as essential oil were increased after irradiation; however, the yields of essential oils and the irradiation dose were not correlated. Thus, the profile of composition volatiles of A. gigas Nakai did not change with irradiation.
Effects of gamma irradiation on chemical, microbial quality and shelf life of shrimp
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hocaoğlu, Aslı; Sükrü Demirci, Ahmet; Gümüs, Tuncay; Demirci, Mehmet
In the present study the combined effect of gamma irradiation (1, 3 and 5 kGy) and storage at two temperatures: refrigeration (+4 °C) and frozen (-18 °C), on the shelf-life extension of fresh shrimp meat was investigated. The study was based on microbiological and physicochemical changes occuring in the shrimp samples. Total volatile base nitrogen values and trimethylamine values for irradiated shrimp samples were significantly lower than non-irradiated samples at both storage temperatures, and the rate of decrease was more pronounced in samples irradiated at the higher dose (p<0.05). Thiobarbituric acid values for irradiated shrimp samples were significantly higher than non-irradiated samples at both storage temperatures (p<0.05). pH values of shrimp samples were affected significantly by both irradiating dose and storage temperatures (p<0.05). Microbial counts for non-irradiated shrimp samples were higher than the respective irradiated samples at both storage temperatures (p<0.05). The results revealed that irradiation at high dose (5 kGy) might enhance lipid oxidation, although the growth of microorganisms and protein oxidation was inhibited.
Crosslinking of metallocenic α-olefin propylene copolymers by vacuum gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Satti, A. J.; Andreucetti, N. A.; Quijada, R.; Vallés, E. M.
Metallocenic polypropylene and copolymers with 3.7, and 9.2 mol% of hexene and 3.0 mol% of octadecene comonomer content were synthesized without the presence of additives and irradiated with 60Co gamma radiation under vacuum at room temperature. Size Exclusion Cromatography and gel extraction data showed that scission reactions predominate over crosslinking in the homopolymer and that there is a dose from where crosslinking started to increase considerably, in the irradiated copolymers. Rheology also showed evidence of chain-enlargements on the copolymers by means of an increase in the viscoelastic properties of the irradiated material.
Parotid gland pathophysiology after mixed gamma and neutron irradiation of cancer patients
Anderson, M.W.; Izutsu, K.T.; Rice, J.C.
Electrolyte and protein concentrations were measured in parotid saliva samples obtained from patients receiving localized, fractionated, neutron and gamma irradiation for the treatment of cancer. Salivary sodium chloride concentration increased transiently but then usually decreased to preirradiation values after 2 weeks of therapy. There were concurrent decreases in salivary flow rate, pH, and bicarbonate concentration. The decreases in sodium chloride concentration and flow rate are inconsistent with a previously suggested, irradiation-induced ductal sodium resorption defect. The findings contribute toward understanding how salivary gland physiology is altered in irradiation injury.
Sulfur-containing components of gamma-irradiated garlic bulbs
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kwon, Joong-Ho; Choi, Jong-Uck; Yoon, Hyung-Sik
Sulfur-containing components associated with garlic flavors were investigated to determine the effect of γ-irradiation at 0.1 kGy on the quality of garlic bulbs ( Allium sativum L.) during storage at 3±1°C and 80±5% RH for 10 months. Irradiation treatment had no influence on the amount of total sulfur and thiosulfinate of stored garlic for 10 months, while the storage period brought about a significant reduction ( P<0.05) in the content of both components after the 6-8th month of storage compared with that at the beginning of storage period. The identity of irradiated alliin ( S-allyl- L-cysteine sulfoxide) at sprout-inhibition dose was confirmed according to thin-layer chromatography, i.r. and NMR spectroscopy data.
Spin-trap-radical chromatography of spin adducts produced from L-valine by. gamma. -irradiation
Makiino, K.; Suzuki, N.; Moriya, F.; Rokushika, S.; Hatano, H.
Diastereomeric spin adducts produced by reaction of 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane with the short-lived radicals from L-valine by ..gamma..-irradiation could be separated and identified by means of high performance liquid chromatography and ESR spectroscopy. 6 figures.
The effect of cryogenic freezing and gamma irradiation on the survival of Salmonella on frozen shrimp
Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN)
Unfortunately, contraction of foodborne illness due to consumption of contaminated seafood, including shrimp, is an occasional occurrence. Cryogenic freezing and gamma irradiation are safe and effective technologies that can be used to control and inactivate pathogenic bacteria in foods. In this stu...
Immunization of Baboons with Schistosoma mansoni Cercariae attenuated by gamma irradiation
Stek, M.; Minard, P.; Dean, D.A.; Hall, J.E.
Studies on the efficacy of a vaccine against schistosomiasis in young baboons (Papio anubis) disclosed that immunization with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae attenuated by gamma irradiation induced significant protection against subsequent infection with normal, viable S. mansoni cercariae. Such immunization resulted in reduced worm burdens (70 percent) and egg excretion rates (82 percent). These results support immunization as a potential method for schistosomiasis control.
Immunization of baboons with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae attenuated by gamma irradiation
Stek, M. Jr.; Minard, P.; Dean, D.A.; Hall, J.E.
Studies on the efficacy of a vaccine against schistosomiasis in young baboons (Papio anubis) disclosed that immunization with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae attenuated by gamma irradiation induced significant protection against subsequent infection with normal, viable S. mansoni cercariae. Such immunization resulted in reduced worm burdens (70%) and egg excretion rates (82%). These results support immunization as a potential method for schistosomiasis control.
Enhanced mass transfer during solid liquid extraction of gamma-irradiated red beetroot
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nayak, Chetan A.; Chethana, S.; Rastogi, N. K.; Raghavarao, K. S. M. S.
The exposure to gamma-irradiation pretreatment increases cell wall permeabilization, resulting in loss of turgor pressure, which led to the increase of extractability of betanin from red beetroot. The degree of extraction of betanin was investigated using gamma irradiation as a pretreatment prior to the solid-liquid extraction process and compared with control beetroot samples. The beetroot subjected to different doses of gamma irradiation (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 kGy) and control was dipped in an acetic acid medium (1% v/v) to extract the betanin. The diffusion coefficients for betanin as well as ionic component were estimated considering Fickian diffusion. The results indicated an increase in the diffusion coefficient of betanin (0.302×10 -9-0.463×10 -9 m 2/s) and ionic component (0.248×10 -9-0.453×10 -9 m 2/s) as the dose rate increased (from 2.5 to 10.0 kGy). The degradation constant was found to increase (0.050-0.079 min -1) with an increase gamma-irradiation doses (2.5-10.0 kGy), indicating lower stability of the betanin as compared to control sample at 65 °C.
Gamma irradiation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts affects intracelluar levels of the viral symbiont CPV
Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN)
Previous studies have shown a dose-dependent effect of gamma irradiation on Cryptosporidium parvum development in neonatal mice and newborn calves. In mice, C. parvum oocysts exposed to 200 Gy showed nearly complete inability to develop as measured by C. parvum-specific quantitative PCR of ileal ti...
Electrical Properties of Gamma Irradiated PVdF Based Polymer Electrolytes
Ayoub, N.; Amin, Y. M.; Arof, A. K.
The effect of different doses of {gamma}-irradiation on the conductivity of PVdF-LiPF{sub 6} solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) was investigated at room temperature. The dielectric constant and loss are seen to increase with increasing radiation doses.
Neutralization of pathophysiological manifestations of Russell's viper envenoming by antivenom raised against gamma-irradiated toxoid.
Mandal, M; Hati, R N; Hati, A K
Rabbits were immunized against gamma-irradiated (100 krads) Russell's viper venom toxoid adsorbed to aluminium phosphate gel. The antivenom (0.1 ml) neutralized 5 LD50, 8 minimum hemorrhagic doses (MHD) and 14 minimum necrotic doses (MND) of venom. The coagulant and protease activities of the viper venom were neutralized more effectively than phospholipase A activity, by the toxoid antivenom. PMID:8456449
Degradation of 3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzoic acid in biological treated effluent by gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chu, Libing; Wang, Jianlong
Gamma irradiation-induced degradation of a chlorinated aromatic compound, 3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (CHBA) in biological treated effluent was studied and the results were compared with those obtained in deionized water. Gamma irradiation led to a complete decomposition of CHBA and a partial mineralization in the treated effluent. The removal of CHBA followed the pseudo first-order reaction kinetic model and the rate constant in the treated effluent was 1.7-3.5 times lower than that in deionized water. The CHBA degradation rate was higher at acidic condition than at neutral and alkaline conditions. The radiolytic yield, G-value for CHBA degradation was lower in the treated effluent, which decreased with increase in absorbed doses and increased with increase in initial concentrations of CHBA. The degradation mechanism of CHBA using gamma irradiation was proposed through the oxidation by -OH and reduction by eaq- and H- radicals. As exposed to gamma irradiation, dechlorination takes place rapidly and combines with the oxidation and cleavage of the aromatic ring, producing chloride ions, small carboxylic acids, acetaldehyde and other intermediates into the solution.
Effect of gamma irradiation on thermophysical properties of plasticized starch and starch surfactant films
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cieśla, Krystyna; Watzeels, Nick; Rahier, Hubert
In this work the influence of gamma irradiation on the thermomechanical properties of the films formed in potato starch-glycerol and potato starch-glycerol-surfactant systems were examined by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis, DMA, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry, DSC, and the results were correlated to the amount of the volatile fraction in the films.
Formation of biologically relevant carboxylic acids during the gamma irradiation of acetic acid
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Negron-Mendoza, A.; Ponnamperuma, C.
Irradiation of aqueous solutions of acetic acid with gamma rays produced several carboxylic acids in small yield. Their identification was based on the technique of gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. Some of these acids are Krebs Cycle intermediates. Their simultaneous formation in experiments simulating the primitive conditions on the earth suggests that metabolic pathways may have had their origin in prebiotic chemical processes.
Prenatal exposure to gamma/neutron irradiation: Sensorimotor alterations and paradoxical effects on learning
Di Cicco, D.; Antal, S.; Ammassari-Teule, M. )
The effects of prenatal exposure on gamma/neutron radiations (0.5 Gy at about the 18th day of fetal life) were studied in a hybrid strain of mice (DBA/Cne males x C57BL/Cne females). During ontogeny, measurements of sensorimotor reflexes revealed in prenatally irradiated mice (1) a delay in sensorial development, (2) deficits in tests involving body motor control, and (3) a reduction of both motility and locomotor activity scores. In adulthood, the behaviour of prenatally irradiated and control mice was examined in the open field test and in reactivity to novelty. Moreover, their learning performance was compared in several situations. The results show that, in the open field test, only rearings were more frequent in irradiated mice. In the presence of a novel object, significant sex x treatment interactions were observed since ambulation and leaning against the novel object increased in irradiated females but decreased in irradiated males. Finally, when submitted to different learning tasks, irradiated mice were impaired in the radial maze, but paradoxically exhibited higher avoidance scores than control mice, possibly because of their low pain thresholds. Taken together, these observations indicate that late prenatal gamma/neutron irradiation induces long lasting alterations at the sensorimotor level which, in turn, can influence learning abilities of adult mice.
Effects of gamma irradiation on microbial load and quality characteristics of veal
Rahimi, Ebrahim; Faghihi, Reza; Baradaran-Ghahfarokhi, Milad; Alavaian-Ghavanini, Ali; Baradaran-Ghahfarokhi, Hamid Reza; Siavashpour, Zahra; Farshadi, Afrouz; Rafie, Farzad
Background: Veal is a rich nutrient medium that provides a suitable environment for proliferation of veal spoiling microorganisms and common food-borne pathogens. In this study, the effects of irradiation on the veal microbiological quality and half life of minced beef during chilled storage was investigated. Materials and Methods: Twenty samples of minced veal were irradiated with doses of 2, 5, 7, and 10 kGy (Cobalt-60, gamma cell 220) and evaluated for their microbiological quality up to 10 days. Results: The results showed that gamma irradiation reduced the number of microorganisms in all the irradiated minced veal samples, with 2, 5, 7, and 10 kGy (P < 0.01). Moreover, the half life of the samples were increased considerably (P < 0.01). In addition, the results indicated that there was a significant difference in the number of coliformes between untreated and irradiated samples (P < 0.05). While, Staphylococcus aureus could not be detected in the irradiated samples with doses of 7 and 10 kGy. Conclusion: These results indicated that irradiation could be employed as an effective mean to inactivate common food-borne pathogens namely S. aureus and increases the half life of veal. PMID:23930256
Laboratory longevity and competitiveness of Dacus ciliatus Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae) following sub-sterilizing gamma irradiation.
Nemny-Lavy, E; Nestel, D; Rempoulakis, P
The effect of a sub-sterilizing gamma radiation dose on Dacus ciliatus adults was investigated to assess the suitability of the sterile insect technique (SIT) as an alternative method to control this pest. Late pupae (48 h prior to adult emergence) from a laboratory strain were irradiated with 120 Gy of gamma rays emitted by a 60Co source. Following adult emergence, the mortality of irradiated and non-irradiated cohorts was recorded. Over a period of 50 days after emergence, no significant negative effects of irradiation upon the longevity of male or female laboratory flies were observed. A laboratory competitiveness study (Fried test), using irradiated laboratory and wild males at a ratio of 3:1 was conducted to assess the ability of irradiated males to reduce the egg hatch rates of a wild population. The overall competitiveness was found to be ca. 0.32, suggesting a reduced, but satisfactory, quality of irradiated laboratory as compared with wild males. Based on the above findings, we calculated and proposed effective male release ratios for field application of SIT against D. ciliatus. PMID:26898660
Influence of gamma irradiation on conductivity of YBa2Cu3O7
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Manjunatha, H. C.
We report a study on influence of gamma irradiation on conductivity of YBa2Cu3O7. We have measured the mass attenuation coefficient, effective atomic number, electron density and electrical conductivity for various gamma sources of energy ranging from 0.084 MeV to 1.330 MeV (170Tm, 57Co, 141Ce, 203Hg, 51Cr, 113Sn, 22Na, 137Cs, 60Co, 22Na and 60Co). The measured values agree with the theoretical values. The values of these parameters have been found to change with energy and interaction of gamma. We find evidence for a variation of the electrical conductivity of YBa2Cu3O7 with the irradiated photon energy and this variation is shown in figures up to 105 MeV. The variations of effective atomic number and electron density with energy are shown graphically for all photon interactions. Conductivity found to vary with the energy of the irradiated gamma radiation and interaction process of gamma. This kind of studies is important in the field of superconductivity.
Phototherapeutic Effect of Low-Level Laser on Thyroid Gland of Gamma-Irradiated Rats.
Morcos, Nadia; Omran, Manar; Ghanem, Hala; Elahdal, Mahmoud; Kamel, Nashwa; Attia, Elbatoul
One inescapable feature of life on the earth is exposure to ionizing radiation. The thyroid gland is one of the most sensitive organs to gamma-radiation and endocrine disrupters. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been used to stimulate tissue repair, and reduce inflammation. The aim of this study was to gauge the value of using Helium-Neon laser to repair the damaged tissues of thyroid gland after gamma-irradiation. Albino rats were used in this study (144 rats), divided into control, gamma, laser, and gamma plus laser-irradiated groups, each group was divided into six subgroups according to time of treatment (total six sessions). Rats were irradiated once with gamma radiation (6 Gy), and an external dose of laser (Wavelength 632.8 nm, 12 mW, CW, Illuminated area 5.73 cm(2), 2.1 mW cm(-2) 120 s, 1.4 J, 0.252 J cm(-2)) twice weekly localized on thyroid region of the neck, for a total of six sessions. Animals were sacrificed after each session. Analysis included thyroid function, oxidative stress markers, liver function and blood picture. Results revealed improvement in thyroid function, liver function and antioxidant levels, and the blood cells count after LLLT. PMID:25975382
Evaluation of the efficiency and throughput of a gamma irradiator treating municipal sewage sludge.
Benny, P G; Shah, M R; Sabharwal, S
Sludge Hygienisation Research Irradiator (SHRI) Facility at Vadodara (India) has been disinfecting liquid sewage sludge with (60)Co gamma rays since 1992. At some point, the radiation process was modified from its originally designed closed-loop system to an open-loop system. Dosimetry experiments were performed to estimate absorbed doses to the sludge for different periods of irradiation of a 15m(3) batch in an open-loop irradiation process. The paper reports the dosimetry results and evaluated operational parameters of the irradiator, namely, effective dose rate in the open-loop system, irradiation efficiency, and throughput. Also, the open-loop system and the closed-loop system are compared in terms of the effective dose rate. PMID:21215648
Environmental application of gamma technology: Update on the Canadian sludge irradiator
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Swinwood, Jean F.; Fraser, Frank M.
Waste treatment and disposal technologies have recently been subjected to increasing public and regulatory scrutiny. Concern for the environment and a heightened awareness of potential health hazards that could result from insufficient or inappropriate waste handling methods have combined to push waste generators in their search for new treatment alternatives. Gamma technology can offer a new option for the treatment of potentially infectious wastes, including municipal sewage sludge. Sewage sludge contains beneficial plant nutrients and a high organic component that make it ideal as a soil conditioning agent or fertilizer bulking material. It also carries potentially infectious microorganisms which limit opportunities for beneficial recycling of sludges. Gamma irradiation-disinfection of these sludges offers a reliable, fast and efficient method for safe sludge recycling. Nordion International's Market Development Division was created in 1987 as part of a broad corporate reorganization. It was given an exclusive mandate to develop new applications of gamma irradiation technology and markets for these new applications. Nordion has since explored and developed opportunities in food irradiation, pharmaceutical/cosmetic products irradiation, biomedical waste sterilization, airline waste disinfection, and sludge disinfection for recycling. This paper focuses on the last of these -a proposed sludge recycling facility that incorporates a cobalt 60 sludge irradiator.
Effects of gamma-ray irradiation on leaching of simulated 133Cs+ radionuclides from geopolymer wasteforms
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Deng, Ning; An, Hao; Cui, Hao; Pan, Yang; Wang, Bing; Mao, Linqiang; Zhai, Jianping
Leaching of simulated 133Cs+ radionuclides from geopolymer wasteforms was examined with regard to effects from gamma-ray irradiation. Specifically, the compressive strengths, microstructures, pore structures, and leaching resistance of geopolymer wasteforms before and after irradiation were characterized. The leaching experiments were performed by immersion of wasteforms in deionized water, ground water, and seawater. It was found that gamma rays did not produce significant morphological changes, except for changes in the pore size distribution. The cumulative leaching fraction of all the leachants from the irradiated samples increased relative to the non-radiated samples, particularly during long leaching periods (11-42 days). These results, and those from a mercury intrusion porosimeter analysis, can be attributed to irradiation-induced changes in pore structure. All the leaching indexes were greater than the minimum acceptable value of 6.0 set by the American Nuclear Society Standards committee, which indicated that the fly-ash geopolymers are suitable for radionuclide immobilization. However, the effects of gamma-ray irradiation on the immobilization of radionuclides cannot be ignored.
Physicochemical, functional and pasting properties of flour produced from gamma irradiated tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ocloo, Fidelis C. K.; Okyere, Abenaa A.; Asare, Isaac K.
Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) has been recognised as one of the best nutritional crops that can be used to augment the Ghanaian diet. The application of gamma irradiation as means of preserving tiger nut could modify the characteristics of resultant flour. The purpose of this study was to determine the physicochemical, functional and pasting characteristics of flour from gamma irradiated tiger nut. The yellow and black types of tiger nut were sorted, washed and dried in an air-oven at 60 oC for 24 h. The dried tiger nut samples were irradiated at 0.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 kGy and then flours produced from them. Moisture, ash, pH, titratable acidity, water and oil absorption capacities, swelling power, solubility, bulk density and pasting properties of the flours were determined using appropriate analytical methods. Results showed that irradiation did not significantly (P>0.05) affect the moisture and ash contents of the resultant flours. Gamma irradiation significantly (P≤0.05) increased titratable acidity with concomitant decrease in pH of the flours. No significant differences were observed for water and oil absorption capacities, swelling power as well as bulk density. Solubility significantly (P≤0.05) increased generally with irradiation dose. Peak viscosity, viscosities at 92 °C and 55 °C, breakdown and setback viscosities decreased significantly with irradiation dose. Flour produced from irradiated tiger nut has a potential in complementary food formulations due to its low viscosity and increased solubility values.
Gamma-ray irradiation induced bulk photochromism in WO3-P2O5 glass
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shen, Wei; Baccaro, Stefania; Cemmi, Alessia; Xu, Xiaoqing; Chen, Guorong
In the present work, photochromism of WO3-P2O5 glass under gamma-ray irradiation was reported. As-prepared glass samples with different WO3 content are all optically transparent in the visible wavelength range thanks to the addition of a small amount of oxidizing couple Sb2O3-NaNO3. The photochromic properties are identified by transmission spectra of the glasses before and after irradiation. The results show that the irradiation induced darkening results from the reduction of W6+ to W5+ or W4+. The existence of WO6 clusters in glasses of high WO3 content is proved by XPS, which is the main reason for the obvious photochromic effects. The WO3-P2O5 glass is a promising candidate in gamma-ray sensitive detector.
Effect of gamma irradiation on antioxidant properties of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) fruit.
Kavitha, C; Kuna, Aparna; Supraja, T; Sagar, S Blessy; Padmavathi, T V N; Prabhakar, Neeraja
Effect of gamma irradiation (0.25 to 1.0kGy) on antioxidant properties of ber fruit was studied. Antioxidant properties of ber fruits were determined by Scavenging DPPH radical activity, reducing power assay, super oxide anion radical activity, TBARS, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. Gamma irradiation treatment up to 1.0kGy elevated the Scavenging DPPH radical activity (9 %), super oxide anion radical activity (26 %) and total flavonoid content (208 %) compared to fresh ber fruit. On the other hand it brought down the reducing power activity (65 %) and total phenolic content (18 %) as compared to raw fruit. The TBARS activity statistically increased upon irradiation of ber fruit. It indicated that total antioxidant activity decreased as TBARS value increased. Therefore 0.25 to 0.5kGy is better dose to retain the natural antioxidant in fruit. PMID:25892819
Quality characteristics of oil extracted from gamma irradiated peanut (Arachis hypogea L.)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Al-Bachir, Mahfouz
The effect of gamma radiation and storage on the characteristics of oil extracted from peanut seeds has been investigated in this study. Peanut seeds were undergone gamma irradiation process with the doses of 1, 2 and 3 kGy. The changes in chemical and physical attributes were observed immediately after irradiation and after 12 months of storage. The data obtained from the experiments showed that irradiation process had no effect on the chemical and physical qualities such as, fatty acid composition, peroxide value, iodine value specification number, TBA value and color of oil extracted from peanut seeds. On the contrary, the peroxide, acidity and TBA values of the peanut oil were decreased due to storage time.
[Effect of synthetic tripeptides on hemopoietic stem cells in norm and after gamma-irradiation].
Luzianina, A A; Goriacheva, A S; Semin, Iu A; Izmest'eva, O S; Deĭgin, V I; Saenko, A S; Zhavoronkov, L P
Our work was aimed at researching into the influence of dipeptide (gamma-dGlu-dTrp) "Timodepressin" and this dipeptide-based tripeptides on the colony-forming ability of the irradiated in vitro bone marrow and hemopoietic stem cells of the normal organism. Also studied was the effect of various doses (1-1000 microg/kg) of one oftripeptides (dAla-gammadGlu-dTrp) on the output of exogenous splenic colonies in the case of its introduction 48 hours before irradiation. It is shown that the mode of influence of the preparations produced on the basis ofdipeptides dGlu-dTrp and gamma-dGlu-dTrp on the initial stages ofa hemopoiesis in the normal and irradiated organism depends on the nature of the additional amino-acid residue and its optical orientation. PMID:22891548
Suitability of gamma irradiation for preserving fresh-cut watercress quality during cold storage.
Pinela, José; Barreira, João C M; Barros, Lillian; Verde, Sandra Cabo; Antonio, Amilcar L; Carvalho, Ana Maria; Oliveira, M Beatriz P P; Ferreira, Isabel C F R
The suitability of gamma irradiation (1, 2 and 5kGy) for preserving quality parameters of fresh-cut watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) during storage at 4±1°C for 7d was investigated. The storage time decreased the protein content and the main carbohydrates, and increased the levels of malic and fumaric acids, sucrose and mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA and PUFA). The different irradiation doses did not caused any significant colour change. In general, the 2kGy dose favoured PUFA and was the most suitable to preserve the overall postharvest quality of fresh-cut watercress during cold storage. In turn, the 5kGy dose better preserved the antioxidant activity and total flavonoids and favoured MUFA, tocopherols and total phenolics, thus originating a final product with enhanced functional properties. Therefore, the suitability of gamma irradiation for preserving fresh-cut watercress quality during cold storage was demonstrated. PMID:27041297
Major alteration of the pathological phenotype in gamma irradiated mdx soleus muscles
Weller, B.; Karpati, G.; Lehnert, S.; Carpenter, S. )
Two thousand rads of gamma irradiation delivered to the lower legs of ten day old normal and x-chromosome linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) mice caused significant inhibition of tibial bone and soleus muscle fiber growth. In the irradiated mdx solei, there was a major loss of muscle fibers, lack of central nucleation, and some endomysial fibrosis. These features were caused by a failure of regeneration of muscle fibers due to impaired proliferative capacity of satellite cells. Gamma irradiation transforms the late pathological phenotype of mdx muscles, so that in one major aspect (muscle fiber loss) they resemble muscles in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. However, extensive endomysial fibrosis which is another characteristic feature of Duchenne muscular dystrophy did not develop. This experimental model could be useful for the functional investigation of possible beneficial effects of therapeutic interventions in mdx dystrophy.
Gamma-irradiation depletes endogenous germ cells and increases donor cell distribution in chimeric chickens.
Park, Kyung Je; Kang, Seok Jin; Kim, Tae Min; Lee, Young Mok; Lee, Hyung Chul; Song, Gwonhwa; Han, Jae Yong
The production of chimeric birds is an important tool for the investigation of vertebrate development, the conservation of endangered birds, and the development of various biotechnological applications. This study examined whether gamma (γ)-irradiation depletes endogenous primordial germ cells and enhances the efficiency of somatic chimerism in chickens. An optimal irradiation protocol for stage X embryos was determined after irradiation at various doses (0, 100, 300, 500, 600, 700, and 2,000 rad). Exposure to 500 rad of γ-irradiation for 73 s significantly decreased the number of primordial germ cells (P < 0.0001). Somatic chimera hatchlings were then produced by transferring blastodermal cells from a Korean Oge into either an irradiated (at 500 rad) or intact stage X White Leghorn embryo. An analysis of feather color pattern and polymerase chain reaction-based species-specific amplification of various tissues of the hatchlings confirmed chimerism in most organs of the chick produced from the irradiated recipient; a lesser degree of chimerism was observed in the non-irradiated control recipient. In conclusion, the exposure of chick embryos to an optimized dose of γ-irradiation effectively depleted germ cells and yielded greater somatic chimerism than non-irradiated control embryos. This technique can be applied to interspecies reproduction or the production of transgenic birds. PMID:21057980
Incidence and nature of tumors induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by gamma-irradiation
Gross, L.; Dreyfuss, Y.; Faraggiana, T.
In our previous studies carried out on inbred rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain, the tumor incidence was increased following irradiation (150 rads, 5 times, at weekly intervals), from 22 to 93% in females and from 5 to 59% in males. Experiments here reported suggest that 2 consecutive total-body gamma-irradiations of 150 rads each are sufficient to induce in rats the development of tumors, some malignant; 18 of 19 females (94.7%) developed tumors at an average age of 11.4 mo, and seven of the 14 males in this group (50%) developed tumors at an average age of 10.4 mo. In the second group, which received 3 consecutive gamma-irradiations, 20 of 23 females (86.9%) and 5 of 13 males (38.4%) developed tumors at average ages of 9.1 and 7.5 mo, respectively. In the third group, among rats which received 4 consecutive gamma-irradiations, 17 of 19 females (89.4%) and 4 of 12 males (33.3%) developed tumors at average ages of 9.4 and 10.5 mo, respectively. The etiology of tumors either developing spontaneously or induced by irradiation in rats remains to be clarified. Our attempts to detect virus particles by electron microscopy in such tumors or lymphomas have not been successful. As a working hypothesis, we are tempted to theorize that tumors or lymphomas developing spontaneously or induced by gamma irradiation in rats are caused by latent viral agents which are integrated into the cell genome and are cell associated, i.e., not separable from the rat tumor cells by conventional methods thus far used.
Preservative solution for gamma irradiated chrysanthemum cut flowers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kikuchi, Olivia Kimiko; Del Mastro, Nelida Lucia; Wiendl, Frederico Maximiliano
Yellow mini-chrysanthemums were irradiated in a Cobalt-60 Gammacell at the dose of 900 Gy (467 Gy/h) one day after harvest. Samples of 50 flowers, parcially opened buds were used to estimate the flower viability. Aluminum sulfate and 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate were used as two preservative solutions aiming to protect the cut flowers. Our results indicated that the stem immersion in the preservative solutions before and after the irradiation treatment was an efficient procedure, stimulating the flowers development and maintaining the vase-life almost as long as the controls. The present work concludes that it would be possible to use preservative solutions to minimize the damaging effects of the ionizing radiation on chysanthemum cut flowers, maintaining at the same time the disinfestation action of radiation processing.
EPR investigations of gamma-irradiated ground black pepper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Polovka, Martin; Brezová, Vlasta; Staško, Andrej; Mazúr, Milan; Suhaj, Milan; Šimko, Peter
The γ-radiation treatment of ground black pepper samples resulted in the production of three paramagnetic species ( GI- GIII) which arise from a different origin and have different thermal behavior and stability. The axially symmetric spectra can be characterized by the spin Hamiltonian parameters: GI ( g⊥=2.0060, g∥=2.0032; A⊥=0.85 mT, A∥=0.70 mT) and GII ( g⊥=2.0060, g∥=2.0050; A⊥=0.50 mT, A∥=0.40 mT) assigned to carbohydrate radical structures. The parameters of EPR signal GIII ( g⊥=2.0029, g∥=2.0014; A⊥=3.00 mT, A∥=1.80 mT) possessed features characteristic of cellulose radical species. The activation energies, evaluated by Arrhenius analysis, are in order Ea( GI)< Ea( GIII)< Ea( GII). The EPR measurements performed 20 weeks after radiation process confirmed that a temperature increase from 298 to 353 K, caused a significant decrease of integral EPR signal intensity for γ-irradiated samples (˜40%), compared to the reference (non-irradiated) ground black pepper, where a decrease of ˜13% was found. The influence of γ-radiation treatment on the radical-scavenging activities of aqueous and ethanol extracts of black pepper were investigated by both an EPR spin trapping technique and DPPH assay. No changes were detected in either the water or ethanol extracts for a γ-irradiation dose of 10 kGy.
Wood-Polymer composites obtained by gamma irradiation
Gago, J.; Lopez, A.; Rodriguez, J.; Santiago, J.; Acevedo, M.
In this work we impregnate three Peruvian woods (Calycophy spruceanum Be, Aniba amazonica Meiz and Hura crepitans L) with styrene-polyester resin and methyl methacrylate. The polymerization of the system was promoted by gamma radiation and the experimental optimal condition was obtained with styrene-polyester 1:1 and 15 kGy. The obtained composites show reduced water absorption and better mechanical properties compared to the original wood. The structure of the wood-polymer composites was studied by light microscopy. Water absorption and hardness were also obtained.
The contract facilities for gamma irradiation at Dagneux, France
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pellerin, D.; Kavanagh, M. T.
CONSERVATOME SA have operated a facility at DAGNEUX near LYON, France since 1961. This operation is among the very first of its kind in the entire world. The process is based on gamma rays from Cobalt 60 of which there are three separate units. In addition there is a small experimental unit using Cesium 137. At present CONSERVATOME is owned by TRANSNUCLEAIRE and EPICEA as principal shareholders and so has the support of the French Atomic Energy Commission. This paper describes the larger D3 unit and reviews some of the products treated at DAGNEUX.
Antibacterial activity of starch/acrylamide/allyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide copolymers synthesized by gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Song, Weiqiang; Guo, Zhengchao; Zhang, Linqi; Zheng, Hongjuan; Zhao, Zhiwei
Starch/acrylamide/allyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide (St/AM/TP) copolymers were synthesized by simultaneous gamma irradiation and characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR techniques, weight measurement and titration method. Moreover, their antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus were explored by the viable cell counting method in sterile distilled water. At St/AM/TP 6:8.4:5.6 g, copolymers with higher graft ratio (G) and higher (AM+TP) graft efficiency (EAM+TP) were obtained at 3 and 6 kGy, while cationic degree (CD) and TP graft efficiency (ETP) continuously increased with absorbed dose from 1 to 6 kGy. All of the copolymers were capable of killing >99.75% of 107 CFU/ml S. aureus within 30 mins. Moreover, at 3 kGy, G, EAM+TP and ETP increased with AM/TP from 0:14 to 11.2:2.8 g at St/(AM+TP) 6:14 g, while the optimum CD and antibacterial activity were achieved at AM/TP 7:7 and 8.4:5.6 g. In addition, at 3 kGy, G, EAM+TP and CD increased with St/(AM+TP) from 6:3 to 6:18 g at AM/TP 8.4:5.6 g, while the optimum antibacterial activity was achieved at 6:10 to 6:18 g, and the optimum ETP was achieved at 6:14.
Effects of gamma irradiation on physicochemical properties, antioxidant and microbial activities of sour cherry juice
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Arjeh, Edris; Barzegar, Mohsen; Ali Sahari, Mohammad
Recently, due to the beneficial effects of bioactive compounds, demand for minimally processed fruits and fruit juices has increased rapidly in the world. In this study, sour cherry juice (SCJ) was exposed to gamma irradiation at 0.0, 0.5, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 kGy and then stored at 4 °C for 60 days. Total soluble solids (TSS), total acidity (TA), color, total phenolic content (TPC), total monomeric anthocyanin content (TMC), antioxidant activity, organic acid profile, and microbial analysis were evaluated at regular intervals during the storage. Results indicated that irradiation did not have any significant effect on TSS, while level of TA increased significantly at the dose of 6 kGy (p<0.05). Furthermore, irradiation treatment and storage time led to a significant increase in L* and b* values and a decrease in a* values. Total monomeric anthocyanin content of the irradiated SCJ was lower than that of the non-irradiated one (24% at 3.0 kGy) and also changed toward a more negative direction during the storage (63% at 3.0 kGy for 60 days). There was a significant decrease in the antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assay) in both irradiated and stored SCJs. After irradiation (0-6 kGy), the results showed that the concentration of malic and oxalic acid significantly increased; but, the concentration of ascorbic, citric, fumaric, and succinic acids significantly decreased. Gamma irradiation with doses of ≥3 kGy resulted in overall reduction in microbial loads. Based on the results obtained from the changes of physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, and microbial analysis, irradiation of SCJ at doses of higher than 3.0 kGy is not recommended.
Enhancement of band gap and photoconductivity in gamma indium selenide due to swift heavy ion irradiation
Sreekumar, R.; Jayakrishnan, R.; Sudha Kartha, C.; Vijayakumar, K. P.; Khan, S. A.; Avasthi, D. K.
{gamma}-In{sub 2}Se{sub 3} thin films prepared at different annealing temperatures ranging from 100 to 400 deg. C were irradiated using 90 MeV Si ions with a fluence of 2x10{sup 13} ions/cm{sup 2}. X-ray diffraction analysis proved that there is no considerable variation in structural properties of the films due to the swift heavy ion irradiation. However, photosensitivity and sheet resistance of the samples increased due to irradiation. It was observed that the sample, which had negative photoconductivity, exhibited positive photoconductivity, after irradiation. The negative photoconductivity was due to the combined effect of trapping of photoexcited electrons, at traps 1.42 and 1.26 eV, above the valence band along with destruction of the minority carriers, created during illumination, through recombination. Photoluminescence study revealed that the emission was due to the transition to a recombination center, which was 180 meV above the valence band. Optical absorption study proved that the defects present at 1.42 and 1.26 eV were annealed out by the ion beam irradiation. This allowed photoexcited carriers to reach conduction band, which resulted in positive photoconductivity. Optical absorption study also revealed that the band gap of the material could be increased by ion beam irradiation. The sample prepared at 400 deg. C had a band gap of 2 eV and this increased to 2.8 eV, after irradiation. The increase in optical band gap was attributed to the annihilation of localized defect bands, near the conduction and valence band edges, on irradiation. Thus, by ion beam irradiation, one could enhance photosensitivity as well as the optical band gap of {gamma}-In{sub 2}Se{sub 3}, making the material suitable for applications such as window layer in solar cells.
Gamma irradiation: a method to produce an abiotic control for biological activated carbon.
Stoquart, C; Vázquez-Rodríguez, G A; Servais, P; Barbeau, B
The aim of this paper was to investigate the feasibility of using gamma irradiation to inhibit the microbial activity of biological powder activated carbon (PAC) without impacting its adsorptive properties. First of all, the range of dose of gamma rays required to produce abiotic PAC was selected on the basis of heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) inactivation and methylene blue (MB) adsorption kinetics. Doses inferior to 10 kGy were not sufficient to inhibit the culture of heterotrophic bacteria. On the other hand, doses superior to 15 kGy were demonstrated to affect the adsorption rate of MB. Consequently, a dose comprised between 10 and 15 kGy was selected for further investigation. In order to validate the adequacy of the range of dose (i.e. 10-15 kGy), adsorption characteristics were tested by monitoring the removal kinetics of refractory dissolved organic carbon (RDOC). No significant differences were observed between irradiated and non-irradiated biological PAC for the adsorption of RDOC. Irradiated, non-irradiated and virgin PAC were also evaluated in terms of abundance of viable (using the LIVE/DEAD BacLight method) bacteria and in terms of heterotrophic biomass activity. The results of the BacLight method demonstrated that attachment of the biofilm on the PAC was not impacted by the irradiation and heterotrophic activity measurements demonstrated that the latter could be radically reduced in the range of dose selected. In conclusion, when using a proper dose, the gamma irradiation of colonized activated carbon drastically reduced the heterotrophic activity on activated carbon without significantly impacting its adsorptive behaviour. PMID:24617066
The role of gamma irradiation on the extraction of phenolic compounds in onion (Allium cepa L.)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yang, Eun In; Lee, Eun Mi; Kim, Young Soo; Chung, Byung Yeoup
The effect of gamma irradiation on the content of total phenolic compounds, especially quercetin (Q), in onion (Allium cepa L.) skin was investigated. Onion skin extracts contained two predominant flavonoid compounds, Q and quercetin-4'-glucoside (Q4'G). After 10 kGy gamma irradiation, the yield of Q in the extracts increased significantly from 36.8 to 153.9 μg/ml of the extract, and the Q4'G content decreased slightly from 165.0 to 134.1 μg/ml. In addition, the total phenolic compound content also increased after irradiation at 10 kGy, from 228.0 μg/g of fresh weight to 346.6 μg/g; negligible changes (237.1-256.7 μg/g) occurred at doses of up to 5 kGy. As we expected, radical-scavenging activity was enhanced remarkably (by 88.8%) in the 10 kGy irradiated sample. A dose-dependent increase in the peak intensity of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra was observed in all irradiated samples, with a maximum increase at 10 kGy. The intensity relative to that of the control was 0.15, and it increased to 1.10 in 10 kGy irradiated samples. The optimum gamma irradiation dose, which is sufficient to break the chemical or physical bonds and release soluble phenols of low molecular weight in onion skin, is about 10 kGy.
Gamma irradiation of the fetus damages the developing hemopoietic microenvironment rather than the hemopoietic progenitor cells
Yang, F.T.; Lord, B.I.; Hendry, J.H.
Hemopoiesis is the product of two components: the hemopoietic tissue and the regulatory stromal microenvironment in which it resides. Plutonium-239, incorporated during fetal development in mice, is known to cause deficient hemopoiesis. A predetermined equivalent {gamma}-ray dose has now been used in combination with cross-transplantation experiments to separate these two components and define where the damage arises. It was confirmed that 1.8 Gy {gamma} irradiation at midterm gestation caused a 40% reduction in the hemopoietic stem (spleen colony-forming) cell population of their offspring which persisted to at least 24 weeks of age. Spleen colony formation after sublethal doses of {gamma} rays reflected this reduced complement of endogenous stem cells. The regulatory hemopoietic microenvironment, measured as fibroblastoid colony-forming cells, was similarly depleted. Normal growth of the CFU-S population after transplantation into standard recipients showed that the quality of the stem cell population in the offspring of irradiated mothers was not affected. By contrast, when used as recipients of a bone marrow transplant from either normal or irradiated offspring, the offspring of irradiated mothers were unable to support normal growth: there was a twofold difference in the number of CFU-S per femur for at least 100 days after transplantation. There were 70% fewer CFU-F in the femur 1 month after bone marrow transplantation when the offspring of irradiated mothers were used as transplant recipients compared to when normal offspring were used. This not only confirmed their reduced capacity to host normal stem cells but also indicated that CFU-F in the transplant were unable to compensate for the poor microenvironment in the irradiated offspring hosts. It is concluded that irradiation at midterm gestation damages the developing regulatory microenvironment but not the hemopoietic stem cell population that it hosts. 12 refs., 1 fig., 4 tabs.
Pretreatment with low-dose gamma irradiation enhances tolerance to the stress of cadmium and lead in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings.
Qi, Wencai; Zhang, Liang; Wang, Lin; Xu, Hangbo; Jin, Qingsheng; Jiao, Zhen
Heavy metals are important environmental pollutants with negative impact on plant growth and development. To investigate the physiological and molecular mechanisms of heavy metal stress mitigated by low-dose gamma irradiation, the dry seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana were exposed to a Cobalt-60 gamma source at doses ranging from 25 to 150Gy before being subjected to 75µM CdCl2 or 500µM Pb(NO3)2. Then, the growth parameters, and physiological and molecular changes were determined in response to gamma irradiation. Our results showed that 50-Gy gamma irradiation gave maximal beneficial effects on the germination index and root length in response to cadmium/lead stress in Arabidopsis seedlings. The hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde contents in seedlings irradiated with 50-Gy gamma rays under stress were significantly lower than those of controls. The antioxidant enzyme activities and proline levels in the irradiated seedlings were significantly increased compared with the controls. Furthermore, a transcriptional expression analysis of selected genes revealed that some components of heavy metal detoxification were stimulated by low-dose gamma irradiation under cadmium/lead stress. Our results suggest that low-dose gamma irradiation alleviates heavy metal stress, probably by modulating the physiological responses and gene expression levels related to heavy metal resistance in Arabidopsis seedlings. PMID:25723134
Feasibility of Using Gamma Irradiation for Inactivation of Starvation-, Heat-, and Cold-Stressed Salmonella in Tahini.
Osaili, Tareq M; Al-Nabulsi, Anas A; Abubakar, Salisu A; Alaboudi, Akram R; Al-Holy, Murad A
Salmonella continues to be the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and recently has been involved in infections related to edible seeds and their products, including tahini. This study investigated the (i) effectiveness of using gamma irradiation to inactivate starvation- and heat- or cold-stressed Salmonella in tahini, (ii) effect of storage on the sensitivity of stressed Salmonella to irradiation, and (iii) effect of irradiation on the chemical and physical characteristics of tahini. Tahini samples were inoculated with a cocktail of unstressed or stressed (starvation and heat or cold stress) Salmonella isolates and then exposed after storage at 21°C for 0, 7, and 30 days to gamma irradiation for up to 2.0 kGy. Additionally, the effect of irradiation on the color, peroxide, p-anisidine, and acid values of tahini were assessed. The initial level of unstressed and starvation- and heat-stressed Salmonella in tahini decreased by ca. 4.6 log CFU/g after exposure to 2.0 kGy, while cold-stressed cultures decreased by 4.5 log after exposure to 0.6 kGy. Irradiation doses of 1.0 kGy after 7 days of storage or 0.75 kGy after 30 days of storage decreased the populations of the unstressed and starvation- and heatstressed Salmonella by ca. 3.4 or 2.6 log, respectively. The D10-value of the unstressed Salmonella was 0.43 kGy. Starvation and heat stresses showed no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the calculated D10-value, whereas cold stress significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the D10-value to 0.14 kGy. Preirradiation storage for 7 and 30 days significantly decreased the D10-value to 0.31 and 0.28 kGy, respectively. An irradiation dose of 2.0 kGy did not significantly affect the color, peroxide, p-anisidine, and acid values of tahini when compared with nonirradiated samples. Therefore, this study lays the foundation for using irradiation as an effective means for minimizing the risk of Salmonella in tahini without compromising its quality. PMID:27296600
Response of thyroid follicular cells to gamma irradiation compared to proton irradiation: II. The role of connexin 32
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Green, L. M.; Tran, D. T.; Murray, D. K.; Rightnar, S. S.; Todd, S.; Nelson, G. A.
The objective of this study was to determine whether connexin 32-type gap junctions contribute to the "contact effect" in follicular thyrocytes and whether the response is influenced by radiation quality. Our previous studies demonstrated that early-passage follicular cultures of Fischer rat thyroid cells express functional connexin 32 gap junctions, with later-passage cultures expressing a truncated nonfunctional form of the protein. This model allowed us to assess the role of connexin 32 in radiation responsiveness without relying solely on chemical manipulation of gap junctions. The survival curves generated after gamma irradiation revealed that early-passage follicular cultures had significantly lower values of alpha (0.04 Gy(-1)) than later-passage cultures (0.11 Gy(-1)) (P < 0.0001, n = 12). As an additional way to determine whether connexin 32 was contributing to the difference in survival, cultures were treated with heptanol, resulting in higher alpha values, with early-passage cultures (0.10 Gy(-1)) nearly equivalent to untreated late-passage cultures (0.11 Gy(-1)) (P > 0.1, n = 9). This strongly suggests that the presence of functional connexin 32-type gap junctions was contributing to radiation resistance in gamma-irradiated thyroid follicles. Survival curves from proton-irradiated cultures had alpha values that were not significantly different whether cells expressed functional connexin 32 (0.10 Gy(-1)), did not express connexin 32 (0.09 Gy(-1)), or were down-regulated (early-passage plus heptanol, 0.09 Gy(-1); late-passage plus heptanol, 0.12 Gy(-1)) (P > 0.1, n = 19). Thus, for proton irradiation, the presence of connexin 32-type gap junctional channels did not influence their radiosensitivity. Collectively, the data support the following conclusions. (1) The lower alpha values from the gamma-ray survival curves of the early-passage cultures suggest greater repair efficiency and/or enhanced resistance to radiation-induced damage, coincident with the
Quality of gamma ray-irradiated iceberg lettuce and treatments to minimize irradiation-induced disorders
Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN)
Irradiation of Iceberg lettuce was recently approved by the FDA to enhance microbial safety and to extend shelf-life at doses up to 4 kGy. However, the radiation tolerance of whole head lettuce is unclear. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of irradiation on the quality of he...
Inhibitory effect of gamma irradiation and its application for control of postharvest green mold decay of Satsuma mandarins.
Jeong, Rae-Dong; Chu, Eun-Hee; Lee, Gun Woong; Cho, Chuloh; Park, Hae-Jun
Gamma irradiation has been shown to be effective for the control of postharvest fungi in vitro, but little is known regarding antifungal action, responses to gamma irradiation, and its application to fresh produce. Gamma irradiation was evaluated for its in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity against Penicillium digitatum on Satsuma mandarin fruits. Green mold was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Gamma irradiation showed a complete inhibition of spore germination, germ tube elongation, and mycelial growth of P. digitatum, particularly at 1.0kGy. To further investigate the mechanisms by which gamma irradiation inhibits fungal growth, the membrane integrity and cellular leakage of conidia were tested, indicating that gamma irradiation results in the loss of plasma membrane integrity, causing the release of intracellular contents such as soluble proteins. In vivo assays demonstrated that established doses can completely inhibit the growth of fungal pathogens, but such high doses cause severe fruit damage. Thus, to eliminate the negative impact on fruit quality, gamma irradiation at lower doses was evaluated for inhibition of P. digitatum, in combination with a chlorine donor, sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione (NaDCC). Interestingly, only a combined treatment with 0.4kGy of gamma irradiation and 10ppm of NaDCC exhibited significant synergistic antifungal activity against green mold decay. The mechanisms by which the combined treatment decreased the green mold decay of mandarin fruits can be directly associated with the disruption of cell membrane of the fungal pathogen, which resulted in a loss of cytoplasmic material from the hyphae. These findings suggest that a synergistic effect of combining treatment with gamma irradiation with NaDCC has potential as an antifungal approach to reduce the severity of green mold in mandarin fruits. PMID:27356109
Disorder in KHCO3 as studied by EPR and DTA in Cu2+ doped and gamma-irradiated single crystals
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Koksal, F.; Karabulut, B.; Demir, D.; Icbudak, H.; Koseoglu, R.
Kalicinite (KHCO3) single crystals were investigated by the electron paramagnetric resonance (EPR) technique in their Cu2+ doped and gamma- irradiated states. It is observed that the behavior of the spectrum is the same at ambient and low temperatures down to 113 K in consistence with the monoclinic symmetry of the crystal. However, when the temperature is increased to 313 K, only one site signals were observed at all orientations of the magnetic field for the Cu2+ doped samples as the site splitted signals overlap at this temperature. Furthermore, for the gamma-irradiated crystals, two sites were observed for the induced H(C)over dot O-3 and (C)over dot O-2(-) radicals at ambient temperature for an arbitrary orientation of the magnetic field. However, when the temperature is increased to 348 K, the signals due to the H(C)over dot O-3 radical overlap indicating only one site, but the signals due to (C)over dot O-2(-) the radical do not and continue to indicate the presence of the two sites. Therefore, we conclude that this one site transition at 313 K is due to the disordering of the proton vacancies, as the charge compensation of Cu2+ is fulfilled by K+ and proton holes. This indicates that the proton vacancies come to disorder at 313 K and the protons get disordered at 348 K. The differential thermal analysis results show two small endothermic peaks for the Cu2+ doped and gamma-irradiated samples at 313 and 348 K that were attributed to the disorder of the proton vacancies and protons, in consistency with the EPR results.
Gamma irradiation of peanut kernel to control mold growth and to diminish aflatoxin contamination
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Y.-Y. Chiou, R.
Peanut kernel inoculated with Aspergillus parasiticus conidia were gamma irradiated with 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 kGy using Co60. Levels higher than 2.5 kGy were effective in retarding the outgrowth of A. parasiticus and reducing the population of natural mold contaminants. However, complete elimination of these molds was not achieved even at the dose of 10 kGy. After 4 wk incubation of the inoculated kernels in a humidified condition, aflatoxins produced by the surviving A. parasiticus were 69.12, 2.42, 57.36 and 22.28 μ/g, corresponding to the original irradiation levels. Peroxide content of peanut oils prepared from the irradiated peanuts increased with increased irradiation dosage. After storage, at each irradiation level, peroxide content in peanuts stored at -14°C was lower than that in peanuts stored at an ambient temperature. TBA values and CDHP contents of the oil increased with increased irradiation dosage and changed slightly after storage. However, fatty acid contents of the peanut oil varied in a limited range as affected by the irradiation dosage and storage temperature. The SDS-PAGE protein pattern of peanuts revealed no noticeable variation of protein subunits resulting from irradiation and storage.
Combined effects of gamma-irradiation and modified atmosphere packaging on quality of some spices.
Kirkin, Celale; Mitrevski, Blagoj; Gunes, Gurbuz; Marriott, Philip J
Thyme (Thymus vidgaris L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) in ground form were packaged in either air or 100% N2 and γ-irradiated at 3 different irradiation levels (7kGy, 12kGy, 17kGy). Total viable bacterial count, yeast and mould count, colour, essential oil yield and essential oil composition were determined. Microbial load was not detectable after 12kGy irradiation of all samples. Irradiation resulted in significant changes in colour values of rosemary and black pepper. The discolouration of the irradiated black pepper was lower in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) compared to air packaging. Essential oil yield of irradiated black pepper and cumin was lower in air packaging compared to MAP. Gamma-irradiation generally decreased monoterpenes and increased oxygenated compounds, but the effect was lower in MAP. Overall, spices should be irradiated under an O2-free atmosphere to minimise quality deterioration. PMID:24518340
Effect of gamma irradiation on the antimicrobial and free radical scavenging activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra root
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fatima Khattak, Khanzadi; James Simpson, Thomas
The efficacy of gamma irradiation as a method of decontamination for food and herbal materials is well established. In the present study, Glycyrrhiza glabra roots were irradiated at doses 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 kGy in a cobalt-60 irradiator. The irradiated and un-irradiated control samples were evaluated for phenolic contents, antimicrobial activities and DPPH scavenging properties. The result of the present study showed that radiation treatment up to 20 kGy does not affect the antifungal and antibacterial activity of the plant. While sample irradiated at 25 kGy does showed changes in the antibacterial activity against some selected pathogens. No significant differences in the phenolic contents were observed for control and samples irradiated at 5, 10 and 15 kGy radiation doses. However, phenolic contents increased in samples treated with 20 and 25 kGy doses. The DPPH scavenging activity significantly ( p<0.05) increased in all irradiated samples of the plant.
EPR investigation of gamma irradiated single crystal guaifenesin: A combined experimental and computational study
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tasdemir, Halil Ugur; Sayin, Ulku; Türkkan, Ercan; Ozmen, Ayhan
Gamma irradiated single crystal of Guaifenesin (Glyceryl Guaiacolate), an important expectorant drug, were investigated with Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy between 123 and 333 K temperature at different orientations in the magnetic field. Considering the chemical structure and the experimental spectra of the gamma irradiated single crystal of guaifenesin sample, we assumed that alkoxy or alkyl-type paramagnetic species may be produced by irradiation. Depending on this assumption, eight possible alkoxy and alkyl-type radicals were modeled and EPR parameters of these modeled radicals were calculated using the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)-level of density functional theory (DFT). Theoretically calculated values of alkyl-type modeled radical(R3) are in good agreement with experimentally determined EPR parameters of single crystal. Furthermore, simulation spectra which are obtained by using the theoretical initial values are well matched with the experimental spectra. It was determined that a stable Cα •H2αCβHβCγH2γ (R3) alkyl radical was produced in the host crystal as a result of gamma irradiation.
Effect of gamma irradiation on the strength of Climax stock quartz monzonite
Durham, W.B.
A laboratory study was made of the effects of a massive dose of {gamma} irradiation upon the mechanical properties of Climax stock quartz monzonite. Twenty-nine cylinders of rocks were tested using the Brazilian method and 26 strain gauged cylinders were tested to failure in uniaxial compression. One-half the cylinders in each group were subjected to a {gamma} ray dose of 13.2 MGy (1.32 x 10{sup 9} rads), or six times the maximum five-year dose to rock at the Spent Fuel Test-Climax, Nevada Test Site. The irradiation treatment lowered the ultimate compressional strength and lowered Young`s modulus under uniaxial loads greater than 20 MPa. The treatment did not measurable affect the elastic behavior of the rock in compression, nor did it affect the Brazilian tensile strength. These trends suggest that the {gamma} irradiation lowered the threshold stress at which microfractures begin to form. The irradiation has apparently not directly induced microfracturing in the rock, so a direct degrading effect on thermal and fluid transport properties is not expected.
Effect of gamma irradiation on hyperthermal composting microorganisms for feasible application in space
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yoon, Minchul; Choi, Jong-il; Yamashita, Masamichi
The composting system is the most efficient method for processing organic waste in space; however, the composting activity of microorganisms can be altered by cosmic rays. In this study, the effect of ionizing irradiation on composting bacteria was investigated. Sequence analyses of amplified 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and amoA genes were used to identify hyperthermal composting microorganisms. The viability of microorganisms in compost soil after gamma irradiation was directly determined using LIVE/DEAD BacLight viability kit. The dominant bacterial genera were Weissella cibaria and Leuconostoc sp., and the fungal genera were Metschnikowia bicuspidata and Pichia guilliermondii. Gamma irradiation up to a dose of 10 kGy did not significantly alter the microbial population. Furthermore, amylase and cellulase activities were maintained after high-dose gamma irradiation. Our results show that hyperthermal microorganisms can be used to recycle agricultural and fermented material in space stations and other human-inhabiting facilities on the Moon, Mars, and other planets.
Microstructural evolution and micromechanical properties of gamma-irradiated Au ball bonds
Yusoff, Wan Yusmawati Wan; Ismail, Roslina; Jalar, Azman; Othman, Norinsan Kamil; Abdul Rahman, Irman
The effect of gamma radiation on the mechanical and structural properties of gold ball bonds was investigated. Gold wires from thermosonic wire bonding were exposed to gamma rays from a Cobalt-60 source at a low dose (5 Gy). The load–depth curve of nanoindentation for the irradiated gold wire bond has an apparent staircase shape during loading compared to the as-received sample. The hardness of the specimens calculated from the nanoindentation shows an increase in value from 0.91 to 1.09 GPa for specimens after exposure. The reduced elastic modulus for irradiated specimens significantly increased as well, with values from 75.18 to 98.55 GPa. The change in intrinsic properties due to gamma radiation was investigated using dual-focused ion beam and high-resolution transmission electron microscope analysis. The dual-focused ion beam and high-resolution transmission electron microscope images confirmed the changes in grain structure and the presence of dislocations. The scanning electron microscope micrographs of focused ion beam cross sections showed that the grain structure of the gold became elongated and smaller after exposure to gamma rays. Meanwhile, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy provided evidence that gamma radiation induced dislocation of the atomic arrangement. - Highlights: • Nanoindentation technique provides a detailed characterisation of Au ball bond. • P–h curve of irradiated Au ball bond shows an apparent pop-in event. • Hardness and reduced modulus increased after exposure. • Elongated and smaller grain structure in irradiated specimens • Prevalent presence of dislocations in the atomic arrangement.
Defect formation of gamma irradiated MoO3-doped borophosphate glasses.
Abdelghany, A M; Ouis, M A; Azooz, M A; Ellbatal, H A
Borophosphate glasses of the basic composition (50P2O5, 30B2O3, 20Na2O mol%) containing different doping molybdenum oxide percents (0.16-0.98) were prepared by melting and annealing method. Infrared and UV-visible absorption spectroscopic measurements before and after gamma irradiation were carried out. The base undoped borophosphate glass reveals strong UV absorption bands but with no visible bands and these UV bands are related to unavoidable trace iron impurities contaminated within the raw materials used for the preparation of this glass. The introduction of MoO3 (in doping ratio) into this glass produces an additional UV band and a broad visible band and their intensities increase with the MoO3 content. These additional bands are related to both Mo(6+) and Mo(5+) ions. The base undoped borophosphate glass shows retardation effect towards gamma irradiation. Gamma irradiation produces marked changes in the UV-visible spectra of Mo-O3-doped glasses. Such changes can be related to the production of induced defects from photochemical reactions and the generation of positive holes. Infrared absorption spectrum of the undoped borophosphate glass reveals complex vibrational bands due to the presence of both phosphate groups beside borate groups with triangular and tetrahedrally coordinated units. The introduction of MoO3 causes some limited variations in the FTIR spectra. Gamma irradiation produces minor changes in the intensities of some IR bands. Such changes are related to the changes in the bond angles and/or bond lengths of few structural groups upon irradiation while the main structural groups remain unchanged in their number and position. PMID:23800775
Microbial analysis and survey test of gamma-irradiated freeze-dried fruits for patient's food
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Park, Jae-Nam; Sung, Nak-Yun; Byun, Eui-Hong; Byun, Eui-Baek; Song, Beom-Seok; Kim, Jae-Hun; Lee, Kyung-A.; Son, Eun-Joo; Lyu, Eun-Soon
This study examined the microbiological and organoleptic qualities of gamma-irradiated freeze-dried apples, pears, strawberries, pineapples, and grapes, and evaluated the organoleptic acceptability of the sterilized freeze-dried fruits for hospitalized patients. The freeze-dried fruits were gamma-irradiated at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 12, and 15 kGy, and their quality was evaluated. Microorganisms were not detected in apples after 1 kGy, in strawberries and pears after 4 kGy, in pineapples after 5 kGy, and in grapes after 12 kGy of gamma irradiation. The overall acceptance score, of the irradiated freeze-dried fruits on a 7-point scale at the sterilization doses was 5.5, 4.2, 4.0, 4.1, and 5.1 points for apples, strawberries, pears, pineapples, and grapes, respectively. The sensory survey of the hospitalized cancer patients (N=102) resulted in scores of 3.8, 3.7, 3.9, 3.9, and 3.7 on a 5-point scale for the gamma-irradiated freeze-dried apples, strawberries, pears, pineapples, and grapes, respectively. The results suggest that freeze-dried fruits can be sterilized with a dose of 5 kGy, except for grapes, which require a dose of 12 kGy, and that the organoleptic quality of the fruits is acceptable to immuno-compromised patients. However, to clarify the microbiological quality and safety of freeze-dried fruits should be verified by plating for both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms.
Stimulatory Effects of Gamma Irradiation on Phytochemical Properties, Mitotic Behaviour, and Nutritional Composition of Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.)
Mat Taha, Rosna; Lay, Ma Ma; Khalili, Mahsa
Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. Syn. Onobrychis sativa L.) is a bloat-safe forage crop with high levels of tannins, which is renowned for its medicinal qualities in grazing animals. Mutagenesis technique was applied to investigate the influence of gamma irradiation at 30, 60, 90, and 120 Gy on mitotic behavior, in vitro growth factors, phytochemical and nutritional constituents of sainfoin. Although a percentage of plant necrosis and non-growing seed were enhanced by irradiation increment, the germination speed was significantly decreased. It was observed that gamma irradiated seeds had higher value of crude protein and dry matter digestibility compared to control seeds. Toxicity of copper was reduced in sainfoin irradiated seeds at different doses of gamma rays. Anthocyanin content also decreased in inverse proportion to irradiation intensity. Accumulation of phenolic and flavonoid compounds was enhanced by gamma irradiation exposure in leaf cells. HPLC profiles differed in peak areas of the two important alkaloids, Berberine and Sanguinarine, in 120 Gy irradiated seeds compared to control seeds. There were positive correlations between irradiation dose and some abnormality divisions such as laggard chromosome, micronucleus, binucleated cells, chromosome bridge, and cytomixis. In reality, radiocytological evaluation was proven to be essential in deducing the effectiveness of gamma irradiation to induce somaclonal variation in sainfoin. PMID:25147870
Stimulatory effects of gamma irradiation on phytochemical properties, mitotic behaviour, and nutritional composition of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.).
Mohajer, Sadegh; Taha, Rosna Mat; Lay, Ma Ma; Esmaeili, Arash Khorasani; Khalili, Mahsa
Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. Syn. Onobrychis sativa L.) is a bloat-safe forage crop with high levels of tannins, which is renowned for its medicinal qualities in grazing animals. Mutagenesis technique was applied to investigate the influence of gamma irradiation at 30, 60, 90, and 120 Gy on mitotic behavior, in vitro growth factors, phytochemical and nutritional constituents of sainfoin. Although a percentage of plant necrosis and non-growing seed were enhanced by irradiation increment, the germination speed was significantly decreased. It was observed that gamma irradiated seeds had higher value of crude protein and dry matter digestibility compared to control seeds. Toxicity of copper was reduced in sainfoin irradiated seeds at different doses of gamma rays. Anthocyanin content also decreased in inverse proportion to irradiation intensity. Accumulation of phenolic and flavonoid compounds was enhanced by gamma irradiation exposure in leaf cells. HPLC profiles differed in peak areas of the two important alkaloids, Berberine and Sanguinarine, in 120 Gy irradiated seeds compared to control seeds. There were positive correlations between irradiation dose and some abnormality divisions such as laggard chromosome, micronucleus, binucleated cells, chromosome bridge, and cytomixis. In reality, radiocytological evaluation was proven to be essential in deducing the effectiveness of gamma irradiation to induce somaclonal variation in sainfoin. PMID:25147870
Electrical conduction and photoresponses of gamma-ray-irradiated single-stranded DNA/single-walled carbon nanotube composite systems
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hong, W.; Lee, E. M.; Kim, D. W.; Lee, Cheol Eui
Effects of gamma-ray irradiation on the electrical conductivity and photoresponse have been studied for single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)/single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) composite films. The temperature-dependent electrical conductivity of the ssDNA/SWNT composite films, well described by a fluctuation-induced tunneling model, indicated modification of the barrier for thermally activated conduction by the gamma-ray irradiation. Besides, the photoresponse measurements indicated modified photoexcited charge carrier generation and oxygen photodesorption in the composite systems due to the gamma-ray irradiation.
Effects of gamma irradiation on physicochemical properties of heat-induced gel prepared with chicken salt-soluble proteins
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Choi, Yun-Sang; Kim, Hyun-Wook; Hwang, Ko-Eun; Song, Dong-Heon; Jeong, Tae-Jun; Seo, Kwang-Wook; Kim, Young-Boong; Kim, Cheon-Jei
The technological effects of gamma irradiation (0, 3, 7, and 10 kGy) on chicken salt-soluble meat proteins in a model system were investigated. There were no significant differences in protein, fat, and ash content, and sarcoplasmic protein solubility among all samples. The samples with increasing gamma irradiation levels had higher pH, lightness, yellowness, and apparent viscosity, whereas moisture content, water holding capacity, redness, myofibrillar protein solubility, total protein solubility, hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were the highest in the unirradiated control. The result from meat products using gamma irradiation was intended to provide a basic resource processing technology.
Effect of gamma irradiation on the thermal, mechanical and structural properties of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nouh, S. A.
Non isothermal studies were carried out using thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermogravimetry (DTG) to obtain the activation energy of decomposition for chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) before and after exposure to gamma doses at levels between 5.0 and 50.0 KGy. Thermal gravitational analysis (TGA) indicated that the CPVC polymer decomposes in one main breakdown stage and a decrease in activation energies was observed followed by an increase on increasing the gamma dose. The variation of melting temperatures with the gamma dose has been determined using differential thermal analysis (DTA). Also, mechanical and structural property studies were performed on all irradiated and non-irradiated CPVC samples using stress-strain relations and X-ray diffraction. The results indicated that the exposure to gamma doses at levels between 27.5 and 50 KGy leads to further enhancement of the thermal stability, tensile strength and isotropic character of the polymer samples due to the crosslinking phenomenon. This suggests that gamma radiation could be a suitable technique for producing a plastic material with enhanced properties that can be suitable for high temperature applications and might be a suitable candidate for dosimetric applications.
Structural and optical modifications in gamma-irradiated polyimide/silica nanocomposite
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nouh, S. A.; Tommalieh, M. J.; El-Shamy, N. T.
The structural and optical properties of thin films of polyimide composites with nanosilica particle content of 15 wt%, prepared via sol-gel process, were studied as a function of the gamma dose. The resultant effect of gamma irradiation on the properties of polyimide/silica nanocomposite has been investigated using X-ray diffraction and UV spectroscopy. Absorption and reflectance spectra were collected by a spectrophotometer giving UV-radiation of wavelength range 200-800 nm. The optical data obtained were analyzed and the calculated values of the optical energy gap exhibited gamma dose dependence. The direct optical energy gap for the nonirradiated polyimide/silica nanocomposite is about 2.41 eV, and increases to a value of 2.65 eV when irradiated with gamma doses up to 300 kGy. It was found that the calculated refractive index of the polyamide/silica increases with the gamma dose in the range 50-300 kGy.
Gamma irradiation induced disintegration of waste activated sludge for biological hydrogen production
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yin, Yanan; Wang, Jianlong
In this paper, gamma irradiation was applied for the disintegration and dissolution of waste activated sludge produced during the biological wastewater treatment, and the solubilized sludge was used as substrate for bio-hydrogen production. The experimental results showed that the solubilization of waste activated sludge was 53.7% at 20 kGy and pH=12, and the SCOD, polysaccharides, protein, TN and TP contents in the irradiated sludge solutions was 3789.6 mg/L, 268.3 mg/L, 1881.5 mg/L, 132.3 mg/L and 80.4 mg/L, respectively. The irradiated sludge was used for fermentative hydrogen production, and the hydrogen yield was 10.5±0.7 mL/g SCODconsumed. It can be concluded that the irradiated waste activated sludge could be used as a low-cost substrate for fermentative hydrogen production.
Evaluation using GEANT4 of the transit dose in the Tunisian gamma irradiator for insect sterilization.
Mannai, K; Askri, B; Loussaief, A; Trabelsi, A
A simulation study of the Tunisian Gamma Irradiation Facility for sterile insects release programs has been realized using the GEANT4 Monte Carlo code of CERN. The dose was calculated and measured for high and low dose values inside the irradiation cell. The calculated high dose was in good agreement with measurements. However, a discrepancy between calculated and measured values occurs at dose levels commonly used for sterilization of insects. We argue that this discrepancy is due to the transit dose absorbed during displacement of targets from their initial position towards their irradiation position and displacement of radiation source pencils from storage towards their irradiation position. The discrepancy is corrected by taking into account the transit dose. PMID:17395474
EPR study of gamma-irradiated single crystal 4-phenylsemicarbazide
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sayin, U.; Türkkan, E.; Dereli, Ö.; Yüksel, H.; Birey, M.
Single crystals of 4-phenylsemicarbazide (4PSC) were investigated using an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique, with γ irradiation of the crystals at different orientations in the magnetic field between temperatures of 120 and 450 K, and the spectra were found to be temperature independent. Taking into consideration the chemical structure and the experimental spectra of the irradiated single crystal 4PSC, we assumed that one or more paramagnetic species were produced, each having an unpaired electron delocalized in the phenyl ring. Pursuant to this assumption, six possible radicals were modeled using the B3LYP/6-311+G(d) level of density-functional theory. EPR parameters were calculated for these modeled radicals using the B3LYP method and TZVP basis set. The calculated hyperfine coupling constants were used as starting points for simulations. The experimental and simulated spectra for each of the three crystallographic axes were well matched for the modeled radical R6. We thus identified the R6 (C 6H 5NH) radical as a paramagnetic species produced in 4PSC. The experimental g-factor and hyperfine coupling constants of the C 6H 5NH radical were found to be anisotropic, with the average values g=2.00431, aNHN(8)=8.85 G, aNHH(9)=16.85 G, ao,pH(14,16,20)=6.47 G, and amH(18,19)=2.80 G.
ADONIS, high count-rate HP-Ge {gamma} spectrometry algorithm: Irradiated fuel assembly measurement
Pin, P.; Barat, E.; Dautremer, T.; Montagu, T.; Normand, S.
ADONIS is a digital system for gamma-ray spectrometry, developed by CEA. This system achieves high count-rate gamma-ray spectrometry with correct dynamic dead-time correction, up to, at least, more than an incoming count rate of 3.10{sup 6} events per second. An application of such a system at AREVA NC's La Hague plant is the irradiated fuel scanning facility before reprocessing. The ADONIS system is presented, then the measurement set-up and, last, the measurement results with reference measurements. (authors)
Gamma irradiation of sun-dried apricots ( Prunus armeniaca L.) for quality maintenance and quarantine purposes
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hussain, Peerzada R.; Meena, Raghuveer S.; Dar, Mohd A.; Wani, Ali M.
The study is aimed at the optimization of gamma irradiation treatment of sun-dried apricots for quality maintenance and quarantine purposes. Sun-dried apricots pre-treated with potassium meta-bisulphite (KMS) at 2.5% w/v were procured from progressive apricot grower of district Kargil, Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir state. The sun-dried apricots were packed in 250 gauge polyethylene packs and gamma irradiated in the dose range 1.0-3.0 kGy. The gamma irradiated fruit including control was stored under ambient (15±2-25±2 °C, RH 70-80%) conditions and periodically evaluated for physico-chemical, sensory and microbial quality parameters. Radiation treatment at dose levels of 2.5 and 3.0 kGy proved significantly ( p≤0.05) beneficial in retention of higher levels of β-carotene, ascorbic acid, total sugars and color values without impairing the taste as perceived by the sensory panel analysists. The above optimized doses retained the β-carotene content of sun-dried apricots to the extent of 71.2% and 72.6% compared to 63.9% in control samples after 18 months of storage. Irradiation treatment facilitated the release of residual sulfur dioxide in KMS pre-treated sun-dried apricots significantly ( p≤0.05) below the prescribed limit for dried products. During storage, two-fold decrease in sulfur dioxide content was recorded in irradiated samples (3.0 kGy) as compared to 16.9% in control. The above optimized doses besides maintaining the higher overall acceptability of sun-dried apricots resulted in 5 log reductions in microbial load just after irradiation and 1.0 and 1.3 log reductions in yeast and mold and bacterial count after 18 months of ambient storage.
Modification of the microstructure of the films formed by gamma irradiated starch examined by SEM
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cieśla, K.; Sartowska, B.
The paper concerns the effect of gamma irradiation carried out for starch on the microstructure of the films prepared using the starch and its composition with sodium laurate (NaLau) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Potato starch was irradiated with 60Co gamma rays applying a dose of 30 kGy. Films were prepared by the solution casting method with the addition of 30 wt% glycerol as a plasticizer. Films containing NaLau and CTAB were prepared after performing the procedure, leading to starch-surfactant complexes. Mechanical tests and wetting angle measurements were performed for the films. SEM observations were carried out for the surfaces, fractures and/or sections of the films subjected to chemical fixation and for the dried films. The films obtained using irradiated starch are characterized by a smoother and more homogeneous structure as compared to those based on the non-irradiated starch. Besides, a number of small precipitates were observed on the films surfaces after drying and the number of those precipitates seemed to be higher after irradiation. The results can be related to differences in the microstructure of gels formed on the intermediate step of the films preparation and to the presence of two phases in the system and might serve for explanation of the radiation induced improvement of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties, a modification of the mechanical properties of the films, as well as for the changes of those properties resulting after storage.
Resistance of a cultured fish cell line (CAF-MM1) to. gamma. irradiation
Mitani, H.; Etoh, H.; Egami, N.
Fish are generally more resistant to whole-body ionizing radiation than mammals. To study the radiosensitivity of fish in vitro, CAF-MM1 cells derived from the fin of the goldfish, Carassius auratus, were used. The survival parameters of CAF-MM1 obtained after ..gamma.. irradiation at 26/sup 0/C were 325 rad for D/sub o/, 975 rad for Dq, and 15 for n. No mammalian cell line with such a low sensitivity in the presence of O/sub 2/ has been reported. It was found that the large initial shoulder of the survival curve was paralleled by substantial repair of sublethal damage as evidenced by split-dose experiments. This low sensitivity to ..gamma.. irradiation did not change upon the administration of caffeine or postirradiation illumination, although these treatments were effective after uv irradiation. The decrease in the mitotic index in CAF-MM1 occurred immediately after irradiation, and it recovered within a very short time. This indicated that the duration of G2 arrest was shorter than that observed in mammalian cells. The data also suggest that the resistance of fish to whole-body irradiation is attributable to resistance at the cellular level.
Characterization of the polymer-filler interface in (gamma)-irradiated silica-reinforced polysiloxane composites
Chien, A T; Balazs, B; LeMay, J
The changes in hydrogen bonding at the interface of silica-reinforced polysiloxane composites due to aging in gamma radiation environments were examined in this study. Solvent swelling was utilized to determine the individual contributions of the matrix polymer and polymer-filler interactions to the overall crosslink density. The results show how the polymer-filler hydrogen bonding dominates the overall crosslink density of the material. Air irradiated samples displayed decreased hydrogen bonding at the polymer-filler interface, while vacuum irradiation revealed the opposite effect.
Inactivation and fragmentation of lectin from Bothrops leucurus snake venom by gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nunes, E. S.; Souza, M. A. A.; Vaz, A. F. M.; Coelho, L. C. B. B.; Aguiar, J. S.; Silva, T. G.; Guarnieri, M. C.; Melo, A. M. M. A.; Oliva, M. L. V.; Correia, M. T. S.
Gamma radiation alters the molecular structure of biomolecules and is able to mitigate the action of snake venoms and their isolated toxins. The effect of γ-radiation on the folding of Bothrops lecurus venom lectin was measured by a hemagglutinating assay, intrinsic and bis-ANS fluorescence. Intrinsic and bis-ANS fluorescence analyses indicated that irradiation caused unfolding followed by aggregation of the lectin. Our results suggest that irradiation can lead to significant changes in the protein structure, which may promote the loss of its binding property and toxic action.
The effects of lipid A on gamma-irradiated human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dubničková, M.; Kuzmina, E. A.; Chausov, V. N.; Ravnachka, I.; Boreyko, A. V.; Krasavin, E. A.
The modulatory effects of lipid A (diphosphoryl lipid A (DLA) and monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA)) on apoptosis induction and DNA structure damage (single and double-strand breaks (SSBs and DSBs, respectively)) in peripheral human blood lymphocytes are studied for 60Co gamma-irradiation. It is shown that in the presence of these agents the amount of apoptotic cells increases compared with the irradiated control samples. The effect is most strongly pronounced for DLA. In its presence, a significant increase is observed in the number of radiation-induced DNA SSBs and DSBs. Possible mechanisms are discussed of the modifying influence of the used agents on radiation-induced cell reactions
Shellfish depuration by gamma irradiation. Progress report No. 1, October 1, 1985-July 25, 1986
Beghian, L.; Melnick, J.
Objective is to investigate the feasibility of employing food irradiation technology to reduce or eliminate the threat of viral diseases contracted as a result of consumption of raw or inadequately cooked shellfish. Several recently published studies warn of the health risks associated with eating of raw shellfish - particularly American oysters, Crassostrea virginica, and the hardshelled clam, Mercenaria mercenaria. This study addresses the possibility of reducing the incidence of molluscanborne diseases through the application of /sup 60/Co gamma irradiation processing to effect the inactivation of pathogenic viruses in live, raw shwllfish. Dosimetry, D/sub 10/ doses, and organoleptic effects were studied.
Gamma-irradiated onions as a biological indicator of radiation dose.
Vaijapurkar, S G; Agarwal, D; Chaudhuri, S K; Senwar, K R; Bhatnagar, P K
Post-irradiation identification and dose estimation are required to assess the radiation-induced effects on living things in any nuclear emergency. In this study, radiation-induced morphological/cytological changes i.e., number of root formation and its length, shooting length, reduction in mitotic index, micronuclei formation and chromosomal aberrations in the root tip cells of gamma-irradiated onions at lower doses (50-2000 cGy) are reported. The capabilities of this biological species to store the radiation-induced information are also studied. PMID:11762393
Study of gamma irradiation effect on positron annihilation mechanism in PFA
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yang, J.; Li, Z. X.; Zhao, B. Z.; Zhang, P.; Lu, E. Y.; Zhang, J.; Yuan, D. Q.; Cao, X. Z.; Yu, R. S.; Wang, B. Y.
Gamma irradiation effect on annihilation characteristics of positronium and free positron in tetrafluoroethylene-perluoro (alkoxy vinyl ether) copolymer (PFA) were studied independently by age momentum correlation (AMOC) and the correlation between Doppler broadening S parameter and o-Ps fraction (S-Io-Ps correlation). AMOC results revealed decreases in S parameter of o-Ps, owing to accumulation of polar atoms around free volume. S-Io-Ps correlation indicated a reduced intrinsic S parameter of free positron in irradiated PFA, which was caused by enhanced positron trapping on polar atoms due to densification of local segments and variation in the elemental environment around free volumes.
Increasing the reliability of the GUB-20.000 {gamma}-apparatus for irradiation of large laboratory animals
Videnskii, V.G.
Experimental results are briefly presented for the strength of ultrastrong high modulus POLYMER SVM fiber cables as a function of the gamma irradiation dose. The lines were placed in water and irradiated to model the operation of the GUB-20.000 apparatus. The fibers exhibited elastic deformation followed by a section of plastic flow, during which the samples stretched by 20%. The strength of fiber line, within the dose limits used, did not depend on the irradiation dose. Therefore, the lines can be used to upgrade the gamma irradiation apparatus currently using Capron fishing line. 5 refs., 1 tab.
Detection of irradiated fresh fruits treated by e-beam or gamma rays
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Marin-Huachaca, Nélida Simona; Lamy-Freund, Maria Tereza; Mancini-Filho, Jorge; Delincée, Henry; Villavicencio, Anna Lúcia C. H.
Since about 1990, the amount of commercially irradiated food products available worldwide has increased. Commercial irradiation of foods has been allowed in Brazil since 1973 and now more than 20 different food products are approved. Among these products are a number of fresh fruits which may be irradiated for insect disinfestation, to delay ripening and to extend shelf-life. Today, there is a growing interest to apply radiation for the treatment of fruits instead of using fumigation or e.g. vapour-heat treatments, and an increased international trade in irradiated fruits is expected. To ensure free consumer choice, methods to identify irradiated foods are highly desirable. In this work, three detection methods for irradiated fruits have been employed: DNA Comet Assay, the half-embryo test and ESR. Both electron-beam (e-beam) and gamma rays were applied in order to compare the response with these two different kinds of radiation. Fresh fruits such as oranges, lemons, apples, watermelons and tomatoes were irradiated with doses in the range 0, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0kGy. For analysis, the seeds of the fruits were utilized. Both DNA Comet Assay and the half-embryo test enabled an easy identification of the radiation treatment. However, under our conditions, ESR measurements were not satisfactory.
Effect of gamma irradiation on the wear behaviour of human tooth enamel
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Qing, Ping; Huang, Shengbin; Gao, Shanshan; Qian, Linmao; Yu, Haiyang
Radiotherapy is a frequently used treatment for oral cancer. Extensive research has been conducted to detect the mechanical properties of dental hard tissues after irradiation at the macroscale. However, little is known about the influence of irradiation on the tribological properties of enamel at the micro- or nanoscale. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of gamma irradiation on the wear behaviour of human tooth enamel in relation to prism orientation. Nanoscratch tests, surface profilometer and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis were used to evaluate the friction behaviour of enamel slabs before and after treatment with identical irradiation procedures. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were performed to analyse the changes in crystallography and chemical composition induced by irradiation. Surface microhardness (SMH) alteration was also evaluated. The results showed that irradiation resulted in different scratch morphologies, friction coefficients and remnant depth and width at different loads. An inferior nanoscratch resistance was observed independent of prism orientation. Moreover, the variation of wear behaviours was closely related to changes in the crystallography, chemical composition and SMH of the enamel. Together, these measures indicated that irradiation had a direct deleterious effect on the wear behaviour of human tooth enamel.
Effect of gamma irradiation on the wear behaviour of human tooth enamel
Qing, Ping; Huang, Shengbin; Gao, ShanShan; Qian, LinMao; Yu, HaiYang
Radiotherapy is a frequently used treatment for oral cancer. Extensive research has been conducted to detect the mechanical properties of dental hard tissues after irradiation at the macroscale. However, little is known about the influence of irradiation on the tribological properties of enamel at the micro- or nanoscale. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of gamma irradiation on the wear behaviour of human tooth enamel in relation to prism orientation. Nanoscratch tests, surface profilometer and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis were used to evaluate the friction behaviour of enamel slabs before and after treatment with identical irradiation procedures. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were performed to analyse the changes in crystallography and chemical composition induced by irradiation. Surface microhardness (SMH) alteration was also evaluated. The results showed that irradiation resulted in different scratch morphologies, friction coefficients and remnant depth and width at different loads. An inferior nanoscratch resistance was observed independent of prism orientation. Moreover, the variation of wear behaviours was closely related to changes in the crystallography, chemical composition and SMH of the enamel. Together, these measures indicated that irradiation had a direct deleterious effect on the wear behaviour of human tooth enamel. PMID:26099692
Effects of low-level gamma irradiation on the characteristics of fermented pork sausage during storage
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kim, I. S.; Jo, C.; Lee, K. H.; Lee, E. J.; Ahn, D. U.; Kang, S. N.
The effect of gamma irradiation (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kGy) on the quality of vacuum-packaged dry fermented sausages during refrigerated storage was evaluated. At Day 0 of irradiation, the pH, redness (CIE a*), yellowness (CIE b*), 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) values of samples irradiated at 2 and 4 kGy were higher (p<0.05), but the CIE L* values (lightness) were lower than those of the non-irradiated control (p<0.05). At<1 kGy irradiation, however, the pH, CIE L*, CIE a* and CIE b*-value of samples were not significantly influenced by irradiation. The CIE a*, and CIE b*-values of samples irradiated at 2 and 4 kGy decreased with the increase of storage time. The VBN, TBARS, and CIE L*-values of samples irradiated at 4 kGy were not changed significantly during refrigerated storage for 90 days (p>0.05). The total plate counts (TPC) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the samples irradiated at 4 kGy were significantly lower (p<0.01) than those with lower irradiation doses. At the end of storage, the TPC, coliform, and LAB in the samples were not increased after irradiation at 1, 0.5 and 1 kGy, respectively. TPC and LAB were not detected in samples irradiated at 4 kGy at Day 90. In addition, no coliform bacteria were found in samples irradiated at 1 kGy during refrigerated storage. Sensory evaluation indicated that the rancid flavor of samples irradiated at 4 kGy was significantly higher, but aroma and taste scores were lower than those of the control at Day 3 of storage. Irradiation of dry fermented sausages at 2 kGy was the best conditions to prolong the shelf-life and decrease the rancid flavor without significant quality deterioration.
Kinetics of hardness evolution during annealing of gamma-irradiated polycarbonate
Yeh, S. H.; Chen, P. Y.; Lee, Sanboh; Harmon, Julie
This study focuses on the evolution in microhardness values that accompany isothermal annealing in gamma-irradiated polycarbonate (PC). Hardness increases with increasing annealing time, temperature, and gamma radiation dose. A model composed of a mixture of first and zero order structure relaxation is proposed to interpret the hardness data. The rate constant data fit the Arrhenius equation, and the corresponding activation energy decreases with increasing dose. The extent of structural relaxation that controls the hardness in post-annealed PC increases with increasing annealing temperature and dose. The model demonstrates that hardness evolution in PC is an endothermic process. By contrast, when the model is applied to irradiated poly(methyl methacrylate) and hydroxyethyl methacrylate copolymer, hardness evolution is an exothermic process.
Gamma irradiator dose mapping simulation using the MCNP code and benchmarking with dosimetry.
Sohrabpour, M; Hassanzadeh, M; Shahriari, M; Sharifzadeh, M
The Monte Carlo transport code, MCNP, has been applied in simulating dose rate distribution in the IR-136 gamma irradiator system. Isodose curves, cumulative dose values, and system design data such as throughputs, over-dose-ratios, and efficiencies have been simulated as functions of product density. Simulated isodose curves, and cumulative dose values were compared with dosimetry values obtained using polymethyle-methacrylate, Fricke, ethanol-chlorobenzene, and potassium dichromate dosimeters. The produced system design data were also found to agree quite favorably with those of the system manufacturer's data. MCNP has thus been found to be an effective transport code for handling of various dose mapping excercises for gamma irradiators. PMID:12361333
High energy irradiations simulating cosmic-ray-induced planetary gamma ray production. I - Fe target
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Metzger, A. E.; Parker, R. H.; Yellin, J.
Two thick Fe targets were bombarded by a series of 6 GeV proton irradiations for the purpose of simulating the cosmic ray bombardment of planetary objects in space. Gamma ray energy spectra were obtained with a germanium solid state detector during the bombardment, and 46 of the gamma ray lines were ascribed to the Fe targets. A comparison between observed and predicted values showed good agreement for Fe lines from neutron inelastic scattering and spallation reactions, and less satisfactory agreement for neutron capture reactions, the latter attributed to the difference in composition between the Fe target and the mean lunar abundance used in the modeling. Through an analysis of the irradiation results together with continuum data obtained in lunar orbit, it was found that 100 hours of measurement with a current instrument should generate a spectrum containing approximately 20 lines due to Fe alone, with a 2-sigma sensitivity for detection of about 0.2 percent.
Optoelectronic studies of boron-doped and gamma-irradiated diamond thin films
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chapagain, Puskar; Nemashkalo, Anastasiia; Peters, Raul; Farmer, John; Gupta, Sanju; Strzhemechny, Yuri M.
Elucidation of microscopic properties of a synthetic diamond, such as formation and evolution of bulk and surface defects, chemistry of dopants, etc. is necessary for a reliable quality control and reproducibility in applications. Employing surface photovoltage (SPV) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopic probes we studied diamond thin films grown on silicon by microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition with different levels of boron doping in conjunction with gamma irradiation. SPV measurements showed that while the increase of boron concentration leads to a semiconductor-metal transition, subsequent intense gamma irradiation reverts back the quasi-metallic samples to semiconducting state via compensating electrical activity of boron by hydrogen. One of the most pronounced common transitions in the SPV spectra was observed at ˜3.1 eV, also present in most of the PL spectra. We argue that this is a signature of the sp^2-C clusters/layers in the vicinity of grain boundaries.
Gamma-irradiation of malic acid in aqueous solutions. [prebiotic significance
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Negron-Mendoza, A.; Graff, R. L.; Ponnamperuma, C.
The gamma-irradiation of malic acid in aqueous solutions was studied under initially oxygenated and oxygen-free conditions in an attempt to determine the possible interconversion of malic acid into other carboxylic acids, specifically those associated with Krebs cycle. The effect of dose on product formation of the system was investigated. Gas-liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry was used as the principal means of identification of the nonvolatile products. Thin layer chromatography and direct probe mass spectroscopy were also employed. The findings show that a variety of carboxylic acids are formed, with malonic and succinic acids in greatest abundance. These products have all been identified as being formed in the gamma-irradiation of acetic acid, suggesting a common intermediary. Since these molecules fit into a metabolic cycle, it is strongly suggestive that prebiotic pathways provided the basis for biological systems.
One-step synthesis of graphene-Pt nanocomposites by gamma-ray irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tokai, Akihiro; Okitsu, Kenji; Hori, Fuminobu; Mizukoshi, Yoshiteru; Iwase, Akihiro
We developed a one-step gamma-ray irradiation method to synthesize nanocomposites composed of graphene and Pt nanoparticles from aqueous solution containing graphene and Pt(IV) complex ions in the presence of 2-propanol (IPA) or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). It was confirmed that gamma-ray irradiation provided carbonyl groups on graphene and Pt nanoparticles formed from the radiolytic reduction of Pt(IV) complex ions were deposited onto the carbonyl modified graphene. In the presence of IPA, small Pt nanoparticles were deposited on graphene, but large Pt nanoparticles were deposited in the presence of SDS: the size of Pt nanoparticles formed was larger in the presence of SDS than IPA. Based on the results, formation and deposition mechanisms of Pt nanoparticles were proposed.
Inactivation of Lassa, Marburg, and Ebola viruses by gamma irradiation
Elliott, L.H.; McCormick, J.B.; Johnson, K.M.
Because of the cumbersome conditions experienced in a maximum containment laboratory, methods for inactivating highly pathogenic viruses were investigated. The infectivity of Lassa, Marburg, and Ebola viruses was inactivated without altering the immunological activity after radiation with /sup 60/CO gamma rays. At 4 degrees C, Lassa virus was the most difficult to inactivate with a rate of 5.3 X 10(-6) log 50% tissue culture infective dose per rad of /sup 60/CO radiation, as compared with 6.8 X 10(-6) log 50% tissue culture infective dose per rad for Ebola virus and 8.4 X 10(-6) log 50% tissue culture infective dose per rad for Marburg virus. Experimental inactivation curves, as well as curves giving the total radiation needed to inactivate a given concentration of any of the three viruses, are presented. The authors found this method of inactivation to be superior to UV light or beta-propiolactone inactivation and now routinely use it for preparation of material for protein-chemistry studies or for preparation of immunological reagents.
Inactivation of Lassa, Marburg, and Ebola viruses by gamma irradiation
Elliott, L.H.; McCormick, J.B.; Johnson, K.M.
Because of the cumbersome conditions experienced in a maximum containment laboratory, methods for inactivating highly pathogenic viruses were investigated. The infectivity of Lassa, Marburg, and Ebola viruses was inactivated without altering the immunological activity after radiation with /sup 60/Co gamma rays. At 4 degrees C, Lassa virus was the most difficult to inactivate with a rate of 5.3 X 10(-6) log 50% tissue culture infective dose per rad of /sup 60/Co radiation, as compared with 6.8 X 10(-6) log 50% tissue culture infective dose per rad for Ebola virus and 8.4 X 10(-6) log 50% tissue culture infective dose per rad for Marburg virus. Experimental inactivation curves, as well as curves giving the total radiation needed to inactivate a given concentration of any of the three viruses, are presented. We found this method of inactivation to be superior to UV light or beta-propiolactone inactivation and now routinely use it for preparation of material for protein-chemistry studies or for preparation of immunological reagents.
Estimation of circular DNA size using gamma-irradiation and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
Beverley, S.M. )
A method is described for estimating the size of large circular DNAs found within complex chromosomal DNA preparations. DNAs are treated with low levels of gamma-irradiation, sufficient to introduce a single double-stranded break per circle, and the resulting linear DNA is sized by pulsed-field electrophoresis and blot hybridization. The method is fast, reproducible, and very conveniently applied to the agarose-enclosed chromosomal DNA preparations commonly used in pulsed field electrophoresis.
Effects of gamma irradiation on the grape vine moth, Lobesia botrana, eggs
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mansour, M.; Al-Attar, J.
Eggs of the grape vine moth, Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermuller), ranging in age from 1-24 to 73-96 h, were exposed, at 24 h intervals, to gamma radiation ranging from 25-600 Gy. The effects of gamma radiation on egg hatch, pupation, adult emergence, sex ratio and rate of development were examined. Results showed that the radiosensitivity of the grape vine moth eggs decreased with increasing age and increased with increasing radiation dose. Egg hatch in 1-24 h old eggs was significantly affected at 25 Gy and completely prevented at 100 Gy. At the age of 25-48 h, radiation sensitivity was only a little lower; egg hatch at 100 Gy was <1% and at 125 Gy no egg hatch was observed. Egg sensitivity to gamma irradiation decreased significantly in the 49-72 h age group; egg hatch was 66% at 100 Gy, and 500 Gy did not completely stop egg hatch (<1%). Eggs irradiated a few hours before egg hatch (73-96 h old) were the most resistant; 150 Gy had no significant effect on egg hatch and at 600 Gy over 33% of the eggs hatched. When pupation or adult emergence was used as a criterion for measuring effectiveness, however, the effects of gamma radiation were very severe. In the most resistant age group (73-96 h old), 150 Gy completely prevented pupation and adult emergence and all larvae resulting from eggs irradiated <49 h old died before pupation. In addition, the rate of development of immature stages resulting from irradiated eggs was negatively affected and sex ratio was skewed in favor of males.
Chemical, sensory and microbiological changes of gamma irradiated coconut cream powder
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yusof, Norimah; Ramli, Ros Anita Ahmad; Ali, Foziah
A study was carried out to determine optimum decontamination dose for a locally manufactured coconut cream powder. Samples were gamma irradiated (0-15 kGy) and ageing process was achieved using GEER oven at 60 °C for 7 days, which is equivalent to one-year storage at room temperature. Iodine value (IV), ranging from 4.8 to 6.4, was not affected by radiation doses and storage, however peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) generally increased with radiation doses. In most samples, peroxide value (meq/kg) reduced after storage, whilst the TBA (mg malonaldehyde/kg), indicator for product quality, slightly increased. The sensory evaluation conducted using 25 taste panellists indicated that scores on odour, creamy taste and overall acceptance for all irradiated samples at more than 5 kGy were significantly lower ( P<0.05) than the control. However, the panellists could not detect any significant differences among the irradiation doses ( P>0.05). All stored products were significantly different in colour, creamy taste, odour and overall acceptance ( P<0.05) when compared to the non-stored non-irradiated control. Microbiological count of the samples prior to irradiation was in the range of 1×10 2-1.7×10 3 cfu/g with no detection of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli. No microbial colonies were detected after irradiation. Based on the TBA and overall sensory acceptance, gamma irradiation of 5 kGy was found to be the optimum dose and lower doses can be considered to decontaminate coconut cream powder.
Gamma Knife irradiation method based on dosimetric controls to target small areas in rat brains
Constanzo, Julie; Paquette, Benoit; Charest, Gabriel; Masson-Côté, Laurence; Guillot, Mathieu
Purpose: Targeted and whole-brain irradiation in humans can result in significant side effects causing decreased patient quality of life. To adequately investigate structural and functional alterations after stereotactic radiosurgery, preclinical studies are needed. The purpose of this work is to establish a robust standardized method of targeted irradiation on small regions of the rat brain. Methods: Euthanized male Fischer rats were imaged in a stereotactic bed, by computed tomography (CT), to estimate positioning variations relative to the bregma skull reference point. Using a rat brain atlas and the stereotactic bregma coordinates obtained from CT images, different regions of the brain were delimited and a treatment plan was generated. A single isocenter treatment plan delivering ≥100 Gy in 100% of the target volume was produced by Leksell GammaPlan using the 4 mm diameter collimator of sectors 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the Gamma Knife unit. Impact of positioning deviations of the rat brain on dose deposition was simulated by GammaPlan and validated with dosimetric measurements. Results: The authors' results showed that 90% of the target volume received 100 ± 8 Gy and the maximum of deposited dose was 125 ± 0.7 Gy, which corresponds to an excellent relative standard deviation of 0.6%. This dose deposition calculated with GammaPlan was validated with dosimetric films resulting in a dose-profile agreement within 5%, both in X- and Z-axes. Conclusions: The authors' results demonstrate the feasibility of standardizing the irradiation procedure of a small volume in the rat brain using a Gamma Knife.
Comparison of gamma ray and electron beam irradiation on extraction yield, morphological and antioxidant properties of polysaccharides from tamarind seed
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Choi, Jong-il; Kim, Jae-Kyung; Srinivasan, Periasamy; Kim, Jae-Hun; Park, Hyun-Jin; Byun, Myung-Woo; Lee, Ju-Woon
Tamarind ( Tamarindus indica L) seed polysaccharide (TSP) is of great important due to its various biological activities. The present investigation was carried out to compare extraction yield, morphological characteristics, average molecular weights and antioxidant activities of TSP from gamma- and electron beam (EB)-irradiated tamarind kernel powder. The tamarind kernel powder was irradiated with 0, 5 and 10 kGy by gamma ray (GR) and electron beam, respectively. The extraction yield of TSP was increased significantly by EB and GR irradiation, but there was no significant difference between irradiation types. Morphological studies by scanning electron microscope showed that TSP from GR-irradiated tamarind seed had a fibrous structure, different from that of EB irradiated with a particle structures. The average molecular weight of TSP was decreased by the irradiation, and EB treatment degraded more severely than GR. Superoxide radical scavenging ability and total antioxidant capacity of EB-treated TSP showed higher than those of GR-treated TSP.
Thermal, tensile and rheological properties of high density polyethylene (HDPE) processed and irradiated by gamma-ray in different atmospheres
Ferreto, H. F. R. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Oliveira, A. C. F. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Parra, D. F. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Lugão, A. B. E-mail: email@example.com; Gaia, R.
The aim of this paper is to investigate structural changes of high density polyethylene (HDPE) modified by ionizing radiation (gamma rays) in different atmospheres. The gamma radiation process for modification of commercial polymers is a widely applied technique to promote new physical-chemical and mechanical properties. Gamma irradiation originates free radicals which can induce chain scission or recombination, providing its annihilation, branching or crosslinking. This polymer was irradiated with gamma source of {sup 60}Co at doses of 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 kGy at a dose rate of 5 kGy/h. The changes in molecular structure of HDPE, after gamma irradiations were evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and tensile machine and oscillatory rheology. The results showed the variations of the properties depending on the dose at each atmosphere.
Virus inactivation studies using ion beams, electron and gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Smolko, Eduardo E.; Lombardo, Jorge H.
Known methods of virus inactivation are based on the chemical action of some substances such as acetylethylenimine, betapropiolactone, glycidalaldehyde, formaldehyde, etc. In such a process, the viral suspension should be kept at room or higher temperatures for 24-48 h. Under these conditions, physical and chemical agents act to degrade the virus antigenic proteins. On the contrary with ionizing radiations at low temperatures, the treatment does not cause such degradation allowing the study of different viral functions. In this work, particle (α, d and ß) and γ irradiations were used for partial and total inactivation of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV), Rauscher Leukemia Virus (RLV) and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV). Obtention of the D37 dose from survival curves and the application of the target theory, permitted the determination of molecular weight of the nucleic acid genomes, EBR values and useful information for vaccine preparation. For RLV virus, a two target model of the RNA genome was deduced in accordance with biological information while from data from the literature and our own work on the structure of the scrapie prion, considering the molecular weight obtained by application of the theory, a new model for prion replication is presented, based on a trimer molecule.
Inactivation of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores in apple and orange juice concentrates by gamma irradiation.
Lee, Su-Yeon; Park, Sang-Hyun; Kang, Dong-Hyun
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of reconstituted apple and orange juice on reduction of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores by gamma irradiation. Spores of A. acidoterrestris were inoculated into three concentrations of apple (18, 36, and 72 °Brix) and orange (11, 33, and 66 °Brix) juice and subjected to five radiation doses (1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 kGy). No significant reductions (P > 0.05) in spores were observed after the 1-kGy treatment for all apple and orange concentrations. Spores in 18, 36, and 72 °Brix apple juice concentrates subjected to 10 kGy were reduced to 4.34, 3.9, and 3.84 log CFU/ml, respectively. Similar results were observed for orange juice. When 10 kGy was applied to 11 °Brix orange juice, populations of spores were reduced by 5 log CFU/ml. The reduction of spores in 33 and 66 °Brix orange juice concentrates exposed to 10-kGy gamma irradiation was 4.54 and 3.85 log CFU/ml, respectively. Juice concentration did not affect (P > 0.05) the number of surviving A. acidoterrestris spores from the same kGy treatment. Gamma irradiation treatment did not change the pH or water activity of the juice (P > 0.05). PMID:24490932
Inactivation of RNA Viruses by Gamma Irradiation: A Study on Mitigating Factors.
Hume, Adam J; Ames, Joshua; Rennick, Linda J; Duprex, W Paul; Marzi, Andrea; Tonkiss, John; Mühlberger, Elke
Effective inactivation of biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) pathogens is vital in order to study these agents safely. Gamma irradiation is a commonly used method for the inactivation of BSL-4 viruses, which among other advantages, facilitates the study of inactivated yet morphologically intact virions. The reported values for susceptibility of viruses to inactivation by gamma irradiation are sometimes inconsistent, likely due to differences in experimental protocols. We analyzed the effects of common sample attributes on the inactivation of a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing the Zaire ebolavirus glycoprotein and green fluorescent protein. Using this surrogate virus, we found that sample volume and protein content of the sample modulated viral inactivation by gamma irradiation but that air volume within the sample container and the addition of external disinfectant surrounding the sample did not. These data identify several factors which alter viral susceptibility to inactivation and highlight the usefulness of lower biosafety level surrogate viruses for such studies. Our results underscore the need to validate inactivation protocols of BSL-4 pathogens using "worst-case scenario" procedures to ensure complete sample inactivation. PMID:27455307
Inactivation of RNA Viruses by Gamma Irradiation: A Study on Mitigating Factors
Hume, Adam J.; Ames, Joshua; Rennick, Linda J.; Duprex, W. Paul; Marzi, Andrea; Tonkiss, John; Mühlberger, Elke
Effective inactivation of biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) pathogens is vital in order to study these agents safely. Gamma irradiation is a commonly used method for the inactivation of BSL-4 viruses, which among other advantages, facilitates the study of inactivated yet morphologically intact virions. The reported values for susceptibility of viruses to inactivation by gamma irradiation are sometimes inconsistent, likely due to differences in experimental protocols. We analyzed the effects of common sample attributes on the inactivation of a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing the Zaire ebolavirus glycoprotein and green fluorescent protein. Using this surrogate virus, we found that sample volume and protein content of the sample modulated viral inactivation by gamma irradiation but that air volume within the sample container and the addition of external disinfectant surrounding the sample did not. These data identify several factors which alter viral susceptibility to inactivation and highlight the usefulness of lower biosafety level surrogate viruses for such studies. Our results underscore the need to validate inactivation protocols of BSL-4 pathogens using "worst-case scenario" procedures to ensure complete sample inactivation. PMID:27455307
Tube shunt coverage with gamma-irradiated cornea allograft (VisionGraft)
Ekici, Feyzahan; Moster, Marlene R; Cvintal, Victor; Hu, Wanda D; Waisbourd, Michael
Purpose To investigate the clinical outcomes of tube shunt coverage using sterile gamma-irradiated cornea allograft. Patients and methods The Wills Eye Hospital Glaucoma Research Center retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 165 patients who underwent glaucoma tube shunt procedures using sterile gamma-irradiated cornea allograft (VisionGraft) between December 2012 and November 2013. Demographic characteristics, type of tube shunt, and position were noted. Complications were recorded at 1 day; 1 week; 1, 3, 6, and 12 months; and on the final postoperative visit. Results One hundred and sixty-nine eyes of 165 patients were included. The mean follow-up time was 4.8±3.5 (ranging from 1 to 16) months. There was no evidence of immunological reaction, infection, or exposure in 166 eyes (98.2%). Three eyes (1.8%) experienced graft or tube exposure within the first 3 postoperative months. Two of the cases had underlying diseases: bullous pemphigoid and chronic allergic conjunctivitis. Conclusion Coverage of tube shunts using gamma-irradiated cornea allograft had a low exposure rate and was well tolerated. The graft can be stored long term at room temperature and has an excellent postoperative cosmetic appearance. PMID:25995612
Characterization of modified PVDF membrane by gamma irradiation for non-potable water reuse.
Lim, Seung Joo; Kim, Tak-Hyun; Shin, In Hwan
Poly(vinylidene fluorine) (PVDF) membranes were grafted by gamma-ray irradiation and were sulfonated by sodium sulfite to modify the surface of the membranes. The characteristics of the modified PVDF membranes were evaluated by the data of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), the contact angle of the membrane surface and the water permeability. From the results of FT-IR, XPS and FE-SEM, it was shown that the modified membranes were successfully grafted by gamma-ray irradiation and were sulfonated. The content of oxygen and sulfur increased with the monomer concentration, while the content of fluorine sharply decreased. The pore size of the modified membranes decreased after gamma-ray irradiation. The contact angle and the water permeability showed that the hydrophilicity of the modified membranes played a role in determining the membrane performance. The feasibility study of the modified PVDF membranes for using non-potable water reuse were carried out using a laboratory-scale microfiltration system. Grey wastewater was used as the influent in the filtration unit, and permeate quality satisfied non-potable water reuse guidelines in the Republic of Korea. PMID:25812106
Degradation of quinolone antibiotic, norfloxacin, in aqueous solution using gamma-ray irradiation.
Sayed, Murtaza; Khan, Javed Ali; Shah, Luqman Ali; Shah, Noor S; Khan, Hasan M; Rehman, Faiza; Khan, Abdur Rahman; Khan, Asad M
This study reports the efficiency of gamma-ray irradiation to degrade quinolone antibiotic, norfloxacin, in aqueous solution. Laboratory batch experiments were conducted to determine the "pseudo-first" order degradation kinetics of norfloxacin in the concentration ranges of 3.4-16.1 mg L(-1) by gamma-ray irradiation. The dose constant was found to be dependent on the initial concentration of norfloxacin and gamma-ray irradiation dose rate (D r). The saturation of norfloxacin sample solutions with N2, air or N2O, and the presence of tert-butanol and 2-propanol showed that (•)OH played more crucial role in the degradation of norfloxacin. The second order rate constants of (•)OH, eaq (-), and (•)H with norfloxacin were calculated to be 8.81 × 10(9), 9.54 × 10(8), and 1.10 × 10(9) M(-1) s(-1), respectively. The effects of various additives including CO3 (2-), HCO3 (-), NO3 (-), NO2 (-), and thiourea and the pH of the medium on the degradation of norfloxacin were also investigated. Norfloxacin degradation was lower in surface water and wastewater than in ultrapure water. Several degradation byproducts of norfloxacin were identified from which the possible degradation pathway was proposed. PMID:27020780
Impairment of lymphocyte adhesion to cultured fibroblasts and endothelial cells by [gamma]-irradiation
Piela-Smith, T.H.; Aneiro, L.; Nuveen, E.; Korn, J.H. ); Aune, T. )
A critical component of immune responsiveness is the localization of effector cells at sites of inflammatory lesions. Adhesive molecules that may play a role in this process have been described on the surfaces of both lymphocytes and connective tissue cells. Adhesive interactions of T lymphocytes with fibroblasts or endothelial cells can be inhibited by preincubation of the fibroblasts or endothelial cells with antibody to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (CD54) or by preincubation of the T cells with antibody to lymphocyte function-associated Ag 1 (CD11a/CD18), molecules shown to be important in several other cell-cell adhesion interactions. Here the authors show that [gamma]-irradiation of human T lymphocytes impaired their ability to adhere to both fibroblasts and endothelial cells. This impairment was not associated with a loss of cell viability or of cell surface lymphocyte function-associated Ag 1 expression. [gamma]-Irradiation of T cells is known to result in the activation of ADP-ribosyltransferase, an enzyme involved in DNA strand-break repair, causing subsequent depletion of cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) pools by increasing NAD consumption for poly(ADP-ribose) formation. Preincubation of T cells with either nicotinamide or 3-aminobenzamide, both known inhibitors of ADP-ribosyltransferase, completely reversed the suppressive effects of [gamma]-irradiation on T cell adhesion. The maintenance of adhesion was accompanied by inhibition of irradiation-induced depletion of cellular NAD. These experiments suggest that the impairment of cellular immune function after irradiation in vivo may be caused, in part, by defective T cell emigration and localization at inflammatory sites. 44 refs., 5 figs., 3 tabs.
Modification of Structural and Luminescence Properties of Graphene Quantum Dots by Gamma Irradiation and Their Application in a Photodynamic Therapy.
Jovanović, Svetlana P; Syrgiannis, Zois; Marković, Zoran M; Bonasera, Aurelio; Kepić, Dejan P; Budimir, Milica D; Milivojević, Dušan D; Spasojević, Vuk D; Dramićanin, Miroslav D; Pavlović, Vladimir B; Todorović Marković, Biljana M
Herein, the ability of gamma irradiation to enhance the photoluminescence properties of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) was investigated. Different doses of γ-irradiation were used on GQDs to examine the way in which their structure and optical properties can be affected. The photoluminescence quantum yield was increased six times for the GQDs irradiated with high doses compared to the nonirradiated material. Both photoluminescence lifetime and values of optical band gap were increased with the dose of applied gamma irradiation. In addition, the exploitation of the gamma-irradiated GQDs as photosensitizers was examined by monitoring the production of singlet oxygen under UV illumination. The main outcome was that the GQDs irradiated at lower doses act as better photoproducers than the ones irradiated at higher doses. These results corroborate that the structural changes caused by gamma irradiation have a direct impact on GQD ability to produce singlet oxygen and their photostability under prolonged UV illumination. This makes low-dose irradiated GQDs promising candidates for photodynamic therapy. PMID:26540316
Detection of DNA strand breaks in gamma-irradiated lymphocytes using surface plasmon resonance.
Zhang, Xiao-hong; Lou, Zhi-chao; Wang, Ai-lian; Zhang, Hai-qian
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a sensitive, rapid, simple and low cost method for detection of biological molecules. In this study, SPR technology with alkaline phosphatase as a probe was utilized to measure DNA strand breaks induced by (60)Co gamma rays. The doses were from 0.01-10 Gy with a dose rate of 0.1 Gy/min. The results demonstrate that the SPR technology can be used to estimate strand breaks of calf thymus DNA. SPR signals of the calf thymus DNA samples increased with increasing gamma ray doses and the relationship of y = sqrt (3297x + 582.6) (r = 0.99) between the SPR signal and gamma dose was obtained. Estimation of DNA strand breaks in irradiated lymphocytes by SPR also demonstrated an increase in SPR signal with increasing dose and the exponential relationship of y = 169.43 × (1 - exp(-0.89x)) (r = 0.93) was obtained. The initial yield of the SPR signal is about 150.79 mdeg · Gy(-1) and compared to the sensitivity of 0.05 Gy achieved by the neutral single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE), the SPR-based assay of DNA strand breaks was found to be more sensitive (0.02 Gy). We therefore propose that SPR technology with alkaline phosphatase as the probe is a sensitive, simple and quick method for detection of DNA strand breaks in gamma-irradiated lymphocytes. PMID:24010534
Radiation-induced degradation of cyclohexanebutyric acid in aqueous solutions by gamma ray irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jia, Wenbao; He, Yanquan; Ling, Yongsheng; Hei, Daqian; Shan, Qing; Zhang, Yan; Li, Jiatong
The radiation-induced degradation of cyclohexanebutyric acid under gamma ray irradiation was investigated. Degradation experiments were performed with 100 mL sealed Pyrex glass vessels loaded with 80 mL of cyclohexanebutyric acid solutions at various initial concentrations of 10, 20, and 40 mg L-1. The absorbed doses were controlled at 0, 0.65, 1.95, 3.25, 6.5, 9.75, and 13 kGy. The results showed that gamma ray irradiation could effectively degrade cyclohexanebutyric acid in aqueous solutions. The removal rate of cyclohexanebutyric acid increased significantly with the increase of absorbed dose and the decrease of its initial concentration. At the same time, the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was as effective as that of cyclohexanebutyric acid. The kinetic studies showed that the degradation of cyclohexanebutyric acid followed pseudo first-order reaction. Above all, the proposed mechanism obtained when NaNO2, NaNO3 and tert-butanol were added showed that the •OH radical played a major role in the gamma degradation process of cyclohexanebutyric acid, while •H and eaq- played a minor role in the gamma degradation process. The degradation products were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) during cyclohexanebutyric acid degradation.
Effects induced by gamma-irradiation and thermal treatment on the infrared spectra of ferrocene in its disordered state
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gaffar, M. A.; Abd-Elrahman, M. I.
Lattice, rotation and intramolecular vibrations of ferrocene, Fe(C5H5)(2), crystallites of the C-2h(5) factor group in the disordered phase are calculated using the correlation theorem based on group theory. The correlation between the species of the C-1 site symmetry occupied by cyclopentadienyl molecules and those of the factor group C-2h, of the crystal are calculated. The number of lattice vibrations of the cyclopentadienyl molecules is found to be 12. with active modes in Raman and infrared (IR) spectra. The same number of rotations for the cyclopentadienyl molecules is expected to be allowed in both spectra. The active number of intramolecular vibrations for the cyclopentadienyl molecules having D-5 molecular symmetry is expected to be 80 vibrations in both the Raman and the IR spectra. The effect of gamma-irradiation with different doses and heat treatment at different temperatures on the IR spectra of ferrocene in the energy range 4000-200 cm(-1) is discussed. A number of bands continuously shifted their position, and a decrease in intensity with increasing gamma-dose is observed. New bands appeared in this spectral region for different annealing temperatures and different gamma-doses. These changes are discussed in terms of intermolecular interactions between molecules within the unit cell.
Inactivation of a Human Norovirus Surrogate, Human Norovirus Virus-Like Particles, and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus by Gamma Irradiation ▿
Feng, Kurtis; Divers, Erin; Ma, Yuanmei; Li, Jianrong
Gamma irradiation is a nonthermal processing technology that has been used for the preservation of a variety of food products. This technology has been shown to effectively inactivate bacterial pathogens. Currently, the FDA has approved doses of up to 4.0 kGy to control food-borne pathogens in fresh iceberg lettuce and spinach. However, whether this dose range effectively inactivates food-borne viruses is less understood. We have performed a systematic study on the inactivation of a human norovirus surrogate (murine norovirus 1 [MNV-1]), human norovirus virus-like particles (VLPs), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) by gamma irradiation. We demonstrated that MNV-1 and human norovirus VLPs were resistant to gamma irradiation. For MNV-1, only a 1.7- to 2.4-log virus reduction in fresh produce at the dose of 5.6 kGy was observed. However, VSV was more susceptible to gamma irradiation, and a 3.3-log virus reduction at a dose of 5.6 kGy in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) was achieved. We further demonstrated that gamma irradiation disrupted virion structure and degraded viral proteins and genomic RNA, which resulted in virus inactivation. Using human norovirus VLPs as a model, we provide the first evidence that the capsid of human norovirus has stability similar to that of MNV-1 after exposure to gamma irradiation. Overall, our results suggest that viruses are much more resistant to irradiation than bacterial pathogens. Although gamma irradiation used to eliminate the virus contaminants in fresh produce by the FDA-approved irradiation dose limits seems impractical, this technology may be practical to inactivate viruses for other purposes, such as sterilization of medical equipment. PMID:21441330
Effect of gamma irradiation and its convergent treatment for control of postharvest Botrytis cinerea of cut roses
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chu, Eun-Hee; Shin, Eun-Jung; Park, Hae-Jun; Jeong, Rae-Dong
Postharvest diseases cause considerable losses to harvested crops. Among them, gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) is a major problem of exporting to cut rose flowers into Korea. Irradiation treatment is an alternative to phytosanitary purposes and a useful nonchemical approach to the control of postharvest diseases. Gamma irradiation was evaluated for its in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity against B. cinerea on cut rose varieties, 'Shooting Star' and 'Babe'. The irradiating dose required to reduce the population by 90%, D10, was 0.99 kGy. Gamma irradiation showed complete inhibition of spore germination and mycelial growth of B. cinerea, especially 4.0 kGy in vitro. Antifungal activity of gamma irradiation on rose B. cinerea is a dose-dependent manner. A significant phytotoxicity such as bent neck in cut rose quality was shown from gamma irradiation at over 0.4 kGy (p<0.05) in both varieties. Although there is no significant difference in both varieties for fresh weight, in the case of flower rate, 'Babe' shows more sensitivity than 'Shooting Star'. In vivo assays demonstrated that established doses in in vitro, over 4 kGy, could completely inactive fungal pathogens, but such high doses can cause severe flowers damage. Thus, to eliminate negative impact on their quality, gamma irradiation was evaluated at lower doses in combination with an eco-friendly chemical, sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) to examine the inhibition of B. cinerea. Intriguingly, only the combined treatment with 0.2 kGy of gamma irradiation and 70 ppm of NaDCC exhibited significant synergistic antifungal activity against blue mold decay in both varieties. Together, these results suggest that a synergistic effect of the combined treatment with gamma irradiation and NaDCC can be efficiently used to control the postharvest diseases in cut rose flowers, and will provide a promising technology for horticulture products for exportation.
Gamma irradiation and red cell haemolysis: a study at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre.
Yousuf, Rabeya; Mobin, Mohd Herman; Leong, Chooi Fun
Gamma-irradiation of blood components is regarded a safe procedure used for prevention of transfusion associated graft-versus-host disease. However, reports showed that irradiation can cause erythrocyte haemolysis and damage to the RBC membrane. In University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), a number of suspected transfusion reactions (TR) featured unusual isolated episodes of red-coloured-urine or haemoglobinuria among paediatric patients without clinical features of acute haemolytic TR. Haemolysis of irradiated red cells was suspected as a cause. This study was conducted to evaluate haemolytic changes of RBC components following irradiation. A prospective, pre- and post- irradiation comparative study was conducted on 36 paired RBC-components in the blood-bank, UKMMC in the year 2013. Samples were tested for plasma-Hb, percent-haemolysis, plasma-potassium (K⁺) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level. Post-irradiation mean plasma-Hb and percent-haemolysis were significantly higher than pre-irradiation values at 0.09 ±0.06g/dl VS 0.10 ± 0.06g/dl and 0.19 ± 0.13% VS 0.22 ± .13% respectively, while plasma-K⁺ and LDH values did not show significant difference. However, the mean percent-haemolysis level was still within recommended acceptable levels for clinical use, supporting that irradiated RBC units were safe and of acceptable quality for transfusion. There was no conclusive reason for isolated haemoglobinuria following transfusion of irradiated red-cell products. Further research is suggested to investigate the other possible causes. PMID:26277664
Aliphatic glucosinolate synthesis and gene expression changes in gamma-irradiated cabbage.
Banerjee, Aparajita; Rai, Archana N; Penna, Suprasanna; Variyar, Prasad S
Glucosinolates, found principally in the plant order Brassicales, are modulated by different post-harvest processing operations. Among these, ionizing radiation, a non-thermal process, has gained considerable interest for ensuring food security and safety. In gamma-irradiated cabbage, enhanced sinigrin, a major glucosinolate, has been reported. However, the molecular basis of such a radiation induced effect is not known. Herein, the effect of radiation processing on the expression of glucosinolate biosynthetic genes was investigated. RT-PCR based expression analysis of seven glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway genes (MYB28, CYP79F1, CYP83A1, SUR1, UGT74B1, SOT18 and TGG1) showed that CYP83A1, MYB28, UGT74B1, CYP79F1 and SUR1 were up-regulated in irradiated cabbage. The content of jasmonates, signalling molecules involved in glucosinolate induction was, however, unaffected in irradiated cabbage suggesting their non-involvement in glucosinolate induction during radiation processing. This is the first report on the effect of gamma irradiation on the expression of glucosinolate biosynthetic genes in vegetables. PMID:27173540
Adsorption of odorous sulfur compounds onto activated carbons modified by gamma irradiation.
Vega, Esther; Sánchez-Polo, Manuel; Gonzalez-Olmos, Rafael; Martin, María J
A commercial activated carbon (AC) was modified by gamma irradiation and was tested as adsorbent for the removal of ethyl mercaptan, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl disulfide in wet conditions. Modifications were carried out under five different conditions: irradiation in absence of water, in presence of ultrapure water, in ultrapure water at pH=1.0 and 1000 mg L(-1) Cl(-), in ultrapure water at pH=7.5 and 1000 mg L(-1) Br(-), and in ultrapure water at pH=12.5 and 1000 mg L(-1) NO3(-). The chemical properties of each AC were characterized by elemental analysis, temperature programmed desorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Outcomes show that a large number of oxygen functional groups were incorporated in the AC surface by gamma irradiation, especially in the AC irradiated in the presence of ultrapure water. The dynamic adsorption test results reveal that the incorporation of oxygen functional groups did not enhance the adsorption capacities for dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide. A significant improvement in the ethyl mercaptan adsorption capacity was correlated with the incorporation of phenolic groups in the AC surface. Moreover, diethyl disulfide was detected as by-product of ethyl mercaptan oxidation process under wet conditions and its formation depended on the chemical properties of ACs. PMID:26160734
Neural network modelling of dose distribution and dose uniformity in the Tunisian Gamma Irradiator.
Manai, K; Trabelsi, A
In this paper an approach to model dose distributions, isodose curves and dose uniformity in the Tunisian Gamma Irradiation Facility using artificial neural networks (ANNs) are described. For this purpose, measurements were carried out at different points in the irradiation cell using polymethyl methacrylate dosemeters. The calculated and experimental results are compared and good agreement is observed showing that ANNs can be used as an efficient tool for modelling dose distribution in the gamma irradiation facility. Monte Carlo (MC) photon-transport simulation techniques have been used to evaluate the spatial dose distribution for extensive benchmarking. ANN approach appears to be a significant advance over the time-consuming MC or the less accurate regression methods for dose mapping. As a second application, a detailed dose mapping using two different product densities was carried out. The minimum and maximum dose locations and dose uniformity as a function of the irradiated volume for each product density were determined. Good agreement between ANN modelling and experimental results was achieved. PMID:23633649
Effect of gamma irradiation on MnO2/Ag2O hydrogen getter
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chlique, Christophe; Lambertin, David; Galliez, Kévin; Labed, Véronique; Dannoux-Papin, Adeline; Jobic, Stéphane; Deniard, Philippe; Leoni, Elisa
This study aims to show the stability of γ-MnO2/Ag2O hydrogen getter under gamma irradiation in order to be suitable for decreasing the hydrogen risk during the nuclear waste transportation. The chemical and the structural properties of the getter were barely unchanged for irradiated doses up to 4 MGy. The pair distribution function (PDF) analysis showed that the γ-MnO2, which can be describe as an intergrowth of the ramsdellite phase (R-MnO2) and the pyrolusite phase (β-MnO2), had the same intergrowth rate (around 60% for β-MnO2 and 40% for R-MnO2) after irradiation and the silver containing promoter was also unchanged. The getter remains therefore efficient for hydrogen trapping. Furthermore, γ-MnO2/Ag2O was tested in a closed environment in the presence of hydrogen released by organic technological waste radiolysis, such as polyvinyl chloride, ion exchange resins, polyethylene and silicone. Over 80% of the hydrogen, generated by organic radiolysis, was trapped under a 1.5 MGy gamma irradiation.
Effect of gamma irradiation on cell lysis and polyhydroxyalkanoate produced by Bacillus flexus
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Divyashree, M. S.; Shamala, T. R.
Bacillus flexus cultivated on sucrose and sucrose with plant oil such as castor oil produced polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a homopolymer of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and PHA copolymer (containing hydroxybutyrate and hexanoate), respectively. Gamma irradiation of these cells (5-40 kGy) resulted in cell damage and aided in the isolation of 45% and 54% PHA on biomass weight, correspondingly. Molecular weight of PHB increased from 1.5×10 5 to 1.9×10 5 after irradiation (10 kGy), with marginal increase of tensile strength from 18 to 20 MPa. At the same irradiation dosage, PHA copolymer showed higher molecular weight increase from 1.7×10 5 to 2.3×10 5 and tensile strength from 20 to 35 MPa. GC, GC-MS, FTIR and 1H NMR were used for the characterization of PHA. Gamma irradiation seems to be a novel technique, to induce cross-linking and molecular weight increase of PHA copolymer and aid in easy extractability of intracellular PHA, simultaneously.
Effects of gamma-irradiation on embryonic development and nucleic acids in trigeminal neurons.
Savy, C; Tamboise, E
Pregnant rats were exposed to absorbed doses of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 Gy of 60Co-gamma rays either on day 8 or on day 12 p.c.. The embryos were collected on day 18 p.c.. Irradiations both on day 8 and 12 p.c. result in a dose dependent decrement of weight. The effect is larger for irradiation on day 8 p.c.. Caryometric studies of the neurons in the trigeminal ganglion show, on the other hand, that the reduction of nuclear sizes in this tissue is more substantial for an irradiation on day 12 p.c. when the ganglion is in a stage of formation. Cytophotometric determinations of the Feulgen-DNA content and determination of the RNA content by staining and chromic gallocyanin in combination with ribinuclease digestion lead to the conclusion that the irradiation induces no significant hyperploidy and that the irradiated neurons have the nuclear RNA content that is normal at this stage of gestation. This applies both to the irradiations on day 8 and on day 12 p.c. PMID:6154302
Application of gamma irradiation for inactivation of three pathogenic bacteria inoculated into meatballs
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gumus, Tuncay; Şukru Demirci, A.; Murat Velioglu, H.; Velioglu, Serap D.; Yilmaz, Ismail; Sagdic, Osman
In this research, the effect of gamma irradiation on the inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ATCC 33150), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 2392) and Salmonella typhimurium (NRRL 4463) inoculated into Tekirdag meatballs was investigated. The meatball samples were inoculated with pathogens and irradiated at the absorbed doses of 1, 2.2, 3.2, 4.5 and 5.2 kGy. E. coli O157:H7 count in 1 kGy irradiated meatballs stored in the refrigerator for 7 days was detected to be 4 log cfu/g lower than the count in nonirradiated samples ( p<0.05). S. aureus counts were decreased to 4 log cfu/g after being exposed to irradiation at a dose of 1 kGy. Although it was ineffective on elimination of S. typhimurium, irradiation at a dose of 3.2 kGy reduced E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus counts under detectable values in the meatballs. However, none of the test organisms were detected in the samples after irradiation with 4.5 kGy doses.
Effect of gamma irradiation on dielectric properties of manganese zinc nanoferrites
Angadi, V. Jagadeesha Rudraswamy, B.; Melagiriyappa, E.; Somashekarappa, H. M.; Nagabhushana, H.
Naocrystalline ferrites Mn{sub 1−x}Zn{sub x}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} (x = 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00) were prepared by combustion method. The samples were characterized by XRD technique. The dielectric measurements were carried out in the frequency range 40 Hz to 100 MHz at room temperature. All the measurements were performed before and after gamma {sup 60}Co irradiation. The X-ray diffraction patterns revealed the formation of nanocrystalline and single-phase spinel structure. The lattice parameter decrease with zinc ion concentration and increased after the irradiation due to ferric ions of smaller radius converted to ferrous ions of larger radius. The dielectric behavior is attributed to the Maxwell-Wagner type interfacial polarization. The dielctric contant, dielectric loss and AC conductivity enhanced after the irradiation.
Gamma-irradiation tests of IR optical fibres for ITER thermography--a case study
Reichle, R.; Pocheau, C.; Jouve, M.
In the course of the development of a concept for a spectrally resolving infrared thermography diagnostic for the ITER divertor we have tested 3 types of infrared (IR) fibres in Co{sup 60} irradiation facilities under {gamma} irradiation. The fibres were ZrF{sub 4} (and HfF{sub 4}) fibres from different manufacturers, hollow fibres (silica capillaries with internal Ag/AgJ coating) and a sapphire fibre. For the IR range, only the latter fibre type encourages to go further for neutron tests in a reactor. If one restricted the interest onto the near infrared range, high purity core silica fibres could be used. This study might be seen as a typical example of the relation between diagnostic development for a nuclear environment and irradiation experiments.
Meloxicam, a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, supports hematopoietic recovery in gamma-irradiated mice.
Hofer, M; Pospísil, M; Znojil, V; Holá, J; Vacek, A; Weiterová, L; Streitová, D; Kozubík, A
Meloxicam, a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase 2, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with an improved side-effects profile in terms of gastrointestinal toxicity, has been found to stimulate hematopoiesis in whole-body gamma-irradiated mice. A distinct corroboration of this positive action of meloxicam is an enhancement of the recovery of hematopoietic progenitor cells committed to granulocyte-macrophage and erythroid development, which has been demonstrated in sublethally irradiated animals treated with meloxicam at a dose of 20 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally either singly 1 h before irradiation or repeatedly after radiation exposure. The results suggest that meloxicam can be added to the list of biological response modifiers that can be used in the treatment of hematopoietic damage induced by ionizing radiation. PMID:16953674
Electron trapping in rad-hard RCA IC's irradiated with electrons and gamma rays
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Danchenko, V.; Brashears, S. S.; Fang, P. H.
Enhanced electron trapping has been observed in n-channels of rad-hard CMOS devices due to electron and gamma-ray irradiation. Room-temperature annealing results in a positive shift in the threshold potential far beyond its initial value. The slope of the annealing curve immediately after irradiation was found to depend strongly on the gate bias applied during irradiation. Some dependence was also observed on the electron dose rate. No clear dependence on energy and shielding over a delidded device was observed. The threshold shift is probably due to electron trapping at the radiation-induced interface states and tunneling of electrons through the oxide-silicon energy barrier to fill the radiation-induced electron traps. A mathematical analysis, based on two parallel annealing kinetics, hole annealing and electron trapping, is applied to the data for various electron dose rates.
Studies of dielectric properties of mammalian tissues after gamma-irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Abd El-Salaam, S.; Sallam, S.; Talaat, M. S.
In vitro dielectric measurements (relative permeability and conductivity) of excised liver, kidney, cardiac muscle, spleen and eye of rabbits, were carried out at frequencies of 1-250 kHz and at room temperature. These were done before, immediately and 7 days after gamma irradiation at doses 1-5 Gy. The obtained results indicated significant increase in both relative permitivity and conductivity of tissues at higher doses immediately after irradiation. After 7 days, the changes showed some recovery, more obvious at lower doses. These changes in dielectric properties, after irradiation, may reflect the particular biological organization of each tissue and some mechanisms of radiation damage to these tissues particular to cell membrane, counter-ion polarization associated with intrinsic membrane charges and conductive transport in extracellular medium. This may help to elucidate the mechanisms of variation of dielectric properties of different tissues under the effect of radiation.
TL and ESR based identification of gamma-irradiated frozen fish using different hydrolysis techniques
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ahn, Jae-Jun; Akram, Kashif; Shahbaz, Hafiz Muhammad; Kwon, Joong-Ho
Frozen fish fillets (walleye Pollack and Japanese Spanish mackerel) were selected as samples for irradiation (0-10 kGy) detection trials using different hydrolysis methods. Photostimulated luminescence (PSL)-based screening analysis for gamma-irradiated frozen fillets showed low sensitivity due to limited silicate mineral contents on the samples. Same limitations were found in the thermoluminescence (TL) analysis on mineral samples isolated by density separation method. However, acid (HCl) and alkali (KOH) hydrolysis methods were effective in getting enough minerals to carry out TL analysis, which was reconfirmed through the normalization step by calculating the TL ratios (TL1/TL2). For improved electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis, alkali and enzyme (alcalase) hydrolysis methods were compared in separating minute-bone fractions. The enzymatic method provided more clear radiation-specific hydroxyapatite radicals than that of the alkaline method. Different hydrolysis methods could extend the application of TL and ESR techniques in identifying the irradiation history of frozen fish fillets.
dl-. cap alpha. -tocopheryl succinate enhances the effect of. gamma. -irradiation on neuroblastoma cells in culture
Sarri, A.; Prasad, K.N.
The effect of dl-..cap alpha..-tocopheryl (vitamin E) succinate in modifying the radiation response of mouse neuroblastoma (NBP/sub 2/) and mouse fibroblast (L-cells) cells in culture was studied on the criterion of growth inhibition (due to cell death and inhibition of cell division). Results show that vitamin E succinate markedly enhanced the effect of /sub 60/CO-..gamma..-irradiation on NB cells, but it did not significantly modify the effect of irradiation on mouse fibroblasts. Sodium succinate plus ethanol (0.25% final concentration) did not modify the radiation response of NB cells or fibroblasts. Butylated hydroxyanisole, a lipid soluble antioxidant, also enhanced the effect of irradiation on NB cells, indicating that the effect of vitamin E in modifying the radiation response may be mediated, in part, by antioxidation mechanisms.
Influence of gamma irradiation on structural, thermal and antibacterial properties of HPMC/ZnO nanocomposites
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rao, B. Lakshmeesha; Madhukumar, R.; Latha, S.; Shetty, G. Rajesha; Shivananda, C. S.; Chandra, K. Sharath; Sangappa, Y.
This work was carried out to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation on the structural, thermal and antibacterial properties of HPMC/ZnO nanocomposite films exposed to Cobalt-60 (Average energy: 1.25MeV). The X-ray diffraction study revealed that the crystallite size (L in Å) decreased as irradiation dose increased. The crystallinity (Xc) of the nanocomposites initially increased and at higher doses it was decreased. The thermal stability of the nanocomposites increased up to 50 kGy and after that decreased as the irradiation dose increased. But, HPMC/ZnO nanocomposite films, showed a promising range of antimicrobial activity against tested micro-organisms making nanocomposites suitable for food packing and other biomedical applications.
The design of a gamma-ray irradiation plant—shanghai irradiation center
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fugen, Chen; Xiangrong, Xue; Zewu, Yao
Shanghai Irradiation Center, situated in western suburb of Shanghai, was completed in March, 1986. The intensity of Co 60 is 177 KCuries at present, and untimate loading will be 500 K Curies. The Center is designed mainly for food radiation preservation and sterilization of medical devices and tools. Its processing ability is 10 T/hr for potatoes.
Pseudoloma neurophilia Infection Combined with Gamma Irradiation Causes Increased Mortality in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Compared to Infection or Irradiation Alone: New Implications for Studies Involving Immunosuppression.
Spagnoli, Sean T; Sanders, Justin L; Watral, Virginia; Kent, Michael L
Gamma irradiation is commonly used as a bone marrow suppressant in studies of the immune system and hematopoiesis, most commonly in mammals. With the rising utility and popularity of the zebrafish (Danio rerio), gamma irradiation is being used for similar studies in this species. Pseudoloma neurophilia, a microparasite and common contaminant of zebrafish facilities, generally produces subclinical disease. However, like other microsporidia, P. neurophilia is a disease of opportunity and can produce florid infections with high morbidity and mortality, secondary to stress or immune suppression. In this study, we exposed zebrafish to combinations of P. neurophilia infection and gamma irradiation to explore the interaction between this immunosuppressive experimental modality and a normally subclinical infection. Zebrafish infected with P. neurophilia and exposed to gamma irradiation exhibited higher mortality, increased parasite loads, and increased incidences of myositis and extraneural parasite infections than fish exposed either to P. neurophilia or gamma irradiation alone. This experiment highlights the devastating effects of opportunistic diseases on immunosuppressed individuals and should caution researchers utilizing immunosuppressive modalities to carefully monitor their stocks to ensure that their experimental animals are not infected. PMID:27123755
Spectral properties and shielding behavior of gamma irradiated MoO3-doped silicophosphate glasses
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hamdy, Y. M.; Marzouk, M. A.; ElBatal, H. A.
Combined optical and infrared absorption spectra of prepared molybdenum ions in sodium silicophosphate host glasses were investigated before and after gamma irradiation with a dose of 8 Mrad (8×104 Gy). The undoped base sodium silicophosphate glass reveals strong charge transfer ultraviolet absorption but with no visible bands. This strong UV absorption is related to the presence of contaminated trace iron impurities (mainly Fe3+ ions) within the raw materials used for the preparation of this host glass. The MoO3 doped glasses exhibit extra characteristic absorption bands due to the presence of molybdenum ions in three possible valence states, the trivalent, pentavalent and hexavalent forms. Gamma irradiation of the base undoped glass increases the extension of optical absorption within the UV spectrum and produces an extra broad visible band centered at 520 nm. Such radiation-induced spectra are interpreted by assuming the formation of new induced color centers through the absorption of released electrons and formed positive holes during the irradiation process. Also, the possible formation of induced centers through photochemical transformation of some Fe2+ ions to Fe3+ ions by accepting positive holes. The presence of molybdenum ions is assumed to compete with the suggested irradiation reactions by capturing electrons and positive holes during the irradiation process. Infrared absorption spectra of the undoped and MoO3-doped glasses reveal broad IR vibrational bands which are attributed to the presence of combined characteristic vibrational IR modes due to main phosphate and partner silicate groups. The addition of MoO3 (0.5-1.5%) as dopant level causes no changes in the number and position of the main characteristic absorption bands. Gamma irradiation did not cause any marked changes in the IR spectra and the maintainance of the same main IR bands due to the stability of the network containing dual compact two glass-formers units and the presence of molybdenum
Spectroscopic, diode-pumped laser properties and gamma irradiation effect on Yb, Er, Ho:GYSGG crystals.
Chen, Jiakang; Sun, Dunlu; Luo, Jianqiao; Xiao, Jingzhong; Kang, Hongxiang; Zhang, Huili; Cheng, Maojie; Zhang, Qingli; Yin, Shaotang
We demonstrate a diode end-pumped Yb, Er, Ho:Gd(1.17)Y(1.83)Sc(2)Ga(3)O(12) (GYSGG) laser operated at 2.79 μm in continuous-wave mode. Spectral analysis shows that Yb(3+) and Ho(3+) act as sensitizer and deactivator ions, respectively. Pumping with a 967 nm laser diode produces the maximum output power of 411 mW, corresponding to optical-optical conversion and slope efficiencies of 11.6% and 13.1%, respectively. The minimum laser threshold is only 81 mW because of Ho(3+) doping. The laser properties are only slightly influenced by 100 mrad gamma irradiation. The Yb, Er, Ho:GYSGG crystal possesses excellent radiation resistance and is a potential laser gain medium in radiant environments. PMID:23595436
Stabilization of gamma-irradiated poly(vinyl chloride) by epoxy compounds. II. Production of hydroperoxides in gamma-irradiated PVC-stabilizer mixtures
Lerke, I., Szymanski, W.
The concentration of hydroperoxides,produced in the process of radiolysis, was studied in ..gamma..-irradiated PVC samples with 4% admixture of four epoxy stabilizers: diglycidyl ether of 2.2-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methyl phenyl)propane (I), styrene oxide (1,2-epoxy ethyl benzene) (IV), epoxidized ricinus oil (VI), and epoxidized soybean oil (Drapex 6.8) (VII). The results indicate that the process of radiation oxidation occurs in two stages. Only the stabilizers with benzene ring demonstrate the antioxidative action. The stabilizers VI and VII do not act as the antioxidants, and, moreover, as a consequence of their plasticizing properties, they facilitate the penetration of the oxygen to polymer. The epoxy groups have no influence upon the oxidation process, in the case of compounds VI and VII.
Evaluation of some selected vaccines and other biological products irradiated by gamma rays, electron beams and X-rays
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
May, J. C.; Rey, L.; Lee, Chi-Jen
Molecular sizing potency results are presented for irradiated samples of one lot of Haemophilus b conjugate vaccine, pneumococcal polysaccharide type 6B and typhoid vi polysaccharide vaccine. The samples were irradiated (25 kGy) by gamma rays, electron beams and X-rays. IgG and IgM antibody response in mice test results (ELISA) are given for the Hib conjugate vaccine irradiated at 0°C or frozen in liquid nitrogen.
Effect of cumulated dose on hydrogen emission from polyethylene irradiated under oxidative atmosphere using gamma rays and ion beams
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ferry, M.; Pellizzi, E.; Boughattas, I.; Fromentin, E.; Dauvois, V.; de Combarieu, G.; Coignet, P.; Cochin, F.; Ngono-Ravache, Y.; Balanzat, E.; Esnouf, S.
This work reports the effect of very high doses, up to 10 MGy, on the H2 emission from high density polyethylene (HDPE) irradiated with gamma rays and ion beams, in the presence of oxygen. This was obtained through a two-step procedure. First, HDPE films were pre-aged, at different doses, using either gamma rays or ion beams. In the second step, the pre-aged samples were irradiated in closed glass ampoules for gas quantification, using the same beam type as for pre-ageing. The hydrogen emission rate decreases when dose increases for both gamma rays and ion beams. However, the decreasing rate appears higher under gamma rays than under ion beam irradiations and this is assigned to a lesser oxidation level under the latter. Herein, we show the effectiveness of the radiation-induced defects scavenging effect under oxidative atmosphere, under low and high excitation densities.
Dosimetry of gamma chamber blood irradiator using PAGAT gel dosimeter and Monte Carlo simulations.
Mohammadyari, Parvin; Zehtabian, Mehdi; Sina, Sedigheh; Tavasoli, Ali Reza; Faghihi, Reza
Currently, the use of blood irradiation for inactivating pathogenic microbes in infected blood products and preventing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in immune suppressed patients is greater than ever before. In these systems, dose distribution and uniformity are two important concepts that should be checked. In this study, dosimetry of the gamma chamber blood irradiator model Gammacell 3000 Elan was performed by several dosimeter methods including thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD), PAGAT gel dosimetry, and Monte Carlo simulations using MCNP4C code. The gel dosimeter was put inside a glass phantom and the TL dosimeters were placed on its surface, and the phantom was then irradiated for 5 min and 27 sec. The dose values at each point inside the vials were obtained from the magnetic resonance imaging of the phantom. For Monte Carlo simulations, all components of the irradiator were simulated and the dose values in a fine cubical lattice were calculated using tally F6. This study shows that PAGAT gel dosimetry results are in close agreement with the results of TL dosimetry, Monte Carlo simulations, and the results given by the vendor, and the percentage difference between the different methods is less than 4% at different points inside the phantom. According to the results obtained in this study, PAGAT gel dosimetry is a reliable method for dosimetry of the blood irradiator. The major advantage of this kind of dosimetry is that it is capable of 3D dose calculation. PMID:24423829
Effects of gamma irradiation on different stages of mealybug Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The, Doan Thi; Khanh, Nguyen Thuy; Lang, Vo Thi Kim; Van Chung, Cao; An, Tran Thi Thien; Thi, Nguyen Hoang Hanh
Utilization of phytosanitary irradiation as a potential treatment to disinfest agricultural commodities in trade has expanded rapidly in the recent years. Cobalt-60 gamma ray target doses of 100, 150, 200 and 250 Gy were used to irradiate immatures and adults of Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Beardsley) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) infesting dragon fruits to find the most tolerant stage and the most optimal dose range for quarantine treatment. In general, irradiation affected significantly all life stages of D. neobrevipes mortality and adult reproduction. The pattern of tolerance to irradiation in D. neobrevipes was 1st instars<2nd instars<3rd instars
Effect of gamma irradiation on the friction and wear of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Jones, W. R.; Hady, W. F.; Crugnola, A.
The effect of sterilization gamma irradiation on the friction and wear properties of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) sliding against stainless steel 316L in dry air at 23 C is investigated, the results to be used in the development of artificial joints which are to surgically replace diseased human joints. A pin-on-disk sliding friction apparatus is used, a constant sliding speed in the range 0.061-0.27 m/s is maintained, a normal load of 1 kgf is applied with dead weight, and the irradiation dose levels are: 0, 2.5, and 5.0 Mrad. Wear and friction data and conditions for each of the ten tests are summarized, and include: (1) wear volume as a function of the sliding distance for the irradiation levels, (2) incremental wear rate, and (3) coefficient of friction as a function of the sliding distance. It is shown that (1) the friction and wear properties of UHMWPE are not significantly changed by the irradiation doses of 2.5 and 5.0 Mrad, (2) the irradiation increases the amount of insoluble gel as well as the amount of low molecular weight material, and (3) after run-in the wear rate is either steady or gradually decreases as a function of the sliding distance.
Effect of gamma irradiation and cooking on cowpea bean grains ( Vigna unguiculata L. Walp)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lima, Keila dos Santos Cople; Souza, Luciana Boher e.; Godoy, Ronoel Luiz de Oliveira; França, Tanos Celmar Costa; Lima, Antônio Luís dos Santos
Leguminous plants are important sources of proteins, vitamins, carbohydrates, fibers and minerals. However, some of their non-nutritive elements can present undesirable side effects like flatulence provoked by the anaerobic fermentation of oligosaccharides, such as raffinose and stachyose, in the gut. A way to avoid this inconvenience, without any change in the nutritional value and post-harvesting losses, is an irradiation process. Here, we evaluated the effects of gamma irradiation on the amino acids, thiamine and oligosaccharide contents and on the fungi and their toxin percentages in cowpea bean ( Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) samples. For irradiation doses of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 kGy the results showed no significant differences in content for the uncooked samples. However, the combination of irradiation and cooking processes reduced the non-nutritive factors responsible for flatulence. Irradiation also significantly reduced the presence of Aspergillus, Penicilium, Rhizopus and Fusarium fungi and was shown to be efficient in grain conservation for a storage time of 6 months.
Degradation and annealing studies on gamma rays irradiated COTS PPD CISs at different dose rates
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, Zujun; Ma, Yingwu; Liu, Jing; Xue, Yuan; He, Baoping; Yao, Zhibin; Huang, Shaoyan; Liu, Minbo; Sheng, Jiangkun
The degradation and annealing studies on Colbalt-60 gamma-rays irradiated commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) pinned photodiode (PPD) CMOS image sensors (CISs) at the various dose rates are presented. The irradiation experiments of COTS PPD CISs are carried out at 0.3, 3.0 and 30.0 rad(Si)/s. The COTS PPD CISs are manufactured using a standard 0.18-μm CMOS technology with four-transistor pixel PPD architecture. The behavior of the tested CISs shows a remarkable degradation after irradiation and differs in the dose rates. The dark current, dark signal non-uniformity (DSNU), random noise, saturation output, signal to noise ratio (SNR), and dynamic range (DR) versus the total ionizing dose (TID) at the various dose rates are investigated. The tendency of dark current, DSNU, and random noise increase and saturation output, SNR, and DR to decrease at 3.0 rad(Si)/s are far greater than those at 0.3 and 30.0 rad(Si)/s. The damage mechanisms caused by TID irradiation at the various dose rates are also analyzed. The annealing tests are carried out at room temperature with unbiased conditions after irradiation.
Characterization and antioxidant properties of alcoholic extracts from gamma irradiated κ-carrageenan
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Relleve, Lorna; Abad, Lucille
Different extracts from unirradiated and gamma irradiated κ-carrageenan (solid and 1% w/v aqueous solution) were obtained with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) at concentrations of 40%, 60% and 80% v/v at room temperature. Physical and chemical properties of the different IPA extracts were analyzed by GPC, UV, and FT-IR. The extracts consisted of low molecular weight fragments with an average molecular weight (Mw) ranging from 2300 Da to 5000 Da. UV analyses of extracts from irradiated carrageenan showed varying maximum absorptions in the range of 265-280 nm. FT-IR spectra of all extracts from irradiated carrageenan showed all the important functional groups of carrageenan in the fingerprint region (4000-600 cm-1) and additional carbonyl C=O and C=C double bond peaks. Antioxidant properties of the different extracts were investigated using reducing power assay. The reducing power of extracts from the irradiated solution follows the order of 80%>60%>40% while no trend was observed for all extracts from irradiated solid κ-carrageenan.
Manufacture of ice cream with improved microbiological safety by using gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lee, Ju-Woon; Kim, Hyun-Joo; Yoon, Yohan; Kim, Jae-Hun; Ham, Jun-Sang; Byun, Myung-Woo; Baek, Min; Jo, Cheorun; Shin, Myung-Gon
Children suffered from leukemia want to eat delicious dishes, such as cake and ice cream. However, it is very difficult to serve these foods to immune-compromised patients without application of any adequate sanitary measures. This study was conducted to evaluate application of irradiation to frozen ready-to-eat food, ice cream. Three ice creams with flavors of vanilla, chocolate and strawberry were manufactured and gamma irradiated at the absorbed doses of 1, 3, and 5 kGy at -70 °C. Total microflora and coliform bacteria were determined, and Listeria spp., Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. were also tested by the use of API 20E Kit. Aerobic bacteria, yeast/mold and coliforms were contaminated in the levels of 2.3 to 3.3, 2.3 to 2.7 and 1.7 to 2.4 log CFU/g, respectively. In samples irradiated at 5 kGy, the growth of any microorganisms could not be observed. Listeria spp. and E. coli were detected at non-irradiated samples, but S. spp. was not existed. D10 values of L. ivanovii and E. coli were 0.75 and 0.31 kGy, respectively, in ice cream. From these results, irradiation technology can reduce the risk by the food-borne pathogens of ice cream.
Effect of gamma irradiation on Schottky-contacted vertically aligned ZnO nanorod-based hydrogen sensor.
Ranwa, Sapana; Barala, Surendra Singh; Fanetti, Mattia; Kumar, Mahesh
We report the impact of gamma irradiation on the performance of a gold Schottky-contacted ZnO nanorod-based hydrogen sensor. RF-sputtered vertically aligned highly c-axis-oriented ZnO NRs were grown on Si(100) substrate. X-ray diffraction shows no significant change in crystal structure at low gamma doses from 1 to 5 kGy. As gamma irradiation doses increase to 10 kGy, the single crystalline ZnO structure converts to polycrystalline. The photoluminescence spectra also shows suppression of the near-band emission peak and the huge wide-band spectrum indicates the generation of structural defects at high gamma doses. At 1 kGy, the hydrogen sensor response was enhanced from 67% to 77% for 1% hydrogen in pure argon at a 150 °C operating temperature. However, at 10 kGy, the relative response decreases to 33.5%. High gamma irradiation causes displacement damage and defects in ZnO NRs, and as a result, degrades the sensor's performance as a result. Low gamma irradiation doses activate the ZnO NR surface through ionization, which enhances the sensor performance. The relative response of the hydrogen sensor was enhanced by ∼14.9% with respect to pristine ZnO using 1 kGy gamma ray treatment. PMID:27418478
Effect of gamma irradiation on Schottky-contacted vertically aligned ZnO nanorod-based hydrogen sensor
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ranwa, Sapana; Singh Barala, Surendra; Fanetti, Mattia; Kumar, Mahesh
We report the impact of gamma irradiation on the performance of a gold Schottky-contacted ZnO nanorod-based hydrogen sensor. RF-sputtered vertically aligned highly c-axis-oriented ZnO NRs were grown on Si(100) substrate. X-ray diffraction shows no significant change in crystal structure at low gamma doses from 1 to 5 kGy. As gamma irradiation doses increase to 10 kGy, the single crystalline ZnO structure converts to polycrystalline. The photoluminescence spectra also shows suppression of the near-band emission peak and the huge wide-band spectrum indicates the generation of structural defects at high gamma doses. At 1 kGy, the hydrogen sensor response was enhanced from 67% to 77% for 1% hydrogen in pure argon at a 150 °C operating temperature. However, at 10 kGy, the relative response decreases to 33.5%. High gamma irradiation causes displacement damage and defects in ZnO NRs, and as a result, degrades the sensor's performance as a result. Low gamma irradiation doses activate the ZnO NR surface through ionization, which enhances the sensor performance. The relative response of the hydrogen sensor was enhanced by ∼14.9% with respect to pristine ZnO using 1 kGy gamma ray treatment.
Graphene scavenges free radicals to synergistically enhance structural properties in a gamma-irradiated polyethylene composite through enhanced interfacial interactions.
Kolanthai, Elayaraja; Bose, Suryasarathi; Bhagyashree, K S; Bhat, S V; Asokan, K; Kanjilal, D; Chatterjee, Kaushik
A unique strategy for scavenging free radicals in situ on exposure to gamma irradiation in polyethylene (PE) nanocomposites is presented. Blends of ultra-high molecular weight PE and linear low-density PE (PEB) and their nanocomposites with graphene (GPEB) were prepared by melt mixing to develop materials for biomedical implants. The effect of gamma irradiation on the microstructure and mechanical properties was systematically investigated. The neat blend and the nanocomposite were subjected to gamma-ray irradiation in order to improve the interfacial adhesion between PE and graphene sheets. Structural and thermal characterization revealed that irradiation induced crosslinking and increased the crystallinity of the polymer blend. The presence of graphene further enhanced the crystallinity via crosslinks between the polymer matrix and the filler on irradiation. Graphene was found to scavenge free radicals as confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Irradiation of graphene-containing polymer composites resulted in the largest increase in modulus and hardness compared to either irradiation or addition of graphene to PEB alone. This study provides new insight into the role of graphene in polymer matrices during irradiation and suggests that irradiated graphene-polymer composites could emerge as promising materials for use as articulating surfaces in biomedical implants. PMID:26266702
Aging of magnesium stearate under high doses gamma irradiation and oxidative conditions
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lebeau, D.; Beuvier, L.; Cornaton, M.; Miserque, F.; Tabarant, M.; Esnouf, S.; Ferry, M.
In nuclear waste packages conditioning processes, magnesium stearate is widely used because of its high lubricating properties. For safety purposes, the radiolytic degradation of these organic materials has to be better understood to be able to predict their aging in repository conditions. This study reports the radiolytic degradation of magnesium stearate, using gamma-rays at room temperature and under air. Modifications were followed using different analytical tools (XPS, ATR-FTIR, ICP-AES, ATG and mass spectrometry). It has been observed that molecules mainly formed up to 1000 kGy of gamma irradiation dose under radio-oxidation are alkanes, hydroperoxides, double bonds in the aliphatic chain, carboxylates with aliphatic chain shorter than the one of stearate and ketones. At a dose of 4000 kGy, dicarboxylic acids are observed: the formation of these molecules needs a dose of at least 1000 kGy to be created under radio-oxidation. These observations allow us to propose a non-exhaustive degradation mechanism of magnesium stearate under gamma-irradiation at room temperature and under air.
Measurement and calculation of characteristic prompt gamma ray spectra emitted during proton irradiation.
Polf, J C; Peterson, S; McCleskey, M; Roeder, B T; Spiridon, A; Beddar, S; Trache, L
In this paper, we present results of initial measurements and calculations of prompt gamma ray spectra (produced by proton-nucleus interactions) emitted from tissue equivalent phantoms during irradiations with proton beams. Measurements of prompt gamma ray spectra were made using a high-purity germanium detector shielded either with lead (passive shielding), or a Compton suppression system (active shielding). Calculations of the spectra were performed using a model of both the passive and active shielding experimental setups developed using the Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit. From the measured spectra it was shown that it is possible to distinguish the characteristic emission lines from the major elemental constituent atoms (C, O, Ca) in the irradiated phantoms during delivery of proton doses similar to those delivered during patient treatment. Also, the Monte Carlo spectra were found to be in very good agreement with the measured spectra providing an initial validation of our model for use in further studies of prompt gamma ray emission during proton therapy. PMID:19864704
Effects of thermal annealing of power BJTs, MOSFETs, and SITs following neutron and gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Frasca, Albert J.; Schwarze, Gene E.
The electrical and switching characteristics of high power semiconductor switches subjected to high levels of neutron fluences and gamma doses must be known by the designer of the power conditioning, control and transmission subsystem of space nuclear power systems. Location and the allowable shielding mass budget will determine the level of radiation tolerance required by the switches to meet performance and reliability requirements. Neutron and gamma ray interactions with semiconductor materials and how these interactions affect switch performance are briefly discussed. The effects of post-irradiation thermal anneals at 300 K and up to 425 K for NPN Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs), N-channel Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs), and N-channel Static Induction Transistors (SITs) are discussed in terms of recovery of degraded electrical and switching parameters caused by either neutron or gamma irradiation. The important experimental results from these annealing tests show that BJTs have very good recovery to leakage current degradation but poor recovery to current gain degradation; MOSFETs show some recovery in gate-source threshold voltage degradation but no significant recovery in drain-source on-resistance degradation; and likewise, SITs show no significant recovery in drain-source on-resistance degradation.
Identification of estrogenic activity change in sewage, industrial and livestock effluents by gamma-irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ahn, Byeong-Yong; Kang, Sung-Wook; Yoo, Jisu; Kim, Woong-Ki; Bae, Paek-Hyun; Jung, Jinho
In this study, reduction of estrogenic activity in three different types of effluents from sewage, industrial and livestock wastewater treatment plants by gamma-irradiation was investigated using the yeast two-hybrid assay. After gamma-ray treatment at a dose of 10 kGy, estrogenic activities of sewage, industrial and livestock effluents decreased from 4.4 to 3.0, 1.5 to 1.0 and 16 to 9.9 ng-EEQ L-1, respectively. The substantial reduction of estrogenic activity in livestock effluent was attributable to the degradation of 17β-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1) and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2). Although bisphenol A (BPA) was found at the highest concentration in all effluents, its contribution to the estrogenic activity was not significant due to its low relative estrogenic potency. Meanwhile, the calculated estrogenic activity based on concentrations of E2, E1, EE2 and BPA in the effluents significantly differed from the measured ones. Overestimation may have resulted by dissolved organic matters in effluents inhibiting the estrogenic activity of E2, E1, EE2 and BPA, whereas underestimation was likely due to estrogenic by-products generated by gamma-irradiation.
Sterilization of allograft bone: is 25 kGy the gold standard for gamma irradiation?
Nguyen, Huynh; Morgan, David A F; Forwood, Mark R
For several decades, a dose of 25 kGy of gamma irradiation has been recommended for terminal sterilization of medical products, including bone allografts. Practically, the application of a given gamma dose varies from tissue bank to tissue bank. While many banks use 25 kGy, some have adopted a higher dose, while some choose lower doses, and others do not use irradiation for terminal sterilization. A revolution in quality control in the tissue banking industry has occurred in line with development of quality assurance standards. These have resulted in significant reductions in the risk of contamination by microorganisms of final graft products. In light of these developments, there is sufficient rationale to re-establish a new standard dose, sufficient enough to sterilize allograft bone, while minimizing the adverse effects of gamma radiation on tissue properties. Using valid modifications, several authors have applied ISO standards to establish a radiation dose for bone allografts that is specific to systems employed in bone banking. These standards, and their verification, suggest that the actual dose could be significantly reduced from 25 kGy, while maintaining a valid sterility assurance level (SAL) of 10(-6). The current paper reviews the methods that have been used to develop radiation doses for terminal sterilization of medical products, and the current trend for selection of a specific dose for tissue banks. PMID:16821106
Effects of thermal annealing of power BJTs, MOSFETs, and SITs following neutron and gamma irradiation
Frasca, A.J. ); Schwarze, G.E. )
The electrical and switching characteristics of high power semiconductor switches subjected to high levels of neutron fluences and gamma doses must be known by the designer of the power conditioning, control and transmission subsystem of space nuclear power systems. Location and the allowable shielding mass budget will determine the level of radiation tolerance required by the switches to meet performance and reliability requirements. Neutron and gamma ray interactions with semiconductor materials and how these interactions affect switch performance are briefly discussed. The effects of post-irradiation thermal anneals at 300 K and up to 425 K for NPN Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs), N-channel Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs), and N-channel Static Induction Transistors (SITs) are discussed in terms of recovery of degraded electrical and switching parameters caused by either neutron or gamma irradiation. The important experimental results from these annealing tests show that BJTs have very good recovery to leakage current degradation but poor recovery to current gain degradation; MOSFETs show some recovery in gate-source threshold voltage degradation but no significant recovery in drain-source on-resistance degradation; and likewise, SITs show no significant recovery in drain-source on-resistance degradation.
Influence of sterilization by gamma irradiation and of thermal annealing on creep of hydroxyapatite-reinforced polyethylene composites.
Suwanprateeb, J; Tanner, K E; Turner, S; Bonfield, W
Sterilization of medical devices by gamma (gamma)-irradiation is common. The effect of irradiation on a bone replacement material, HAPEX (hydroxyapatite-reinforced polyethylene composite), was investigated. Unfilled and hydroxyapatite-filled polyethylene at 0.20 and 0.40 filler volume fractions were gamma-irradiated at 2.5 Mrad, and the modified properties were studied by differential scanning calorimetery, isochronous experiments, and creep tests. The effect of thermal annealing of the samples from 140 degrees C also was examined. The results suggest that both irradiation and annealing increase creep resistance of the materials. These are associated with the formation of crosslinks and an increase in crystallinity, respectively. PMID:9429092
Gamma irradiation and ozone treatment for inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in culture media.
Byun, M W; Kwon, O J; Yook, H S; Kim, K S
A study was conducted to investigate the reduction and elimination of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by the effects of gamma irradiation and ozone treatment. Log phase cells were found to be more sensitive to gamma irradiation than stationary phase cells. E. coli O157:H7 was found to be considerably more resistant to irradiation at -18 degrees C than at 20 degrees C. The D values for this organism for treatment with ozone in tryptic soy agar were higher than those for treatment with ozone in phosphate buffer. Gamma irradiation at a dose of 1.5 kGy or ozone treatment at a concentration of 3 to 18 ppm for 20 to 50 min was required to assure the elimination of E. coli O157:H7. PMID:9709258
Effect of gamma irradiation on chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Thymus vulgaris and Mentha pulegium essential oils
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zantar, Said; Haouzi, Rachid; Chabbi, Mohamed; Laglaoui, Amin; Mouhib, Mohammed; Mohammed Boujnah; Bakkali, Mohammed; Zerrouk, Mounir Hassani
The effects of gamma irradiation doses (10, 20 and 30 kGy) on chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Thymus vulgaris and Mentha pulegium essential oils (EOs) have been studied. The chromatographic analysis showed that the studied EOs were constituted mainly by carvacrol for T. vulgaris and pulegone for M. pulegium. Gamma irradiation on the studied doses, affects quantitatively and not qualitatively some components of the investigated oils. This effect was dose dependent. While the antioxidant activity remains stable at any dose applied for the plants studied, the antimicrobial activity increased in the irradiated samples for gram negative bacteria and did not change for gram+bacteria. This study supports that gamma irradiation employed at sterilizing doses did not compromise the biological activities of medicinal and aromatic plants.
Antibacterial silver nanoparticles in polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate blend produced by gamma irradiation.
Eghbalifam, Naeimeh; Frounchi, Masoud; Dadbin, Susan
Polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate/nano silver (PVA/SA/Ag) composite films were made by solution casting method. Gamma irradiation was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles in situ via reduction of silver nitrate without using harmful chemical agents for biomedical applications. UV-vis and XRD results demonstrated that spherical silver nanoparticles were produced even at low irradiation dose of 5 kGy. By increasing irradiation dose, more nanoparticles were synthesized while no PVA hydrogel was formed up to 15 kGy. Also the size of nanoparticles was reduced with increasing gamma dose evidenced by higher release rate of silver nanoparticles in lukewarm water and SEM images. Comparing SEM images with DLS results indicated good performance of PVA/SA as an efficient stabilizer in preventing agglomeration of the silver nanoparticles. Good miscibility of polyvinyl alcohol and sodium alginate observed on the SEM images was supported with FTIR spectroscopy. Upon addition of sodium alginate to polyvinyl alcohol and increasing silver nanoparticles, the melting peak shifted to lower temperature and crystallinity percent was decreased. Addition of sodium alginate led to remarkable increase in rigidity of PVA. The composites exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli even at very low level of silver nanoparticles. PMID:26123816
Effect of gamma irradiation on opto-structural, dielectric, and thermoluminescence properties of natural phlogopite mica
Kaur, Sukhnandan; Singh, Surinder; Singh, Lakhwant; Lochab, S. P.
Gamma ray induced modifications in natural phlogopite mica have been studied in the dose range of 1–2000 kGy. These modifications were monitored using different techniques viz: ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, dielectric measurements, X-ray diffraction, and thermoluminescence dosimeter. The analysis of the results reveals that the dose of 100 kGy produces significant change in the natural phlogopite mica as compared to pristine and other exposed samples. Ultraviolet-visible analysis provides the value of optical indirect, direct band gap, and Urbach energy. Cody model was used to calculate structural disorder from Urbach energy. Different dielectric parameters such as dielectric constant, dielectric loss, ac conductivity, and real and imaginary parts of electric modulus were calculated for pristine and irradiated samples at room temperature. Williamson Hall analysis was employed to calculate crystallite size and micro-strain of pristine and irradiated sheets. No appreciable changes in characteristic bands were observed after irradiation, indicating that natural phlogopite mica is chemically stable. The natural phlogopite mica may be recommended as a thermoluminescent dosimeter for gamma dose within 1 kGy–300 kGy.
Simulation of synergistic effects on lateral PNP bipolar transistors induced by neutron and gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, Chenhui; Bai, Xiaoyan; Chen, Wei; Yang, Shanchao; Liu, Yan; Jin, Xiaoming; Ding, Lili
With semiconductor device simulation software TCAD, numerical simulations of ionizing/displacement synergistic effects on 6 kinds of lateral PNP bipolar transistors induced by the mixed irradiation of neutron and gamma are carried out by means of changing the minority carrier lifetimes, adding charged traps to the oxide layer and increasing the surface recombination velocity in Si/SiO2 interface. The results indicate that ionizing/displacement synergistic effects on the lateral PNP bipolar transistors are not a simple sum of total ionizing dose effects and displacement effects, and total ionizing dose effects can enhance neutron displacement damages, leading to greater gain degradation. The physical mechanisms of ionizing/displacement synergistic effects are analyzed based on the results. The positive charge in the oxide layer and Si/SiO2 interface traps induced by gamma irradiation can enhance the recombination processes of carriers in the bulk defects induced by neutron irradiation, and this is the main cause of ionizing/displacement synergistic effects on the lateral PNP bipolar transistors.
Effect of radiation on solid paracetamol: ESR identification and dosimetric features of gamma-irradiated paracetamol
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Polat, M.; Korkmaz, M.
In the present work, electron spin resonance (ESR) identification of gamma-irradiated paracetamol and its potential use as a normal and/or accidental dosimetric material were investigated in the dose range of 2.5-25 kGy. Both unirradiated paracetamol and mechanically ground vermidon samples exhibited a weak single resonance line at g = 2.0049 +/- 0.0006 and had Delta H-pp = 0.6 +/- 0.02 mT. Gamma irradiation produced an increase in signal intensity with a small hyperfine splitting in both paracetamol and vermidon and many weak resonance lines on both sides of a central line in the case of vermidon. Dose-response curves associated with central line of paracetamol and vermidon were found to follow polynomial and linear function, respectively. Simulation calculations based on the room temperature ESR intensity data of the paracetamol sample irradiated at 10 kGy were performed to determine the structure and spectral parameters of the radiation-induced radical species involved in the formation of the experimental ESR spectrum of paracetamol.
Bystander Effects Induced by Continuous Low-Dose-Rate {sup 125}I Seeds Potentiate the Killing Action of Irradiation on Human Lung Cancer Cells In Vitro
Chen, H.H. Jia, R.F.; Yu, L.; Zhao, M.J.; Shao, C.L.; Cheng, W.Y.
Purpose: To investigate bystander effects of low-dose-rate (LDR) {sup 125}I seed irradiation on human lung cancer cells in vitro. Methods and Materials: A549 and NCI-H446 cell lines of differing radiosensitivity were directly exposed to LDR {sup 125}I seeds irradiation for 2 or 4 Gy and then cocultured with nonirradiated cells for 24 hours. Induction of micronucleus (MN), {gamma}H2AX foci, and apoptosis were assayed. Results: After 2 and 4 Gy irradiation, micronucleus formation rate (MFR) and apoptotic rate of A549 and NCI-H446 cells were increased, and the MFR and apoptotic rate of NCI-H446 cells was 2.1-2.8 times higher than that of A549 cells. After coculturing nonirradiated bystander cells with {sup 125}I seed irradiated cells for 24 hours, MFR and the mean number of {gamma}H2AX foci/cells of bystander A549 and NCI-H446 cells were similar and significantly higher than those of control (p <0.05), although they did not increase with irradiation dose. However, the proportion of bystander NCI-H446 cells with MN numbers {>=}3 and {gamma}H2AX foci numbers 15-19 and 20-24 was higher than that of bystander A549 cells. In addition, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treatment could completely suppress the bystander MN of NCI-H446 cells, but it suppressed only partly the bystander MN of A549 cells, indicating that reactive oxygen species are involved in the bystander response to NCI-H446 cells, but other signaling factors may contribute to the bystander response of A549 cells. Conclusions: Continuous LDR irradiation of {sup 125}I seeds could induce bystander effects, which potentiate the killing action on tumor cells and compensate for the influence of nonuniform distribution of radiation dosage on therapeutic outcomes.
Gamma Irradiation Facility at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Final environmental assessment
The US Department of Energy (DOE) has prepared an environmental assessment (EA) on the proposed construction and operation of a new Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF) at Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico (SNL/NM). This facility is needed to: enhance capabilities to assure technical excellence in nuclear weapon radiation environments testing, component development, and certification; comply with all applicable ES and H safeguards, standards, policies, and regulations; reduce personnel radiological exposure to comply with ALARA limits in accordance with DOE orders and standards; consolidate major gamma ray sources into a central, secured area; and reduce operational risks associated with operation of the GIF and LICA in their present locations. This proposed action provides for the design, construction, and operation of a new GIF located within TA V and the removal of the existing GIF and Low Intensity Cobalt Array (LICA). The proposed action includes potential demolition of the gamma shield walls and removal of equipment in the existing GIF and LICA. The shielding pool used by the existing GIF will remain as part of the ACRR facility. Transportation of the existing {sup 60}Co sources from the existing LICA and GIF to the new facility is also included in the proposed action. Relocation of the gamma sources to the new GIF will be accomplished by similar techniques to those used to install the sources originally.
Neutron, gamma ray and post-irradiation thermal annealing effects on power semiconductor switches
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Schwarze, G. E.; Frasca, A. J.
The effects of neutron and gamma rays on the electrical and switching characteristics of power semiconductor switches must be known and understood by the designer of the power conditioning, control, and transmission subsystem of space nuclear power systems. The SP-100 radiation requirements at 25 m from the nuclear source are a neutron fluence of 10(exp 13) n/sq cm and a gamma dose of 0.5 Mrads. Experimental data showing the effects of neutrons and gamma rays on the performance characteristics of power-type NPN Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs), Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs), and Static Induction Transistors (SITs) are presented. These three types of devices were tested at radiation levels which met or exceeded the SP-100 requirements. For the SP-100 radiation requirements, the BJTs were found to be most sensitive to neutrons, the MOSFETs were most sensitive to gamma rays, and the SITs were only slightly sensitive to neutrons. Post-irradiation thermal anneals at 300 K and up to 425 K were done on these devices and the effectiveness of these anneals are also discussed.
Neutron, gamma ray and post-irradiation thermal annealing effects on power semiconductor switches
Schwarze, G.E.; Frasca, A.J.
The effects of neutrons and gamma rays on the electrical and switching characteristics of power semiconductor switches must be known and understood by the designer of the power conditioning, control, and transmission subsystem of space nuclear power systems. The SP-100 radiation requirements at 25 m from the nuclear source are a neutron fluence of 10{sup 13} n/cm {sup 2} and a gamma dose of 0.5 Mrads. Experimental data showing the effects of neutrons and gamma rays on the performance characteristics of power-type NPN Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs), Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs), and Static Induction Transistors (SITs) are given in this paper. These three types of devices were tested at radiation levels which met or exceeded the SP-100 requirements. For the SP-100 radiation requirements, the BJTs were found to be most sensitive to neutrons, the MOSFETs were most sensitive to gamma rays, and the SITs were only slightly sensitive to neutrons. Post-irradiation thermal anneals at 300 K and up to 425 K were done on these devices and the effectiveness of these anneals are also discussed.
Elimination of Escherichia coli O 157 : H7 and Listeria monocytogenes from raw beef sausage by gamma-irradiation.
Badr, Hesham M
The effectiveness of low gamma-irradiation doses in the destruction of Escherichia coli O 157 : H7 and Listeria monocytogenes in raw beef sausages was investigated. Raw samples of fresh manufactured beef sausage were subjected to gamma-irradiation at doses of 0, 1, 2, and 3 kGy. Then samples were cold-stored (4 +/- 1 degrees C) for 12 days and the effects of irradiation and storage on the counts of these harmful bacteria were studied. Moreover, the effects of irradiation and storage on the percentages of free fatty acids (FFAs) in lipids, on the p-anisidine values of lipids, solubility of sarcoplasmic and myofibrilar proteins, and water-holding capacity (WHC) were also determined. The results showed that gamma-irradiation at 1 and 2 kGy significantly reduced the counts of E. coli O 157 : H7 and L. monocytogenes, while 3 kGy dose effectively eliminated these bacteria by more than 4 log and 3 log units, respectively, and could keep their counts below the detection level during storage. Gamma-irradiation had no significant effects on the percentages of FFAs in lipids, solubility of sarcoplasmic and myofibrilar proteins, and WHC of samples, while it significantly increased the p-anisidine value of lipids. During storage, significant increases in the percentages of FFAs and p-anisidine values were observed for lipids of irradiated and nonirradiated sausages, while the solubility of sarcoplasmic and myofibrilar proteins showed no significant changes. Moreover, samples of irradiated and nonirradiated sausages showed significant decreases in their WHC during the first 6 days of storage at 4 +/- 1 degrees C, then showed no significant changes. Finally, gamma-irradiation at a dose of 3 kGy appeared to be sufficient to improve the microbiological safety of raw beef sausages without adverse effects on their chemical properties. PMID:15789371
Production of palladium nanoparticles supported on multiwalled carbon nanotubes by gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rojas, J. V.; Castano, C. H.
Palladium nanoparticles were produced and supported on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) by gamma irradiation. A solution with a specific ratio of 2:1 of water-isopropanol was prepared and mixed with palladium chloride and the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The gamma radiolysis of water ultimately produces Pd metallic particles that serve as nucleation seeds. Isopropanol is used as an ion scavenger to balance the reaction, and the coalescence of the metal nanoparticles was controlled by the addition of SDS as a stabilizer. The size and distribution of nanoparticles on the carbon nanotubes (CNT) were studied at different surfactant concentrations and radiation doses. SEM, STEM and XPS were used for morphological, chemical and structural characterization of the nanostructure. Nanoparticles obtained for doses between 10 and 40 kGy, ranged in size 5-30 nm. The smaller nanoparticles were obtained at the higher doses and vice versa. Histograms of particle size distributions at different doses are presented.
Apoptosis-promoted tumorigenesis: gamma-irradiation-induced thymic lymphomagenesis requires Puma-driven leukocyte death.
Michalak, Ewa M; Vandenberg, Cassandra J; Delbridge, Alex R D; Wu, Li; Scott, Clare L; Adams, Jerry M; Strasser, Andreas
Although tumor development requires impaired apoptosis, we describe a novel paradigm of apoptosis-dependent tumorigenesis. Because DNA damage triggers apoptosis through p53-mediated induction of BH3-only proteins Puma and Noxa, we explored their roles in gamma-radiation-induced thymic lymphomagenesis. Surprisingly, whereas Noxa loss accelerated it, Puma loss ablated tumorigenesis. Tumor suppression by Puma deficiency reflected its protection of leukocytes from gamma-irradiation-induced death, because their glucocorticoid-mediated decimation in Puma-deficient mice activated cycling of stem/progenitor cells and restored thymic lymphomagenesis. Our demonstration that cycles of cell attrition and repopulation by stem/progenitor cells can drive tumorigenesis has parallels in human cancers, such as therapy-induced malignancies. PMID:20679396
Gamma dose measurement in a water phantom irradiated with the BNCT facility at THOR.
Liu, H M; Hsu, P C; Liaw, T F
It has been proposed that a LiF thermoluminescence dosemeter (TLD) is used as a gamma dosemeter in a water phantom irradiated with the BNCT facility at THOR. Based on the TLD neutron sensitivity and neutron fluxes in the water phantom, which were simulated by the MCNP code, TLD-700 was chosen as a gamma dosemeter in this report. For the correction of the neutron influence on TLD-700, the thermal neutron sensitivity to TLD-700 was investigated with MCNP simulation and the thermal neutron flux was measured with gold foils using the cadmium difference technique. The correction to the neutron influence on the TLD was established on the TLD thermal neutron sensitivity. the thermal neutron flux, and the conversion factor from energy deposition in the TLD to the TLD response. By comparing the experimental data with the thermal neutron influence correction, these data are in very good agreement with the MCNP predictions. PMID:11707034
Antioxidant activities of fucoidan degraded by gamma irradiation and acidic hydrolysis
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lim, Sangyong; Choi, Jong-il; Park, Hyun
Low molecular weight fucoidan, prepared by radical degradation using gamma ray was investigated for its antioxidant activities with different assay methods. As the molecular weight of fucoidan decreased with a higher absorbed dose, ferric-reducing antioxidant power values increased, but β-carotene bleaching inhibition did not change significantly. The antioxidant activity of acid-degraded fucoidan was also examined to investigate the effect of different degradation methods. At the same molecular weight, fucoidan degraded by gamma irradiation showed higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity than that observed with the acidic method. This result reveals that in addition to molecular weight, the degradation method affects the antioxidant activity of fucoidan.
Method for analyzing passive silicon carbide thermometry with a continuous dilatometer to determine irradiation temperature
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Campbell, Anne A.; Porter, Wallace D.; Katoh, Yutai; Snead, Lance L.
Silicon carbide is used as a passive post-irradiation temperature monitor because the irradiation defects will anneal out above the irradiation temperature. The irradiation temperature is determined by measuring a property change after isochronal annealing, i.e., lattice spacing, dimensions, electrical resistivity, thermal diffusivity, or bulk density. However, such methods are time-consuming since the steps involved must be performed in a serial manner. This work presents the use of thermal expansion from continuous dilatometry to calculate the SiC irradiation temperature, which is an automated process requiring minimal setup time. Analysis software was written that performs the calculations to obtain the irradiation temperature and removes possible user-introduced error while standardizing the analysis. This method has been compared to an electrical resistivity and isochronal annealing investigation, and the results revealed agreement of the calculated temperatures. These results show that dilatometry is a reliable and less time-intensive process for determining irradiation temperature from passive SiC thermometry.
Method for analyzing passive silicon carbide thermometry with a continuous dilatometer to determine irradiation temperature
Campbell, Anne A.; Porter, Wallace D.; Katoh, Yutai; Snead, Lance Lewis
Silicon carbide is used as a passive post-irradiation temperature monitor because the irradiation defects will anneal out above the irradiation temperature. The irradiation temperature is determined by measuring a property change after isochronal annealing, i.e., lattice spacing, dimensions, electrical resistivity, thermal diffusivity, or bulk density. However, such methods are time-consuming since the steps involved must be performed in a serial manner. This work presents the use of thermal expansion from continuous dilatometry to calculate the SiC irradiation temperature, which is an automated process requiring minimal setup time. Analysis software was written that performs the calculations to obtain the irradiation temperaturemore » and removes possible user-introduced error while standardizing the analysis. In addition, this method has been compared to an electrical resistivity and isochronal annealing investigation, and the results revealed agreement of the calculated temperatures. These results show that dilatometry is a reliable and less time-intensive process for determining irradiation temperature from passive SiC thermometry.« less
Complete suppression of reverse annealing of neutron radiation damage during active gamma irradiation in MCZ Si detectors
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Z.; Verbitskaya, E.; Chen, W.; Eremin, V.; Gul, R.; Härkönen, J.; Hoeferkamp, M.; Kierstead, J.; Metcalfe, J.; Seidel, S.
For the development of radiation-hard Si detectors for the SiD BeamCal (Si Detector Beam Calorimeter) program for International Linear Collider (ILC), n-type Magnetic Czochralski Si detectors have been irradiated first by fast neutrons to fluences of 1.5×1014 and 3×1014 neq/cm2, and then by gamma up to 500 Mrad. The motivation of this mixed radiation project is to test the radiation hardness of MCZ detectors that may utilize the gamma/electron radiation to compensate the negative effects caused by neutron irradiation, all of which exists in the ILC radiation environment. By using the positive space charge created by gamma radiation in MCZ Si detectors, one can cancel the negative space charge created by neutrons, thus reducing the overall net space charge density and therefore the full depletion voltage of the detector. It has been found that gamma radiation has suppressed the room temperature reverse annealing in neutron-irradiated detectors during the 5.5 month of time needed to reach a radiation dose of 500 Mrad. The room temperature annealing (RTA) was verified in control samples (irradiated to the same neutron fluences, but going through this 5.5 month RTA without gamma radiation). This suppression is in agreement with our previous predictions, since negative space charge generated during the reverse annealing was suppressed by positive space charge induced by gamma radiation. The effect is that regardless of the received neutron fluence the reverse annealing is totally suppressed by the same dose of gamma rays (500 Mrad). It has been found that the full depletion voltage for the two detectors irradiated to two different neutron fluences stays the same before and after gamma radiation. Meanwhile, for the control samples also irradiated to two different neutron fluences, full depletion voltages have gone up during this period. The increase in full depletion voltage in the control samples corresponds to the generation of negative space charge, and this
Effect of gamma irradiation on microbial load, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of soybeans (Glycine max L. Merrill)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yun, Juan; Li, Xihong; Fan, Xuetong; Tang, Yao; Xiao, Yao; Wan, Sen
Gamma irradiation is highly effective in inactivating microorganisms in various foods and offers a safe alternative method of food decontamination. In the present study, soybeans (Glycine max L. Merrill) were treated with 0, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 10.0 KGy of gamma irradiation. Microbial populations on soybeans, isoflavone, tocopherol contents, raffinose family oligosaccharides, color and sensory properties were evaluated as a function of irradiation dose. The results indicated that gamma irradiation reduced aerobic bacterial and fungal load. Irradiation at the doses applied did not cause any significant change (p>0.05) in the contents of isoflavone of soybeans, but decreased tocopherol contents. The content of key flatulence-producing raffinose family oligosaccharides in irradiated soybeans (10.0 kGy) decreased by 82.1% compared to the control. Sensory analysis showed that the odor of the soybeans was organoleptically acceptable at doses up to 5.0 kGy and no significant differences were observed between irradiated and nonirradiated samples in flavor, texture and color after irradiation.
Effects of gamma irradiation for inactivating Salmonella Typhimurium in peanut butter product during storage.
Ban, Ga-Hee; Kang, Dong-Hyun
Three types (A, B, and C) of peanut butter product with different water activities (0.18, 0.39, and 0.65 aw) inoculated with a 3-strain mixture of Salmonella Typhimurium were subjected to gamma irradiation (⁶⁰Co) treatment, with doses ranging from 0 to 3 kGy. The inactivation of S. Typhimurium in the 3 types of treated peanut butter product over a 14 day storage period and the influence of storage temperature at 4 (refrigerated) and 25 °C (ambient), and peanut butter product formulation were investigated. Three types of peanut butter product inoculated with S. Typhimurium to a level of ca. 6.6 log CFU/g and subjected to gamma irradiation experienced significant (p<0.05) reductions of 1.3 to 1.9, 2.6 to 2.8, and 3.5 to 4.0 log CFU/g at doses of 1, 2, and 3 kGy, respectively. The time required to reduce S. Typhimurium in peanut butter product to undetectable levels was 14, 5, and 5 days at 25°C after exposure to 3 kGy for products A, B, and C, respectively, and 7 days at 25 °C following exposure to 2 kGy for product C. During storage at 4 and 25 °C, survival of S. Typhimurium was lowest in product C compared to products A and B. Water activity (a(w)) of peanut butter product was likely the most critical factor affecting pathogen survival. When a(w) is reduced, radiolysis of water is reduced, thereby decreasing antimicrobial action. Overall, death was more rapid at 25 °C versus 4 °C for all peanut butter products during 14 day storage. Following gamma irradiation, acid values of peanut butter product were not significantly different from the control, and general observations failed to detect changes in color and aroma, even though lightness observed using a colorimeter was slightly reduced on day 0. The use of gamma irradiation has potential in preventing spoilage of post-packaged food by destroying microorganisms and improving the safety and quality of foods without compromising sensory quality. PMID:24321602
State of synapses of the cortex of cerebral hemispheres on gamma-irradiation
Gaidamakin, N.A.; Ushakov, I.B.
In adult rats with developing neurological disorders we detected destructive changes in most of the synapses of the brain sensorimotor cortex 1.6-4.3 h after a single dose of gamma-irradiation (200 Gy). All functionally important parts on the axonal and dendritic sides of the synapses had undergone changes: mitochondria, synaptic vesicles, pre- and postsynaptic membranes, synaptic complexes, and subsynaptic consolidations, axonal and dendritic plasma, and their inclusions. These changes possibly cause disconnection of the neurons and provide a structural basis for neurological deficiencies following a high substantial ionizing radiation.
Viruslike particles in the tissues of normal and gamma-irradiated Drosophila melanogaster.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Miquel, J.; Bensch, K. G.; Philpott, D. E.
A new finding of viruslike particles in the salivary and accessory glands, muscles, and nerves of normal and gamma-irradiated Drosophila melanogaster is discussed. In morphology and size, the particles seemed identical to those described in earlier reports. On the basis of the available results, it cannot be affirmed that these particles infect only dividing cells, since they are found in all the Drosophila tissues so far examined. Their relation to the aging process is felt to be an interesting subject for further study.
Gamma irradiation of PolyEthyleneTerephthalate and PolyEthyleneNaphthalate
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mariani, Mario; Ravasio, Ugo; Consolati, Giovanni; Buttafava, Armando; Giola, Marco; Faucitano, Antonio
The effect of gamma irradiation in air is investigated in two thermoplastic polyesters (PET and PEN), in order to evaluate the influence of aromatic density and the role of oxygen on radiation resistance. EPR measurements were carried out to detect radical stability against oxygen permeation and to provide radical characterization. Viscometric data reveal a different behaviour between films and thick samples. Positron annihilation spectra show a decrease of ortho-positronium intensity, which is more marked in film samples. ortho-positronium lifetime does not depend on the radiation dose.
Inactivation of mildew in rough rice and wheat by gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, Jun; Yu, Yong
Rough rice and wheat were irradiated by gamma ray ( 60Co) with different doses and the mildew inactivation efficacy was investigated after 0, 6 and 12 month storage. Five genera of mildew in rough rice and wheat were detected, including Alternaria, Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Rhizopus. For Aspergillus, four genera of mold were detected, including Aspergillus Kawachii, Aspergillus glaucus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus. Detection rates of the five genera of mildew and four genera of Aspergillus were all reduced with increasing dose after 0, 6 and 12 months storage. The detection rates of the other four genera of mildew had no significant change during storage.
Comparison of different chlorophenols degradation in aqueous solutions by gamma irradiation under reducing conditions
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Peng, Yunxia; He, Shijun; Wang, Jianlong; Gong, Wenqi
The reductive degradation of chlorophenols (CPs), including 2-CP, 4-CP and 2,4-DCP by gamma irradiation was investigated and compared. The results showed that the most efficient degradation took place with 2,4-DCP, followed by 2-CP and then 4-CP. This confirmed that the number and position of chlorine atoms existing in the benzene ring have significant impact on dechlorination and decomposition of CPs. The G-values of decomposition of CPs, the formation of intermediate products and chloride ion, and the degradation rate (KCPs and K) were also determined.
The effect of gamma irradiation on the viscosity of two barley cultivars for broiler chicks
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Al-Kaisey, Mahdi T.; Mohammed, Mahmoud A.; Alwan, Abdul-Kader H.; Mohammed, Manal H.
Seeds of two barley cultivars (Local Black and Shoaa) were gamma irradiated at 0, 10, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kGy doses using Cobalt-60 source to decrease the viscosity. The viscosity was determined in the flour of the seeds using Ostwald U-tube viscometer. The viscosity values were reduced by 25%, 50%, 65%, 72% and 74% in Local Black barley cultivar, while, in Shoaa cultivar the reductions were 15%, 30%, 52%, 69% and 67% at 10, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kGy, respectively. The chemical compositions of the seeds were determined in all treatments.
Sensitivity of light-grown and dark-grown Euglena cells to gamma-irradiation.
Nair, K A; Netrawali, M S
Light-grown cells which contain fully developed chloroplasts were found to be more resistant to gamma-irradiation than dark-grown cells which are devoid of chloroplasts. The radio-resistance of dark-grown cells progressively increased during light-induced development of chloroplasts and, conversely, radio-resistance of light-grown cells decreased progressively with chloroplast de-development during growth in the dark. The presence of chloroplasts seemed to play a major role in the capacity of cells to recover from radiation damage, the efficiency of cellular recovery being correlatable with the degree of chloroplast development. PMID:315395
EPR study of gamma irradiated DL-methionine sulfone single crystals
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Karabulut, Bünyamin; Yıldırım, İlkay
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) study of gamma irradiated dl-2-amino-4-(Methylsulfonyl) butyric acid (dl-methionine sulfone, hereafter dl-ABA) single crystals and powder was performed at room temperature. It has been found that this compound indicates the existence of C. O2- and N. H2 radicals after γ-irradiation. While g and hyperfine splitting values for the N. H2 radical were observed, for the C. O2- radical, only the g factor was measured. The EPR spectra have shown that N. H2 radical has two groups each having two distinct sites and C. O2- radical has one site. The principal g and hyperfine values for all sites were analyzed.
Breeding erect plant type sweetpotato lines using cross breeding and gamma-ray irradiation
Kuranouchi, Toshikazu; Kumazaki, Tadashi; Kumagai, Toru; Nakatani, Makoto
Few sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) cultivars with erect plant type are available despite their advantages over spreading type, such as simplicity of cultivation and ability to adapt to limited space. One of the reasons is insufficiency of their agronomic characteristics for table use. So, it is important to overcome these drawbacks of ER-type lines. We attempted to breed new erect plant type sweetpotato lines having good agronomic traits using cross breeding and mutation breeding with gamma-ray irradiation. With cross breeding we successfully developed new erect plant type lines with almost equal levels of yield as compared to 'Beniazuma', one of the leading cultivars in Japan. However, mutation breeding failed to develop any promising lines because we could not obtain distinct erect plant type lines. In the future larger numbers of plants should be used for mutation breeding, and irradiation methods should be improved. PMID:27436957
Effects of gamma irradiation on the shoot length of Cicer seeds [rapid communication
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Toker, Cengiz; Uzun, Bulent; Canci, Huseyin; Oncu Ceylan, F.
The effects of radiation on the shoot and root lengths of germinated seedling of irradiated seeds of Cicer species, i.e. three kabuli types and four desi types of cultivated chickpea ( Cicer arietinum Ladiz.) and 2 annual wild types ( C. reticulatum Ladiz. and C. bijugum K.H. Rech.) were investigated. The seeds were irradiated with a 60Co gamma source using 0, 200, 300 and 400 Gy doses at 1.66 kGy h -1. At 200 Gy minor effects could be observed, but at 400 Gy an obvious depression of shoot length was observed. The kabuli types were more affected than the desi ones. The critical dose that prevented the shoot and root elongation varied among species and also ranged from genotypes to genotype within species.
Gamma irradiation assisted fungal degradation of the polypropylene/biomass composites
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Butnaru, Elena; Darie-Niţă, Raluca Nicoleta; Zaharescu, Traian; Balaeş, Tiberius; Tănase, Cătălin; Hitruc, Gabriela; Doroftei, Florica; Vasile, Cornelia
White-rot fungus Bjerkandera adusta has been tested for its ability to degrade some biocomposites materials based on polypropylene and biomass (Eucalyptus globulus, pine cones, and Brassica rapa). γ-irradiation was applied to initiate the degradation of relatively inert polypropylene matrix. The degradation process has been studied by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, rheological and chemiluminescence tests. These analyses showed that the polypropylene/biomass composites properties are worsen under the action of the selected microorganism. The formation of cracks and scrap particles over the entire matrix surface and the decrease of the complex viscosity values, as well as the dynamic moduli of gamma irradiated PP/biomass composite and exposed to Bjerkandera adusta fungus, indicate fungal efficiency in composite degradation.
Breeding erect plant type sweetpotato lines using cross breeding and gamma-ray irradiation.
Kuranouchi, Toshikazu; Kumazaki, Tadashi; Kumagai, Toru; Nakatani, Makoto
Few sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) cultivars with erect plant type are available despite their advantages over spreading type, such as simplicity of cultivation and ability to adapt to limited space. One of the reasons is insufficiency of their agronomic characteristics for table use. So, it is important to overcome these drawbacks of ER-type lines. We attempted to breed new erect plant type sweetpotato lines having good agronomic traits using cross breeding and mutation breeding with gamma-ray irradiation. With cross breeding we successfully developed new erect plant type lines with almost equal levels of yield as compared to 'Beniazuma', one of the leading cultivars in Japan. However, mutation breeding failed to develop any promising lines because we could not obtain distinct erect plant type lines. In the future larger numbers of plants should be used for mutation breeding, and irradiation methods should be improved. PMID:27436957
Radiation damage of PbWO 4 crystals due to irradiation by 60Co gamma rays
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kozma, Peter; Bajgar, Robert; Kozma, Petr
Radiation resistivity of large tungstate crystals PbWO 4 from three suppliers has been studied for doses 10 4 Gy (10 6 rad) and 10 5 Gy (10 7 rad). Radiation resistivity was examined by the measurement of optical transmission through tungstate crystals before and after 60Co gamma-ray irradiations. The absolute degradation of transmission for 10 4 and 10 5 Gy doses at 480 nm wavelength of the peak emission of PbWO 4 doped with La 2+, was found to be lower than 12.3% and 14.2%, respectively. The results have been also compared with radiation hardness measurements for a large volume CeF 3 scintillation crystal. Complete recovery of radiation damage was observed between 10 and 15 days after irradiations.
Facile Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Under {gamma}-Irradiation: Effect of Chitosan Concentration
Huang, N. M.; Radiman, S.; Ahmad, A.; Idris, H.; Lim, H. N.; Khiew, P. S.; Chiu, W. S.; Tan, T. K.
In the present study, a biopolymer, low molecular weight chitosan had been utilized as a 'green' stabilizing agent for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles under {gamma}-irradiation. The as-synthesized silver nanoparticles have particle diameters in the range of 5 nm-30 nm depending on the percentage of chitosan used (0.1 wt%, 0.5 wt%, 1.0 wt% and 2.0 wt%). It was found that the yield of the silver nanoparticles was in accordance with the concentration of chitosan presence in the solution due to the reduction by the chitosan radical during irradiation. The highly stable chitosan encapsulated silver nanoparticles were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-Visible spectrophotometer (UV-VIS) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD)
The effect of gamma irradiation on the thermal behavior of dielectric properties of linear low-density/carbon black semiconductive composites
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dudić, D.; Luyt, A. S.; Marinković, F.; Petronijević, I.; Dojčilović, J.; Kostoski, D.
Electrical AC conductivity of semiconducting low-density polyethylene (LDPE)-carbon black (CB) composites has been studied in the frequency range between 24 Hz and 75 kHz and the temperature range from 295 to 355 K. The composites were gamma irradiated at room temperature to different absorbed doses up to 300 kGy. The effects of gamma irradiation on the AC conductivity at room temperature and the conductive temperature coefficients (CTC) were observed. It was found that the effect of gamma irradiation on the stability of AC conductivity at elevated temperature (355 K) is dependent on the carbon black content and the gamma irradiation dose.
Polymerization of SDS-PAGE gel by gamma irradiation and its use for characterization by electrophoresis of a protein [rapid communication
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kim, Dong-Ho; Kim, Jin-Hee; Seo, Ji-Hyun; Lee, Ju-Woon; Lim, Sang-Yong; Lee, Ho-Joon; Byun, Myung-Woo
An SDS-PAGE gel strip was polymerized using a gamma irradiation process and used for electrophoresis. The relative mobility (Rf) and resolution of marker proteins were determined. Polymerization was induced by gamma irradiation in an acrylamide and N'-methylene bisacrylamide mixture with and without the polymerization initiators, ammonium persulfate (APS) and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED). The calibration curves of log 10 molecular weight of the protein versus the distance of the migration showed higher correlations in the gamma irradiated gel than in that of the APS-TEMED polymerized control. The Rf value of the protein was increased in the gel polymerized by gamma-irradiation.
Feeding preference of Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) for gamma-irradiated wood impregnated with benzoylphenylurea compounds under laboratory conditions.
Katsumata, Noriaki; Tsunoda, Kunio; Toyoumi, Aya; Yoshimura, Tsuyoshi; Imamura, Yuji
The feeding preference of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) for 200-kGy gamma-irradiated Cryptomeria japonica D. Don (Japanese cedar) sapwood impregnated with benzoylphenylurea compounds such as hexaflumuron and noviflumuron was examined by three laboratory tests. Although termites were not deterred from feeding on gamma-irradiated wood samples that had been impregnated with hexaflumuron or noviflumuron, termite mortality was significantly higher compared with solvent controls in the no-choice test. All live termites were transferred to paper disks immediately after the no-choice test to investigate changes in mortality with time, and this test also confirmed the effects of hexaflumuron and noviflumuron on worker termites, which showed a significant feeding preference for gamma-irradiated wood. Only the 1480 ppm noviflumuron-impregnated gamma-irradiated wood specimens showed significant differences in mortality in the two-choice test. These results suggest that gamma-irradiated C. japonica wood, which is locally abundant in Japan, may have potential as a bait substrate for benzoylphenylurea compounds. PMID:18613590
Fatty acid profile of gamma-irradiated and cooked African oil bean seed (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth).
Olotu, Ifeoluwa; Enujiugha, Victor; Obadina, Adewale; Owolabi, Kikelomo
The safety and shelf-life of food products can be, respectively, ensured and extended with important food-processing technologies such as irradiation. The joint effect of cooking and 10 kGy gamma irradiation on the fatty acid composition of the oil of Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth was evaluated. Oils from the raw seed, cooked seeds, irradiated seeds (10 kGy), cooked, and irradiated seeds (10 kGy) were extracted and analyzed for their fatty acid content. An omega-6-fatty acid (linoleic acid) was the principal unsaturated fatty acid in the bean seed oil (24.6%). Cooking significantly (P < 0.05) increased Erucic acid by 3.3% and Linolenic acid by 23.0%. Combined treatment significantly (P < 0.05) increased C18:2, C6:0, C20:2, C18:3, C20:3, C24:0, and C22:6 being linoleic, caproic, eicosadienoic, linolenic, eicosatrienoic, ligoceric, and docosahexaenoic acid, respectively, and this increase made the oil sample to have the highest total fatty acid content (154.9%), unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio (109.6), and unsaturated fatty acid content (153.9%). 10 kGy irradiation induces the formation of C20:5 (eicosapentaenoic), while cooking induced the formation of C20:4 (arachidic acid), C22:6 (Heneicosanoic acid), and C22:2 (docosadienoic acid). Combined 10 kGy cooking and irradiation increased the susceptibility of the oil of the African oil bean to rancidity. PMID:25493197
Whole-Genome Sequencing in Microbial Forensic Analysis of Gamma-Irradiated Microbial Materials
Broomall, Stacey M.; Ait Ichou, Mohamed; Krepps, Michael D.; Johnsky, Lauren A.; Karavis, Mark A.; Hubbard, Kyle S.; Insalaco, Joseph M.; Betters, Janet L.; Redmond, Brady W.; Rivers, Bryan A.; Liem, Alvin T.; Hill, Jessica M.; Fochler, Edward T.; Roth, Pierce A.; Rosenzweig, C. Nicole; Skowronski, Evan W.
Effective microbial forensic analysis of materials used in a potential biological attack requires robust methods of morphological and genetic characterization of the attack materials in order to enable the attribution of the materials to potential sources and to exclude other potential sources. The genetic homogeneity and potential intersample variability of many of the category A to C bioterrorism agents offer a particular challenge to the generation of attributive signatures, potentially requiring whole-genome or proteomic approaches to be utilized. Currently, irradiation of mail is standard practice at several government facilities judged to be at particularly high risk. Thus, initial forensic signatures would need to be recovered from inactivated (nonviable) material. In the study described in this report, we determined the effects of high-dose gamma irradiation on forensic markers of bacterial biothreat agent surrogate organisms with a particular emphasis on the suitability of genomic DNA (gDNA) recovered from such sources as a template for whole-genome analysis. While irradiation of spores and vegetative cells affected the retention of Gram and spore stains and sheared gDNA into small fragments, we found that irradiated material could be utilized to generate accurate whole-genome sequence data on the Illumina and Roche 454 sequencing platforms. PMID:26567301
Effect of gamma irradiation on microbial decontamination, and chemical and sensory characteristic of lycium fruit
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wen, Hsiao-Wei; Chung, Hsiao-Ping; Chou, Fong-In; Lin, I.-hsin; Hsieh, Po-Chow
Lycium fruit, popular traditional Chinese medicine and food supplement generally is ingested uncooked, was exposed to several doses of gamma irradiation (0-14 kGy) to evaluate decontamination efficiency, changes in chemical composition, and changes in sensory characteristic. In this study, lycium fruit specimens contained microbial counts of 3.1×10 3-1.7×10 5 CFU/g and 14 kGy was sufficient for microbial decontamination. Before irradiation, the main microbe isolated from lycium fruit was identified as a strain of yeast, Cryptococcus laurentii. After 10 kGy of irradiation, a Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium, Bacillus cereus, was the only survivor. The first 90% reduction (LD 90) of C. laurentii and B. cereus was approximately 0.6 and 6.5 kGy, respectively, the D 10 doses of C. laurentii and B. cereus was approximately 0.6 and 1.7 kGy, respectively. After 14 kGy irradiation, except the vitamin C content, other chemical composition (e.g., crude protein, β-carotene, riboflavin, fructose, etc.) and the sensory characteristic of lycium fruit specimens did not have significant changes. In conclusion, 14 kGy is the optimal decontamination dose for lycium fruit for retention of its sensory quality and extension of shelf life.
Increase of onion yield through low dose of gamma irradiation of its seeds
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wiendl, F. M.; Wiendl, F. W.; Wiendl, J. A.; Vedovatto, A.; Arthur, V.
The increase of onions' yield could be achieved by the common farmer through the use of nuclear techniques. This report describes the results obtained with the irradiation of onion seeds, with low doses of gamma radiations (Cobalt-60), at doses of 0 (control), 150, 400 and 700 Gy. Beyond the proper onion's variety also the use of low dose rates of 13.1, 39.2 and 52.3 Gy per hour were of the great importance during irradiation. The results showed to be promising, both in laboratory studies and in the field, resulting in an increase of onions production: A greater number of seedlings, bulbs and a higher yield in weight per hectar were planted. In the field the most promising dose and dose rate to the variety "Super-X" were respectively 150 Gy and 13.1 Gy per hour, yielding an 24.9 percent heavier weight of onions than the control. The other tested variety was "Granex-33", which did not respond so favorable to irradiation. However, also with this variety we harvested a 2.1 percent heavier weight than its control, if the onion seeds were irradiated with the dose of 700 Gy at a dose dose rate of 13.1 Gy per hour.
Effect of gamma irradiation at intermediate doses on the performance of reverse osmosis membranes
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Combernoux, Nicolas; Labed, Véronique; Schrive, Luc; Wyart, Yvan; Carretier, Emilie; Moulin, Philippe
The goal of this study is to explain the degradation of Polyamide (PA) composite reverse osmosis membrane (RO) in function of the irradiation dose. Irradiations were performed with a gamma 60Co source in wet conditions and under oxygen atmosphere. For different doses of 0.2 and 0.5 MGy with a constant dose rate of 0.5 kGy h-1, RO membranes performances (NaCl retention, permeability) were studied before and after irradiation. ATR-FTIR, ion chromatography and gas chromatography were used to characterize structural modification. Results showed that the permeability of RO membranes irradiated at 0.2 MGy exhibited a small decrease, related to scissions of the PVA coating. However, retention did not change at this dose. At 0.5 MGy, permeability showed a large increase of a factor around 2 and retention began to decrease from 99% to 95%. Chromatography measurements revealed a strong link between permselectivity properties variation, ion leakage and oxygen consumption. Add to ATR-FTIR observations, these results emphasized that the cleavages of amide and ester bonds were observed at 0.5 MGy, more precisely the loss of hydrogen bonds between polyamide chains. By different analysis, modifications of the polysulfone layer occur until a dose of 0.2 MGy.
Effect of. gamma. -irradiated DNA on the activity of DNA polymerase. [/sup 60/Co
Leadon, S.A.; Ward, J.F.
A cell-free assay was developed to measure the effect of ..gamma..-irradiated DNA template on the ability of DNA polymerase to copy unirradiated template. Doses as low as 1 krad were able to decrease (approx. 15%) the activity of both bacterial and mammalian DNA polymerases in the assay. The percentage of polymerase activity decreased as the dose received by the template increased. The reduction in DNA polymerase activity was shown to be due to an inhibition of the enzyme by the irradiated DNA. Irradiated poly(dA-dT) was more effective in reducing polymerase activity than calf thymus DNA. Thus the polymerase-inhibition site(s) appears to be associated with base damage, specifically adenine or thymine. Using a free-radical scavenger, OH radicals were found to be involved in producing the damage sites. The interaction between irradiated DNA and DNA polymerase was found to be specific for the enzyme and not for other proteins present in the assay. The inhibition of DNA polymerase occurred prior to or during the initiation of DNA synthesis rather than after initiation of synthesis, i.e., during elongation.
Whole-Genome Sequencing in Microbial Forensic Analysis of Gamma-Irradiated Microbial Materials.
Broomall, Stacey M; Ait Ichou, Mohamed; Krepps, Michael D; Johnsky, Lauren A; Karavis, Mark A; Hubbard, Kyle S; Insalaco, Joseph M; Betters, Janet L; Redmond, Brady W; Rivers, Bryan A; Liem, Alvin T; Hill, Jessica M; Fochler, Edward T; Roth, Pierce A; Rosenzweig, C Nicole; Skowronski, Evan W; Gibbons, Henry S
Effective microbial forensic analysis of materials used in a potential biological attack requires robust methods of morphological and genetic characterization of the attack materials in order to enable the attribution of the materials to potential sources and to exclude other potential sources. The genetic homogeneity and potential intersample variability of many of the category A to C bioterrorism agents offer a particular challenge to the generation of attributive signatures, potentially requiring whole-genome or proteomic approaches to be utilized. Currently, irradiation of mail is standard practice at several government facilities judged to be at particularly high risk. Thus, initial forensic signatures would need to be recovered from inactivated (nonviable) material. In the study described in this report, we determined the effects of high-dose gamma irradiation on forensic markers of bacterial biothreat agent surrogate organisms with a particular emphasis on the suitability of genomic DNA (gDNA) recovered from such sources as a template for whole-genome analysis. While irradiation of spores and vegetative cells affected the retention of Gram and spore stains and sheared gDNA into small fragments, we found that irradiated material could be utilized to generate accurate whole-genome sequence data on the Illumina and Roche 454 sequencing platforms. PMID:26567301
Effect of gamma-irradiation on frozen shrimps for decontamination of pathogenic bacteria
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ito, Hitoshi; Rashid, Harun Or; Sangthong, Naruemon; Adulyatham, Pitaya; Rattagool, Pongpen; Ishigaki, Isao
Twelve samples of imported frozen shrimps were used in this study. The total aerobic bacteria were at 2 × 10 4 to 6 × 10 6 per gram. A few of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. mimicus, V. alginolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. fluvialis and Listeria monocytogenes were isolated from many samples. However, Salmonella was not detected in any of the samples. After exposure to 4-5 kGy of gamma-rays, the total aerobic bacteria in frozen shrimps were reduced by approximately 2-3 log cycles. The dose necessary to reduce the vibrio isolates and Aeromonas hydrophila at a level of below 10 -4 per gram was about 3 kGy in frozen shrimps, whereas about 3.5 kGy was required for L. monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium. In this study, unpleasant off-odor was clearly detected in the non-frozen shrimps irradiated at 2.5 kGy. On the other hand, off-odor was negligible in the frozen product below 5 kGy irradiation. No remarkable changes of peroxide values were also obtained up to 9 kGy of irradiation in the frozen shrimps. However peroxide values of non-frozen shrimps were clearly increased even irradiated at 4 kGy. Trimethylamine content was not changed at doses below 10 kGy in both of frozen and non-frozen shrimps. Shelf-life of defrosted shrimps were extended ca. 2 times under non-frozen market conditions.
Comparative effects of gamma irradiation and phosphine fumigation on the quality of white ginseng
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kwon, J.-H. J.-H.; Byun, M.-W. M.-W.; Kim, K.-S. K.-S.; Kang, I.-J. I.-J.
The hygienic, physicochemical, and organoleptic qualities of white ginseng were monitored during 6 months under accelerated conditions (40°C, 90% r.h.) by observing its microbial populations, disinfestation, and some quality attributes following either gamma irradiation at 2.5-10 kGy or commercial phosphine (PH 3) fumigation. In a comparative study, both treatments were found to be effective for disinfecting the stored samples. Phosphine showed no appreciable decontaminating effects on microorganisms contaminated including coliforms, while 5 kGy irradiation was sufficient to control all microorganisms related to the quality of the packed samples. Irradiation at 5 kGy caused negligible changes in physicochemical attributes of the samples, such as ginsenosides, amino acids, fatty acids, and organoleptic properties, whereas phosphine fumigation was found detrimental to sensory flavor ( P<0.01). Quality deterioration occurred in the commercially-packed samples was in the following order: the control, 10 kGy-, phosphine-, and 2.5-5 kGy-treated samples. Accordingly, irradiation at <5 kGy was found to be an effective alternative to phosphine fumigation for white ginseng.
Control of continuous irradiation injury on potatoes with daily temperature cycling
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Tibbitts, T. W.; Bennett, S. M.; Cao, W.
Two controlled-environment experiments were conducted to determine the effects of temperature fluctuations under continuous irradiation on growth and tuberization of two potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars, Kennebec and Superior. These cultivars had exhibited chlorotic and stunted growth under continuous irradiation and constant temperatures. The plants were grown for 4 weeks in the first experiment and for 6 weeks in the second experiment. Each experiment was conducted under continuous irradiation of 400 micromoles per square meter per second of photosynthetic photon flux and included two temperature treatments: constant 18 degrees C and fluctuating 22 degrees C/14 degrees C on a 12-hour cycle. A common vapor pressure deficit of 0.62 kilopascal was maintained at all temperatures. Plants under constant 18 degrees C were stunted and had chlorotic and abscised leaves and essentially no tuber formation. Plants grown under the fluctuating temperature treatment developed normally, were developing tubers, and had a fivefold or greater total dry weight as compared with those under the constant temperature. These results suggest that a thermoperiod can allow normal plant growth and tuberization in potato cultivars that are unable to develop effectively under continuous irradiation.
The effects of gamma irradiation on the vitamin E content and sensory qualities of pecan nuts ( Carya illinoensis)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Taipina, Magda S.; Lamardo, Leda C. A.; Rodas, Maria A. B.; del Mastro, Nelida L.
Pecan nuts ( Carya illinoensis) were treated with gamma irradiation and evaluated for changes in vitamin E content and sensory properties. Irradiation at 1 and 3 kGy resulted in no changes in vitamin E content measured as α-tocopherol equivalents by a colorimetric method. A trained sensory panel found that irradiation at 1 kGy produced no significant changes in appearance, aroma, texture and flavor attributes. The vitamin E content of irradiated pecan nuts remained stable, but from the point of view of sensory quality a dose of merely 1 kGy can be considered as recommendable.
Effect of annealing on electronic carrier transport properties of gamma-irradiated AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yadav, Anupama; Schwarz, Casey; Shatkhin, Max; Wang, Luther; Flitsiyan, Elena; Chernyak, Leonid; Liu, Lu; Hwang, Ya; Ren, Fan; Pearton, Stephen; Department of Physics, University of Central Florida Collaboration; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida Collaboration; Department of Materials Science; Engineering, University of Florida Collaboration
AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors were irradiated with 60Co gamma-ray doses from 100Gy to 1000Gy, in order to analyze the effects of irradiation on the devices' transport properties. Temperature dependent Electron Beam Induced Current (EBIC) measurements, conducted on the devices before and after exposure to gamma-irradiation, allowed for the obtaining of activation energy related to radiation-induced defects due to nitrogen vacancies. Later, the devices were annealed at 200o C for 25 minutes. All the measurements were performed again to study the effect of annealing on the gamma-irradiated devices. Annealing of gamma-irradiated transistors shows that partial recovery of device performance is possible at this temperature. DC current-voltage measurements were also conducted on the transistors to assess the impact of gamma-irradiation and annealing on transfer, gate and drain characteristics.
Gamma irradiation of sorghum flour: Effects on microbial inactivation, amylase activity, fermentability, viscosity and starch granule structure
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mukisa, Ivan M.; Muyanja, Charles M. B. K.; Byaruhanga, Yusuf B.; Schüller, Reidar B.; Langsrud, Thor; Narvhus, Judith A.
Malted and un-malted sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) flour was gamma irradiated with a dose of 10 kGy and then re-irradiated with 25 kGy. The effects of irradiation on microbial decontamination, amylase activity, fermentability (using an amylolytic L. plantarum MNC 21 strain), starch granule structure and viscosity were determined. Standard methods were used during determinations. The 10 kGy dose had no effect on microbial load of un-malted flour but reduced that of malted flour by 3 log cycles. Re-irradiation resulted in complete decontamination. Irradiation of malt caused a significant ( p<0.05) reduction in alpha and beta amylase activity (22% and 32%, respectively). Irradiation of un-malted flour increased the rates of utilization of glucose and maltose by 53% and 100%, respectively, during fermentation. However, microbial growth, rate of lactic acid production, final lactic acid concentration and pH were not affected. Starch granules appeared normal externally even after re-irradiation, however, granules ruptured and dissolved easily after hydration and gelatinization. Production of high dry matter density porridge (200 g dry matter/L) with a viscosity of 3500 cP was achieved by irradiation of un-malted flout at 10 kGy. Gamma irradiation can be used to decontaminate flours and could be utilized to produce weaning porridge from sorghum.
Changes in antigenicity of porcine serum albumin in gamma-irradiated sausage extract by treatment with pepsin and trypsin
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kim, Koth-Bong-Woo-Ri; Song, Eu-Jin; Lee, So-Young; Park, Jin-Gyu; Lee, Ju-Woon; Byun, Myung-Woo; Ahn, Dong-Hyun
Pork is known as an allergenic food with porcine serum albumin (PSA, 66 kDa) representing the major allergen. This study was conducted to investigate the change in antigenicity of PSA in gamma-irradiated sausage extract treated with pepsin and trypsin. Sausage products (A and B) were irradiated at 1, 3, 10, and 20 kGy. After irradiation, sausage proteins were extracted and digested with pepsin (1:200, 30 min) and trypsin (1:300, 5, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min). The binding ability of PSA in extracts of the irradiated sausages (A and B) decreased by over 3 kGy relative to the binding ability of PSA in extracts of intact sausages and showed no notable differences when the dose of radiation ranged from 3 to 20 kGy. After treatment with pepsin and trypsin, the binding ability of PSA in extracts of the irradiated sausages was decreased more relative to that of intact sausages and showed no significant differences when the period of trypsin treatment is increased or when the dose of irradiation is increased. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) results indicated that there was no visible change in the intensity of the PSA band in extracts of the irradiated sausages. After pepsin and trypsin treatment, the intensity of PSA band faded with increasing doses of irradiation. In conclusion, antigenicity of PSA in pork sausages could be reduced by gamma irradiation.
Luminescence properties and compositions of contaminating inorganic minerals separated from gamma-irradiated fresh and white ginsengs from different areas
Ahn, Jae-Jun; Akram, Kashif; Jeong, Mi-Seon; Kwak, Ji-Young; Park, Eun-Joo; Kwon, Joong-Ho
Gamma-irradiation (0-7 kGy) of ginseng is permitted in Korea for the purpose of microbial decontamination; with strict labeling, traceability and monitoring requirements. An identification study was conducted to determine the photostimulated-luminescence (PSL) and thermoluminescence (TL) properties of gamma-irradiated fresh and white ginsengs cultivated in different areas. Dosedependent PSL-based screening was possible for white ginseng samples; however, inappropriate results from non-irradiated fresh ginseng samples were obtained, showing intermediate (700 to 5,000) or positive (T2 >5,000, irradiated) PSL counts due to the abundance of minerals on the surfaces of the samples. TL analysis of separated minerals from all non-irradiated samples gave TL glow curves of low intensity with a maximum peak after 300℃. However, well-defined irradiation-specific (high intensity with a maximum peak at about 200℃) glow curves were observed for all the irradiated samples, regardless of their type and origins. TL ratios (first glow curve /second glow curve) were also determined to confirm the irradiated (>0.1) and non-irradiated (<0.1) results. SEM-EDX (scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray) and XRD (X-ray diffraction) spectroscopic analyses showed that feldspar and quartz minerals were the main source for the typical radiation-specific luminescence properties. PMID:24235863
Study on antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by gamma irradiation method using different stabilizers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Van Phu, Dang; Quoc, Le Anh; Duy, Nguyen Ngoc; Lan, Nguyen Thi Kim; Du, Bui Duy; Luan, Le Quang; Hien, Nguyen Quoc
Colloidal solutions of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by gamma Co-60 irradiation using different stabilizers, namely polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), alginate, and sericin. The particle size measured from TEM images was 4.3, 6.1, 7.6, and 10.2 nm for AgNPs/PVP, AgNPs/PVA, AgNPs/alginate, and AgNPs/sericin, respectively. The influence of different stabilizers on the antibacterial activity of AgNPs was investigated. Results showed that AgNPs/alginate exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ( E. coli) among the as-synthesized AgNPs. Handwash solution has been prepared using Na lauryl sulfate as surfactant, hydroxyethyl cellulose as binder, and 15 mg/L of AgNPs/alginate as antimicrobial agent. The obtained results on the antibacterial test of handwash for the dilution to 3 mg AgNPs/L showed that the antibacterial efficiency against E. coli was of 74.6%, 89.8%, and 99.0% for the contacted time of 1, 3, and 5 min, respectively. Thus, due to the biocompatibility of alginate extracted from seaweed and highly antimicrobial activity of AgNPs synthesized by gamma Co-60 irradiation, AgNPs/alginate is promising to use as an antimicrobial agent in biomedicine, cosmetic, and in other fields.
Antioxidant Capacities and Total Phenolic Contents Enhancement with Acute Gamma Irradiation in Curcuma alismatifolia (Zingiberaceae) Leaves
Taheri, Sima; Abdullah, Thohirah Lee; Karimi, Ehsan; Oskoueian, Ehsan; Ebrahimi, Mahdi
The present study was conducted in order to assess the effect of various doses of acute gamma irradiation (0, 10, 15, and 20 Gy) on the improvement of bioactive compounds and their antioxidant properties of Curcuma alismatifolia var. Sweet pink. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) analysis uncovered that various types of phenolic, flavonoid compounds, and fatty acids gradually altered in response to radiation doses. On the other hand, antioxidant activities determined by 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reduction, antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay showed a higher irradiation level significantly increased the antioxidant properties. This study revealed an efficient effect of varying levels of gamma radiation, based on the pharmaceutical demand to enhance the accumulation and distribution of bioactive compounds such as phenolic and flavonoid compounds, fatty acids, as well as their antioxidant activities in the leaves of C. alismatifolia var. Sweet pink. PMID:25056545
The effects of gamma irradiation on diclofenac sodium, liposome and niosome ingredients for rheumatoid arthritis
Turker, Selcan; Çolak, Seyda; Korkmaz, Mustafa; Kiliç, Ekrem; Özalp, Meral
The use of gamma rays for the sterilization of pharmaceutical raw materials and dosage forms is an alternative method for sterilization. However, one of the major problems of the radiosterilization is the production of new radiolytic products during the irradiation process. Therefore, the principal problem in radiosterilization is to determine and to characterize these physical and chemical changes originating from high-energy radiation. Parenteral drug delivery systems were prepared and in vitro characterization, biodistribution and treatment studies were done in our previous studies. Drug delivery systems (liposomes, niosomes, lipogelosomes and niogelosomes) encapsulating diclofenac sodium (DFNa) were prepared for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This work complies information about the studies developed in order to find out if gamma radiation could be applied as a sterilization method to DFNa, and the raw materials as dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC), surfactant I [polyglyceryl-3-cethyl ether (SUR I)], dicethyl phosphate (DCP) and cholesterol (CHOL) that are used to prepare those systems. The raw materials were irradiated with different radiation doses (5, 10, 25 and 50 kGy) and physicochemical changes (organoleptic properties pH, UV and melting point), microbiological evaluation [sterility assurance level (SAL), sterility and pyrogen test] and electron spin resonance (ESR) characteristics were studied at normal (25 °C, 60% relative humidity) and accelerated (40 °C, 75% relative humidity) stability test conditions. PMID:24265902
Removal of compounds used as plasticizers and herbicides from water by means of gamma irradiation.
Rivera-Utrilla, José; Daiem, Mahmoud M Abdel; Sánchez-Polo, Manuel; Ocampo-Pérez, Raúl; López-Peñalver, Jesús J; Velo-Gala, Inmaculada; Mota, Antonio J
Gamma radiation has been used to induce the degradation of compounds used as plasticizers and herbicides such as phthalic acid (PA), bisphenol A (BPA), diphenolic acid (DPA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D), and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in aqueous solution, determining the dose constants, removal percentages, and radiation-chemical yields. The reaction rate constants of hydroxyl radical (HO), hydrated electron (eaq(-)) and hydrogen atom (H) with these pollutants were also obtained by means of competition kinetics, using 3-aminopyridine and atrazine as reference compounds. The results indicated that the elimination of these pollutants with gamma radiation mainly follows the oxidative pathway through reaction with HO radicals. The degradation by-products from the five pollutants were determined, detecting that the hydroxylation of the corresponding parent compounds was the main chemical process in the degradation of the pollutants. Moreover, a high decrease in the chemical oxygen demand has been observed for all pollutants. As expected, the degradation by-products generated by the irradiation of PA, BPA and DPA showed a lower toxicity than the parent compounds, however, in the case of 2,4-D and MCPA irradiation, interestingly, their by-products were more toxic than the corresponding original compounds. PMID:27366982
Effect of gamma irradiation on hyaluronic acid and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) interaction
Ahmad, Ainee Fatimah; Mohd, Hur Munawar Kabir; Taqiyuddin Mawardi bin Ayob, Muhammad; Rosli, Nur Ratasha Alia Md; Mohamed, Faizal; Radiman, Shahidan; Rahman, Irman Abdul
DPPC lipids are the major component constituting the biological membrane, and their importances in various physiological functions are well documented. Hyaluronic acid (HA) in the synovial joint fluid functions as a lubricant, shock absorber and a nutrient carrier. Gamma irradiation has also been found to be effective in depolymerizing and cleaving molecular chains related to free radicals, thus extends with changes in chemical composition as well as its physiological functions. This research are conducted to investigate the hyaluronic acid (HA) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) interaction in form of vesicles and its effect to gamma radiation. The size of DPPC vesicles formed via gentle hydration method is between 100 to 200 nm in diameter. HA (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml) was added into the vesicles and characterized by using TEM to determine vesicle size distributions, fusion and rupture of DPPC structure. The results demonstrated that the size of the vesicles approximately between 200 to 300 nm which caused by vesicles fusion with HA and formed even larger vesicles. After being irradiated by 0 to 200 Gy, the size of vesicles decreased as HA was degraded. To elucidate the mechanism of these effects, FTIR spectra were carried out and have shown that at absorption bands at 1700–1750 cm{sup −1} due to formation of carboxylic acid and leads to alteration of HA structure.
Gamma irradiation of pollen and eradication of Israeli acute paralysis virus.
Meeus, Ivan; Mosallanejad, Hadi; Niu, Jinzhi; de Graaf, Dirk C; Wäckers, Felix; Smagghe, Guy
Honeybees and bumblebees are the most important pollinators of agricultural crops. For this purpose honeybees and bumblebees are reared and transported. A pathogen-free status of bees in general, is crucial. Indeed anthropogenic transports of hosts carrying parasites could alter the natural host/pathogen association, inducing an extra pathogenic stress. Therefore the creation of a pathogen-free rearing environment is needed. For bumblebees this is possible, as these species are reared in a closed environment. Although, a link remains between reared bumblebees and the outside bee community, as honeybee-collected pollen is essential food for bumblebee mass rearing. Here we evaluated if gamma irradiation can minimize the risk of this potential route of exposure and can inactivate viral particles present in honeybee-collected pollen. We show that 16.9kGy gamma irradiation induced a 100-1000 fold reduction on the ability of IAPV to cause mortality after injections. This result opens avenues toward rearing pathogen-free bumblebees and towards eliminating the risks of pathogen spillover to native wild bee species. PMID:25034227
Effect of gamma irradiation on hyaluronic acid and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) interaction
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ahmad, Ainee Fatimah; Mohd, Hur Munawar Kabir; bin Ayob, Muhammad Taqiyuddin Mawardi; Rosli, Nur Ratasha Alia Md; Mohamed, Faizal; Radiman, Shahidan; Rahman, Irman Abdul
DPPC lipids are the major component constituting the biological membrane, and their importances in various physiological functions are well documented. Hyaluronic acid (HA) in the synovial joint fluid functions as a lubricant, shock absorber and a nutrient carrier. Gamma irradiation has also been found to be effective in depolymerizing and cleaving molecular chains related to free radicals, thus extends with changes in chemical composition as well as its physiological functions. This research are conducted to investigate the hyaluronic acid (HA) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) interaction in form of vesicles and its effect to gamma radiation. The size of DPPC vesicles formed via gentle hydration method is between 100 to 200 nm in diameter. HA (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml) was added into the vesicles and characterized by using TEM to determine vesicle size distributions, fusion and rupture of DPPC structure. The results demonstrated that the size of the vesicles approximately between 200 to 300 nm which caused by vesicles fusion with HA and formed even larger vesicles. After being irradiated by 0 to 200 Gy, the size of vesicles decreased as HA was degraded. To elucidate the mechanism of these effects, FTIR spectra were carried out and have shown that at absorption bands at 1700-1750 cm-1 due to formation of carboxylic acid and leads to alteration of HA structure.
Redox reactions obtained by gamma irradiation of quercetin methanol solution are similar to in vivo metabolism.
Marfak, A; Trouillas, P; Allais, D P; Calliste, C A; Duroux, J L
The flavonol quercetin is one of the most well-known antioxidant flavonoids. Its antioxidant potential has been studied extensively during the last 10 years, but little is known about the metabolites formed in vivo that lead to the formation of depside and small molecules such as benzoic acids. In this study, gamma irradiation of a quercetin methanol solution was used as a model of certain oxidative reactions that occur in vivo. Qercetin at concentrations ranging from 5 x 10(-5) M to 5 x 10(-3) M, was irradiated with gamma rays at doses of 2-14 kGy. Quercetin degradation was evaluated by HPLC analysis. The major radiolytic metabolite was identified as a depside by NMR and LC-MS. Formation of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid was also observed. The presence of CH3O. formed during methanol radiolysis is invoked to explain depside formation. Transformation of the 8-methoxy substituted depside (Q1) to the 8-hydroxyl substituted depside (Q2) is discussed. The antioxidant properties of quercetin metabolites are evaluated according to their capacity to decrease the EPR DPPH signal and to inhibit superoxide radical formed by the enzymatic reaction (xanthine + xanthine oxidase). For both assays, the IC50 of Q2 is twice as high as that of quercetin. PMID:12537527
Effects of annealing treatment and gamma irradiation on the absorption and fluorescence spectra of Cr:GSGG laser crystal
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sun, D. L.; Luo, J. Q.; Xiao, J. Z.; Zhang, Q. L.; Jiang, H. H.; Yin, S. T.; Wang, Y. F.; Ge, X. W.
The influence of annealing treatments and gamma-ray irradiation on the absorption and fluorescence spectra of Cr:GSGG crystals grown by the Czochralski method has been investigated. Two absorption bands located near 686 nm and 1050 nm were weakened markedly after the crystal was re-annealed in H2 atmosphere, which is due to the Cr4+ ions being de-oxidized into Cr3+ ions. The other two weak additional absorption bands induced by gamma-ray irradiation appearing near 310 nm and 480 nm are ascribed to the Fe2+ ions and F-type color centers, respectively. In particular, the gamma-ray irradiation with a dose of 100 Mrad has an effect of improving slightly the luminescence properties of Cr:GSGG crystals. The improvement mechanism is analyzed and discussed.
Effect of gamma irradiation on the structural, thermal and optical properties of Makrofol BL 2-4
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nouh, S. A.; Abutalib, M. M.
Makrofol BL 2-4 is an extrusion film based on Makrolon polycarbonate. It comprises excellent die-cutting performance combined with high light transmission and moderate light scattering properties. It is a class of polymeric solid state nuclear track detectors which has many applications in various radiation detection fields. In the present work, Makrofol samples were irradiated using different gamma doses ranging from 10 to 350 kGy. The structural modifications in the gamma-irradiated Makrofol samples have been studied as a function of dose using different characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, intrinsic viscosity, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, refractive index and color difference studies. The gamma irradiation in the dose range 20-200 kGy led to a more compact structure of Makrofol polymer, which resulted in an improvement in its thermal stability with an enhancement in its structural and optical properties.
Inhibition of gamma-irradiation induced adhesion molecules and NO production by alginate in human endothelial cells.
Son, E W; Cho, C K; Rhee, D K; Pyo, S
Inflammation is a frequent radiation-induced reaction following therapeutic irradiation. Treatment of human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVEC) with gamma-irradiation (gammaIR) induces the expression of adhesion proteins such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin. Since the upregulation of these proteins on endothelial cell surface has been known to be associated with inflammation, interfering with the expression of adhesion molecules is an important therapeutic target. In the present study, we demonstrate that high mannuronic acid-containing alginate (HMA) inhibits gammaIR induced expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin on HUVEC in a dose dependent manner. HMA also inhibited gammaIR induced production of Nitric oxide (NO). These data suggest that HMA has therapeutic potential for the treatment of various inflammatory disorder associated with an increase of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules. PMID:11693551
Investigation of thermal annealing by gamma irradiation at room temperature in LiNbO3 crystals
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bajor, Andrzej L.; Kaczmarek, Slawomir M.; Pracka, Izabella; Swirkowicz, Marek; Wronska, Teresa
An interesting phenomenon of thermal annealing in gamma irradiated undoped, and photorefractive Cu- and Fe-doped, Z- oriented LiNbO3 crystal has been observed. Prior and after each gamma irradiation the crystals were thermally annealed in the air at 800 degrees C for a couple of hours. Optical homogeneity was investigated on the entire area of LiNbO3 wafers by measuring distributions of birefringence, the principal azimuth, transmission, and parameters associated with birefringence dispersion, and also by measurements of additional absorption in a few wafers' points. It has been rather unexpectedly observed that the classical thermal annealing can lead to a decease in optical homogeneity in the majority of cases. It is attributed to generation of an internal electric field by the pyroelectric effect, and to the electrooptic effect involved thereafter. On the other hand, the secondary electrons generated by gamma irradiation are believed to increase the optical homogeneity by increasing the crystal's conductivity and dissipating this field. A uniform temperature heating across the wafer generated by this irradiation is also a helpful factor in this gamma- annealing. It has been found that this effect at room temperature by this irradiation is also a helpful factor in this gamma-annealing. It has been found that this effect at room temperature is small for gamma irradiation of 105 Gy, while increasing the doses to 106 Gy and 107 Gy can profile in a considerable reduction of the optical inhomogeneity. A certain influence of Cu-doping on this effect has also been observed.
EPR spectra induced by gamma-irradiation of some dry medical herbs
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yordanov, N. D.; Lagunov, O.; Dimov, K.
The radiation-induced EPR spectra in some medical herbs are reported. The samples studied are: (i) leaves of nettle, common balm, peppermint and thyme; (ii) stalks of common balm, thyme, milfoil, yarrow and marigold; (iii) blossoms of yarrow and marigold; (iv) blossoms and leaves of hawthorn and tutsan; and (v) roots of common valerian, nettle, elecampane (black and white), restharrows and carlina. Before irradiation all samples exhibit one weak anisotropic singlet EPR line with effective g-value of 2.0050±0.0002. The radiation-induced spectra fall into three groups. EPR spectra of irradiated blossoms of yarrow and marigold, stalks of common balm, thyme, tutsan and yarrow as well as roots of common valerian, nettle and elecampane (black and white) show "cellulose-like" EPR spectrum typical for irradiated plants. It is characterized by one intense central line with g=2.0050±0.0005 and two weak satellite lines situated ca. 30 G left and right to it. EPR spectra of gamma-irradiated restharrows and carlina are complex. They may be represented by one triplet corresponding to the "cellulose-like" EPR spectrum, one relatively intense singlet, situated in the center of the spectrum, and five weak additional satellite lines left and right to the center. The last spectrum was assigned as "carbohydrate-like" type. Only one intense EPR singlet with g=2.0048±0.0005 was recorded after irradiation of leaves of nettle and common balm. The lifetime of the radiation-induced EPR spectra was followed for a period of 3 months.
The influence of antiorthostatic unloading and long gamma-irradiation on rat bone marrow (MSCs)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Roe, Maria; Bobyleva, Polina; Shtemberg, Andrey; Buravkova, Ludmila
With the prospect of long interplanetary spaceflight becoming a real possibility there are some important questions that need to be answered regarding the combined effects of microgravity and long gamma-irradiation.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of synchronous antiorthostatic unloading and fractional gamma-irradiation on the functional characteristics of rat bone marrow multipotent stromal cells (MSCs).This experiment was carried out following all rules laid out by the Commission on Bioethics at the SSC RF - IBMP RAS. In this experiment the Wistar rats were kept in an unloaded position for a duration of 30 days. They were also subjected to 6 doses of gamma-radiation on the "GOBO-60" with a source of (137) Cs. The dose rate set to 1 meter 50 sGr / H (Total dose of 3 Gr).The study revealed a significant reduction in the number of colonies (CFU-F) in all cultures from the experimental groups when compared to the control groups. The most significant reduction was observed in the group, which had been subject to combined unloading, and radiation. This result was confirmed by examination of cell cultures during 10 days of growth.We found that the CD45 expression was increased in the groups exposed to radiation. At the same time a reduction in the expression of CD90 was observed during combination of radiation and unloading we found.The experimental groups also differed from the control group showing smaller lipid inclusions and decreased expression of alkaline phosphates in the MSCs. This experiment concluded that the bone marrow MSCs after a combination of unloading and multiple radiation sessions, showed a decrease in proliferation and differentiation potential which could reduce the adaption and reparative capacity of the organism.
Thermoluminescence Study of Gamma Irradiated Cr-Doped LiF Phosphors
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kumar, Satinder; Gathania, A. K.; Vij, Ankush; Kumar, Ravi
We have synthesized Cr-doped LiF phosphors by using modified co-precipitation. X-ray diffraction study confirms the single-phase cubic structure up to 0.05 mol.% of Cr in LiF; afterwards, a secondary phase of formation was observed. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images revealed micro-cubic surface morphology of samples. The thermoluminescent (TL) behavior of the samples studied after irradiating them with gamma rays in the dose range 0.1-30 kGy. The TL glow curve of Cr-doped LiF comprises a prominent peak observed at 407 K and a broad band ranging from 448 K to 512 K at a fixed gamma dose of 10 kGy. The shape of the TL glow curve remained similar at all concentrations of Cr in LiF; however, TL intensity was found to vary with Cr concentration, and Cr (0.02 mol.%)-doped LiF sample exhibit highest TL response. The glow curve of the optimized sample as a function of gamma irradiation dose within the range 0.1-30 kGy shows an almost linear increase in TL intensity of the main glow peak up to 10 kGy, and afterwards it decreases. Further, at the high dose of 30 kGy, the intensity of the prominent TL glow peak at 407 K decreases and another broad peak starts growing at 468 K signifying the formation of new trapping sites. The kinetic parameters, namely activation energy, order of kinetics, and frequency factor of the optimized sample were evaluated by using Chen's peak shape method and glow curve deconvolution (GCD) functions based on Kitti's equations.
Continuous versus pulse neutron induced gamma spectroscopy for soil carbon analysis.
Kavetskiy, A; Yakubova, G; Torbert, H A; Prior, S A
Neutron induced gamma spectra analysis (NGA) provides a means of measuring carbon in large soil volumes without destructive sampling. Calibration of the NGA system must account for system background and the interference of other nuclei on the carbon peak at 4.43 MeV. Accounting for these factors produced measurements in agreement with theoretical considerations. The continuous NGA mode was twice as fast and just as accurate as the pulse mode, thus this mode was preferable for routine soil carbon analysis. PMID:25497322
Effects of low-dose gamma-irradiation on production of shikonin derivatives in callus cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon S.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chung, B. Y.; Lee, Y.-B.; Baek, M.-H.; Kim, J.-H.; Wi, S. G.; Kim, J.-S.
The yield increase of secondary metabolite production was examined in plant cell cultures with the use of relatively low to high doses gamma irradiation. Suspension culture of Lithospermum erythrorhizon cells was irradiated to 2, 16, and 32 Gy. The gamma irradiation significantly stimulated the shikonin biosynthesis of the cells and increased the total shikonin yields (intracellular+extracellular shikonin yields) by 400% at 16 Gy and by only 240% and 180% at 2 and 32 Gy, respectively. One of the key enzymes for the shikonin biosynthesis of cells, p-hydroxylbenzoic acid (PHB) geranyltransferase, was found to be stimulated by the gamma-radiation treatments. The activity of PHB geranyltransferase was increased at 2 and 16 Gy with a negligible change at 32 Gy. In contrast, the activity of PHB glucosyltransferase was slightly changed at all doses of gamma radiation compared with the control cells. Therefore, the increase in PHB geranyltransferase activity leads to the accumulation of secondary metabolites such as a shikonin, which may contribute to plant defense against the stresses induced by gamma irradiation.
Optical absorption of gamma-irradiated lithium-borate glasses doped with different transition metal oxides
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Marzouk, S. Y.; Elalaily, N. A.; Ezz-Eldin, F. M.; Abd-Allah, W. M.
We have investigated the effect of gamma irradiation on the optical properties of Li 2O-B 2O 3 containing two concentrations (0.2 or 0.5 g) of each one of the following transition metals, V, Mn, Fe or Ni oxide glass samples. We studied the impacts of gamma irradiation in terms of the mechanism by which radiation-induced defects are generated. A resolution of the observed absorption spectra showed several bands which were induced by photo-reduction or photo-oxidation assumed to take place by photo-chemical reaction according to the type of transition metal oxide (TMO). Small deviations of these induced bands characteristic of the glass constituents were observed and explained in terms of the physical properties, in relation to different oxidation states of TMO in the glass matrix. The series Mn 2+, Fe 2+ and Ni 2+ ions shows a trend of increased photo-oxidation with increasing electronegativity or decreasing mass of the ions. The prepared samples were studied in terms of their dosimetric characteristics: calibration curves from 1.0524 to 42.096 kGy and fading at (25 and 50 °C). Thermal bleaching of irradiated glass was found to permit the reduction of the larger part of TMO ions in Li 2O-B 2O 3. Also, the results showed that the degeneration of the induced bands was faster at 50 than at 25 °C. The optical energy gap Eg was found to decrease with the increase of the radiation dose, and it is suggested that the mechanism of optical transition is forbidden by indirect transition.
The effects of gamma irradiation on micro-hotplates with integrated temperature sensing diodes
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Francis, Laurent A.; André, Nicolas; Boufouss, El Hafed; Gérard, Pierre; Ali, Zeeshan; Udrea, Florin; Flandre, Denis
Micro-hotplates are MEMS structures of interest for low-power gas sensing, lab-on-chips and space applications, such as micro-thrusters. Micro-hotplates usually consist in a Joule heater suspended on a thin-film membrane while thermopiles or thermodiodes are added as temperature sensors and for feedback control. The implementation of micro-hotplates using a Silicon-On-Insulator technology makes them suited for co-integration with analog integrated circuits and operation at elevated environmental temperatures in a range from 200 to 300 °C, while the heater allows thermal cycling in the kHz regime up to 700 °C, e.g. necessary for the activation of gas sensitive metal-oxide on top of the membrane, with mWrange electrical power. The demonstrated resistance of micro-hotplates to gamma radiations can extend their use in nuclear plants, biomedical sterilization and space applications. In this work, we present results from electrical tests on micro-hotplates during their irradiation by Cobalt-60 gamma rays with total doses up to 18.90 kGy. The micro-hotplates are fabricated using a commercial 1.0 μm Silicon-On-Insulator technology with a tungsten Joule heater, which allows power-controlled operation above 600 °C with less than 60 mW, and temperature sensing silicon diodes located on the membrane and on the bulk. We show the immunity of the sensing platform to the harsh radiation environment. Beside the good tolerance of the thermodiodes and the membrane materials to the total radiation dose, the thermodiode located on the heating membrane is constantly annealed during irradiation and keeps a constant sensitivity while post-irradiation annealing can restore the thermodiode.
Monitoring of gamma-irradiated Yb-doped optical fibers through the pump induced refractive index change effect
Pekukhova, I.; Fotiadi, A. A.; Shubin, A. V.; Tomashuk, A. L.; Novikov, S. G.; Zolotovskiy, I. O.; Antipov, O. L.; Panajotov, K.; Thienpont, H.; Megret, P.
We report on the method for monitoring of the modifications in Yb-doped optical fibers irradiated by gamma-rays with the doses 1, 2, 4 and 8 kGy. This method is based on the refractive index change (RIC) effect induced in the tested fibers by square modulated optical pump pulses of 1 ms duration at 980 nm with the power up to 100 mW. The applied in-situ monitoring is based on interferometric technique and highlights the key parameters of the RIC effect that allows to characterize quantitatively the degree of the fiber degradation under the gamma irradiation. (authors)
Stabilization of gamma-irradiated poly(vinyl chloride) by epoxy compounds. III. Conjugated double bonds and degree of unsaturation in gamma-irradiated PVC-stabilizer mixtures
Lerke, G.; Lerke, I.; Szymanski, W.
The concentration of conjugated polyene sequences was studied in ..gamma..-irradiated PVC with 4% admixture of four epoxy stabilizers: diglycidyl ether of 2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)propane (I), styrene oxide (1,2-epoxy ethyl benzene) (IV), epoxidized ricinus oil (VI), and epoxidized soybean oil (Drapex 6.8) (VII). As in the former investigations (Papers I and II), the process of the formation of the polyenes occurs in two stages. The concentration of polyene sequences with n double bonds, H/sub n/ the total amount of polyene sequences, ..sigma..H/sub n/, the average length of the polyene sequence, n, and the extents of reaction x and p, were computed. The stabilizing effect of all compounds used agrees with the increasing content of epoxy groups. The addition of stabilizers diminishes the value of n. The decrease of the fraction of long sequences and the increase of short ones occurs. Apart from the binding of evolved HCl, the protective effect towards the macromolecules of PVC consists mainly in the inhibition of growth of chain dehydrochlorination by the epoxy groups.
Effect of gamma irradiation on the vitamins, phytochemicals, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. leaves
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Khattak, Khanzadi Fatima; Rahman, Taj Ur
Plant based food products and medicines are given more consideration for their efficacy, safety and synergistic effects. Radiation processing has been valuably used for microbial decontamination and value addition of the plant materials. The current study is about the effect of gamma irradiation on the quality attributes of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. leaves. The leaves of the plant were irradiated at the dose levels of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 kGy. The irradiated and control samples were evaluated for vitamin, phytochemicals, antibacterial and DPPH scavenging activities. The results showed that gamma irradiation doses up to 12.5 kGy enhanced the levels of certain phytochemicals and augmented the biological activities.
Studies on enhancing the keeping quality of peach ( Prunus persica Bausch) Cv. Elberta by gamma-irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hussain, P. R.; Meena, R. S.; Dar, M. A.; Wani, A. M.
The effect of gamma-irradiation on keeping quality of peach fruit was studied. The fruit, after harvesting at proper maturity stage, was irradiated in the dose range of 1.0-2.0 kGy, stored under ambient (temp. 25±2 °C, RH 70%) and refrigerated (temp. 3±1 °C, RH 80%) conditions and evaluated periodically for firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), anthocyanins, water-soluble pectic fractions, loss in weight and decay percentage. The anthocyanin evaluation of the fruits revealed that irradiation enhanced the colour development under both the storage conditions. The gamma-irradiation dose range of 1.2-1.4 kGy proved effective in maintaining higher TSS concentration, reducing weight loss and significantly ( p⩽0.05) delaying the decaying of the fruit by 6 days under ambient conditions and by 20 days under refrigerated storage conditions.
Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Sewage Sludge by Gamma Irradiation with Pasteurization as a Tool for Hygienization
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Priyadarshini, J.; Roy, P. K.; Mazumdar, A.
In this research work, management of sewage sludge disposal on agricultural soils is addressed. The increasing amount of sewage sludge and more legislative regulation of its disposal have stimulated the need for developing new technologies to recycle sewage sludge efficiently. The research was structured along two main avenues, namely, the efficacy of the irradiation process for removing enteric pathogenic microorganisms and the potential of irradiated sludge as a soil amendment. This study investigated how application of irradiation with heat treatment reduced pathogens in sewage sludge. Raw and pasteurised Sewage sludge was treated at different dose treatment of 1.5, 3 and 5 kilogray (kGy) gamma irradiation individually and for 3 kGy sufficiency was achieved. Decrease in irradiation dose from 5 to 3 kGy was observed for pasteurised sludge resulting in saving of radiation energy. The presence of heavy metals in untreated sewage sludge has raised concerns, which decreases after irradiation.
The application of Sunna dosimeter film for process control at industrial gamma- and electron beam irradiation facilities
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kovács, A.; Baranyai, M.; Fuochi, P. G.; Lavalle, M.; Corda, U.; Miller, S.; Murphy, M.; O'Doherty, J.
The Sunna dosimeter was introduced for dose determination in the dose range of 50-300 kGy by measuring optically stimulated luminescence. The usefulness of the dosimeter film has already been shown in food irradiation for routine process control. The aim of the present study was to check the performance of the Sunna dosimeter film for process control in radiation sterilization under industrial processing conditions, i.e. at high activity gamma irradiators and at high energy electron beam facilities. To ensure similar irradiation conditions during calibration and routine irradiation "in-plant calibration" was performed by irradiating the Sunna dosimeters together with ethanol-monochlorobenzene transfer standard and alanine reference standard dosimeters. The Sunna dosimeters were then irradiated together with the routine dosimeter of the actual plant during regular production runs and the absorbed doses measured by the different dosimeters agreed within ±2%(1 σ).
Fluorescence properties and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of {gamma}-irradiated Sm{sup 3+}-doped oxyfluoroborate glasses
Babu, B. Hari; Ravi Kanth Kumar, V. V.
The permanent photoinduced valence manipulation of samarium doped oxyfluoroborate glasses as a function of {gamma}-ray irradiation has been investigated using a steady-state fluorescence and electron paramagnetic resonance techniques. An increase in SrF{sub 2} content in the glass led to the red shift of the peaks in as prepared glass, while in irradiated glasses this led to the decrease in defect formation as well as increase in photoreduction of Sm{sup 3+} to Sm{sup 2+} ion. The energy transfer mechanism of induced permanent photoreduction of Sm{sup 3+} to Sm{sup 2+} ions in oxyfluoroborate glasses has been discussed. The decay analysis shows exponential behavior before irradiation and non-exponential behavior after irradiation. The energy transfer in irradiated glasses increases with the increase in SrF{sub 2} content in the glass and also with the irradiation dose.
Apparatus for irradiating a continuously flowing stream of fluid. [For neutron activation analysis
Speir, L.G.; Adams, E.L.
An apparatus for irradiating a continuously flowing stream of fluid is disclosed. The apparatus consists of a housing having a spherical cavity and a spherical moderator containing a radiation source positioned within the spherical cavity. The spherical moderator is of lesser diameter than the spherical cavity so as to define a spherical annular volume around the moderator. The housing includes fluid intake and output conduits which open onto the spherical cavity at diametrically opposite positions. Fluid flows through the cavity around the spherical moderator and is uniformly irradiated due to the 4..pi.. radiation geometry. The irradiation source, for example a /sup 252/Cf neutron source, is removable from the spherical moderator through a radial bore which extends outwardly to an opening on the outside of the housing. The radiation source may be routinely removed without interrupting the flow of fluid or breaching the containment of the fluid.
Detection and original dose assessment of egg powders subjected to gamma irradiation by using ESR technique
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Aydın, Talat
ESR (electron spin resonance) techniques were applied for detection and original dose estimation to radiation-processed egg powders. The un-irradiated (control) egg powders showed a single resonance line centered at g=2.0086±0.0005, 2.0081±0.0005, 2.0082±0.0005 (native signal) for yolk, white and whole egg, respectively. Irradiation induced at least one additional intense singlet overlapping to the control signal and caused a significant increase in signal intensity without any changes in spectral patterns. Responses of egg powders to different gamma radiation doses in the range 0-10 kGy were examined. The stability of the radiation-induced ESR signal of irradiated egg powders were investigated over a storage period of about 5 months. Additive reirradiation of the egg powders produces a reproducible dose response function, which can be used to assess the initial dose by back-extrapolation. The additive dose method gives an estimation of the original dose within ±12% at the end of the 720 h storage period.
Physicochemical and thermal properties of gamma-irradiated sago (Metroxylon sagu) starch
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Othman, Zainon; Hassan, Osman; Hashim, Kamaruddin
Sago (Metroxylon sagu) starch was exposed to gamma-irradiation in air at doses 6, 10 and 25 kGy. Subsequent changes in the physicochemical and thermal properties were measured. The apparent amylose content and swelling power of irradiated sago starch was significantly reduced while reducing sugars and starch solubility were significantly increased due to degradation. X-ray diffraction studies showed that radiation did not affect the crystalline type but induced a decrease in the degree of crystallinity, indicating the destruction of the ordered distribution of neighboring polysaccharide chains in the starch granules, in particular of the amylopectin component, which is responsible for starch crystallinity. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of irradiated sago starch showed a small but significant increase in the onset and peak transition temperatures at 10 and 25 kGy dose; the conclusion temperature and gelatinization enthalpy was not affected. SEM and particle size analysis produced no evidence of physical damage to sago starch up to 25 kGy dose radiation treatment since the granular appearance and size distribution was retained.
Effect of gamma irradiation on the structural and magnetic properties of Co–Zn spinel ferrite nanoparticles
Raut, Anil V.; Kurmude, D.V.; Shengule, D.R.; Jadhav, K.M.
Highlights: • Co–Zn ferrite nanoparticles were examined before and after γ-irradiation. • Single phase cubic spinel structure of Co–Zn was confirmed by XRD data. • The grain size was reported in the range of 52–62 nm after γ-irradiation. • Ms, Hc, n{sub B} were reported to be increased after gamma irradiation. - Abstract: In this work, the structural and magnetic properties of Co{sub 1−x}Zn{sub x}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) ferrite nanoparticles were studied before and after gamma irradiation. The as-synthesized samples of Co–Zn ferrite nanoparticles prepared by sol–gel auto-combustion technique were analysed by XRD which suggested the single phase; cubic spinel structure of the material. Crystal defects produced in the spinel lattice were studied before and after Co{sup 60} γ-irradiation in a gamma cell with a dose rate of 0.1 Mrad/h in order to report the changes in structural and magnetic properties of the Co–Zn ferrite nanoparticles. The average crystallite size (t), lattice parameter (α) and other structural parameters of gamma-irradiated and un-irradiated Co{sub 1−x}Zn{sub x}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} spinel ferrite system was calculated from XRD data. The morphological characterizations were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The magnetic properties were measured using pulse field hysteresis loop tracer by applying magnetic field of 1000 Oe, and the analysis of data obtained revealed that the magnetic property such as saturation magnetization (Ms), coecivity (Hc), magneton number (n{sub B}) etc. magnetic parameters were increased after irradiation.
In the spring of 1997, the Suffolk County Department of Health Services audited the BNL site, and identified the Building 830 Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF) as an underground tank regulated under Suffolk County Health Code, Article 12. As a result of this audit, a project was initiated to review the GIF and to collect information to develop an options list for its future disposition. The overall objective of this task was to evaluate the decontamination and decommissioning (D&D) of the GIF, including the proper disposal of the cobalt-60 sources currently located in the GIF. This objective was accomplished through the performance of the following subtasks. (1) Characterize the GIF and the cobalt-60 sources: (a) Compile available data on the physical and radiological characteristics of the gamma sources; (b) Conduct underwater surveys to verify visually the physical state of the sources, and if possible, their activity levels (curie content); and (c) Prepare the pool, to the extent possible, for removal of the sources. (2) Identify options for future disposition: (a) Contact other gamma facilities and find out their experiences with recycling, disposal, and D&D; and (b) Contact vendors for the disposal or recycling of the cobalt-60 sources. Identify options and factors affecting them, such as costs, regulatory issues, health and safety requirements, equipment availability. This report summarizes the results of these subtasks. The remainder of this introductory section gives a description of the GIF, provides a brief history of the facility, and discusses the applicable Article 12 requirements. Section 2 focuses on the sources themselves, and the current facility configuration. Contacts with other gamma facilities are summarized in Section 3. Section 4 presents the options developed from these contacts and from BNL experience, and their estimated costs. Costs are tabulated and compared in Section 5, and Section 6 presents conclusions.
Bremsstrahlung {gamma}-ray generation by electrons from gas jets irradiated by laser pulses for radiographic testing
Oishi, Yuji; Nayuki, Takuya; Zhidkov, Alexei; Fujii, Takashi; Nemoto, Koshichi
Electron generation from a gas jet irradiated by low energy femtosecond laser pulses is studied experimentally as a promising source of radiation for radioisotope-free {gamma}-ray imaging systems. The calculated yield of {gamma}-rays in the 0.5-2 MeV range, produced by low-average-power lasers and gas targets, exceeds the yields from solid tape targets up to 60 times. In addition, an effect of quasi-mono energetic electrons on {gamma}-ray imaging is also discussed.
Effects of gamma irradiation on the radiation-resistant bacteria and polyphenol oxidase activity in fresh kale juice
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kim, Dongho; Song, Hyunpa; Lim, Sangyong; Yun, Hyejeong; Chung, Jinwoo
Gamma radiation was performed to prolong the shelf life of natural kale juice. The total aerobic bacteria in fresh kale juice, prepared by a general kitchen process, was detected in the range of 10 6 cfu/ml, and about 10 2 cfu/ml of the bacteria survived in the juice in spite of gamma irradiation treatment with a dose of 5 kGy. Two typical radiation-resistant bacteria, Bacillus megaterium and Exiguobacterium acetylicum were isolated and identified from the 5 kGy-irradiated kale juices. The D10 values of the vegetative cell and endospore of the B. megaterium in peptone water were 0.63±0.05 and 1.52±0.05 kGy, respectively. The D10 value of the E. acetylicum was calculated as 0.65±0.06 kGy. In the inoculation test, the growth of the surviving B. megaterium and E. acetylicum in the 3-5 kGy-irradiated kale juice retarded and/or decreased significantly during a 3 d post-irradiation storage period. However, there were no significant differences in the residual polyphenol oxidase activity and browning index between the nonirradiated control and the gamma irradiated kale juice during a post-irradiation period.
Effects of acid/alkaline pretreatment and gamma-ray irradiation on extracellular polymeric substances from sewage sludge
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Xie, Shuibo; Wu, Yuqi; Wang, Wentao; Wang, Jingsong; Luo, Zhiping; Li, Shiyou
In order to investigate the mechanism of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) influencing sludge characteristics, variations of extractable EPS from municipal sewage sludge by acid/alkaline pretreatment and gamma-ray irradiation were studied. The changes in constituents of EPS were analyzed by UV-vis spectra and SEM images. The effects of alkaline pretreatment and gamma-ray irradiation on the functional groups in EPS were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. Results showed that the extractable EPS increased clearly with increasing irradiation dose from 0 to 15 kGy. UV-vis spectra indicated that a new absorption band from 240 nm to 300 nm existed in all irradiated samples, apart from acid condition. The results of FTIR spectroscopic analysis indicated that, irradiation influenced major functional groups in EPS, such as protein and polysaccharide, and these effects were clearer under alkaline condition. SEM images provided that after alkaline hydrolysis, gamma-ray irradiation was more effective in resulting in the sludge flocs and cells broken, compared with acid pretreatment (pH 2.50).
Gamma Knife Irradiation of Injured Sciatic Nerve Induces Histological and Behavioral Improvement in the Rat Neuropathic Pain Model
Yagasaki, Yuki; Hayashi, Motohiro; Tamura, Noriko; Kawakami, Yoriko
We examined the effects of gamma knife (GK) irradiation on injured nerves using a rat partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSL) model. GK irradiation was performed at one week after ligation and nerve preparations were made three weeks after ligation. GK irradiation is known to induce immune responses such as glial cell activation in the central nervous system. Thus, we determined the effects of GK irradiation on macrophages using immunoblot and histochemical analyses. Expression of Iba-1 protein, a macrophage marker, was further increased in GK-treated injured nerves as compared with non-irradiated injured nerves. Immunohistochemical study of Iba-1 in GK-irradiated injured sciatic nerves demonstrated Iba-1 positive macrophage accumulation to be enhanced in areas distal to the ligation point. In the same area, myelin debris was also more efficiently removed by GK-irradiation. Myelin debris clearance by macrophages is thought to contribute to a permissive environment for axon growth. In the immunoblot study, GK irradiation significantly increased expressions of βIII-tubulin protein and myelin protein zero, which are markers of axon regeneration and re-myelination, respectively. Toluidine blue staining revealed the re-myelinated fiber diameter to be larger at proximal sites and that the re-myelinated fiber number was increased at distal sites in GK-irradiated injured nerves as compared with non-irradiated injured nerves. These results suggest that GK irradiation of injured nerves facilitates regeneration and re-myelination. In a behavior study, early alleviation of allodynia was observed with GK irradiation in PSL rats. When GK-induced alleviation of allodynia was initially detected, the expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a potent analgesic factor, was significantly increased by GK irradiation. These results suggested that GK irradiation alleviates allodynia via increased GDNF. This study provides novel evidence that GK irradiation of
Low Doses of Gamma-Irradiation Induce an Early Bystander Effect in Zebrafish Cells Which Is Sufficient to Radioprotect Cells
Pereira, Sandrine; Malard, Véronique; Ravanat, Jean-Luc; Davin, Anne-Hélène; Armengaud, Jean; Foray, Nicolas; Adam-Guillermin, Christelle
The term "bystander effect" is used to describe an effect in which cells that have not been exposed to radiation are affected by irradiated cells though various intracellular signaling mechanisms. In this study we analyzed the kinetics and mechanisms of bystander effect and radioadaptation in embryonic zebrafish cells (ZF4) exposed to chronic low dose of gamma rays. ZF4 cells were irradiated for 4 hours with total doses of gamma irradiation ranging from 0.01–0.1 Gy. In two experimental conditions, the transfer of irradiated cells or culture medium from irradiated cells results in the occurrence of DNA double strand breaks in non-irradiated cells (assessed by the number of γ-H2AX foci) that are repaired at 24 hours post-irradiation whatever the dose. At low total irradiation doses the bystander effect observed does not affect DNA repair mechanisms in targeted and bystander cells. An increase in global methylation of ZF4 cells was observed in irradiated cells and bystander cells compared to control cells. We observed that pre-irradiated cells which are then irradiated for a second time with the same doses contained significantly less γ-H2AX foci than in 24 h gamma-irradiated control cells. We also showed that bystander cells that have been in contact with the pre-irradiated cells and then irradiated alone present less γ-H2AX foci compared to the control cells. This radioadaptation effect is significantly more pronounced at the highest doses. To determine the factors involved in the early events of the bystander effect, we performed an extensive comparative proteomic study of the ZF4 secretomes upon irradiation. In the experimental conditions assayed here, we showed that the early events of bystander effect are probably not due to the secretion of specific proteins neither the oxidation of these secreted proteins. These results suggest that early bystander effect may be due probably to a combination of multiple factors. PMID:24667817
Evaluation of the Effect of a Gamma Irradiated DBM-Pluronic F127 Composite on Bone Regeneration in Wistar Rat
Canciani, Barbara; Losi, Paola; Tripodi, Maria; Burchielli, Silvia; Ottoni, Priscilla; Salvadori, Piero Antonio; Soldani, Giorgio
Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) is widely used for bone regeneration. Since DBM is prepared in powder form its handling properties are not optimal and limit the clinical use of this material. Various synthetic and biological carriers have been used to enhance the DBM handling. In this study we evaluated the effect of gamma irradiation on the physical-chemical properties of Pluronic and on bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) amount in DBM samples. In vivo studies were carried out to investigate the effect on bone regeneration of a gamma irradiated DBM-Pluronic F127 (DBM-PF127) composite implanted in the femur of rats. Gamma irradiation effects (25 kGy) on physical-chemical properties of Pluronic F127 were investigated by rheological and infrared analysis. The BMP-2/BMP-7 amount after DBM irradiation was evaluated by ELISA. Bone regeneration capacity of DBM-PF127 containing 40% (w/w) of DBM was investigated in transcortical holes created in the femoral diaphysis of Wistar rat. Bone porosity, repaired bone volume and tissue organization were evaluated at 15, 30 and 90 days by Micro-CT and histological analysis. The results showed that gamma irradiation did not induce significant modification on physical-chemical properties of Pluronic, while a decrease in BMP-2/BMP-7 amount was evidenced in sterilized DBM. Micro-CT and histological evaluation at day 15 post-implantation revealed an interconnected trabeculae network in medullar cavity and cellular infiltration and vascularization of DBM-PF127 residue. In contrast a large rate of not connected trabeculae was observed in Pluronic filled and unfilled defects. At 30 and 90 days the DBM-PF127 samples shown comparable results in term of density and thickness of the new formed tissue respect to unfilled defect. In conclusion a gamma irradiated DBM-PF127 composite, although it may have undergone a significant decrease in the concentration of BMPs, was able to maintains bone regeneration capability. PMID:25897753
Characterization and dosimetry of a practical X-ray alternative to self-shielded gamma irradiators
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mehta, Kishor; Parker, Andrew
The Insect Pest Control Laboratory of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture recently purchased an X-ray irradiator as part of their programme to develop the sterile insect technique (SIT). It is a self-contained type with a maximum X-ray beam energy of 150 keV using a newly developed 4 π X-ray tube to provide a very uniform dose to the product. This paper describes the results of our characterization study, which includes determination of dose rate in the centre of a canister as well as establishing absorbed dose distribution in the canister. The irradiation geometry consists of five canisters rotating around an X-ray tube—the volume of each canister being 3.5 l. The dose rate at the maximum allowed power of the tube (about 6.75 kW) in the centre of a canister filled with insects (or a simulated product) is about 14 Gy min -1. The dose uniformity ratio is about 1.3. The dose rate was measured using a Farmer type 0.18-cm 3 ionization chamber calibrated at the relevant low photon energies. Routine absorbed dose measurement and absorbed dose mapping can be performed using a Gafchromic® film dosimetry system. The radiation response of Gafchromic film is almost independent of X-ray energy in the range 100-150 keV, but is very sensitive to the surrounding material with which it is in immediate contact. It is important, therefore, to ensure that all absorbed dose measurements are performed under identical conditions to those used for the calibration of the dosimetry system. Our study indicates that this X-ray irradiator provides a practical alternative to self-shielded gamma irradiators for SIT programmes. Food and Agriculture Organization/International Atomic Energy Agency.
Fractionated beam radiotherapy is a special case of continuous beam radiotherapy when irradiation time is small.
Biswas, Jayanta; Rajguru, Tapan K; Choudhury, Krishnangshu B; Dutta, Sumita; Sharma, Shyam; Sarkar, Aniruddha
Fractionated beam radiotherapy, in other terms, external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and continuous beam radiotherapy or Brachytherapy are two modes of radiotherapy techniques. Although in many ways, they appear to be different, radiobiologically, with the help of mathematics, it can be proved that the biological effective dose (BED) of EBRT is similar to BED of Brachytherapy, when irradiation time is small. Here an attempt is made to correlate these two predominant modes of radiotherapy techniques. PMID:24125964
Hemostatic Function and Transfusion Efficacy of Apheresis Platelet Concentrates Treated with Gamma Irradiation in Use for Thrombocytopenic Patients
Zhu, Mei; Xu, Wei; Wang, Bao-Long; Su, Hong
Summary Background During the transfusion of blood components, the transfer of allogeneic donor white blood cells (WBCs) can mediate transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD). To minimize the reaction, exposure of blood products to gamma irradiation is currently the standard of care. The aim of our study was to evaluate and compare hemostatic function, transfusion efficacy, and safety of gamma-irradiated single-donor apheresis platelet concentrates (PCs) and of conventional non-irradiated PCs in patients with chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia. Methods 20 double-dose single-donor leukoreduced PCs were split in two identical units; one was gamma-irradiated with 25 Gy (study arm A) and the other remains non-irradiated (study arm B). Both units were stored under equal conditions. Hematologic patients were randomly assigned to receive gamma-irradiated or conventional non-irradiated PCs. Hemostatic function was evaluated by thrombelastography (TEG). TEG measurements were taken pre transfusion and 1 and 24 h post transfusion. TEG profiles were measured, noting the time to initiate clotting (R), the angle of clot formation (α), and the maximum amplitude (clot strength (MA)). Whole blood samples were collected from these thrombocytopenic patients at 1 and 24 h for PLT count increments (CIs) and corrected count increments (CCIs) with assessments of transfusion efficacy. Time to next PLT transfusion, transfusion requirement of RBCs, active bleeding, and adverse events (AEs), were analyzed. Results No differences could be found in hemostatic function parameters (MA, R, and α) between study arms A and B (all p values > 0.096) pre transfusion as well as 1 and 24 h post transfusion. No differences between study arms A and B were observed for mean (± standard deviation (SD)) 1-hour CCI (12.83 ± 6.33 vs. 11.59 ± 5.97) and 24-hour CCI (6.56 ± 4.10 vs. 5.76 ± 4.05). Mean 1-hour CI and 24-hour CI were not significantly different in both study arms (p = 0
Characterization of Neutron and Gamma Dose in the Irradiation Cell of Texas A and M University Research Reactor
Vasudevan, Latha; Reece, Warren D.; Chirayath, Sunil S.; Aghara, Sukesh
The Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) code was used to develop a three dimensional computational model of the Texas A and M University Nuclear Science Center Reactor (NSCR) operating against the irradiation (dry cell) at steady state thermal power of 1 MW. The geometry of the NSCR core and the dry cell were modeled in detail. NSCR is used for a wide variety of experiments that utilizes the dry cell for neutron as well as gamma irradiation of samples. Information on the neutron and gamma radiation environment inside the dry cell is required to facilitate irradiation of samples. This paper presents the computed neutron flux, neutron and gamma dose rate, and foil reaction rates in the dry cell, obtained through MCNP5 simulations of the NSCR core. The neutron flux was measured using foil activation method and the reaction rates obtained from {sup 197}Au(n,{gamma}){sup 198}Au and {sup 54}Fe(n,p){sup 54}Mn were compared with the model and they showed agreement within {approx} 20%. The gamma dose rate at selected locations inside the dry cell was measured using radiochromic films and the results indicate slightly higher dose rates than predicted from the model. This is because the model calculated only prompt gamma dose rates during reactor operation while the radiochromic films measured gammas from activation products and fission product decayed gammas. The model was also used to calculate the neutron energy spectra for the energy range from 0.001 eV- 20 MeV. (authors)
Effect of gamma irradiation on lipoxygenases, trypsin inhibitor, raffinose family oligosaccharides and nutritional factors of different seed coat colored soybean (Glycine max L.)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kumar Dixit, Amit; Kumar, Vineet; Rani, Anita; Manjaya, J. G.; Bhatnagar, Deepak
Three soybean genotypes Kalitur, Hara soya and NRC37 with black, green and yellow seed coat color, respectively, were gamma irradiated at 0.5, 2.0 and 5.0 kGy and tested for antinutritional and nutritional factors. Gamma irradiation at all doses reduced the level of lipoxygenase isomers, trypsin inhibitor (TI) and ascorbic acid in all the 3 soybean genotypes as compared to the unirradiated control. However, irradiation dose of 5.0 kGy increased the sucrose content of the soybean genotypes. No significant change was observed in oil, protein fatty acids and total tocopherol content of the 3 genotypes at any irradiation dose. It is suggested that inhibition of lipoxygenase, reduction in TI and ascorbic acid may be due to the breakage or oxidation of protein structure by the gamma irradiation. Similarly, gamma irradiation at higher doses may break glycosidic linkages in oligosaccharides to produce more sucrose and decrease the content of flatulence causing oligosaccharides.
Elemental and topographic characterization of LDPE based copolymeric films obtained by gamma irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ferreira, L. M.; Falcão, A. N.; Gil, M. H.
The preparation of PE-g-HEMA (polyethylene-grafted-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) films by 60Co gamma irradiation has been optimized to produce a new material suitable for bioapplications. This paper reports the elemental and topographic analysis of PE-g-HEMA films with different grafting degrees, obtained under optimized experimental conditions, with the purpose to appraise their possible toxicological risk and their surface roughness properties. In this way a Nuclear Microprobe using PIXE (Proton Induced X-ray Emission) technique was used to assess the elemental analysis of the film samples prepared. Trace contaminations of elements heavier than Si (Ca, Cl, Fe, K, P, S, Si and Zn) were found, but their concentrations do not pose toxicological risk. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) techniques were used to assess the morphological characterization of the films, revealing the roughness and 3D porous structure of their surface, which are ones of essential characteristics for bio-interaction or cell adhesion.
Isothermal crystallization of gamma irradiated LDPE in the presence of oxygen
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lanfranconi, M. R.; Alvarez, V. A.; Perez, C. J.
This work is focused on the study of the effect of oxygen on the isothermal crystallization process of gamma irradiated low density polyethylene (LDPE). The induction time increased with the dose indicating a retarding effect. On other hand, at the same dose, this parameter decreased with the augment in the oxygen content. The classical Avrami equation was used to analyze the crystallization kinetic of these materials. n values suggested that both, the dose and the oxygen content, did not affect the mechanism of crystals growth. An Arrhenius type equation was used for the rate constant (k). Used models correctly reproduced the experimental data. TTT diagrams of studied materials were constructed and also reflected the effects of the doses and the oxygen content.
[gamma]-Irradiation-induced grafting of poly(styrenesulfonate) to poly(tetrafluoroethylene) shielded microelectrodes
Ramos, B.L.; Blubaugh, E.A.; Ridgway, T.H.; Heineman, W.R. )
A new method for the fabrication and polymer modification of microelectrodes is described. These electrodes are constructed by heat sealing the electroactive material in dual shrink/melt poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) under vacuum. The PTFE shield may be activated to provide a support upon which polymers of interest may be grafted. [gamma]-Irradiation was used to graft polymerize styrene to the surface. The poly-(styrene) was subsequently sulfonated with chlorosulfonic acid to form poly(styrenesulfonate). Scanning electron microscopy and Raman microspectroscopy provide evidence that the poly-(styrenesulfonate) film has been formed and extends over the electrode material. Voltammetry indicates that hexaammine-ruthenium(III) cation is preconcentrated and stabilized via an association with the polymer film. 24 refs., 8 figs., 2 tabs.
{gamma} Irradiation-induced degradation of organochlorinated pollutants in fatty esters and in Cod
Lepine, F.L.; Brochu, F.; Milot, S.
The {gamma} irradiation-induced degradation of 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT), 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane (DDD), and 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (DDE) dissolved in methyl myristate and methyl oleate was studied. DDT and DDE produced DDD and 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)chloroethylene (DDMU) respectively, in agreement with a previous study performed with aliphatic solvents. The degradation of these two former compounds was larger in methyl myristate than in methyl oleate and addition products between methyl myristate and the organochlorines were found. While DDD, DDE, and many PCB congeners in a cod sample were not measurably degraded at 15 KGy, DDT underwent 30% degradation. 9 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.
Study of free radicals in gamma irradiated cellulose of cultural heritage materials using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kodama, Yasko; Rodrigues, Orlando, Jr.; Garcia, Rafael Henrique Lazzari; Santos, Paulo de Souza; Vasquez, Pablo A. S.
Main subject of this article was to study room temperature stable radicals in Co-60 gamma irradiated contemporary paper using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectrometer (EPR). XRD was used to study the effect of ionizing radiation on the morphology of book paper. SEM images presented regions with cellulose fibers and regions with particles agglomeration on the cellulose fibers. Those agglomerations were rich in calcium, observed by EDS. XRD analysis confirmed presence of calcium carbonate diffraction peaks. The main objective of this study was to propose a method using conventional kinetics chemical reactions for the observed radical formed by ionizing radiation. Therefore, further analyses were made to study the half-life and the kinetics of the free radical created. This method can be suitably applied to study radicals on cultural heritage objects.
Preparation of hydrogels for atopic dermatitis containing natural herbal extracts by gamma-ray irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lim, Youn-Mook; An, Sung-Jun; Kim, Hae-Kyoung; Kim, Yun-Hye; Youn, Min-Ho; Gwon, Hui-Jeong; Shin, Junhwa; Nho, Young-Chang
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a familial and chronic inflammatory pruritic skin disease that affects a large number of children and adults in industrialized countries. It is known that one of the prominent features of AD and chronic pruritus is partially due to the histamine released from mast cell. In this work, hydrogel patches with natural herbal extracts were prepared by "freezing and thawing", and a gamma irradiation. It showed eminent healing results as a consequence of long-term moisturizing effects and natural herbal extracts on atopic wounds. Besides its non-toxicity and human harmlessness, it can be easily attached to or detached from the skin without any trace and help patients to feel refreshment when attached. Based on this work, the hydrogel patches we made can be potentially used as an alternative remedy for not only pruritus in AD, but other dermatitis.