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Black Diamond Lodge
- Visit Site
- Directions
- (435) 645-6528
View Photos
Black Diamond Lodge Lobby
Après Ski
Living and Dining Area
Private Hot Tub
Living Area
Bunk Room
Black Diamond Lodge
Black Diamond Lodge Lobby
Après Ski
Living and Dining Area
Private Hot Tub
Living Area
Bunk Room
Black Diamond Lodge
Luxury condominiums lodge accommodations, managed by Deer Valley Resort situated adjacent to Snow Park Lodge and the Snow Park Outdoor Amphitheater.
Located slope-side at the Snow Park base area of Deer Valley Resort, Black Diamond Lodge offers a warm and inviting mountain ambiance from the moment you arrive. With the ease and comfort of their unique location, these one- to four-bedroom luxury ski-in/ski-out residences create an unforgettable vacation environment for the entire family. The premium finishes and oversized family areas create an opportunity for time spent together. The elegant and fully appointed kitchens, custom cabinetry and large stone fireplace offer the perfect setting to relax and unwind. The added comfort of the lodge's ski valet services, ski locker room, fitness center, on-site concierge, children's game room, steam room and private hot tubs offer endless enjoyment opportunities. Complete your afternoon experience with our complimentary après-ski before returning to your residence. Come see for yourself why so many of our guests return year after year.
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TollFree (800) 558-3337
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Located at the base of Deer Valley Resort's Flagstaff Mountain, Empire Pass offers luxury accommodations featuring Arrowleaf condominiums.
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Deer Valley Resort revolutionized the ski industry over 35 years ago by being the first North American resort to provide the first-class service one would receive at a five-star hotel.
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An Introduction to Arbitration
Richard A. Bales
Ohio Northern University - Pettit College of Law
Bench & Bar (Kentucky), March 2006
This is a short essay introducing the reader to arbitration. Designed for general practitioners and non-lawyers, the essay includes sections on:
The advantages of arbitration over litigation: speed, cost, and informality.
Concerns about arbitration, especially arbitration agreements drafted by a party with overwhelming bargaining power and imposed upon a much weaker party (such as an employee or consumer).
The controlling law (Federal Arbitration Act and state arbitration acts).
The process of choosing an arbitrator, including rules requiring prospective arbitrators to disclose certain information.
Tips for the advocate, such as preparing the case for a professional arbitrator rather than a lay jury, the function of evidentiary objections, and arbitrator determinations of credibility.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 3
Keywords: arbitration, arbitrate, introduction, tips
JEL Classification: J52, K41
Date posted: March 13, 2006
Suggested Citation
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subset: commoncrawl


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In the day, don't expect to find any traces of us at our location – instead what you will find is a humble, old-school coffee shop selling delicious Yong Tau Foo and other local favourites. The magic begins when the sun sets: We raise our chalkboards, lay the tables with retro cloths and crank up some good ol' tunes from the 90s. Voila! Your regular kopitiam has transformed into a trendy hangout place, perfect for a meetup with friends over a couple of beers or a casual date night with the significant other.
We are the pioneers of this concept, which has garnered much public interest and media attention for its ingenuity. While many surrounding shops are losing their ownership and appeal due to the excessive café-nisation, you know that at Day and Night, we still retain our authentic nostalgic kopitiam charm.
Set within the charming and rustic housing estate of Tiong Bahru, the ambience at Day and Night is breezy and laid-back. Our regulars, decked in their T-shirts and berms, drop by to just chill out over a good meal and a glass of beer.
With our extensive range of pizza, pasta, tapas and our very own gourmet burgers, all meticulously crafted by our team of chefs, you will be spoilt for choice. Dining here will surely be a gastronomic experience you won't easily forget! We are certain you will leave with your palate satisfied and wanting to try more of our selections.
To complete your meal, try our premium beer like "Sapporo" or "Magners" served straight from the tap. Nothing quite beats a freshly poured glass of chilled beer!
And best of all, we do not charge for GST and SERVICE TAX.
There is no other place like Day and Night in Singapore! SO what are you waiting for?
We look forward to serving you!


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I watched her turn slightly in her sleep, rolling a little bit out of my grasp. I quickly adjusted my position so I was closer to her again, running the very tips of my fingers over her perfect,
porcelain skin gently, careful so as not to wake her. I watched her eyes move behind her silky eyelids and wondered what she was dreaming, I wondered if I was there with her. I couldn't help but
let out a low chuckle as she flicked up a hand to swat me away subconsciously, just as my fingers reached her neck. Her eyelids began to flutter, and I froze, wondering why she was waking up and if
I should pretend to be asleep so that she doesn't get freaked out. Before I could do anything though, I was staring into her sleepy, but beautiful, eyes. She jumped slightly from the unexpected eye
contact and I pulled her close instinctively, trying to calm her down. She mumbled something incoherently into my chest and then rubbed her eyes and tried again, whispering,
"What are you doing up?" I looked away from her and a million reasonable and fairly smart excuses popped into my head, but I knew no matter what, I would tell her the truth anyway,
"I couldn't sleep, " I murmured, "I'm dreading tomorrow too much" I tried to see her reaction in the dark, but she buried her head back into my chest, I didn't need to see her face to know she knew what I was talking about, she was dreading being apart just as much as I was.
"We'll be okay, we'll see each-other soon, I promise" She reassured, I smiled lazily, and held out my hand to her,
"Pinkie swear it?" I asked childishly, she giggled, and intertwined her pinkie with mine, and leaned forward to kiss the promise we had just made, sealing it even tighter. I rolled onto my back and pulled her into my side, feeling her snuggle up against my ribs, our entwined fingers laying on my stomach and her head fitting just right into the crook of my shoulder.
"Let's pretend we're never going to leave this bed, that we'll stay exactly this way, right here, right now, forever, okay?" She asked, I could hear the hope in her voice and I nodded, knowing without having to ask that we both wished we didn't have to pretend. I waited quietly, listening to her breathing to tell when she had dropped back off to sleep and then turned my face into the side of her head, kissing her temple gently and giving her pinkie one last squeeze before falling asleep.
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Framed for assassinating the Grandmaster, the Lost Ninja Clan must battle their way up an underground nuclear bunker filled with hordes of supernatural enemies, mutants and flesh eating zombies. Trapped a thousand feet below the earth's crust, these ninjas will face hell.
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Cross-enhancement of ANGPTL4 transcription by HIF1 alpha and PPAR beta/delta is the result of the conformational proximity of two response elements
- Tsuyoshi Inoue1, 2,
- Takahide Kohro3,
- Toshiya Tanaka2,
- Yasuharu Kanki2,
- Guoliang Li4,
- Huay-Mei Poh5,
- Imari Mimura1, 2,
- Mika Kobayashi2,
- Akashi Taguchi2,
- Takashi Maejima6,
- Jun-ichi Suehiro2,
- Akira Sugiyama2,
- Kiyomi Kaneki2,
- Hirofumi Aruga7,
- Shoulian Dong7,
- Junko F Stevens7,
- Shogo Yamamoto2,
- Shuichi Tsutsumi2,
- Toshiro Fujita2,
- Xiaoan Ruan5,
- Hiroyuki Aburatani2,
- Masaomi Nangaku1,
- Yijun Ruan4,
- Tatsuhiko Kodama2 and
- Youichiro Wada2, 8Email author
DOI: 10.1186/gb-2014-15-4-r63
© Inoue et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014
Received: 12 November 2013
Accepted: 10 April 2014
Published: 10 April 2014
Synergistic transcriptional activation by different stimuli has been reported along with a diverse array of mechanisms, but the full scope of these mechanisms has yet to be elucidated.
We present a detailed investigation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1 dependent gene expression in endothelial cells which suggests the importance of crosstalk between the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ and HIF signaling axes. A migration assay shows a synergistic interaction between these two stimuli, and we identify angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) as a common target gene by using a combination of microarray and ChIP-seq analysis. We profile changes of histone marks at enhancers under hypoxia, PPARβ/δ agonist and dual stimulations and these suggest that the spatial proximity of two response elements is the principal cause of the synergistic transcription induction. A newly developed quantitative chromosome conformation capture assay shows the quantitative change of the frequency of proximity of the two response elements.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that two different transcription factors cooperate in transcriptional regulation in a synergistic fashion through conformational change of their common target genes.
The vascular system sits at the center of oxygen delivery in mammals, and its inner layer endothelial cells play an essential role in network formation. In addition to the physiological angiogenesis that occurs in wound healing and during aerobic exercise, hypoxia is involved in various pathological conditions, for example, cardiovascular disease, diabetic complications, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Poor perfusion of vital organs, including the brain, heart, liver and kidney, can result in hypoxia and critical loss of function. In the core of solid tumors, oxygen demand surpasses the capacity of feeding arteries and the cells are exposed to hypoxia, sometimes with deleterious effects on the progress of the disease. In both contexts, the endothelium is the first cell layer that senses hypoxia as well as changes in hemodynamic forces and blood-borne signals, and this evokes the first step in response to hypoxia, namely angiogenesis [1]. Responding to a demand for more oxygen, endothelial cells migrate and proliferate to form solid endothelial cell sprouts into the stromal space through the induction of a series of gene transcriptional events required for an increased oxygen supply [2].
In the gene regulation that takes place under hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)1 is regarded as one of the master gene regulators [3] and we previously reported genome-wide analysis of HIF1α location in endothelial cells [4]. Angiogenesis is enhanced by HIF, and it is further orchestrated by various other angiogenic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [5], basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) [6], angiopoietins and angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) proteins [7]. In addition to HIF1, another transcription factor (TF), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)β/δ is reported to participate in angiogenesis [8, 9]. PPARs are known to be important in the regulation of numerous biological processes, including lipid metabolism [10], adipocyte differentiation [11, 12], cell proliferation [12] and inflammation [13]. To date, three PPAR isotypes have been identified, PPARα, PPARβ/δ and PPARγ. PPARα and PPARγ play a crucial role in lipid metabolism [10], and reports from various groups, including ours, have shown that PPARβ/δ, as well as the other isotypes, also regulate lipid metabolism [14]. In a recent study it was reported that the PPARβ/δ agonist GW501516 stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVECs) proliferation dose-dependently [9], promoted endothelial tube formation, and increased angiogenesis [8]. Another PPARβ/δ agonist, GW0742, or muscle-specific overexpression of PPARβ/δ, also promoted angiogenesis in mouse skeletal muscle [15]. Additional evidence further suggested that PPARβ/δ is one of the important TFs participating in the angiogenic network in endothelial cells [16, 17]. These lines of evidence are strongly suggestive of a role for PPARβ/δ in angiogenesis.
Although several key TFs have been shown to be involved in angiogenesis, the detailed underlying hierarchical or mutual interaction of multiple cascades is only partially understood [16]. To dissect the molecular mechanism of crosstalk in angiogenesis, we selected two important angiogenic stimuli, hypoxia and PPARβ/δ agonist stimulation, and investigated the molecular mechanism by which these two signals in concert are able to enhance a common angiogenesis-related target gene.
In this study, we are focusing on the new molecular mechanism where conformational change could contribute to the co-operative transcriptional regulation of a common target by two different TFs. It was previously reported that synergistic transcription could be achieved by different TFs through enhanceosomes [18, 19], which are complexes made from proteins binding to regulatory elements of genes. Apart from the enhansceosome concept, which emphasizes the diversity of TF specificity, our findings on synergistic transcription suggest that chromatin structural changes are inseparable from the transcription machinery.
Endothelial cell migration is synergistically enhanced by hypoxic and PPARβ/δ agonist stimuli
Genome-wide analysis of PPARβ/δ and/or hypoxia-induced genes in endothelial cells identified ANGPTL4 as the common target gene
Genes (fold change ≥1.5, shown in the Venn diagram in Figure 2B) up-regulated by the PPARβ/δ agonist are listed in Table S1 in Additional file 2, and the gene most highly induced by the PPARβ/δ agonist was also ANGPTL4, which displayed a 7.0-fold induction compared with vehicle treatment. The genes induced by the PPARβ/δ agonist but not hypoxia were included in cluster 2 (Figure 2A, the lower right panel). In addition, ANGPTL4 was the gene most highly induced by hypoxia, having a 20.1-fold induction compared to normoxia (Tables S1 and S2 in Additional file 2). A scatter plot of the fold change values induced by the PPARβ/δ agonist or hypoxia compared with no treatment is shown in Figure S3 in Additional file 1, again showing that no other genes responded to the same level as ANGPTL4 under the treatments. Up-regulation of ANGPTL4 by PPARβ/δ agonist treatment and hypoxic stimulation were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), with the result showing synergistic activation (Figure 2C). ANGPLT4 transcription was measured by amplifying nascent transcript with primers recognizing intron-exon junctions (Figure S4 in Additional file 1) and similar results were obtained (the primers for qRT-PCR are shown in Table S3A in Additional file 2). Western blotting indicated that ANGPTL4 was also synergistically generated by the dual stimulation (Figure S5 in Additional file 1). Increased amounts of recombinant ANGPTL4 protein were confirmed to enhance migration of endothelial cells (Figure S6 in Additional file 1). Taking these data into account, we focused on ANGPTL4 as a key motif in the elucidation of the molecular crosstalk mechanism.
Whole genome analysis of PPARβ/δ and HIF1α binding sites in endothelium confirmed ANGPTL4 as the common target gene
To extract the genes that are directly regulated by PPARβ/δ, we carried out chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) using a PPARβ/δ antibody in HUVECs treated with PPARβ/δ agonist stimulation for 24 hours, followed by deep sequencing (ChIP-seq). In total 38,936,258 reads were aligned and 77.6% of the total reads were aligned uniquely to the non-repeating human genomic sequence. Next, we calculated the enrichment of the PPARβ/δ ChIP DNA fragments compared with the input, and determined the significant PPARβ/δ binding sites according to the QuEST algorithm [20]. In total, 364 binding regions were identified as PPARβ/δ enrichment sites under PPARβ/δ agonist treatment (Figure S7A in Additional file 1). To investigate the correlation of the PPARβ/δ binding regions and the nearest known transcripts, we divided the regions into five sections based on the distance from the transcription start site (TSS) of the corresponding genes. As shown in Figure S7A in Additional file 1, 82% were positioned in intergenic regions under PPARβ/δ agonist treatment, 6% were located upstream (25 kbp to 1 kbp upstream of the TSS), and 3% were located on the TSS (within a range of 1 kbp upstream of the TSS to the first intron).
ANGPTL4 is regulated by both PPARβ/δ and HIF1α signaling cascades
To determine whether ANGPTL4 was induced through PPARβ/δ and HIF1α signaling, we performed a series of experiments using small interfering RNA (siRNA) against PPARβ/δ and/or HIF1α. As shown in Figure S8A,B in Additional file 1, the efficiency of the siRNA-mediated knockdown of PPARβ/δ was over 80% at the mRNA level with or without its agonist. The efficiency of the knockdown of HIF1α was over 90% (Figure S8C,D in Additional file 1). Almost complete inhibition of ANGPTL4 induction by the agonists was achieved by the siRNA against PPARβ/δ (Figure S9A in Additional file 1). ANGPTL4 mRNA levels were reduced by over 70% under hypoxia using either of the two siRNAs against HIF1α (Figure S9B in Additional file 1). When both stimuli were applied, ANGPTL4 mRNA levels were reduced by over 60% using a combination of si-PPARβ/δ oligo1 and si-HIF1α oligo 1 (Figure S9C in Additional file 1). These data confirmed that the up-regulation of ANGPTL4 by the PPPAβ/δ agonist and/or hypoxia is dependent on both PPARβ/δ and HIF1α.
Identification of the functional hypoxia response element of ANGPTL4
Since ANGPTL4 is downstream of the two transcription cascades and is commonly activated, we tried to dissect the molecular mechanism of the dual enhancement. We therefore set out to identify a functional hypoxia response element (HRE) in ANGPTL4. HUVECs were stimulated with hypoxia (1% O2) and incubated for 24 hours, followed by identification of histone modifications (monomethylated histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4me1), trimethylated histone 3 lysine 4 H3K4me3, and acetylated histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27ac)) and HIF1α binding sites by ChIP-seq. As shown in Figure 3A, no binding of HIF1α was observed under normoxia in the ANGPTL4 gene locus, but five HIF1α binding sites appeared under hypoxia. H3K4me3, known as a promoter marker [21], was only observed for ANGPTL4 under hypoxia, suggesting that the ANGPTL4 locus became activated under hypoxia. Three out of the five potential HIF1α binding sites were also accompanied by two markers of enhancer activity, H3K4me1 [22] and H3K27ac [23–25]. As the resolution of ChIP-seq is about 100 bp [26], to narrow the binding locus, HRE motifs were predicted in both the promoter and intron regions (blue arrows in Figure 3B) using MatInspector software (Genomatix). Based on co-localization of HIF1α binding, histone marks, and HRE motifs, we named these enhancer/promoter regions the 'promoter region' and the 'intronic region', from 5′ upstream, respectively (Figure 3B). Considering this classification, we made a series of constructs for a subsequent reporter assay. From the 5′ end, we named the HRE motifs 'Pro-HRE1' to 'Pro-HRE3', and 'Int-HRE1' and 'Int-HRE2' (Figure 3B).
Synergistic activation of ANGPTL4 transcription by hypoxia and PPARβ/δ agonist in HUVECs and identification of the functional PPAR-response element
As shown in Figure 2C, the induction of ANGPTL4 with both stimuli was approximately five times higher than that of hypoxia or the PPARβ/δ agonists alone, suggesting that there is a synergistic activation mechanism between the two stimuli in HUVECs. Based on the finding that the PPARβ/δ binding site was identified by ChIP-seq at the third intron of ANGPTL4 (Figure 3C), where functional HIF1α binding sites had already been identified (Pro-HRE1 in Figure 3B), a reporter assay was carried out using constructs containing the two essential units, the promoter region, which is important for HIF1α stimulation, and the intronic region, which is utilized for PPARβ/δ signaling. As shown in Figure 4B, the activity of this construct was greater than up-regulation from a single stimulus. Thus, we considered the constructs shown in Figure 4B to contain the units essential for synergistic activation, and we made each of the mutated PPAR-response element (PPRE) constructs shown in Figure 4C to identify the functional PPRE. Reporter activity induction was compared to a non-mutated control construct (Figure 4C, top), under four different conditions in three kinds of mutation construct. Among them, the induction activity of the PPRE mutation 2 construct was suppressed significantly, and the induction by PPARβ/δ agonist under normoxia was canceled. Even under hypoxia, the effect of the PPAR agonist was diminished in this construct. These results suggested that all of the three PPREs contributed to some extent to the transcriptional enhancement, but PPRE 2 at the third intron had the most profound effect on the regulation of ANGPTL4 through PPARβ/δ agonist stimulation.
Stimuli induce the histone acetylation level of the response elements and not the quantity of PPARβ/δ binding to the third intron of ANGPTL4
As in the case of HIF1α recruitment, we originally hypothesized that PPARβ/δ binding might be increased in the course of the synergistic activation. Thus, we analyzed PPARβ/δ binding by ChIP-seq under four conditions: no stimulation (DMSO + normoxia), PPARβ/δ agonist stimulation (GW501516 + normoxia), hypoxia (1% O2 + DMSO), and both PPARβ/δ agonist and hypoxia (GW501516 + 1% O2) for 24 hours. Unexpectedly, the locations and distribution patterns of the PPARβ/δ binding (shown in red) to ANGPTL4 did not change under the four conditions (Figure 3C). Furthermore, the quantity of PPARβ/δ binding to ANGPTL4 was compared by ChIP-PCR using primers of the PPARβ/δ binding site at the third intron of ANGPTL4 (Figure 3C; the primers for ChIP-PCR are listed in Table S3C in Additional file 2), and the level of PPARβ/δ binding under the four conditions was equivalent (Figure 4D).
Thus, we speculated that PPARβ/δ might be activated without any distribution change, and to test this notion, we determined whether the activity of the enhancer was affected. Previously, CBP/p300-mediated H3K27 acetylation in PPARβ/δ-dependent transcription was reported [25], so we evaluated the intensity of H3K27ac, a marker of enhancer activity. First, ChIP-seq analysis using an anti-H3K27ac antibody was performed under the four conditions and its distribution patterns on a genome-wide scale were analyzed. In general, the number of acetylation sites was increased by any of the forms of stimulation by 12 to 13%, but its whole genome distribution patterns did not change significantly under the different conditions (Figure S10 in Additional file 1). Approximately 70% of the H3K27ac was found at the genes under all the conditions. In detail, 4% of H3K27ac was located in an upstream region, 7% at the TSS, 6 to 7% in the 5′ UTR, 15 to 16% in the first intron, 23 to 24% in other introns, 5% in exons, 1% in the 3′ UTR and 4 to 5% in downstream regions.
In terms of ANGPTL4, consistent with the general tendency, the binding distribution of H3K27ac in ANGPTL4 did not change depending on the conditions (Figure 3D), but the intensity of H3K27 acetylation did change with the different types of stimulation. To compare this quantitatively, we performed ChIP-PCR using the primers designed for the HRE and PPRE sites (the primers for ChIP-PCR are listed in Table S3C in Additional file 2). The level of H3K27 acetylation around the functional PPRE (the site indicated with the open red arrow in Figure 3E) was 3.7 times more enhanced by the PPARβ/δ agonist, which is consistent with the ChIP-seq data (Figure 4E). Surprisingly, however, even with hypoxic stimulation, the acetylation level around PPRE was 3.0-fold up-regulated, and 5.3-fold induction was observed with a combination of hypoxia and PPAR agonist (Figure 4E). The same phenomenon was observed around the functional HRE (Figure 4F). The level of H3K27 acetylation around the HRE (the site indicated with the open blue arrow in Figure 3E) was 4.2 times more enhanced under hypoxia. In addition, the acetylation around HRE was 2.3 times increased even with the PPARβ/δ agonist alone, and 6.4 times with the combination of stimuli (Figure 4F). These results suggest that hypoxia and PPARβ/δ together cross-enhance the intensity of the TF-bound enhancer sites.
HIF1α and PPARβ/δ change the chromatin conformation in the ANGPTL4 locus
To determine whether HIF1α or PPARβ/δ binding requires the observed chromatin conformational change at the ANGPTL4 locus, we treated cells with siRNA against HIF1α and/or PPARβ/δ and performed quantitative 3C assays under stimulation with both hypoxia and the PPARβ/δ agonist (Figure 5E). Though the effect of hypoxia plus the PPAR agonist was measurable (1 versus 2 in Figure 5E), the frequency was changed by a reduction of either PPARβ/δ (2 versus 3 in Figure 5E) or HIF1α (2 versus 4 in Figure 5E) or of a combination of both factors (2 versus 5 in Figure 5E), supporting the notion that HIF1α and/or PPARβ/δ are involved in chromatin loop formation at the HRE and PPRE of the ANGPTL4 locus.
Additive effect on active RNA polymerase II recruitment by HIF1α and PPARβ/δ
The 3C data (Figure 5B-E) strongly suggest that a higher frequency of spatial proximity of two response elements is beneficial to synergistic induction of ANGPTL4 by hypoxia and the PPARβ/δ agonist in HUVECs (Figure 2C). The luciferase activity result for the ANGPTL4 construct (Figure 4B) also supports this notion. To confirm the conformation change is associated with more efficient recruitment of active RNA polymerase II (Pol II), ChIP-seq analysis using anti-phospho C-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II under the four conditions was performed. As shown in Figure 5F, more Pol II was recruited to the TSS of ANGPTL4 with either hypoxic (second line in Figure 5F) or PPARβ/δ agonist stimulation (third line in Figure 5F). Furthermore, the highest degree of Pol II distribution in ANGPTL4 was observed under the dual stimulation (fourth line in Figure 5F) and this phenomenon was confirmed by ChIP-PCR of Pol II (Figure S12 in Additional file 1). These findings confirm that the conformational change caused by the dual stimulation resulted in additive localization of Pol II in the target motif.
The angiopoietin/angiopoietin-like gene family encodes a glycosylated, secreted protein with a fibrinogen carboxy-terminal domain. In vascular cells, the angiopoietins act as major regulators of angiogenesis and vascular permeability through binding to the Tie-2 receptor [7]. Angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTL1 to 7) share structural and functional properties with angiopoietins, but do not bind to the Tie-2 receptor [28]. This study shows that, under hypoxia and PPARβ/δ stimulation, ANGPTL4 was intensely expressed (Figure 2C; Table S1 in Additional file 2). These results confirm the previous finding that ANGPTL4 is highly induced by hypoxia in endothelial cells [29, 30]. Full length ANGPTL4 exists as an oligomeric complex, and it can be cleaved in vivo to release the two domains, resulting in the presence of both the full-length and cleaved forms in plasma. The amino-terminal coiled-coil domain inhibits lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and increases plasma triglycerides [31], while the carboxy-terminal FBG-like domain (cANGPTL4) is associated with the integrity of endothelial cells [32]. Since migration of HUVECs was synergistically enhanced by the two stimuli (Figure 1), which induced ANGPTL4, our findings imply that increased carboxy-terminal domain activity might participate by disrupting endothelial junctions by an effect on integrins, as was reported previously [33]. In contrast, however, ANGPTL4-deficient mice displayed decreased vascular integrity in the retina [34] and heart [35]. Furthermore, administration of recombinant ANGPTL4 was effective as a treatment for acute myocardial infarction because it counteracts the increase in permeability observed in re-perfused acute myocardial infarction [35]. Although leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B2 (LILRB2) was identified as an agonist for other members of the ANGPTL family, the agonist for ANGPTL4 is still unidentified [36]. Furthermore, the PPARβ/δ-ANGPTL4 pathway was shown to be involved in tumor cell invasion [37]. Therefore, the role of ANGPTL4 in the inflammatory response in vivo needs to be interpreted, taking into consideration communication with other cell types involved in angiogenesis or wound healing.
One of the transcriptional regulators of ANGPLT4 is HIF1α, and this TF is known to be recruited to target genes immediately after hypoxic stimulation [4]. Another transcription regulator of ANGPTL4 is PPARβ/δ, which belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily as a subclass of TFs. In general, gene induction by nuclear receptors only happens when a ligand (agonist) is present. PPAR ligands (agonists) change the PPARs' structures, resulting in modulation of receptor properties [38]. However, an agonist-independent high basal activity of PPARs has also been reported [39]. In addition, DNA binding of the thyroid receptor, which belongs to the nuclear receptor family (type II nuclear receptor), was reported to not be agonist-dependent [40]. Thus, the recruitment of nuclear receptors is not strictly essential to agonist-dependent gene induction. PPARs are also type II nuclear receptors, and fatty acids, triglycerides, prostacyclin, and retinoic acid are known as endogenous agonists for PPARβ/δ [41]. In our results, the quantity of PPARβ/δ binding at the ANGPTL4 locus was not changed under the four conditions we tested (Figure 4D), confirming the notion that PPARβ/δ binds to DNA irrespective of the presence of its exogenous agonists. In the absence of agonists, nuclear receptors function by utilizing co-repressors, which maintain the nuclear receptors in a repressed state, and these co-repressors are dismissed when the co-activators are recruited following agonist stimulation [25, 42]. Co-activators have been reported in the case of certain TFs, including HIF1α [43], and the involvement of CBP/p300 was linked to histone acetylation [44]. As reported previously, PPARβ/δ-dependent transcription was also linked to CBP/p300-mediated H3K27ac [25]. Taken together, the generation of H3K27ac is a common histone modification shared by the PPARβ/δ and HIF1α signaling cascades, and analyses of the H3K27ac distribution profile allowed us to trace the activity of these two transcriptional regulators.
We compared the ChIP-seq data for HIF1α and PPARβ/δ with those for H3K4me3 as a marker of promoter activity [21], and H3K4me1 [22] in addition to H3K27ac [23–25] as markers of enhancer activity (Figure 3A,D). The potentially active enhancers based upon the co-localization of both TFs and histone modifications were validated by luciferase assays (Figure 4). The PPAR binding region observable near ANGPTL4 by ChIP-seq in HUVECs was consistent with those reported previously in myofibroblasts [42]. The function of the binding region as an enhancer was supported by reporter assay in endothelial cells, as was reported previously in adipocytes [45] and myofibroblasts [46]. To confirm this, we performed more assays using PPRE deletion constructs. The intensity of H3K27ac at the functional PPRE was enhanced by PPAR agonist addition, but also cross-enhanced by hypoxia (Figure 4E). H3K27ac at the HRE was increased not only by hypoxia, but also by the PPAR agonist (Figure 4F). These findings led us to the notion that the two elements might be located in spatial proximity of one another. Since H3K27ac is acetylated mainly by CBP/p300 [25], histone acetyltransferases might be recruited to both the HRE and PPRE following each stimulus. However, there is no known mechanism to bring CBP/p300 to PPREs or vice versa after hypoxia. One explanation for this may be co-instantaneous chromatin conformational change, which could bring about a closer spatial proximity of the HRE and PPRE, and this was indeed shown to be the case by TaqMan-3C assay (Figure 5B-E). As reported previously, this can result in loop formation between the two elements [47]. Therefore, our data suggest the existence of complexes composed of TFs and histone acetyltransferases.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of two different TFs cooperating in transcriptional regulation through the conformational change of the target gene. Nuclear receptors have the potential to crosstalk with various other sequence-specific DNA-binding TFs at adjacent sites, resulting in a modification of gene expression. The existence of crosstalk between different TFs has already been reported, and some of the mechanisms have been elucidated [54]. 'Pioneer TFs' such as forkhead box A1 (FoxA1) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) provide an example of the interaction mechanisms [55]. The synergistic regulation of ANGPTL4 by transforming growth factor (TGF)β and PPARβ/δ was reported using a human prostatic stromal myofibroblast cell line (WPMY-1), and looping between the TGFβ response element enhancer and PPAR-response element enhancer was in fact postulated previously, although it was not confirmed [46]. The development of 3C technology enabled us to demonstrate the conformational proximity of the two response elements [26] under different conditions. Our findings imply that a chromatin conformational change may underlie the synergistic gene activation that takes place with different stimuli.
Chromatin conformation capture and ChIP studies clearly identified that the mechanism of synergistic ANGPTL4 activation comprises DNA looping and histone modification. The mechanism of synergistic ANGPTL4 activation provides an important clue to how different types of stimulation interact with each other.
Materials and methods
Cell culture
Cells were maintained at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator. Primary culture of HUVECs was prepared and maintained in EGM-2 MV (Lonza, Basel, Switzerland) containing 5% FBS. Experiments under hypoxic conditions (1% O2) were performed in a hypoxic cultivation incubator (Juji Field Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). The cells used in the experiments were from passage 6 or less.
Chemicals and antibodies
GW501516 (GlaxoSmithKline, London, UK) was used as a PPARβ/δ agonist at a concentration of 100 nM. An anti-PPARβ/δ monoclonal antibody was produced in-house [56]. Mouse monoclonal IgG-Y9705 against human PPARβ/δ was raised in our laboratory by immunizing mice with recombinant baculovirus displaying gp64-fusion proteins containing amino acids 2 to 41 of human PPARβ/δ. The anti-HIF1α (NB 100-134; Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO, USA), anti-H3K4me3 (ab8580; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) antibodies and anti-ANGPTL4 (ab47046; Abcam) were purchased. The anti-H3K27ac, anti-H3K4me1 [57] and anti-panphospho Pol II antibodies were provided by Dr Kimura of Osaka University (Maejima et al., PLoS One in press). Recombinant ANGPTL4 (P01) was from Abnova (Taipei, Taiwan).
Chromatin immunoprecipitation
Two million HUVECs were plated on a 15-cm culture plate. HUVECs were maintained in EGM-2 MV containing 5% FBS and the cells were stimulated with hypoxia and/or PPARβ/δ agonist for 24 hours. The cells were crosslinked for 10 minutes using 1% paraformaldehyde at the appropriate time thereafter. After neutralization using 0.2 M glycine, cells were recollected, resuspended in SDS lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, 1% SDS, 1 mM EDTA; pH 8.0) and fragmented by sonication (Branson, Danbury, CT, USA; 10 minutes). Samples were stored at -80°C before use. To perform ChIP, antibodies against PPARβ/δ, H3K27ac and Pol II were used in combination with magnetic beads (Life Technologies/Thermo Fisher Scientific, South San Francisco, CA, USA). Prepared DNA was quantified using Qubit (Life Technologies/Thermo Fisher Scientific) and more than 10 ng of DNA was processed, as described below. The ChIP primer sequences are listed in Table S3C in Additional file 2.
All of the protocols for Illumina/Solexa sequence preparation, sequencing and quality control were provided by Illumina. Sequences were aligned using human genome NCBI Builder 36 (UCSC hg18) as the reference genome. Non-immunoprecipitated DNA (input DNA) was used as a negative control to define non-specific binding. All uniquely mapped sequences were analyzed by Quantitative Enrichment of Sequence Tags (QuEST) 2.4 software using the default parameters (KDE bandwidth = 30 bp, region size = 300 bp, ChIP seeding fold enrichment = 30, ChIP extension fold enrichment = 3, ChIP-to-background fold enrichment = 3 for PPARβ/δ and HIF1α, KDE bandwidth = 60 bp, region size = 600 bp, ChIP seeding fold enrichment = 30, ChIP extension fold enrichment = 3, ChIP-to-background fold enrichment = 3 for Pol II, KDE bandwidth = 100 bp, region size = 1000 bp, ChIP seeding fold enrichment = 30, ChIP extension fold enrichment = 3, and ChIP-to-background fold enrichment = 3 for H3K27ac, H3K4me1 and H3K4me3) [20]. WIG files were generated with QuEST, which were subsequently used for visualization purposes and for obtaining the average signal profiles. These signals were visualized using Integrated Genome Browser software [58] with normalized profile wig files calculated by QuEST.
Mapping of ChIP-seq reads
All ChIP-seq analyses were performed using a GAII (Illumina). We duplicated ChIP-seq procedures (Figure S13). For PPARβ/δ, in total 36,607,827 and 36,864,223 (normoxia-DMSO), 38,936,258 and 35,654,581 (normoxia-PPARβ/δ), 36,760,328 and 43,029,618 (hypoxia-DMSO), and 35,058,306 and 43,474,951 (hypoxia-PPARβ/δ) reads were aligned and 76.7% and 78.8% (normoxia-DMSO), 77.6% and 53.7% (normoxia-PPARβ/δ), 74.0% and 79.0% (hypoxia-DMSO), and 78.8% and 79.4% (hypoxia-PPARβ/δ) of the total reads were aligned uniquely to the non-repeating human genomic sequence. For H3K27ac, out of a total of 36,530,846 and 41,560,945 (normoxia-DMSO), 37,346,766 and 44,268,585 (normoxia-PPARβ/δ), 38,316,199 and 38,228,969 (hypoxia-DMSO), 36,900,687 and 41,208,985 (hypoxia-PPARβ/δ) sequence reads, 83.0% and 85.7% (normoxia-DMSO), 85.7% and 85.3% (normoxia-PPARβ/δ), 85.8% and 84.2% (hypoxia-DMSO), and 84.6% and 84.8% (hypoxia-PPARβ/δ) were uniquely mapped. For Pol II, 34,732,013 and 41,475,510 (normoxia-DMSO), 28,155,220 and 42,030,082 (normoxia-PPARβ/δ), 31,755,951 and 43,544,244 (hypoxia-DMSO), and 31,015,638 and 41,895,797 (hypoxia-PPARβ/δ) reads were totally aligned and 81.5% and 80.8% (normoxia-DMSO), 83.0% and 81.4% (normoxia-PPARβ/δ), 83.1% and 81.4% (hypoxia-DMSO), and 83.3% and 81.5% (hypoxia-PPARβ/δ) of the total reads were aligned uniquely to the non-repeating human genomic sequence. Detailed information regarding HIF1α, H3K4me1, H3K4me3 was provided previously [4].
Motif search
A de novo motif search was performed using MEME (version 4.6.1) [59]. All the non-repetitive 100 bp sequences calculated by QuEST were used and analyzed. The MEME parameters were 'distribution of motif occurrences; any number of repetitions, minimum motif width; 6, maximum motif width; 30'. The Weblogo program [60] was used to indicate the motifs. The E-value is an estimate of the expected number of motifs with the given log likelihood ratio for the random sequences.
Motif comparison
The enriched sequence was compared to the known consensus TF motifs using TOMTOM (version 4.8.1) with the motif databases JASPAR and UniPROBE [61]. The Tomtom web application compares an input DNA motif to the elements of a database of known motifs (and their DNA reverse complements). A list of the matching motifs is shown, ranked by q-value. The q-value is the minimum false discovery rate at which the observed similarity would be deemed significant.
DNA microarray
HUVECs maintained with EGM-2 MV containing 5% FBS were stimulated with hypoxia and/or the PPARβ/δ agonist for 24 hours. Total cellular RNA was isolated using an RNeasy Micro kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). Preparation of the cRNA and hybridization of the probe arrays were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Affymetrix Genechip Human Genome U133 plus 2.0 arrays containing over 54,000 probe sets were applied. The expression value for each mRNA was obtained by the robust multi-array analysis (RMA) method. To analyze the expression data at the genetic level, the intensity of the signal values was summarized using Entrez Gene ID (normalized to the 75th percentile). Then the gene set probes were filtered on an expression (20.0 to 100.0) percentile. Genes expressed at lower than the 20 percentile in all of the four arrays were eliminated from the analyses. After excluding the gene set probes that did not have gene symbols, the remaining 21,089 genes were used for further analysis. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed using average linkage and Pearson correlation as a measure of similarity. All analysis was performed with GeneSpring GX 12.5 (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Annotation of the probe numbers and targeted sequences are shown on the Affymetrix web page.
Binding motif estimation in silico
Motif estimation for the binding sites of PPARβ/δ was performed using MatInspector, a software for identification of TF binding sites provided by Genomatix (Munich, Germany)
Luciferase reporter assay
Transfections were performed with Fugene HD (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). Cells were transfected on 12-well plates at 70 to 80% confluence in Opti-MEM (Life Technologies/Thermo Fisher Scientific) with 0.5 μg of plasmid. Cells were incubated for 24 hours in normal growth medium, then the stimulation was initiated. Luciferase assays were performed 24 hours after stimulation. Luciferase activity was calibrated with the Renilla activity. The primers for the site-directed mutagenesis of the HRE and PPRE motifs are shown in Table S3B in Additional file 2.
Quantitative RT-PCR
Total cellular RNA was isolated using an RNeasy Micro kit (QIAGEN). The cDNA was synthesized from 100 ng of RNA using oligo (dT) primers and the Superscript III kit (Life Technologies/Thermo Fisher Scientific). qPCR was performed on a CFX96 real-time System (BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA) for 45 cycles at an annealing temperature of 60°C. PCRs were carried out using iQ SYBR Green Supermix (BioRad) and a primer concentration of 200 nM, following the manufacturer's instructions. 18S rRNA was used as the normalizer. The sequences of SYBR Green primers are listed in Table S3A in Additional file 2.
Western blotting
Protein samples were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred electrophoretically onto nitrocellulose membranes (Hybond-C; GE Healthcare UK Ltd, Buckinghamshire, England). Membranes were blocked with 5% (w/v) nonfat milk in phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.1% Tween for 1 hour, incubated with antibodies for 1 hour, and detected by chemiluminescence using West Dura extended duration substrate (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) according to the manufacturer's protocol.
Quantitative chromosome conformation capture assay
HUVECs were maintained in EGM-2 MV containing 5% FBS, then the cells were stimulated with hypoxia and/or PPARβ/δ agonist for 24 hours. The assay was performed utilizing the TaqMan 3C Chromosome Conformation Kit (EcoRI; Life Technologies/Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer's instructions, with certain modifications. Briefly, HUVECs were crosslinked with 1% paraformaldehyde for 10 minutes. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 125 mM glycine for 5 minutes. Nuclei were re-suspended with restriction enzyme buffer. Samples were treated with 400 U of Sau3AI at 37°C for 16 hours. After enzyme digestion, the samples were diluted with ligation buffer and treated with DNA ligase at 16°C for 1 hour. Samples were finally reverse crosslinked and purified. All primers and TaqMan probes are shown in Table S3D in Additional file 2 and the positions of the primers are shown in Figure 5A. We used 50 ng of DNA for the 3C assay. In addition, to normalize template loading, an input normalization assay in the 3C kit was used according to the reported protocol with some modification [62]. Two human BAC clones (RP11-995 M24, RP11-978 J4) were used to normalize the levels of 3C products that may have been PCR amplified with different primer efficiencies, as mentioned previously [62, 63].
Gene knockdown by siRNA
EGM-2 MV used for HUVEC culture was replaced with Opti-MEM culture medium, and the cells were transfected with stealth RNA interference for HIF1α (Life Technologies/Thermo Fisher Scientific, HSS104774 and HSS104775) and PPARβ/δ (Life Technologies/Thermo Fisher Scientific, HSS108293 and HSS108294) at a concentration of 10 nM using Lipofectamine RNAiMax reagent (Life Technologies/Thermo Fisher Scientific). After 6 hours, the culture medium was changed back to EGM-2 MV. After another 24 hours, cells were stimulated with hypoxia and/or the PPARβ/δ agonist. The knockdown efficiencies of HIF1α and PPARβ/δ were validated by qRT-PCR (CFX96, BioRad) using the same primers described above (Table S3A in Additional file 2).
Cell migration assay
We plated 150,000 HUVECs in a 35 mm type I collagen-coated culture plate (IWAKI, Asahi glass, Tokyo, Japan) and incubated the cells under usual conditions for 48 hours. After making a scratch in the cell monolayer using a 5 ml serological pipette, EGM-2 MV was replaced with EBM-2 culture medium for Figure 1 or EGM-2 MV culture medium for Figure S6 in Additional file 1, and then the stimulation was initiated or recombinant ANGPTL4 was added. The first image of the scratch was acquired at this time. After 8 hours, an image was obtained at exactly the same place as the first image. The images acquired for each sample were analyzed quantitatively using the software Image J (NIH) and the migration areas were calculated.
Statistical analysis
P-values were calculated using two-tailed unpaired Student's t-test. P < 0.05 was considered significant.
Availability of data
Data are available from the Gene Expression Omnibus [64]. The ChIP-seq datasets are available at accession numbers GSE38555 and GSE50144 and the microarray analysis is accession GSE50378.
Authors' information
Toshiya Tanaka partial correspondence for PPARβ/δ antibody.
chromatin conformation capture
- ChIP:
chromatin immunoprecipitation
fetal bovine serum
hypoxia-inducible factor
hypoxia response element
human umbilical vein endothelial cell
polymerase chain reaction
- Pol II:
RNA polymerase II
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
PPAR-response element
- qRT-PCR:
quantitative RT-PCR
- siRNA:
small interfering RNA
transcription factor
transforming growth factor
transcription start site
untranslated region
vascular endothelial growth factor.
We thank Dr Hiroshi Kimura of Osaka University for the H3K27ac and Pol II antibodies, Mrs Kaori Shiina and Mrs Mai Miura of The University of Tokyo for deep sequencing, Steve Moskowitz of Advanced Medical Graphics, Boston, USA for the illustration (Figure 6). Pacific Edit reviewed the manuscript prior to submission.
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.


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[author: Steve Quinlivan]
The Commodity Futures Trading Commission, or CFTC, has issued a proposed rule to exempt swaps between certain affiliated entities within a corporate group from the clearing requirement of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Section 723 of the Dodd-Frank Act added Section 2(h) to the Commodity Exchange Act, or CEA, to establish a clearing requirement for swaps. As a general matter, the new section makes it unlawful for any person to engage in a swap that the CFTC determines must be cleared, unless the swap is submitted for clearing to a derivatives clearing organization. The proposed rule, however, asks the public to comment on whether inter-affiliate swaps pose less counterparty risk than swaps transactions with third parties. Accordingly, the CFTC is considering whether alternative methods of counterparty risk mitigation may be appropriate for swaps between majority-owned affiliates of the same corporate group.
Specifically, the proposed rule would use Section 4(c)(1) of the CEA, which grants the CFTC general exemptive powers. Pursuant to that authority, the Commission is proposing to exempt certain inter-affiliate swaps from the clearing requirement in CEA section 2(h) subject to the following conditions:
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DISCLAIMER: Because of the generality of this update, the information provided herein may not be applicable in all situations and should not be acted upon without specific legal advice based on particular situations.
© Stinson Leonard Street - Dodd-Frank and the Jobs Act
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Gift Premium Subscription To WhiteSoxRob
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Posted in thread: Graham's English Cider on 02-20-2017 at 08:14 AM
Don't boil the juice and don't pasteurize. Like you said, just let it ferment all the way. Even
after you let it ferment all the way there will still be enough yeast to bottle carb. Also, it
won't tak...
Posted in thread: Fermentation chamber and/or 8-gallon kettle on 09-24-2016 at 09:17 PM
This is still available. The temperature controller alone is worth $86.
Posted in thread: Fermentation chamber and/or 8-gallon kettle on 09-21-2016 at 07:09 PM
The kettle is an 8 gallon SS kettle with lid, valve, and thermometer.$125 for the kettle, cash
only.You will have to be able to come pick this up or we can meet nearby. I'm located in the SW
Suburbs o...
Posted in thread: Spike Brewing Kettle Giveaway on 07-27-2016 at 07:05 AM
Let's go!
Posted in thread: Qty 5 - 6.5 Gallon Screw Top Pail/Buckets on 09-09-2015 at 01:23 PM
I'm interested and can meet in Schaumburg whenever is convenient if these are still available.
Posted in thread: Blood Orange Hefeweizen on 03-11-2013 at 12:53 PM
I brewed up an older version of this recipe three weeks ago. It will be interesting to brew
this version side-by-side.
Posted in thread: Lemon-Lime Hefe Weizen on 02-21-2013 at 03:31 AM
I only took it down because I had soooo many people email me about where to find blood oranges,
how to peel blood oranges....so I took it down to re-write the recipe, so that I could include
all of th...
Posted in thread: Lemon-Lime Hefe Weizen on 02-19-2013 at 06:11 AM
Hey Slim,I saved your Blood Orange Aide Hefe recipe from a while back, but I noticed the thread
is no longer around. Any specific reason? I'm going to brew it up this weekend because I'm
missing my su...


text: Americana singer/songwriter Mark Erelli made a nice splash when he appeared on the music scene in 1999 with an eponymous debut from Signature Sounds. Critics from Billboard to the Boston Herald sang the musician's praises, and the Kerrville New Folk Contest named him top dog in its competition. Erelli followed up two years later with the album Compass & Companion, drawing more accolades as well as a pair of nominations from the Boston Music Awards. Kelly Willis appeared on the a... Read more


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This IDC study examines the worldwide sales automation applications market from 2012 to 2014. Revenue and market share of the leading vendors are provided for 2014.
"The sales automation applications market is poised to enter a new stage of development," said Mary Wardley, VP, CRM Applications and Customer Experience, "As a market, it has yet to be fully invigorated by social, mobile, and targeted analytics. This next stage will bring additional capabilities to existing products and introduce new competitors."
Customer Experience: Customer Service and Contact Center Solutions
Infor Global Solutions, Inc., Oracle Corporation, Cegedim SA, SAP AG, DealerTrack Holdings, Inc., Salesforce.com, Inc., Microsoft Corporation
Customer relationship management applications, Marketing automation, Sales enablement, Sales operations, eCommerce


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Home > Gin Tama (Gintama): Compact Mirror - Kamui
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England - now officially styled "part-time employees of the Rugby Football Union" - are frequently, pejoratively accused of being predictable, an assessment they even appear to agree with, since they went into an unwonted Wednesday private session yesterday with the express intention of working out some surprises for the Scots.
Scotland have a Grand Slam to aim for at Murrayfield on Saturday whereas England have only a Triple Crown, "only" being an operative word since the crown has to Englishmen been a poor alternative to the slam in recent years. Even the Grand Slam itself, you might say, has become too predictable after winning three in five years.
And yet, as was pointed out to Will Carling yesterday, English victory over Scotland has become almost as perennial as his captaincy. Carling has faced the auld enemy nine times and lost but once. That 1990 calamity at Murrayfield altered the way England played but it is, he now insists, forgotten, if only because most of his present team were doing O-levels at the time.
"I can't remember when we played Scotland and were such underdogs," Carling said yesterday. "We are playing against a side that is obviously playing to its potential. They have 15 who all go hunting after the ball and are very, very confident, quite rightly. That's the key: the confidence to play a style of rugby that's been successful for them."
England's problem, he might have added, has been precisely the opposite: lack of confidence to play any recognisable style, or at least anything remotely resembling the liberated rugby of which he and more especially Jack Rowell, the manager, have habitually talked.
Now it has come down to pragmatism, which is a change of tune from before the France match in January. But then once Dean Richards had been recalled at No 8 England's rugby was bound to become more andante, less allegro. "The only duty is to win," Carling said. "The best way to win for England is to attack ball in hand. When we are playing well people will say it's entertaining."
Carling is due to give his press conference today but was brought in yesterday with Rowell, doubtless to curb anything unguarded such as the apparently embarrassing admission before playing Wales a month ago that the captain was no longer consulted on selection.
Also yesterday, the RFU helpfully disclosed details of its part-time employees' contracts - which was more interesting for taking place than for anything these deliberately banal documents contain. Those concerned must do that which is necessary to "acknowledge the special nature of the appointment of an England player and the unique physical demands of international rugby".
To this end they must adopt a suitable diet and training regime and maintain a tidy appearance, avoid other professional sports (rugby league, perhaps), not indulge in anything resembling Brian Moore-style slagging-off of the opposition (or referee), and even - heaven forfend - talk to the press. For this they will earn a basic pounds 24,000 each, plus pounds 2,000 per appearance, making pounds 36,000 for those part-timers who are ever-present this season.
n Referees in Wales may refuse to officiate on selected dates between now and the end of the season. Members of the Cardiff district of the Welsh Society of Referees have voted to support a call from west district to consider withdrawing their services in a dispute with the Welsh over expenses. The society will decide on Friday week whether to take some form of strike action.
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- Cardiff City Fc
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Welcome to the 2016-17 School Year!
After a great summer, we're looking forward to having a fantastic School Year!! We would like to especially Welcome all Freshmen and Freshment Parents to the Program and look forward to meeting you at our Informative Meeting on Tuesday September 13th at 7:00 PM in the Band Room. If you are a Parent, you are a Booster! And Music Booster Board Meeting begins at 6:30 PM. Get involved in the success of our Students! GO CHARGERS!!


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Zipadee-Zip helps a baby have the cozy, enclosed, womb-like feel of the swaddle but it allows a baby push up, roll over, and wiggle around safely and freely. It encourages self-soothing and longer, sounder sleep, prevents scratching, and keeps little hands warm all night long. Zipadee-Zips are Eco-friendly because of how long they can be worn; extremely durable and roomy allowing a baby to grow into them. You can't get any easier than laying a baby down and zipping them up.
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World's #1 Motorsports Classifieds
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The case of the rolling bones
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Hotels in Coppenbruegge, Germany
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- Most bookedHotel Stadt Hameln
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"Nice hotel. We got uncomfortable room in the roof .aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
Z, Nov 2016, US
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"OK room, no aircondition, terrible with 28 degrees celsius. Lost of birds outside that kept us awake all night. OK parking facility."
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Hotels within 15 miles of Coppenbruegge
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"Hotel Viktoria is more of a Bed and Breakfast than "hotel". It is located in a perfect spot in town with shopping, restaurants, and transportation within a 1 minute (or less) walk. It is very quiet and clean. My "single" room was quite large and the bed was more like a full/queen size. The hotel ..."
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"After experiencing Schlosspark Nordkirchen and Bückeburg Palace during the day, our very pleasant dinner at the Steigenberger Hotel (Bad Pyrmont) was most enjoyable."
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"We stayed for two nights whilst visiting the local Xmas markets. The hotel is in the middle of the forest with great walks and scenery. It is next to the schaumberg castle. Buffet breakfast was great, staff where very helpful and the rooms were spacious and clean. You would need a car as the hot..."
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"Bad Pyrmont is charming. This centrally located cozy hotel, is close to all restaurants, shopping, walking area... "
B, Jul 2015, US
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"My wife and I needed a hotel near a small town and this was the closest hotel. We arrived late and left early. The hotel is quite nice and the staff was helpful. The hotel appears to be used by professional football (soccer) teams for training. For football fans, it might be a dream hotel."
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"Had a great experience with hosts Michael and Christine. Went outof their way to make my stay as comfortable as possible. Breakfast was decent and plentiful, quiet location just above "Friederichs" spring well was perfect. Would gladly stay here again given the choice."
A Traveller, Sep 2015, US
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|Named Person:
|Sigmund Freud; Sigmund Freud
|Document Type:
|All Authors / Contributors:
Ludwig Wittgenstein; Cyril Barrett
|9780520013544 0520013549
|OCLC Number:
|72 pages : illustrations ; 22 cm
|Lectures on aesthetics --
Conversations on Freud --
Lectures on religious belief.
|L. Wittgenstein ; compiled from notes taken by Yorick Smythies, Rush Rhees and James Taylor ; edited by Cyril Barrett.
|More information:
The first thing to be said about this book is that nothing contained herein was written by Wittgenstein himself. The notes published here are not Wittgenstein's own lecture notes, but notes taken down by students, which he neither saw nor checked. It is even doubtful if he would have approved of their publication, as least in their present form. Since, however, they deal with topics only briefly touched upon in his other published writings, and since for some time they have been circulating privately, it was thought best to publish them in a form approved by their authors.
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