text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 3, 2002
|Filing date
|Jan 28, 1999
|Priority date
|Jan 28, 1999
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Chia Shen, Oscar J. Gonzßlez Gomez
|Original Assignee
|Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (2), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (57), Classifications (10), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates generally to multi-tasking computer systems, and more particularly, to user level scheduling of real-time tasks that inter-communicate over a network.
It has become evident that real-time applications, such as process control, factory automation, and plant control are moving to use open, standard, commercially available, and more general purpose computers, operating systems (OS), and networks. In other words, users would prefer to implement their applications with low-cost and readily available off-the-shelf hardware and software components.
For example, users would like to replace expensive workstations with off-the-shelf PCs. Users would like to adopt standard PC operating systems for real-time control. There is also a lot of momentum toward using the Internet Protocol (IP) for control networks. As control and device-level networks, general purpose IP-based networks offer cost and support advantages over industrial field buses.
In addition, more and more desktop applications are starting to employ real-time elements, such as the presentation of continuous media, e.g., video streams, and the remote control of instruments and devices in distant learning environments. This potential for using general purpose components for a wide spectrum of real-time tasks has prompted many contemporary general purpose operating systems to offer some minimal degree of real-time scheduling and programming support.
However, there are still problems in trying to build distributed systems with real-time functionality using off-the-shelf hardware and software components. This is primarily due to the fact that off-the-shelf components are not necessarily designed with real-time functionality in mind. In particular, to realize end-to-end predictability, say, when a process on one computer sends data to a process on another computer over a network, there are several specific problems.
Real-time application requirements must be mapped into requirements imposed on the schedulable entities of the system, e.g., tasks. Predictable execution of the tasks must be ensured in the face of possible priority inversions, limited OS level real-time scheduling support, and limited number of priorities. Real-time and non real-time tasks must be integrated in the hardware environment.
In the prior art, scheduling support for integrating real-time and non real-time tasks has been done by either extending existing operating systems, or by virtualizing the underlying hardware to multiplex a real-time kernel with the operating system. These approaches have certain drawbacks. The first approach needs to modify the existing operating system. However, access to the source programs of the operating system might not always be available. With the second approach, it is difficult to support real-time and non real-time activities that are closely related, e.g., in the case where there are multiple execution threads associated with the process, and there is a need by the tasks to share a common address space.
The current generation of operating systems has produced versions that provide some support for real-time scheduling, such as non-degradable priorities, and real-time threads. Support for these scheduling functions is not present in the older generation of these operating systems. For example, Windows NT 4.0 provides a REALTIME class such that threads in this class have non-degradable priorities.
Executing threads in this class have precedence over timesharing threads. These newer OS versions also provide timers with one millisecond granularity, and periodic callback routines which can be used for real-time periodic tasks. Real-time applications require that tasks are scheduled, executed, and completed with predictable and bounded variability in time. In reality, predictability comes in different granularities.
At one end of the spectrum, the direct physical control of robots, devices and instruments by local loop controllers, embedded controllers and PLCs may require sub-millisecond to one millisecond delay bounds. Unfortunately, the effects of nondeterminism present in many operating systems make it impractical to design user level scheduling to support real-time tasks with sub-millisecond precision. These types of tasks are better served by real-time kernels.
At the other end of the spectrum, a maximum delay or deadline value of one second is good enough for a video-on-demand file server, or database transactions for financial tasks. These tasks can be directly built with existing operating system primitives.
In the middle of the spectrum, there is a large population of real-time tasks that can tolerate end-to-end roundtrip delay/response time in the tens to hundreds of milliseconds range. These tasks often involve the interaction between users and remote data collection, video monitoring, file accessing, and command issuing in order to view videos, monitor, and control devices at a distance.
In any case, there is a need for a system where users can specify real-time scheduling of activities even when the system is configured with standard off-the-shelf components that do not necessarily include real-time capabilities.
The invention provides a multi-tasking distributed computer system with user level scheduling of the transmission of real-time and non real-time messages. The real-time messages having predetermined timing deadlines. At least one writer task generates the real-time and non real-time messages. The messages can have multiple priority levels organized in a plurality of priority bands, for example four. The generated messages are stored in ring buffers of a reflective memory and are indexed by pointers stored in queue entries. Pointers in a fourth queue index the real-time messages having low priority levels. Pointers in a third queue index the non real-time messages. A first and second queue store pointers for indexing the high and highest priority real-time messages, respectively.
A dispatcher moves pointers from the fourth to the second queue in response to time-out signals. The time-out signals ensure that the timing deadlines are met. A data push agent transmits the messages indexed by the pointers in the queues according to the associated priority levels. A reader task receives the messages transmitted by the data pusher agent.
In one aspect of the invention, the writer and reader tasks execute on different nodes of the system, and the nodes are connected by a network.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a distributed computer system that uses the user level scheduling according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an end-to-end data communication path; and
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a communication server according to the invention.
System Overview
FIG. 1 shows a distributed multi-tasking system 100 that employs the user level scheduling according to our invention. The system 100 includes a writer node 110 connected to a reader node 120 by a network 130.
The writer node 110 includes a writer memory 111, a writer task 112, and a data push agent (DPA) 113. The reader node 120 includes a corresponding reader memory 121, a reader task 122, and a data receive agent (DRA) 123. In our system, the memories 111 and 121 are reflective as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/760,110 "Real-time Channel-Based Reflective Memory" filed on Dec. 3, 1996 by Shen et al. incorporated herein by reference.
System Operation
During operation of the system 100, data can be acquired from a real-time data input device 114, such as a sensor. The data are written to the reflective memory 111 by the writer task 112. The data are transmitted from the writer node to the reader node over a virtual memory channel 131 of the network 130 by the DPA 113. The data are received by the DRA 123. The reader task 122 can read the data from its local reflective memory 121, and render the data on an data output device 124, such as a display terminal.
It should be noted that the system 100 can include multiple nodes and tasks performing concurrent data transfer operations. A reader task can only receive data from one writer task at the time, although one writer task can concurrently transmit data to multiple reader tasks.
We prefer to build the system 100 using standard off-the-shelf hardware and software components. In addition, we would like our system to have real-time operating system characteristics. Unfortunately, as stated above, off-the-shelf hardware and software components are not necessarily designed specifically for real-time applications. In particular, to realize end-to-end predictability, while the writer node transmits data to the reader node, several problems must be addressed.
First, real-time requirements of the task must be mapped into requirements imposed on schedulable entities of the system. Second, predictable execution must be ensured in the face of possible priority inversions, limited operating system level real-time scheduling support, and limited number of priorities. And third, both real-time and non-real-time activities must be integrated in the system.
We describe solutions to these challenging problems. In particular, we enable user-level real-time scheduling using a communication server 300. Our user level scheduling is practical because it is based on simple primitives that can be found in most of today's commonly used operating systems. We have implemented embodiments of our user level scheduling for PCs executing the Windows NT operating system connected by Ethernet local area networks using the UDP/IP protocol.
Task Characteristics
Contemporary operating systems, such as NT™, IRIX™ and Solaris™, typically include the following scheduling features: preemptive priority-based scheduling, round-robin scheduling, non-degradable priorities, mechanisms for priority adjustment, and periodic timers that can trigger periodic events and release execution of threads.
For the purpose of real-time scheduling, there are some problems with these features. Typically, there is no priority inheritance among executing processes or threads, and there is no priority tracking from user threads to system level or network protocol stack threads.
These shortcomings make real-time end-to-end predictable scheduling with network communication very difficult. For example, the order of execution of "socket" level calls do not necessarily respect the priorities assigned to the threads which make the socket calls. Here, the term socket is used to describe the actual connection that is used to transmit data from the sender to the receiver.
Also, there usually are a limited number of priorities. This means that it is not always possible to assign a unique priority to each possible real-time task. Also, lacking is specific support for specifying, and guaranteeing timing constraints of tasks, other than basic priority-based scheduling. This implies that priority assignment policies must guarantee timing constraints beforehand.
Data Transfer Characteristics
Tasks that execute on the system 100 can have any of the following data transfer characteristics. Some tasks, such as a task that is responsive to sporadic user issued commands, needs to transmit data to the reader task immediately after the command is generated, and the data need to be read immediately upon receipt.
In other tasks, such tasks that periodically acquire and display video images, for example, a security monitoring system, the writer and reader can execute at their own pace. For example, a camera can acquire data at a rate of thirty frames per second, while the video can be displayed at a rate of fifteen frames per second, at least during normal operating conditions.
Based on these and other observations, we define the following set of basic data transfer operations that the system and user level scheduling must support.
Data Sending Operations
Synchronous Data Write: Data send operations are triggered by task writes. Asynchronous Data Write: Data are sent periodically, and the period of sending is independent of the period of writing the data.
Data Receiving Operations
Synchronous or Blocking Read: Execution of the reader task is suspended while awaiting the arrival of data from a writer task. When the data are received, the reader task is signaled to continue operation and process the received data.
Asynchronous or Non-Blocking Read: Execution of the reader task can be continuous, and the responsibility for detecting received data lies with the reader task.
In some sense, the synchronous and asynchronous data transfer modes correspond to event-based and state-based approaches. In the event-based approach, there is a reaction to each event as the event occurs. In the state-based approach, there is a reaction to the current state. We allow both modes to co-exist.
Types Of Data Transfer Operations
The different types of data transfer operations are summarized in Table A.
Data Type
Issue Command
Trend Graph
Sensor Data
In the Table A, SB = synchronous blocking, AN = asynchronous non-blocking, G = guaranteed, NG = no guarantee.
Server-based User Level Scheduling
In the following sections, we describe our invention in greater detail. Aspects of our invention include mapping of task requirements into schedulable entities, end-to-end scheduling of tasks with limited number of priorities, and accommodating both real-time and non-real-time tasks in the same system configured with standard off-the-shelf hardware and software components.
Mapping of Task Requirements
Our mapping of task requirements accommodates the precedence constraints imposed by the communicating tasks.
End-to-End Maximum Delay Guarantees
FIG. 2 shows the components involved in end-to-end computations and communications. The end-to-end computation and communication entities include the tasks 112 and 122 that write and read data, agents 113 and 123 that send and receive data, and other network interfaces and network transfer protocols 130.
Therefore, the specific schedulable items are the write and read tasks, and the DPA and DRA. In general, the user has no control over the network 130. Two end-to-end spans can be identified. The first span 201 is task-to-task (T-to-T), and the second span 202 is memory-to-memory (M-to-M). Associated with the spans are maximum permissible delays, or deadline guarantees.
Some of the task activities, such as command-and-control, require T-to-T delay (i.e., deadline) guarantees, whereas others, such as trend graphs, only require M-to-M delay guarantees. To support T-to-T maximum delay guarantees, we schedule all the tasks from task writes to task reads as a precedence constrained task graph. On the other hand, to support M-to-M maximum delays, we schedule task writes and reads independently, while treating all the rest of the tasks as one precedence constrained task set.
By definition, synchronous data write operations, as well as blocking read operations impose precedence constraints between the tasks involved, while asynchronous data write, and non-blocking read operations support independent task representation naturally. In particular, a precedence constraint exists between a task write operation and the DPA 113 for synchronous operations, and between the DRA 123 and task read operations for blocking mode.
Model Precedence Constrained Tasks with Release Jitter
To enable the end-to-end scheduling, for both the T-to-T and M-to-M spans, on any node using only priority-based scheduling support, we model precedence constrained tasks as independent periodic tasks with release jitter as follows.
If Jy is the jitter of task entity y, and Cy is the compute time, then in the case of the span T-to-T:
In the case of the span M-to-M:
J write=0,
To map task timing requirements into system schedulable components, we take the following approach:
Writer and reader tasks specify their maximum permissible delay, synchronous or asynchronous data reception, as well as blocking or non-blocking data retrieval requirements.
With reference to Table A, timing requirements are mapped as follows:
(1) SB tasks: The period and delay for the writer task are also used for all other tasks over the span T-to-T, and the release jitters of tasks are calculated according to the T-to-T case, as above.
(2) AN tasks: Writer and reader tasks have independent periods and delays. Agent tasks DPA and DRA use the period of the reader task, while the delay is determined as:
where C is the time delay due to computations.
The respective release jitters are determined according to the M-to-M case, as described above. Actual timing metrics can be collected by a profiler (P1 and P2 in FIG. 1) described in greater detail below.
Communication Server
We use a "communication server" to handle the problems associated with using off-the-shelf components, i.e., processing messages at the priority of the sending/receiving task priority, minimizing priority inversion, and dealing with limited operating system priority levels. A priority inversion can occur when the transmission of a high priority message is blocked while transmitting a very long low priority message.
All the priority assignments, according to our invention, fall into four priority bands that are related as follows: Pone>Ptwo>Pthree>Pfour, where "one" is the highest priority band, and "four" is the lowest. The manner in which these four priority bands are mapped to specific operating system priority levels depends on the number of priority levels available. The use of these priority bands is described in greater detail below.
FIG. 3 shows an asynchronous server 300 according to a preferred embodiment of the invention. The server 300 can be implemented as software programs and data structures on the writer node 110. The server 300 includes a dispatcher 310, a manager 330, and a callback facility 340.
The server 300 also includes multiple queues, one for each priority band for example, four queues 311-314. The data queues are allocated in the writer's local reflective memory 111. Entries in the queues can be pointers to the actual messages to be transmitted. In other words, the pointers in the queue entries index the actual data to be transmitted as messages. The entries can be sorted in the queues in an order of priorities associated with the data. This accommodates the problem where the number of priority levels available in the operating system is smaller than the number of priorities required by the applications. Effectively, the communication server 300 acts as a rate controller.
The DPA pushes out data via the queues in the order of the priorities. For example, no messages will be pushed via queue 314 as long as there messages in any of the queues 311-313. A flag (F) is associated with each of the queues 311-314 to determine if the queue is empty or not.
During operation of the server 300, reader and writer tasks "register" with the server using the manager 330 and requests 301. In other words, tasks "attach" and "detach" with the server 300 using the manager 330. The manager maintains a database 331 storing task specific parameters, such as timing information, and task identities (IDs).
The registration process calculates appropriate timer parameters 302 associated with the requests to define maximum permissible delays, as described above. The callback facility uses the timer parameters to activate system level timers that generate periodic promotion time-out signals 303 when a message needs to be pushed out at a high priority. Communication between the callback facility 340 and the dispatcher 310 can use standard operating system messaging primitives.
Writer tasks store data in ring buffers 304. The ring buffers are allocated in the reflective memory 111 by the manager 330 in response to requests by the tasks. As described below, data are stored in the ring buffers as fixed size messages 350. Pointers to the messages are stored in the queues 311-314 according to the corresponding priorities Pone−Pfour.
The DPA normally pushes out real-time data in priority band Pfour via queue 314. The system schedules the DPA to push data only when there are no tasks executing at higher priority bands. Non real-time data can be pushed out via queue 313 using standard static round robin scheduling at priority Pthree. Real-time data in the highest priority band Pone is always pushed out via queue 311.
When a low priority real-time data needs to be "promoted" to a high priority because of an imminent timing deadline, the dispatcher moves (305) the pointer from queue 314 to queue 312. This is done in response to the callback activated promotion time-out signal 303.
The separation of the operations of the dispatcher 310 and the DPA 113, minimizes priority inversion at the socket or communication channel level by ensuring that high priority data push requests suffer blocking time due to priority inversion for only the duration of pushing one message of size S0. Message sizes S0 are described below.
Our main focus is the scheduling of the writer task, the reader task, and the DPA 113. The DRA 123 is scheduled using a simple event driven model, that is, we do not explicitly account for the priority of the received messages.
In order to support tasks with end-to-end timing constraints, we ensure that the task priorities, and the message sending priorities are consistent. This way, messages of a high priority task will not be blocked by the transmission of messages of a low priority task for an unpredictable amount of time. As stated above, general purpose operating systems do not support such priority tracking. To alleviate this problem, we have developed our server-based approach for communication over sockets.
The server 300 is a message transmission manager. All network communications are handled by the server. The server knows the priorities of the tasks that are requesting message transmission and schedules the DPAs that push data onto the network in such a way that priority tracking is achieved.
It is worth noting that many real-time schedulers only schedule with respect to an abstract notion of time, thereby simply acting as "capacity" managers. In contrast, our communication server not only schedules the data transfers, but also actually carries out the communications on behalf of the tasks. This allows our system to alleviate the priority inversion problem for data transfer.
Specifically, we provide user level interfaces to specify the timing and data message size requirements of a task. The server handles the socket establishment, and schedules the data transmission according to the specification. Allowing users to specify the requirements of task components in terms of timing, data, and relationships among tasks, such as periods, rates, data size, delay, response bounds, and precedence relations is a much more intuitive and effective proposition than requiring task designers to assign relative priorities to their tasks.
The user specified real-time requirements are translated into unique priority levels to be used within the server. This approach also alleviates the problem of limited priority levels supported by a typical operating system. Thus, we assign and manage priorities of tasks explicitly in our server, while providing the users with the ability to specify task timing, message size and precedence, and synchronization constraints.
In summary, our server minimizes the effect of priority inversion, handles priority tracking with limited operating system priority levels, and permits user specified timing requirements.
Integrating Real-Time and Non-Real-Time Task Activities
Our server 300 uses a modified dual priority scheduling procedure to accommodate different real-time and non-real-time task activities. Typical activities to be supported include the following. With command and control activities, users sporadically issue commands and need immediate data transmission, and delay bounded data reception. Video/audio applications require data transmissions with low jitter display. With device and instrument monitoring, data are acquired periodically, but some signals, such as alarms, require immediate attention. Trend graph rely on periodic data collection and transmission, and periodic data display. Most background activities only require best effort data transmission and reception.
Some of these tasks have real-time constraints, while others may have no real-time requirements. The real-time tasks demand synchronous (S) or asynchronous (A) data transmission and blocking (B) or non-blocking (N) data reception. In general, the synchronous tasks constitute the more urgent time critical tasks, while the asynchronous ones are periodic in nature. The non-real-time activities can be serviced with best effort. Based on these observations, we have developed the following scheme for mapping tasks into a set of unique priorities, one for each task type, namely, SB real-time, AN real-time, and non-real-time.
All SB tasks are assigned to the Pone band, and will have priorities according to a deadline monotonic algorithm. That is, within the Pone band, SB tasks have unique priorities determined by the deadlines of the SB tasks. In many tasks, e.g., plant monitoring, there are only one or two such entities in a system.
All AN data with timing constraints are initially assigned to priority Pfour band according to the deadline monotonic algorithm, and promoted to Ptwo when a deadline is imminent. All the non real-time tasks are assigned a priority in the Pthree band. These priorities can either be assigned according to their requested execution rate, or randomly when the tasks do not specify any rate.
Dual Priority Scheduling
Dual priority scheduling executes real-time tasks such that the tasks will not miss their timing constraints while at the same time improving the responsiveness of the system to non real-time tasks. This is in contrast with always giving real-time tasks the higher priority. To this end, each real-time task normally executes with a priority lower than the priorities assigned to non real-time tasks.
When the time comes for a real-time task to execute in preference to a non real-time task, so that the real-time task will not miss its deadline, the priority of the real-time task is increased to be above that of the non real-time task. This time, called the priority promotion time, PTi, for each invocation of a task Ti with deadline Di, is determined according to the following formulation, where Ri is the response time, wi is the blocking time, Ji is the release jitter, C is the total compute time, and hp(i) is the set of tasks with priorities higher than Tj:
and where the iterations start with wi 0=0, and ends when wi m+1=wi m, or wi m+1>Di. Thus, promotion times take into consideration the release jitter Ji described below, and a one-quantum blocking time S0 that is due to the transmission of uniform sized messages from a lower priority task, also described below.
In other words, the server executes at the lowest priority Pfour while servicing real-time tasks, until one of two events happens, the arrival of a request to serve a non-real-time task, or the occurrence of the promotion time of a real-time task.
Upon the arrival of a request to service a non-real-time task, the priority of the server can be raised to Pthree, and stays at Pthree as long as there are any non-real-time tasks to service, or until the promotion time of one or more real-time tasks occurs. When the promotion time of one or more real-time tasks occurs, the priority of the server is raised to Ptwo, or Pone depending on whether the task is an SB task or an AN task. In some sense, the priority Pone can be viewed as lying at the high-end of the Ptwo band.
In summary, the server services all the communication tasks according to their respective periodicity, data size, and priority. It implements the dual priority algorithm such that task data communications are explicitly scheduled within the server.
Rate Controlled Uniform Size Message
Using the server described above, there is still a possibility of a high priority data being blocked by lower priority data for the duration of the time that it takes to transmit the lower priority data. In the worst case, this blocking time can be quite long where message sizes are not bounded. To limit this blocking time to a small quantum, we transmit data as fixed size messages. This allows transmission with fixed preemption points. This way, high priority data will be blocked no longer than it takes to transmit the fixed size message.
The optimal message size for a particular system configuration can be determined empirically by, for example, a profiler. The message size will serve as the non-preemptive unit of computation time and transmission time. Henceforth, the term S0 can serve as either the unit message size, or the time needed to send and receive a message of this size. All data pushed are organized into messages of unit size S0.
To service real-time tasks, we need to know the computation time, communication overhead and propagation delay for the scheduler to be effective. Our solution is to use profiling at system configuration time on the specific nodes that our scheduler is used. The profiler includes two tasks that collect timing information as data are transferred in an operational system.
A first profiler task (P1 in FIG. 1) determines the end-to-end timing parameters of different entities in the network, for example, the individual tasks and agents. Other profiling data that can be collected include memory-to-memory round trip time, computation time and overhead of asynchronous DPA server scheduler, jitter introduced at each stage of the data path, time to complete read and write calls, time to push the data, and optimal size for messages. A second profiler task (P2) can determine throughput at the reader node. This information can be used to tune memory allocations.
In summary, we provided a system that allows both real-time and non-real-time tasks to execute concurrently on standard off-the-shelf hardware and software components. Our system does not require an apriori knowledge of the specific processor speed, or the knowledge of network propagation delay.
In particular, we present user-level scheduling schemes for communicating tasks that are practical and are based on simple primitives that can be found in most of today's commonly used operating systems. The scheduling schemes comprise a combination of server-based execution, rate control of message communication, and dual priority scheduling. In addition, it is well known that in order to predictably schedule real-time activities the worst case execution time is required. To obtain these times, we provide a profiler together with our scheduler support to extract the execution time and message delay parameters for the server components.
This invention is described using specific terms and examples. It is to be understood that various other adaptations and modifications may be made within the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, it is the object of the appended claims to cover all such variations and modifications as come within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
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|Mar 26, 2009
|Nec Corporation
|Information writing/reading system, method and program
|Dec 4, 2008
|Apr 2, 2009
|Ab Initio Software Llc
|Dependency Graph Parameter Scoping
|Dec 11, 2008
|Jun 25, 2009
|Fujitsu Limited
|Disk array device control method
|Aug 19, 2008
|Jul 2, 2009
|Hwang Tae Ho
|Small low power embedded system and preemption avoidance method thereof
|Jun 10, 2008
|Dec 10, 2009
|Electonic Data Systems Corporation
|Apparatus, and associated method, for handling content pursuant to transfer between enterprise content management repositories
|Dec 4, 2009
|Jun 10, 2010
|Social Communications Company
|Realtime kernel
|Feb 23, 2011
|Nov 17, 2011
|Salesforce.Com Inc.
|Software Performance Profiling in a Multi-Tenant Environment
|Jun 23, 2010
|Dec 29, 2011
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Mutli-priority command processing among microcontrollers
|Jan 17, 2012
|Jul 26, 2012
|Argen Wong
|Develop real time software without an RTOS
|Feb 27, 2013
|Aug 28, 2014
|Apple Inc.
|Apparatus and Method for Controlling Transaction Flow in Integrated Circuits
|Jun 4, 2015
|Dec 10, 2015
|Futurewei Technologies, Inc.
|System and Method for Real Time Virtualization
|Mar 8, 2005
|Oct 15, 2008
|Dependency graph parameter scoping
|Jul 7, 2006
|Dec 3, 2008
|Packet scheduling method and device for wireless communication system
|Dec 5, 2011
|Jun 13, 2012
|Scheduling method of real-time tasks in distributing type high performance calculation environment
|Mar 8, 2005
|Nov 16, 2006
|Initio Software Corp Ab
|Dependency graph parameter scoping
|Dec 29, 2005
|Aug 10, 2006
|Utstarcom, Inc.
|Method and system of consolidating mobile ip messages within a network
|Dec 29, 2005
|Apr 5, 2007
|Mankesh S Ahluwalia
|Method and system of consolidating mobile ip messages within a network
|U.S. Classification
|718/103, 718/107, 718/100
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 28, 1999
Owner name: MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CENTER
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GONZALEZ GOMEZ, OSCAR J.;SHEN, CHIA;REEL/FRAME:009740/0960
Effective date: 19990128
|Jan 23, 2001
Owner name: MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC., M
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CENTER AMERICA, INC.;REEL/FRAME:011564/0329
Effective date: 20000828
|May 22, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 3, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jul 11, 2014
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Dec 3, 2014
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jan 20, 2015
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20141203


text:
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180g Bottle of RinseCup CleanUp including the funnel attachment for easier and precise pouring.
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We're thrilled to welcome Nashville's own denim experts Imogene & Willie to our assortment. Utilizing fabrics sourced domestically from Cone Mills as well as Japan's Nihon Mempu mill, each are 13.5oz selvage unwashed denim. Our buddy Brian was nice enough to lend his well-worn jeans to us, so we put together a little before and after to show how they'll look after some hard wear and a wash or two. Availability and sizing info here.


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hum... although I have never used this company, it
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time around... and if it is not ready- tell me and
offer a subsitute or refund - sheesh.
--- Kitty <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote:
> Bluebird was sort of a mixed bag on quality but
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> arrived in good shape. All 48 Red Hot Pokers were
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> the litter. The main reason I ordered from them at
> all was to obtain
> Andropogon 'Silver Sunrise', a new GreatPlants
> release. They looked really
> nice. But the Ppl Ftn Grass I ordered to fill out
> the flat was pretty sad.
> The whole flat of Fibre Optic Grass was fantastic.
> How to tell ahead of time? Not a clue.
> My second order from Walters was shipped bone dry.
> Do they do that to
> retard growth?
> Kitty
> neIN, Zone 5
> ----- Original Message -----
> From: "Christopher P. Lindsey" <email@example.com>
> > I'm glad your gas plants from Bluebird did well.
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> > the largest of which is about an inch high.
> Hardly any roots to speak
> > of either. :(
> >
> > Bluebird seems to be either really good or really
> bad with plants. I
> > wish I knew how to figure out the pattern.
> >
> > Chris
> >
> >
> > To sign-off this list, send email to
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The Narrows
... learned about this hike today.
I am now obsessed with The Narrows. I need to do this hike. With the flash flooding, it won't be this trip. In fact as we were in the museum, we saw the ranger post the notification that The Narrows is closed due to flash flooding. So I loaded up on maps and guidebooks about hiking in Zion at the museum bookstore and have been studying them. What at first seemed not worth the risk has now become a goal.
Day 18
... and professional, even when the power went out for a few minutes. They checked everything and all is well. Then it was a gas stop, where they couldn't get the pump to work and there was a gas spill, but we finally got on our way about 10:30 and started heading south on Interstate 15 to Cedar City. The drive took us along the Wasatch Range, where we climbed to 5300 feet and saw open plateaus. We continued along to Richfield ...
Yeeha Utah
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He bought himself ...
Canyons and camping
... As the sun tracked across the sky, we were sheltered into shade by the rocks around us. By this point, we were travelling as a whole group and took our time climbing, getting to know one another and taking pictures, so our 4 mile trek took us around 2 hours.
After a brief foray into the gift shop, we made our way to our home for the evening, Zion Canyon RV and camp ground. It was an incredible setting. The canyon walls surrounded the camp in three sides and as we ...
Day 2
... not record without a memory card, hence no video today. If your still camera turns on in the tank bag it will run the battery down, hence no pictures.
Everything sorted now, ready for a fun ride through Flagstaff tomorrow.


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Amazon nabs the top spot for online cosmetics sales
One of every five beauty purchases online is made via the Amazon marketplace, according to a new report.
Amazon nabs the top spot for online cosmetics sales
One of every five beauty purchases online is made via the Amazon marketplace, according to a new report.
Wal-Mart gives Jet shoppers a taste of its house brands
Sam's Choice and Great Value are among the Wal-Mart brands now available on Jet.com.
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(Page 2 of 2)
As Bluelight begins to use more of its parent company's resources, observers wonder whether the strategy of providing Internet access through an ISP sponsored by BlueLight as a way to attract customers will continue. The ISP service launched in December 1999 as a free service but switched to tiered payment options after the initial ISP supplier went bust. The basic service offers 12 free hours to meet the needs of typical users who spend six to seven hours online per month. A second tier charges $9.95 for 100 hours, geared towards heavy Internet users. The third tier, aimed at rewarding Bluelight.com shoppers, gives free Internet service to those who make a purchase at BlueLight.com: for purchases from $1 to $100, users get one month free service; users who spend $100 to $150 get two months free; users who spend $150 to $200 get three months free, and so on up to six months of free service. So far the company has 6.6 million ISP users.
But how long BlueLight will pursue this avenue is in question. "BlueLight has a business model that is in an evolution right now," Stern says. "They initially had very big plans to be the dominant ISP. That and remaining an independent e-commerce site are probably not going to materialize."
However, BlueLight officials say Kmart CEO Chuck Conaway "loves the ISP strategy," considering it a crucial point of differentiation between BlueLight.com and other online retailers. The BlueLight spokesman adds that plans to promote the ISP service are not likely to change.
Tracking the evolution
As liquidation sites become more popular and as online retailers like BlueLight struggle to survive in the current market, some observers wonder if BlueLight.com would become for Kmart what the BlueLight special is in the stores: a liquidation vehicle. But BlueLight contends that the different product mix between the stores, which carry more apparel and seasonal items, and the web site, which has 220,000 SKUs compared to a store's 75,000, ensures that the web site will not be an outlet for overstock. BlueLight will continue to house its own products in its Ohio-based warehouses with fulfillment vendor Submit Order.
Most retail analysts believe BlueLight is heading in the right direction and will maintain its online presence even without the high-profile Goldstein at the helm. "BlueLight has struggled as much as anyone else to get the right mix online," Stern says. "It is trying to evolve as the market evolves."
Christopher Merritt, principal at retail consulting firm Kurt Salmon Associates in Atlanta, says BlueLight has opportunity to grow by using Kmart's resources. "It will be interesting to see how fast it leverages those resources to broaden its web offerings," he says.
Every piece of data you collect can help you serve your audience exactly what they ...
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Jon Cryer Finally Speaks: 'Shocked' by Charlie Sheen
"Two and a Half Men" co-star Jon Cryer has broken his silence on Charlie Sheen's latest meltdown that has halted production on the hit CBS show.
Cryer took to his Twitter account to show his dismay at the events of the past few weeks: "It's too sad! Sorry guys, that you must hear so bad news! I'm also shocked!" The tweet is the first reaction from any cast member since the show shut down production due to Sheen's erratic behavior.
Sheen has repeatedly lashed out at CBS executives in recent weeks and just yesterday called into a nationally syndicated radio show to criticize the producers of "Two and a Half Men." "I was told if I went on the attack, they would cancel the show and all that, and so I'm just sort of seeing if they're telling the truth or not," Charlie told "The Alex Jones Show."
In the interview, Charlie went on to directly insult the producers: "Look what I'm dealing with, fools and trolls." "I don't have time for their judgment and stupidity," he said.
Sheen has been hospitalized three times in three months, with production on "Two and a Half Men" put on hold in January after his most recent hospital stay following a night of alleged partying. Production was to have resumed next week, but after the actor's statements on Thursday, that plan was abruptly canceled.
Related stories on ETonline.com:Live Stream: Film Independent Spirit AwardsRocker Vince Neil Gets Out of Jail
We Recommend
- Feb. 12, 2017 Celebs attend the 2017 Grammy Awards -- See the pics!
- Feb. 13, 2017 Count down Nicolas Cage's top movie moments


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NYC Ends Ad Beacon Network Some Saw as Privacy Invasion
The transmitter beacons sent ads to nearby cell phones via Bluetooth, but could also be used to track people's movements, according to critics.New York City officials have ordered the removal of a controversial system of advertising beacons that were in the process of being installed in Manhattan phone booths after critics began lashing out at the system due to privacy concerns. The system was being installed by an outdoor media company, Titan, which already sells advertising space in some 5,000 telephone kiosks throughout the city, according to an Oct. 6 story by the Associated Press. But critics bashed the project after reports began surfacing that small transmitter beacons were being installed to deliver or "push" ad messages to nearby smartphone users using Bluetooth signals, the story said. Some 500 of the small transmitters, which are also called beacons, had already been installed throughout Manhattan when the project was scuttled, the story reported. The problem, critics said, is that the resulting signals "could also be used to track the movements of the phones' owners, which would have added to the ever-increasing layers of surveillance installed in the nation's largest city since the Sept. 11, 2001, terror attacks," the AP reported. "While the beacons Titan installed in some of its phones for testing purposes are incapable of receiving or collecting any personally identifiable information, we have asked Titan to remove them from their phones," Phil Walzak, a spokesman for Democratic Mayor Bill de Blasio, told the AP.
Titan has been involved with the city since 2012 in another project that was using telephone kiosks to deliver free WiFi around Manhattan, according to the city's Website. Titan said that the devices were not intended to track private citizens.
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text:
Biological Information from a Physics Perspective
On an episode of ID the Future, University of Pittsburgh physicist David Snoke discusses biological information from the perspective of physics -- which is different, of course, from that of biology.
Click here to download the episode:
For biological "information," Dr. Snoke suggests "communication" may be the more accurate term. Measuring that, whatever you call it, may be thought of as counting the number of ways a system can be broken. Picture opening up a car engine, or a cell in your body. There are many ways to break it so that it ceases functioning. Now picture a pile of garbage. It's pretty hard to think of a way you could "break" that!
Image credit: CZmarlin (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons.


text:
i try to write some happy rhymes
but it's weird, i have't written one for a long time
i try to think of things to say
but what happy things are there, when i feel this way?
i have you, my boyfriend so i won't moan
but you're barely ever there, i feel so alone
you spend days ignoring me then say i'm blanking you
but you must not realise you do that to me too
sometimes i feel like my hearts in a shredder
i'm in so much pain, without change, it won't ever get better
one minute you care
the next, you wouldn't dare
it's like it's true love
then you treat me like the others
how can we say we date
when we barely act like mates
we don't talk, hug or kiss
so tell me babe, what's the point of this?
at first, you were so kind
i thought there's no one better i could find
but you walk straight past me without saying hi
and you don't even bother saying bye
one minute you're wiping away my tears
then the next, you dont want to be anywhere near
one minute you're hugging away all my fears
the next, you're the cause of the pain that sears
through my bones, flesh and heart
slowly and painfully causing it to part
one minute it was me and you against the world
the next, you can't find a single word.
© Copyright 2017 coolkatz0. All rights reserved.
Status: Finished
Genre: Poetry
Book / Romance
Book / Horror
Book / Romance
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Only EIGHT days until SUNSATION is here! On Saturday, April 14, after the sweet CopperMan 3k Adventure Race, enjoy live music by - DJ BEDZ, Lez Zeppelin, and The Spazmatics. On Sunday, April 15, we're teaming up with +Woodward at Copper for SlopeSoakers - FLOATING Rail Jam. Admission is FREE. Then it's more live music on the +Red Bull Tour Bus with Michal Menert & Pato Banton and The Now Generation. More info:
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text: Jessica Coen4/10/13 11:45am1567EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalinkAfter visiting feminist news and culture blog Jezebel Wednesday morning, local woman Rebecca Lovett, 29, reported feeling "betrayal's stinging lance" upon discovering the website had undergone a layout redesign. "What treason is this? Like a fool I trusted them, and my trust was rewarded with cruel duplicity," said Lovett of the the site's new scrolling blog format. "What am I to make of this vile Judas kiss, this alien thing that has supplanted my cherished layout without warning or mercy?" Lovett told reporters she would soon visit the website's comments section to "pour black vitriol on the cowardly traitors." [The Onion]Reply156 repliesLeave a reply


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Developing Young Children's Social and Emotional Competence - Book/CD
Brookes Publishing • Product is No Longer Available • 87077
From the creators of ASQ and ASQ:SE, this practical guidebook gives non mental health professionals exactly what they need: a ready-to-use, start-to-finish linked system for identifying concerns and improving young children's social-emotional health. This book walks readers through the five-step intervention process called Activity-Based Intervention. Includes Book and CD. 276 pages.


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An officer from the Helmetta Police Department in New Jersey was informed by a citizen of certain constitutional violations that took place at a local animal shelter and then gave a stunning response.
Steve Wronko had gone to the Helmetta Police Department with a list of objections about recent violations at the Helmetta Regional Animal Shelter.
According to the Community outreach facebook page created to expose the atrocities of the shelter, Reform Helmetta Regional Animal Shelter, there is a long stemming controversy from the Helmetta Mayor, Nancy Martin.
Martin also happens to be the tax collector for the City of Perth. In 2011, Martin made her son, Brandon Metz, the head of the Animal Shelter. She also appointed him to Animal Cruelty Investigator, Borough Laborer, Water Meter Reader, and Certified Recycling Co-ordinator, according to the facebook page.
When Wronko went to the police department to voice his complaints about the violations of his Constitutional rights by this corrupt, nepotistic system, he was met with even more corruption.
"Obama just decimated the freakin' Constitution, so I don't give a damn. If he doesn't follow the Constitution, we don't have to," the officer said, boldly stating that law ceases to exist if President Obama himself disobeys it.
If there's no law, why is he still wearing a uniform?


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The Work and Family Handbook
Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives and Approaches
Edited by Marcie Pitt-Catsouphes Ellen Ernst Kossek Stephen A. TY Sweet
Format: Hardback
Normal Price: $400.00
Your Price: $360.00 AUD, inc. GST
Shipping: $7.95 per order
You Save: $40.00! (10% off normal price)
Plus...earn $18.00 in Boomerang Bucks
Availability: Available, ships in 7-10 days
Work and Family Handbook by Marcie Pitt-Catsouphes
Book DescriptionThe Work and Family Handbook is a comprehensive edited volume, which reviews a wide range of disciplinary perspectives across the social sciences on the study of work-family relationships, theory, and methods. The changing demographics of the labor force has resulted in an expanded awareness and understanding of the intricate relations between work and family dimensions in people's lives. For the first time, the efforts of scholars working in multiple disciplines are organized together to provide a comprehensive overview of the perspectives and methods that have been applied to the study of work and family. In this book, the leading work-family scholars in the fields of social work, psychology, sociology, organizational behavior, human resource management, business, and other disciplines provide chapters that are both accessible and compelling. This book demonstrates how cross-disciplinary comparisons of perspective and method reveal new insights on the needs of working families, the challenges faced by those who study them, and how to formulate policy on their behalf.
Buy Work and Family Handbook book by Marcie Pitt-Catsouphes from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9780805850253
(254mm x 178mm x mm)
Pages: 816
Imprint: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Inc
Publish Date: 27-Jan-2006
Country of Publication: United States
Other Editions...
Books By Author Marcie Pitt-Catsouphes
Work and Family Handbook, Paperback (December 2005)View all books by Marcie Pitt-Catsouphes
The Work and Family Handbook reviews a wide range of disciplinary perspectives across the social sciences on the study of work-family relationships, theory, and methods. Leading work-family scholars provide insight on the needs of working families; the challenges faced by those who study them; and how to formulate policy on their behalf.
» Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Work and Family Handbook book by Marcie Pitt-Catsouphes and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!)
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Published on
This document contains a useful overview of Argentina´s wine industry that thru its unique terroir, tradition and innovative culture has been growing for the last decade due to the advantegous international market needs.
This document was produced by ProsperAr, Argentina´s Investment Development Agency.
If you need further assistance contact us at email@example.com or use our website www.prosperar.gov.ar


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- Home
- About
- Membership
- Events
- SIGs
- Careers
- Research
- Teaching
- Certificates
|Introduction to USASBE
The United States Association for
Small Business and Entrepreneurship® (USASBE) is the largest independent,
professional, academic organization in the world dedicated to advancing the
discipline of entrepreneurship. With over 1000 members from universities
and colleges, for-profit businesses, nonprofit organizations, and the public
sector, USASBE is a diverse mix of professionals that share a common commitment
to fostering entrepreneurial attitudes and behaviors.
By fostering advances in each of these areas, we support the development of entrepreneurship educators who in turn will create next generation of entrepreneurs.
The upcoming calendar is currently empty.


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Candy corn is what we call a cult classic and it shares this special status with the likes of Peeps marshmallow treats and Pez candy. As if candy corn weren't popular enough in its own right, Brach's also makes this Honey Flavored Pastel Candy Corn. Look out!
Also known as Bunny Corn (so cute), this variation is ideal if you love candy corn but want someting just a little bit different.
With wonderful flavor and beautiful pastel colors made just for the Easter season, Brach's Pastel Candy Corn has become increasingly difficult to find. We are so pleased to be able to offer it to you, but we do so with this one warning: get enough and get it early because quantities are limited. We know you hate being left out, and this is one seasonal treat you won't want to miss.
Brach's Pastel Candy Corn Brach's Honey Flavored Pastel Candy Corn are perfect if you are looking for something colorful and great tasting. Enjoy this unique twist on a candy classic.
- Price: $17.34


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Mr Gamrat, London
Bairstow Eves were efficient, professional and extremely courteous, right through to completion. Going beyond what one would expect from any estate agent.
It is important to note that this mortgage calculator is for guidance purposes only. Mortgage lenders have their own affordability criteria therefore it is important you speak to one of our Mortgage Advisers for further information and a more accurate indication of what products may be available to you and what your monthly mortgage payments are likely to be.
This well presented top floor two bedroom flat sits in a quiet residential area and is offered with a lease in excess of 170 years. The property also includes a generously sized lounge/diner, fitted kitchen and bathroom. The master bedroom benefits from a fitted wardrobe. Outside there is permitted residents' parking and areas of communal gardens and parkland. There is also a play area for children within this well maintained development.
Contact branch for relevant Energy Performance Certificate
Communal front door with buzzer entry system, stairs to second floor with door to lobby and front door to flat
Wood style laminate flooring, loft access (with ladder and light), built-in cupboard and doors to
Double glazed window to rear, wood style laminate flooring wall mounted heater, TV and Telephone points and door to
Double glazed window to rear, range of wall mounted and base units with roll edge work surfaces incorporating one and a half bowl sink and drainer. Integral oven and hob with extractor over and spaces for washing machine and fridge/freezer. Tiled walls and floor.
Double glazed window to front, fitted carpet, fitted wardrobes, wall mounted heater.
Double glazed window to front, fitted carpet, wall mounted heater.
Double glazed window to side, panel bath with shower attachment, wall mounted WC and wash hand basin. Wall mounted heater, tiled walls and tiled floor.
Residents parking area (permit system), communal gardens comprising areas of shrub and flower borders and some areas of lawn.


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Made in USA Ladies Dresses
Eileen Fisher Organic Cotton Ballet-Neck Dress
MADE BY EILEEN FISHER FOR GARNET HILL The basic knit dress in soft certified organic cotton with a little Lycra® to maintain its flattering A-line shape. With its graceful ballet neck and cap sleeves, it's a versatile style that can be dressed up or down. * By Eileen Fisher * Knee length * Certified organic cotton with Lycra® * USA
Price: $138.00
Eileen Fisher Viscose Jersey Flare Dress
This USA-made dress has flare to spare. In a body-skimming knit, the go-anywhere basic is exceptionally detailed with a beautiful ballet neckline, well-placed pockets, and a swingy silhouette accentuated by creative seaming to complement curves. * By Eileen Fisher for Garnet Hill * A-line silhouette * Pull-on style * Ballet neckline * Long sleeves * Pockets * High-low hem; short in front; below kne...
Price: Was $188.00 Now $98.00
Velvet by Graham & Spencer Philippa Maxi Dress
A relaxed, blousy silhouette in a tribal-inspired print. This boho beauty hits the right summer notes, from a strapless silhouette to a graceful ankle-grazing length. * From Velvet by Graham & Spencer * Includes practical pockets without the bulk * Woven rayon * USA
Price: Was $158.00 Now $48.00


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In a luxury residence, with roof top swimming pool, 24-hours security, close to shops beaches and the Monte Carlo Country Club. Master Apartment 7 rooms renovated with quality materials and a spectacular view of the sea and the gardens of Monte-Carlo Bay Hotel, Cap Martin, Jimmy'z.
Сomposed of: Large entrance hall, triple living - dining room of approx. 90 m² opening onto the terraces, separate equipped kitchen, office, 5 rooms with their adjoining bathrooms, laundry room, guest toilet, many closets, terraces.
3 car parks and 2 cellars.
This document does not form part of any offer or contract. All measurements, areas and distances are approximate. The information and plans contained herein are believed to be correct, however, their accuracy is not guaranteed. The photographs show only certain parts of the property at the time they were taken. This offer is subject to change of price or other conditions, without prior notice.


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Movie Summary
Young Guns II
Description: Only three of the original five young guns -- Billy the Kid (Emilio Estevez), Jose Chavez y Chavez (Lou Diamond Phillips), and Doc Scurlock (Kiefer Sutherland) -- return in Young Guns, Part 2, which is the story of Billy the Kid and his race to safety in Old Mexico while being trailed by a group of government agents led by Pat Garrett (William Petersen). Along the way, Billy's crew gains three new recruits: Arkansas Dave Rudabaugh (Christian Slater), Tom O'Folliard (Balthazar Getty), and Hendry French (Alan Ruck). Though the film suffers from an uneven script, many performances -- particularly Slater's -- are surprisingly strong, and the movie looks great. The theme song, Blaze of Glory, is performed by Jon Bon Jovi in his first solo appearance; the rocker also has a cameo in the film.~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine, All Movie Guide
Movie summaries and listings powered by Cinema-Source
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Top Definition
Something unbelievably awesome
That's the real Indian, man.
by Pyogora September 29, 2010
The Urban Dictionary Mug
One side has the word, one side has the definition. Microwave and dishwasher safe. Lotsa space for your liquids.Buy the mug
The Urban Dictionary T-Shirt
Smooth, soft, slim fit American Apparel shirt. Custom printed. 100% fine jersey cotton, except for heather grey (90% cotton).Buy the t-shirt


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Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
If you are reading this message, Please click this link to reload this page.(Do not use your browser's "Refresh" button). Please email us if you're running the latest version of your browser and you still see this message.
Newegg.com - Computer Parts, Laptops, Electronics, HDTVs, Digital Cameras and More!
Sold and Shipped by Newegg
The PKD-DK1666-1TB kit includes a 16 CH H.264 standalone DVR with 1TB HD and eight outdoor security cameras providing everything you need to have your surveillance system up and running in your home or business quickly and easily.
The DVR-H9116UVDH is a 16 channel, fully integrated, hardware based standalone high definition digital video recorder (DVR). A remote control is included for easy setup and operation! With the input/output of video/audio/alarm, remote network access, USB 2.0 backup and Pan/Tilt/Zoom (PTZ) camera control, this DVR is perfect for the small businesses and industry. It supports SATA HD up to 2 TB which allowing continuous recording over 45 days without erasing. It also supports external DVD RW for backup via USB. The DVR-H9116UVDH uses the latest in compression technology, H.264, allowing for superior compression of video. What this means for you is higher quality, smaller files - get more detail and longer recordings by utilizing the latest and greatest! A variety of recording modes are supported by this DVR. These include scheduled recording, motion detected recording, continuous recording, alarm triggered recording, net-viewer recording, or a combination of any modes.
In addition, this DVR supports Live View via Smart Phone & 3G Mobile with each of those systems below:
a) iPhone
b) Google Android
c) Blackberry OS as of now: V4.6
d) Running Windows Mobile Pro 5.0 & 6.1 Operating System
e) Running Symbian Operating System: S60 3rd & S60 5th.
The cameras included in the kit are 1/4" color CMOS IR night vision outdoor cameras. All cables and power supplies are included.
Your request will be processed within the next 24 hours.
Please add "email@example.com" to your address book to ensure delivery.See Today's E-Blast Promo
Some manufacturers place restrictions on how details of their products may be communicated.
Some manufacturers place restrictions on how details of their products may be communicated.
Some manufacturers place restrictions on how details of their products may be communicated.


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Optometrist Salary
With a median pay of $176K, Self-Employed Optometrists make much more than the national average ($99K annually) for those in this field.
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Job Description for Optometrist
Optometrists examine patients' eyes, conducting vision tests and diagnosing and treating sight problems. The main responsibilities of an optometrist include examining patients of all ages to detect vision defects, diseases or injuries; producing reports that detail patients' visual exam histories to supply the best care; providing advice to patients who may need lenses or frames; and writing referrals to other vision specialists when appropriate. Additionally, optometrists may have monthly sales goals designated by his or her employer. Higher-level optometrists may manage staff, as well as communicate with sales representatives from various vision product suppliers to maintain product supply for the company. Optometrist generally work in private practice, such as in eye offices and vision centers; they may also teach at the university level.Read More...
To become an optometrist, prospective employees must obtain an undergraduate degree in anatomy, biology, chemistry or another relevant field. Then, they must complete optometry school. Some employers may require prospective applicants to obtain a doctorate of optometry, which requires an additional four years of education. Upon completion of the optometry program, applicants must obtain a license in the state in which they wish to practice. To gain a license, applicants must pass a clinical and written examination administered by the National Board of Examiners in Optometry.
Optometrist Tasks
- Examine, diagnose and treat patients.
- Prescribe eye glasses, contact lenses, vision therapy and low vision aids for the correction of visual disorders.
- Conduct tests to identify and evaluate eye defects and disease.
Optometrist Job Listings
Search for more jobs:
Popular Employer Salaries for Optometrist
Popular Skills for Optometrist
Overall, survey participants reported applying a fair number of skills to their work. Most notably, skills in Glaucoma, contact lens, Optometry, and Pediatrics are correlated to pay that is above average. At the other end of the pay range are skills like Contact Lenses and ocular disease. Those educated in Optometry tend to be well versed in Contact Lenses.
Pay by Experience Level for Optometrist
Median of all compensation (including tips, bonus, and overtime) by years of experience.
Optometrists with a lot of experience do not necessarily enjoy more money. Those in the early stages of their career can expect to make around $98K; however, individuals with five to 10 years of experience bring in $107K on average — a distinctly larger sum. Optometrists claiming one to two decades of experience make an estimated median of $112K. Individuals who report more than two decades of experience seem to make only slightly more than folks in the 10-to-20 year range; the more senior group sees median earnings in the comparatively modest ballpark of $118K.
Pay Difference by Location
New York is home to an above-average pay rate for Optometrists, 16 percent higher than the national average. Optometrists can also look forward to large paychecks in cities like Minneapolis (+15 percent), Phoenix (+7 percent), San Francisco (+7 percent), and St. Louis (+5 percent). With compensation 13 percent below the national average, Houston is not known for hefty paychecks and actually represents the lowest-paying market. Employers also pay below the national average in Los Angeles (8 percent lower) and San Diego (5 percent lower).
Optometrist Reviews
Related Job Salaries
Key Stats for Optometrist
56 %
44 %
Job Satisfaction
|Extremely satisfied
Rated 5 out of 5
based on 177 votes.


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Home > Inside Story > A Compelling Call for Ministry
What People Are Saying
"Our staff brings a creative verve to bear on their roles. You wed that verve with a passion for Christ and a passion for this ministry, and you get Christianity Today."
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Harold Smith
President and CEO, Christianity Today
A Compelling Call for Ministry
Featuring Harold Smith
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John Terry made a defiant return as England captain yesterday, claiming he should never have lost the job in the first place and inviting any players unhappy at the England manager Fabio Capello's decision to confront him face to face.
At the start of yesterday morning's training session, Capello announced to the squad that Terry would be replacing Rio Ferdinand as permanent captain ahead of Saturday's Euro 2012 qualifier against Wales in Cardiff.
Capello then asked the players if they had any objections to the decision, and no one spoke, as Terry was at pains to point out in a press conference later.
He admitted the decision may not be popular with all the players but said anyone who was unhappy should speak to him personally. Terry said: "I'm not going to be everybody's cup of tea. There are certain players at clubs who don't get on with each other. We know that. That's life. But I would respect people if they came to me personally rather than hearing things.
"The manager pulled the group together this morning and asked if anyone had any questions, and no one said a word. So I'll respect anyone who comes to me personally and we deal with it one on one."
Terry had been captain until he was sacked following allegations in February last year of an affair with Wayne Bridge's ex-fiancée Vanessa Perroncel. He has been reappointed after Capello decided Terry had been punished enough.
Speaking for the first time since regaining the captaincy, Terry also strenuously denied he had ever tried to exploit his position for financial gain. He was criticised in 2009 for an email sent on his behalf by a PR firm offering his services to potential sponsors. "I never tried to cash in on anything. There was an issue with the statement that went out initially, that had nothing to do with me. It was a company that didn't represent me. I've never cashed in. I'm not the best-looking guy anyway, so people aren't going to want me spread all over the place," Terry said.
He showed no sign of remorse following his 13 months without the England captaincy, repeating his claim that he should never have lost the job in the first place. He also hinted there was no chance of a reconciliation with Bridge.
Terry said: "When I met Fabio and [his assistant] Franco [Baldini] at Wembley [in February last year], I looked them in the eye and said they'd get nothing less from me, which I feel is what I've done. Maybe they've both looked at that in me. I didn't agree with the decision, which I told them face to face, but I said I respected their decision and I'll continue to work hard.
"I could understand it a little bit, but I just felt I didn't deserve to lose the armband. I think over the last four or five years, I'd like to think I've kept my head down and done the right thing."
The decision to reappoint Terry comes with both Ferdinand and Steven Gerrard sidelined with injury. Frank Lampard was the captain for last month's friendly in Denmark but when he was substituted the armband was passed first to Ashley Cole and then Gareth Barry, despite Terry being on the pitch. Capello has since decided it is time for Terry to return.
The Chelsea defender admitted to being nervous yesterday and said he had received supportive messages from players, such as Ferdinand. "I had the worst night's sleep ever, actually. I was pretty nervous," he said. "It was like the first day back at school, really. I was very surprised. Obviously, I'd seen the rumours over the last two weeks since the story broke, but I'd heard nothing directly. I wanted to concentrate on Chelsea really. I didn't know what to make of the speculation.
"I'd never given up hope of regaining the armband. But I had a big game for Chelsea at the weekend to concentrate on. But I'm delighted that the manager has announced it this morning in front of the squad."
England will train again today at Arsenal's London Colney training ground, before heading to Cardiff on Friday. Right-back Glen Johnson did not train yesterday but is expected to be fit. Scott Parker did not take a full part in training either following the death of his father on Friday, but he too is expected to be ready for Saturday's game.
- More about:
- Cardiff City Fc
- Fabio Capello
- Gareth Barry
- Unemployment


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GIS Building Footprints (Data Entry)
This project received 21 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $934 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project BudgetN/A
Total Bids21
Project Description
This will be a GIS data entry job. It will consist of looking at the area's of interest (look at this map and see the area's noted: [url removed, login to view]) and drawing polygons around all structures (refer to the attached PDF).
The structures are building footprints. Only include bids on the area's you see in the map. There are many more area's to create polygons of buildings for and this is a repeat job in the future so please bid accordingly. We will give you access to the shapefiles for the area of interest as well as the service for the imagery.
The deliverable will be a polygon shapefile that you send to us. Please message me with any questions.
Skills Required
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- Set your budget and the timeframe
- Outline your proposal
- Get paid for your work
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- Forbes
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- Home
- Jewelry
- Jewelry Findings
- Jewelry Pin Findings: Pin Backs, Safety Pins & More
- Pin Back - Brass Plated - 1 inch
Pin Back - Brass Plated - 1 inch
Product ID : 1880-58
Darice® steel, brass plated, 1 inch pin back. 48 pin backs per package.
Pin backs turn your jewelry and other craft items into usable pins. Simply wire, glue or otherwise attach your creation to the flat face of the pin back. Great for name tags, too!
Product Type : Pin Backs
Our Price: $1.77
48 piece per package.


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Detailed Description
divpGuys and Dolls for Vocal General. Includes lyrics printed in CD insert and a CD+G graphics-enabled compact disc containing a complete performance with soloists, then performed again with accompaniments only, minus the soloist(s).. Published by Music Minus One (MO.MMOCDG1067)./ppFrank Loesser's all-time great Broadway musical about Damon Runyon's tales of gangster life is a hysterical and memorable show filled with such great numbers as 'Adelaide's Lament' and 'Guys and Dolls,' its title tune. Not to be missed by any musical stage singer or aficionado!/p/div
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For those of us who live in Zone 5, I'm wondering if Tattoo (which I just
LOVE!) could survive and maybe even thrive (?) as a container plant.
Opinions, thoughts, anyone?
Western New York, Zone 5
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