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These frosty purple winter Cinderella save the date cards share your royal wedding day in princess style! A fairytale coach in snow white is accented by royal silver-gray, lots of snowflakes and feminine lavender purple. You may opt to share a small engagement photo "in" the coach, or have this printed on flat cardstock and share a large photo on the back of the design.
See more ideas & personalize this design here: Fairytale Winter Save the Date Card.


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Family Fun Crafts: 16 Craft Ideas for Kids
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Latest Comments
"I like this vintage style Santa graphic, but I read that the designer used a cutting machine to cut a red vinyl decal to afix to the cream painted wood board. I don't know what kind of cutting machine she is talking about and I wonder how pricey it is? I'd like an alternative to getting that Santa on there."
"This wall decor is very chic with any message you write on it! And it couldn't be easier. However, another option to using foam core board would be to actually buy an old thrift store bulletin board and spray paint it black. I think it would give the wall art a little bit more of a lived-in rustic look as the cork board adds texture and interest."
"This DIY holiday project is something that I would like to do at home myself. This craft is not for everyone's taste, but if you like a certain minimalist decorating approach and you've got a creative eye then this is for you! At first I did not even notice the picture frame in the background. It's used to attach the branch to it. Cute idea!"
11 Thanksgiving Crafts for Children
By: The Editors of Favecrafts.com
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Thanksgiving crafts for children have a special place at FaveCrafts. Kids enjoy the holidays just as much as the adults, especially when they can help out by creating beautiful Thanksgiving crafts. This list of 11 Thanksgiving Crafts for Children are easy to make and will look great in your home. Your friends will all be asking you where you found such fun Thanksgiving crafts for children. Use these Thanksgiving crafts to decorate your home for the entire fall season.
It can be hard to find ways to keep little hands busy during Thanksgiving festivities. So, why not add some crafty time to the big day this November? The kids craft ideas below offer several Thanksgiving day activities for kiddos of all ages and skill levels. Little ones will feel especially proud of their DIY Thanksgiving decorations. Plus, little crafts allow little ones to show just how thankful they are for yummy food.
Thanksgiving Crafts for Kids
Table of Contents
Thanksgiving Crafts for Children: At the Dinner Table
Thanksgiving Crafts for Children: Just for Fun
Thanksgiving Crafts for Children: At the Dinner Table
- Easy Turkey Napkin Rings: For unique Thanksgiving craft ideas, try these fun little Turkey Napkin Rings that your guests will love as they sit down to feast. Enjoy the ease of thanksgiving crafts for children.
- Indian and Pilgrim Table Toppers: Invite these cute early Americans to your Thanksgiving table. This is a great project to do with kids.
- Turkey Table Accents: This fun Thanksgiving craft project for kids uses a fresh take on the age-old method of tracing your hand to create a paper turkey. This free Thanksgiving craft idea for kids is fun and decorative.
- Easy Harvest Place Setting: This fun Thanksgiving craft for kids is easy and fun to make. With some felt and glue, kids can create fun and unique place card holders that you'll be proud to show off.
- Turkey Table Accents: These cute turkeys are great to have on the table. They're easy to make and a great project for the whole family to do together.
If you are looking for more grown up ideas to decorate your Thanksgiving table, check out our list of 12+ Thanksgiving Craft Centerpieces.
Thanksgiving Crafts for Children: Just for Fun
- Autumn Squirrel Wood Box: This cute squirrel box is a a great project to do with kids! Decorate a wood box for the autumn season or Thanksgiving with punched paper shapes.
- Mom and Me Thanksgiving Aprons: What better way for a youngster to spend Thanksgiving but in the kitchen helping Mom? The matching aprons are a snap with fabric paint.
- 3-Ingridient DIY Bird Feeders: Let your kids give the brids a feast of their own with this cute and quick DIY craft.
- Scarecrow Wood Box: Use paper punches to create a fun scarecrow box for autumn, Halloween or Thanksgiving. This easy craft is great to do with kids.
- Paper Bag Turkey with Popcorn Stuffing: Great for the kids table or just for snacking on when dinner is being made, this popcorn turkey is sure to keep kids occupied!
- Woodland Buddies Paper Cups: Show your kids how to make super easy paper crafts and woodland friends out paper cups you probably already have.
Find even more Thanksgiving DIY ideas in our massive collection of 250+ Thanksgiving Crafts for Kids and Adults.
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subset: commoncrawl


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There has been a low level of public comment on the EIS for the new Grafton Bridge.
Topics: programs-and-initiatives, road-transport, regional-development, grafton-2460, lismore-2480, coffs-harbour-2450, port-macquarie-2444
Posted| Updated
It is thought the Big River fire near Grafton was started by maintenance work.
Topics: timber, industrial-fires, regional, grafton-2460, coffs-harbour-2450, lismore-2480, port-macquarie-2444
Topics: storm-event, weather, grafton-2460
The damage bill from a fire at a timber-processing plant is likely to run into millions of dollars.
Topics: industrial-fires, grafton-2460, lismore-2480, coffs-harbour-2450
Posted| Updated
Dozens of staff evacuated from a timber yard near Grafton, on the state's north coast, as a large fire burns on the property.
Topics: fires, timber, junction-hill-2460, grafton-2460, coffs-harbour-2450, port-macquarie-2444, lismore-2480
Too much booze and food for north coast health workers
Topics: health-administration, obesity, unions, lismore-2480, grafton-2460, tweed-heads-2485, coffs-harbour-2450, port-macquarie-2444
Former life as surveyor raised as CSG conflict for Chris Gulaptis
Topics: activism-and-lobbying, state-parliament, oil-and-gas, grafton-2460, coffs-harbour-2450, port-macquarie-2444
Posted| Updated
The State Opposition Leader says it makes sense to extend a proposed ban on coal seam gas activity to the Clarence Valley.
Topics: state-parliament, oil-and-gas, mining-environmental-issues, activism-and-lobbying, grafton-2460, coffs-harbour-2450
Posted| Updated
NRMA calls for fuel tax to be used for roads
Topics: tax, parliament, federal-government, oil-and-gas, lismore-2480, grafton-2460, coffs-harbour-2450
Councils from the Clarence to the Nambucca have volunteered to form one of NSW's first Joint Organisation.
Topics: local-government, programs-and-initiatives, regional, grafton-2460, coffs-harbour-2450, port-macquarie-2444, lismore-2480
Rex Airlines has changed its North Coast services in a bid to keep them viable
Topics: air-transport, regional, small-business, taree-2430, port-macquarie-2444, coffs-harbour-2450, lismore-2480, grafton-2460
A crash between a car and B-Double has closed the Pacific Highway north of Coffs Harbour.
Topics: road, regional, road-transport, corindi-beach-2456, coffs-harbour-2450, lismore-2480, grafton-2460, port-macquarie-2444
Posted| Updated
A survivor of the 1989 Grafton bus crash has paid tribute to SES volunteers who have now been officially recognised for their heroic efforts.
Topics: disasters-and-accidents, death, cowper-2460, grafton-2460
Posted| Updated
He's been giving weather reports to ABC radio listeners in northern New South Wales for decades.
Topics: weather, floods, rivers, beef-cattle, grafton-2460
From his vantage point on the Upper Clarence River in northern New South Wales Trevor Wingfield watches flood water from Queensland and northern New South Wales converge and surge down the river to the coastal plains below.
Topics: floods, beef-cattle, rivers, weather, grafton-2460
An aerial survey to be undertaken of an endangered colony of coastal emus.
Topics: endangered-and-protected-species, programs-and-initiatives, road-transport, grafton-2460, coffs-harbour-2450, port-macquarie-2444, lismore-2480
More flood recovery money could soon be on the way for the Clarence Valley.
Topics: floods, local-government, federal---state-issues, emergency-planning, grafton-2460, lismore-2480, coffs-harbour-2450
Those responsible for dumping almost 100 cans of toxic paint in the Clarence River could face fines of up to $250,000.
Topics: environmental-impact, local-government, recycling-and-waste-management, grafton-2460, lismore-2480, coffs-harbour-2450
Posted| Updated
Rex Airlines is changing its North Coast schedule to try and stop a profit decline
Topics: air-transport, regional-development, taree-2430, port-macquarie-2444, coffs-harbour-2450, grafton-2460, lismore-2480
Police say a routine traffic stop on the state's north coast led to the seizure of $500,000 worth of the drug ice.
Topics: drug-offences, grafton-2460, lismore-2480, coffs-harbour-2450
Posted| Updated
Extensive search for missing fisherman at Evans Head
Topics: missing-person, fishing-aquaculture, accidents---other, evans-head-2473, coffs-harbour-2450, grafton-2460, byron-bay-2481
Posted| Updated
Amalgamation is sure to be on the agenda when the Northern Rivers council collective holds its next meeting
Topics: local-government, state-parliament, budget, tweed-heads-2485, grafton-2460, coffs-harbour-2450, lismore-2480
Property owners concerned about flood impacts from new Grafton bridge advised to comment on EIS.
Topics: urban-development-and-planning, floods, regional, environmental-impact, grafton-2460, coffs-harbour-2450, port-macquarie-2444, lismore-2480
Grafton's Jacaranda Festival to return in a shorter version for 2014
Topics: carnivals-and-festivals, community-and-multicultural-festivals, regional, grafton-2460, lismore-2480, coffs-harbour-2450, port-macquarie-2444
Rex could still cut its north coast route despite posting a 2013-14 before tax profit.
Topics: air-transport, budget, regional-development, grafton-2460, lismore-2480, coffs-harbour-2450, port-macquarie-2444, taree-2430


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C & F Sheet Metal Corp, Sheet Metal Fabricators, listed under "Sheet Metal Fabricators" category, is located at 201 Richards St Brooklyn NY, 11231 and can be reached by 7186438200 phone number. C & F Sheet Metal Corp has currently 0 reviews.This business profile is not yet claimed, and if you are the owner, claim your business profile for free. If you are not the owner you can invite this business to join by email or by phone.Browse all Sheet Metal Fabricators in Brooklyn NY. Discover census data for Brooklyn, NY.
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A signed copy of Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol has been bought for the town thought to have inspired Scrooge's counting house.
A campaign to buy the book (which contains an inscription to a former resident) was organised in Malton, North Yorkshire by a group who raised the £27,000 needed to secure it at auction in New York.
The book is currently on display at Castle Howard and will go on show at the Talbot Hotel, Malton before moving to the University of York and touring schools in the area.
Actor Simon Callow, commented on the acquisition: "It's great that it's coming to Malton with its connections with the solicitor who's office Dickens may well have used as the model for Ebenezer Scrooge's counting house."
Charles Smithson's office is believed to have inspired his friend Charles Dickens' depiction of the working conditions set by the money-grabbing miser Scrooge.
The book was first published in 1843, but Dickens' friend Smithson died aged 39 in 1844. The copy obtained for Malton contains an inscription to Smithson's widow: "Mrs Smithson, from Charles Dickens, 18th April 1844."
Callow, who is currently appearing as Scrooge in a West End production of A Christmas Carol, remarked on "the definite connection between this friend of Dickens' and the office".
He said: "Dickens wrote A Christmas Carol in protest against the employment of children in the mines. People tend not to think of that, but it was the actual inspiration behind the novel."
The famous Christmas story was set in London but the Dickens is known to have visited Smithson in Malton in 1843.
The campaign to acquire the book for Malton aws led by broadcaster and local resident Selina Scott. She told the BBC: "It inspired me when I head that the book was coming up for auction in New York, I knew immediately that it had to come back to Malton."
"I knew the Smithson story because my grandfather used to be the editor of the Malton Messenger and the Malton Messenger in those days was owned by a Miss Smithson."
Callow will appear in A Christmas Carol at the Arts Theatre, Leicester Square, London until 6 January 2013.Reuse content


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Originally posted on Project Spurs | Last updated 3/14/13
With nine wins in their last 12 games, the Los Angeles Lakers -- yes, the same Lakers who had 17 wins halfway through the season -- have leapfrogged the Utah Jazz for the No. 8 seed. If the playoffs started today, the San Antonio Spurs would draw these Lakers in the first round. Los Angeles can still leapfrog to the sixth seed if they can catch Golden State, who are two and half games ahead. Danny Green, meanwhile, isn't too afraid of the Lakers. Aint no1 scared of dem lol knock it off RT @iamchrisneal: Spurs trying to avoid us in them playoffs they already know what it is #Lakeshow — Danny Green (@DGreen_14) March 13, 2013 It's worth nothing: The Lakers, if healthy, still pose a difficult matchup for the Spurs. Though the Lakers aren't quite the juggernaut they could have been, San Antonio shouldn't be excited for this potential matchup. But their recent streak could be in danger. Kobe Bryant, tasked with a third of the Lakers' possessions according to Basketball Reference, sprained his left ankle in last night's loss at Atlanta. The 17-year veteran is out indefinitely though he did not need crutches after the game. Buoyed by an aggressive Bryant, averaging 30.3 points, 6.4 rebounds and seven assists since beating Boston at Staples, the Lakers scored 105.8 points per game -- a smidgen below the third-ranked Denver Nuggets (105.9). Dwight Howard chipped in 17 points and 15 boards a game, too. Steve Nash was an effective, albeit under utilized, offensive fulcrum. Without Bryant and Pau Gasol, the Lakers will need to manufacture points through the pick-and-roll. Howard and Nash, presumably, will be the lynchpins of the offense. Playing without Kobe is a rarity for Los Angeles and with good reason; while the defense yields a solid 100.9 points per 100 possessions in his absence, according to NBA.com/Stats, the offense devolves into a less efficient version of the Washington Wizards. Since Mike D'Antoni is head coach, defense is not a priority. With the Jazz sputtering, losing eight of their last 10, the playoffs are still a realistic preposition even if Bryant is sidelined for a couple of weeks. But anything more doesn't seem likely. Especially if they play San Antonio, whose offense will disorient an already disoriented defense. What do you have to say Spurs fans? Do you agree with Green?
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Analytics Methodologies Glossary
This project was successfully completed by dgoyal for $122 USD in 4 days.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project Budget$30 - $250 USD
Completed In4 days
Total Bids13
Project Description
I'm looking for a researcher to create a glossary of analytic methods and techniques. The focus of these methods and techniques should be on mainstream (most common) methodologies that contribute to decision making, problem solving, or other statistical analysis and modelling. Niche (industry or sector specific) methods and techniques can be included but research time should not be invested to specifically identify these.
The final product should be a table (recommended, but other suggested formats will be entertained and must be approved in advance) that shows the method name, a 2-5 sentence description (examples are welcome if they contribute to the understanding of the method), and where possible, links to sites for additional information (for example, how to execute the method or technique if I choose to use it on a project). We can discuss additional fields if the researcher has ideas. I will provide a table I started that the researcher can use as an exemplar or a foundation for the final product delivered.
There is no minimum/maximum length or number of methods and techniques but I have a 2-5 page project in mind. I would like the project completed by Sunday, July 28, 2013.
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Some sad news for Monday.
LONDON, March 7 (Reuters) – Former Radio 1 disc jockey Tommy Vance has died after suffering a stroke, the BBC reported.
It said Vance, 63, died in hospital on Sunday three days after being taken ill at his home in Kent.
The gravel-voiced DJ began his career on U.S. radio before moving to pirate Radio Caroline in the 1960s, broadcasting from a ship moored off the Essex coast.
After the government outlawed the offshore pirate stations in 1967, he was signed up by the BBC where he worked for Radio 1 for 15 years and regularly presented "Top of the Pops" on BBC 1.More recently, Vance hosted the "Friday Night Rock" show on digital channel VH1 and later had his own show on digital radio station Virgin Classic Rock.
Last year he took part in ITV's "Hell's Kitchen" reality TV show but pulled out after a few days, saying he could not bear the insults of the show's celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay.
Fellow DJ Dave Cash worked with Vance at Radio Caroline, Radio 1 and Capital Radio and was a friend for 40 years.
"He's a bit like John Peel and Kenny Everett — he's irreplaceable, he was a total professional," the BBC quoted Cash as saying.
"Tommy was part of the group that actually cared about the music he was playing."
I had the pleasure of having an e-mail chat with Tommy about the state of music video a few years ago. He is probably the best metal DJ/VJ of them all. Great loss to British broadcasting his passing. Via Jon PPowered by Sidelines


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Apple Strudel
|Phyllo leaves
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Fine bread crumbs
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|3 , chopped
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Dried apricots
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|Chopped nuts
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Grated lemon rind
|1 Tablespoon (Of 1 Lemon)
|Lemon juice
|1 Tablespoon (Of 1/2 Lemon)
|Cinnamon sugar
|1 Teaspoon
|Powdered sugar
|2 Teaspoon
Unfold 2 phylo leaves and place on a damp cloth.
Microwave butter 30 seconds to melt.
Brush leaves with butter.
Place second leaf on top of the first leaf.
Sprinkle bread crumbs on the second leaf.
Repeat with other two leaves to make a second strudel.
Combine apples, sugar, raisins, apricots, nuts, lemon rind and juice, mixing well.
Place half of this mixture in the center of each strudel.
Roll up as for a jelly roll.
Brush pastry with butter and sprinkle with cinnamon-sugar mixture.
Microwave each strudel 8 to 9 minutes, basting with butter.
Cool and sprinkle powdered sugar
Cut each into 16 pieces.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size: Complete recipe
Calories 1879 Calories from Fat 613
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 68 g105.2%
Saturated Fat 32.4 g162.1%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 121 mg40.3%
Sodium 650.9 mg27.1%
Total Carbohydrates 322 g107.2%
Dietary Fiber 23.5 g93.8%
Sugars 222.5 g
Protein 21 g41.9%
Vitamin A 80% Vitamin C 81.1%
Calcium 23.6% Iron 34.9%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


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3 Small FlashPHP Projects
This project was awarded to dice8up for $35 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project Budget$30 - $100 USD
Total Bids4
Project Description
I need 3 small Flash/PHP projects for a DJ/Music/Trance/Techno artist.
1.) Flash intro
The Flash intro known in [url removed, login to view] will lead to [url removed, login to view] by one click by link. Also need a "Skip Intro" link on the right hand bottom corner. Will Provide the images.
2.) Flash MP3 Player.
REALLY NEEDED! Will provide the sound files, and how I would like the player to look like.
3.) Feedback/Email Form.
Can be made with Flash, or PHP/ASP(if possible).
Please show me a portfolio of your work!! Need urgently. Everything will be provided in description in PM.
Budget: $35
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OWC ThunderBay 4 Mini review
The ThunderBay 4 Mini is built for speed with two Thunderbolt ports and 1TB SSD.
The ThunderBay 4 Mini is built for speed with two Thunderbolt ports and 1TB SSD.
A speedy, portable drive that can take a few knocks and doesn't cost the earth.
We review the only 8TB SSD in the world.
Can 3D NAND put this SSD above its more expensive competitors?
Get the speeds of SSD without compromising storage space with this high capacity solid state drive.
Toshiba promises game-changing performance with this SSD – but does it deliver?
Is the Samsung NVMe SSD 960 Pro M.2 the fastest SSD on the planet?
Adata's SSD Ultimate SU800 boasts 3D NAND flash, but does it make a difference?
Why compromise capacity for speed with an SSD when you can have both? We test out the Kingston 1TB SSDNow KC400.


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The application of quantitative approaches to study biology and medicine is identified as an essential progression in future developments of biomedical research. The Molecular Biophysics Training Program (MBTP) at Vanderbilt specifically addresses this need by training students to work at the interface between quantitative molecular approaches and key problems in biology and medicine. Thus, the MBTP provides a deeper grounding in the physical sciences for trainees who have a biological sciences background, and a more thorough exposure to the biological sciences and medicine than is usual for students with a physical sciences or engineering background. Though the program draws its training faculty from nine different departments, it is rooted in an established network of common research and training activities. In additional to the 26 Training Faculty and 58 students, the training environment is greatly enriched by the active participation of ~40 scientific staff and postdoctoral fellows. Beyond a personally designed curriculum for each trainee, the MBTP holds two formal research seminar meetings each month involving the entire molecular biophysics community. The scope of research ranges from the design of small molecule drugs to the structural analysis of multi-protein cellular machinery and from characterization of membrane proteins to following the movement of biomolecules into and out of cells. Research projects involve a broad spectrum of physical, chemical, and computational approaches, including X-ray crystallography, NMR, EPR and fluorescence spectroscopies, mass spectrometry, cryo-electron microscopy, cell imaging and molecular/cellular simulations, often involving multiple approaches. Trainees typically join the MBTP late in their first year of graduate training after choosing a thesis laboratory, and are then supported for two years. Grant support covers the time needed for additional specialized didactic training and the initiation of thesis research. However, all trainees (and their preceptors) remain active in MBTP program activities throughout the duration of their graduate training.
The ultimate goal of Molecular Biophysics is to obtain a quantitative description of the shapes, surface features and network of interactions between the many thousands of molecules that bring a cell to life. Such knowledge provides a direct understanding of normal physiology and the malfunctions that lead to disease, and in turn can be used to develop drug therapies targeted specifically for the defective molecules.
|Elliott, Amicia D; Ustione, Alessandro; Piston, David W (2015) Somatostatin and insulin mediate glucose-inhibited glucagon secretion in the pancreatic ?-cell by lowering cAMP. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 308:E130-43
|Sturgill, Emma G; Das, Dibyendu Kumar; Takizawa, Yoshimasa et al. (2014) Kinesin-12 Kif15 targets kinetochore fibers through an intrinsic two-step mechanism. Curr Biol 24:2307-13
|Barnes, Tammy M; Otero, Yolanda F; Elliott, Amicia D et al. (2014) Interleukin-6 amplifies glucagon secretion: coordinated control via the brain and pancreas. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 307:E896-905
|Wan, William; Stubbs, Gerald (2014) Heterogeneous seeding of HET-s(218-289) and the mutability of prion structures. Prion 8:
|Borin, Brendan N; Tang, Wei; Krezel, Andrzej M (2014) Helicobacter pylori RNA polymerase ?-subunit C-terminal domain shows features unique to ?-proteobacteria and binds NikR/DNA complexes. Protein Sci 23:454-63
|Gayek, A Sophia; Ohi, Ryoma (2014) Kinetochore-microtubule stability governs the metaphase requirement for Eg5. Mol Biol Cell 25:2051-60
|Brooks, Sonja C; Fischer, Robert L; Huh, Jin Hoe et al. (2014) 5-methylcytosine recognition by Arabidopsis thaliana DNA glycosylases DEMETER and DML3. Biochemistry 53:2525-32
|Collier, Scott E; Voehler, Markus; Peng, Dungeng et al. (2014) Structural and functional insights into the N-terminus of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Cdc5. Biochemistry 53:6439-51
|Birmingham, William R; Starbird, Chrystal A; Panosian, Timothy D et al. (2014) Bioretrosynthetic construction of a didanosine biosynthetic pathway. Nat Chem Biol 10:392-9
|Moore, Jessica L; Becker, Kyle W; Nicklay, Joshua J et al. (2014) Imaging mass spectrometry for assessing temporal proteomics: analysis of calprotectin in Acinetobacter baumannii pulmonary infection. Proteomics 14:820-8
Showing the most recent 10 out of 92 publications


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The Asian Development Bank (ADB) recognizes gender equity as an essential driver of change in achieving inclusive development, and emphasizes gender mainstreaming in all ADB operations. For the Pacific developing member countries (DMCs), ADB aims to introduce gender as a key policy concern in the core functioning of governments by enhancing gender awareness in all capacity- and institution-building efforts. The TA seeks to strengthen the capacity of governments in selected Pacific DMCs to systematically monitor gender situations and address gender inclusiveness in development strategies.
Latest Project Documents
|Promoting Evidence-Based Policy Making for Gender Equity in the Pacific
|Nov 2010
Project Data Sheets (PDS) contain summary information on the project or program. Because the PDS is a work in progress, some information may not be included in its initial version but will be added as it becomes available. Information about proposed projects is tentative and indicative.
The Public Communications Policy (PCP) recognizes that transparency and accountability are essential to development effectiveness. It establishes the disclosure requirements for documents and information ADB produces or requires to be produced.
The Accountability Mechanism provides a forum where people adversely affected by ADB-assisted projects can voice and seek solutions to their problems and report alleged noncompliance of ADB's operational policies and procedures.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of, or reference to, a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.


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News By Tag
Industry News
News By Location
Industry News
Chicago Photographer Documents U.S. Olympic Gold-Medalists
Chicago-based photographer Karen I. Hirsch photographs the U.S. Olympic women gymnasts and the 2012 U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame inductees.
View photos at: http://karenihirsch.com/
On July 12, 2012, Hirsch photographed the 2012 inductees of the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame. The athletes who were inducted were: Gail Devers - track & field, Lisa Fernandez - softball, Gary Hall Jr. - swimming, Jean Driscoll - paralympic track & field , Kristine Lilly - soccer, Dan O'Brien - track & field/decathlon, Jenny Thompson - swimming, Ed Temple - track & field coach and the U.S. softball team of 2004. A posthumous award was made to Olympian James Connolly - track & field. Senator Ted Stevens was inducted as a special contributor. The U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame induction ceremony will be broadcast on NBC sometime after the London Olympic Games.
View photos at: http://karenihirsch.com/
Karen I. Hirsch is an award-winning photographer who "tells the story" with her photos. She is skillful at capturing "the decisive moment" in sports photography as well as expressive moments in every day life. Her artistry in imagery was recognized by grants from the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs and the Illinois Arts Council. In 2007, the government of China invited Hirsch along with nine other foreign photographers to document the city of Rizhao. Hirsch has photographed celebrities including Muhammed Ali, Julie Andrews,, Donald Trump, Bob Hope, Liza Minnelli, Magic Johnson, John McEnroe, Mike Ditka, Jay Leno, Rudy Giuliani and President Barack Obama.
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Use the tools below to refine your search by only displaying reviews with a certain number of star ratings or to only show reviews from a certain time period. Eg click on '1 star' to just display the reviews we have which received a 1 star rating click or 'Within the last month' to display just reviews posted over the last month.
Written on: 24/01/2017
Got santander home insurance as advised by the santander financial adviser when I got my mortgage over 9 years ago and never thought to compare it. My next year's premium was going to be £1447.27 for the year. This is up £200 from last year. I mentioned this is passing to my sister who nearly had had a fit. On checking 'go compare.com', most quotes where between £250 - £300. I contacted satander's customer service who stated they were unable to compete with any other company but could… Read Full Review
Written on: 12/07/2016 by Jay41 (1 review written)
we have been with Santander for many years without a claim yet our yearly insurance as continued to increase. I have cancelled today as even the most expensive quotes I have had are at least £250 less . The advisor on the phone made no attempt to try and get cheaper quote and just said that is how it is. I suspect they increase year on year as many people take the easy option and do not shop around for alternatives… Read Full Review
Written on: 29/11/2016
Hi User.
Remember it's not all about getting the cheapest quote. It's about get the best cover for the best price.
Often you'll find companies offering low premiums but when you come to make a claim you'll find a high excess and a boat load of exclusions to the policy.
If you're going to shop around make sure you're aware in what you are buying.
Thanks - Level Head
Written on: 12/06/2016 by munimunchkin (1 review written)
First point mentioned under benefits of my cover states "Emergency claims line - 24 hours a day, 7 days a week". I rang them and was told they are only a broker, they would have to pass me on to my underwriters, who should then get in touch with me in two or three days' time to confirm cover and take details of my claim!!! Useless in an emergency. All Santander is is a middleman that takes your money but doesn't acutally add value. I had NO DETAILS of my underwriters on my policy docs, just… Read Full Review
Written on: 16/02/2016 by ascholey (1 review written)
Avoid.... Received a call asking why my direct debit had been cancelled- tried to explain I had to vacate my property urgently. The lady accused me of not bothering to reply to an email which I had never received.I even said" why would I lie about receiving it? it would of been helpful in ending my contract" She then told me there was a cancellation fee, and said " don't expect we will ever get that off you", basically spoke to me like a piece of you know what. I tried to talk but again she… Read Full Review
Written on: 09/02/2016 by Carver181 (1 review written)
They tell you one thing on a phone and assure you covered, but when i been robbed and tried to claim, suddenly appeared i had to declare basically everything what was more than £350 !!! On a front page it says in big letters you are covered up to £1500 for a single item but small print says, you have to declare all items valued more than £350 , and if you haven't-you not covered. But that's not what they say when you speak to them. I was assured i am coved and do not need to declare… Read Full Review
Written on: 09/02/2016 by Carver181 (1 review written)
They tell you one thing on a phone and assure you covered, but when i been robbed and tried to claim, suddenly appeared i had to declare basically everything what was more than £350 !!! On a front page it says in big letters you are covered up to £1500 for a single item but small print says, you have to declare all items valued more than £350 , and if you haven't-you not covered. But that's not what they say when you speak to them. I was assured i am coved and do not need to declare… Read Full Review
Written on: 09/02/2016 by BraedonFinnegan2 (1 review written)
If you dont read small script and declare basickly everything you have more than £350 you will get NOTHIING when you claim. I have been told on a phone i do not have to declare as i am insured up to £1500 single iteam, but when i had to claim after roberry, they said i had to declare all and denied they had this conversation at all! They liars and thiefs! Be careful and dont be fool by them… Read Full Review
Written on: 02/01/2016 by Wentworthfq156 (1 review written)
Awful company, took 46 days for a workman to attend the property to fix a hole in the ceiling. STAY CLEAR !!!!… Read Full Review
Written on: 05/06/2015 by Schmitt408 (1 review written)
i have been with Santander insurance since January 2013 and had no problems until yesterday. In December 2014 we had a leak at the main stock-cock in our airing cupboard. I contacted Santander to inform them of this as i thought i may have to claim for the repairs on my home insurance, there was no claim though as after having a builder out to price the job we decided to pay for the work ourselves to avoid increases in our home insurance in the future. The bill was also lower than the excess… Read Full Review
Written on: 06/03/2015 by alisonprosser123 (1 review written)
had a roofer out as found a slate needed replacing,he told us our ridge tiles had moved and needed repairing,may i add he is a reputable builder,he prompted us to go to our insurer as it is wind damage,i hadn't thought to go to my insurer as i never claim.The next day my husband rang santander told them the problem upon which they said their underwriters would call us in 2-3 working days!! The next day the underwriters rang to say they were sending out surveyor to check the… Read Full Review
Written on: 17/02/2015 by 292Heath (1 review written)
My 12 year-old son knocked of his Panasonic LCD tv in his bedroom,both myself and my wife weren't there. I was at work and she was in the front room so we didn't see what had happened. However santander being as professional and as quick to act with a paid service,same as we've had for the last12 year's decided to phone up on 3 different occasions and ask the same questions over and over. My wife said the man that phoned was very antagonistic. I thought she was just making u up until I had the… Read Full Review
Written on: 11/02/2015 by nannysparkle (1 review written)
we put in a claim at the end of november as we had a leak from the bath which had dripped through the kitchen ceiling santander contacted Asprea our insurance assessor Adam Clowes handled the claim from start to finish in a very professional and friendly manner nothing was to much trouble. It was our first claim so hearing some horror stories we didnt know what to expect we are so pleased with the help we had thankyou to all concerned. … Read Full Review
Written on: 19/12/2014 by a6313839 (1 review written)
I took out a home insurance policy with Santander thinking they were a reputable company. What follows is a load of poor management and shirking of responsibility. The customer service team aren't even allowed to discuss your claim with you so you can't actually make an official complaint. I phoned up stating that my 7ft tall 80 ft long garden wall had fallen down and devastated our garden. When I got through to the claims department they had an issue accessing my file due to a correspondence… Read Full Review
Written on: 04/07/2014 by GlamT (1 review written)
The worst experience in life is to have to deal with Santander insurance. And their cover is useless. We had home and car insurance with Santander for five years. Last September, we had a problem with the house covered by the policy, so I called them. They sent a surveyor from a company called Asprea, which I learned is not, to put it mildly, the most reputable business in the trade. His usual irrelevant excuses amounted to saying that 'You should have seen the problem coming and should have… Read Full Review
Written on: 27/11/2014
you are merely repeating my experience of this Company. I to bank with Santander as well as my home insurance but not for much longer. Their "validation " sub contractors are only there to refute the claim. The telephone calls I had all started by giving warnings about fraudulent insurance claims but, in the interests of balance, it should also warn of the ineptitude of the service they off....possibly an even worse crime. Pathetic!
Written on: 16/06/2014 by MayHayward (1 review written)
Were persuaded by Santander bank to choose their insurance when we got a mortgage several years ago. We paid our premium regularly, never received any claim until recently. Their approach, attitude and treatment of us has been appalling: rude, aggressive, disdainful and outright dishonest. They made a small offer, without even paying that and then informed us that they are cancelling the policy. We also discovered they had taken advantage of our trust to raise our premium over the years… Read Full Review
Written on: 12/06/2014
Santander offers 30% discount on home insurance policy to 123 Account holders. Don't believe it. Identical Santander policy is the same price or cheaper on any of the price comparison websites and you don't need to be a 123 customer. When I contacted Santander to query this I was told "yes, it happens all the time"… Read Full Review
Written on: 10/12/2013
We had to have repairs done to our roof as there was water coming in to our kitchen which damaged the tiling and the alcove where we kept our microwave etc.We expected a qualified surveyor to turn up but no ,what we got was some bloke in shiny shoes and a shirt and tie who once he had secured the excess of£150,proceeded to tell us what repairs he was not going to authorise.He completed the survey of the roof by standing on a stepladder(which we had to supply)and could not get away quick… Read Full Review
Written on: 12/09/2013 by Kathnosdwis (1 review written)
I am a Santander customer and after being frequently asked to take out Home Insurance when I visited my local branch. I was specifically seeking cover that included the possibility of flood damage and asked if the policy included flood cover, was told that it did cover flood damage so I made an appointment, where I again stressed that I only wanted the cover if flood damage was covered. I was told that it did. READ ON PLEASE IF THINKING OF TAKING OUT SANTANDER HOME INSURANCE - THIS WILL CHANGE… Read Full Review
Written on: 08/11/2012 by stainton (1 review written)
At the End Of My First Years Policy I Have Received A Renual Notice With An Increase Cost Of 28 Percent .Also Informing Me That They Will Take The Full Anual Payment From My Credit Card Quoting My Personal Details Which They Have Obviously Retained On Their Database.I Have No Recolection Of Giving Permition For Them To Do This,And I Am Very Angry That They Have .Their Notice Has No Postal Or E/male Address For Reply And Does Not Ask If I Wish To Renue Or Not Only An 0844 Phone Number Which Will… Read Full Review
Written on: 12/09/2013
I wouldn't pay them - find a new insurer as the policy isn't worth the paper and I have found that having Santander Home Ins is worse than having none at all as I have paid money for absolutely nothing
My experience
I was flooded on 29th July with a Santander 'UNLIMITED COVER' policy - they have also sent two men Asprea and another then have told me that they have put the claim on hold. I have paid my premiums on time and SANTANDER TOOK THE EXCESS - DONE NO REPAIRS or OTHER WORK and have not responded to my letters. As a result I now need to see solicitors, this week to try to get what I have paid for - DON'T USE THEM you would be better keeping your money to help with the repairs - I am disgusted that a company can operate in this way in the UK
Written on: 09/10/2013
After consulting a solicitor, I on his advice contacted the financial ombudsman, Santander & Aviva then accepted the claim, however almost 3 months later the work is still not complete, far from it!
A catalogue of inefficiency and avoidance of fulfilling the contact has followed, my policy clearly states 'Unlimited Cover' and 'Unlimited Alternative Accomodation' although the ground floor is unusable, including the kitchen. I have also received a letter which states that I had a claim settled in 2012 COMPLETELY UNTRUE! and that they are ending my policy on 10.10.2013!
If I ended a policy early I would have to pay the whole year as per contract/policy agreement I believe. They have caused a endless cycle of letters, phonecalls, visits to my solicitor and complaints to the ombudsman.
Written on: 03/11/2012 by Warwickman (1 review written)
This is a summary of the events concerning the buildings insurance of a house in Warwick, which was built in 2001, and bought new with the aid of a mortgage from Abbey National, now part of the Santander Bank group. From that time on we have always had the house insured with Abbey National / Santander. We lived there until my current employers moved my job, and therefore me abroard. As we expect to move back one day, we rented the house out to some close friends, who do a good job in… Read Full Review
Written on: 09/10/2013
Santander / Aviva put my claim on 'hold' until my complaint to the financial ombudsman which then resulted in Santander / Aviva accepting the claim. It is now almost 3 months since we were flooded and still have an unusable ground floor and kitchen. I have now had to complain again to the ombudsman as Santander have written to me stating that they will be ending my policy tomorrow 10.10.13 due to a flood claim in 2012 which is completely untrue. I have only ever claimed on a home insurance policy once which was for a minor burgulary approx 15 years ago.
Unless you enjoy making endless phonecalls to 08** numbers, writting letters, consulting solicitors and complaining to the ombudsman, whilst dealing with a catalogue of inefficiency and lies AVOID LIKE THE PLAGUE!
As rated by our community of reviewers
" No issues so far " Read More
" Friendly and knowledgable staff " Read More
" Smooth transaction as always " Read More
" Great service good price. " Read More
" More than enough of waiting!!! " Read More


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 25, 2006
|Filing date
|Mar 15, 2002
|Priority date
|Mar 15, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|John D. McNicol
|Original Assignee
|Nortel Networks Limited
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (31), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (8), Classifications (14), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The invention is directed to optical transport networks and in particular to dispersion management for long-haul, high-speed optical networks.
2. Background Art
In communication systems which utilize optical fiber as a transmission medium, chromatic dispersion and fiber nonlinearities present significant obstacles to achieving higher system data rates and longer transmission distances (reach). "Chromatic dispersion" is the linear, power-independent dependence of light velocity on wavelength. The dispersion is measured in pulse spread in pico seconds, for a certain wavelength in nanometers, over a distance in kilometers (ps/nm/km).
Typically, the diameter of the optical cable is about 125 microns but the core itself comes in to two different sizes, depending on the application the fiber is intended for. The fiber with a core diameter of 50 microns is known as multimode fiber, and the fiber with a core diameter of 8.6–9.5 microns is known as single mode fiber.
Multimode fibers support the fundamental mode or higher modes, the number of modes depending on the wavelength and core size. Multimode fiber accommodates rates of up to 100 Mbps for a distance of up to 40 km; shorter lengths support higher speeds.
Single mode fiber support the fundamental mode (one mode or one channel), which travels along its longitudinal axis. Single mode fiber is suitable for transmitting modulated signals at 40 Gbps or more and up to 200 km without amplification. On the other hand, the single mode fiber is more difficult to splice and to connect light into it, due to the smaller diameter of the core.
Chromatic dispersion is particularly significant in the standard single-mode fiber (SMF), making up much of the world's existing optical fiber infrastructure. Standard SMF typically exhibits minimum dispersion (about zero) at a wavelength of about 1300 nm (first telecommunication window). Below this point dispersion is negative, and above is positive. This means that SMF presents positive dispersion for wavelengths in the 1550 nm band (the second telecommunication window), which is currently preferred for wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) systems.
Fiber manufacturers are looking to produce optical cables adapted to specific applications, as long haul versus short haul systems, DWDM versus single channel transmission, unidirectional versus bidirectional, etc. For example, dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) is obtained by displacing the minimum dispersion from the first window to the second, this type of fiber being compatible with optical amplifiers that perform best around 1550 nm.
There are other types of fibers, such as dispersion compensated fiber (DCF), with a refractive index profile that has an opposite effect on a specific range of wavelengths than conventional fibers. The DCF's are currently used in dispersion compensating modules (DCM), which are combined with a fiber amplifier needed to overcome the attenuation introduced into the system by the DCF.
Dispersion flattened fiber (DFF) has near zero dispersion in the range from 1300 nm to 1550 nm. Depending on the dispersion slope, there is positive DFF, negative DFF and dispersion flattened compensated fiber (DFCF).
Compensation of chromatic dispersion can also be provided utilizing any of a number of nonlinear conversion media including, for example, semiconductor lasers, semiconductor laser amplifiers and nonlinear crystals.
Development of high rate DWDM (dense wavelength division multiplexed) systems using NZDSF (non-zero dispersion shifted fiber) is a competitive advantage for the new common carriers. However, the production rates of NZDSF are slower than those of SMF, adversely affecting the industry ability to meet demand.
Chromatic dispersion plays a significant role in WDM systems, and particularly in the emerging DWDM systems, since silica, a key ingredient of optical fiber cable, has a refractive index that varies with optical frequency. A key advance in the implementation of multi-channel WDM systems is "dispersion management", which becomes more complex with the increase of the number of channels transmitted on the same fiber. The basic principle of dispersion management is to keep local dispersion non-zero (to reduce non-linear effects such as four-wave-mixing), while making overall system dispersion substantially zero (to minimize pulse spreading, with the resulting intersymbol interference).
Dispersion slope compensated fiber (DSCF or SCF) are manufactured to compensate the dispersion for a group of wavelengths, therefore being suitable for WDM transmission.
As indicated above, SMF presents in general a positive dispersion and dispersion slope in the 1520–1565 nm region, which means that the dispersion of each channel grows with the channel wavelength. SCF is manufactured with a positive slope for the same region, to compensate for the dispersion versus wavelength slope of the SMF fiber.
One dispersion management scheme uses a conventional fiber with positive dispersion (about 2 ps/nm-km in the 1550 nm window); in this case the cumulative dispersion after a few hundred kilometers reaches several hundred ps/nm-km. This dispersion can be compensated with an approximately equal length of fiber having a corresponding negative dispersion (about −2 ps/nm-km).
In another scheme, dispersion accumulated along a conventional fiber with zero dispersion at 1310 nm and a dispersion of +16 ps/nm-km at 1550 nm can be compensated with a DCF with high negative dispersion. To compensate for this value, an appropriate length (e.g., about 10 km) of the DCF is inserted into the transmission path every 50–60 km. The dispersion of the DCF is more than about −90 ps/nm-km.
Prior art dispersion management schemes, while being effective for single channel fiber communication systems, have at least one shortcoming with regard to multichannel systems. Specifically, complete cancellation of dispersion in all channels at the end of the system is not easily accomplished, primarily because the dispersion slope in the compensating fibers typically cannot meet the two requirements of being high in magnitude and negative in sign. Thus, fibers with high negative dispersion and high negative slope are difficult to manufacture and therefore expensive. Small variations in fiber designs having these properties typically lead to large changes of other properties of the fiber, and hence such designs are typically not reliably manufacturable. Also, there is a large installed base of SMF fiber, and even if SCF were easier to manufacture, replacing of the existing outside cable plant would be very costly.
As discussed above, dispersion compensation results in adding attenuation to the signal, which limits the possible spacing of the terminals. To achieve long haul transmission at high line rates, regenerators (repeaters) and/or Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA) are deployed along the optical transmission link in multiple locations, for boosting the signal on the fiber. One of the major advantages of the EDFAs is that they amplify whatever bit rate comes down the fiber. Typically, the distance between the amplifier sites is in the range between 80 to 160 Km. This distance is determined by the optical power launched into the fiber by the upstream amplifier, the loss and dispersion of the optical fiber interconnecting this amplifier with the closest downstream amplifier, and the sensitivity of the downstream amplifier.
On the other hand, EDFA's are expensive units and so the number and types of units required to implement a given data connection is an important design parameter for an optical network. Furthermore, the EDFA gain is not perfectly flat for all wavelengths, the precise wavelengths to use being a function of the gain variations of the different available pumps. Gain tilt is a significant issue when designing DWDM systems. Gain tilt measures the change in the profile of the gain for each transmission channel at the actual value of the gain of the amplifier module, with respect to the gain profile at the nominal value of the gain, i.e. at the value for which the amplifier is designed. In other words, the gain tilt function varies with link loss.
Another type of optical amplification which is gaining ground over the EDFA in WDM systems is based on a phenomenon known as Raman gain. The Raman gain effect is an interaction between light and molecular vibrations (in this case of Silicon and Oxigen ions in the glass) which is used to make an optically-pumped optical amplifier.
To amplify the signal using Raman gain, a pump signal, whose wavelength is less than the wavelength of all components of the DWDM signal, is pumped into the optical fiber in a direction against the traffic. The pump amplifies the DWDM signal, and thus offsets the insertion loss.
Use of a pump source rather than an EDFA results in considerable savings. Raman pumping is very efficient, so that required pump powers are readily obtained from semiconductor laser diodes of commercial design. In typical fibers, a factor of 10 amplification would require 1 W of pump power and a fiber 1 km long. Raman pumping retains the advantages that led to adoption of the EDFA for use in 1550 nm systems. Also, the Raman passband is of sufficient breadth for simultaneous amplification of member channels. Furthermore, Raman amplification is relatively uniform across the band.
There is a need to provide a dispersion managed solution for long-haul, high-rate optical transmission systems.
It is an object of the invention to provide dispersion management solutions for an optical communication system, which alleviate some of the drawbacks of currently available solutions.
It is another object of the invention to provide cable and amplifier joint optimisation for attaining higher transmission speeds and longer reach.
One aspect of the invention comprises a method for managing dispersion of a high speed, long-haul optical signal path comprising coupling in series a plurality of dispersion managed sections for transmitting a signal from a transmit site to a receive site, and Raman back-pumping each section in a plurality of selected points of insertion, for amplifying said signal with a gain equivalent to the loss incurred by each said section.
Another aspect of the invention further comprises an optical path between a transmit site and a receive site comprising a plurality of dispersion managed section, each section comprising, a plurality of dispersion managed spans for transmitting a signal from an input to an output fiber, a plurality of Raman amplifiers, each coupled to said output fiber of each said dispersion managed span for amplifying said signal with a predetermined gain, and a plurality of optical isolators, for terminating the backward propagating noise and reflections at each span. In addition, a gain flattening filter coupled into said output fiber downstream from a last isolator for ripple control, may be used.
In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a bidirectional span of a first and a second dispersion managed (DM) optical fibers, for respectively the forward and the reverse directions of transmission, each DM optical fiber comprising alternating lengths of first optical fiber with positive dispersion and dispersion slope, and second optical fiber with negative dispersion and dispersion slope, wherein said first fiber has a first length and said second fiber has a second length.
In yet another aspect of the invention there is provided a method for installing a dispersion-managed optical path between a transmitter site and a receiver site comprising, installing a dispersion managed cable plurality of dispersion managed (DM) sections between said transmitter and receiver sites, each section presenting a negative dispersion, provisioning sites along said optical path for optical system components, installing said optical system components in said provisioned sites, providing each said section with a predetermined number of Raman amplifiers for compensating the loss in each span of said respective section, preparing a provisioned dispersion map for said optical path, and trimming the end-to-end dispersion of said optical path by addition of optical fiber with positive dispersion and positive slope dispersion between said sections, in accordance with said dispersion maps.
The dispersion managed solution according to the invention operates on three closely related aspects of the communication system. One is provision of a new type of dispersion managed (DM) optical cable. The DM cable has improved dispersion performance over the existing unidirectional and bidirectional cables, and can be used for long haul, high speed D/WDM systems.
Another aspect considered is providing a communication path implemented over DM cable with distributed Raman amplification, to obtain a transmission reach of 2000 km and more, without regeneration.
Still another aspect of the dispersion management solution according to the invention is to provide ways of managing the end-to-end dispersion of a communication path, using the DM cable and taking into consideration all active and passive network elements in the respective path. Consideration is also given to the evolution of the path from simple to complex, as the user demand on more services grow.
The dispersion management solution according to the invention provides improved performance over the currently available solutions, allowing communication at 80 Gbps rates and higher. The communication system as a whole presents improved propagation, and lower overall amplifier noise figure. As well, the dispersion management solution of the invention allows for increased transmission reach, and results in increased spectral efficiency.
In addition, the solution offered by the present invention offers a less expensive end-to-end transmission path, in that it reduces/eliminates the DCM's, providing a simpler configuration for the optical line amplifier, with a slight increase in the cable plant cost.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of the preferred embodiments, as illustrated in the appended drawings, where:
The aim of undertaking dispersion management in the outside plant is to emulate the attributes of a theoretical "perfect" fiber, which would have ideally low attenuation, near zero dispersion slope, finite local dispersion with defined near zero average value, low non-linearity medium in high power region and high Raman Figure of merit in low power region (to enable low noise Raman preamplification), and good cable performance.
It is possible to construct dispersion managed systems by incorporating lengths of fiber with opposite dispersion and dispersion slope into the cable, and coupling (e.g., splicing) the fibers in correct sequences.
The graph of
The DM cables C1, C2, C3, and C4 have SMF fibers at the ends of the span. This is advantageous for the system according to the invention, since, as it will be seen later, the output of each span is Raman-pumped for amplifying the signal. Small area fibers (SCF) present important nonlinearities at high powers. If this type of fiber is farther away form the point of insertion of the Raman pump, the nonlinearities are less important.
As seen form
For DM cable C1 comprised of fibers C1′ and C1″, the mirror sequences start at a SMF/SCF junction. Therefore, for a certain distance, depending on the ratio SMF: SCF, reels of T2 (SMF along with SCF) cable should be coupled to make-up cable C1. Towards the ends of the span, another type of cable is needed, namely T1 (SMF along with SMF).
For DM cable C2, comprised of fibers C2′ and C2″, the mirror sequences start with SCF in both directions for C2′, and at the junction between SCF and SMF for C2″. Therefore, for a certain distance, depending on the ratio SMF:SCF, reels of T3 cable (SCF along with SCF) should be coupled to make-up cable C2. Next, reels of T2 cables should be used, and towards the ends of the span, T1. As there are three different types of cables making up DM cable C2, installation of this variant of cable is rather complex.
For DM cable C3 made of fibers C3′ and C3″, the mirror sequence start with a T3 cable, and continues with T1 towards the ends of the span.
DM cable C4, made of fibers C4′ and C4″, has SMF fiber in the middle of the span. The mirror sequences start with a T1 cable, and continues with T2 and then again, T1 towards the ends of the span.
The DM cables C5 and C6 have SCF fibers at one end of the span. The mirror sequence for cable C5 which has a SMF:SCF ratio 1, requires one type of cable only, namely T2. The mirror sequence starts at the junction between a SNF and a SCF fiber. This cable is easier to install due to this reason, but it has the disadvantage described above in connection with having a small area fiber at the point of insertion of the Raman pump.
The sequence for DM cable C6, comprised of fibers C6′ and C6″, starts in the middle of a SMF fiber. T1 and T2 cables need to be deployed in this variant.
It is to be understood that in the case of unidirectional transmission, a single-fiber DM cable is deployed. The unidirectional DM cable also comprises sequences of SMF and SCF fiber coupled to obtain various SMF:SCF ratios.
As briefly discussed above a number of factors need to be considered for selecting the optimum sequence for a dispersion-managed cable. A non-exhaustive list of such factors includes the complexity of installation of the cable plant, noise, double-Rayleigh back-scatter (DRBS), nonlinear effects, required Raman pump power, etc.
Solutions in the hatched area delimited by the line E—E on the graph of
Cable C1 has the advantage that installation is unbiased in propagation direction, so that it allows arbitrary capacity mix in both directions. Nonetheless, DM cables with only two types of cable are acceptable in installation complexity.
As will be discussed in further detail in connection with
Promising results in managing the dispersion for long haul repeater-less transmission are seen for C3 with a SMF:SCF ratio of 2:1. All above factors considered, DM cable C3 was used by way of example in devising the dispersion managed system according to the invention. Nonetheless, use of DM cables with higher SMF:SCF ratios, or of DM cable variants such as C1, C4 or C6 may also be considered for various applications.
The optical path between the transmitter site 1 and receiver site 2 comprises a plurality "N" of DM cable sections 20, each having a length denoted on
Each section 20 comprises a plurality of dispersion managed spans 15-1 to 15-M. Each span 15-1 to 15-M is in this example of C3 type, as described in connection with
Each span 151 to 15-M is Raman back-pumped, as shown at 30-1 to 30-M. Raman gain is selected to provide the necessary gain to compensate for the loss in the respective span, and for the loss at the coupling between the spans. It is to be noted that the information signal should be synchronized with the pump pulses to get amplified in the generated combined signal. The Raman gain is generally optimised using a strong pump at a wavelength about 100 nm shorter than the wavelength of the signal being amplified. In many cases, more than one pump is used.
Distributed Raman amplification provides a better noise figure (NF) than the current lumped optical amplifier configurations. The maximum achievable Raman gain may be limited by the maximum optical power safety limit of 500 mW. Although there is motivation to keep the Raman pumps below 500 mW, it is not a fundamental cap. In practice, this gain should be further limited from effects such as optically induced damage and MPI. A preferred value for maximum Raman gain is 15 dB. There are some benefits to have one Raman amplifier in the section operating at higher gain.
It is also to be noted on
Spans 15-1 to 15-M are separated by optical isolators 24-1 to 24-M, for terminating the backward propagating noise and reflections at each span. It is important to minimize back reflection at the module input, which can result in resonances and accompanying decrease in signal-to-loss ratio.
It is desirable to provide a section with gain flattening, as shown by the dispersion gain flattening filter (DGFF) 25 for ripple control. If necessary, an optical amplifier 26 may also be provided at the output of section 20 for making up for the gain loss due to the cable coupling and gain flattening.
The preferred value for "I" is 400 km, resulting in an "M" of 5. Distance "L" achieved experimentally is more than 2000 km without regeneration. Nonetheless, longer distances may be obtained.
Using such dispersion-managed cable system, both net dispersion and dispersion slope can be controlled to great accuracy. The fiber effective area can be large downstream of the EDFAs to reduce non-linear effects and small upstream of EDFA to improve Raman gain efficiency. This arises naturally from the fact that the negative dispersion/negative dispersion slope fiber designs are intrinsically small effective area. Furthermore, no dB is used for dispersion compensation that do not advance distance at the same time. The signal path shown in
In a next stage, it is possible to eliminate the EDFA from the sections 20, resulting in an all-Raman signal path. Combination of DM cable with all—Raman amplification may offer approximately 3000 km reach on 80–100 km spans for 40 Gb/s transmission in L-band. This assessment was made for worst case fiber loses, so that this reach could be surpassed. It is also expected that this value for the reach will smoothly decrease as the capacity increases beyond L-band. It is also expected that the reach may increase when 3:1 type of DM cable is used.
The invention also provides for a method for installing dispersion-managed cable in terrestrial applications and subsequently commissioning an optical communication system on a fiber within that dispersion-managed cable.
Outside plant installation is planned and executed with a forward view to (a) the range of dispersion map characteristics to be supported by future systems using that cable and (b) to use the addition of only +D trimming fiber connected between spans of outdoor plant to implement system dispersion maps. This includes planning for compensation of tolerances due to finitely-spaced coupling opportunities between the different types of transmission fiber that comprise dispersion-managed cable and variations in fiber parameters.
Subsequent to outside plant installation, optical communication systems are added on a fiber by fiber basis and 'trimming' fiber with only positive dispersion and relatively large effective area is added to the signal path between successive spans such that a desired dispersion profile is achieved while incurring minimal noise and non-linear penalty.
Guidance is provided on how to optimally locate such trimming fiber with respect to Raman pump couplers, isolators and possible lumped amplifiers.
Further, trimming arrangement described is well situated to support 'All-Raman' amplification where no 'lumped' amplification is provided between fiber spans, but only distributed Raman amplification within the outside plant (and as appropriate, trimming fiber) provides gain approximate to the fiber loss.
The installation is performed such that key aspects dispersion-map of the complete system are substantially and flexibly determined by the elements added subsequent to the initial cable installation and, while doing so, achieve high end-end performance.
Thus, each section 20 of the outside plant portion of dispersion-managed cable initially installed, has a negative dispersion. If the cable is bidirectional, the dispersion is negative in both directions. The magnitude of the dispersion is greater than the maximum decrease in dispersion per span for planned future optical system.
For performing the dispersion trimming step, dispersion map of the respective signal path should be prepared entirely at time of cable installation. This is most important having in view that a cable installation needs to support the addition of new optical communications for years into the future, and it is impossible to fully anticipate the needs of those systems.
This method can be applied to optically amplified systems; both hybrid distributed-Raman/EDFA systems and 'all-Raman' systems.
This method is also consistent with the asynchronous nature of cable installation and optical communication system commissioning; i.e. a single multi-fiber cable will need to support a variety of optical communication systems installed in an interval of many years following cable installation (future-proofing). The method is also consistent with the diversity of end-end system requirements, which depend on line rate, and other provisioned parameters.
Further reasonable tolerances in the cable installation, such as those due to finite spacing on the opportunities to effect coupling between dissimilar fiber types, and tolerances in fiber parameters need to be accommodated in accordance with the precision required by a particular optical communication system.
While the invention has been described with reference to particular example embodiments, further modifications and improvements which will occur to those skilled in the art, may be made within the purview of the appended claims, without departing from the scope of the invention in its broader aspect.
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Charlize Theron is set to star in Summit Entertainment's Dutch remake of "Zwart Water" ("Black Water"), which will be directed by "The Exorcism of Emily Rose" writer/director Scott Derrickson.
THR reports that "Zwart Water" centers on a nine-year girl old who discovers that her new friend is not only sinister but also is her mother's dead twin. Theron is attached to play the mother, who is not quite right in the head. The movie, which was released in Europe last year, was re-titled Two Eyes Staring when hit international circuits, most recently playing at Fantastic Fest in September.
Theron will next be seen in Jason Reitman's "Young Adult" and as the evil queen in "Snow White and the Huntsman".


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Interfaith Ministries' Meals on Wheels for Greater Houston program provides a home-delivered meal to homebound seniors over 60 and their spouses. The program also delivers breakfast and weekend meals to the most frail and isolated seniors. This nutritional support helps seniors stay independent and in their own homes. Sign up by contacting us at 713-533-4978.
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Coca-Cola Lends Green Tech to Ford Fusion Energi Seats
Ford and Coca-Cola are teaming up to show off the latest in recycling technology by implementing Coke's 'PlantBottle' recycling process to produce interior materials for a Ford Fusion Energi.
The recycling process, which uses plant-based renewable resources, was used to make the interior fabric surfaces that cover the seat cushions, seat backs, head restraints, door panel inserts and headliner in this Fusion Energi. This is the first time that Ford's renewable resource recycling process has been used outside of plastic packaging.
Ford claims that if Coke's PlantBottle derived materials were spread to the majority of its U.S. lineup, the brand could save four million pounds of petroleum-derived materials as well as the equivalent of 295,000 gallons of gasoline and 6,000 barrels of oil.
The Ford Fusion Energi with PlantBottle technology will be on display at the upcoming LA Auto Show.
GALLERY: Ford/Coca-Cola Fusion Energi
Discuss this at our Ford Forum


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If your computer is anything like mine, it is probably full of MP3 and OGG Vorbis songs from various sources. Internet radio is a genuine alternative to filling up your hard disk with audio files. But just as with ordinary radio, the songs tend to repeat after a while, and you have to look around for a new station. Last.fm [1] is an alternative to traditional Internet radio players. The Last.fm player is linked to an online database that stores information on your musical interests. When you set up a musical profile, you create a space for Last.fm to store information on the music you like. This information can then be used to create a "personal radio station" based on your listening habits. Last.fm builds a music list tailored to your interests.
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