text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 17, 2001
|Filing date
|Sep 16, 1997
|Priority date
|Sep 16, 1997
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Michael Scalora
|Original Assignee
|Michael Scalora
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (85), Non-Patent Citations (73), Referenced by (86), Classifications (18), Legal Events (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is related to the application "Photonic Bandgap Apparatus and Method for Delaying Photonic Signals," Ser. No. 08/584,403, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,751,466 by J. Dowling, M. Scalora, M. Bloemer, M. Tocci, C. Bowden, R. Fork, S. Reinhardt, and R. Flynn, filed on Jan. 11, 1996.
The full disclosure of this application is incorporated herein by reference as if reproduced in full below.
This invention was made with Government support under Contract DAAH01-96-P-R010 awarded by the U.S. Army Missile Command. The Government has certain rights in the invention.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to photonic signal devices. In particular, this invention relates to a transparent metal device that utilizes a photonic band gap structure to transmit a selected range of wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as the visible range, and to reflect all longer wavelengths.
2. Related Art
Recent advances in photonic technology have generated a trend toward the integration of electronic and photonic devices. In particular, this advance is due to the increased desire to utilize and manipulate "photonic signals", as opposed to electrical signals, to perform such functions as information transfer. A "photonic signal" is a generic characterization of light that includes the entire range of electromagnetic frequencies, from gamma to x-rays, from visible light to microwaves, down to radio frequencies and beyond. Photonic devices offer an array of advantages over conventional electronic devices. For example, they can provide enhanced speed of operation, reduced size, robustness to environmental changes, such as rapid temperature variations, increased lifetime, and the ability to handle high repetition rates. These structures can be made of semiconductor materials, ordinary dielectrics, or a combination of semiconductor and dielectric materials.
The intense theoretical and experimental investigations of these structures in recent years, photonic band gap (PBG) structures in particular, are evidence of the widely recognized potential that these new materials offer. These optical devices, whose operating principles are based on a combination of nonlinear medium response and the physics of the photonic band edge, are extremely compact in nature (only a few microns in length), and some have electronic counterparts. It is well understood that a medium becomes nonlinear when the index of refraction of the substance is no longer constant, and is function of the applied electromagnetic field.
For example, recent advancements in PBG structures have been made in the development of a photonic band edge nonlinear optical limiter and switch. See, "Optical Limiting and Switching of Ultrashort Pulses in Nonlinear Photonic Band-Gap Materials", M. Scalora, et al., Physical Review Letters 73:1368 (1994) (incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Also, advancements in photonic technology have been achieved with the development of the nonlinear optical diode. See, "The Photonic Band-Edge Optical Diode", M. Scalora, et al., Journal of Applied Physics 76:2023 (1994) (incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Additionally, a high-gain second harmonic generator based on these photonic principles has been achieved. See, "Pulsed second harmonic generation in photonic band gap structures", M. Scalora, et al., to appear in Physical Review A, 1997 (incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).
Under ordinary circumstances, however, the medium response need not be nonlinear in order for the interaction of the electromagnetic waves with matter to be useful. For example, the photonic band edge delay line makes use of the linear properties of the structure to drastically reduce the speed of a light pulse propagating through the structure without causing distortion of the pulse or scattering losses. See, "Ultrashort pulse propagation at the photonic band edge: large tunable group delay and minimal distortion and loss", Physical Review E 54:1078R (1996) (incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).
To use a simple illustration, substances are usually characterized by the degree to which they conduct electricity. Thus, a distinction can be made between good conductors (such as metals), insulators (such as glasses), and semiconductors (such as gallium arsenide), which under the right conditions can display properties common to both metals and insulators. The propagation of light inside these substances strongly depends on their conductive properties: metals are highly reflective, as well as absorptive, at nearly all light frequencies of interest, from long radio waves to short-wavelength ultraviolet (UV) light. On the other hand, some dielectric materials may be transparent across the spectrum (a slab of window glass, for example).
For Ulis reason, metals are routinely used for radiation shielding purposes, as in the case of microwave oven cavities, or for their reflective properties, such as in conventional household mirrors. On the other hand, dielectric or semiconductor materials are used in integrated circuit environments, in waveguides and directional couplers, for example, because they allow the unimpeded propagation of light beams with minimal losses. Therefore, it would be highly desirable, under certain circumstances, to have access to a substance that can act as a shield (or filter) for a certain range of frequencies such as microwaves, and yet be transparent in the visible portion of the spectrum, i.e., a transparent metal structure.
The present invention generally relates to a device and method of creating an optical shield (or filter) based on a transparent metal photonic band gap (PBG) structure. In particular, the present invention provides an arrangement of alternating relatively thin or thick metal layers and refractive material layers deposited on an opaque or transparent substrate. This alternating metal/refractive material layer structure can provide a high degree of suppression of incident ultraviolet, infrared and microwave radiation, while still providing substantial transmission in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. By utilizing a PBG structure, the shielding device can include thick metal layers to provide a greater degree of isolation of unwanted radiation than for similar metal layer based filters that are not designed to take advantage of photonic band gap effects.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, a transparent metal photonic band gap apparatus is provided to transmit a predetermined magnitude of visible radiation and to reflect a predetermined magnitude of ultraviolet, infrared, and microwave radiation. The apparatus includes a transparent substrate, a plurality of metal layers, and a plurality of interstitial layers.
A first metal layer is deposited on the transparent substrate. This metal layer can be any transition metal, preferably silver, aluminum, copper, or gold. Subsequent metal layers may be the same metal or different metals than the first metal layer. The thickness of the metal layer depends on the user application, and can range from approximately 2.5 nanometers (nm) up to 50 nm. Metal layers can be thicker than 50 nm, depending on the amount of visible transmission required.
The first interstitial layer is then deposited onto the first metal layer. Again, the thickness of the interstitial layer depends on the user application, and can range from approximately 2.5 nm up to several hundred or even thousands of nanometers. This interstitial layer can be selected from a group comprising semiconductor materials, ordinary dielectrics, and a combination of semiconductor and dielectric materials.
Subsequent metal and interstitial layers are arranged in a similar, alternating manner. The subsequent metal layers can be the same or different metals, depending on fabrication considerations and the desired transmission properties of the device. Similarly, the interstitial layers can be the same or different refractive materials, depending on fabrication considerations and the desired transmission properties of the device. This arrangement of metal/interstitial layers forms a device that exhibits a photonic band gap structure. By altering the thicknesses of the metal and interstitial layers, the device changes its transmission characteristics, such that different ranges and different magnitudes of transmission and reflection can be achieved.
According to a second embodiment of the present invention, the transmission range (in the visible region) of the transparent metal PBG device can be altered by applying an external electromagnetic field to the device. Specifically, a voltage source can be applied to the interstitial layers of the device to change their inherent optical path length. By changing the optical path length of the interstitial layers, which space apart the metal layers, the photonic band gap structure of the device is altered. As a result, the visible transmission range and magnitude of the device is also altered.
Further features and advantages of the present invention, as well as the structure and operation of various embodiments of the present invention, are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The present invention is described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Additionally, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary photonic band gap (PBG) structure. The indices of refraction are n1 and n2 for each consecutive layer, with respective widths a and b. Each period is formed by the combination of two consecutive layers, and has width d=a+b;
FIG. 2 is a transmittance vs. frequency profile for the exemplary PBG structure shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a transmission vs. wavelength profile for a 4-period PBG sample (solid line), where the silver (Ag) layers are 10 nm thick and the magnesium fluoride layers are 110 nm thick, and a solid silver film 40 nm thick (dotted line), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a transmission vs. wavelength profile for a 20-period PBG sample (solid line), where the silver layers are 10 nm thick and the magnesium fluoride layers are 140 nm thick, and the solid silver film is 200 nm thick (dotted line), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a transmission vs. wavelength profile for a silver/magnesium fluoride PBG sample (solid line), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, and the continuous silver film (dotted line), which are both shown schematically in FIGS. 6A and 6B;
FIG. 6A is a schematic representation of a three-period PBG structure, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 6B is a schematic representation of a 90 nm thick silver film on a substrate;
FIG. 7 is a transmission vs. frequency profile for a three-period PBG structure based on a Drude model calculation, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a transmission vs. wavelength profile for a nine-period, silver/magnesium fluoride PBG structure, where the silver layers are 10 nm thick and the magnesium fluoride layers are 140 nm thick (solid line), and where the silver layers are 10 nm thick and the magnesium fluoride layers are 250 nm thick (dotted line), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is the theoretical (solid line) and experimental (dotted line) transmission vs. wavelength profile for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, a 3-silver layer, 2 magnesium fluoride layer, PBG structure;
FIG. 10 is a transmission vs. frequency profile of an example copper plate at microwave wavelengths; and
FIG. 11 is a transmission vs. frequency profile of a preferred PBG sample at microwave wavelengths, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
1. Overview and Discussion of the Invention
The present invention is directed toward a method for developing a transparent metal device. A transparent metal structure allows the propagation of visible light, while shielding against all other, possibly harmfuil electromagnetic radiation. The transparent metal device can be tailored to increase the signal output in the desired transparent frequency range and suppress the intensity throughput of unwanted radiation. In addition, the transparent window can be tunable to encompass a different range of frequencies, in the infrared range, for example. Further, the methods used to fabricate these devices can be straightforward. The manner in which this is accomplished is described in detail below.
2. An Example Photonic Band Gap (PBG) Structure
Before describing the invention in great detail, it is useful to describe an example structure in which the present invention can be implemented. The present invention provides an apparatus and method to fabricate a transparent metallic structure that possesses the properties of a transparent glass in the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, yet is opaque for all longer wavelengths (or smaller frequencies) from infrared light to radio waves. The transparent metallo-dielectric device of the present invention is achieved with the utilization of a photonic band gap structure.
A schematic illustration of an example photonic band gap (PBG) structure 102 is shown in FIG. 1. In one dimension, a PBG material is typically composed of a plurality of layers, whereby such plurality of layers alternates between a low and a high index of refraction. Each layer has a fixed index of refraction for low power incident photonic signals. For example, a first layer 104 can be chosen such that it is a high index layer. Next, a second layer 106 can be chosen to be a low index layer. One set of first and second layers is referred to as a period, such as period 108.
The widths of the first layer 104 and second layer 106 can also be chosen such that they are both a fraction of the size of a reference wavelength. For example, each layer can be one quarter of the reference wavelength. Thus, in this example, layer 104 can have a width (or thickness) (a), where a=λ/4n1 and where λ is the in-air wavelength of an incident photonic signal. Likewise, layer 106 can have a thickness (b), where b=λ/4n2. This particular structure is referred to as a quarter-wave stack. As a consequence of this arrangement of the dielectric layers, light interference effects can cause some wavelengths of light to be transmitted through the structure, while another range of wavelengths centered about the reference wavelength, often referred to as "band gap" wavelengths, are completely reflected.
FIG. 2 illustrates the transmissive properties of a similar example PBG structure. Transmission profile 202 is a plot of the transmission of light as a function of frequency from an example quarter-wave stack comprising 20 periods, or 40 alternating high/low index layers. A transmission of unity 208 corresponds to 100% of the photonic signal being transmitted. In this example, two dielectric materials are chosen. The first layer is a glass, with an index n1=1.41. The second layer chosen is air, with an index n2=1. By adjusting the width of the first and second layers, a shift of the location of the band gap to different wavelengths is created. This property provides significant flexibility in that a device can be designed to reflect a desired range of wavelengths, while providing for the transmission of other wavelengths.
Thus, a range of wavelengths about some reference wavelength cannot propagate inside this example device. On the other hand, this example PBG structure is transparent to other wavelengths, above and below the gap, such as gap 210 from FIG. 2. Therefore, it is the absence of those wavelengths from the transmitted photonic spectrum that gives rise to the name "band gap." Please note that this terminology is analogous to the electronic "band gap" described in semiconductors, where electrons having a specific range of energies cannot propagate through a semiconductor region. This analogy, however, is used for illustrative purposes only.
At wavelengths outside the photonic band gap, i.e., in a range above and below the band gap, a series of transmission resonances and gaps can be obtained, as depicted by transmission profile 202 of FIG. 2. The number of such resonances is equal to the number of periods that make up the structure. The width of these resonances and gaps is a function of the total number of periods, the indices n1 and n2, and the difference in index (δn), where δn=|n2−n1|, and is known as the index modulation depth.
The present invention is described in terms of this example structure. Description in these terms is provided for convenience only. It is not intended that the invention be limited to application in this example structure. In fact, after reading the following description, it will become apparent to a person skilled in the relevant art how to implement the invention in alternative environments. In the drawings, the thicknesses of layers and regions are exaggerated for clarity.
3. Transmission and Reflection Properties of Metallic Structures
Typically, the materials used in the fabrication of PBG structures, or integrated circuits in general, are either dielectric or semiconductor substances, due to their low absorption characteristics. The choice of materials can also be dictated by a specific need, material properties, or by available fabrication techniques. An overriding concern, however, is that the chosen materials should not absorb light to any significant extent, so as not to compromise device operation. For this reason, metallic substances are almost exclusively used to enhance the reflective properties of dielectric or semiconductor materials. Enhanced reflective properties are thus achieved by designing and incorporating within a particular dielectric or semiconductor device thick metallic films, such as silver, nickel, copper, aluminum or gold.
Theoretical calculations show that the reflectivity of metallic structures can be enhanced with respect to bulk metal if the metal is arranged to form a periodic structure. For example, a 256 aluminum/air periodic structure was designed so that the reflection from such a structure increased when compared to bulk aluminum from 96% to approximately 98% for a small range of frequencies. Each metal film was assumed to be approximately 2.5 nm in thickness. See "Photonic dispersion surfaces", A. J. Ward, et al., Journal Physics Condens. Matter 7:2217 (1995) (incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).
However, the properties of aluminum do not allow the fabrication of uniform films with such a small thickness (less than 2.5 nm thick). Even if such small thickness films could be realized with aluminum or other metals, such a structure would be opaque to electromagnetic waves of all wavelengths, as calculations show. Therefore, it is desirable to utilize thicker metal layers in a PBG structure for a variety of applications.
According to the present invention, a photonic device based on a PBG structure comprising thick or thin metal layers is provided. This transparent metal PBG device propagates light through these metal films and renders these structure transparent to visible light. This phenomenon is best explained through focusing specifically on the transmissive properties of PBG structures.
Structures that contain at most two silver layers, each about 10-15 nm in thickness, sandwiched between silver nitride layers, have been described. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,557,462, to Hartig et al and U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,181 to Chang (each incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). However, these conventional structures still allow anywhere from 5% to 50% transmission of light energy in the infrared (IR) wavelength range and as much as 20% of near UV radiation (320-400 nm). For example, screening IR light from the sun corresponds to reflecting wavelengths between 750 and 2500 nm, where most of the infrared solar emission is found. See, University Astronomy, J. M. Pasackoff and M. L. Kutner, W. D. Saunders Company, 1978, especially Chapter 8 (incorporated by reference herein). Consequently, since heat energy is reflected, any enclosed environment will tend to remain cooler longer than usual, even if exposure to sunlight persists. Hence, the present invention can be incorporated into coating processes designed to significantly lower cooling costs.
Additionally, tunable transmission bands with transmissive and reflective properties that resemble those of a good metal shields are desirable for a wide range of frequencies. According to the present invention, these types of transmission bands can be generated in structures comprising more than two silver layers. The conventional thought in this area, however, is that either an increase in thickness, or the presence of additional metal layers, can drastically reduce the transmission of visible light.
According to the present invention, the transmission of light at visible wavelengths does not change appreciably, and can be controlled effectively with a metallo-dielectric, periodic structure comprising more than two silver layers. Further, the reflective properties of the resulting transparent metal PBG structure can be as good as those found in metal shields for very low frequency (VLF, 1000 to 15000 Hz) and extremely low frequency (ELF, zero to 1000 Hz) radiation, present near high-power lines, and to some extent, near appliances and television sets.
It is well understood that light can actually propagate a small distance inside metals before it is mostly reflected. A small amount of light, on the order of 1% or less, is absorbed, and reappears as heat given off by the metal. This characteristic length depends on the wavelength of the incident light, and it is referred to as "skin depth". The "skin depth" is arbitrarily defined as the distance at which the value of the field has decreased to approximately 37% of the field value at the input surface of the metal. See Classical Electromagnetic Radiation, by J. B. Marion, Academic Press, 1965 (incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).
For example, the skin depth of metals such as alurninum, silver, or gold is between 4 and 10 nm at visible wavelengths (where the wavelengths of visible light comprise the range of approximately 400-700 nm). On the other hand, the skin depth for a typical metal at microwave wavelengths can be tens of microns (typical microwave wavelengths can be on the order of centimeters and meters). This implies that externally incident waves will propagate approximately these respective distances inside the metal, depending on the incident wavelength, before being substantially reflected. Therefore, a metal film whose thickness is in excess of 10 or 15 nm is usually considered a thick film for visible light, while extremely thin for microwave radiation and radio waves.
The term "skin depth" described above is a useful concept as long as light is incident on uniform, highly reflective metal films that are more than 1 micron (μm) thick. However, the term "skin depth" loses its conventional meaning in the case of a periodic structure, where the presence of closely spaced boundaries, i.e., spatial discontinuities of the index of refraction, alters the physical properties of the structure as a whole. Some of these properties include modification of the effective speed of light, suppression of absorption, and transmission and reflection coefficients.
4. Transparent Metal PBG Structures
The present invention is based on metallic PBG structures. In the preferred embodiment, a PBG device includes a plurality of alternating material layers. The first material component is a transition metal. For example, this metal can be gold, silver, copper, aluminum, tungsten, bismuth, or in general a good conductor of electricity with properties similar to those of gold, silver, copper, etc. The second material component is a dielectric or semiconductor material. For example, glasses such as quartz or magnesium fluoride (MgF2) can be used, and semiconductors such as gallium arsenide, aluminum arsenide, or germanium can also be used. Further, any alloy or other material that can be combined with a metallic substance can also be engineered and used for this purpose. This combination of materials results in a new index of refraction and new absorption characteristics for the PBG structure. These properties can depend on the respective proportions of the materials used in the structure. It should be noted, however, that similar structures that use different metals can respond to the same photonic signal in very different ways. Also, the ordering of the metal/dielectric structure can be interchanged to a dielectric/metal structure without affecting the transmissive properties of the PBG structure.
As an example to illustrate the preferred embodiment of the present invention and its operation, a transparent metal PBG structure can be fabricated with the component layers of silver (Ag), a metal, and magnesium fluoride (MgF2), a glass. Here, the total amount of Ag in the transparent metal PBG device can be hundreds of skin depths in thickness. Similarly, the thickness of the MgF2 layers can also vary.
In particular, the transparent metal shielding device is a PBG structure comprising several alternating Ag/MgF2 layers deposited on a glass, or any other suitable substrate. For some applications, it can be desirable that the transmitted range of frequencies not be in the visible range. Thus, the substrate can be opaque to visible light. For example, semiconductor substrates such as aluminum arsenide (AlAs) and gallium arsenide (GaAs) can also be used as a substrate, depending on what transmission window is desired.
Calculations to determine the theoretical transmission properties of the device can be performed using matrix transfer method and beam propagation method mathematical models. See, e.g., Modern Optics, by G. R. Fowles, Dover Publications, second edition (1975), and "A Beam Propagation Method that Handles Reflections", M. Scalora and M. E. Crenshaw, Optics Communications 108:191 (1994) (each incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).
The theoretical transmission properties of such a Ag/MgF2 structure can be calculated as a function of wavelength (or frequency), as a function of the number of layers and/or layer thickness, and the incident angle of the input light beam. For purposes of the present invention, calculations were performed assuming an example glass substrate, whose index of refraction is approximately 1.5 for a wide range of incident wavelengths. It is well understood that the index of refraction of nearly all substances depends on the wavelength of the incident light. This physical principle is referred to as material dispersion, which can vary from substance to substance. For purposes of the present invention, the substrate functions to hold the metal/dielectric layers in place, and its exact physical properties can vary (i.e., the substrate need not always be transparent).
According to the present invention, a transparent metal PBG device can comprise a plurality of metal layers as thin as 10 nm (or thinner, as long as the properties of the layer are smooth and uniform throughout) and as thick as 50 nm or greater. These thickness values are intended as practical illustrations and are not intended to limit the present invention. In practice, this lower limit depends on available techniques that allow the metal film to be uniformly deposited on a substrate. The upper limit of the individual layer thickness can be dictated by a specific need. While 50 nm appears to be a reasonable upper limit in terms of most applications, some applications, such as arc welding, can require a metal layer thickness of greater than 100 nm.
The present invention allows a user to determine a transmission profile based on a total metal thickness. A user can slice this total metal thickness into any number of individual metal layers in order to achieve the desired transmission window. For example, calculations show that a single Ag layer 40 nm in thickness suspended in air transmits 2.5% of the incident red light, 8% of green light, and about 15% of blue light. This transmission profile is illustrated in FIG. 3, dotted line 302. Thus, this example film is essentially opaque to visible light. However, if the original 40 nm Ag film is sliced into four Ag layers, each approximately 10 nm in thickness and spaced apart by approximately 110 nm thick MgF2 layers, then the total transmission of visible light (400-700 nm) increases to an average of 70%. This is shown in the solid line 304 of FIG. 3.
According to another example, a 200 nm thick Ag film is completely opaque to nearly all frequencies, allowing only 10−7 of the incident visible light to be transmitted. This is shown in FIG. 4, dotted line 402. On the other hand, if the original Ag film is sliced into 20 layers, each approximately 10 nm thick, and spaced apart by approximately 140 nm thick MgF2 layers, then the average transmission in the visible range of frequencies increases to about 35%. This is shown in FIG. 4, solid line 404. The significant improvement in transmission for the multiple Ag/MgF2 layer PBG structure is approximately seven orders of magnitude greater than for the single 200 nm Ag film structure. At the same time, the periodicity of the multiple Ag/MgF2 layer structure described above also ensures better suppression of the transmitted light in the ultraviolet (UV) wavelength range (200-400 nm).
Generally speaking, adding more Ag/MgF2 periods to the PBG structure causes a decrease in the transmitted light intensity. In addition, adding more Ag/MgF2 periods can suppress the transmission of all lower frequencies and a good portion of the UV range. For example, a 40-period Ag/MgF2 structure, where each Ag layer is 10 nm thick and each MgF2 layer is approximately 200 nm thick, causes the average transmission of the device in the visible range to decrease to approximately 10%. At the same time, the transmission at all lower frequencies beginning in the near infrared (NIR) (at approximately 800 nm) is reduced to levels well below 10−20. This value represents an extremely high degree of isolation, with essentially zero transmission in the NIR. Please note that reducing the number of periods to 20, and doubling the thickness of the Ag layers to approximately 20 nm each yields approximately the same results. Furthermore, even fewer, but thicker Ag layers can be used to achieve approximately the same effect, thus adding flexibility to the design of a device for a specific purpose. As described in detail below, PBG structures can be fabricated that contain three periods, but where the metal layer thickness is approximately 30 nm. As is shown in FIG. 3, at visible wavelengths, a 30 nm thickness is considered a very thick metal film. Therefore, it would be ordinarily considered counterintuitive to add even more metal layers in order to improve the transmissive properties of the resulting structure.
FIG. 5 displays two transmission profiles. The solid line 502 represents the results of a theoretical calculation for the transmission of light as a function of incident wavelength from a PBG structure that comprises a glass substrate and a three period, Ag/MgF2 PBG structure. Each Ag layer is approximately 30 nm thick, and each MgF2 layer is approximately 150 nm in thickness. A schematic representation of this transparent metal PBG structure in shown FIG. 6A.
As a comparison, the transmission from a single layer, solid 90 nm Ag film is shown as the dotted line 504 in FIG. 5. A schematic representation of this PBG structure 650 in shown FIG. 6B. Thus, PBG structure 650 comprises the same total amount of silver as in the PBG structure 602 from FIG. 6A.
Further, FIG. 5 shows that the transmission from the solid metal film (dotted line 504) is approximately 10−3 in the visible range of wavelengths (from 400 to 700 nm). This transmission value is equivalent to approximately 30 decibels (dBs) of suppression in the transmitted light (where a factor of 10 change in transmission is equivalent to 10 dB of isolation). On the other hand, the maximum transmission (region 510) from solid line 502 (of the periodic PBG structure 602) is nearly 50% of the incident radiation, or four orders of magnitude greater compared to the solid Ag film 650. This maximum transmission is characterized by a peak in the green region (around 520 nm). Overall, this maximum transmissive range 510 extends over a substantial portion of the visible wavelength region.
A further transmission resonance 512 appears at approximately 320 nm, in the ultraviolet (UV) wavelength range. This UV transmission peak 512, however, is not due to the periodicity of the PBG structure 602, since it can be identified for both samples 602 and 650. The UV transmission peak 512 results from an inherent property of Ag, which becomes slightly transparent to UV radiation. This characteristic transparency disappears in either case, if the thickness of the metal film is further increased. For example, the ultraviolet transparency region is not present when gold and/or copper are used in a PBG structure, such as PBG structure 602, described above.
At longer wavelengths (region 520) beyond the visible range, the calculated transmission of light from the PBG structure is approximately 10−5 of its incident values, or 50 dBs of isolation. This behavior persists in the limit of infinite wavelength, or zero frequency.
FIG. 7 displays the results of a calculation of the transmission versus frequency for the metal PBG structure 602 modeled using the dielectric constant derived from a Drude model calculation. See Classical Electromagnetic Radiation, by J. B. Marion, Academic Press, 1965. Briefly, the Drude model is an extension of the classical theory of electrons for metals. It provides an accurate theoretical representation of the dielectric constant (or index of refraction and absorption characteristics) for most metals, including silver, for a range that includes low-frequency radio waves and high-frequency ultraviolet light.
FIG. 7 shows that the transmission of light is suppressed for all frequencies 710 and 712 up to the visible range 714, where a maximum of approximately 50% is transmitted through the PBG device 602. In addition, a band gap characterizes a good portion of the UV frequency range 716, which as a result is also suppressed, as shown in FIG. 7. The small-frequency range depicted in FIG. 7 includes all communication frequency bands, microwave, and IR light. The calculation represented by FIG. 7 also suggests that in the limit of zero-frequency, i.e., ELF and VLF radiation, the transmission is suppressed down to levels better than 1 part in 10,000 of the incident photonic signal intensity values. Therefore, FIG. 7 represent the theoretical realization of what is referred to as a "transparent metal structure": it is transparent in the visible range, it functions as a good metal reflector at lower frequencies, and it suppresses UV light to a substantial degree.
This preferred embodiment of a transparent metal PBG structure, such as PBG structure 602, can also be fabricated using alternative material layers. Additionally, many different metals and dielectric or semiconductor thicknesses can be used as well. For example, by keeping the total silver thickness constant at about 90 nm, the transmission through the transparent metal structure can improve to an average of 60% with a total of eighteen layers; i.e., nine metal layers each 10 nm in thickness, and nine MgF2 layers each 140 nm in thickness. This improvement in transmission suggests that by modifying each metal layer and each MgF2 layer independently, the transmission can be even further optimized.
FIG. 8 (solid line 802) is a representation of the transmission for the eighteen layer structure described above. In addition to controlling the magnitude of suppression of certain wavelengths of light, the present invention also provides for the control of the wavelength range where light is transmitted. This wavelength range control is accomplished by either increasing or decreasing the thickness of the MgF2 layers, and by altering the thickness of the metal layers to a lesser degree. For example, FIG. 8 shows an example of this change in transmission profile. Solid line 802 represents an eighteen layer structure, where each Ag layer is 10 nm thick, and each MgF2 layer is 140 nm thick. Dotted line 804 represents the transmission of a similar eighteen layer, where each Ag is 10 nm thick, but where each MgF2 layer is approximately 250 nm in thickness. Thus, as illustrated in FIG. 8, more uniform transmission in the visible range can be achieved when one of the higher order pass bands is tuned to the visible wavelength range. The desired transmission profile is accomplished by utilizing thicker interstitial (dielectric or semiconductor) layers. These transmission profiles 802 and 804 help illustrate the flexibility of the present invention.
According to the present invention, the thicknesses of either the metal layers or the dielectric (or semiconductor) layers can be chosen dependant upon the specific application. Cost can also be a driving factor in PBG device design. Transparent metal PBG devices with fewer periods are generally cheaper to 1manufacture, while the thickness of very thin metal films are more difficult to control. Further embodiments of the present invention can use a combination of two or more metals, and/or two or more types of dielectric or semiconductor materials within the same PBG structure, without any significant departure from the basic characteristics already described.
Thus, the present invention demonstrates that light can be transmitted through thin or thick, periodic, metallic structures. Additionally, the thickness of the dielectric or semiconductor sandwiched between the metal films can be controlled, as well as the thickness of each metal film, in order to tune the transparency regions of the transparent metal PBG device. Just as significantly, while the transparent metal PBG device exhibits a transparency window in the visible range of frequencies, all lower frequencies (or longer wavelengths), as well as a substantial portion of the UV range, are rejected by a substantial amount.
Further, the present invention encompasses several different methods of providing a tunable transparency window (or pass band). As mentioned above, controlling the wavelength range where light is transmitted can be accomplished by increasing or decreasing the thickness of the interstitial MgF2 layers. Other methods of tuning the transparency window include adding more periods to the structure and applying an external electric field to the transparent metal PBG device. These tuning methods are described in detail below.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to use dielectric or semiconductor materials as interstitial layers sandwiched between the metal layers such that their index of refraction is a sensitive function of an externally applied field. Modification of the index of refraction is equivalent to adjusting the optical path length of the layer. Therefore, the transparent wavelength range can be tuned (or moved on the wavelength axis) with the application of a static field, as for example, in the electro-optic effect.
Further, the transparent window can be changed dynamically by a time-varying field that propagates through the transparent metal PBG structure for applications to optical limiting, switching, and optical diode behavior. For example, increasing the input intensity can cause increased reflections and drastically reduced transmission in the case of an optical limiter, and unidirectional propagation in the case of an optical diode.
5. Experimental Results of a Transparent Metal PBG Photonic Device
Recall that FIG. 6A shows a schematic representation of a device 602 that is referred to as a "transparent metal PBG structure" according to the present invention. The transparent metal PBG device 602 receives a photonic signal of wavelength λ. The photonic signal is partially transmitted by the transparent metal PBG device 602 only if the wavelength λ is found within the ranges outside of the photonic band gaps, such as those depicted in FIG. 8 (described above).
Also recall that the transparent metal PBG device 602 of FIG. 6A is a PBG structure that includes a plurality of first and second alternating layers (also referred to as a multilayer stack). The layers alternate between silver layers 610 a-610 c, whose index of refraction has value n2 that is a function of wavelength, and MgF2 glass layers 612 a-612 c, whose index of refraction has value n1, which is also a function of wavelength.
For example, a transparent metal PBG device similar to the device 602, from FIG. 6A described above, was fabricated and tested. The experimental device comprises: (1) a rectangular glass substrate (similar to substrate 614), about 5 cm long and 2.5 cm wide; (2) three Ag layers (similar to layers 610 a-610 c), each approximately 27.5 nm in thickness; and (3) two MgF2 layers (similar to layers 612 a-612 b) each approximately 156 nm thick, in the order, Substrate/Ag/MgF2/Ag/MgF2/Ag.
The first Ag layer 610 a was deposited by conventional vacuum evaporation techniques on substrate 614. In this example, a glass substrate 614 was used, whose index of refraction is 1.51. However, any other suitable substrates (such as plastics or other materials) can be used without affecting the fundamental transmission and reflection properties of the transparent metal PBG device 602. In addition, the experimental device was designed so that its transmission would be a maximum at green wavelengths (around 520 nm).
The second layer, MgF2 layer 612 a, was grown by conventional vacuum evaporation techniques on the first Ag layer 610 a. The Ag and MgF2 vacuum evaporation processes were repeated to add subsequent layers. For simplicity, the third and final MgF2 layer 612 c was omitted without affecting the overall properties of the transparent metal PBG device 602.
Moreover, a three-period structure was chosen as a preferred embodiment of the present invention because with fewer than three periods (or in this case, fewer than three metal layers) the band structure of the device is not well defined. For example, calculations were performed on a structure utilizing only two metal layers (i.e., a two period structure). Each metal layer can be greater than 50 nm thick in the two period structure, which still provides approximately 10 to 15 percent transmission in the visible range (i.e., less than 1 dB of suppression). This transmission magnitude is similar to what is found in conventional, tinted car windows. However, the resonance peaks created in the photonic band gap structure are not very broad. Calculations similar to those described above show that the band structure becomes well defined once a rudimentary periodicity (i.e., greater than two periods) is built into the PBG device. Additionally, the bandwidth of the pass band (i.e., the transparency region) tends to increase with the number of periods in the PBG device. Thus, while the two period structure can operate as a filter, according to the present invention, it is preferred to utilize more periods in order to control the transmission characteristics of PBG device.
The calculated theoretical transmission for this transparent metal PBG device 602 is shown in FIG. 9, solid line 902. Dotted line 904 represents the actual transmission for the experimental transparent metal PBG device 602, and is described further below.
The structure of transparent metal PBG device 602 can be modified to include thicker MgF2 layers. For example, increasing the thickness of each inner MgF2 layer to 200 nm causes the band structure of curves 902 and 904 of FIG. 9 to shift up in wavelength, in analogy to the example discussed in connection with FIG. 8. In addition, the maximum transmission can be further increased by at least 10% by adding a third and final MgF2 layer 612 c, with a thickness of 100 nm instead of 200 nm. Therefore, the overall transmission can be enhanced by changing the thickness of the individual layers comprising the transparent metal PBG device.
After the experimental transparent metal PBG device was fabricated, two tests were conducted. In the first test, photonic signals of wavelengths in the range between 300 and 900 nm were delivered to the transparent metal PBG device. The results of this experiment are shown in FIG. 9, dotted line 904. Some small disagreements between theory (solid line 902) and experiment (dotted line 904) can be identified in FIG. 9. However, this minor discrepancy is due to the uncertainty in material layer thickness that occurs in the evaporation chamber. Overall, the agreement between theory (solid line 902) and experiment (dotted line 904) is nevertheless extremely good. In this case, the error is approximately 1 to 5 percent. However, this error value is inherently due to the vacuum deposition process used to grow the PBG structure. This error can be reduced by refining the deposition technique (e.g., using an ion sputtering deposition technique).
A second test was conducted to verify that the experimental transparent metal PBG device was also a good reflector of microwave radiation, as predicted in FIG. 7. The second test employed a microwave transmitter and receiver that operated in the range 2 to 20 GHz (or 109 Hz), which is a regime where the photonic signal wavelength varies from approximately 1 to 15 centimeters (cm). In particular, this test was conducted to compare the shielding abilities of a standard copper metal plate several millimeters in thickness with the experimental device. This comparison is shown in FIGS. 10 and 11.
FIG. 10, signal 1002 shows the microwave response of the standard copper shield by plotting transmission versus frequency. Along the y-axis, each separation is equivalent to a drop of 10 dBs. The signal 1002 at the receiver is suppressed between 30 and 40 dBs with respect to free space reception for the range 2-20 GHz, which is indicated by the thick, horizontal line 1004.
Similarly, in FIG. 11, signal 1102 represents the microwave performance of the experimental transparent metal PBG device. Again, the free space reception for the range 2-20 GHz is indicated by the thick, horizontal line 1104. These results are in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions presented in FIG. 7. Comparing FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrates that the suppression by the experimental PBG device at the receiver is at least as good as the metallic copper plate. Thus, this comparison verifies that the experimental PBG device is indeed a "transparent metal structure."
6. Applications of the Present Invention
The following discussion is by way of example and is not intended to be a limitation of the possible applications of the present invention. As described above, the present invention provides for a device and a method of fabricating a transparent metal structure that allows the propagation of visible light, while shielding against all other, possibly harmful electromagnetic radiation. The transparent metal device provides a potential user a great deal of flexibility in that the transparent metal PBG device can be tailored to increase the signal output in the desired transparent frequency range and suppress the intensity throughput of unwanted radiation. As a result, very broad shielding performance, coupled with high attenuation of unwanted radiation, can be achieved by the present invention through the use of a PBG structure.
This broad shielding capability (one that can encompass the wavelength regions on both sides of the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum) has a wide range of commercial, industrial, and scientific applications. For example, the present invention can operate to shield (or filter) radiation at very low frequencies (VLF) and extremely low frequencies (ELF). Thus, the transparent 1metal PBG techniques described above can be utilized in designing filter or shield coatings for television screens and monitors, as well as for cathode ray tubes, thereby enhancing the display capabilities of these devices. The present invention allows for sufficient transmission of visible radiation, while blocking VLF, ELF, and ultraviolet (UV) emissions from these display devices. Additionally, the present invention can be used to coat waveguides to reduce losses.
Moreover, the present invention can be used in place of Indium Tin Oxide for applications requiring a transparent conductor. For example, these applications include touch panel displays, liquid crystal displays, and liquid crystal windows.
Another application for the present invention, provides human eye protection in the form of sun glasses (to block UV light), laser safety glasses or goggles (which can attenuate harmful UV, visible, and IR radiation from Class IV laser sources), and arc-welding shields. Additionally, the transparent metal PBG structure can be incorporated into an optical coating that can be used, for example, to coat optics mirrors and windows (to transmit some wavelengths of interest and reflect other wavelength ranges), to protect paintings that are susceptible to UV radiation, or to coat compact disks (to prevent the aging effects due to prolonged sunlight exposure).
A further application for the present invention provides a method of fabricating thermal windows, which block IR radiation completely, while achieving good transparency levels in the visible spectrum. As shown above, IR transmission levels can be attenuated down to below 10−7, while still providing at least 50% transmission or better in the visible. Commercially, the present invention can be used, for example, in automotive glass coating techniques to provide a cooler automobile interior even under conditions of continued exposure to sunlight, leading to lower cooling costs.
Additionally, the present invention can be used in a variety of microwave applications. For example, microwave oven windows can be coated according to the present invention in order to confine microwave radiation inside the cavity while still allowing substantial visibility through the window.
Another application of the present invention involves sensor protection and packaging. Screening an electronic circuit according to the transparent metal PBG techniques described above can lead to a decrease in the weight of shielding material. For example, in space applications, weight reduction is crucial due to launch payload restrictions.
Further, the present invention provides for efficient electromagnetic signature reduction. For example, a transparent metal PBG shield does not allow any frequency that would represent noise from escaping an electronic device cavity, thus lowering the probability of interception of electronic signals generated by the electronic device. The advantage of the present invention provides for signature reduction, while still allowing a user to see through the shielding device. The transparent metal PBG structure can also be used as a conductive element in an electronic circuit.
In addition, the present invention provides a technique for fabricating a decorative transparent window, whose tint changes with the time of day. The transmitted color depends on the angle at which sunlight is incident on the window.
7. Conclusion
While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents. Additionally, all articles and patent documents mentioned above are incorporated by reference herein.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 5, 1963
|Nov 12, 1968
|Monsanto Co
|Multi-layer interference film with outermost layer for suppression of pass-band reflectance
|Dec 19, 1969
|Jan 25, 1972
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Interference filter with alternately designed pairs of dielectric layers
|Sep 10, 1970
|Aug 8, 1972
|Optical Coating Laboratory Inc
|Infra-red interference filter
|Dec 16, 1970
|Oct 10, 1972
|Balzers Patent Beteilig Ag
|Multilayer optical interference filter with wideband spectral transmission region and reduced ripple
|Nov 21, 1969
|Oct 17, 1972
|Hughes Aircraft Co
|Transparent conductive coating and process therefor
|Feb 4, 1971
|Dec 19, 1972
|Rank Organisation Ltd
|Multi-layer anti-reflection coatings using intermediate layers having monotonically graded refractive index
|Sep 17, 1971
|Sep 18, 1973
|Balzers Patent Beteilig Ag
|Interference filter reflecting a certain wave length band within a given wave length range while letting pass other wave length bands of the range
|Sep 6, 1973
|Dec 10, 1974
|Balzers Patent Beteilig Ag
|Low-loss, highly reflective multilayer coating system formed of alternate highly refractive and low-refractive oxide layers
|Aug 10, 1972
|May 27, 1975
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Filtering antisolar and heat insulating glass
|Nov 5, 1973
|Jun 10, 1975
|Bfg Glassgroup
|Heat-reflecting pane
|Jan 22, 1973
|Aug 26, 1975
|Delog Detag Flachglas Ag
|Heat-reflecting glass sheets
|Dec 5, 1973
|Oct 21, 1975
|Balzers Patent Beteilig Ag
|Wide-band multilayer interference filter
|Jul 1, 1974
|Aug 31, 1976
|Flachglas Aktiengesellschaft Delog-Detag
|Heat-reflecting window pane
|Apr 3, 1978
|Dec 18, 1979
|American Optical Corporation
|Infrared reflecting articles
|Feb 21, 1978
|Feb 19, 1980
|Infrared Industries, Inc.
|Coated copper reflector
|Sep 20, 1978
|Oct 21, 1980
|Optical Coating Laboratory, Inc.
|Visible transmitting and infrared reflecting filter
|Nov 13, 1979
|Dec 23, 1980
|Rockwell International Corporation
|Multilayer electro-optically tunable filter
|Jul 6, 1979
|May 26, 1981
|Rockwell International Corporation
|Multiple-cavity electro-optic tunable filter
|Mar 26, 1981
|Apr 10, 1984
|Jenoptik Jena Gmbh
|Resonance absorber
|May 11, 1982
|Dec 18, 1984
|Olympus Optical Co., Ltd.
|Light absorptive film having an anti-reflecting property
|Dec 2, 1983
|Jun 25, 1985
|At&T Bell Laboratories
|High speed light modulator using multiple quantum well structures
|Apr 5, 1982
|Dec 3, 1985
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Transparent heat-mirror
|Feb 16, 1984
|May 20, 1986
|Teijin Limited
|Selective light transmission sheet
|Sep 12, 1986
|Feb 23, 1988
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Edge interference filter for optical communication transmission in wavelength-division multiplex
|Jun 5, 1987
|Jul 12, 1988
|Rockwell International Corporation
|Narrowband optical filter with partitioned cavity
|Sep 12, 1986
|Sep 13, 1988
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Edge interference filter for optical communication transmission in wavelength-division multiplex
|Nov 3, 1986
|Sep 27, 1988
|Ovonic Synthetic Materials Co.
|Transparency having a second surface multilayer decorative coating
|May 3, 1988
|Jun 13, 1989
|Optical Coating Laboratory, Inc.
|Thin film structure having magnetic and color shifting properties
|Apr 11, 1988
|Jul 11, 1989
|Optical Coating Laboratory, Inc.
|Optical filter assembly for enhancement of image contrast and glare reduction of cathode ray display tube
|Jul 6, 1988
|Apr 10, 1990
|Harris Corporation
|Carbon-carbon mirror for space applications
|Dec 21, 1989
|Jul 30, 1991
|Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha
|Interference filter with sharp cutoff characteristics
|May 25, 1988
|Dec 10, 1991
|Southwall Technologies Inc.
|Color-corrected heat-reflecting composite films and glazing products containing the same
|Nov 28, 1990
|May 5, 1992
|Ford Motor Company
|Solar load reduction panel with controllable light transparency
|Dec 17, 1990
|Jun 2, 1992
|Hughes Aircraft Company
|Infrared-transmissive optical window
|Oct 16, 1991
|Sep 15, 1992
|At&T Bell Laboratories
|Optical integrated circuit designed to operate by use of photons
|Aug 13, 1991
|Dec 8, 1992
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force
|Comb optical interference filter
|Nov 5, 1991
|Jan 12, 1993
|Gte Products Corporation
|Interleaving of similar thin-film stacks for producing optical interference coatings
|Feb 15, 1991
|Feb 16, 1993
|Karl Brommer
|Low-loss dielectric resonator having a lattice structure with a resonant defect
|Apr 29, 1992
|May 18, 1993
|At&T Bell Laboratories
|Tunable etalon filter
|Sep 30, 1992
|Jul 6, 1993
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force
|Comb optical interference filter
|Mar 20, 1991
|Aug 3, 1993
|Costich Verne R
|Multilayer infrared filter
|Jul 18, 1991
|Aug 24, 1993
|Donnelly Corporation
|Near-infrared reflecting, ultraviolet protected, safety protected, electrochromic vehicular glazing
|Nov 5, 1991
|Sep 21, 1993
|Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd.
|Second harmonic generator using a laser as a fundamental wave source
|Feb 10, 1992
|Nov 16, 1993
|The Dow Chemical Company
|Multicomponent, multilayer polymeric reflective bodies
|Feb 8, 1993
|Dec 7, 1993
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army
|All-optical switch utilizing inversion of two-level systems
|Mar 27, 1992
|Apr 12, 1994
|Cardinal Ig Company
|High transmittance, low emissivity coatings for substrates
|Apr 15, 1992
|May 24, 1994
|The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy
|Strained layer Fabry-Perot device
|May 21, 1992
|May 24, 1994
|Alfano Robert R
|Protective device for selectively reflecting high-intensity light over a broad spectral bandwidth
|Oct 20, 1992
|Aug 9, 1994
|Yeda Research And Development Co. Ltd.
|Distributed resonant cavity light beam modulator
|Aug 12, 1992
|Sep 6, 1994
|Sandia Corporation
|Tandem resonator reflectance modulator
|Jun 25, 1993
|Oct 11, 1994
|Donnelly Corporation
|Ultraviolet protected electrochemichromic rearview mirror
|Oct 19, 1993
|Dec 13, 1994
|Viratec Thin Films, Inc.
|DC reactively sputtered optical coatings including niobium oxide
|Nov 12, 1993
|Apr 11, 1995
|Iowa State University Research Foundation
|Periodic dielectric structure for production of photonic band gap and method for fabricating the same
|Jun 6, 1994
|Jun 13, 1995
|Nec Corporation
|Surface emitting photonic switching structure
|Oct 17, 1994
|Jul 18, 1995
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Multi-layer reflection mirror for soft X-ray to vacuum ultraviolet ray
|May 10, 1994
|Aug 8, 1995
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Three-dimensional periodic dielectric structures having photonic bandgaps
|May 13, 1994
|Sep 5, 1995
|The Dow Chemical Company
|Formable reflective multilayer body
|May 25, 1993
|Oct 10, 1995
|Litton Systems, Inc.
|Ultraviolet resistive antireflective coating of Ta2 O5 doped with Al2 O3 and method of fabrication
|Feb 13, 1992
|Nov 28, 1995
|Lockheed Sanders, Inc.
|Low-loss dielectric resonant devices having lattice structures with elongated resonant defects
|Jun 30, 1993
|Jan 2, 1996
|Asahi Glass Company Ltd.
|Ultraviolet ray absorbent glass and method for preparing the same
|Mar 28, 1994
|Feb 20, 1996
|Balzers Aktiengellschaft
|Method for realizing a filter edge, optical thin-film and optical device with such a film
|May 7, 1993
|Apr 9, 1996
|Saint Gobain Vitrage International
|Heat-reflecting and/or electrically heatable laminated glass pane
|May 26, 1993
|Apr 30, 1996
|Litton Systems, Inc.
|Ultraviolet resistive coated mirror and method of fabrication
|Dec 15, 1994
|May 7, 1996
|Guardian Industries Corp.
|Low-E glass coating system and insulating glass units made therefrom
|Jan 17, 1995
|Sep 17, 1996
|Guardian Industries Corp.
|Dual silver layer Low-E glass coating system and insulating glass units made therefrom
|Apr 25, 1995
|Sep 24, 1996
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army
|Photonic band edge optical diode
|Nov 10, 1994
|Oct 8, 1996
|The Boc Group, Inc.
|Durable low-emissivity solar control thin film coating
|Mar 7, 1995
|Jan 7, 1997
|Leybold Aktiengesellschaft
|Optical filter having multi-layer coating
|Sep 21, 1994
|Jan 21, 1997
|Saint-Gobain Vitrage
|Transparent substrate provided with a stack of thin films acting on solar and/or infrared radiation
|Dec 7, 1995
|Mar 25, 1997
|Jds Fitel Inc.
|Bandpass optical filter
|Dec 7, 1995
|Apr 14, 1998
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army
|Optical switch that utilizes one-dimensional, nonlinear, multilayer dielectric stacks
|Jan 11, 1996
|May 12, 1998
|University Of Alabama At Huntsville
|Photonic bandgap apparatus and method for delaying photonic signals
|Jul 5, 1996
|Aug 18, 1998
|Bell Communications Research, Inc.
|Coherent blue/green optical source and other structures utilizing non-linear optical waveguide with quasi-phase-matching grating
|Mar 17, 1997
|Sep 1, 1998
|Okuma Corporation
|Optical encoder diffraction gratings for eliminating diffracted light components
|Aug 8, 1997
|Jun 1, 1999
|Lg Electronics
|Thin film transistor array having a static electricity preventing circuit
|Dec 20, 1984
|Jan 6, 1987
|Adjustable indicating device for load position
|Title not available
|Dec 13, 1979
|Jun 25, 1980
|Mta Központi Fizikai Kutato Intezete
|Light modulator or light switch with variable transmission and method of making the same
|Dec 23, 1996
|Jul 2, 1997
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Optical waveguide optical wavelength conversion device, and methods for fabricating the same
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Sep 26, 1995
|Apr 18, 1996
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Resonant microcavities employing one-dimensional periodic dielectric waveguides
|"Indicators and displays. (Electrical-Electronics Reference Issue)", Machine Design, vol. 60, No. 11, p190(11), May 19, 1988.
|Akhmediev, N. et al., "Stability analysis of even and odd waves of symmetric nonlinear planar optical waveguides," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 230-236.
|Ashcroft, Neil W. and Mermin, N. David, Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976, pp. xi-xii and 765-766.
|Assanto, Gaetano, "Quadratic Cascading: Effects and Applications," Beam Shaping and Control with Nonlinear Optics, (ed. By Kajzar and Reinisch), 1998, pp. vii-viii and 341-374.
|Ball, G.A. and Morey, W.W., "Continuously tunable single-mode erbium fiber laser," Optics Letters, vol. 17, No. 6, Mar. 15, 1992, pp. 420-422.
|Bendickson, J.M. et al., "Analytic expressions for the electromagnetic mode density in finite, one-dimensional, photonic band-gap structures," Physical Review E, vol. 53, No. 4-B, Apr. 1996, pp. 4107-4121.
|Bloemer, M.J. and Scalora, M., "Transmissive-properties of AG/MgF2 photonic band gaps," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 72, No. 14, Apr. 6, 1998, pp. 1676-1678.
|Bouché, N. et al., "Dynamics of gain in vertical cavity lasers and amplifiers at 1.53 mum using femtosecond photoexcitation," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 73, No. 19, Nov. 9, 1998, pp. 2718-2720.
|Bouché, N. et al., "Dynamics of gain in vertical cavity lasers and amplifiers at 1.53 μm using femtosecond photoexcitation," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 73, No. 19, Nov. 9, 1998, pp. 2718-2720.
|Bowden, C.M. et al., "Development and Applications of Materials Exhibiting Photonic Band Gaps," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 279-280.
|Brown, E.R. et al., "Radiation properties of a planar antenna on a photonic-crystal substrate," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 404-407.
|Bullock, D.L. et al., "Photonic band structure investigation of two-dimensional Bragg reflector mirrors for semiconductor laser mode control," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 399-403.
|Centini, M. et al., "Dispersive properties of finite, one-dimensional photonic band gap structures: Applications to nonlinear quadratic interactions," Physical Review E, vol. 60, No. 4-B, Oct. 1999, pp. 4891-4898.
|Chernov, V.E. and B.A. Zon, "Depolarization of laser radiation in a nonlinear medium," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 210-212.
|Chu, D.Y. and S.-T. Ho, "Spontaneous emission from excitons in cylindrical dielectric waveguides and the spontaneous-emission factor of microcavity ring lasers," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 381-390.
|Cojocaru, C. et al., "Active reflective via a phase-insensitive quadratic nonlinear interaction within a microcavity," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 74, No. 4, Jan. 25, 1999, 504-506.
|Crook, R.J. et al., "Long-range optical modes supported by a strongly absorbing thin organic film," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 237-243.
|D'Aguanno, G.D. et al., "Enhancement of X(2) cascading processes in one-dimensional photonic bandgap structures," Optics Letters, vol. 24, No. 23, Dec. 1, 1999, pp. 1663-1665.
|De Martini, F. et al., "Spontaneous and stimulated emission in the thresholdless microlaser," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 360-380.
|DeSalvo, R. et al., "Self-focusing and self-defocusing by cascaded second-order effects in KTP," Optics Letters, vol. 17, No. 1, Jan. 1, 1992, pp. 28-30.
|Dowling, J.P. and C.M. Bowden, "Beat radiation from dipoles near a photonic band edge," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 353-355.
|Dowling, J.P. et al., "The photonic band edge laser: A new aproach to gain enhancement," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 75, No. 4, Feb. 15, 1994, pp. 1896-1899.
|Dutta, B. et al., "Squeezed states, photon-number distributions, and U(1) invariance," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 253-264.
|Erdogan, T. et al., "Enhancement and inhibition of radiation in cylindrically symmetric, periodic structures," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 391-398.
|Fowles, Grant R., Introduction to Modern Optics, Second Edition, 1975, Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, pp. v-viii, 33-38, 52-55 and 96-103.
|Gaylord, T.K. et al., "Application of electromagnetics formalism to quantum-mechanical electron-wave propagation in semiconductors," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 333-339.
|Genack, A.Z. and N. Garcia, "Electromagnetic localization and photonics," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 408-413.
|Grétillat, M.-A. et al., "Electrostatic Polysilicon Microrelays Integrated with MOSFETs," Proceedings Of Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, 1994, pp. 97-101.
|Haus, J.W. et al., "Enhanced second-harmonic generation in media with a weak periodicity," Physical Review A, vol. 57, No. 3, Mar. 1988, pp. 2120-2128.
|Helmfrid, S. et al., "Influence of various imperfections on the conversion efficiency of second-harmonic generation in quasi-phase-matching lithium niobate waveguides," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 222-229.
|Joannopoulos, John D. et al., Photonic Crystals: Molding the Flow of Light, 1995, Princeton University Press, (copy of entire book provided).
|Kilin, S.Ya. and I.I. Fedchenia, "Statistics of random spikes in the intensity of stimulated Raman scattering: initiation by spatially distributed fluctuations," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2 , Feb. 1993, pp. 199-209.
|Kurizki, G. et al., "Quantum electrodynamics in photonic band gaps: atomic-beam interaction with a defect mode," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 346-352.
|Leoński, W., "Squeezed-state effect on bound-continum transitions," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 244-252.
|Leung, K.M., "Defect modes in photonic band structures: a Green's function approach using vector Wannier functions," J. Opt. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 303-306.
|Lewis, Clifford F., "Optical coatings: more than meets the eye", Materials Engineering, vol. 106, No. 11, p29(4), Nov. 1989.
|Macleod, H.A., Thin-Film Optical Filters, Second Edition, 1986, Macmillan Publishing Company, (copy of entire book provided).
|Maradudin, A.A. and A.R. McGurn, "Photonic band structure of a truncated, two-dimensional, periodic dielectric medium," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 307-313.
|Marion, Jerry B., Classical Electromagnetic Radiation, 1965, Academic Press, pp. ix-xv, 148-152, 170-177.
|Martorell, J. et al., "Pseudo-metal reflection at the interface between a linear and nonlinear material," Optics Communications, vol. 144, Nos. 1-3, Dec. 1, 1997, pp. 65-69.
|Meade, R.D. et al., "Nature of the photonic band gap: some insights from a field analysis," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 328-332.
|Montemezzani, G. et al., "Photorefractive charge compensation at elevated temperatures and application to KNbO3," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 171-185.
|Mooney, Thomas A., "Which coating process should I choose? (selecting a filter coating process)", Lasers & Optronics, vol. 7, No. 7, p39(4), Jul. 1988.
|Mossberg, T.W. and M. Lewenstein, "Radiative properties of strongly driven atoms in the presence of photonic bands and gaps," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 340-345.
|Pasachoff, Jay M. and Kutner, Marc L., University Astronomy, 1978, W.B. Saunders Company, pp. ix-xvii and 177-239.
|Patent Abstracts of Japan, vol. 008, No. 081 (E-238), JP 59 000977 A, published Jan. 6, 1984.
|Patent Abstracts of Japan, vol. 014, No. 468 (P-1115), JP 2187732, published Jul. 23, 1990.
|Patent-Abstracts of Japan, vol. 018, No. 095 (E-1509), JP 05 299751 A, published Nov. 12, 1993.
|Petersen, K.E., "Micromechanical Membrane Switches on Silicon," IBM J. Res. Develop., vol. 23, No. 4, Jul. 1979, pp. 376-385.
|Rao, Y.J. et al., "Spatially-multiplexed fiber-optic Bragg grating strain and temperature sensor system based on interferometric wavelength-shift detection," Electronics Letters, vol. 31, No. 12, Jun. 8, 1995, pp. 1009-1010.
|Robertson, W.M. et. al., "Measurement of the photon dispersion relation in two-dimensional ordered dielectric arrays," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 322-327.
|Scalora et al., "Ultrashort Pulse Propagation at the Photonic Band Edge: Large Tunable Group Delay with Minimal Distortion and Loss," Rapid Communications, vol. 54, No. 2, pp. R1078-R1081, Aug. 1996.
|Scalora, M. and Crenshaw, M.E., "A beam propagation method that handles reflections," Optics Communications, vol. 108, Nos. 4-6, Jun. 1, 1994, pp. 191-196.
|Scalora, M. et al., "Dipole emission rates in one-dimensional photonic band-gap materials," Applied Physics B, Supplement to vol. B 60, No. 273, 1995, pp. S57-S61.
|Scalora, M. et al., "Optical Limiting and Switching of Ultrashort Pulses in Nonlinear Photonic Band-Gap Materials," Physical Review Letters, vol. 73, No. 10, Sep. 5, 1994, pp. 1368-1371.
|Scalora, M. et al., "Pulse propagation near highly reflective surfaces: applications to photonic band-gap structures and the question of superluminal tunneling times," Physical Review A., vol. 52, No. 1, Jul. 1995, pp. 726-734.
|Scalora, M. et al., "Pulsed second-harmonic generation in non-linear, one-dimensional, periodic structures," Physical Review A, vol. 56, No. 4, Oct. 1997, pp. 3166-3174.
|Scalora, M. et al., "The photonic band-edge optical diode," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 76, No. 4, Aug. 15, 1994, pp. 2023-2026.
|Smith, D.R. et al., "Photonic band structure and defects in one and two dimensions," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 314-321.
|Sözüer, H. Sami and J. W. Haus, "Photonic bands: simple-cubic lattice," J. Opt. Am. Soc. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 296-302.
|Sprung, D.W.L. et al., "Scattering by a finite periodic potential," American Journal of Physics, vol. 61, No. 12, dec. 1993, pp. 1118-1124.
|Sugawara, T. et al., "Instability in a CO2 sequence-band laser with a saturable absorber and vibration-to-vibration energy transfer processes," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 265-270.
|Sze, S.M., Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Second Edition, 1981, John Wiley & Sons, pp. ix-xii and 681-742.
|Sze, S.M., Semiconductor Devices: Physics & Technology, 1985, John Wiley & Sons, pp. ix-xi and 252-467.
|Tocci, M.D. et al., "Thin-film nonlinear optical diode," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 66, No. 18, May 1, 1995, pp. 2324-2326.
|Tong, B.Y. et al., "Fluorescence-lifetime measurements in monodispersed suspensions of polystyrene particles," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 356-359.
|Ward, A.J. et al., "Photonic dispersion surfaces," Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol. 7, No. 10, Mar. 6, 1995, pp. 2217-2224.
|Wijekoon, W.M.K.P. et al., "Second-harmonic generation studies of differences in molecular orientation of Langmuir-Blodgett films fabricated by vertical and horizontal dipping techniques," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 213-221.
|Yablanovich, E., "Photonic band-gap structures," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 283-295.
|Yao, J.J. et al., "A Surface Micromachined Miniature Switch for Telecommunications Applications with Signal Frequencies from DC up to 4 Ghz," Transducers '95, 1995, pp. 384-387.
|Yariv, Amnon and Yeh, Pochi, Optical Waves in Crystals: Propagation and Control of Laser Radiation, 1984, John Wiley & Sons, pp. vii-xi and 439-447.
|Zahavi, O. et al., "Study of amplified spontaneous emission systems by the ray-tracing technique," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 271-278.
|Ziolkowski, R.W. and J.B. Judkins, "Full-wave vector Maxwell equation modeling of the self-focusing of ultrashort optical pulses in a nonlinear Kerr medium exhibiting a finite response time," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 186-198.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 27, 2000
|May 21, 2002
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army
|Photonic band gap dual-spectrum sensor
|May 17, 2000
|May 28, 2002
|Michael Scalora
|Photonic band gap device and method using a periodicity defect region doped with a gain medium to increase photonic signal delay
|May 31, 2001
|Feb 18, 2003
|The Regents Of The University Of California
|Optical limiting device and method of preparation thereof
|Mar 20, 2000
|Jul 1, 2003
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Light-emitting device and a display apparatus having a light-emitting device
|Apr 6, 2001
|May 3, 2005
|Btg International Limited
|Optical device
|Jun 3, 2004
|May 10, 2005
|ASTIC Signal Defenses L.L.C.
|System and method for filtering electromagnetic and visual transmissions and for minimizing acoustic transmissions
|Jun 3, 2004
|Oct 24, 2006
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Electron-beam excitation laser
|Feb 23, 2004
|Nov 7, 2006
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Metal-dielectric coating for image sensor lids
|Oct 23, 2003
|Jun 19, 2007
|Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.)
|Multiple-beam antenna with photonic bandgap material
|Nov 29, 2001
|Jul 3, 2007
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Thermally and electrically conducting high index contrast multi-layer mirrors and devices
|Oct 23, 2003
|Jul 10, 2007
|Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.)
|Multibeam antenna with photonic bandgap material
|Nov 29, 2001
|Oct 16, 2007
|Research Triangle Institute
|Spontaneous emission enhanced heat transport method and structures for cooling, sensing, and power generation
|Oct 26, 2005
|Dec 11, 2007
|Hitachi Via Mechanics (Usa), Inc.
|Fluorescence based laser alignment and testing of complex beam delivery systems and lenses
|May 24, 2004
|Dec 18, 2007
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Photonic bandgap modulator, amplifier, demux, and TDM devices
|Feb 23, 2006
|Mar 4, 2008
|Cardinal Cg Company
|Low-emissivity coatings having high visible transmission and low solar heat gain coefficient
|Apr 5, 2006
|Mar 11, 2008
|Cardinal Cg Company
|Multiple cavity low-emissivity coatings
|Jul 12, 2005
|Mar 25, 2008
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|IR absorbing reflector
|May 6, 2003
|Apr 15, 2008
|Electronically Shaded Glass, Inc.
|Electronically shaded thin film transparent monochromatic liquid crystal display laminated window shading system
|Oct 23, 2003
|Aug 12, 2008
|Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.)
|Frequency multiband antenna with photonic bandgap material
|Jul 17, 2006
|Apr 21, 2009
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Antenna using a photonic bandgap structure
|Jun 6, 2006
|Jul 21, 2009
|Cpfilms, Inc.
|Multiple band reflector with metal and dielectric layers
|Oct 10, 2006
|Aug 11, 2009
|Cardinal Cg Company
|High infrared reflection coatings and thin film coating deposition methods
|Oct 10, 2006
|Aug 11, 2009
|Cardinal Cg Company
|High infrared reflection coatings and associated technologies
|Oct 10, 2006
|Aug 11, 2009
|Cardinal Cg Company
|High infrared reflection coatings
|Apr 28, 2006
|Mar 2, 2010
|Cardinal Cg Company
|Coatings having low emissivity and low solar reflectance
|Sep 8, 2006
|Mar 30, 2010
|Cardinal Cg Company
|High shading performance coatings
|Oct 23, 2003
|May 4, 2010
|Nv Bekaert Sa
|Infra-red reflecting layered structure
|Apr 28, 2006
|Jul 20, 2010
|Cardinal Cg Company
|Low-emissivity coating having low solar reflectance
|Mar 15, 2007
|Dec 21, 2010
|The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois
|Passive and active photonic crystal structures and devices
|Oct 10, 2006
|Mar 15, 2011
|Cardinal Cg Company
|High infrared reflection coatings
|Feb 9, 2011
|Jan 3, 2012
|Cardinal Cg Company
|High infrared reflection coatings, thin film coating deposition methods and associated technologies
|May 28, 2009
|Sep 11, 2012
|Industrial Technology Research Institute
|Color filter and method of fabricating the same
|Aug 5, 2010
|Oct 9, 2012
|Cardinal Cg Company
|High quality reflectance coatings
|Oct 8, 2012
|Nov 19, 2013
|Cardinal Cg Company
|High quality reflectance coatings
|Jul 17, 2007
|Nov 19, 2013
|Commissariat A L'energie Atomique
|Optical filtering matrix structure and associated image sensor
|Sep 13, 2011
|Jul 1, 2014
|Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives
|Filtering matrix structure, associated image sensor and 3D mapping device
|May 29, 2009
|Oct 14, 2014
|Opalux Incorporated
|Tunable Bragg stack
|Sep 25, 2013
|Apr 12, 2016
|Opalux Incorporation
|Tunable bragg stack
|Oct 14, 2013
|Jun 28, 2016
|Cardinal Cg Company
|High quality reflectance coatings
|Mar 14, 2013
|Oct 25, 2016
|Kilolambda Technologies Ltd.
|Glazing design with variable heat and light transmittance properties, device and method
|Mar 20, 2000
|Apr 17, 2003
|Yuzo Hirayama
|Light-emitting device and a display apparatus having a light-emitting device
|Oct 17, 2001
|Apr 17, 2003
|Bolanos Miguel Holgado
|Photonic device, optical logic circuit incorporting the photonic device and method of manufacturing thereof
|Nov 29, 2001
|May 29, 2003
|Rama Venkatasubramanian
|Spontaneous emission enhanced heat transport method and structures for cooling, sensing, and power generation
|Apr 25, 2003
|Dec 11, 2003
|Hoffman Wayne L.
|Coatings having low emissivity and low solar reflectance
|May 14, 2003
|Jan 29, 2004
|Hoffman Wayne L.
|High shading performance coatings
|Apr 25, 2003
|Feb 12, 2004
|Hoffman Wayne L.
|Low-emissivity coating having low solar reflectance
|Jul 31, 2003
|Apr 15, 2004
|Krisko Annette J.
|Temperable high shading performance coatings
|Apr 6, 2001
|May 13, 2004
|Baumberg Jeremy J.
|Optical device
|Jun 3, 2004
|Nov 4, 2004
|Deron Simpson
|System and method for filtering electromagnetic and visual transmissions and for minimizing acoustic transmissions
|Jun 3, 2004
|Nov 4, 2004
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Electron-beam excitation laser
|Feb 23, 2004
|Aug 25, 2005
|Optical Coating Laboratory, Inc., A Jds Uniphase Company
|Metal-dielectric coating for image sensor lids
|May 24, 2004
|Nov 24, 2005
|Shoji Akiyama
|Photonic bandgap modulator, amplifier, DEMUX, and TDM devices
|Oct 23, 2003
|Mar 16, 2006
|N.V. Bekaert S.A.
|Infra-red reflecting layered structure
|Oct 26, 2005
|May 4, 2006
|Lizotte Todd E
|Fluorescence based laser alignment and testing of complex beam delivery systems and lenses
|Oct 23, 2003
|May 11, 2006
|Marc Thevenot
|Frequency multiband antenna with photonic bandgap material
|Oct 23, 2003
|Jun 15, 2006
|Marc Thevenot
|Multiple-beam antenna with photonic bandgap material
|Oct 23, 2003
|Jun 22, 2006
|Marc Thevenot
|Multibeam antenna with photonic bandgap material
|Jul 8, 2005
|Jul 6, 2006
|Industrial Technology Research Institute
|Color filter and method of fabricating the same
|Apr 28, 2006
|Oct 5, 2006
|Hoffman Wayne L
|Coatings having low emissivity and low solar reflectance
|Jul 12, 2005
|Jan 18, 2007
|Kuohua Wu
|IR absorbing reflector
|Feb 23, 2006
|Apr 12, 2007
|Klaus Hartig
|Low-emissivity coatings having high visible transmission and low solar heat gain coefficient
|Apr 5, 2006
|Apr 12, 2007
|Klaus Hartig
|Multiple cavity low-emissivity coatings
|Oct 11, 2006
|Apr 12, 2007
|Klaus Hartig
|Methods and equipment for depositing high quality reflective coatings
|Oct 10, 2006
|Apr 12, 2007
|Klaus Hartig
|High infrared reflection coatings and thin film coating deposition methods
|Oct 10, 2006
|Apr 12, 2007
|Klaus Hartig
|High infrared reflection coatings
|Oct 10, 2006
|Apr 12, 2007
|Klaus Hartig
|High infrared reflection coatings, thin film coating deposition methods, and associated technologies
|Oct 10, 2006
|Apr 12, 2007
|Klaus Hartig
|High infrared reflection coatings and associated technologies
|Jun 6, 2006
|Dec 6, 2007
|Steven Allen Barth
|Multiple Band Reflector with Metal and Dielectric Layers
|Feb 28, 2008
|Jun 19, 2008
|Electronically Shaded Glass, Inc.
|Window shading system
|May 28, 2009
|Sep 17, 2009
|Pin-Chen Chen
|Color filter and method of fabricating the same
|Jun 5, 2009
|Oct 1, 2009
|Pin-Chen Chen
|Color filter and method of fabricating the same
|Jul 17, 2007
|Dec 10, 2009
|Commissariat A L'energie Atomique
|Optical filtering matrix structure and associated image sensor
|Feb 9, 2011
|Jun 2, 2011
|Cardinal Cg Company
|High infrared reflection coatings, thin film coating deposition methods and associated technologies
|May 29, 2009
|Jul 7, 2011
|Opalux Incorporated
|Tunable bragg stack
|Jul 29, 2011
|Apr 26, 2012
|AEgis Technologies Group, Inc.
|Laser Protection Structures and Methods of Fabrication
|Mar 14, 2013
|May 15, 2014
|The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University
|Structures for radiative cooling
|Nov 6, 2014
|May 7, 2015
|Lehigh University
|Ultrathin nanostructured metals for highly transmissive plasmonic subtractive color filters
|Oct 23, 2003
|Apr 29, 2009
|Multibeam antenna with photonic bandgap material
|Oct 23, 2003
|Jul 8, 2009
|Frequency multiband antenna with photonic bandgap material
|Nov 29, 2001
|Jun 6, 2002
|Research Triangle Institute
|Spontaneous emission enhanced heat transport method and structures for cooling, sensing, and power generation
|Oct 23, 2003
|May 13, 2004
|Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.)
|Multiple-beam antenna with photonic bandgap material
|Oct 23, 2003
|May 13, 2004
|Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.)
|Frequency multiband antenna with photonic bandgap material
|Oct 23, 2003
|May 13, 2004
|Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.)
|Multibeam antenna with photonic bandgap material
|Oct 20, 2011
|Jul 19, 2012
|AEgis Technologies Group, Inc.
|Laser protection structures and methods of fabrication
|Oct 20, 2011
|Sep 7, 2012
|AEgis Technologies Group, Inc.
|Laser protection structures and methods of fabrication
|Sep 25, 2012
|Apr 3, 2014
|Biovec Transfusion, Llc
|Device and method for removing additives in the blood products
|U.S. Classification
|359/248, 359/344, 359/589, 359/588, 359/587, 359/585, 359/586, 372/45.01, 257/451, 359/580
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 13, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 26, 2009
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 17, 2009
|Reinstatement after maintenance fee payment confirmed
|Sep 8, 2009
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20090717
|May 1, 2010
|Surcharge for late payment
|May 1, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jun 21, 2010
|Patent reinstated due to the acceptance of a late maintenance fee
Effective date: 20100622
|Feb 25, 2013
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 17, 2013
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Sep 3, 2013
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20130717


text:
Sterling Plated Charms, Gold Charms, Wholesale CharmsWatch Faces, Bangle Bracelets - Lead Free, Made in USA!
1 Watch Us watch head H02 (silver) or H19 (gold) 2 Watch Us watch attachments M60S (silver0 or M60G (gold) 11 Peruvian beads - 17x9mm 23 barrel beads - 8 x 6mm 37 spacer beads - 8mm 36" industrial strength elastic 1 1/16 diameter 1 Watch us T08 watch tool All purpose tacky glue (optional)
We are new at making charm bracelets out of flowers and have found this company to be very personal and reasonable priced. Thank you so much for everything you do!
- Stacee Rohn - Memory Beads
Great Service!
- John Smith

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The second presidential debate — bloody, muddy and raucous — was just enough to save Donald Trump's campaign from extinction, but not enough to restore his chances of winning, barring an act of God (a medical calamity) or of Putin (a cosmically incriminating WikiLeak).
That Trump crashed because of a sex-talk tape is odd. It should have been a surprise to no one. His views on women have been on open display for years. And he'd offered a dazzling array of other reasons for disqualification: habitual mendacity, pathological narcissism, profound ignorance and an astonishing dearth of basic human empathy.
To which list Trump added in the second debate, and it had nothing to do...
Amazon.com founder and CEO Jeff Bezos, holding a Kindle, says his team of ¿undersea pros¿ had found the engines that helped launch the Apollo 11 mission.


text:
Thought the most interesting comment about TY TY was from the person who
had investigated the complaints...seems they need to overhaul their
mailorder processes.
Bonnie Zone 6+ ETN
> [Original Message]
> From: james singer <firstname.lastname@example.com>
> To: Chat <firstname.lastname@example.com>
> Date: 11/30/2003 3:59:57 PM
> Subject: [CHAT] Mail Order Nurseries
> I never got much beyond the seed-buying stage with mail order houses. I
> can't imagine buying bedding plants from them when the chains [Home
> Depot, Lowes, Wal-Mart] have them before one could receive them via
> mail.
> Rather, I've spent many, many hours roaming the countryside searching
> for local [or nearly local] retail outlets and garden club pant sales.
> I don't know why exactly. I just guess that I feel better if I can see
> the real item before I buy it. Also, I've found that one can
> occasionally find genuine buys at small, out of the way nurseries.
> The first ground orchids we bought, for example, were in 1-gallon pots
> from the back bench of a nursery in West Palm Beach. The pots were
> definitely overgrown--maybe 10 or 15 plants per pot--and the price was
> right [less than $5.00]. They were also blooming, so we knew what
> colors we were getting.
> I know this is not always practical in northern places. And it's
> certainly not practical if you are interested in bulbs other than
> daffodils, grape hyacinths, and tulips. But it works for most things
> that are well-suited to the climate.
> I read the negative comments about TyTy and was struck more by the
> naivete of the buyers than by the apparent veniality of the seller. I
> can't imagine buying a palm, even a trash palm like Sabal palmetto
> [state tree of Florida and South Carolina], mail order. Just doesn't
> compute.
> Island Jim
> Southwest Florida
> Zone 10
> ---------------------------------------------------------------------
> To sign-off this list, send email to email@example.com with the
> message text UNSUBSCRIBE GARDENCHAT
To sign-off this list, send email to firstname.lastname@example.com with the
message text UNSUBSCRIBE GARDENCHAT


text:
America First
God Bless Texas
Mission Control
UserOnlineUsers: 2 Guests, 3 Bots
Blog Donations Here
Can YOU Help?
Fast - Safe - Secure
Your Host: Fred Witzell
I'm a highly opinionated and very Conservative blogger. If you ask for my opinion, I'll let you know exactly what's on my mind. I don't play the PC game, so be very careful what you ask for, you might get it.
Shoot Me an Email
Terrell, TX Weather
Guns and Ammo
The USGOA on Facebook
- Bloviating Zeppelin
- Conservative Tree House
- Observations
- Papa Mikes
- Bunkerville
- Be sure you're Right
- American and Proud
Follow Me
My Visitors
Site Search
TexasFred Archives
Tag Archives: American Freedom Fighters
Texans organize 'Operation Counter Jade Helm' to keep an eye on the federal troops
Texans organize 'Operation Counter Jade Helm' to keep an eye on the federal troops When the troops land in Texas for Operation Jade Helm next week, someone will be waiting for them. Hundreds of people have organized a "Counter Jade … Continue reading


text:
The world's most popular social network announced on Monday that it has decided everyone would be much happier if their Facebook newsfeeds weren't cluttered with links to potentially spammy articles that give users no real idea of content until they've clicked through.
Facebook says that these sorts of posts, which demand a user click on the link simply to know if the article is relevant, create a vicious circle. The more people (have to) click through, the higher the article moves up friends' newsfeeds.
Rather than arbitrarily decide to stop publishers from driving traffic to their sites, Facebook surveyed its users and 80 % of the time, when asked about what should be in newsfeeds and how it should be presented, people said that they want headlines that "helped them decide if they wanted to read the full article before they had clicked through."
In order to give the site's 1 billion+ users what they want, Facebook will monitor how long a person is away from the network itself when clicking through to a link. If they return almost immediately, that will raise a red flag. So too will a lack of comments, shares likes or discussions about a link.
If a post fails on these criteria, it will be demoted. This doesn't mean that sites like Buzzfeed are going to see their click-through rate plummet, but it will mean that publishers will have to rely on more than provocation -- such as providing an intro too -- to get their pieces to rank prominently in Facebook users' newsfeeds.
As Facebook says in an accompanying blog post: "A small set of publishers who are frequently posting links with click-bait headlines that many people don't spend time reading after they click through may see their distribution decrease in the next few months. We're making these changes to ensure that click-bait content does not drown out the things that people really want to see on Facebook."


text:
Name directory (glossary) with lots of options. Very easy to add to your site with a simple shortcode. It can have multiple directories.
This plugin adds name/term directories to your WordPress installation. They are like glossaries. The output on your website is like a glossary/index. I recommend you to take a look at the screenshots, they illustrate more than words.
The Name Directory plugin was orginally developed for ParkietenVilla.nl to show a directory of names to name your budgies.
A name directory is a directory that contains entries with the following properties:
You can create multiple directories with this plugin. Every directory can be embedded with a very simple shortcode which you can just copy-and-paste in your own pages and posts. Every directory has a few configuration options that customize the layout and functionality of the directory:
The administration view of this plugin has the familiar look and feel of (the rest of) the WordPress Administration panel. I have done my best to enable some AJAX-features in the administration panel, so you can work efficiently while adding new entries.
Also featured since v1.7: .CSV-file import functionality
Current supported languages:
If you want to help with translations, please let me know on the support forums.
Requires: 3.0.1 or higher
Compatible up to: 4.7.2
Last Updated: 3 weeks ago
Active Installs: 1,000+
3 of 7 support threads in the last two months have been marked resolved.
Got something to say? Need help?


text:
Comedy, News & Politics, Society & Culture, HistoryFollow
|Top 200
Comedians Dave Anthony and Gareth Reynolds picks a subject from history and examine it.
September 19th, 2015
Episode 156 of 294 episodes
Comedians Dave Anthony and Gareth Reynolds examine the rivalry of actors Edwin Forrest and William Macready EPISODE SOURCES
You'll need to sign in to write a comment.
Welcome to the daily audio workout for your head.


text:
Hotels in S'Illot
Selection of 1 cheap hotel in S'Illot with prices from
Hotel reservation
Hotel rooms in S'Illot
There are not so many hotel rooms in S'Illot, just 1, still everyone can find an offer to suit his choice. The most common offers in this city are apartments, they count 1 out of 1, and their prevalent location is central district. According to our practice, it is the most profitable to book a hotel in the south of S'Illot, as it is the location of the hotels with optimal cost and quality offers along with the cheap hotels. Taking into account the small size of the city, there is no need to dwell hotel reservation on the location: the road to the city center would take less then half an hour, so one can book a hotel in any district of S'Illot. The most populated with hotels district of S'Illot is the center, 100% of cheap hotel rooms are concentrated here. S'Illot is a truly multifaceted city, here everyone can find a hotel of his choice: a business person, a young couple or a family with little children. Take a look at our selection of the cheap hotel rooms in S'Illot to make a well-informed choice for your reservation!
S'Illot cheap hotels
All cheap hotels in S'Illot
Best hotels in S'Illot
Hotels in S'Illot are spread around the city within the distance of 0.3 kilometers, while 1 hotels are located directly in the city center. If you like everything shine and bright, S'Illot can offer
Sa Coma II
for you, the most expensive hotel. The most popular accommodations in S'Illot is
Sa Coma II
located in a 0.3 kilometers from the city center. The optimal choice for the ones who want to save some money would be
Sa Coma II
, the really cheap hotel located in the center of S'Illot.
The best hotels are here and now. Try them!
All cities in Spain


text:
A Customized measurement System for the assessment of Electromagnetic Interference caused by Plasma Plumes
A.Sarri, R.Cioni, D.A.Fittipaldi, F.Marliani
Abstract: This paper presents a customized measurement system for the assessment of the electromagnetic interference caused by plasma plumes, mainly in terms of spurious modulation effects, generated by the plasma channel saturation and depletion, and related effects on noise and inter-modulations. The goal of the experiments is to obtain a comprehensive set of experimental data to validate and complement theoretical and prediction data about plasma plume-induced modulation phenomena.
Published on European Conference on Antennas & Propagation (EuCAP2010)


text:
|Product name
|Key coffee coffee filter for 1-2 person unbleached tab with 40 pieces
|For more product information
|Contents: 40 pieces
* It is bleached pulp using the 100% easy-open tab with coffee filter (paper filter).
|Product description
|"Key coffee coffee filter for 1-2 person unbleached tab with 40 pieces ', is a bleached pulp using the 100% easy-open tab with coffee filter (paper filter). For 1-2 people. 40 Sheets.
|How to use the
|(1) Portion of the bottom fold on.
(2) Side zipper wrap around to the opposite side.
(3) Filter put Dripper fit snugly.
(4) Dust extraction after that run out of water and the filter for each litter bins to throw away.
|Precautions for use
|-Please use the Chuck part bent to make sure alternate. Do not use adhesives or other mechanical portion has crimped, so bottom is possible.
-Please つまみ上げないで the filter after use. This way the bottom of the filter, a burn may cause any unexpected accidents.
-Cannot be used with cone-shaped Dripper. Make sure the to line up the shape and size of your Dripper (Lotto) and coffee filter before use.
-Please save the moisture outside.
|Country of origin
|Key coffee Inc.
Key coffee Customer Center: 0120-192008
|And the coffee filter (paper filter)
|Paper filter is a paper filter drip coffee time.
|JAN code
|Manufactured and sold
|Key coffee
|JP Post EMS
|Your order will be shipped to you via Japan Post EMS. Japan Post is a speedy delivery service that delivers to more than 120 countries. With an effective tracking system and insurance program, EMS is able to offer a secure delivery worldwide. You can track your package with the tracking code provided and it will be delivered within a week. See estimated shipping fee
|Credit Card
|We accept credit and debit cards.
The following credit and debit cards can be used:
•American Express
Start Date:01/02/2017 00:00 JST
End Date:31/03/2017 23:59 JST
This product cannot be shipped to United States from the store.
Please contact the store for further information.


text:
Surprisingly, though, most of the material avoids the treacle zone, while Jason Segel, as the man-child in residence, gives a performance that I can only describe as gravely affecting. show more
The funny, touching and vital Jeff, Who Lives at Home reaffirms your faith in Jay and Mark Duplass. Their films hit you where you live. show more
Nothing in this quiet, quirky comedy from the brothers Duplass comes close to Jeff's inspired, bong-fueled deconstruction of "Signs," but it gives us a good idea of where this guy is coming from. show more