text:
Receiver operating curves for each of the Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire subscales in 630 psychiatric outpatients. All curves were significant at P<.001. AUC indicates area under the curve; please see the first footnote to Table 3 for additional subscale abbreviations.
Zimmerman M, Mattia JI. A Self-Report Scale to Help Make Psychiatric DiagnosesThe Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(8):787-794. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.8.787
© 2017
The Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire (PDSQ) is a brief, psychometrically strong, self-report scale designed to screen for the most common DSM-IV Axis I disorders encountered in outpatient mental health settings. In the present report, we describe the diagnostic performance (sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values) of the PDSQ in an outpatient setting.
Six hundred thirty psychiatric outpatients presenting for treatment were evaluated with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV after completing the PDSQ. Patients arrived approximately 20 minutes before the scheduled time of the appointment to complete the scale. Diagnostic raters were blind to responses on the scale.
The PDSQ's subscales' diagnostic performance varied in a predictable manner according to the cutoff score—as the threshold for case identification increased, subscale sensitivity decreased and specificity increased. Mean subscale sensitivities of 80%, 85%, and 90% resulted in mean subscale specificities of 78%, 73%, and 66%, respectively, and negative predictive values of 95%, 96%, and 97%. Receiver operating curves were determined for each subscale and all areas under the curve were significant.
The PDSQ is a diagnostic aid designed to be used in clinical practice to facilitate the efficiency of conducting initial diagnostic evaluations. From a clinical perspective, it is most important that a diagnostic aid have good sensitivity, so that most cases are detected, and high negative predictive value, so that most noncases on the measure are indeed noncases. Our results indicate that most of the PDSQ subscales were able to achieve this goal.
THE PSYCHIATRIC Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire (PDSQ) is a self-report scale designed to screen for the most common DSM-IV Axis I disorders encountered in outpatient mental health settings. Five research and clinical factors occurring during the past 2 decades contributed to the development of the PDSQ. First, the publication of specific inclusion criteria to make psychiatric diagnoses, complemented by the development of standardized interviews to reliably assess the criteria, set the stage for the construction of self-administered questionnaires, such as the PDSQ, which screen for or make provisional psychiatric diagnoses. While research diagnostic interviews, such as the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia,1 Diagnostic Interview Schedule,2 and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID),3 are not infallible, they have been accepted as diagnostic standards to which the diagnostic performance of other tests (be they biological or self-report) are compared.
Second, several research groups demonstrated that it was possible to construct a self-report questionnaire that "diagnosed" individual DSM-IV disorders. One of the first such measures was constructed in the early 1980s by Zimmerman and colleagues,4 who developed the Inventory to Diagnose Depression to evaluate the DSM-III criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD). Their initial work on the Inventory to Diagnose Depression was replicated by other research groups,5,6 and subsequently other questionnaires have been designed to screen for specific DSM-IV Axis I disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and bulimia nervosa.7,8
The third influence on our decision to develop a questionnaire assessing several Axis I diagnoses was the increasing recognition of the frequency and importance of diagnostic comorbidity.9,10 High rates of comorbidity may be caused by covariation of truly distinct syndromes or may well be an artifact of the nomenclature; nonetheless, detection of comorbidity is considered clinically important because patients with multiple disorders tend to have poorer outcomes.11- 14
Fourth, there has been accumulating evidence that diagnostic comorbidity is underrecognized in routine clinical practice.15,16 Studies of comorbidity rates in patients whose conditions were diagnosed by clinicians in the routine clinical setting are one half to one third the comorbidity rates reported in studies using standardized research diagnostic interviews.16
Fifth, the changing health care delivery system has placed increasing time constraints on conducting diagnostic evaluations. When clinicians' time to conduct diagnostic evaluations is reduced, it is more likely that additional psychiatric disorders beyond the presenting complaint will not be detected.
These 5 factors were the impetus for the development of the PDSQ. Our goal was to develop a psychometrically sound, clinically useful instrument that was brief enough to be completed by patients before their initial diagnostic evaluation, yet comprehensive enough to cover the most common disorders for which individuals seek treatment. Finally, the scoring and organization of the measure should be clear and straightforward enough so that a clinician, or office worker can rapidly review and score the scale and obtain clinically meaningful information. In previous reports from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project, we presented the psychometric properties of the successive versions of the PDSQ.17,18 In the present report from the MIDAS project, we describe the diagnostic performance of the PDSQ in an outpatient setting.
A subset of patients (n = 630) evaluated in the Rhode Island Hospital Department of Psychiatry outpatient practice were interviewed by a trained diagnostic rater who administered the SCID and presented the results to the treating clinician. We previously reported that the patients who were and were not interviewed with the SCID were similar in their demographic characteristics and scores on self-report measures of symptom severity.16 The Rhode Island Hospital Institutional Review Committee approved the research protocol, and all patients provided informed, written consent. Details regarding interviewer experience, training, supervision, and reliability are presented in other reports from the MIDAS project.16,19,20
When scheduling their appointments, patients were told to arrive early to complete some standard forms. The PDSQ takes approximately 15 to 20 minutes to complete, and its administration did not disrupt usual clinical practice. Because we were planning to test the PDSQ's validity by examining the relationship between subscale scores and psychiatric diagnoses, SCID interviewers were kept blind to subjects' responses on the measure. The PDSQ was always completed before the SCID.
The PDSQ has undergone several rounds of study involving more than 3000 primary care and psychiatric outpatients. After each large validation study, the scale was revised based on a psychometric analysis of the subscales and items. The final version of the PDSQ consists of 126 questions assessing the symptoms of 13 DSM-IV disorders in 5 areas: eating disorders (bulimia/binge-eating disorder); mood disorders (major depressive disorder [MDD]); anxiety disorders (panic disorder, agoraphobia, PTSD, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder [GAD], and social phobia); substance use disorders (alcohol abuse/dependence and drug abuse/dependence); and somatoform disorders (somatization disorder and hypochondriasis). In addition, there is a 6-item psychosis screen. The disorders chosen for coverage were selected because they are the most prevalent in epidemiological surveys of the community21,22 and the most frequently reported in large clinical samples.16,23,24 Three subscales (mania, dysthymic disorder, and anorexia) were dropped because of poor psychometric performance after extensive investigation.
In determining the length of the PDSQ subscales, we tried to balance the desire to keep the scale brief so that it would be feasible to incorporate it into routine clinical practice with the desire to make the scale comprehensive so that most or all diagnostic criteria of the included disorders were assessed. The MDD subscale was the longest PDSQ subscale, at 22 items, because it assessed each of the 9 DSM-IV symptom criteria, and a separate question for each element of compound MDD criteria was included (eg, the sleep disturbance criterion includes questions of both increased and decreased sleep). The reason for including this level of detail was the potential treatment implications of the presence of vegetative and reverse vegetative symptoms of MDD. The number of items on the other PDSQ subscales were as follows: PTSD (n = 15), bulimia/binge-eating disorder (n = 10), obsessive-compulsive disorder (n = 8), panic disorder (n = 8), psychosis (n = 6), agoraphobia (n = 11), social phobia (n = 15), alcohol abuse/dependence (n = 6), drug abuse/dependence (n = 6), GAD (n = 10), somatization (n = 5), and hypochondriasis (n = 5).
The PDSQ inquires about current and recent symptoms. Because the DSM-IV symptom-duration requirement varies by disorder, we adopted multiple time frames. We thought it would be too confusing and awkward to follow all of the DSM-IV duration requirements; therefore we simplified this by using 2 different time frames. All but 2 questions on the first 6 subscales (MDD, PTSD, bulimia/binge-eating disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and psychosis) refer to the past 2 weeks. The exceptions are the first 2 questions on the PTSD subscale, which ask about having ever experienced or witnessed a traumatic event. The time frame for the other 7 subscales (agoraphobia, social phobia, alcohol abuse/dependence, drug abuse/dependence, GAD, somatization, and hypochondriasis) is the 6 months before the evaluation. We chose a longer time frame for these domains of psychopathology because the symptoms of some of these disorders are more intermittent and may not have been present during the 2 weeks before the evaluation. For example, problems associated with drugs and alcohol are often sporadic, in contrast to the daily symptoms of MDD. Similarly, phobic situations may be encountered on an irregular basis. For GAD and hypochondriasis, symptoms are assessed for the past 6 months because DSM-IV requires a 6-month duration to be diagnosed.
The PDSQ was intended to be administered and scored in the office before the initial diagnostic evaluation. Respondents easily understand the yes/no response format of the scale. To illustrate the content of the scale, Table 1 lists the items and format of the generalized anxiety disorder subscale. Items answered yes are scored 1, items answered no, 0. The items on each diagnostic subscale are grouped, and the subscales are clearly demarcated from each other. This organization of the PDSQ facilitates rapid hand-scoring that makes it feasible to be used in routine clinical practice. (Copies of the PDSQ are available from Western Psychological Services, 12031 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90025-1251 [e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com]).
In the validity study of the final version of the PDSQ, 994 psychiatric outpatients completed the scale.17 The 13 PDSQ subscales demonstrated good to excellent levels of internal consistency. Cronbach α was greater than .80 for 12 of the 13 subscales, and the mean of the α coefficients was .86. Test-retest reliability was examined in the 185 subjects who completed the PDSQ 2 times less than a week apart. Test-retest reliability coefficients were greater than 0.80 for 9 subscales, and the mean of the test-retest correlation coefficients was 0.83. The convergent and discriminant validity of the PDSQ subscales25 was examined in 361 patients who completed a package of questionnaires at home less than a week after completing the PDSQ. The booklet included measures of symptoms related to each of the PDSQ symptoms domains.7,26- 40 Every PDSQ subscale was more highly correlated with the concordant validity scale assessing the same symptom domain vs other symptoms domains. Across all subscales, the mean correlation between the PDSQ subscales and their respective validity scale was 0.66, while the mean correlation between PDSQ subscales and measures of other symptom domains was 0.25. Finally, for each of the disorders assessed by the PDSQ, the mean diagnosis-specific subscale score in patients with and without that DSM-IV diagnosis were compared. For every PDSQ subscale, scores were significantly higher for patients with, vs without, the corresponding diagnosis.
The core of the diagnostic evaluation was the January 1995 DSM-IV patient version of the SCID. The Axis I version of the SCID covers 7 DSM-IV sections: mood, psychotic, substance use, anxiety, somatoform, adjustment, and eating disorders. For 3 symptom domains—psychosis, bulimia, and somatization—we combined patients with related diagnoses. The psychosis group included patients diagnosed as having schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, psychotic disorder not otherwise specified (NOS), MDD with psychotic features, and bipolar depression with psychotic features. The bulimia group included subjects diagnosed as having binge-eating disorder (a DSM-IV appendix diagnosis that would otherwise be captured as part of the eating disorder NOS category), as well as bulimia nervosa. The somatization group included patients diagnosed as having somatization disorder and undifferentiated somatoform disorder. Finally, when examining the PDSQ MDD subscale, we combined patients with MDD, bipolar I depression, bipolar II depression, and 4 patients who met full criteria for MDD but also had nonbizarre delusions outside of the mood episode. According to DSM-IV, these 4 patients were diagnosed as having psychotic disorder NOS and depressive disorder NOS.
There are several excellent articles describing the descriptive statistics of test performance.41- 45 Despite these, in several studies of the performance of self-administered screening tests, incorrect definitions and miscalculations of these statistics were found46; therefore, we present a brief overview of this area.
Sensitivity refers to a test's ability to correctly identify individuals with the disorder, whereas specificity refers to a test's ability to identify persons who are not ill. Sensitivity and specificity provide useful psychometric information about a test; however, the clinically more meaningful conditional probabilities are positive and negative predictive values. These values indicate the probability that an individual is ill or not ill given that the test identifies them as ill or not ill. Accordingly, positive predictive value is the percentage of individuals classified as ill by the test who truly are ill, whereas negative predictive value is the percentage of individuals classified not ill by the test who truly are not ill.
Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values are not invariant properties of a test—they are a function of the cutoff point used to distinguish cases from noncases, they are influenced by disease prevalence, and they are related to each other. Four axioms characterize these relationships: (1) Lowering a test's cutoff score to identify cases increases the test's sensitivity and decreases its specificity. (2) Conversely, raising the test threshold to identify cases decreases the test's sensitivity and increases its specificity. (3) At constant sensitivity and specificity, a test's positive predictive value is higher in samples where disease prevalence is greater. (4) At constant sensitivity and specificity, a test's negative predictive value is higher in samples where disease prevalence is lower.
Depending on the instrument's purpose, cutoff scores might be selected to optimize the sensitivity or specificity of the scale.47,48 In the present report, we describe the diagnostic performance of the PDSQ subscales across the range of cutoff scores. We determined the average specificity and positive and negative predictive value across the PDSQ subscales when sensitivity was 80%, 85%, and 90%. When the values of sensitivity were not exactly 80%, 85%, or 90%, we extrapolated the values of the other diagnostic performance statistics. For example, the agoraphobia subscale had no corresponding cutoff for a sensitivity of 85%. We extrapolated from the sensitivity of 82% and 88% (specificity of 83% and 75%), and estimated that at a sensitivity of 85% the agoraphobia subscale would have a specificity of 79%. We conducted receiver operating curve analyses to completely determine the subscales' diagnostic performance across the range of cutoff points and to allow us to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the different subscales by examining their areas under the curve (AUCs).48,49
The data in Table 2 show the demographic and diagnostic characteristics of the sample. The majority of the subjects were white, female, married or single, and had some college education. The mean (SD) age of the sample was 37.8 (11.9) years. The most frequent DSM-IV diagnoses were MDD (47.9%), social phobia (26.5%), GAD (17.5%), and panic disorder (17.0%).
The data in Table 3 and Table 4 show that the PDSQ subscales' diagnostic properties varied in a predictable manner according to the cutoff score—as the threshold increased sensitivity decreased and specificity increased. At respective cutoff scores resulting in a sensitivity of 80%, subscale specificities ranged from a high of 91% for the bulimia and drug abuse/dependence subscales to a low of 58% for the somatization subscale. The mean specificity across all subscales when subscale sensitivity was 80%, 85%, and 90% was 78%, 73%, and 66%, respectively. (It should be noted that the psychosis subscale did not achieve a sensitivity of 80%. For this subscale, our analysis included the corresponding diagnostic statistics for the subscale's maximum sensitivity of 75%. In our other analyses, if the subscale did not achieve a sensitivity of 85% or 90%, the subscale was not included in the calculation of average specificity and predictive values across subscales.) When subscale sensitivity was 80%, 85%, and 90%, the mean positive predictive value across the subscales was 32%, 31%, and 30%, and the mean negative predictive value was 95%, 96%, and 97%, respectively.
Receiver operating characteristic curves were determined for each subscale and all AUCs were significant (Figure 1). All areas under the curve were above 0.75, ranging from 0.76 to 0.92 with a mean of 0.85.
In the present article, we have described the diagnostic properties of the PDSQ, a self-report scale designed to assess the most common DSM-IV Axis I disorders presenting in outpatient settings. Longer, multidimensional questionnaires, such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 250 and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory,51 have been used as diagnostic aids; however, they were not designed to be congruent with the current diagnostic nomenclature. Moreover, these inventories are too long, and their scoring too time-consuming, to be routinely completed in the early 1980sand scored in an office waiting area before the initial evaluation. Other scales have been developed to assess specific DSM-IV Axis I disorders such as MDD,4 PTSD,7 and bulimia,8 but they are limited to only one type of pathology. The self-report version of the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders assesses multiple disorders, but it was developed for use in primary care settings.52
The PDSQ was intended as a diagnostic aid to be used in clinical practice to facilitate the efficiency of conducting the initial diagnostic evaluation. Consequently, we recommend that a cutoff resulting in diagnostic sensitivity of 90% be chosen when using the scale in clinical practice. Table 4 highlights the cutoff scores on each subscale corresponding to a sensitivity of 90%. From a clinical perspective, it is most important that the diagnostic aid have good sensitivity and corresponding high negative predictive value. With high negative predictive value, the clinician can be confident that when the test indicates that the disorder is not present there is little need to inquire about that disorder's symptoms. False positives are less of a problem for a screening questionnaire because their major cost is the time a clinician takes to determine that the disorder is not present. Presumably, this is time the clinician would have nonetheless spent for the same purpose. Based on the cutoffs resulting in a sensitivity of 90%, the mean negative predictive value of the PDSQ subscales was 97%, and the false positive rate was 34%.
It is important to understand what might contribute to false-positive results. In our analyses, patients diagnosed as having "subthreshold" DSM-IV disorders (ie, partial remission, or NOS) were not counted as cases. Cases below the threshold of full diagnostic criteria were not rare. Elsewhere, we examined the frequency of anxiety disorders in depressed outpatients and found that 10.7% of the patients had an anxiety disorder in partial remission at the time of the evaluation and 15.3% had a current anxiety disorder NOS.53 Not surprisingly, patients with subthreshold disorders scored significantly higher on the PDSQ subscale than patients without the disorder, although lower than patients who met full diagnostic criteria. Thus, some of the patients who were false positives had clinically significant symptoms of the disorder being assessed, although they did not meet full diagnostic criteria for a current disorder.
Criteria overlap among the DSM-IV disorders will result in false positives in any scale that follows the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. As has been discussed by others, the high rates of comorbidity among the DSM-IV disorders may be caused, in part, by the difficulty in clearly demarcating the boundary between different syndromes,54- 56 and some symptoms are inclusion criteria of more than 1 disorder.
Another assessment issue that could result in false-positive results on some of the PDSQ subscales is different time frames covered by the SCID and PDSQ. Our rule for distinguishing between current and past episodes on the SCID was the same for all disorders—after 2 months of symptom resolution, the disorder was considered a past diagnosis. This followed the DSM-IV suggestion for defining remission of a depressive episode. However, on the PDSQ, the questions assessing some disorders, such as alcohol and substance abuse/dependence, referred to the past 6 months. Thus, some subjects who quit drinking or abusing drugs more than 2 months before the evaluation, but less than 6 months ago, might be false positive on the PDSQ because we would have diagnosed them as having a past, not a current, substance use problem. In fact, it was our experience that even some individuals who quit abusing substances before 6 months ago would respond positively to the PDSQ questions. Consistent with this, patients with a past diagnosis of alcohol or drug abuse/dependence scored significantly higher than patients without a history of alcohol or drug problems. These post hoc analyses indicate that many of the false positives on the PDSQ are the result of the detection of clinically important symptoms.
A possible limitation of the study was our failure to randomize the order of presentation of the PDSQ and SCID assessments; thus, we were unable to examine the influence of order effects. Instead, we studied the PDSQ as we expect a screening measure to be used—preceding the more detailed diagnostic evaluation.
The present sample was drawn from a large general adult outpatient private practice setting in which the most common presenting problems were mood and anxiety disorders. Rhode Island has a strong community mental health center network that treats most of the chronically mentally ill patients, and this accounts, in part, for the low prevalence rates of psychotic disorders. The practice does not have a specialist in the treatment of substance use disorders; thus patients with a primary substance use problem are infrequently encountered. It will be important to replicate and extend the present findings to samples with different demographic and clinical characteristics. Another direction for future research is the performance of the PDSQ in primary care settings. Studies of an earlier version of the scale found that it was well received by primary care patients, and it possessed favorable psychometric properties.57,58
We developed the PDSQ to aid clinicians in making psychiatric diagnoses. It is common in medical practices to have patients complete some initial paperwork that is reviewed before the initial visit. We recommend that the PDSQ be used in a similar way. That is, the responses to the scale should be reviewed before the face-to-face encounter, and the information should make it less likely that areas of psychopathology are overlooked. Of course, a thorough diagnostic interview is the diagnostic standard of care. There are no special questions on the PDSQ that allows it to detect psychopathology that otherwise would go undetected during a clinical evaluation. However, clinicians often do not have the time to be as comprehensive as they would like. It is our hope that the PDSQ can improve the efficiency of the diagnostic evaluation by guiding clinicians toward symptom areas that require more vs less assessment. Elsewhere, we described how the PDSQ validly detected PTSD in patients whose conditions were not diagnosed with PTSD by their treating clinicians.59
During the past few years, a cottage industry has arisen promoting products that assist in diagnostic and outcome assessment. The American Psychological Association60 has clearly written guidelines for test development; however, most of the tools marketed at professional meetings as DSM-IV diagnostic aids have not been subjected to these rigorous test development procedures. Research demonstrating the reliability and validity of these tools rarely has been published in peer-reviewed journals. Nevertheless, these products are advertised and sold, and some insurance companies require their use. Diagnostic (and outcomes) evaluations are an important component of case formulation and treatment planning, and professional organizations might want to take a more active role in monitoring instruments that are intended to influence the diagnostic process.
Accepted for publication October 3, 2000.
Supported in part by grant MH56404 from the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Md (Dr Mattia).
Reprints: Mark Zimmerman, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, 235 Plain St, Suite 501, Providence, RI 02905 (e-mail: email@example.com).


text:
Cooler Summer Theme
by: john geant • 6
All Android applications categories
All Android games categories
by: john geant • 6
This ia a wallpaper&ringtones of summer time.In this app you'll be able to seamlessly download free, high quality Ringtones, Notification Sounds, HD Wallpapers and Live Wallpapers optimized for your device.
? Set ringtones, notification sounds and wallpapers directly from the app.
? Supports default ringtone, contact ringtones, message tones, alarms, alerts and all types notifications.
? Share your favorites with your friends.
wallpapers, HD wallpapers,summer theme,ringtones
Tags: summer vacations , tema de veranodescarga gratis , cooler ringtone , cooler theme , cooler summer themes , cooler klingelton
Users review
from 6 reviews
Download Cooler Summer Theme
Free - V1.5 - 7M
Sorry ...
This app is no longer available.
More actions

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Benefits of Blended Families
Stepkids tell the truth.
For better or worse, "stepkids are more likely to be honest about what's wrong with your parenting style," says Van Dyck. "If you listen to them, you might find they're right about how you could be more effective."
Marriage No. 2 can be a better model.
"Your kids have been through divorce, and you can be sure they learned something — not always positive — about intimate relationships," she says. When parents are in a more positive marriage, they have "the energy to be better role models for negotiation, forgiveness, generosity, and love."
Kids get a broader worldview.
Every kid's upbringing seems normal to him or her; all families are different in how they function day to day. "It's a shock when a kid goes off to college and finds out how other people live," notes Van Dyck. "Stepfamilies can stretch a kid's thinking and give him or her a stronger sense of self in the world."
Thanks! You're on our list.
And your life's about to get more interesting.
Some people like to travel by train because it combines the slowness of a car with the cramped public exposure of an airplane.
Dennis Miller
I think my pilot was a little inexperienced. We were sitting on the runway, and he said, "OK, folks, we're gonna be taking off in a just few—whoa! Here we go."
Kevin Nealon
"I can't wait until your vacation is over." —Everyone following you on Instagram
A man knocked on my door and asked for a donation toward the local swimming pool. So I gave him a glass of water.
Comedian Greg Davies
Just found the worst page in the entire dictionary. What I saw was disgraceful, disgusting, dishonest, and disingenuous.
Client: We need you to log in to the YouTube and make all our company videos viral.
From clientsfromhell.net
My cat just walked up to the paper shredder and said, "Teach me everything you know."
"Just because you can't dance doesn't mean you shouldn't dance." —Alcohol
@yoyoha (Josh Hara)
My parents didn't want to move to Florida, but they turned 60 and that's the law.
—Jerry Seinfeld
Q: What do you call an Amish guy with his hand in a horse's mouth?
A: A mechanic.


text:
[new] nursing programs hampton roads virginia download [WPhh] file now
About nursing programs hampton roads virginia
FileName: nursing programs hampton roads virginia
Languages: ENGLISH
Release date:
04/01/2015 10:24:25
Visit Website | More Programs
Last month's downloads::
Windows XP/Vista/7/8 (32-Bit/64-Bit)
Download URLs
Related software:
04/01/2015 10:24:25
Nursing Employment Opportunities ... Acute Care of the Elderly: Riverside Health System is a major provider of health and quality of life services in Virginia, an ...The Hampton University School of Nursing has prepared nurses to serve humanity for over a century. Offering traditional baccalaureate, accelerated ...More weigh in on "Blurred Lines" Academy Award winner John Legend said during a Saturday interview that the verdict involving Va. Beach superstar Pharrell Williams ...Virginia Board of Nursing Medication Aide Training Programs. Below is a list of the currently registered Medication Aide training programs.The Salvation Army is at work in 124 countries worldwide, providing hope in many different languages and through many different programs. Where there is need, you ...(Hampton) Calendar, departments, school links, employment opportunities, district news, and contact information.Greenbrier Christian Academy is located in Chesapeake an independent city in the South Hampton Roads portion of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area of eastern Virginia.CareerConnection.com is Hampton Roads' leading online recruitment site. We have the most jobs and the best employers in Virginia Beach, Norfolk, Chesapeake, Suffolk ...President, Provost and Dean Richard V. Homan, MD, welcomes you to EVMS and invites you to learn more. MoreOfficial site including a guide to city services.
nursing programs hampton roads virginia
Most downloaded this week:
colbert 29 10
authentec aes1610 fingerprint driver for xp
3m packing supplies
la ballet nutcracker
webpage how to
aquaman throne of Atlantis
james bond blood stone
william h durham books
virtual nes cheats
intel x3360 motherboard
color macbook air
devlieg manuals
8th grade choices program
gateway solo 5300 notebook
sound effect toys
ulead cd dvd pictureshow 3 deluxe crack
gines records book
un water programme
how to answer how are you
download tree view control
how to cure finger nail infections
how to make rosette prize ribbons
bloomingdale il phone book
ceiling book shelf
driver hp l1520


text:
It looks like you're new here. If you want to get involved, click one of these buttons!
MMORPG.com and Ingle Games are happy to present our members with beta access to Chaos Online! All you need to get your key is your free MMORPG.com login. Once logged in you can get the key immediately.
- MMORPG.COM Staff -
The dead know only one thing: it is better to be alive.
Probably the game sucked so badly they ended it after giving away 2 keys?
lol...too funny
There are some other ways to get beta key, please check it here:
Just like TV and other industry, mmo will become made in china one day too. cheep and not bad quality.
Just need some time.
Well, the gameplay trailer at youtube didn't look that impressing, it looked like a 2D game like Diablo or Linage.
Graphics looked like the same old stuff we seen before, motorcycles and guns in a fantasy game seems to be the big difference between this and other games.
So, any one in the beta so far that can tell us why this game is worth playing?
Give us the good and bad things that a video and some small screenshots don't show.
Very sorry everyone. It helps if I actually enable the event after I set it up Unfortunately as an admin they appear normal even when inactive for testing purposes.
Happy Holidays!
- MMORPG.COM Staff -
The dead know only one thing: it is better to be alive.
guys, you are right, it does looked like diablo or linage
but it is worth to try out


text:
The prime goal of this core is to provide expert histopathology services, facilities, and resources for investigations involving cell and tissue microscopic analyses. Our Histopathology Core was established in 2004 with funding from the COBRE in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (8P20GM103465), with Dr. Volkhard Lindner as the Core Director. The success of this core has engaged all Center investigators, attracted many investigators from our Institute?s COBRE in Vascular Biology and Maine Medical Center, and a number of regional clients. Current services provided include the fixation and processing of specimens for frozen, paraffin and plastic embedded sectioning. A comprehensive spectrum of histological stains and specialty stains are offered. Detection of specific proteins by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a key service, and our staff expertly develops and optimizes antigen retrieval, analysis, and versatile detection methods. This core facility has also developed and characterized highly specific rabbit monoclonal antibodies for the detection of several antigens where quality antibodies do not exist. In transitioning to Phase III, we outline several innovative features. First, we recently have developed the capacity to prepare custom tissue microarrays, and this is being applied to genetically engineered mouse models, human specimens, and mice generated from the Knockout Mutant Mouse Project (KOMP) at The Jackson Laboratory. This core will collaborate with the Mouse Transgenic Core of our sister COBRE in Vascular Biology to generate unique tissue arrays from this mutant mouse resource. In addition, Histopathology will collaborate with our Molecular Phenotyping Core (Oxburgh) to facilitate quantitative analysis of immunostained antigens. The ability to quantify both histological and immunostained specimens will significantly sharpen cellular and pathological phenotypic analysis of disease models and human pathological specimens. Thus, for Phase-Ill, our Histopathology Core is well-positioned to provide, and expand, comprehensive expert analyses of a broad spectrum of cell and tissue specimens.
RELEVANCE (See instructions): The vast majority of federally funded research at MMCRI has needs for histology services. The Histopathology Core will continue to deliver these services in an expert and timely manner. In addition, the Core will expand in innovative areas such as custom tissue microarray generation in collaboration with the Maine Medical Center Tissue Bank and the Knockout Mutant Mouse Project (KOMP) at The Jackson Laboratory.
|Ufkin, Melanie L; Peterson, Sarah; Yang, Xuehui et al. (2014) miR-125a regulates cell cycle, proliferation, and apoptosis by targeting the ErbB pathway in acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res 38:402-10
|Guay, Justin A; Wojchowski, Don M; Fang, Jing et al. (2014) Death associated protein kinase 2 is expressed in cortical interstitial cells of the mouse kidney. BMC Res Notes 7:345
|Favreau, Amanda J; Vary, Calvin P H; Brooks, Peter C et al. (2014) Cryptic collagen IV promotes cell migration and adhesion in myeloid leukemia. Cancer Med 3:265-72
|Han, Xiang Hua; Jin, Yong-Ri; Tan, Leonard et al. (2014) Regulation of the follistatin gene by RSPO-LGR4 signaling via activation of the WNT/*-catenin pathway in skeletal myogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 34:752-64
|Peterson, Sarah M; Thompson, Jeffrey A; Ufkin, Melanie L et al. (2014) Common features of microRNA target prediction tools. Front Genet 5:23
|Verma, Rakesh; Su, Su; McCrann, Donald J et al. (2014) RHEX, a novel regulator of human erythroid progenitor cell expansion and erythroblast development. J Exp Med 211:1715-22
|Fetting, Jennifer L; Guay, Justin A; Karolak, Michele J et al. (2014) FOXD1 promotes nephron progenitor differentiation by repressing decorin in the embryonic kidney. Development 141:17-27
|Guntur, Anyonya R; Le, Phuong T; Farber, Charles R et al. (2014) Bioenergetics during calvarial osteoblast differentiation reflect strain differences in bone mass. Endocrinology 155:1589-95
|Li, Lei; Byrne, Susan M; Rainville, Nicole et al. (2014) Brief report: serpin Spi2A as a novel modulator of hematopoietic progenitor cell formation. Stem Cells 32:2550-6


text:
Embedded, wireless devices, dynamic IP routing
A new Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Working Group wants to develop a framework for applications ranging from factory automation to....
San Franciso, CA – A new Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF IETF Routing Over Low-power and Lossy Networks (ROLL) Working Group
The efforts of the
IETF) Working Group is chartered with developing a framework for using IP-based routing techniques over low-power, "lossy" networks - networks that wirelessly connect large numbers of sensors and other small, embedded devices in applications ranging from factory automation to the "connected home."
IETF Routing Over Low-power and Lossy Networks (ROLL) Working Group
build on recent IETF advances, such as those of the IETF 6LoWPAN Working Group (RFC 4944), which addressed the standardization of IP protocols over low-power wireless radios links, the groups said on May 7. Arch Rock Corp
The new ROLL group, co-chaired by executives from
Arch Rock Corp
. and Cisco
, intends to develop efficient and interoperable routing protocols that support the use of open-standard, low-power IP networking over a variety of physical links, including IEEE 802.15.4, Bluetooth, Low Power Wi-Fi and wired links. An end-to-end IP-based routing framework will help enable systems of embedded devices that have limited power, memory and processing resources to be connected and managed seamlessly under the IP umbrella regardless of the type of physical links on which they are connected. This contrasts with earlier non-IP architectures that have linked entire networking and routing schemes to one radio technology. Education: Annual integrator meeting; RFID show; podcasts
Co-chairing the new IETF ROLL Working Group, which held its first meeting in March during IETF-71 in Philadelphia, PA, are Jean-Philippe Vasseur, engineer at Cisco, and Dr. David Culler, Arch Rock co-founder and chief technology officer, and professor of computer science at the University of California at Berkeley.
" The IP standard is moving at breakneck speed into new spheres such as industrial monitoring, home and building automation, and urban infrastructure networks," said Culler. "But the links and devices in these environments have different characteristics than in the traditional IT-oriented Internet: lower power, bandwidth and processing capability, the need to route around obstructions. Building on earlier IETF work that enabled IP to run efficiently in such environments, it is now critical to specify the most efficient dynamic routing protocols with multi-vendor interoperability in mind. Arch Rock and Cisco share a belief that solutions developed for this new 'embedded tier' of the Internet should naturally extend the ubiquitous IP infrastructure without the protocol translation gateways and proxies that have previously been required to connect non-interoperable legacy networks."
" Early adoption of open-standard, IP-based solutions ," Vasseur said, "made the Internet the incredibly powerful force it is today. Cisco and Arch Rock strongly support standardization of IP-based routing solutions for low- power networks through ROLL because we believe that adapting the known body of IP routing techniques to a new class of links with specific resource constraints will address the needs of emerging embedded markets far better than non-standard, non-IP approaches. IP has proven to be the open standard for a variety of devices, and the use of IP in low-power networks will enable a variety of new services in connected homes and buildings, factories and smart cities, making the 'Internet of Things' a reality.
" The objective is to reuse a number of existing IP-based technologies and extend or adapt them only when needed to address the specific requirements of these networks. An interoperable IP-based approach, available over a choice of industry-standard low-power radio networks, will help offer our customers maximum interoperability, deployment flexibility and investment protection at minimum cost," Vasseur added.
Where did the phrase "Internet of things" originate? This story from Control Engineering has the answer.
Education: Annual integrator meeting; RFID show; podcasts
– Edited by Mark T. Hoske , editor in chief
Control Engineering News Desk
Register here and scroll down to select your choice of eNewsletters free .
Log in or create an account to submit your comment for this article.
- Events & Awards
- Magazine Archives
- Oil & Gas Engineering
- Supplements
- Salary Survey
- Blogs
- Digital Reports
- Survey Prize Winners
Annual Salary Survey
Before the calendar turned, 2016 already had the makings of a pivotal year for manufacturing, and for the world.
There were the big events for the year, including the United States as Partner Country at Hannover Messe in April and the 2016 International Manufacturing Technology Show in Chicago in September. There's also the matter of the U.S. presidential elections in November, which promise to shape policy in manufacturing for years to come.
But the year started with global economic turmoil, as a slowdown in Chinese manufacturing triggered a worldwide stock hiccup that sent values plummeting. The continued plunge in world oil prices has resulted in a slowdown in exploration and, by extension, the manufacture of exploration equipment.
Read more: 2015 Salary Survey


text:
St Paul's Cathedral
this wiki
|St Paul's
|Cathedral Church of St Paul the Apostle
|City of London
|United Kingdom
|Church of England
|Sir Christopher Wren
|English Baroque
|518ft (158m)
|Nave width
|121ft (37m)
|365ft (111m)
|Dome height (outer)
|278ft (85m)
|Dome height (inner)
|225ft (68m)
|Dome diameter (outer)
|112ft (34m)
|Dome diameter (inner)
|102ft (31m)
|Richard Chartres
|David Ison
|Canon pastor
|Michael Colclough
|Michael Hampel
|Director of music
|Andrew Carwood
St Paul's Cathedral, London, is a Church of England cathedral and seat of the Bishop of London. Its dedication to Paul the Apostle dates back to the original church on this site, founded in AD 604.[1] St Paul's sits at the top of Ludgate Hill, the highest point in the City of London, and is the mother church of the Diocese of London. The present church dating from the late 17th century was built to an English Baroque design of Sir Christopher Wren, as part of a major rebuilding program which took place in the city after the Great Fire of London, and was completed within his lifetime.[2]
The cathedral is one of the most famous and most recognisable sights of London, with its dome, framed by the spires of Wren's City churches, dominating the skyline for 300 years.[3] At 365 feet (111 m) high, it was the tallest building in London from 1710 to 1962, and its dome is also among the highest in the world. In terms of area, St Paul's is the second largest church building in the United Kingdom after Liverpool Cathedral.
St Paul's Cathedral occupies a significant place in the national identity of the English population.[4] It is the central subject of much promotional material, as well as postcard images of the dome standing tall, surrounded by the smoke and fire of the Blitz.[4] Important services held at St Paul's include the funerals of Lord Nelson, the Duke of Wellington, Sir Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher; Jubilee celebrations for Queen Victoria; peace services marking the end of the First and Second World Wars; the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer, the launch of the Festival of Britain and the thanksgiving services for the Golden Jubilee, the 80th Birthday and the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II. St Paul's Cathedral is a busy working church, with hourly prayer and daily services.
Previous cathedralsEdit
There was a late-Roman episcopal see in London, and Bishop Restitutus of London attended the Council of Arles in AD 314. The location of Roman London's cathedral is unknown, although it has been argued that a large and ornate 4th-century building on Tower Hill, remains of which were excavated in 1989, may have been the cathedral.[5][6]
The Elizabethan antiquarian William Camden argued that a Roman temple dedicated to the goddess Diana had once stood on the site of the medieval St Paul's cathedral.[7] Christopher Wren reported that he had found no trace of any such temple during the works to build the new cathedral after the Great Fire, and Camden's hypothesis is not accepted by modern archaeologists.[8]
Bede records that in AD 604 St Augustine consecrated Mellitus as the first bishop to the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the East Saxons and their king, Sæberht. Sæberht's uncle and overlord, Æthelberht, king of Kent, built a church dedicated to St Paul in London, as the seat of the new bishop.[9] It is assumed, although unproven, that this first Anglo-Saxon cathedral stood on the same site as the later medieval and the present cathedrals.
On the death of Sæberht in about 616 his pagan sons expelled Mellitus from London, and the East Saxons reverted to paganism. The fate of the first cathedral building is unknown. Presumably it was restored or a new building erected on the restoration of Christianity among the East Saxons as the seat of later 7th-century bishops such as Cedd, Wine and Earconwald, the last of whom was buried in the cathedral in 693. This building, or a successor, was destroyed by fire in 962, but rebuilt in the same year.[10] King Æthelred the Unready was buried in the cathedral on his death in 1016. The cathedral was burnt, with much of the city, in a fire in 1087 recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.[10]
Old St Paul'sEdit
The fourth St Paul's, known when architectural history arose in the 19th century as Old St Paul's, was begun by the Normans after the 1087 fire. Work took over 200 years and a great deal was lost in a fire in 1136. The roof was once more built of wood, which was ultimately to doom the building. The church was consecrated in 1240, but a change of heart led to the commencement of an enlargement programme in 1256. When this 'New Work' was completed in 1314 — the cathedral had been consecrated in 1300 — it was the third-longest church in Europe and had one of Europe's tallest spires, at some 489 feet (149 m). Excavations by Francis Penrose in 1878 showed that it was 585 feet (178 m) long and 100 feet (30 m) wide (290 feet or 87 m across the transepts and crossing).
By the 16th century the building was starting to decay. Under Henry VIII and Edward VI, the Dissolution of the Monasteries and Chantries Acts led to the destruction of interior ornamentation and the cloisters, charnels, crypts, chapels, shrines, chantries and other buildings in St Paul's Churchyard. Many of these former religious sites in the churchyard, having been seized by the Crown, were sold as shops and rental properties, especially to printers and booksellers, who were often Puritans. Buildings that were razed often supplied ready-dressed building material for construction projects, such as the Lord Protector's city palace, Somerset House.
Crowds were drawn to the northeast corner of the churchyard, St Paul's Cross, where open-air preaching took place. In 1561 the spire was destroyed by lightning and it was not replaced; this event was taken by both Protestants and Roman Catholics as a sign of God's displeasure at the other faction's actions.
England's first classical architect, Inigo Jones, added the cathedral's west front in the 1630s, but there was much defacing mistreatment of the building by Parliamentarian forces during the Civil War, when the old documents and charters were dispersed and destroyed (Kelly 2004). "Old St Paul's" was gutted in the Great Fire of London of 1666. While it might have been salvageable, albeit with almost complete reconstruction, a decision was taken to build a new cathedral in a modern style instead. Indeed this had been contemplated even before the fire.
Wren's cathedralEdit
Design and constructionEdit
The task of designing a replacement structure was officially assigned to Sir Christopher Wren on 30 July 1669.[11] He had previously been put in charge of designing over fifty other City churches. During the extensive period of design and rationalisation Wren employed from 1684 Nicholas Hawksmoor as his principal assistant.[12] Between 1696 and 1711 William Dickinson was measuring clerk.[13] Concurrent with designing St Paul's, Wren was enagaged in the production of his five Tracts on Architecture.[12]
Wren had begun advising on the repair of the cathedral before the Great Fire of 1666, in fact as early as 1661.[14] This included drawings for the addition of a dome to the existing building to replace the dilapidated spire, and a restoration of the interiors that would complement the 1630 Inigo Jones-designed facade.[15] After the fire, the ruins of the building were still thought to be workable, but ultimately the entire structure was demolished in the early 1670s to start afresh.
St Paul's went through five general stages of design. The first survives only in the form of a part of a model and a single drawing. The scheme (usually called the First Model Design) appears to have consisted of a round domed entrance vestibule (possibly based on the Pantheon in Rome) and a rectangular basilica behind containing the choir. It was rejected because it was not thought "stately enough"[16] Wren's second design was a Greek cross, which was considered to be too radical by his critics.[17]
Wren's third proposal for the new St Paul's used many of the same design concepts as his Greek cross design, though it had an extended nave. This design was embodied in his creation in 1673 of the "Great Model". The model, made of oak and plaster, cost over £500 (approximately £32,000 today) and is over 13 feet (4 m) tall and 21 feet (6 m) long.[18] His critics, members of a committee commissioned to rebuild the church and members of the clergy, decried the design as being too dissimilar from churches that already existed in England at the time to suggest any continuity within the Church of England. Clergymen also preferred a Latin cross plan for services. Another problem was that the entire design would have to be completed all at once because of the eight central piers that supported the dome, instead of being completed in stages and opened for use before construction finished, as was customary. Wren considered the Great Model his favourite design, and thought it a reflection of Renaissance beauty.[12] After the Great Model, Wren resolved to make no more models or publicly expose his drawings, which he found to do nothing but "lose time, and subject his business many times, to incompetent judges".[17]
Wren's fourth design, the Warrant design, sought to reconcile the Gothic, the predominant form of English churches, to a "better manner of architecture." Wren attempted to integrate the same concepts of Renaissance harmony into a more Gothic tradition - however Vaughan Hart identifies exotic inspiration behind the remarkable pagoda-like spire.[12] This design was rotated slightly on its site so that it aligned not with true east, but with sunrise on Easter of the year construction began. This small change in configuration made by Wren was informed by his knowledge of astronomy.[15] His design of the portico was influenced by Inigo Jones's addition to Old St Paul's.[17]
The final design as built differs substantially from the official Warrant design.[19] Wren received permission from the king to make "ornamental changes" to the submitted design, and Wren took great advantage of this. Many of these changes were made over the course of the thirty years as the church was constructed, and the most significant was to the dome: "He raised another structure over the first cupola, a cone of brick, so as to support a stone lantern of an elegant figure... And he covered and hid out of sight the brick cone with another cupola of timber and lead; and between this and the cone are easy stairs that ascend to the lantern" (Christopher Wren, son of Sir Christopher Wren). The final design was strongly rooted in St Peter's Basilica in Rome. The saucer domes that were eventually added to the design were inspired by François Mansart's Val-de-Grâce, which Wren had seen during a trip to Paris in 1665.[12] The date of the laying of the first stone of the cathedral is disputed. One contemporary account says it was on 21 June 1675, another on 25 June and a third on 28 June. There is, however, general agreement that it was laid in June 1675. Edward Strong later claimed it was laid by his elder brother, Thomas Strong, one of the two master stonemasons appointed by Wren at the beginning of the work.[20]
On 2 December 1697, thirty-two years and three months after a spark from Farryner's bakery had caused the Great Fire of London, St Paul's Cathedral came into use. The widower King William III had been scheduled to appear but, uncomfortable in crowds and public displays, had bowed out at the last minute. The crowd of both the great and the small was so big, and their attitude towards William so indifferent, that he was scarcely missed. The Right Reverend Henry Compton, Bishop of London, preached the sermon. It was based on the text of Psalm 122, "I was glad when they said unto me: Let us go into the house of the Lord." The first regular service was held on the following Sunday.
The "topping out" of the cathedral (when the final stone was placed on the lantern) took place in October 1708 and the cathedral was declared officially complete by Parliament on 25 December 1711 (Christmas Day).[21] In fact, construction was to continue for several years after that, with the statues on the roof only being added in the 1720s. In 1716 the total costs amounted to £1,095,556[22] (£147 million as of 2017).[23]
The consensus was as it is with all such works: some loved it ("Without, within, below, above the eye/ Is filled with unrestrained delight.");[24] some hated it ("...There was an air of Popery about the gilded capitals, the heavy arches...They were unfamiliar, un-English..");[25] while most, once their curiosity was satisfied, didn't think about it one way or another.
- Sir Christopher Wren
- Said, "I am going to dine with some men.
- If anyone calls,
- Say I'm designing Saint Paul's."
Structural engineeringEdit
Wren's challenge was to construct a large classical cathedral on the relatively weak clay soil of London. Settlement of the foundations caused major problems, forcing Wren to change his dome designs as the work progressed.[26]
The Warrant Design showed external buttresses on the ground floor level. These were not a classical feature and were one of the first elements Wren changed. Instead he made the walls of the cathedral particularly thick to avoid the need for external buttresses altogether. The windows are set into deep recesses in the walls. The upper parts of the cathedral walls are reinforced with small flying buttresses, which were added at a relatively late design change to give extra strength.[27] These are concealed behind a large screen wall, which was added to keep the building's classical style intact.
The large crossing dome is composed of three layers: the first triple dome ever to be constructed. The inner and outer layers are catenary curves, but the structural integrity to support the heavy stone structure atop the dome is provided by an intermediary layer which is much steeper and more conical in shape. The dome is restrained round its base by a wrought iron chain to prevent it spreading and cracking. Further iron chains are in some stone bands at intervals in the brick cone and around the cornice of the peristyle.[28]
Artists and craftsmenEdit
The construction and decoration of the Cathedral involved many of the foremost artists and craftsmen in England; these were:
- Sir James Thornhill – painted the eight monochrome paintings of the life of St Paul that adorn the interior of the dome.[29] Engravings of the paintings were published in 1720.[30]
- Grinling Gibbons – responsible for the woodwork, most notably the choir stalls,[31] and sculpted the pediment of the north transept.[32]
- Jean Tijou – most of the wrought ironwork, including the gates flanking the high altar.[33]
- Bernard Smith – designed and built the organ.[34]
- Caius Gabriel Cibber – sculpted the pediment of the south transept.[32]
- Francis Bird – sculpted the great west pediment showing the conversion of St Paul,[35] plus the seven large sculptures on the west front.[29]
The cathedral is built of Portland stone in a late Renaissance style that represents Wren's vision of a rationalised English Baroque. Its impressive dome was inspired by St Peter's Basilica in Rome and Mansart's Church of the Val-de-Grâce which Wren had visited. It rises 365 feet (108 m) to the cross at its summit,[36] dominating both the historic and modern City of London through the Baroque device of axial perspectives or 'viewing corridors' across the cityscape. Wren achieved a pleasing balance between interior and exterior by constructing three domes nested one inside the other: the tall outer dome is non-structural and raised above the mass of the cathedral to suit distanced views; the lower inner dome provides a harmoniously balanced interior; between the two a structural cone supports the apex lantern and the outer dome. Wren was said to have been hauled up to the rafters in a basket during the building of its later stages to inspect progress.
The nave has three small chapels in the two adjoining aisles – The Chapel of All Souls and The Chapel of St Dunstan in the north aisle and the Chapel of St Michael and St George in the south aisle. The main space of the cathedral is centred under the inner dome, which rises 108.4 metres from the cathedral floor and holds three circular galleries – the internal Whispering Gallery, the external Stone Gallery, and the external Golden Gallery.
The Whispering Gallery runs around the inside of the dome 99 feet (30.2 m) above the cathedral floor. It is reached by 259 steps from ground level. It gets its name because of the acoustic effects peculiar to domes; a whisper against its wall at any point is audible to a listener with an ear held to the wall at any other point around the gallery. A low murmur is equally audible.
The base of the inner dome is 173 feet (53.4 m) above the floor. Its top is about 65 m above the floor, making this the greatest height of the enclosed space. The cathedral is some 574 feet (175 m) in length (including the portico of the Great West Door), of which 223 feet (68 m) is the nave and 167 feet (51 m) is the choir. The width of the nave is 121 feet (37 m) and across the transepts is 246 feet (75 m).[37] The cathedral is thus slightly shorter but somewhat wider than Old St Paul's.
The quire extends to the east of the dome and holds the stalls for the clergy and the choir and the organ. To the north and south of the dome are the transepts, here called the North Choir and the South Choir.
Details of the towers at the west end (illustration, left) and their dark voids are boldly scaled, in order to read well from the street below and from a distance, for the towers have always stood out in the urban skyline. They are composed of two complementary elements, a central cylinder rising through the tiers in a series of stacked drums, and paired Corinthian columns at the corners, with buttresses above them, which serve to unify the drum shape with the square block plinth containing the clock. The main entablature breaks forward over the paired columns to express both elements, tying them together in a single horizontal band. The cap, like a bell-shaped miniature dome, supports a gilded finial, a pineapple supported on four scrolling angled brackets, the topmost expression of the consistent theme.
The clock mechanism was built in 1893 by Smith of Derby incorporating a design of escapement by Edmund Denison Beckett similar to that used by Edward Dent on the 'Big Ben' mechanism in 1895. The clock mechanism is 5.8 metres long and is the most recent of the clocks introduced to St Paul's Cathedral over the centuries. Since 1969 the clock has been electrically wound with equipment designed and installed by Smith of Derby, relieving the clock custodian from the work of cranking up the heavy drive weights.
The north-west tower contains 13 bells hung for change ringing while the south-west contains four, including Great Paul, at 16½ tons[38]- the largest bell in the British Isles, cast in 1881 by Taylor's bell foundry of Loughborough, Leicestershire, and Great Tom (the hour bell), recast twice, the last time by Richard Phelps, after being moved from St Stephen's Chapel at the Palace of Westminster. The bell is only rung on occasions of a death in the royal family, the Bishop of London, or the Lord Mayor of London, although an exception was made at the death of US President James Garfield.[36] In 1717, Richard Phelps cast two more bells that were added as "quarter jacks". Still in use today, the first weighs 13 long hundredweights (1,500 lb; 660 kg), is 41 inches (1,000 mm) in diameter and is tuned to A flat; the second weighs 35 long hundredweights (3,900 lb; 1,800 kg) and is 58 inches (1,500 mm) in diameter and is tuned to E flat.
|John Taylor & Co
|John Taylor & Co
|John Taylor & Co
|John Taylor & Co
|John Taylor & Co
|John Taylor & Co
|John Taylor & Co
|John Taylor & Co
|John Taylor & Co
|John Taylor & Co
|John Taylor & Co
|John Taylor & Co
|Richard Phelps
|Richard Phelps
|Richard Phelps
|John Taylor & Co
|Philip Wightman
War damageEdit
The cathedral survived despite being targeted during the Blitz — it was struck by bombs on 10 October 1940 and 17 April 1941. On 12 September 1940 a time-delayed bomb that had struck the cathedral was successfully defused and removed by a bomb disposal detachment of Royal Engineers under the command of Temporary Lieutenant Robert Davies. Had this bomb detonated, it would have totally destroyed the cathedral, as it left a 100-foot (30 m) crater when later remotely detonated in a secure location.[39] As a result of this action, Davies and Sapper George Cameron Wylie were both awarded the George Cross.[40] Davies's George Cross and other medals are on display at the Imperial War Museum, London.
On 29 December 1940, the cathedral had another close call when an incendiary bomb became lodged in the lead shell of the dome but fell outwards onto the Stone Gallery and was put out before it could ignite the dome timbers. Many fire watchers served shifts on the dome: these included Major Cyril Raikes.
One of the best known images of London during the war was a photograph of St Paul's taken the same day by photographer Herbert Mason, from the roof of the Daily Mail in Tudor Street showing the cathedral shrouded in smoke. Lisa Jardine of Queen Mary, University of London, has written:[41]
Wreathed in billowing smoke, amidst the chaos and destruction of war, the pale dome stands proud and glorious – indomitable. At the height of that air-raid, Sir Winston Churchill telephoned the Guildhall to insist that all fire-fighting resources be directed at St Paul's. The cathedral must be saved, he said, damage to the fabric would sap the morale of the country.
The cathedral has a very substantial crypt, holding over 200 memorials, and serves as both the Order of the British Empire Chapel and the Treasury. The cathedral has very few treasures: many have been lost, and in 1810 a major robbery took almost all of the remaining precious artefacts. Christopher Wren was the first person to be interred, in 1723: on the wall above his tomb in the crypt is written, "Lector, si monumentum requiris, circumspice" (Reader, if you seek his monument, look around you).
St Paul's is home to other plaques, carvings, statues, memorials and tombs of famous British figures including:
- Sir John Eardley Inglis
- General Sir Isaac Brock
- Charles Robert Cockerell[42]
- Sir Edwin Lutyens
- John Donne, whose funeral effigy (portraying him in a shroud) but not his tomb survives from Old St Paul's.
- Lord Kitchener
- The Duke of Wellington[36]
- Lord Nelson[36]
- Henry Moore
- Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood
- Sir William Alexander Smith
- Sir Winston Churchill
- T. E. Lawrence, whose bust faces Nelson's sarcophagus
- Sir Alexander Fleming
- Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley
- John Colet
- Sir Philip Vian
- John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe
- David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty
- Sir Arthur Sullivan
- Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema
- Sir Hubert Parry
- Florence Nightingale
- J. M. W. Turner[36]
- Sir Joshua Reynolds[36]
- Dr. Samuel Johnson[36]
- Ivor Novello
- Charles Cornwallis
- Frederick George Jackson
- Mandell Creighton and Louise Creighton
- Roy Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet
Most of the memorials commemorate the British military, including several lists of servicemen who died in action, the most recent being the Gulf War. There are special monuments to Lord Nelson in the south transept and to the Duke of Wellington in the north aisle; both are buried here. Also remembered are poets, painters, clergy and residents of the local parish. There are lists of the Bishops and cathedral Deans for the last thousand years.
The cathedral has been the site of many famous funerals, including those of Horatio Nelson, the Duke of Wellington, Sir Winston Churchill and George Mallory.
In 2011 it was reported that former prime minister Margaret Thatcher was set to have a state funeral at the cathedral upon her death.[43] After her death in 2013 the decision was made to have a ceremonial funeral with full military honours at St. Paul's.[44]
American Memorial ChapelEdit
The apse of the cathedral is home to the American Memorial Chapel.[45] It honours American servicemen and women who died in World War II, and was dedicated in 1958. It was paid for entirely by donations from British people, and was designed, as a modern exercise in the Wren style, by Godfrey Allen and Stephen Dykes Bower.[46] The Roll of Honour[47] contains the names of more than 28,000 Americans who gave their lives while on their way to, or stationed in, the United Kingdom during the Second World War. It is in front of the chapel's altar. The three chapel windows date from 1960; they feature themes of service and sacrifice, while the insignia around the edges represent the American states and the US armed forces. The limewood panelling incorporates a rocket – a tribute to America's achievements in space.[48]
St Paul's Cathedral Arts ProjectEdit
The St Paul's Cathedral Arts Project is an ongoing programme which seeks to explore the encounter between art and faith. Projects have included installations by Antony Gormley, Rebecca Horn, Yoko Ono and Martin Firrell.
Internationally acclaimed artist Bill Viola has been commissioned to create two altarpieces for permanent display in St Paul's Cathedral. The project commenced production in mid-2009 with completion in early 2012. Following the extensive programme of cleaning and repair of the interior of St Paul's, completed in 2005, Bill Viola has been commissioned to create two altarpieces on the themes of Mary and Martyrs. These two multi-screen video installations will be permanently located at the end of the Quire aisles, flanking the High Altar of the Cathedral and the American Memorial Chapel where US Service men and women who gave their lives in the Second World War are commemorated. Each work will employ an arrangement of multiple plasma screen panels configured in a manner similar to historic altarpieces. The screens will be mounted on hinged panels, allowing them to be closed.
In Summer 2010, St Paul's chose two new works by the British artist Mark Alexander to be hung either side of the nave. Both entitled Red Mannheim, Alexander's large red silkscreens are inspired by the Mannheim Cathedral altarpiece (1739–41), which was damaged by bombing in the Second World War. The original sculpture depicts Christ on the cross, surrounded by a familiar retinue of mourners. Rendered in splendid giltwood, with Christ's wracked body sculpted in relief, and the flourishes of flora and incandescent rays from heaven, this masterpiece of the German Rococo is an object of ravishing beauty and intense piety.
In March 2010, Flare II, a sculpture by Antony Gormley, was installed in the dramatic setting of the Geometric Staircase.
In 2007, Dean and Chapter commissioned public artist Martin Firrell to create a major public artwork to mark the 300th anniversary of the topping-out of Wren's building. The Question Mark Inside consisted of digital text projections to the cathedral dome, West Front and inside onto the Whispering Gallery. The text was based on blog contributions by the general public as well as interviews conducted by the artist and the artist's own views. The project presented a stream of possible answers to the question: 'what makes life meaningful and purposeful, and what does St Paul's mean in that contemporary context?' The Question Mark Inside opened on 8 November 2008 and ran for eight nights.
A 15 year restoration project – one of the largest ever undertaken in the UK – was completed on 15 June 2011.[49]
Dean and chapterEdit
- Dean – The Very Revd Dr David Ison[50] (since 25 May 2012 installation)[51]
- Pastor – The Rt Revd Michael Colclough (since 20 April 2008;[52] also Acting Dean, 2011–2012)
- Chancellor – The Revd Canon Mark Oakley (since 11 January 2013;[53] Treasurer, 2010–2013)
- Precentor – The Revd Canon Michael Hampel (since 25 March 2011 installation)[54]
- Treasurer – Vacant since 11 January 2013 (installation of the Revd Preb Philippa Boardman announced for May 2013)[55]
College of Minor CanonsEdit
- Sacrist & Senior Cardinal – The Revd Jason Rendell (since June 2007)
- Chaplain & Junior Cardinal – The Revd Sarah Eynstone (since 12 January 2010 installation)[56]
- Succentor – The Revd Jonathan Coore (since 19 September 2012 installation)[57]
Interpretation ProjectEdit
The Interpretation Project is a long term project concerned with bringing St Paul's to life for all its visitors. In 2010, the Dean and Chapter of St Paul's opened St Paul's Oculus, a 270° film experience that brings 1400 years of history to life.[58] Located in the former Treasury in the crypt, the film takes visitors on a journey through the history and daily life of St Paul's Cathedral. Oculus was funded by American Express Company in partnership with the World Monuments Fund, J. P . Morgan, the Garfield Weston Trust for St Paul's Cathedral, the City of London Endowment Trust and AIG.
In 2010, new touchscreen multimedia guides were also launched. These guides are included in the price of admission. Visitors can discover the cathedral's history, architecture and daily life of a busy working church with these new multimedia guides. They are available in 12 different languages: English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Polish, Russian, Mandarin, Japanese, Korean and British Sign Language (BSL). The guides have fly-through videos of the dome galleries and zoomable close-ups of the ceiling mosaics, painting and photography. Interviews and commentary from experts include the Dean of St Paul's, conservation team and the Director of Music. Archive film footage includes major services and events from the cathedral's history.
Charges for sightseersEdit
There is a £16.00 charge for admission to sightseers (£14.50 when purchased online).[59] Those attending services do so at no cost. People seeking a place to be quiet and pray are admitted to St Dunstan's Chapel free of charge. Admission on Sundays for all services is free and there is no sightseeing. The cathedral explains that St Paul's receives little regular or significant funding from the Crown, Church or the State and claims to rely on the income generated by tourism to allow the building to continue to function as a centre for Christian worship, as well as to cover general maintenance and repair work.[60]
The finances of the cathedral came under public scrutiny during the anti-capitalism Occupy London encampment in front of the cathedral which began in October 2011. Canon Chancellor Giles Fraser resigned, warning that to evict the anti-capitalist activists would constitute "violence in the name of the Church".[61] It was claimed that the cathedral was losing revenue of £20,000 per day. [62] The encampment was evicted at the end of February 2012, after legal action by the City Corporation.[63]
The organ was commissioned in 1694: the current instrument is the third-largest in Great Britain in terms of number of pipes (7,266 pipes), with 5 manuals, 189 ranks of pipes and 108 stops, enclosed in an impressive case by Grinling Gibbons.
Details of the organ from the National Pipe Organ Register
The many distinguished musicians who have been organists, choir masters and choristers at St Pauls Cathedral include the composers John Redford, Thomas Morley, John Blow, Jeremiah Clarke and John Stainer, while well known performers have included Alfred Deller, John Shirley-Quirk, Anthony Way and the conductors Charles Groves and Paul Hillier and the poet Walter de la Mare.
Films and TV programmes featuring St Paul's Cathedral include:
- Climbing Great Buildings (2010)
- Industrial Revelations: Best of British Engineering – Buildings, with Rory McGrath series 5, episode 1, 2008, focuses on St Paul's Cathedral.
- St Paul's Cathedral has appeared numerous times in Doctor Who, most notably the 1968 episode, The Invasion. In one scene, a group of Cybermen are shown climbing out of some manholes in Central London, before descending a stairway in front of the Cathedral.
- Saint Paul's is seen briefly in the Goodies episode, Kitten Kong. During his rampage through London, Twinkle does damage to various London landmarks, including Saint Paul's Cathedral, which has its dome knocked off when he bursts out of the centre of the famous church.
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban shows the Geometric Staircase in the South West Bell Tower.
- The Madness of King George shows the Geometric Staircase in the South West Bell Tower.
- Mary Poppins shows the front and outside of the Cathedral, though it shows the space from the missing clock, when that was caused by bombing during World War II, 30 years after the film was set.
- Sherlock Holmes (2009) shows the North side of the West Steps, and the Geometric Staircase in the South West Bell Tower.
- Lawrence of Arabia (1962) shows the exterior of the building and T E Lawrence's bust.
- Star Trek Into Darkness (2013), in 23rd-century London along with other notable modern-day London buildings.[64]
Interior viewEdit
See alsoEdit
- Bishop of London
- Dean of St Paul's
- Category:Burials at St Paul's Cathedral
- List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom
- List of churches and cathedrals of London
- St Paul's Cathedral School
- Paternoster Square
- Tall buildings in London
- The Light of the World (painting)
- Cyril Raikes (fire watching on the dome of St Paul's in the 2nd World War)
- Notes
- ^ B. Weinreb & C. Hibbert. "The London Encyclopaedia" p. 778.
- ^ Helen Gardner; Fred S. Kleiner, Christin J. Mamiya, Gardner's Art through the Ages. Thomson Wadsworth, (2004) ISBN 0-15-505090-7
- ^ Sir John Betjeman, A Pictorial History of English Architecture, John Murray, (1970), ISBN 0-7195-2640-X
- ^ a b Rebecca Pierce, National Identity and the British Empire: the Image of Saint Paul's Cathedral, Master's Thesis, Marshall University (2004) [1]
- ^ Denison, Simon (June 1995). "News: In Brief". British Archaeology. Council for British Archaeology. http://www.archaeologyuk.org/ba/ba5/BA5NEWS.HTML. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
- ^ Sankey, D. (1998). "Cathedrals, granaries and urban vitality in late Roman London". In Watson, Bruce. Roman London: Recent Archaeological Work. JRA Supplementary Series. 24. Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology. pp. 78-82.
- ^ Camden, William (1607) (in Latin), Britannia, London: G. Bishop & J. Norton, pp. 306-7
- ^ Clark, John (1996). "The Temple of Diana". In Bird, Joanna; Hassall, Mark; Sheldon, Harvey. Interpreting Roman London. Oxbow Monograph. 58. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 1-9.
- ^ Bede (1969), Colgrave, Bertram; Mynors, R. A. B., eds., Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Oxford: Clarendon, pp. 142-3
- ^ a b Garmonsway, G. N., trans. (1953), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, London: Dent
- ^ Campbell (2007), p. 26.
- ^ a b c d e Vaughan Hart (2002). Nicholas Hawksmoor: Rebuilding Ancient Wonders. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09699-6.
- ^ Tinniswood, Adrian (2010). His Invention So Fertile. London: Random House. p. 203.
- ^ Campbell (2007), p. 10.
- ^ a b Lang (1956), pp. 47–63.
- ^ Campbell (2007), pp. 27–28.
- ^ a b c Kerry Downes; Sir Christopher Wren: the Design of St Paul's Cathedral, London: Trefoil Publications, 1987, pp. 11–34.
- ^ Saunders, Ann. St Paul's: The Story of the Cathedral. London: Collins and Brown Limited, 2001. 60.
- ^ Felix Barker and Ralph Hyde; London as it might have been, John Murray, 1982
- ^ Campbell (2007), pp. 53–54.
- ^ Campbell (2007), p. 161.
- ^ Campbell (2007), p. 69.
- ^ UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Lawrence H. Officer (2010) "What Were the UK Earnings and Prices Then?" MeasuringWorth.
- ^ Wright, James, The Choire,(London, 1693)
- ^ Tinniswood, Adrian (2001), His Invention so Fertile: A Life of Christopher Wren, London: Oxford Press, p.31
- ^ Campbell (2007), pp. 56–59.
- ^ Campbell (2007), pp. 105–114.
- ^ Campbell (2007), p. 137.
- ^ a b Lang (1956), p. 252.
- ^ Entered in the Entry Book at Stationers' Hall on 7 May 1720 by Thornhill. The Bodleian Library's deposit copy survives (Arch.Antiq.A.III.23).
- ^ Lang (1956), p. 166.
- ^ a b Lang (1956), p. 209.
- ^ Lang (1956), p. 169.
- ^ Lang (1956), p. 171.
- ^ Lang (1956), p. 230.
- ^ a b c d e f g Dunton, Larkin (1896). The World and Its People. Silver, Burdett. pp. 25–26.
- ^ "St. Paul's Cathedral". The History Channel. http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/encyclopedia/article_show/St_Pauls_Cathedral/m0016968.html?from=hotlink. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
- ^ Official webpage of St Paul's Cathedral
- ^ "1942531 Sapper George Cameron Wylie. Bomb Disposal: Royal Engineers—George Cross". 33 Engineer regiment, RE website. http://groups.msn.com/33EngineerRegiment/gcwyliegc.msnw. Retrieved 2008-01-28.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 34956, pp. 5767–5768, September 27, 1940. Retrieved 2008-01-28.
- ^ Jardine, Lisa (15 May 2006). "Homage to Highbury". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4766707.stm. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
- ^ page 284, St. Paul's The Cathedral Church of London 604-2004, Derek Keene. Arthur Burns & Andrew Saint (Editors), 2004 Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-09276-8
- ^ "Lady Thatcher to be honoured with State funeral | Mail Online". London: Dailymail.co.uk. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1034634/Lady-Thatcher-honoured-State-funeral.html. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
- ^ http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/04/08/margaret_thatcher_former_prime_british_prime_minister_dies_at_87.html
- ^ St. Paul's Cathedral American Memorial Chapel
- ^ Paul's Cathedral, St. (November 28, 2006). "Explore St. Paul's". explore-stpauls.net. http://www.explore-stpauls.net/oct03/textMM/AmericanMemorialN.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
- ^ Roll of Honour
- ^ Paul's Cathedral, St. (November 28, 2006). "St. Paul's Cathedral Floor". stpauls.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2006-09-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20060927145148/http://www.stpauls.co.uk/page.aspx?theLang=001lngdef&pointerID=861696IhcVLL99drjeoTjrkz39LOQnr0. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
- ^ "BBC News - St Paul's Cathedral completes £40m restoration project". Bbc.co.uk. 2011-06-15. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-13782822. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
- ^ St Paul's Cathedral – Appointment of Ison as Dean
- ^ St Paul's Cathedral – Sermon preached by Ison on installation as Dean
- ^ Cathedral School – Report, 2008
- ^ St Paul's Cathedral – Oakley appointed Chancellor
- ^ St Paul's Cathedral – Installation of Hampel as Precentor
- ^ St Paul's Cathedral – New Canon Treasurer
- ^ Fitzwilliam College Chapel – Lent Term 2010
- ^ St Paul's Cathedral – Sermon for Installation of Coore as Succentor
- ^ Oculus: an eye into St Paul's
- ^ "Sightseeing Times & Prices". St Paul's Cathedral. http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Visits-Events/Sightseeing-Times-Prices. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
- ^ Talbot, Hannah (8 July 2011). "Public Relations Manager". Trip Advisor. http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/ShowUserReviews-g186338-d188159-r115036841-St_Paul_s_Cathedral-London_England.html. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- ^ Ward, Victoria (28 October 2011). "Giles Fraser resignation: 'I couldn't face Dale Farm on the steps of St Paul's'". Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/8854164/Giles-Fraser-resigns-as-St-Pauls-prepares-to-take-legal-action-against-protesters.html. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- ^ Walker, Peter; Butt, Riazat (27 October 2011). "St Paul's may seek injunction to move Occupy London activists". Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/oct/23/st-pauls-occupy-london-protest. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- ^ "St Paul's protest: Occupy London camp evicted". BBC. 28 February 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-17187180. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ^ [2] - bottom right, the dome is visible to the left of and behind 30 St Mary Axe (the Gherkin)
- Sources
- Lang, Jane (1956). Rebuilding St Paul's after the Great Fire of London. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Campbell, James W. P. (2007). Building St Paul's. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-34244-2.
- Further reading
- St Pauls and the City by Frank Atkinson (With numerous photographic plates, both in colour, and black and white). Michael Joseph – Park Lane Press (London) in 1985 with an ISBN 0-7181-2629-7
- The Chapel of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire by Frederic Hood with a foreword by Prince Phillip. (Mainly colour plates on glossy paper relating to St Paul's Cathedral – 65 pages with descriptive text) Detail from a copy of the book published by OUP (Oxford University Press) at Oxford in 1967 with no ISBN
- St Paul's – The Cathedral Church of London 604–2004 ed Keene, Burn & Saint. Yale University Press 2004 ISBN 0-300-09276-8
- Danger UXB by James Owen has a chapter on St Paul's in wartime and the unexploded bomb which closed it. Published by Little, Brown, 2010 ISBN 978-1-4087-0255-0
External linksEdit
- St Paul's Cathedral official website
- A Popular Description of St. Paul's Cathedral By Maria Hackett, published 1828, 87 pages.
- Biographical Illustrations of St. Paul's Cathedral By George Lewis Smyth, published 1843, 284 pages.
- St Paul's Cathedral by Canaletto (painting)
- Wren's various designs
- St Paul's Cathedral Photo Gallery — 125 photos
- Old St Paul's Cathedral by William Benham – eText from Project Gutenberg
- S.E. Kelly, editor, 2004. Charters of St Paul's, London in series Anglo-Saxon Charters (Oxford University Press) [3]
- The 'Registrum Statutorum..' of St Paul's – collected charters and other documents from the earliest years until the nineteenth century. Published by the cathedral in 1873, Latin and English.
- BBC News account of the bombing
- Bells of St Paul's
- A history of the choristers of St Paul's Cathedral
- Mystery Worshipper Report at the Ship of Fools website
- Central London live webcam showing St Paul's, Westminster and Big Ben
- The Chapel of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire – OBE Chapel
- St Paul's lithographs c. 1647–1817
- The Jubilee Cope commissioned for the Bishop of London by St Paul's Cathedral in honour of the Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II [4]&[5].
|This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at St Paul's Cathedral. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.


text:
More Videos...
1969 Plymouth GTX Beep!Beep! BURNING RUBBER!
FAST440 showing out in a classic '70 Mopar with 440 power
1990 Chevy SS 468 Tubbed & BAD
1990 Chevy SS Pickup Truck FAST440, Sunnyvale, Texas
1972 Plymouth Duster Blown 360
Houston, we have ignition! Texas Twisted SUPERCHARGED Duster at FAST440 in Sunnyvale, Texas
1970 1/2 Chevrolet Camaro Z/28 muscle car
Tearing up the street in a Real Deal Z/28 4-speed '70 Camaro split bumper. This car is powered by a built SBC paired with a 4-speed manual transmission. The suspension has been lowered and custom rims installed. The color is the correct Cortez Silver with black stripes. Enjoy the ride. Filmed by Samspace81 for Texas Classic Cars of Dallas http://www.texasclassiccarsofdallas.com If you enjoy this vintage American Muscle Car video, please join my YouTube channel, subscribe to Samspace81


text:
Dr. Shannahan graduated from the Tufts University School of Medicine in 1990. She works in Monterey, CA and specializes in Psychiatry.
Medical School: Tufts University School of Medicine; Graduated 1990
Please verify insurance information directly with your doctor's office as it may change frequently.
23625 Holman Hwy
Monterey, CA 93940
(831) 372-2169
Fax: (831) 625-4778
Practice Website: Not Available
Accepting New Patients: No
Medicare Accepted: No
Medicaid Accepted: No
Not Available
2511 Garden Rd Ste A160
Monterey, CA 93940
1150 Fremont Blvd
Seaside, CA 93955
2100 Garden Rd Ste H4
Monterey, CA 93940
2100 Garden Rd Ste B
Monterey, CA 93940
576 Hartnell St Ste 300
Monterey, CA 93940


text:
I just returned from my first visit of the year to the
Walmart Garden Center and was pleased to find H. Revolution for $7.97 and H.
Polar Moon for $4.97.
In the Hosta Finder Polar Moon has only one listing for $40
and the average price of Revolution is $21.97, so I feel that I did get a
couple of good buys.
Can anyone give me any information about these two
hostas? I think they are fairly new. I only know that Polar
Moon is a sport of August Moon.
Judy Bygd


text:
Right on the Money: How to Accurately Estimate Litigation Attorneys' Fees
by Jim Wawro"How much is this going to cost me" — a question every client asks and every lawyer answers during the course of every litigated matter. Yet one of law's persistent mysteries is how to accurately estimate the attorneys' fees necessary to resolve a particular dispute.But accurate estimates of anticipated attorneys' fees flow naturally and easily from the simple case analysis outlined with clarity
Introduction to South Pacific Law
by Jennifer Corrin, Don PatersonProviding an overview of the origins and development of the law and legal systems in the South Pacific, the authors examine the framework of legal systems in the region and the operation of state and customary laws. Exploring, not only the legal system generally, but also the constitution and jurisdiction of state courts and legislative provisions of individual jurisdictions and cases, it
Civil Appellate Practice in the Minnesota Court of Appeals
by Underkuffler, Laura S.Civil Appellate Practice in the Minnesota Court of Appeals is a comprehensive practitioner's guide to civil appellate practice and procedure in the Minnesota Court of Appeals. Rules, case law, and practical considerations that bear on practice in the Minnesota Court of Appeals are the book's primary concern. Decisions by the Minnesota Supreme Court that bear on practice in the intermediate court,
Gli obblighi dell'agente di commercioL'agente di commercio rappresenta una figura ancora attuale nello scenario della distribuzione commerciale cui si associa l'osservanza di precisi obblighi contrattuali che vanno dall'obbligo di informazioni a quello di adeguarsi alle istruzioni provenienti dalla ditta preponente oltre ad altri obblighi. Il libro analizza analiticamente gli obblighi dell'agente di commercio in costanza di contratto
Que Hay Abajo compensación de trabajadores
Volumen 2 (burocracia expuesto)En su último libro, Melvon Anderson Descubre el mundo de doble cara del sistema de compensación de trabajadores. Aun cuando las nuevas leyes han cambiado, "What Lies Beneath Compensación de trabajadores: Volumen 2 (Burocracia Expuestos)," continúa hacer frente a decisiones difíciles, encubrimientos legales y pérdida de derechos. A juzgar por la evidencia de la experiencia de Melvon con lesiones de
Representing the Poor: Legal Advocacy and Welfare Reform During Reagan's Gubernatorial YearsThe empirical focus of this book is the contentious political and legal battle over California welfare reform in the early 1970s. It is an extended, multifaceted case study of a kind not much found in the literature on social cause lawyering. The narrative highlights the forceful presence of Ronald Reagan and the pivotal role in representing the welfare poor carried out by Ralph Santiago Abascal,
100 Plus Divorce Tips Guide To Finding And Hiring A Winning Divorce AttorneyAnyone contemplating getting a divorce and wanting to stack the odds of winning a divorce in their favor, should read this book. In 100 Plus Tips™ Guide To Finding and Hiring A Winning Divorce Attorney, Financial Advisor, University Professor and Divorce Coach, Chris Dunnaville shares key tips and strategies for helping to position oneself to win their divorce by finding and hiring the right
ADR and the Courts: A Manual for Judges and LawyersADR and the Courts: A Manual for Judges and Lawyers focuses on new methods in the judicial system. The selection first elaborates on an overview of private ADR, semi-binding forums, and court-annexed arbitration. Discussions focus on implications for the federal district courts, effectiveness, jurisdiction, objectives, court-annexed arbitration, Michigan "Mediation" or valuation, private processes
Taking Stock of Environmental Assessment
by Jane Holder, Donald McGillivrayThis edited collection analyzes the appropriate balance between conservation and development and the place for participation and popular protest in environmental assessment. Examining the relationship between law, environmental governance and the regulation of decision-making, this volume takes a reflective and contextual approach, using wide range of theories, to explore the key features of


text:
By Meredith Brody
On first reading, this bright idea seems heaven-sent for combining two New Year's resolutions: contributing to a greener planet by using less gasoline, and, hey, dropping a few pounds while you're at it.
Alas, this Beverly Hills (where else?) liposuction doctor's simple plan - using the fat he sucked out of his patients' bodies to fuel his Ford SUV and his girlfriend's Lincoln Navigator (nice gas-sucking choices, by the way, doc!), turned out to be illegal.
Not if Dr. Craig Alan Bittner had been performing the procedures at his now-shuttered Beverly Hills Liposculpture on chickens, beef, and pigs, that would have been perfectly OK. Fat (animal or vegetable) contains triglycerides that can be extracted and turned into diesel.
Adaptive re-use is hot. Old-fashioned adaptive re-use: in the bad old pre-cholesterol-conscious days, McDonald's fried its french fries in pure raging beef fat that it trimmed from its burger meat - and boy were they delicious. Now they use vegetable oil - and a gallon of grease equals, amazingly, about a gallon of fuel. Which is why you've also heard about theft of used fast-food oil by thieves who sell it to biodiesel manufacturers.
Big-time manufacturers are looking into trimming the fat, literally and figuratively: Tyson Foods would like to power its trucks on chicken fat. Biofuel concerns mix pig lard and beef tallow with soybean oil to make their diesel.
The good doctor was so clueless (in more ways than one - he's also being sued for allowing unlicensed personnel to perform procedures that left clients disfigured) that he advertised his save-the-earth plan right on his (now-defunct) website, lipodiesel.com: "The vast majority of my patients request that I use their fat for fuel - and I have more fat than I can use. Not only do they get to lose their love handles or chubby belly - but they get to take part in saving the earth."
Alas, the state of California frowns on using human medical waste to, uh, fuel vehicles. Baby, you can drive your car, but not thanks to my spare tire!


text:
Apple Valley 56
You will find comfortable accommodations in this lower-level villa. The unit includes two full size beds, large dresser, mirror, TV/VCR, square dinette table with four chairs, and two additional rattan chairs. The kitchenette has a two-burner electric cook top, full-size refrigerator, microwave, toaster, and coffee maker. The bath has a tub/shower with separate vanity and dressing area. Sliding glass doors open onto a deck with chairs and a rattan settee where you can relax outdoors. In front of this unit is a commons area with charcoal grills and picnic table-a perfect spot for you to barbeque and dine outside.
- Hot Tub
- Gas Fireplace
- Wood Burning Fireplace
- Wi-Fi Internet
- Pet Friendly
- Game Room
- Pool Table
- Ping Pong Table
- Foosball Table
- Fire Pit
- Gas Grill
- Charcoal Grill
- Canoe/Boat
- Garage Access
- Screened In Porch
- Mountain View
- Golf View
- Water View
- Wooded View
Additional Features:
Country road view.
2 full sized beds.
1 full bathroom.
Kitchen - 2 burner stove top.
Deck with road side view.


text: I understand that hunting is highly beneficial for animal management but this is usually kept quiet understandably. If somebody in the public eye were to go on a big five hunt like, say film stars 50 years ago, they'd probably have to go into hiding! Any thoughts, especially from those into stalking? Web Page Name//news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080430/sc_afp/safricaenvironmentelephants_080430034231


text:
SLS Hotel at Beverly Hills Job Opportunities and Careers
At SLS Hotels, sweet little surprises delight at every turn. Set at the crossroads of Beverly Hills and Los Angeles, SLS Hotel at Beverly Hills, a Luxury Collection Hotel, is the first property to debut in the new SLS Hotels brand.
Challenging every traditional convention of luxury hospitality, our SLS Beverly Hills Hotel continues to examine and rethink every possible aspect of the luxury hotel experience to create an entirely new paradigm that is truly in tune with what sophisticated travelers want today.
Revel in the palpable buzz of The Bazaar by José Andrés, a magical dining and lounge experience woven into an indoor piazza, or indulge in The Private Guest Lobby, Tres, a sophisticated and secluded sanctuary for added privacy.
SLS is not an exact acronym for anything in particular but at its core represents the essential components of the SLS guest experience - style, luxury and service. Most importantly, SLS is a name that has quickly become synonymous with timeless elegance, intelligence, humanity, discovery and a completely novel guest experience.
Come see for yourself...


text:
All stories by Leon
Scrawl lets you edit real life
Ever had that feeling? When you thought something could be better or just perfect if it just looked a little different? Soon ...
How low can your Logo?
I just came across this awesome contest called: How low can your logo? You might have seen it already since it has been up ...
Status Update: Resting In Piece.
It used to be that when you died you left your body and identity behind. These days however you also have an ever expanding ...
The Internet in 2020
Ever wondered what the Internet will be like in the future? I have and probably do daily. You probably do to. Now we've found ...
This is wrong on so many levels
I wish the family a happy Halloween next year, I mean that. One can always wish right?
Viva la Resolution!
People wearing badges or patches of Che Gueverra to demonstrate that they're anti-capitalism always put a grin on my face. ...
Is it a Bird? Is it a Plane? No, it's Jetman!
This man is living the dream everyone has, being able to fly! His name is Yves Rossy and he's a retired military pilot from ...
This is what happens when a skateboard f**ks a tank:
That's the beauty of tech, nowadays people hear tech and think of the web or their cellphones but this is as much tech as ...
Are you an influencer? [video]
'Influencers' is a cool documentary about, you guessed it, influencers. You can watch the trailer here or the full version ...
Halloween Decorations Taken To The Next Level
When Halloween comes around you know you're going to spend a lot of that hard earned cash on candy; that is unless you decide ...


text:
Cartridge World - AreciboSave as Preferred Store
Double click on map to zoom in.
- Location:
Carr. # 2 k.m 70.1 Int 638 Domingo Ruiz
Arecibo, PR 00616
- - by McDonalds, Barrio Santana, Arecibo, Catholic University of Puerto Rico, Recinto de Arecibo, and Nery Juarbe Airport
- Get Directions Get Directions
- Hours of operation:
Mon-Fri : 9:00a.m. - 6:00p.m.,
Sat : 9:00a.m. - 1:00p.m.
- Phone:
- (787) 878-5542
- Fax:
- (787) 815-1657
- Email:
- email@example.com
Your Experience is Important to Us
Please stop by, call (787) 878-5542 or email us for information about our eco-friendly products, special offers and free delivery service for local businesses in Hatillo, Camuy, Quebradillas, Isabela, Aguadilla, Barceloneta, Utuado, Lares, Vega Baja, Morovis, Jayuya, Florida, Ciales, and Naranjito.
Thank you
Call us or click below for a free quote on printers and printing supplies- or stop by our store to meet our friendly and knowledgable staff. We look forward to serving you and earning your business.