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Not Your Everyday Wordprint Study:
Variations on a Theme
Roger R. Keller, a former Presbyterian minister converted to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, is currently a professor in the BYU Department of Church History and Doctrine. Impressed by previous wordprint studies of the Book of Mormon, he determined to expand those statistical studies to more significant words, rather than the noncontextual words used in earlier studies. He describes "the purpose of this study" as
(1) to identify differences and/or similarities in meaning among select content words (words which are theologically, historically, or culturally significant) used by the Book of Mormon authors; (2) to delineate among the different Book of Mormon authors based on their word usage; and (3) to suggest methodologies that may be used by others to research author individuality within the Book of Mormon. (p. xi)
To achieve this goal, Keller established a procedure that included the following steps:
1. Thirty-four word groups or clusters were defined, with individual words within each group. The clusters were necessitated by the fact that many individual words were used less than the minimal five times required for statistical analysis. Thus "under the category of Agriculture, words such as Crops, Fields, Grain, Root, Sow, Barley, etc. [a list of 60 words], were collected" for a total of 578 occurrences in the Book of Mormon (p. 4).
2. For this authorship study, authors and computer texts of their sermons, narratives, and editorial work were segregated to separate the material by both author and genre. With two exceptions (Enos at 997 words and the Father at 944, p. 3), samples of fewer than a thousand words were not accepted. This gave twenty-four authors whose writings or sayings "account for 93 percent of the Book of Mormon" (p. 2).1
3. Seven percent of the Book of Mormon text was excluded from the study, representing "persons whose contributions are too small to consider" statistically (pp. 2-3).
4. For three authors who contributed extensively to the Book of Mormon text, Keller was able to separate out literary genres. Thus he studied Mormon's sermons, first-person narratives, and third-person narratives separately (p. 3), being careful to cull Mormon's personal writings interspersed in the records he abridged.
5. Each word within a cluster was counted for each author. Keller then totaled by author all occurrences of words within a given cluster. The number of the cluster's occurrences per thousand words for a given author was then divided by the number of occurrences per thousand words for the same cluster in the entire Book of Mormon text. This gave a "normalized number" to compare the use of the cluster by different authors (p. 5). Thus for the Near East cluster, it was determined that the number of occurrences per thousand words in the entire Book of Mormon was 4.38. Compared to this average, some Book of Mormon authors (e.g., Lehi, 7.25; Nephi1 in sermons, 10.8; Jacob, 8.6; Abinadi, 6.77; Nephi2, 7.63) clearly referred to words in the category much more often than other authors (e.g., Enos, 0; Ammon, .733; Mosiah, 0; Helaman, .893) (p. 6). Some of Keller's charts list the actual number of occurrences for each word, while others list the occurrences per thousand words of text for the author. It is the latter figure that is deemed to be the most significant, since it evens the playing field for authors with writings of varying lengths.
The statistical methodology used for the study, developed by statistician John Hilton, measured the number of null-hypothesis rejections (described on pp. 9-11). Keller acknowledges the assistance of Hilton (who helped write the first chapter, p. 1 n. 1), as well as input from Alvin Rencher, both of whom have been noted for their wordprint studies of the Book of Mormon. When I asked John Hilton about the study, he indicated that he felt that Keller had pointed out some very interesting things, but that the study was not what he would call "a rigorous scientific statistical study." This had also been my impression, though I must add that I am not a statistician.
Authorship and Word Category Questions Let me state at the outset that I consider Keller's book an insightful contribution of material that will surely influence future studies of the Book of Mormon. Where I have reservations is in the categorization of authors and word groups used in the statistical analysis.
One of the problems inherent in a study such as this is that much of the Book of Mormon (Mosiah through 4 Nephi) is Mormon's abridgment of earlier records. One wonders how much of the original record came through in the abridgment process and how much was Mormon's total rewording of the text. For example, in the discussion of the use of the word church in Mosiah 26-7 and Alma 1, 46 (pp. 50-2), Keller attributes the material to Mormon. Is it not just as likely that Mormon merely used the term in the same way it appeared in the text he was abridging?
In some cases, especially where first-person sermons are recorded, Mormon undoubtedly used the actual words he found in the records,2 but one wonders how much he may have left out. For example, Alma 10-11 contains Amulek's testimony and the debate between him and Zeezrom. Yet Mormon is clear that he has not recorded all of Amulek's words found in the original record (Alma 9:34; 11:46). Could he have left out portions in which Amulek discussed topics containing words and clusters that might have given us a different picture of his language? To a certain extent, that depends on where Mormon excised Amulek's words. If he lopped off the beginning of his comments or the end and included everything in the middle, the effect would be minimal. But if he decided to remove, for example, all reference to a specific topic wherever it occurred throughout the text, this would have a severe impact on the results of Keller's study. I am, of course, speculating, since I have no evidence of how Mormon abridged this or any other portion of the Book of Mormon. Consequently, despite potential problems because of abridgment, I must admit that Keller has done the best that could be expected with the materials at hand.
In his section "Choosing the Authors" (p. 2), Keller does a few things I would not have done. I am not sure it is valid to call Lehi an author, since it is possible that Nephi, who authored the record containing Lehi's words, was merely paraphrasing his father. After all, shorthand had not yet been developed in the sixth century B.C., so he may not have been able to write down his father's exact words.
In another case, Keller assigns a text to the "angel who spoke to Nephi 1" (p. 2). But since the angel did not actually write anything, we are dependent on Nephi's secondhand account and his memory of what he heard the angel say. It is possible, of course, that the Lord inspired him to remember all the angel's words, but it is just as likely that Nephi's report of his vision is based on his best recollection. If the former, then the angel clearly must be treated as an "author," as Keller has done. If the latter, the text may reflect Nephi's own language, but not necessarily; it depends on the degree to which he remembered the angel's exact words. In noting that both Nephi1 and the angel who spoke to him use the terms church and churches in the same way (p. 55), Keller actually provides evidence that Nephi is the author of the words he has attributed to the angel.
The same can be said of text that Keller assigns to either "The Father" or "The Lord," when those words are being reported by a second party. Some would argue that the title Lord is sometimes applied to God the Father and sometimes to Christ. But Keller defines the term as "Jesus, either before his mortal birth or as the resurrected Lord when he speaks from the heavens" (p. 33). I am concerned not only with this identification, but with the fact that we are informed in Doctrine and Covenants 1:24 that the Lord speaks "after the manner of [the] language" of the people to whom he is revealing his will. This suggests that the words of the Lord recorded by Nephi could reflect quite different authorship (perhaps even Nephi himself) than the words of the Lord recorded by Alma or Isaiah. As a test, Keller should, at the least, have looked at words attributed to the Lord in the Doctrine and Covenants.
Nevertheless, in his analysis, Keller does provide some interesting information about these divine authors. He notes, for example, that "the emphasis among the divine or heavenly figures is on the people of Israel as a nation, a spiritual group, a covenantal group, or a remnant. Most striking is the likeness which is seen between the words of the Lord and those of Jesus. Since the two are indeed the same person, one should expect this" (pp. 90-1).
I also have reservations about the word categories, some of which seem rather arbitrary. For example, in the word cluster labeled "Spirituality," Keller includes words such as believe, faith, humble, repent(ance), righteous, soul, souls, worship, and charity (p. 14). Most Latter-day Saints would probably agree that these words are part and parcel of spirituality, but would the Nephites so classify them? Is Keller merely reflecting our modern Latter-day Saint culture by this grouping? Lest the reader think that I am finding fault with LDS theology, let me make it clear that I am only thinking about culture-bound classification systems, not doctrinal matters.3 If Keller can demonstrate from the Book of Mormon that the Nephites did indeed include all these terms in their view of spirituality, then my potential objection would be answered.
The Authorship Evidence Despite the problems I see in some of the categorization of authors and word groups, Keller does provide some significant evidence for individual authorship within the Book of Mormon. Nevertheless, I disagree with him on a few issues. Because I want to end this review on a high note, I will first address what I see as the bad news, and then turn to the good.
Keller associates Mormon with a "high use of monetary terms" (p. 17), evidently in reference to Alma 11:5-19. But this fades to insignificance when one realizes that Mormon is trying to set the stage for the bribe that follows and that the bribe was made in terms familiar to both the "briber" (Zeezrom) and the "bribee" (Amulek). These terms may no longer have been in use in Mormon's day and so would not have been part of his vocabulary. It seems much more likely that Mormon draws these words from the text he is abridging. But the passage in question provides good authorship evidence for the Book of Mormon. It demonstrates that the abridger (Mormon) had a document from which he was working and knew that he would have to insert the explanatory material in order that his future audience might understand the enormity of the bribe. The fact that Alma 11:20 begins with the words that appear just before the parenthetical insert in Alma 10:32 is evidence for the authenticity of the abridger's work. It seems unlikely that Joseph Smith would have invented this information.
Keller included names of biblical personalities in the Ancient Near East category (p. 4). While this procedure has a certain validity, I question it for the reason that the Nephites presumably had, throughout their entire history, the scriptures from which the Bible was compiled and could readily have referred to the scriptures rather than to the ancient Near East per se. Perhaps it would have been better to establish a Bible category for citations from or references to the Bible (which could still tell us something about which authors used the Old World scriptures and which did not) and to include in the Ancient Near East category only those references to the Old World that were not taken directly from biblical texts. Thus, for example, when Nephi speaks about the city of Jerusalem or the imprisonment of Jeremiah, while both are mentioned in the Bible, he is not citing the Bible, but narrating the history of his time. (One might expect that the first generation of Lehi's family spoke more of the ancient Near East without direct reference to the scriptures than subsequent generations who had not lived in the Old World.) Moreover, I question the validity of including the name Amos in the Ancient Near East category (p. 4), since neither of the two people named Amos in the Book of Mormon is the Old Testament prophet of that name, but both are Nephites living after the time of Christ (4 Nephi 1:19-21, 47). It makes as much sense as assigning me, an American of European ancestry, to the Ancient Near East category because my name, John, is found in the Bible. It would have been better to leave names out of the study.
Keller admits that "the word Earth poses some interesting problems for a word study" (p. 59).
As one first looks at the various ways the word Earth is used, no clear-cut lines seem to exist between the authors, except for Mormon, who has a different usage from everyone else. However, as one begins to read the various passages where the word appears and to group the usages into common categories, some distinctions begin to surface. (p. 59)
I have reservations about the categories into which the word earth has been divided: God's acts, globe, inhabitants, ground, land, values (p. 59-60). I question the validity of these categories. For example, Keller divides God's acts in relation to the earth into 15 subcategories (p. 61). These hardly seem relevant to me for the use of the word earth, though each subcategory does reflect doctrine. But the occurrences within each subcategory are so low that they seem statistically meaningless.
Keller's use of the category globe for the earth is not intended to imply a belief that the earth was spheroid, for among its subcategories are "ends of," "four corners of," "four parts of," and "four quarters of." What concerns me about the category as a whole is that some of the other subcategories seem unrelated. We have, for example, "witnesses to God," "at rest," "treasures of," "be joyful," and "swear by" (p. 65). It is very difficult for me to grasp the rationale for these groupings.
The plain and simple fact is that, in Hebrew, the term eres refers to the land mass as opposed to the seas (Genesis 1:9-10) or the "planet" as opposed to its atmosphere, called in the King James Bible "firmament" or "heavens" (Genesis 1:1-2, 6-8).4 Generally, it might best be rendered by the modern geologic term lithosphere. It is this same word that is rendered land in other Bible passages, both in the sense of, say, agricultural land, and the land belonging to a specific people or nation, such as "land of Egypt." Consequently, whenever the text has words like land, or earth, the underlying Hebrew word would often be the same.5 I seriously question the wisdom of devising separate categories based on English usage. I also have reservations about Keller's dedicating separate chapters to the discussion of "Earth" (chapter 4) and "Land and Lands" (chapter 6), particularly since, as his own research indicates, the word earth is sometimes used in the same sense as a geographical designation of "land."
Keller wrote that "only three writers use earth to mean a "land' or "region'" (p. 78). In each case, these authors?Nephi1, Samuel the Lamanite, and Mormon?are referring to Nephite/ Lamanite lands in the New World. While I generally concur with his reading of the passages he cites (pp. 78-9),6 I see evidence for this use of the word earth in other passages. For example, when we read that the wickedness of inhabitants of the city of Jacobugath (not "the city of Jacob" as Keller has it, p. 72) was "above all the wickedness of the whole earth" (3 Nephi 9:9), should we understand "the whole earth" to mean the entire planet (Keller's view) or the whole land inhabited by Lehi's descendants? I suggest that we have a clue in 3 Nephi 9:1-2, where we read that, after the great destruction, the "inhabitants of the whole earth" heard the voice from heaven. This obviously refers only to lands in the New World, not to the entire planet. Another example: Was Nephi's power to "smite the earth with famine, and with pestilence" (Helaman 10:6-7) over the entire planet (see p. 72), or over the land in which he held prophetic stewardship? (Note the reference to "this temple . . . this mountain . . . this people" in verses 8-10.) From the description of his use of those powers in Helaman 11:6, 13, 17, one might conclude that he had such authority only in the land that was his stewardship. Finally, we have 3 Nephi 11:41, where Jesus tells his disciples, "Therefore, go forth unto this people, and declare the words which I have spoken, unto the ends of the earth." In this case, I would contend that earth refers to the land over which the Nephite disciples had stewardship, not the entire planet.
I found Keller's assignment of particular occurrences of the word earth to be somewhat arbitrary. For example, when 3 Nephi 22:9 speaks of the flood waters of Noah's time covering the earth, Keller assigns this to the subcategory of "the ground as the essence of the earth" rather than of "planet" or "globe" (p. 77). He may be right, but this assignment has theological implications with which others might disagree.
Nevertheless, Keller makes some significant points in his discussion of the terms land and lands. "The emphasis among Lehi and his sons," he writes, "is on the promised land and the land of inheritance." He further notes that while all three view the New World as the promised land, they have different ideas about the land of inheritance. For Lehi, it is in the New World, while for Nephi and Jacob it is Jerusalem and its environs (p. 136). This seems to me to be highly significant. Here we have Lehi, having foretold the coming captivity of Judah, leaving his homeland for a distant land given him by the Lord for his inheritance, while his sons look forward to the restoration of Israel in the last days. This implies different mindsets and different personalities and therefore stands as evidence that the Book of Mormon is not, as the critics claim, the product of a single mind, that of Joseph Smith. Several of Keller's observations lead to this same conclusion.
For the category Law/Command, Keller (pp. 21-3, 171-2, 178-9) separates the words into command, commanded, commandest, commandeth, commanding, commandment, commandments, commands, law, law of Moses, and laws. I question the advisability of separating out different verbal forms. Similarly, it makes little sense to me to separate the singular commandment from its plural form. But perhaps that was a requirement imposed by the computer program. In any event, what is significant is the different way in which the same word would be used by different Book of Mormon authors. Thus, for example, Keller shows that some authors (Alma2, Amulek, Benjamin, Mosiah, Nephi1) use words in this group primarily in the sense of ethical and secular laws and commandments, while others (Abinadi, Jacob, Lehi, Moroni2) use them in the theological sense of man's relationship to God (pp. 23-30). (In each case, Keller explains the orientation of the author.) Mosiah's use ratio of words from the "command" group was established at 14.41, which might be expected of a king whose commandments were equated with the commandments of God in Mosiah 2:31 (p. 26). Significantly, Mormon is the only author to use the word command in the sense of military or social "leadership" (p. 31). Of particular importance is Keller's observation that "Mormon used the terms of the Law/Command word group in his own unique ways, despite the manner in which these same words may have been used in the surrounding material which he was editing" (p. 32). But "when Mormon is not editing and speaks for himself?in that case the Lord commands" (p. 164). Here, we have the kind of mix one would expect of a prophet who also served as military leader. From his personal perspective, God is the one who commands. But when speaking as a historian, the commands he describes are essentially military or political in nature.
Keller also calls attention to the significance of the distribution of references to Israel in the Book of Mormon. He writes "that the divine figures (for whom Israel is a special people) and persons recently removed from the Near East use the word Israel the most per thousand words of their text" (p. 84). Among the mortal authors who employ the word most are Isaiah, Jacob, Nephi1, Zenos, and Lehi, all of whom had lived in the Old World and hence had a more direct connection with their Israelite heritage. Lowest in use (in occurrences per thousand words of text) are, significantly, Moroni2 and his father Mormon. Keller finds it noteworthy that some authors (Alma2, Amulek, Benjamin, Captain Moroni, Enos, Helaman, Mosiah, Samuel, and Zeniff) never use the term (pp. 84-5, 159). The importance of this distribution cannot be overstressed, and Keller rightly devotes an entire chapter to the subject.
On pages 18-19, Keller lists, in alphabetical order, all his designated authors of the Book of Mormon and the principal word clusters or topics discussed by each (i.e., those ranked 1.5 or higher). The list is useful for showing what was important to each author and goes a long way toward establishing individual authorship.
For example, Keller notes that Mormon and his son Moroni are the only authors who use "directional designations with respect to various land regions," using such terms as land north(ward), land south(ward), and the like. He further notes that this father-son team share "unique language . . . in referring to the lands of which they speak" (p. 126). He illustrates this by means of a chart (p. 127). If, in fact, Mormon is not drawing these terms from the records he is abridging, this is significant indeed. It emphasizes that, for these two military leaders who saw action over a widespread area of Nephite lands and who had to plan their strategy in accordance with the topography of the land, geography was an important issue. Keller writes, "Mormon shows almost no interest in the theological implications of land. As indicated earlier, he is the geographer par excellence. Even his few references in the "special use' category are, for the most part, geographic in nature" (p. 144).
A sample chart of word clusters comparing the sermons of Nephi1 and Alma2 also shows vastly different priorities in subject matter (p. 12). While Nephi places more emphasis on the ancient Near East, the gathering of Israel, and prophecy than on other areas, Alma places both of these at the bottom of his list and emphasizes instead eschatology, spiritual matters, slavery, and ethics.7 Keller notes that these results parallel the fact that Nephi came from the ancient Near East and, as part of scattered Israel, was intensely interested in its gathering, while Alma, who lived five hundred years later, had different priorities. And while both writers give about equal weight to the subject of Christ, they emphasize different aspects. Thus Nephi uses the title Lamb 22 times, Alma only twice, while Alma makes much more use of the term resurrection (pp. 12-3).
I found Keller's examination of individual author word use to be an important contribution to the study of the Book of Mormon, although I disagree with some parts of his categorization methodology. However, I suspect that in his final conclusions he and I see eye to eye, for he wrote that "even though there is yet much refinement necessary in the tools being used, clear differences are seen between individual author uses of the thirty measured word clusters, indicating important differences in word use" (p. 11). No summary I might write could say it better.
Notes: 1 Keller indicates that he used the 1829 printer's manuscript, the "text taken from the original handwriting of the copyists of the printer's manuscript with corrections for words which varied from existing sections of the dictation manuscript" (p. 1 n. 2). It was unclear to me whether he consulted photographs of the original handwritten manuscript or relied on some published source. Since Royal Skousen's work on this material has not yet been completed or published, it seemed unlikely to me that Keller could have used the latest information.
2 This seems especially true when he prefaces the material with declarations such as "the words that X spake, saying," which is a Hebrew idiom introducing direct discourse (e.g., Mosiah 1:10; 2:9; 7:18; 13:6; Alma 5:2; 9:13; 10:1; 37:24; 50:19; cf. Mosiah 27:13). We also have introductions such as "the words [of] X" (prefaces before Alma chapters 5, 7, 9), "the commandments of" (prefaces before Alma chapters 36, 38, 39) and similar expressions (e.g., Mosiah 8:1; 27:17; Alma 12:2; 13:31). In other cases, where the speaker uses first person, it also seems clear that Mormon has merely extracted from the original record (e.g., Alma 29:1; 45:2). Note that the prefaces before the chapters that I have cited here were translated from the plates and are not modern additions as are most chapter headings. In the case of the prefaces before Alma's instructions to his sons (Alma 36-42), we also have Mormon's declaration that he had "an account of his commandments, which he gave unto them according to his own record" (Alma 35:16).
3 As an example, I note that Keller interprets 2 Nephi 18:18 as meaning that "Isaiah and those who heed his message are signs and wonders of God's presence in Israel" (p. 91). The passage, cited from Isaiah 8:18, actually reads, "I and the children whom the Lord hath given me are for signs and for wonders in Israel from the Lord of Hosts." Keller obviously bases his interpretation on Abinadi's exegesis of Isaiah 53:10 (cited in Mosiah 14:10), in which he indicates that Christ's "seed" are the prophets and others who heed his message (Mosiah 15:10-3). But Isaiah was talking about his real children, whose names had been given by the Lord and had meaning in the prophet's messages about the scattering and gathering of Israel. Thus Shearjashub (Isaiah 7:3; 2 Nephi 17:3) means "a remnant shall return" (Isaiah 10:21-2; 2 Nephi 20:21-2), while Maher-shalal-hash-baz (Isaiah 8:1-3; 2 Nephi 18:1-3) means "quick the spoil, hasten the prey" (Isaiah 8:4; 2 Nephi 18:4). Some scholars believe that one of Isaiah's children was named Immanuel, meaning "God is with us," a name found in Isaiah 7:14; 8:8.
4 The tripartite division of heavens, earth, and seas is found in Nehemiah 9:6; Acts 14:15; Mosiah 13:19.
5 It is, of course, possible that some occurrences of "earth" or "land" in the agricultural context may derive from the Hebrew adamah, "ground, soil." Keller notes "Mormon's uniqueness in using Earth to mean "ground'" (p. 167). His statement illustrates the difficulty of trying to do a study of Book of Mormon words without taking Hebrew into account.
6 I would modify the assessment of the destruction that took place on "the face of the whole earth" (3 Nephi 8:17, cited by Keller on p. 79) to restrict it to the "land northward" mentioned in 3 Nephi 8:12, where "the whole face of the land was changed," i.e., I see the destruction in 3 Nephi 8:12-18 as occurring not throughout all the lands occupied by the Nephites, but specifically in the land northward. The destruction in the land southward is detailed in 3 Nephi 8:5-11. I believe that, in the future, this distinction will assist archaeologists in their attempts to identify Book of Mormon sites, realizing that only in the land northward might one find great deformation of the earth itself, including breaking up of bedrock during the earthquake.
7 See Keller's in-depth discussion of the variant emphases in chapter 7.


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8 Comments
Nice Concept! Simple and to the point…+1
robotwhumanhair Artist
this is really creative and i'm all for the cause. +1
check out my designs whenever
kornographe Artist
thks a lot ^^
chriszappala Artist
I like the leafy type! +1
wildwalter Artist
good concept. +1
see mine too..
simple and cool!!! voted!
+1 good one
great concept and design! :D
check my frankenskull please http://www.designbyhumans.com/vote/detail/63338?contest_id=23&filter=special&page=2


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Episode 3
55 and Over Episode 3 of 4
Juliet Stevenson and Philip Jackson star in Peter Souter's comedy about love, sex and other foolhardy mistakes made by the modern 50pluser. With new partners on the scene the possibility of progeny suddenly seems more likely. But not everyone is so keen on later-in-life breeding.
Jane ..... Juliet Stevenson
Ray ..... Philip Jackson
Tony ..... Patrick Brennan
Heather ..... Liza Sadovy
Honey ..... Stephanie Racine
Sam ..... Adam Nagaitis
Dr Miller ..... Robert Blythe
Portia ..... Sarah Thom
Producer/Director ..... Helen Perry.
Last on
Wed 23 Mar 2016 05:00


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News & Politics, Society & Culture, HistoryFollow
|Society & Culture
The best of BBC World Service documentaries and other factual programmes.
November 9th, 2014
Episode 824 of 1420 episodes
Hidden away in the backrooms at Humbolt University and the Ethnological Museum in Berlin are some of the most remarkable sound recordings ever made. They date back to World War One and capture the voices of some of the ordinary men who fought in 'the war to end all wars'. What happened to these men and how did they die?
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Welcome to the daily audio workout for your head.


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Extensively configurable plugin packed with a bunch of features enabling media tagging, search and media taxonomy.
A lot of some enhancements brought to MediaTagger were made thanks to your suggestions. Feel free to contribute with your own proposals :
mediatagger.pot file, required to translate the package to any other language, is provided for volunteers with the plugin files (contact me to make sure the *.pot file part of the package is up-to-date). If you are interested in internationalizing this plugin, I would certainly welcome your help. Simply let me know so that I can push your translation to the repository. If needed I can provide you the methodology, many tools are available to ease this task.
Thanks to WebHostingHub for the spanish translation.
This is the final version of the WP ImageTagger plugin. This plugin is now obsoleted by WP ImageTagger plugin.
http://wwww.mysite.com/media_library?tags=car+plane+airport, forming your tag list using tag slugs. In that example, the page media_library is the one set with the search form and/or tag cloud, that will be displayed with the tag cloud and/or search form, clean of any search result if requesting
http://wwww.mysite.com/media_library. A tag slug is the tag name with no accent and spaces replaced by hyphens. For instance, the tag "l'automne en forêt" becomes "l-automne-en-foret".
http://wwww.mysite.com/media_library?tags=car+plane+airport&display=cloud. Possible values for the display argument are : cloud, form, combined.
function wpit_multisort_insert() was deprecated since 2.5.2 and is now unactivated from 2.5.5. Refer to the installation guide in case you are still using the direct PHP form.
New function in the admin panel : database integrity audit and repair tools are now available in the section Misceallenous. This new audit functionality will help you to better control what can sometime be a rather anarchic growing of your database. The following audit features are offered along with a repair solution :
Knowing how sensitive any cleanup of the database could turn to be, I tested extensively under various situations and found this feature pretty cool. Then you know the rule : before any cleanup of the WordPress database, run a complete backup, including all the database tables.
Therefore this function should be used once after you defined the media taxonomy. If you want to make sure the plugin is then doing his job you can later track any deviation between the posts taxonomy and the medias one. If everything goes well both should be strictly the same.
If the GD graphic library is not available on your server (check it in the page footnote), this option will be set to "No" and will not be selectable.
[mediatagger options...] shortcode notation. Refer to the FAQ for any detail.
wpit_multisort_insert() is deprecated and should not be used anymore. It still works with a recommendation message, and will not be supported in future releases.
<?php wpit_multisort_insert("http://www.mysite.com/medialibrary_result") ?> ; without argument the results are displayed at the same address as the search page address
Requires: 3.0 or higher
Compatible up to: 4.0.15
Last Updated: 2 years ago
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12:00 Noon CET
Toll Free Number
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Please enter the dates of your stay, number of rooms, and guests to see a list of available rooms.
Best Western Palads Hotel is located in the city center and offers guests easy access to sightseeing. The hotel is a hotel annex, with a total of four different buildings. Free parking and large rooms with hot tubs and sauna are just some of the reasons to choose this Best Western hotel.
The Best Western Palads Hotel is conveniently located near museums, shopping and historic sites including the Viborg Cathedral. Hotel visitors are close to amusement parks including Tivoliland, Jesperhus Blomster-Park and Duurs Sommerland Amusement Park. Travelers will appreciate access to Karup Airport (24 kilometers) and Billund International Airport (90 kilometers).
Each well-appointed room features cable satellite television, VCR/DVD, telephone, mini-bar and a hairdryer. Many rooms and suites offer private sauna and hot tub. Some rooms also have kitchen.
When you choose to stay at a Best Western hotel you can always call our toll free number and make your reservation. A big Scandinavian breakfast buffet is included in the room rate. Environmental fees will NOT be charged and there is free Wi-Fi. Join our loyalty program, Best Western Rewards®, for FREE and you can reserve your room with your Best Western Rewards® card (only available for Scandinavian Best Western Rewards®, cardholders in Scandinavia), no credit card needed. Guests who book through www.bestwestern.com do not pay debit card fees either.
Remember you earn FULL Best Western Rewards® point when you book via our reservation center and www.bestwestern.com.
A friendly staff is ready to ensure a comfortable and memorable stay. Make an online reservation today at the Best Western Palads Hotel!
Latest Reviews
Palads Hotel is spread over a number of buildings. Some new and some older. We had a very nice large newer room in an adjacent building with kitchenette, sauna and spa for the price of a standard...READ FULL REVIEW
See reviewers that have the expectation that is a five star hotel. It is not, it's clearly marked as a three star hotel. Compare apples with apples and nothing else! I liked the place and to be a 3...READ FULL REVIEW
I was there for business one week only. The service and building were on the average. Some receptionist was not really smart and building room is old. Wi-FI is free but field of work is...READ FULL REVIEW
I have stayed in this place 3 times now. It is something different form what we are used to in Scandinavia, but so what? The rooms have different sizes and amenities. Parking is included and you...READ FULL REVIEW
What a absolutely crap this hotel is. Hotel is at city Centre, but that's where plusses end. Hotel is devided in different buildings so I have to walk some 300 meters from my room to reception...READ FULL REVIEW


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Trip re-routed (not aborted). Home > Thailand
Trip Start Nov 01, 2007
44Trip End Mar 01, 2008
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As some of you know, and many of you have guessed from the title, I returned home to Gilroy after coming down with malaria in Rwanda (I actually got it two weeks prior, which seems to be either in the Dubai airport [unlikely] or Nairobi). Soooo, after two days of hellish fever, sweating, and swollen liver, I bought a ticket home. I got some great treatment in Uganda, and am doing much better. In fact, everything seems to be back to normal, and I'm just going to go into the doctor for some follow up. Very strange that I got malaria considering I was taking what are considered to be the best pills...Malarone. The only thing I can think of is that I started taking the pills about 8 hours late, or that I somehow missed a dose (strange because I took them every day with breakfast). In any case, I am back in the Bay Area for a few weeks before flying to Melbourne to do the whole Fulbright thing. This does not by any means signal the end of my blogging...I have a lot of catching up to do, and will probably try to accomplish that over the next few days. Keep reading! I've really enjoyed the audience.


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Narve Båsum started in 1952 with drilling for water. In all the years since its foundation, Båsum Boring provided drinking water to houses and cottages. This is still an important part of our business. We are also a leading company in the commercial exploitation of geothermal energy from the ground (geoenergy).
based in Oslo, NORWAY.
Green Energy Group AS (GEG) is a Norwegian privately traded company. We have a fully owned subsidiary in Reykjavik Iceland were our core technical and R & D team are situated. Our overall team have many years of experience within the geothermal field including design, engineering, project management and operation of geothermal plants. Green Energy Group AS also controls a ...
ESP is the developer of `MIVC` a small in-vessel composting technology that is suitable for remote communities, island resorts, zoos, game parks or campus type applications. It has low power and infrastructure requirements. It can be fitted with PV or wind power generating & storage packages to generate its own energy. Kindly see our website ...
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A Supplier for on shore Industry / Oil and gas industry, top side / sub sea, high quality hand tools, hydraulic tools, torque tools, tension tools, pumps, nut splitters, and more. We are and import/distributer of following products: Hand held tools, Hydraulic tools, manual , air, electric and hydraulic torque tools, tension tools, Pumps, nut splitters, flange tools, ...
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Yaga focus geared towards gas analysis for environmental, process and quality. We offer the right products and solutions based on experience and knowledge. Your advantage as a customer is a provider with 100% focus on advanced gas analysis and personal attention. We also perform service on delivered measuring systems.
based in NORWAY.
Delitek AS is a market leading manufacturer and supplier of stainless steel waste handling equipment for the maritime industry. Our headquarters is located in Norway and our products are distributed via a global network of highly experienced agents and distributors. You can find our patented waste handling products on all kinds and sizes of vessels & rigs stationed around ...
based in Alsvaag, NORWAY.
Weber GmbH & Co. KG - one of the leading waste container manufacturers of environmentally friendly disposal and recycling products: waste containers, refuse carts, wheelie bins, litter bins, trash cans, grabage bins, rubbish bins, dustbins, wheeled waste containers, recycling containers, hazardous waste container, recycling bins, ash trays. As well as waste bins, wheelie ...
Distributor in NORWAY.
Arvia Technology designs, manufactures, install and monitors advanced tertiary wastewater treatment systems to reduce hard (recalcitrant) COD as well as remove colour and persistent organic micro-pollutants such as emerging contaminants, endocrine disruptors and carcinogenic compounds to ensure water quality is compliant with local wastewater discharge regulations or ...
We are a technology company that through many years has specialized in dynamic simulations and lifetime calculations of structures and mechanical systems. Engineering Fedem Technology has their main office in Trondheim and work in the market areas of oil & gas, renewable energy, marine and mechanical industries. The company provides services throughout the entire value ...
based in Trondheim, NORWAY.
EnergyNest offers a truly game changing technology for storing thermal energy on a large scale. We deliver a truly unique product that is perfectly tuned towards solving challenges of intermittency in renewable energy and other methods of power generation - providing real, quantifiable value additions to our customers and to society. Our flexible storage technology is ...
based in Billingstad, NORWAY.
Established in 1988, Alatas has built an outstanding reputation with crane owners to help provide ship managers and crane operators with an extensive range of bespoke crane services and parts solutions. Alatas understands the importance of keeping your operations running productively, our priorities are the safety of your employees and cranes, followed by lowering your ...
Office in Kristiansand, NORWAY.
REC is a leading global provider of solar electricity solutions. REC produces polysilicon, wafers, cells and modules for the solar industry, and silicon materials for the electronic industry. REC also engages in project development in selected PV segments. View a short film about REC here.
based in Sandvika, NORWAY.
Linka was founded in 1978 in the wake of the global oil crisis. Since the beginning we have focused on the development and optimization of environmentally friendly forms of energy based on biomass. Today we are among the world leaders within development, design and construction of fully automatic high-quality plants worldwide.Our solutions are based on the single ...
Distributor in Lysaker, NORWAY.
NOFI is an innovative industrial corporation concerned with the development, manufacture and sale of products and services all over the world, primarily within the maritime sector. An ongoing focus on innovation and diversification are important strategies for us. This enables the corporation to offer special competence and quality products within several market areas.
based in Eidkjosen, NORWAY.
Pöyry`s Energy business group provides integrated project management as well as consulting, advisory and engineering services for both the energy recovery of biofuels and waste and for the use of wind power, solar and geothermal energy. We understand what drives the market and have comprehensive know-how in assessing and using renewable energy sources. Sustainability ...
Industrial Test Systems, Inc., has been producing water quality test strips and test kits since 1989. Setting new standards in water quality testing, Industrial Test Systems, Inc., offers tests strips for a wide variety of ions. Low Range Arsenic Quick, for example, is the first test strip-based kit to detect down to 3ppb arsenic in only 12 minutes. Free Chlorine Water ...
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based in Sandnes, NORWAY.
Uson Marine has been a leading provider of sustainable, environmentally friendly waste management systems for the maritime and offshore industry since 1983. The company has ISO 9001 and 14001 certification issued by Det Norske Veritas.Designed specifically for marine applications, our solutions, know-how and experience help you minimize the cost and labour of waste ...
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Noren Bergen AS is specialized in design and production of oil recovery equipment. We are a Norwegian company based in Alvøen west of Bergen.
based in Godvik-Bergen, NORWAY.
BI Norwegian Business School is Norway's second largest educational institution, and one of the largest business schools in Europe. Research is the school's key strength. The school received the prestigious EQUIS accreditation from the European Foundation for Management Development in 1999 and was reaccredited in 2005.
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tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20436353.post7482835125686297446..comments2017-02-09T14:57:48.168-06:00Comments on Run More Talk Less: The full weekend.Olga Kinghttps://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-20436353.post-26264439071810465452009-05-31T23:00:08.111-05:002009-05-31T23:00:08.111-05:00希望大家都會非常非常幸福~為您介紹世界最知名私家偵探公司.....希望大家都會非<A firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-20436353.post-67971756630985225432008-03-02T21:41:00.000-06:002008-03-02T21:41:00.000-06:00I don't know how you keep it up Olga. I admire yo...I don't know how you keep it up Olga. I admire you, and others, with kids who are able to balance everything. Congratulations on closing on your condo! That must be a huge relief. Again, can I say, can't believe you fit running into all that.shawnhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-20436353.post-26367361872745314472008-03-02T14:54:00.000-06:002008-03-02T14:54:00.000-06:00Nice run of negative splits at Hagg and I hope OP ...Nice run of negative splits at Hagg and I hope OP 50 went as well. Please stop in Longview on the way back from Chuckanut. It would be great to see you and we will appreciate the support.Steve Shttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-20436353.post-48003453355891933922008-03-01T20:21:00.000-06:002008-03-01T20:21:00.000-06:00I am jealous! Enjoy your nice weather, heck, it wi...I am jealous! Enjoy your nice weather, heck, it will be even nicer in AZ. It's not so nice in MN. Boohoo.Julie Bhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-20436353.post-11782147854163647532008-02-29T14:13:00.000-06:002008-02-29T14:13:00.000-06:00Good luck with all the great forward motion! I kno...Good luck with all the great forward motion! I know it's hard to do it all and work too. Also, isn't it weird how some music motivates others and puts others to sleep? >:) I guess variety IS the spice of life.KendraBohttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-20436353.post-45991381587357838932008-02-29T13:28:00.000-06:002008-02-29T13:28:00.000-06:00Yo, crazy russian......have fun at OP. Reading yo...Yo, crazy russian......have fun at OP. Reading your blog makes me tired. nap time.......BillyBillyhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-20436353.post-8021349740427799272008-02-29T12:41:00.000-06:002008-02-29T12:41:00.000-06:00Yes good Luck at Old Pueblo. Run like hell. Enjoy ...Yes good Luck at Old Pueblo. Run like hell. Enjoy that beautiful desert.davidultra49http://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-20436353.post-60914638582287563642008-02-28T23:08:00.000-06:002008-02-28T23:08:00.000-06:00Good luck at OP! Bring more sunshine back to the P...Good luck at OP! Bring more sunshine back to the PNW!Laura Hhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-20436353.post-88094901769320389012008-02-28T16:24:00.000-06:002008-02-28T16:24:00.000-06:00Olga, best of luck at Old Pueblo! Do not forget to...Olga, best of luck at Old Pueblo! Do not forget to pack your iPod this time. Looking forward to reading your race recap!Dmitrihttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-20436353.post-47610951725517003452008-02-28T15:44:00.000-06:002008-02-28T15:44:00.000-06:00Good luck at OP!! I hope you don't freeze there. ...Good luck at OP!! I hope you don't freeze there. I remember how cold the start can be. I can't wait to read your race report. Have fun.kellyhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-20436353.post-10361420281340991492008-02-28T11:18:00.000-06:002008-02-28T11:18:00.000-06:00Wow, your time is even crazier than mine. So hecti...Wow, your time is even crazier than mine. So hectic. I let the bills and bank staements pile up until critical-mass, then i sit down and it takes me an hour to go through the pile. I hate paperwork! I'd rather be running. Late from work, birthday parties, parent-teacher conferences, chores, meals, when am I supposed to run? I run a lot, but then other things don't get done. Sleep, meals, catchingJeffOhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-20436353.post-45245358470281334892008-02-28T09:23:00.000-06:002008-02-28T09:23:00.000-06:00It's nice here too -- it was 40 degrees this morni...It's nice here too -- it was 40 degrees this morning!

Just reading about your weekend made me tired.Dannihttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-20436353.post-90075980242920129532008-02-27T23:47:00.000-06:002008-02-27T23:47:00.000-06:00You should have tried some pool running! I'm not ...You should have tried some pool running! I'm not a water person at all, but I'm enjoying the occasional pool run and will try to keep it up.

Good luck at OP 50 this weekend! : )Sarahhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-20436353.post-63447905130512602102008-02-27T22:00:00.000-06:002008-02-27T22:00:00.000-06:00Have a great race at OP 50! Congrats on number 50 ...Have a great race at OP 50! Congrats on number 50 at Hagg Lake as well. Looks like it was a lot of fun, but I don't think I am man enough to wear a skirt.robtherunnerhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-20436353.post-52787771503074820892008-02-27T21:42:00.000-06:002008-02-27T21:42:00.000-06:00At first I thought, Damn, you fit a lot into one d...At first I thought, Damn, you fit a lot into one day. Then, when you mentioned Old Pueblo, I thought, Damn, it's almost March already! Time (for all of us) to get hopping!

~firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-20436353.post-19638888696058446092008-02-27T21:16:00.000-06:002008-02-27T21:16:00.000-06:00Although it's exciting to move to a new place, I h...Although it's exciting to move to a new place, I hate the dealings with bankers and stuff. Good news is it'll be over in a few days. A new condo is cool!

Have fun in AZ and run well.Backofpackhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com


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Keficho Shekicho Zone
Keficho Shekicho was a Zone in the Ethiopian Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNPR). A 1997 Situation Report by the United Nations Development Programme/Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia states that originally Kaffa and Sheka were separate zones, but were combined in early 1996.[1] Keficho Shekicho was later separated for Keffa and Sheka Zones.
Keficho Shekicho was bordered on the south by Debub Omo, on the southwest by Bench Maji, on the west and north by the Oromia Region, and on the east by Semien Omo. The administrative center of Keficho Shekicho was Bonga; other towns included Tepi.
The CSA reported that 10,352 tons of coffee were produced in Keficho Shekicho in the year ending in 2005, based on inspection records from the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea authority. This represents 10.3% of the SNNPR's output and 4.6% of Ethiopia's total output.[2]
Based on figures from the CSA, in 2005 this zone has an estimated total population of 1,044,033, of which 514,498 are men and 529,535 women; 101,639 or 9.7% of its population are urban dwellers. With an estimated area of 12,739.25 square kilometers, Keficho Shekicho has an estimated population density of 81.95 people per square kilometer.[3]
In the 1994 Census, Keficho Shekicho had a population of 725,086 in 163,973 households, of whom 357,737 were men and 367,349 women; 56,090 or 7.74% of its population were urban dwellers. The five largest ethnic groups reported in this Zone were the Kafficho (71.77%), the Amhara (6.86%), the Mocha (6.36%), the Bench (5.11%), and the Oromo (4.85%); all other ethnic groups made up 5.05% of the population. Kafa is spoken as a first language by 71.34%, 7.63% speak Amharic, 6.62% Mocha, 5.13% Bench, and 4.55% speak Oromiffa; the remaining 4.73% spoke all other primary languages reported.[4]
According to a May 24, 2004 World Bank memorandum, 2% of the inhabitants of Keficho Shekicho have access to electricity, this zone has a road density of 38.4 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers (compared to the national average of 30 kilometers),[5] the average rural household has 0.7 hectare of land (compared to the national average of 1.01 hectare of land and an average of 0.89 for the SNNPR)[6] the equivalent of 0.4 heads of livestock. 17.1% of the population is in non-farm related jobs, compared to the national average of 25% and a Regional average of 32%. 72% of all eligible children are enrolled in primary school, and 13% in secondary schools. 34% of the zone is exposed to malaria, and 58% to Tsetse fly. The memorandum gave this zone a drought risk rating of 324.[7]
- Keffa Sub-Zone
- Sheka Sub-Zone
- ^ Joachim D. Ahrens, "Kefa, the Cradle of Coffee - a Situation Report on the Western Zones of Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Regional State" UNDP-EUE Report, January 1997 (accessed 23 January 2009)
- ^ CSA 2005 National Statistics, Table D.2
- ^ CSA 2005 National Statistics, Tables B.3 and B.4.
- ^ 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Vol. 1, part 1, Tables 2.1, 2.7, 2.11, 2.14 (accessed 30 December 2008)
- ^ "Ethiopia - Second Road Sector Development Program Project", p. 3 (World Bank Project Appraisal Document, published 19 May 2003)
- ^ Comparative national and regional figures comes from the World Bank publication, Klaus Deininger et al. "Tenure Security and Land Related Investment", WP-2991 (accessed 23 March 2006)
- ^ World Bank, Four Ethiopias: A Regional Characterization (accessed 23 March 2006).


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Some pictures from the protests taking place before the commencement of the G8 summit, where eight rich countries will decide on the fate of others.
Source: Times Online
In other G8 news, Bush pours water over Blair's hope that the United States will adopt any sort of a climate change accord.
President Bush has ruled out any Kyoto-style agreement on climate change at the G8 summit this week and told Tony Blair not to expect any "special favours" from America, insisting that he will go to Gleneagles focused on US interests.
In an interview to be broadcast on ITV this evening, President Bush categorically objected to any agreement which sets targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Instead, the President said that any progress in improving the environment would depend on developing new technologies.
Asked whether he would be willing to sign any agreement similar to the Kyoto treaty that bound countries to reducing their greenhouse emissions and which America signed but refused to ratify, President Bush said:
"If this looks like Kyoto, the answer is no. The Kyoto treaty would have wrecked our economy, if I can be blunt. I don't think you can expect any American leader to wreck our economy, nor as an ally and a friend of America and a trading partner of America should you want us to wreck our economy."
Source: Times Online
I agree with this comment of a fellow American.
Powered by Sidelines
Sadly it is true that the US doesn't think of itself on the same terms of the rest of the world. Many Americans see themselves isolated from the rest of the world's problems, and it does not help that our government promotes that idea. The US government does not do anything unless it has something to gain. Bush has proven himself untrustworthy in his word. The right-wing politicians need to get off their high horse and see that the environment is everybody's problem and quit looking at the dollar signs. Please note that many Americans don't feel this way and can't wait for Bush to be out of office. Robin Castellanos, San Antonio, Texas


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Electric Railway Museum
The Electric Railway Museum is a charity who aim to promote the heritage of all electric trains in the UK through traction and rolling stock restoration, display and operation in addition to gathering photographic and technical archives with historic relevance. Their work is run entirely by volunteers and funded by public donations.
The site in Rowley Road, Baginton, has the largest collection of preserved electric trains in the UK, ranging from suburban multiple units, carriage bodies of Edwardian underground trains and industrial electric locomotives, to high speed express trains.
To meet the growing demand of visitors we have decided to open every Second Saturday each month from April to October, with additional special open weekends throughout the year. The Electric Railway Museum website can be found at www.electricrailwaymuseum.co.uk where dates are listed for the open weekends. During these weekends, additional attractions are brought onto the site and extra items are available for viewing and visitors can enjoy train rides on our all electric miniature railway.
For 2016 the dates are: -
April 9th
May 14th
June 11th
July 9th and 10th
August 13th
Sept 10th & 11th Heritage open days
October 8th
All dates open at 10:30 and end 16:30
In addition to the open weekends, visits can take place throughout the year, whether you are a large society, enthusiast group or an individual with an interest in a specific item. Please note that you may find the site closed if you turn up without prior notice, so contact the museum to arrange a visit, letting them know the size of party, suitable dates and any specific areas of interest.


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The Australians - who play Munster in the Sony Ericcson Challenge at Thomond Park Stadium next Tuesday (8pm) - led 13-0 mid way through the opening half and although Munster coach Tony McGahan hadn't seen the game live, he admitted at the media briefing in UL this afternoon that it was on his to-do list for this evening.
And when the question was asked about his knowledge of the current Australian management it gave him the opportunity to wax lyrical about one of Munster's favourites sons.
"Jim Williams was here for three of my years involved with Munster," he said, " and there's not too many foreign players that go to another country in any form of work and leave such an imprint on the environment that they've been to.
"Jim as a rugby player, as a captain, as a person and then as a coach transcended across every part of the Munster Rugby community." McGahan said.
"I was certainly amazed in my time here that he signed more autographs than anyone else when he was on the coaching staff and there wasn't a person who had a bad word to say about him. I think that's a tremendous reflection on him not only on his sporting ability and his ability to be within the rugby squad because that's always easy but I think he had a really strong connection outside of that.
"He had a lot of support here and that's the nature of Jim and he'll be certainly well received when he comes back here, a tremendous character and a tremendous person so I'm sure he'll have a lot of catching up to do with the various people here.
"He most certainly left his mark. Since he's gone, whenever there's a comparison made to a foreign person coming in or best foreigners or whatever, he's certainly at the top of the list. I don't think there's any doubt about that and I think he'll be there for a long period of time to come. " McGahan concluded.


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Patricia Corcoran
Clastic plastiglomerates, like the ones shown here, are loose rocky structures, composed of a combination of basalt, coral, shells, woody debris and sand that have been glued together by melted plastic.
Claudio Garzón
November 21, 2012 --
Artist Claudio Garzón was building a curriculum for a summer art course in Los Angeles when the idea struck. He remembered reading about a soldier in Afghanistan who created action figures out of bottle caps so he tried it himself. Only instead of bottle caps, Garzón used plastic debris gathered from walks along the Los Angeles River. Dubbing his initial sculptures "Plastikobots," he began teaching art students how to make their own with the intention that they'd learn about ocean conservation at the same time. "When the signs are out there, how could you turn a blind eye?" he said. Here's a look at Garzón's steampunk art made from plastic trash.
Claudio Garzón
The L.A. River stretches almost 50 miles from the San Fernando Valley to Long Beach. Claudio Garzón lives several blocks from the river, not far from the area where it meets the Pacific. A net there is supposed to catch ocean-bound debris, but small plastic particles still get through, Garzón said. Nearly every day he walks along the river, documenting the pollution he sees and collecting plastic pieces. "A lot of the people who live by the river have formed organizations to go out there and clean it, but they only go out there once a year," he said. This photo shows the plastic he collected in a single day.
Claudio Garzón
Garzón dons gloves and carries a bag during his three-mile walks. He cleans the plastic he finds by soaking it for nearly a week in a bleach and hot water solution. "I don't like bleach, but that's the only thing that's going to clean it," he said. He also started experimenting with a small UV disinfecting system modified from the larger kinds that sterilize surgical instruments. While he allows himself to buy metallic paints, glue, and occasionally some screws for constructing his artwork, Garzón said he won't buy any plastic pieces. "I have to find it," he said. And he's found plenty: butane lighters, pen caps, LEGOs, Easter eggs, broken sand shovels, and doll parts for example.
Claudio Garzón
The name for the sculptures comes from the Spanish word for plastic, which is plastico, but Garzón modified it with a K. With support from colleagues in San Francisco, one of the Plastikobots was first displayed in the main lobby of the EPA building there for about six months. Then Garzón said his colleagues urged him to start making marine animals that would appeal to more people. He decided to run with their suggestion.
Claudio Garzón
Garzón has taught workshops and after-school art programs in Los Angeles public schools. In Watts, his lessons include learning about upcycling, turning trash into something of value, and an introduction to marine biology. "Even though they're young, they still have a responsibility to do their part," he said. "But the only way to do that is by having people come and educate them about the problem and what they can do."
Claudio Garzón
Over the course of a 10-week semester, students at the 109th Street Elementary School in Watts learned about the chemistry of plastic, its persistence in the environment, as well as the impacts it can have on marine life, animals and human health. Garzón also taught them about ocean gyres, enormous rotating currents across the planet that are currently collecting all kinds of waste in a sort of swirling plastic soup.
PHOTOS: The Great Atlantic Garbage Patch
Claudio Garzón
Garzón wants to convey a certain vulnerability with the style of his turtle sculptures. "I try to give it a little more emotion within the eyes," he said. "A lot of people when they buy one of the turtles they say there's something about the eyes of the sea turtles."
Claudio Garzón
Garzón co-founded a nonprofit called Save Oceans and Seas, or SOS for short to bring attention to local debris accumulation. In addition, he's collaborated with several ocean advocacy groups, including Heal the Bay in Santa Monica and the San Francisco-based organization Sea Stewards to support awareness campaigns. "The awareness and attention these pieces have received has been overwhelming," he said.
Claudio Garzón
During one visit to a local park where families and children like to play, Garzón noticed that Styrofoam plates left behind were getting scattered around by seagulls. So he began to clean them up. Adults in the park stared at him and one woman even asked why he was picking the plates up. "I go, 'because it's an eyesore. You don't want your little grandson coming over here and playing with the plates,'" he said. "I can't ignore it."
Claudio Garzón
Recent rain in Los Angeles triggered a warning about high bacteria levels in the river. When he was a child, Garzón didn't remember hearing about things like that. Now, chemicals go into the water and plastic stuck there starts leaching. In the land of fish tacos and sushi, the impact can end up on the plate. "More than likely your fish has come in contact with this," he said. "Think about it: How many pieces of plastic are out in our ocean?"
ANALYSIS: Ocean Plastic Hiding Below the Surface
Claudio Garzón
One time Garzón found what looked on the surface like an empty container of cooking oil. On closer inspection he made an unsettling discovery. "There were actually mussels growing on the inside of that piece of plastic," he said. "On the outside you had barnacles."
NEWS: Pacific Plastic Soup 100-fold Increase
Claudio Garzón
During his sculpture process Garzón takes photos showing the menagerie of plastic components that go into each piece. While most who see his completed art respond positively, he admitted that there are some who accuse him of glorifying plastic. "They go, 'You can't tell it's plastic.' I go, 'you've really, really got to look hard," he said. Once he starts to point out what is what, the pieces sometimes make more sense to them. "The people who actually get it will go, 'Oh my God I see a butane lighter there. Is that a bottle cap?' Yes it is."
Claudio Garzón
A series of steampunk sharks has helped Garzón discuss challenges facing them in the marine ecosystem, he said. In particular, the sculptures open the door to conversations about pressing issues such as shark finning for soup. "(These sculptures) bring awareness to the atrocities that are happening to this majestic predator," he said.
ANALYSIS: US Shark Fin Soup Appalling and Widespread
Claudio Garzón
Each sculpture ranges in price from $480 to $680 for the robots and $850 to $1,600 for the steampunk marine animals in the Oceanic Series, Garzón said. But on occasion he has forgone the asking price in the name of a bigger cause. "I've donated several sculptures to different organizations and nonprofits I believe strongly that they are doing good work," he said.
Claudio Garzón
"Each piece is unique. Each piece tells a story," Garzón said of his steampunk artwork. "There is no blueprint."
Claudio Garzón
A World War II era breakwater in Long Beach that still exists today prevents waves from coming in and out, Garzón observed. That means debris -- particularly plastic trash -- collects in the water and along the beach. "It's almost like our own personal Pacific gyre," he said.
Claudio Garzón
Art can be a form of environmental remediation, Garzón says. His eye-catching sculptures are a way into conversations about plastic pollution, ocean conservation, and the impacts all that waste is having on marine life. "We can't solve the problems if we don't have enough of an army of marine biologists," he said. "We have to teach the next generation and say, hey this is cool, saving the environment is cool, saving the ocean is cool, saving the animals is cool."
Claudio Garzón
Garzón has an inclusive teaching style, ready to share his enthusiasm and what he's learned with a younger generation to empower them so they can make an impact. "When you walked in that door, you didn't have any idea of what was going on in the Pacific or any of the oceans around the world," he tells his students. "As an individual, what do you want to do? How are you going to make that small change?"
Claudio Garzón
The catalyst for Garzón came during a difficult personal time. While reflecting on his life, he began thinking about his daughter and young niece. Garzón vowed to do something positive so he started working with plastic and teaching. "I have my associates (degrees) in design and graphics, but I was always creative," he said. His parents and teachers he had growing up challenged him and wouldn't let him go astray. "I want to do the same."
PHOTOS: Sea Monsters Real and Imagined
Melted plastic trash on beaches can sometimes mix with sediment, basaltic lava fragments and organic debris (such as shells) to produce a new type of rock material, new research shows.
The new material, dubbed plastiglomerate, will forever remain in Earth's rock record, and in the future may serve as a geological marker for humankind's impact on the planet, researchers say.
PHOTOS: Trashy Beaches are Everywhere
Plastic pollution is a worldwide problem affecting every waterway, sea and ocean in the world, according to the Natural Resources Defense Council. First produced in the 1950s, plastic doesn't break down easily and is estimated to persist in the environment for hundreds to thousands of years. Plastic debris is also lightweight, allowing it to avoid being buried and becoming a part of the permanent geological record.
But while at Hawaii's Kamilo Beach, Capt. Charles Moore, an oceanographer with the Algalita Marine Research Institute in California, found that plastic, if melted, can actually become one with rocks, sediment and other geologic materials. (See Images of the Plastiglomerate Rock at Kamilo)
"He found some plastic had been melted to rocks, and other pieces of natural material had also been stuck on it," said study lead author Patricia Corcoran, a geologist at the University of Western Ontario (UWO) in Canada. "He didn't know what to call it. It's possible other people have found [the plastic conglomerates] at other locations before Captain Moore did, but nobody had thought to report it or identify it."
Corcoran attended a presentation Moore gave about his find, and she became immediately interested in investigating the material. So she, along with Moore and Kelly Jazvac, a visual artist at UWO, headed to Kamilo Beach to analyze the plastic formations.
Could Plastic Be Hazardous Waste?
Kamilo Beach, located on the southeastern tip of the Big Island of Hawaii, is often considered to be one of the dirtiest beaches in the world. Because of the current flow and high wave energy of the area, the beach is covered with plastic debris pulled in from the ocean, including fishing gear, food and drink containers and multicolored plastic fragments called "plastic confetti." (Photos: Tsunami Debris & Trash on Hawaii's Beaches)
The researchers discovered there are two types of plastiglomerates at Kamilo Beach: In situ and clastic.
In situ plastiglomerate is more rare than the clastic variety, and forms when "plastic melts on rock and becomes incorporated into the rock outcrop," Corcoran told Live Science, adding that the melted plastic can also get into the rock vesicles, or cavities. Clastic plastiglomerates, on the other hand, are loose rocky structures, composed of a combination of basalt, coral, shells, woody debris and sand that have been glued together by melted plastic.
A type of plastiglomerate called clastic, found on Kamilo Beach.Patricia Corcoran
When Moore first discovered Kamilo Beach's plastiglomerates, he hypothesized that molten lava had melted the plastic to create the new rock. However, the researchers found that lava had not flowed in that area since before plastics were first invented.
After digging further into the mystery and talking with locals, the researchers concluded that people inadvertently created the plastiglomerates after burning plastic debris, either intentionally to try to destroy the plastic or accidentally by way of campfires.
Plastic-Eating Barnacles Discovered
Given this origin for the beach's plastiglomerates, the team thinks the material could be present at a lot of other beaches around the world, particularly in areas where people camp or live.
"I would say that anywhere you have abundant plastic debris and humans, there will probably be plastiglomerates," Corcoran said. Additionally, other locations where there is both active volcanism and beaches polluted with plastic, such as Iceland and the Canary Islands, could have lava-produced plastiglomerates, she said.
At present, we live in the Holocene Epoch, which began nearly 12,000 years ago. In recent years, scientists have debated whether to formally identify a new geological era called the Anthropocene, which would mark the time period when human influence significantly altered Earth's physical, chemical and biological landscape. However, scientists can't agree when the Anthropocene should begin.
Whatever the case, there are several lines of evidence that highlight humankind's impact on the planet.
For instance, with the onset of the Industrial Revolution, a lot of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have been pumped into the atmosphere. And even further back, the rise of agriculture some 8,000 years ago fundamentally changed land use and led to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane, as evidenced from analyses of ice cores. Additionally, soil profiles from peat bogs indicate that mining activities and the combustion of leaded gasoline have resulted in increased lead concentrations over the past 300 years, the researchers noted in their study.
With plastiglomerates, scientists now have another global marker for the Anthropocene, Corcoran said. "It definitely shows how humans have interacted with Earth's biophysical system."
Great Lakes Filled With Plastic Bits
What's more, Corcoran and her colleagues have analyzed the clastic plastiglomerates from Kamilo Beach, and found the new material is far denser than plastic-only particles. This suggests plastiglomerates have a much greater potential to become buried and preserved in the rock record than normal plastic debris, and that future generations of scientists will be able to look into the planet's geological record and find the plastiglomerates.
"One day in the future, people can look at this material and use it as a marker horizon to see that in around 2010, humans were polluting the planet with plastic," Corcoran said. "But that's not a legacy we really want."
The researchers describe plastiglomerate in the June issue of the journal GSA Today.
Photos: The World's Weirdest Geological Formations
Images: One-of-a-Kind Places on Earth
In Photos: World's Most Polluted Places
Copyright 2014 LiveScience, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Article originally appeared on LiveScience.


text: Thor 2 finds its director. Plus tons of updates for Fringe, Game of Thrones, and The Walking Dead!Alasdair Wilkins10/14/11 9:00am751EditPromoteGo to permalinkA new Dark Knight Rises set video shows off more of Gotham City's biggest chase. Kristin Stewart swears a lot while explaining her character in Snow White and the Huntsman. Aaron Eckhart discusses playing the title role in I, Frankenstein.


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IELTS Life Skills Official Cambridge Test Practice A1 Student's Book with Answers and Audio: A1By: Anthony Cosgrove (author), Mary Matthews (author)Mixed Media
In Stock
DescriptionOfficial preparation for the 'IELTS Life Skills' Speaking and Listening exam This Student's Book prepares candidates for the IELTS Life Skills - A1 Speaking and Listening exam which is used to prove language level for UK Visa requirements. It includes four practice tests for the exam with a full answer key. There is an introduction to the exam with information about what to expect and guidelines for teachers on how to assess students. There are model Speaking answers, practice exercises and exam tips to support candidates. The accompanying Audio is downloadable using an access code in the book. Audio CDs are also available separately for class use.
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- publication date: 25/02/2016
- Format: Mixed Media
- Number Of Pages: 55
- weight: 200
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text: The Power User's Guide to Better Virtual Machines in VirtualBoxWhitson Gordon5/01/14 9:00amFiled to: virtualboxvirtualizationwindowsmacos xlinuxfeature449EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink VirtualBox is great for testing out a new operating system, but your virtual machines probably aren't that special when you first set them up. Here are a few tips for making them much easier to use—not to mention more powerful. If you're unfamiliar with VirtualBox, it's our favorite virtualization app, perfect for testing out a new OS, or running that one app you can't get in yours. We already have a beginner's guide to VirtualBox (so go there if this is your first time), but setting up your virtual machine only gets you so far. VirtualBox is packed with more advanced features that let you run your virtual machines full screen, create "snapshots" of a certain point in time, or even run virtualized apps on your regular desktop. Make Your Virtual Machine Run Faster Virtual Machines share resources with your main computer, which means using them isn't going to be nearly as fast as, say, dual booting. There are a few things you can do to speed it up, however.Allocate Your Resources ProperlyWith VirtualBox, you can choose which resources to allocate to your virtual machines. Try it with the default settings first and see how it runs. If you need more, you can easily increase them from VirtualBox's settings. Advertisement Advertisement Open VirtualBox, highlight your virtual machine in the sidebar, and go to Machines > Settings > System. From here, you can adjust how much RAM your machine gets, how many processor cores, and more. Obviously, the more of these you give it, the faster it'll run—but you don't want to give it too much, or your non-virtualized OS might not run very smoothly.Generally, it's safe to stay in the "green area" of the slider. I have 8GB of RAM in my PC so I have a lot to give, so I've dedicated about half of it to a virtual machine. If you need more, RAM is one of the easiest hardware upgrades to make. I also recommend giving VirtualBox more than 1 CPU, if you have a quad-core CPU or above.Enable Other Optimal SettingsYou should also make sure both features under the "Acceleration" tab—VT-x/AMD-v and Nested Paging—are enabled. Not all processors support this feature, however, so you may have to check if yours does (and make sure it's enabled in the BIOS).Lastly, as we've mentioned before, use a fixed size disk instead of a dynamically allocated one. As long as you have the space for it on your hard drive, it'll help your virtual machine run faster. There are other ways to speed up your virtual machines, but these are the big ones—check out this post from our friends at the How-To Geek for more nitty-gritty stuff.Install Guest Additions for a More Seamless Experience When you first set up your virtual machine, it probably runs okay. But you've probably noticed it isn't exactly seamless—the VirtualBox window is too small and low resolution, your mouse pointer might not integrate seamlessly, and so on. That's where VirtualBox's Guest Additions come in. By installing them in your virtual machine, you can make it cooperate with your non-virtualized OS much better. Advertisement Sponsored Installing Guest Additions is super easy. Boot into your virtual machine, then head to Devices > Insert Guest Additions CD Image. If you open up Windows Explorer (or your file manager of choice on Linux), you should see the guest additions "disc" in the "CD drive." Double-click on it and you'll be able to install Guest Additions just like any other program.Now, you should be able to increase the size and resolution of the VirtualBox machine, which makes running full screen a much nicer experience. Your mouse cursor should also integrate better, and you'll get a few other features which we'll describe below.Run Virtualized Apps on Your Non-Virtualized Desktop Once you've installed Guest Additions, you'll be able to use VirtualBox's "Seamless Mode," which lets you run virtualized applications on your non-virtualized desktop. So, if you're running a Windows virtual machine on a computer running Linux, you can run that one Windows app you need on your Linux desktop, as if it were its own separate app. Advertisement Once you've opened your virtual machine and launched your app of choice, head to View > Switch to Seamless Mode in VirtualBox. Your app (or apps) should show up on your main desktop, so you don't have your virtual machine taking up so much screen real estate.Share Files, Devices, and Clipboard Contents If you head to the Devices menu while you're in a virtual machine, you'll see that you can share quite a bit between your virutal machine (the "guest) and your non-virtualized machine (the "host"). (provided you've installed the Guest Additions). Here are some things you'll want to check out in that menu:USB and CD/DVD Devices: Hover over these options and you'll see a list of devices connected to your computer that you can share with the virtual machine. For example, if you plug a flash drive into your computer, you can mount it in the virtual machine from this menu.Shared Clipboard: By default, if you copy text on your host OS, you can't paste it in your guest OS. Enable bidirectional clipboard sharing from this menu, however, and you can copy and paste between your guest OS and host OS to your heart's content. Note that this only works with text, not other items.Drag'n'Drop: Ever wished you could just drag a file out of your virtual machine and onto your regular desktop? Enable Drag'n'Drop from this menu and you can do so, just like with the shared clipboard. Note: This feature is still experimental, and only works with Linux guests. It also only works dragging files host-to-guest, not the other way around. Lastly, it does not work with folders, though you can drag multiple files.Shared Folders: If you have folders or files you want to share between OSes (especially since Drag'n'Drop is still experimental), shared folders are the best way to do so. From this menu you can choose folders on your host OS to share with your guest OS. Note that this features is a bit complicated and we only recommend it for advanced users. You can read more about how to mount your shared folders in the VirtualBox manual.Take Snapshots of Certain Points in Time Snapshots (not to be confused with screenshots) are a very cool feature of virtual machines: with them, you can save the state of your virtual machine and come back to it later. So, if you're installing a sketchy program, for instance, you can take a snapshot, install the program, then revert to your snapshot if things go awry. I also like to take a snapshot of a "fresh" installation so I can restore it when I want a clean slate. Advertisement Advertisement To take a snapshot, start up your virtual machine and head to Machine > Take Snapshot. Give your snapshot a name and description—one that helps you remember the current state of the machine—and click OK.To restore a snapshot at any time, shut down your virtual machine and go to the Snapshots tab in VirtualBox, on the right-hand side of the window. Highlight the snapshot you want to return to, then click the Restore button. It'll ask if you want to take another snapshot of the machine's current state first, and you can answer accordingly. When you're done, boot up the machine as normal and it'll be just like you left it.These tips should make your virtual machine run much more seamlessly. It won't feel as native as dual booting, of course, but you have the advantages of running two OSes at once and sharing stuff between them without batting an eyelash—no reboot necessary. Advertisement Title image remixed from Nemo, OpenClips, and Ase (Shutterstock).Reply44 repliesLeave a reply


text:
Skokie has a population of 63,348 and is located in Cook county.
For Illinois residents, the average tuition for all Skokie esl schools for the 2009 - 2010 school year was $16,980.00. For non-residents, the average tuition for Skokie esl schools was $16,980.00.
The cost, on average, for books and supplies needed for esl schools in Skokie is $1,200.00. Students who live on campus while attending a esl school in Skokie, can expect to pay an average of $9,220.00 for room and board. Students who live at home can expect average costs to be $5,715.00. There are two esl colleges in Skokie for students to choose from. ESL programs in Skokie reportedly graduated 147 students in the 2008 - 2009 school year.
|Average Salary
|Number Employed in City
|Adult Literacy, Remedial Education, and GED Teachers and Instructors