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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 23, 2006
|Filing date
|Jan 18, 2005
|Priority date
|Jul 2, 2001
|Fee status
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|Kryzstof Antoni Zaklika, Nikolai Vasil'evich Markov
|Original Assignee
|Corel Corporation
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|Patent Citations (37), Non-Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (21), Classifications (14), Legal Events (12)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 09/897,716, entitled "Moirť Correction in Images" and filed Jul. 2, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,850,651, specifically incorporated herein by reference for all that it discloses and teaches.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to image data, particularly image data that is provided as an image file, and particularly image data that generates an image and may contain moirť patterns, particularly color images that display moire patterns in virtual or real images.
2. Background of the Art
Recorded images comprise a spatial, normally planar, representation of either spatially or temporally variable original signals. A large proportion of such recordings, such as copies of documents and pictures, represent a one-to-one relationship with an original document or scene, frequently with magnification or reduction involved. Radiographic film images in medicine represent a class of images where the original is not visible to the human eye and must be formed by a combination of invisible radiation (e.g., x-rays) and a suitable transducer (fluorescent screen).
In all image forming systems, degradation of the original information occurs which normally manifests itself in at least three forms: (1) blurring of edges (reduced resolution, lower sharpness); (2) random irregularities (noise, fog); and (3) image format artifacts (e.g., smudging, spreading, moirť patterns, blocking and trapping). In normal photographic images, it has long been known that edge sharpness can be enhanced and noise reduced by masking the original with a negative unsharp mask of suitable contrast (usually with lower contrast than that of the original). Early work by J. A. C. Yule is representative of this photographic masking approach (U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,407,211, 2,420,636, 2,455,849) and more complex approaches are represented by Blearson et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 3,615,433. An early attempt to use a raster scanning of the image while measuring the instantaneous light values photoelectrically and attenuating the beam according to a predetermined relationship with the light value is disclosed by Folse in U.S. Pat. No. 3,011,395. The rapid development of the Space Program lead to the emergence of high efficiency digital means of analyzing, reconstituting and enhancing images. Median filtering as a means of enhancing edge contrast has also been studied (e.g., B. R. Frieden JOSA 66. 280–283 (1976)). In the medical radiography field this stimulated the development of computerized tomography and the digital processing of radiographs in general (S. R. Amety et al, SPIE 207, 210–211 (1979), and C. R. Wilson et al, SPIE 314, 327–330 (1981)). In these approaches the image has been divided into a large number of "pixels" by scanning. A moving window consisting of n◊m pixels centered on pixel i with image value Di is investigated by an on line computer as pixels i are scanned. The arithmetic average D of the pixels within the window is then used to modify the central pixel value Di to a filtered value D′i by the algorithm:
D′ i =aD i −bD
The parameters a and b are chosen to give specific image characteristics but are constant over the scan of a single image.
The concept of varying parameters similar to a and b throughout the scan of the image based on certain local properties of the image has been studied and these patents (H. Kato et al U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,315,318 and 4,317,179 and M. Ishida et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,346,409) have disclosed particular relationships between the parameters and the values of Di or D which can give further image enhancement. These techniques do not however distinguish between noise and image edges as far as enhancement is concerned, and the higher the density Di or D the greater the enhancement.
In other imaging technology areas, similar approaches have been made. Thus in E. Alparslau and F. Ince, IEEE Vol SMC-11, 376–384 (1981), images are treated with an edge enhancement algorithm based in part on an adaptive parameter based on the difference between the maximum and minimum pixel values in the window at any point. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,237,481 final image data for printing plate production is treated by electronic circuits according to algorithms that combine sharp and unsharp image data with pixel parameters. U.S. Pat. No. 4,334,244 treats video signal images electronically according to algorithms based on the fixed average and wherein values acting on the instantaneous gradient of the image signal, the degree of edge enhancement being partly controlled by the dynamic noise of the system.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,571,635 describes a method of displaying or recording an image showing enhanced detail (particularly edge detail) relative to an original image or record comprising:
Each of these references relates to image correction of edge defects through the use of software embodying algorithms that assist in the visual correction of the specifically identified region of defects, edges in the image. However, there arises a problem in reading an original image such as a photograph or a painting having thick portions and thin portions provided as a dot image by a half tone etching method. More specifically, because of the relation between the pitch between each of the dots and the reading pitch by the image pickup device, or of a subtle deviation of phase based on the period and the like in half tone processing, a periodical pattern of thick and thin portions called moire pattern is generated, providing trouble in viewing.
Moirť patterns result from the interaction of the spatial frequencies of at least two spatially extended periodic patterns when they are superimposed. The visual effect varies widely depending on the relative angular orientation, translation and frequency distribution in two the patterns. In some cases moire can lead to pleasing design effects but in most situations in graphic arts moire is to be avoided. Examples of undesirable moire patterns are those formed in computer monitors or by overlap of color separations in color printing. One area in which moirť is a particular problem is in digital imaging, where images are formed as regular grids of picture elements or pixels. Such grids are associated with particular spatial frequencies that can interact with other spatial frequencies of components present in devices that are part of the imaging chain. A commonly encountered situation involves the scanning of colored halftone printed media, such as those composed of regularly spaced dots of colored ink of varying size. Typically, the scanner contains a detector such as a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) array and the spacing of the array interacts with the spacing of ink dots to produce an undesirable moirť pattern in the scanned image.
The occurrence of such moirť patterns is well known in digital imaging. One commonly found form of moirť is of high spatial frequency in which the separation between elements of the moirť pattern is comparable to the size of the smallest details in the image. It is common to remove this type of moirť pattern with some form of smoothing or blurring. In this procedure a compromise is made between elimination of the moirť pattern and the loss of authentic fine detail in the image. There have been attempts to eliminate the moirť in the scanner itself by optical blurring, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,159,469, 5,121,213, 4,987,496 European Patent 1,022,912 or Japanese Patent 8/149,358, or by adding noise or jitter to the scanning process, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,336,558 or Japanese Patent 51/45,757. Other attempts include matching the scanning frequency to spatial frequency elements in the material to be scanned as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,253,046, 4,965,599 or European Patent 960,523 or in Shu, J. S.-P., Springer, R. and Yeh, C. L., Optical Engineering, v.28(7), 805–12 (1989). There have also been efforts to combine multiple scans of the same subject in order to reduce moirť as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,929, Ohyama, N., Yamaguchi, M., Tsujiuchi, J., Honda, T. and Hiratsuka, S., Optics Communications, v.60(6), 364–8 (1986) or Yang, C.-Y. and Tsai, W.-H., Pattern Recognition Letters, v.18(3), 213–27 (1997). Actions performed mechanically or electrically within the scanner can also be accomplished by digital computation. Thus, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,915 teaches the enhancement of image noise in order to mask moirť patterns. Scanners have been designed including computational means for blurring noise. For example, Japanese Pat. Wei 10/276,331 discloses an averaging circuit, Japanese Pat. Wei 11/275,367 the use of a moving average and U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,915 the use of a weighted average filter, while Japanese Patent [2,000/023,085] teaches the use of a median filter for moirť suppression in a digital camera. Further, U.S. Pat. No. 5,239,390 teaches a descreening method using an iterative smoothing filter tuned to the frequency of the halftone screen, while U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,810 discloses the removal of halftone mesh patterns by a combination of a smoothing filter and edge emphasis, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,907,096 claims descreening by filtering in the Fourier (or spatial frequency) domain. In addition to such low-pass filtering methods, there have been attempts to blur the image using specially shaped or directional filters. Thus, Japanese Pat. 1972/95,961 describes a 2D filter with an axially symmetric impulse response, Japanese Wei Patent 10/003,539 discloses smoothing in the direction of minimum brightness variation, U.S. Pat. No. 5,351,312 teaches a spatial filter with positive coefficients in the main scan and cross-scan directions with negative coefficients in the diagonal directions, U.S. Pat. No. 5,649,031 claims a smoothing filter with maximum smoothing in a direction slanted with respect to the scan direction, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,798,846 discusses the use of modified median filter with a specially shaped (e.g., cross-shaped) filter window.
Another variant of moirť defect occurs as widely spaced color bands or blotches when colored halftone images are scanned. The spacing between these bands is very much larger than the scale of the finest authentic details in the image. Thus, approaches for removing moirť using blurring are completely unsuitable for removing this type of defect since blurring sufficient to reduce the bands will completely destroy small, and often medium scale, detail in the image. This moirť color banding is not unusual in scans produced by consumer scanners and there is a need for a method to eliminate it. No generally applicable and straightforward methods exist for achieving this objective. One method has been described by Kai Krause, originally in an electronic Compuserve Forum, and now available on the world wide web at http://www.pixelfoundry.com/Tips/ under the title "Tip 10: Litter Removal: Moirť Removal". This article teaches a method of removal of fine moirť patterns using Gaussian blurring. Additionally, it discloses an approach for reducing color bands. This latter method relies on splitting the image into color channels such as red, green and blue and editing a look-up table that transforms each of these colors. The principle involves manually examining each of the bands for the range of color intensities present in a given channel and then manually editing a linear look-up table in such a way that this range of input intensities becomes equal to a single average intensity after color transformation using this table. This approach does not admit automation and requires that there must first be available a method of editing look-up tables, something not normally found in consumer software. In practice it is very difficult to accomplish the disclosed correction in a way that leaves the edges of bands looking natural and blended with the image. If the color bands are not contained in a single color channel, multiple channels must be edited in the way described. This is the situation in the common case of skin tones, which can be accompanied by yellow banding, and would therefore require at least the red and green channels to be edited. Another disadvantage of this method of band elimination is that, while the alteration may lead to reduction in banding, it also influences the same color channel in regions of the image where there is no banding. This introduces new defects. To cope with this problem, it is necessary to select separate regions of the image and correct these regions individually. A further disadvantage of this approach is that it reduces the total number of colors in the image. In summary, the success of the published procedure depends very much on the specific image content, requires great skill and familiarity with image processing concepts, must be accomplished by time-consuming region-by-region correction of the image, and cannot be automated. There remains, therefore, a need for a simple process for removing moirť-related color bands that can operate rapidly on a complete image. The current widespread availability of inexpensive consumer scanners exacerbates this need.
The line screen that determines the ink dot spacing in halftone printing varies with the print medium. It can, for example, be about 80 lines per inch for newspapers, about 133 or 150 lines per inch for magazines and books, and as high as about 200 lines per inch or more for high quality art reproduction, posing a wide variation in halftone spatial frequencies. At the same time scanners and their hardware components differ widely. In some examples of consumer scanners (as noted in X. Liu and R. Erich, Image Vis. Comput., v.18(10), 843–8 (2000)) non-uniform resampling of the image in the scanner introduces extra aliasing components and complicates the moirť pattern. It can be expected that combinations of different printed media with different scanner hardware will produce widely differing moirť patterns of the color band type. It is, therefore, surprising that the present invention can, in a simple way, reduce such moirť color bands in a broad variety of images from such sources.
A method has been proposed to prevent the generation of the moirť pattern, in which dimension or pattern of a dither matrix is changed in half tone processing. However, the moirť pattern cannot be eliminated by this method when the reading pitch (the pitch between pixels in the image pickup device) itself is the cause of the moirť pattern.
Under another method, the moirť pattern has been eliminated by arranging a filter for eliminating the moirť pattern in a light path in reading the original image and by gradation of the image by dispersing the image focused on one pixel of the image pickup device onto adjacent pixels. However, the moirť pattern cannot be eliminated in all of the images having thick portions and thin portions even by this method when a plurality of images with thick portions and thin portions having different dot pitches are included in the original image.
In image forming apparatus, such as copy machines, an image is read by an image-reading unit as a digital signal, and the digital signal is supplied to a recording unit so as to obtain a reproduced image on a hard copy. In such an image-reading unit, an original is read out by an image sensor such as a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) image sensor by dividing the image into small areas, that is, pixels. An analog electric signal obtained by the image sensor is converted into a digital signal, and then various image-processing operations are applied to the digital signal so as to obtain optimum image data in accordance with the image characteristics thereof. In this type of image forming apparatus, an original is read out by a line sensor or the like having a small pixel size. Accordingly, when intensity change of the original image has periodicity such as in a half tone image, there is a possibility of formation of moirť in a recorded image due to interference of the periodicity of the intensity change of the original image with the pitch of the image sensor arranged in the line sensor, that is, the sampling period. This moirť can be eliminated by suppressing the periodicity of the intensity change through a plurality of pixels by averaging the intensity of the pixels. However, when intensities of a plurality of pixels are averaged to eliminate a moirť, the resultant character image or continuous-tone image may be undesirably blurred. Therefore, there is a problem in that when a mesh image and a character image or a continuous-tone image are mixed in one original image, the averaging process must be applied only to the mesh image area.
The reproduction of intermediate tone in such digital copying machines is generally achieved by a dither method or a density pattern method. However, such methods have been associated with the following drawbacks: (1) if the original image is a screen-tone image such as a printed image, the copied image may show stripe patterns which do not exist in the original image; and (2) if the original image contains line-tone images or characters, the image quality may be deteriorated as the edges are broken by the dither method. The phenomenon (1) is called moirť and is induced by:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,926,267 describes a method for use in reducing moirť patterns during reproducing a halftone original having extent along first and second directions, the original being formed from halftone dots situated along a screen direction and having a spatial frequency fSCR and period PSCR in the screen direction comprising:
providing gray level values for an array of pixels extending over the original, the pixels having a first spatial frequency fSCR1 in said first direction and a corresponding first period PSCR1 in said first direction;
developing a first gray level value for each pixel of the array whose gray level value equals or exceeds a threshold gray level value and developing a second gray level value for each pixel of the array whose gray level value is less than the threshold gray level value, said first and second gray level values defining a set of thresholded gray level values for said pixels;
determining from said set of thresholded gray level values adjacent pairs of pixels of the array in the first direction whose thresholded gray level values are different, each adjacent pair of pixels bordering a corresponding halftone dot;
determining from the gray level values of the pixels an edge error e1equal to d1/PSCR1 where d1is the approximate distance along the first direction between the center of the pixel the pair whose thresholded value is equal to said first gray level value and the closest edge of the corresponding halftone dot;
and processing said thresholded gray level values of said pixels of said array including: (a) using a processing window to define successive sub-arrays of said pixels and for each sub-array of pixels: (i) adding the edge errors e1for the determined adjacent pairs of pixels included in the sub-array to form a sum S1; and (ii) for the pixels having thresholded second gray level values and being in the determined adjacent pairs of pixels, starting with the pixel of the adjacent pair of pixels having the highest edge error and continuing with further pixels of the adjacent pairs of pixels in the order of descending edge error, changing the thresholded gray level values of the pixels from said second to said first threshold gray level value until the thresholded gray level values of M pixels have been changed, where M is the closest integer to the sum S1.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,408,337 describes an image processing apparatus in which a moirť pattern occurring in a half tone area can be eliminated by a suitable filter. A plurality of data blocks comprising N*N pixel data are transformed by means of a two-dimensional orthogonal transform so as to obtain an N*N matrix transformation factor block. An evaluation block is prepared which comprises N*N transformation factors each of which is the mean value of the absolute values of corresponding factors from a data block being considered and data blocks surrounding the data block to be determined. Mean values A[i] and B[i] (i=0 to L−1) of predetermined transformation factors are calculated, A[i] being mean values of factors included in a number L of first areas consecutively positioned along a diagonal line of the evaluation block, B[i] being mean values of factors included in a number L of second areas positioned adjacent to and lower in frequency to the corresponding first areas. A filter selection signal is generated which corresponds to the number i when a condition is satisfied where A[i]>B[i] and A[i]>threshold value th1. The pixel data corresponding to the evaluation block is smoothed by the selected filter.
As noted above, moirť patterns can also be generated in monitors or other cathode ray tubes. Color cathode ray tubes ("CRTs") are commonly used as visual display devices, employing up to three electrodes, typically one for each primary color: red, green, and blue. Most color CRTs use a shadow mask to selectively illuminate a matrix of each electrode's respective colored phosphors (i.e., red, green, and blue). CRTs normally will have a shadow mask placed behind a phosphor-coated screen. The shadow mask is usually a metal foil with numerous perforations which allow the electron beam sourced by a particular electrode to selectively strike its respective phosphor dot. The electron-beam is focused by magnetic lenses in the CRT neck into a small spot before the electron-beam reaches the shadow mask. The electron beam from the green cathode is partially occluded by the shadow mask such that the electron beam only strikes the corresponding green phosphor after passing through the shadow mask. The beam is typically larger than the shadow mask perforation size, so the shadow mask blocks part of the beam and casts a smaller shadow of the original beam onto the desired phosphor.
The dot pitch, or spacing, between adjacent shadow mask perforations, and their corresponding phosphor dots, must be as small as possible for the highest resolution. For mechanical and economic reasons, the dot pitch is generally limited to about 0.2 millimeters ("mm") to 0.3 mm for a typical high resolution display CRT. As the electron beam traverses the screen, the shadow mask includes a periodic illumination pattern depending on whether the beam either impinges upon a perforation, and consequently the phosphor, or strikes the metal foil of the shadow mask separating the perforations. Because the sweep rate of the electron beam is known, an equivalent frequency for the resulting sinusoid can be calculated, and is referred to as the spatial frequency of the shadow mask, νspatial.
To increase the resolution of the display, the spot size of the incident electron beam must be made as small as possible. As the electron beam spot size is reduced and begins to approach the dimensions of the phosphor dot pitch, the amount of a particular phosphor that is actually struck by the beam is a function of how well the electron beam spot is aligned to the shadow mask aperture corresponding to the intended phosphor. Moreover, it must be noted that the electron beam spot shape is not constant as the beam traverses the CRT screen. In particular, the beam spot varies from a circular shape at small angles of deflection, e.g., near the center of the CRT screen, becoming more eccentric or ovaloid at higher angles of beam deflection, e.g., near the screen perimeter. If a video pattern of alternating on-off phosphors ("pixels") is displayed, some of the pixels will be seen to be exactly aligned with the shadow mask and therefore will have uniform phosphor brightness across the dot, whereas other phosphors will exhibit a nonuniform brightness, a consequence of misalignment between electron beam and shadow mask aperture. The repeating pattern of varyingly bright pixels also is seen to be of sinusoidal form, with a frequency νspot equivalent to half the pixel clock frequency, where one pixel clock cycle turns on the spot, and the next pixel clock cycle turns off the pixel. As the spot size of the electron beam is reduced while viewing the on-off pattern, a periodic visual interference pattern known as moirť is produced in each video line scanned across the CRT. The frequency νMoirť of the moirť interference pattern is the difference between the spatial frequency of the shadow mask νspatial, and the frequency of the electron beam spot νspot, or
If the two frequencies νspatial and νspot were identical and in-phase, the moirť frequency νMoire would zero out. A moirť frequency of zero is the ideal case, where each phosphor has a corresponding shadow mask aperture through which the corresponding electron beam travels. From a particular standpoint, however, the spot size varies as a function of the electron beam deflection angle and focus voltage. Therefore, there may be a significant variation of electron beam spot size depending on the age of the CRT and position of the electron beam on the screen. Hence, the ideal case typically cannot practicably be realized. In fact, the closer the spatial frequency and the spot frequencies are to each other, the lower the moirť beat frequency νMoire and the more visible and objectionable the moirť interference pattern becomes. In addition, because the electron beam spot size varies across the face of the CRT, the individually scanned video lines will each produce a slightly different moirť interference, and therefore the moirť pattern itself varies as a function of electron beam position.
From an operating standpoint, the moirť interference phenomenon poses a serious aesthetic problem, since the best electron beam focus and highest image resolution results in unacceptably noticeable moirť patterns if the video signal being displayed includes alternating pixel patterns, which is a common occurrence. From the prior art teachings, the moirť interference problem has been addressed in three ways. First, the shadow mask and phosphor dot pitch can be reduced, which raises the effective spatial frequency of the CRT, thereby raising the moirť beat frequency so that it is less visible. The result is that in order to reduce the moirť effect, much lower resolution images must be displayed on a CRT that is inherently capable of significantly higher resolution. Second, the electron beam can be defocused so that the spot size of the electron beam is increased, thereby decreasing the amplitude of the phosphor illumination, which in turn reduces the amplitude of the phosphor spot frequency. The lower amplitude spot sinusoid results in a decrease of the amplitude, and therefore visibility, of the resulting moirť interference. Again, significant reduction in resolution and image quality are exchanged for only moderate reduction in moirť interference. A third option is to avoid displaying video signals with alternating pixel or phosphor illumination patterns, and to simply tolerate the resultant moirť interference patterns when they occur.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,188 describes how visible moirť interference is eliminated by alternately shifting the phase of the horizontal sync signal or video signals such that the phase of each video line, and hence the phase of the resulting moirť interference associated with that video line, is also alternately shifted. The phase of the moirť interferences are shifted such that persistence of vision in the human eye averages oppositely phased phosphor intensity variations occurring on alternating scan lines and/or vertical fields. When viewed by a user of the CRT, optical cancellation of the moirť interference patterns results.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,094,018 describes another method of addressing moirť patterns in a display monitor. A horizontal synchronization signal having a horizontal scanning frequency is received by a first circuit. A vertical synchronization signal having a vertical scanning frequency is received by a second circuit. A moirť correction signal that is proportional to a horizontal resolution of the displayed image is generated by dividing the horizontal scanning frequency by the vertical scanning frequency.
As can be seen, the main emphasis on the reduction of moirť patterns, both in printed and monitor images has been directed towards breaking up the relative frequencies between overlying or contiguous patterns. It is desirable to find alternative methods of reducing moirť in images, particularly within software solutions.
A matrix of pixels within an electronic image in which moirť patterns are present is treated to modify pixel densities to reduce visible moirť patterns without damaging the quality of the image content. A grid or matrix of pixels for the entire image or a section of the image is created. Sub-matrices, comprising a minimum of 7◊7 pixels are used to compare optical density values of systematically located pixels that are not adjacent to a relatively central pixel within the matrix (e.g., there is at least one pixel between the central pixel and the non-adjacent pixel). For example, in a 7◊7 matrix of pixels, the central pixel would preferably be compared to the four corner pixels, and the four outside row centered pixels. The optical density value of the matrix-centered pixel (or other specific optical value such as CIE L*a*b*, CIE L*u*v*, tristimulus values, color content, etc.) would be compared to the eight preferred pixels specified above. A number of the pixels, preferably less than all of the compared pixels, would be selected on the basis of their compared values being the closest within the group to the measured optical value of the sub-matrix-centered pixel. The average or mean value of the selected pixels would then be used as the optical value for the sub-matrix-centered pixel. That value would then be stored in a program for later use in generating a final image. The process would then be performed again by selecting another pixel as the sub-matrix-centered pixel. When a sufficient number (or all of the pixels) within the area to be cleansed of moirť pattern have been treated by the process and the complete image data saved in the program, the image data may then be presented in a visual form with reduced moirť pattern thereon.
It is at least a desirable objective in the provision of images to provide images without flaws. In professional image-provision fields, such as advertising, web-page design, printing, sign-making, and photography, a first measure of the quality of the work is the appearance of the pictures/images provided. Certain types of flaws tend to be more obvious to visual observance than others, and the presence of moirť patterns is one of the most obvious observable technical flaws. The reason that moirť patterns tend to be so readily observable is the pseudo-pattern, or density frequency of the defect. Rather than occurring only at random independent dots (half-tone imaging), points (e.g., monitor display) or pixels (raster imaging or monitor display), moirť patterns occur over areas of the image, occur over multiple areas, and tend to cover relatively large areas of an image so that the pattern is readily observed on first viewing the image.
The correction of moirť defects has been addressed by image-makers at least since the time that half-tone imaging was first introduced and the problem occurred. The advent of digital imaging, inherently digital CRT screens, the increased use of computer imaging, and other technical advances have increased the occurrence of moirť patterns in regular business and private practice. The inherent limitation in the ability to control the image medium where a fixed spatially distributed medium is used (such as a CRT or monitor screen) requires new methodologies for correcting or at least redressing or minimizing moirť effects. It has been determined by the inventors that the use of only adjacent pixel-by-pixel analysis is insufficient to satisfactorily address the moirť effect. Although the moirť effect can be softened, adjacent pixel-by-pixel analysis still may leave a significantly visible pattern
It has been found that the use of a system of pixel adjustments in which at least some distal pixel weighting in the adjustment of individual and collective pixels within the image provides a much more even and smooth reduction in the appearance of moirť patterns in the image.
To appreciate the practice of the invention, some understanding of the structure of images is desirable. All images, at some level, are constructed of sub-elements of the image. Even with what is considered an analog image (e.g., a painting created with a brush spreading paint across a surface), microscopic or sub-microscopic analysis would show pigments distributed over the surface of the substrate or canvas. Still, digital imaging is recognized as distinct from analog imaging and is defined by the existence of a collection of distinct areas of approximately equal size (e.g., half-tone imaging usually comprises dots varying in size from about 3% dots to 98% dots) that are organized in a relatively matrix pattern of columns and rows. These sub-elements or smallest image components are known in the art as pixels. The pixels themselves, especially when produced by laser imaging or other high-resolution exposure systems, may itself be formed by smaller units (e.g., in laser imaging, a pixel may be composed of a large number of spots, each spot being approximately the incident area of the laser, and in CRT displays, a pixel could comprise an area comprising a multiplicity of phosphor particles comprising either a single color or a multiplicity of colors). However, within each imaging field, the pixel is usually accepted as a specific unit of the image. For example, in laser imaging, the software program defines how many spots (including zero energy spots to reduce the image density of a pixel) will constitute a pixel and how those spots will be distributed over the pixel area. Therefore the unit of the pixel is a common working tool well understood by the imaging artisan.
In providing a computer-based image, the image is stored as a digital image, which inherently defines a system or matrix of pixels. The data is stored in a digital format, which inherently considers the image surface as a distribution of columns and rows of pixels or image components. Therefore digital or computer-based imaging is inherently subject to moirť effects and is also susceptible to a uniform mechanism of correction that cannot as readily depend upon adjustment of the pattern of lay-down of the image and must look in another direction of adjustment in the image content to overcome a moirť defect.
The present invention provides a unique basis of pixel-by-pixel adjustment to correct moirť defects in digital imaging, especially images generated from computer-stored digital data. The process comprises providing a digital image comprising a matrix of pixels; dividing the matrix into smaller sub-matrices of pixels; selecting an approximately statistically or physically central pixel or group of pixels within the sub-matrix for adjustment for correction of moirť effects; selecting at least some pixels that are distal from the central pixel or central group of pixels (distal means non-adjacent, e.g., at least one pixel is present between the central pixel or any group of central pixels and any selected distal pixel or distal group of pixels) and are generally distributed around the central pixel or central group of pixels (e.g., symmetry, near symmetry or surrounding distribution is desired); at least four distal pixels (or pixel groups), preferably at least six distal pixels (or pixel groups), and preferably at least 8 distal pixels (or pixel groups) are selected; an image property (e.g., optical density, specific color optical density, optical reflectance, hue, tone, etc, preferably some quality of optical density) is compared between all or most of the selected distal pixels and the central pixel or central group of pixels; preselecting a number of distal pixels that will be used in creating an adjusting value for the central pixel or central group of pixels (the preselected number may be the number of all of the distal pixels, but is preferably a number less than all of the distal pixels, e.g., between 40% and 75% of all distal pixels); determining which preselected number of distal pixels are the distal pixels with the closest values/properties to the central pixel or central group of pixels to define a relative group of values/properties; averaging the values/properties of the relative group; assigning the average value to the central pixel or central group of pixels; storing the assigned value for that central pixel or central group of pixels; and repeating the analysis and value storage for a different sub-matrix of pixels or for a different pixel or pixel group considered as the central pixel or central group of pixels within the original sub-matrix. This process would be repeated for the same property or for other properties (e.g., the optical density for each color in the image, e.g., cyan, magenta, yellow and black) until a user satisfactory treatment of the image has been performed, including treatment of most or all pixels within the image or repeated treatment of all or most pixels within the image.
The present invention relates to a method of removing defects from a scanned image or digitized image. In particular it refers to a virtual filter for removing moirť color bands. The virtual filter (hereinafter merely referred to as a filter or filter window) is in the form of a window that is successively centered over each pixel in the image and the values of various pixels within the window are used to compute a new, corrected value for the central pixel of the window. This new value can conveniently be written to a new output image array in order to leave unaffected the original pixel values of the image, so retaining them for calculations at different positions of the window in the input image. More specifically, the invention concerns a filter window whose size is determined by specific mathematical relationships. Additionally, only certain specific groups of pixels within this filter window are used in the calculation of the corrected pixel value.
The filter window of the invention is a square whose sides are preferably positioned parallel to the horizontal and vertical edges of the image (although skewed, rotated, parallelogram orientations may be used). An example of a non-square, non-rectangular orientation of averaging pixels in the shape of a parallelogram is shown in
p(i−3k,j−3k), p(i−3k,j+3k), p(i+3k,j−3k), p(i+3k,j+3k)
and the pixels at the centers of the edges of the window are defined as:
p(i,j−3k), p(i,j+3k), p(i−3k,j), p(i+3k,j).
The filter window is successively positioned in the image at locations corresponding to i from 1 to h inclusive and, independently, j from 1 to w inclusive, where h is the height of the image in pixels and w is the width of the image in pixels. However, it is not required to use positions corresponding to all combinations of i and j. For example, combined values of i and j can be chosen such that the filter is applied only in regions of the image where color banding is especially visible.
In a color image, at least three components are required to describe the color, for example a) red, green and blue or b) hue angle, saturation and lightness, though it is possible to use more colors, such as cyan, magenta, yellow and black with subtractive color components. In general, pixel colors can be represented in one of many color spaces, which can be transformed one space to the other. However, it is typical to transform the final image color representation to red, green and blue for display on a monitor or to cyan, magenta, yellow and black for printing. For the practice of this invention, it is advantageous to convert the image to a color space that is an opponent color space prior to applying the window filter. Such a color space has two color axes that approximately correspond to human color vision. Thus, one axis represents approximately colors ranging from yellow to blue and a second axis colors ranging from red to green. The remaining third axis is a measure of the brightness of the color. Such color axes are termed opponent since humans cannot see colors such as yellowish-blue, bluish-yellow, reddish-green or greenish-red. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that there are many color spaces with an approximately opponent property. For the practice of this invention it is sufficient that the color space has only an approximately opponent character and not an exact match to the characteristics of human vision. Examples of such color spaces include YUV, YIQ, YCC, YCbCr and YES. It is also possible to define suitable color spaces by simple arithmetic manipulation of the red (R), green (G) and blue (B) color channels. Thus, a first color axis can be defined as R−G, a second color axis as 0.5(R+G)−B, and a third as 0.33(R+G+B). However, it is desired that the axes of the color space should correspond to similar perceptual color distances. Particularly preferred for the practice of the invention are opponent color spaces with good perceptual uniformity such as CIE L*u*v* or CIE L*a*b*. Most especially preferred is CIE L*a*b*.
During the operation of the filter, the four pixels at the corners and the four pixels at the centers of the sides of the window are ranked by similarity of color relative to the color of the central pixel p(i,j). Various measures of color difference can be used in a color space with three orthogonal dimensions, such as the Manhattan or city block distance and the Mahalanobis distance. However, it is preferred to use a simple Euclidean or Pythagorean distance computed as the square root of the sum of the squares of the color differences along each of the three axes. In the case of the CIE L*a*b* color space, this Euclidean distance corresponds to the measure known as ΔE, and is particularly preferred. Other variants of ΔE, such as ΔECMC or ΔE94, are known to represent color differences more according to human perception than does ΔE and can also be used as measures of color difference. However, it has been found that the extra computational effort required to calculate such more perceptually accurate distances does not normally justify itself in improved performance of the filter.
Once the eight pixels have been ranked in order of increasing color difference from the central pixel p(i,j), the colors of a certain number of the pixels with the most similar color to that at p(i,j) are averaged. While it is possible to average from two to seven of the most similar colors, it is preferred to average from three to five of the most similar colors. It is especially preferred to average the four colors that are most similar to the color at p(i,j). This average color becomes the replacement or corrected color at the central pixel p(i,j). While it is possible to compute a weighted average of the selected pixels, it has been found preferable to compute a simple average. In this way, colors can be transferred from one region of the image to another, over large distances, without destroying image detail. The specific differences selected may be based on preselected criteria. For example, if a pixel difference exceeds a specific amount (e.g., the central pixel has a gray scale value of 200, seven of the pixels have gray scale values between 100 and 220, and one pixel has a gray scale value of 10, the software selection criteria may effectively assume that an edge or boundary condition is present and exclude any pixel with such an egregious difference as compared to the other relative differences. With eight pixels or pixel groups selected, the middle six values, the six highest values, the five lowest values, or any other preselected combination may be chosen as the basis for choosing the four, five, six or seven averaging pixels.
Because colors are transferred over large distances the perceived saturation or vividness of the image color can change somewhat, especially when very large filter window sizes are used. For this reason it is preferred to use the smallest window that will remove the color banding. The most usual setting is k≧3. In an opponent color space, saturation is approximately represented by the distance of a color from the lightness axis measured perpendicular to this axis. In the CIE L*a*b* color space this distance is referred to as chroma. For the purpose of further discussion the word chroma will be used to describe this distance in any opponent color space. Saturation may also be represented as chroma divided by lightness. It is possible to restore any decreased saturation in a variety of ways, for instance by constructing look-up tables based on the initial chroma histogram and that after processing with the disclosed filter. However, it has been found adequate to restore the saturation in a simpler way as follows. After operation of the disclosed filter, for every pixel in the image the chroma, C, is calculated and the maximum chroma in the image, Cmax, is estimated. Then corrected chroma values, Ccorr, are calculated according to: Ccorr=Cmax∑(C/Cmax)1/x. The quantity x can range from about 1.01 to about 1.60, but the preferred value is around 1.2.
Reference to the Figures will assist in a further understanding and appreciation of the present invention.
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|U.S. Classification
|382/275, 358/3.26, 382/274, 382/260, 358/3.27
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 3, 2006
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text:
Szlh508 High Grade Livestock Feed Pellet Mill - Chinaprice: contact company for price
1, Gear directly- connecting driving is adopted for high
2, Full stainless steel feeder; variable pitch anti- bridging
structure; Imported FC control;
3, Full stainless steel conditioner with axial steam
spraying extends the conditioning and cooking time;
4, Main gear and pinion shaft adopt the carbonizing quenching
with high accuracy; smooth driving, low noise and long
service life;
5, Gearbox and driving holes' accuracy are guaranteed by
specialized casting supplier and NCC;
6, The bearing and oil seal in the main drive are imported,
and especially lubrication oil return system is available to
ensure reliable bearing lubrication;
7, 2 pc quick disassembling type precisely- cast die clamp is
adopted to connect the die and quill flange, resulting in
convenient and quick disassembling of die;
8, Pellet chamber door and feed chute are fully made of
stainless steel with high anti- corrosion ability and long
9, The connection between motor and gearbox adopts new type
S- shape spring coupling with more convenient disassembling
and assembling and more reliable use.
Company Contact:
- Phone: 00862566621288
- Address: No. 19 Suyuan Avenue, Nanjing, China
- Email:
Published date: March 14, 2015 -
- Business Description: Jiangsu Liangyou International Mechanical Engineering Co., Ltd is a
professional export oriented engineering company specializing in
overseas business, which is affiliated to Jiangsu Liangyou Agro
Machinery Co., Ltd. In order to better exploit and develop overseas
business, now Jiangsu Liangyou International Mechanical Engineering Co.,
Ltd. gathers the overseas business of Jiangsu Liangyou Agro Machinery
Co., Ltd., Jiangsu Liangyou Silo Engineering Co., Ltd., and Jiangsu
Liangyou Renewable Energy Mechanical Engineering Co., Ltd.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
We need 1200 items, descriptions, pictures, prices etc. uploaded to our webstore - repost
This project received 15 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $226 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project Budget$30 - $200 USD
Total Bids15
Project Description
We need someone to add 1200 items to our webstore. This includes using our excel file to access part numbers and post our cost prices through our back end (network solutions) system, selling price, we need quality photos to be uploaded as well. Descriptions must be added, categories, subcategories. All information that a store normally has for its items need to be added.
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Another Chance to Dream
I've always had a hard time getting into medieval romances. It's a hygiene thing. I just can't imagine kissing (or having sex!) with someone who hasn't bathed in weeks. Usually I only read books set in the years after bathing had gained in popularity. However, I now realize that if a book is well written, features strong plotting, and fantastic characters, I'll spend little time wondering how clean they are. Such is the case with Lynn Kurland's newest release Another Chance To Dream.
Gwennelyn of Segrave and Rhys de Piaget have loved each other ever since he rescued nine year-old Gwen from the pig pen which served as her dungeon, but Gwen is betrothed to Alain of Ayre and can never belong to a mere knight. A few years later Rhys sets off to earn enough money to bribe the king into allowing him to marrying Gwen. He returns only to find his former master dead and Gwen preparing to marry Alain in a few days!
The first surprise of the novel is that the marriage actually takes place. Gwen gives herself to Rhys before the ceremony and then marries Alain. Rhys is forced to serve as her personal guard and stand outside the bed chamber door while another man sleeps with the woman he loves. But this does not stop the lovers from plotting. Over the years, Rhys will again return to France to seek his fortune and Gwen will bear her husband two children. Meanwhile, Alain's older brother Rollan schemes to have not only his brother's wealth and title, but his wife as well. This time when Rhys returns, it's not just the king he has to face, but a murder plot as well.
This was my first Kurland book and I'm happy to say it will not be the last. Although I would have preferred that Rhys not spend so many years away from Gwen, I still enjoyed their reunions. Sometimes Gwen annoyed me with her temper and silly stunts, but Rhys more than compensated for that. He was a perfect blend of hero and innocent, and I found him captivating.
As the villain, Rollan was pretty stereotypical until his plot went awry, causing injury to Gwen. Alain was the usual spineless and witless oaf, but Rhys's family certainly made up for those less-than-original characters! His mother was an abbess and spy. His grandfather was also a spy, and his father – well you really just have to read about his father to appreciate him!
I was somewhat disappointed by the lack of love scenes in the book. I would have liked at least one really passionate encounter between Rhys and Gwen – after all they went through, they certainly deserved it! Kurland hinted and skirted around the physical relationship but never allowed the reader to be privy to it. I couldn't help feeling a little cheated, but I found solace in the "loves conquers all" story line.
Despite my opinion that the plot was stretched out over too long a time period and my occasional annoyance with Gwen and her foolish temper, I still found Another Chance To Dream to be a recommended read, filled with engaging characters and unswerving love. By the end of the book I didn't care if the characters bathed or not (an issue even Kurland herself has fun with throughout the book). They were happy – and deservedly so.
Book Details
Reviewer : Kate Smith
Grade : B
Sensuality : Subtle
Book Type : Medieval Romance
Review Tags :
Price : $7.99


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By The Associated Press
Published: July 8, 1989
A Harlem minister whom prosecutors called ''a wolf in sheep's clothing'' was sentenced yesterday to 7 to 21 years in prison for sexual attacks on three women in his congregation.
The minister, the Rev. Thomas Streitferdt, 60 years old, appeared calm as State Supreme Court Justice Franklin Weissberg imposed sentence, saying Mr. Streitferdt had ''a dark side.''
Mr. Streitferdt's wife of 39 years, Lucille; his children, Thomas Jr. and Cheryl, and members of his church, who had filled the courtroom, hugged and kissed the minister in the hall as he waited for an elevator.
Mr. Streitferdt was convicted May 26 of rape and sexual abuse in connection with attacks on three of his church members in 1985 and 1987 in the basement offices of his fundamentalist True Church of God at 127th Street and Third Avenue.
The three women, 40, 21 and 16 at the time of the attacks, testified at the trial and the minister took the stand in his own defense.


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Apogia Paris
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Fall Tour In France
... brought some champagne on and made the most of it. After the tour we went back to the hotel and turned on a movie, fell asleep fifteen minutes into it, and called it a night.
The next day we went on the bus to Fontajnebleau. It was Napoleon's palace and was incredible. It has been my favorite palace so far. We each got headsets and were able to go at our own pace. I actually learned a lot about the palace and loved it. I think I liked it so much because it ...
The beginning of the end - of our journey!
... were actually okay.
Our last night in Europe, not quite what we planned but funny and memorable anyway, and a couple of drinks to sign off with!
Ciao, Au revoir, Bok!
Phil- Long day, but that's what happens when you travel. Watching Wendy stand to her full height and give the staff, who were doing a bad job, a bit of encouragement was very funny. All makes for fun times away.
Look out Australia, we is coming home.!!,
Paris Day 3
... for €3, a marionette show on another level and best of all an acrobat who stood on a pylon and had a soccer ball and showed amazing skill in what he did, evening climbing a pole with the ball on his foot. We were glad we couldn't fit inside the church with so much happening outside! We enjoyed a lovely wine and dinner locally before retiring at 9.30pm. A better day on the feet though we saw so much that we can return to ...
... all around us. The sun had come out and allowed us to move on from our haunting experience. It was time for more walking. I had read about another canal (we do know we are slightly obsessed with them, but they are so brilliant!) this one required many stops and changes on the tube. When we got there, we saw many youth, all sitting and talking with wine or beer in their hands, beside the unused canal. People walked their dogs and drunk at standing tables at bars. It was local ...
To market, to market.
... the butcher down the road, Adam suggested, and he set off to buy one, and more wine. About 15 minutes later he came back empty handed. The butcher shop, the supermarkets and the wine shop were all shut. I thought we'd been teleported to Launceston, where the footpath gets rolled up at 5pm on a Sunday! So our lovely chicken dinner ended up being just veges and fresh pancetta wrapped asparagus. It still tasted lovely and was filling enough. After that I went to bed, asleep by ...


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3101 Poplarwood Court, Raleigh, NC 27604Request info Add to list
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1. In a pan, pour in the water and bring to a boil.
2. Add in the Mung beans and simmer for 50 minutes.
3. On a separate pan, sauté the garlic, onion, and tomato.
4. Add the pork. Cook for 5 minutes.
5. Place the beef cube and fish sauce. Simmer for 10 minutes.
6. Add the shrimp. Stir and then cook for 2 minutes.
7. Pour the cooked Mung beans. Stir and then simmer for 10 minutes.
8. Add the spinach and pork rinds.
9. Sprinkle the ground black pepper.
10. Serve Ginisang Monggo with rice.
Serving size Per servingComplete recipe
Calories 315 Calories from Fat 40
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 5 g7%
Saturated Fat 1.4 g7.1%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 76.6 mg25.5%
Sodium 842.6 mg35.1%
Total Carbohydrates 38 g12.8%
Dietary Fiber 9.6 g38.4%
Sugars 5.8 g
Protein 31 g62.3%
Vitamin A 25.5%
Vitamin C 20.1%
Calcium 11.5%
Iron 28.8%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


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Taunton Rampage Attacker Had Psychiatric Issues, Family SaysInvestigators said Wednesday they are struggling to find a motive in a deadly stabbing rampage in Taunton, but the attacker's family told WBZ-TV he had psychiatric issues.
Pregnant Waitress Stabbed In Taunton Rampage In Serious ConditionThe pregnant woman who one man died trying to save during a violent stabbing rampage at a Taunton mall Tuesday night is in serious condition and her baby is okay, her sister told WBZ-TV Wednesday.
Suspect, 2 Victims Dead After Stabbing Spree In TauntonA stabbing suspect was shot at the Silver City Galleria after crashing into the front of a store.
Boston's Best Easter Events For KidsEnjoy the Easter season by celebrating with your family at these kid-friendly events.


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FOXBOROUGH, Mass. -- Former Patriots linebacker and current ESPN NFL analyst Tedy Bruschi held his fifth annual youth football camp in conjunction with SBLI on Wednesday afternoon, awarding 54 kids ages 7 to 14 the opportunity to play in Gillette Stadium.
Despite sweltering temperatures, a number of current and former players were on hand to lead drills, including current Patriots linebacker Jerod Mayo, punter Zoltan Mesko, and quarterback Brian Hoyer, as well as former Patriots safety Ray Ventrone and running back Sammy Morris.
The winners of an essay contest through the City of Boston and an number of local youth organizations, the participants were able to dress in the Patriots' visiting locker room and be introduced over the PA as they entered the field through the stadium tunnel.
"It's just a great treat for them. It's sort of an end of school year treat. School's over, summer's started, and they get to come on their favorite football team's field," Bruschi said. "They earned it, writing an essay about their game plan for success on the field, off the field, in the classroom. It's great. It's why I love doing this."
Extra water and misting stations were in place on the field, and staff were instructed to hold out any participants showing signs of heat exhaustion during the clinic.


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Data Entry
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More Videos...
2013 Shelby Cobra GT500 - Lethal Performance
At Palm Beach International Raceway last night, filmed the Lethal Performance 2013 Shelby Cobra GT500. They were extremely close to breaking into the 9's. We know it is equipped with a Wilson Pro-Flow Nitrous kit, however, no mod list or horsepower numbers have been released yet, we will update when we get the information.
Lethal Performance 2010 GT500 email@example.com run..
Well we went to the track last night (2-03-10) to make a couple of runs. It was cool and breezy but with lots of moisture in the air. There was dew all over the cars and the track. We made a few passes on the car with a new spring setup and had some traction issues not only in 1st but 2nd gear as well. The best we were able to crack off was a 9.85@144+mph. That's with the car sideways even worse then our email@example.com run. Crazy Jeremy simply stayed in it like last time. We'll have the car up in the air tomorrow to see what's going on. We know for sure from this pic though that it's time for an Anti-Roll Kit from BMR Fabrication. That should definitely help the car from twisting like it is and hopefully help with some of our traction issues. Once we get the suspension dialed in we're gonna turn things up. The car is also going in for a cage next week so we'll be sure to post plenty of pics and some videos of that as well.
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Another great night at the track. The Lethal Performance 2010 GT500 made its way deeper into the 9's cracking off a firstname.lastname@example.com. The weather was in the 60's with a little bit of moisture in the air. Jeremy Martorella of UPR Products pulled the car up to the line for our first run of the evening. With the 2 step set at 2100 he made the launch. First gear looked awesome and so did the 1-2 shift.. However after the shift the car broke loose and started going sideways but Jeremy's professional race experience got the car back in the groove and down the rest of the track shifting as fast as an automatic could. As he passes the traps the board lit up with a firstname.lastname@example.com. The car ran 114.14mph through the 1/8th. This is still using a 4" pulley on the 4.0L Whipple which produces 21.5psi. We were using C16 with no methanol and this is blower only. We're going to continue working on the suspension and once it's dialed in we'll turn up the Boost. Our goal is to make an 8 second pass with the 6 speed making it the first GT500 in the 8's with a manual transmission. Big thanks to everyone involved. UPR Products, Whipple Superchargers, Boss330 Racing, Kris@ Champion Racing Heads, Power By the Hour, Jon Lund, Revan Racing, Shelby Performance, Steeda, Autosports, BMR Fabrication, SCT, Fore Precision Works, Reische Performance, Mustang Racing Performance, Bogart, Mcleod Clutches, Moroso Performance, The Driveshaft Shop and lastly all of our families, friends and customers for all of their support.
Shelby GT500 Runs 9.32 @ 148MPH With Stock Engine
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County officials laud decision to fund conservation program
Published: Wednesday, January 28, 2009 at 6:01 a.m.
Last Modified: Wednesday, January 28, 2009 at 6:40 a.m.
The decision by Gov. Charlie Crist Tuesday to spare the Florida Forever land conservation program was welcomed by Alachua County officials, who feared they would lose a $3 million state grant for the planned purchase of 3,000 acres north of Micanopy along with future funding.
Ramesh Buch, manager of the Alachua County Forever program, said the decision to keep Florida Forever funding will enable the county to continue to leverage money it raises through local taxes to get even greater amounts of state money.
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If all the state money is restored, the county can go through with the purchase of the 3,000-acre Whitehurst tract, which will be its single largest purchase through Alachua County Forever, Buch said.
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Pittsfield Garden Tour
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Ask-A-Linguist Message Details
|Native American speech
|Dear Ask A Linguist Panel, I work for a production company called Nutopia, and we're making a television drama series about the Pilgrim Fathers' voyage to the New World in 1620. Some of our Algonquian native American characters were able to speak a limited amount of English, and indeed one we think would have had a good grasp of the language having spent several years previous living and working in England. Our screenwriter is keen to find out how these people would have spoken, in terms of formulating expressions, word order, degree of fluency and so on. From what I've read, a lot of the communication that took place in these early years was through gestures and signs, but we know some of the Wampanoag did make an attempt to learn English. I wonder if you might happen have any advice on this? It may be something that very little is known or can be known about, since records for that time are so scarce, but perhaps an expert on a later period might be able to make suggestions at least about what to avoid. If you had any thoughts, I would be really grateful for your help. Kind regards, James Allnutt email@example.com
|We have had a number of questions about the reconstruction of historic speech -- you might like to search the archive. Are you also attempting a reconstruction of the English characters' speech? I think there is a difference between historical reconstruction (on which you would have to do considerable research) and drama. In drama you need to think what you want to convey to your modern audience about these characters. Do you want to convey their willingness and ability to learn English? Or suggest a cluelessness? Do you want to show that the attitudes of different individuals varied and was associated with their political stance? Do you want to say anything about the (un)willingness of the Pilgrim Fathers to learn other languages? What do you want to convey about your stance (through that of your characters) towards this first contact relationship? Anthea
|Reply From:
|Anthea Fraser Gupta click here to access email
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text:
- Benjamin Dulaney's Profile
- Family Tree & Genealogy Tools
This biography is a rough draft. It was auto-generated by a GEDCOM import and needs to be edited.
- WikiTree profile Dulaney-97 created through the import of Adam Delaney.ged on Apr 15, 2012 by Adam Delaney. See the Changes page for the details of edits by Adam and others.
- Source: S-2136308406 Repository: #R-2146964566 Title: Ancestry Family Trees Publication: Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network. Original data: Family Tree files submitted by Ancestry members. Note: This information comes from 1 or more individual Ancestry Family Tree files. This source citation points you to a current version of those files. Note: The owners of these tree files may have removed or changed information since this source citation was created. Page: Ancestry Family Trees Note: Data: Text: http://trees.ancestry.com/pt/AMTCitationRedir.aspx?tid=9472044&pid=328
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