text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 12, 1983
|Filing date
|May 16, 1980
|Priority date
|May 16, 1980
|Publication number
|Erling E. Rasmussen
|Original Assignee
|Motorola Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (12), Classifications (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to the field of multithreshold analog to digital (A/D) converters. In particular the invention relates to a regenerative comparator providing a clocked differential output which may be utilized efficiently in such converters.
The invention particularly relates to A/D converters of two or more sections wherein a multiplicity of error amplifiers are interspersed throughout a first section thereof, one of said error amplifiers selectably providing a differential signal for quantizing and encoding in the one or more remaining sections of the converter.
The invention further relates to such a two or more section converter wherein means are provided to permit the second and more sections to track variations in both DC quantizing reference levels as well as the peak amplitude of the error signal provided to said second or more sections.
The invention may be particularly related to a multithreshold A/D converter having an absolute value device at its input to provide a signal which is always of one polarity whereby the number of threshold devices within said converter may be reduced by fifty percent for a given number of bits output by said converter.
2. Prior Art The multithreshold A/D converter has been described as " . . . by far the most straightforward and the fastest A/D converter of all." (Hermann Schmid, Electronic Analog/Digital Conversions, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, page 296.) Schmid points out that the multithreshold A/D converter operates almost instantaneously, being limited only by the delays of one comparator and a few logic gates. He notes that the total conversion time is less than 100 nsec when using conventional comparators and ordinary TTL logic gates. The primary disadvantage noted is that the multithreshold converter requires one comparator for each threshold level, except for zero. Thus in an n-bit converter there will be 2n -1 comparators. It would thus be advantageous to provide a multithreshold A/D converter which would require significantly less than 2n -1 threshold levels for an n-bit converter.
It may be noted here that conventional comparators may provide an undecisive, ambiguous output when the voltage levels being compared are extremely close in magnitude. It would thus be desirable to provide a comparator capable of absolutely differentiating extremely close voltage levels within an extremely small period of time.
The multithreshold A/D converter is frequently referred to as a parallel-cascaded A/D converter. The analog signal to be converted is applied to a parallel network of threshold comparators. The thresholds are normally established by comparison with a set of regularly graduated reference voltages derived from a multiplicity of points along a resistive ladder network. The bit obtained at the output of the converter is a logical "1" or a logical "0" depending upon whether or not the analog input signal voltage is greater than the threshold voltage point along the resistive ladder to which it is compared.
Typically, two sets of threshold comparisons are provided within the converter. The first set provides the most significant bits, MSBs, while the second provides the least significant bits, LSBs. Obviously, the second section encodes that portion of the analog input signal voltage not accounted for by the first section of the converter. Thus, the comparisons performed within the second section must be performed with respect to what remains of the input signal voltage when the voltage accounted for by the MSBs have been subtracted therefrom. Therefore the input signal must be provided to the second comparison section in a manner which subtracts that portion of the input signal which has already been encoded as a result of threshold comparison within the first section.
Linear amplifiers are typically used to interconnect the two threshold comparison sections. Such use of linear amplifiers in prior art devices has led to restriction in the speed of operation of the converter. Further, because of the susceptibility of such linear amplifiers to variations in temperature and other operating conditions, reduced reliability and accuracy in converter operation was experienced.
Variations in temperature and operating conditions have been known to adversely affect the resistive ladder networks used for deriving the various reference threshold levels. It would thus be advantageous to provide an A/D converter in which variations in both reference ladder networks and peak error amplitude signals output by linear amplifying devices were made to track in a manner so as to increase reliability and accuracy of operation.
It is therefore an objective of the present invention to provide a multithreshold A/D converter having a reduced number of thresholds for any given number of bits output by said converter thereby significantly reducing the number of devices, for example, comparators, required within the converter.
It is a further objective of the invention to provide a new and improved comparator which may be used in such multithreshold A/D converters, which comparators are capable of absolute differentiation of minute differences in voltage levels when provided sufficient time to achieve such absolute differentiation, and which can typically differentiate voltage differences of 10 nv within a time span of 10 to 50 nsec using current bipolar technology.
It is an additional objective of the invention to provide the means whereby drift in ladder threshold reference levels and in peak error signal amplitudes may be tracked so as to provide more reliable and accurate A/D conversion.
In one of its preferred embodiments the A/D converter has the input signal passed through an absolute value device prior to threshold comparison. The absolute value device provides a signal which is always of one polarity, being folded about a selected voltage threshold point as it passes through said absolute value device. A sign bit determination is made to identify the signal being compared as having been originally nominally above or below the selected threshold point about which the input signal is folded. The effect of folding the input signal so as to provide only one polarity of signal to the threshold comparators is to reduce by fifty percent the number of comparison threshold levels required for a given number of bits output by the converter.
In a second preferred embodiment of the invention the conventional comparators well known in the prior art are replaced by instantaneously reacting comparators comprised of a clocked, replica amplifier and a clocked, regenerative logic level generator providing absolute differentiation of input analog signals and threshold reference levels. These regenerative comparators, described in detail later herein, accept the input signal at a D input, and the threshold reference signal at a D input. Unlike the conventional op-amp comparator which may sit interminably and indecisively when the input signal is close to the DC reference threshold, the regenerative comparator is capable of resolving extremely close voltage level differences if given sufficient time to do so and will typically differentiate voltage differences of 10 nv within 10 to 50 nsec. The use of such comparators need not be limited to utilization in A/D converters.
In a third embodiment of the invention all linear devices are matched by utilizing monolithic techniques to make all such devices identical. Because of this identity, these devices will track each other under varying conditions of operation and temperature. Further by deriving the threshold reference voltage for a second threshold comparison bank from a voltage step from a bit in the threshold reference ladder of the preceding threshold comparison section and passing it through one of said identical linear devices, the error reference voltage utilized in the second comparator bank will tend to track the peak voltage drift of the primary reference ladder as well as tracking the peak amplitude of the error signal provided to the secondary comparison stage.
To reduce the dynamic range requirements (often 1000 to 1) imposed upon prior art linear devices used to link the input signal from the MSB comparison stage to the LSB comparison stage, a preferred embodiment of the invention substitutes a multiplicity of error amplifiers for the single, broad dynamic range amplifier taught in the prior art. Each such amplifier has a differential input and is connected at a threshold level midway between adjacent comparators. Thus, when one comparator indicates the incoming signal is higher than the threshold, while an adjacent comparator indicates that the incoming signal is lower than threshold, the error amplifier connected intermediate thereof need only provide a differential signal indicative of whether the incoming signal is higher or lower than the threshold reference at the position at which the subject amplifier is connected to the reference ladder. The requirement for dynamic range of such an intermediate amplifier is drastically reduced from that of the single amplifier of the prior art in that the maximum voltage difference presented at the inputs of such an intermediate amplifier will be only that voltage difference which exists between the threshold immediately above and below the point at which such intermediate amplifier is tied in to the reference ladder. By making all such intermediate amplifiers identical through the application of monolithic fabrication techniques, no discernable error is introduced as the error signal fed to the secondary comparison stage is selectably and variably derived from individual ones of said intermediate amplifiers. The choice of which amplifier is selected is determined by logic devices driven by said adjacent comparators. Since the signal is always present at the input to said intermediate error amplifiers there is no need for the relatively long delays experienced in prior art devices in which it is necessary to wait until the MSB has been decided and time for settling allowed before transmitting the LSB portion of the input signal to the second stage of threshold comparison and encoding.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a prior art multithreshold A/D converter indicating the two parallel comparison stages connected in cascade.
FIG. 2 illustrates a prior art, conventional, op-amp comparator.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating the regenerative comparator which has clocked differential outputs. Also illustrated are the logic gates used with the comparators to derive logic output signals which will later be encoded as digital representations of the input analog signal.
FIG. 4 shows a multithreshold A/D converter and conceptually illustrates the invention's teachings of a multiplicity of relatively narrow range differential amplifiers interspersed between comparators.
FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of the invention wherein the reference voltage applied to the secondary resistive ladder is derived from the primary resistor ladder and amplified by an amplifier identical with the amplifiers linking the primary comparison stages to the secondary comparison stages of the converter.
FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of the invention in which an absolute value device is utilized to fold the incoming signal about a selected threshold reference level so that only one polarity signal is presented to the threshold comparison stages for quantizing.
FIG. 7 is a schematic drawing of a multithreshold A/D converter showing a pair of the regenerative comparators disclosed herein as well as the use of error amplifiers at threshold reference points intermediate of the threshold points associated with the adjacent pair of comparators.
FIG. 8 is a schematic block diagram of a complete multithreshold A/D converter utilizing all of the improvements disclosed in FIGS. 3 through 7.
FIG. 9 is a graphic representation of the output characteristics of a typical absolute value amplifier.
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of an absolute value amplifier utilized in the present embodiment and having the output characteristics illustrated in FIG. 9.
A multithreshold A/D converter, well known in the prior art, is presented in block diagram format in FIG. 1. The signal to be quantized and encoded, Vin, is passed through sample and hold circuit 10. The output of sample and hold 10 is connected to time delay 11 and to primary comparator bank 12. As is well known, primary comparator bank 12 is comprised of a plurality of comparators having differential input ports. The input signal Vin is connected to a selected one of the input ports, say, for example, the non-inverting input port, of each one of said plurality of comparators.
Primary resistor ladder 13 is a resistor divider network spanning reference voltage levels +Vr and -Vr. A sufficient number of resistors is provided in primary resistor ladder 13 to provide 2n -1 threshold voltage levels for comparison in primary comparator bank 12. In a multithreshold A/D converter "n" represents the number of bits to be converted. Since one comparator is required for each comparison level, except zero, prior art requires that there be 2n -1 comparators within primary comparator bank 12. Thus, to provide a five bit comparator will require thirty-one comparators within primary comparator bank 12, in accordance with the teachings of the prior art.
A selected one of the input ports, say, for example, the inverting port, of each comparator is connected to a selected one of the threshold voltage levels provided by primary resistor ladder 13. It is thus that each comparator within primary comparator bank 12 compares the level of the incoming signal Vin with the threshold reference level at which any given comparator is coupled to primary resistor ladder 13.
The outputs of all comparators within primary comparator bank 12 are coupled to the converter logic of MSB encoder 14 which provides a digital encoded output. Encoder 14 is designated an MSB encoder because one or more secondary comparator banks may be provided to further quantize the input signal Vin.
In order to provide the proper secondary quantizing of the input signal, the signal fed to the secondary comparator bank must represent the analog input signal Vin, less the threshold reference voltage determined by the primary bank of comparators. To accomplish this subtraction, primary comparator bank 12 provides an analog signal equivalent to the threshold level determined by the primary comparison determination made within primary comparator bank 12. This analog equivalent signal is fed via line 15 to the inverting port of differential amplifier 16. The input signal Vin traversing sample and hold device 10 and time delay 11 is presented at the non-inverting port of differential amplifier 16 essentially simultaneously with the presentation of the analog equivalent signal at the inverting port thereof. Thus, a differential signal output of amplifier 16 is presented to secondary comparator bank 17 which, in cooperation with secondary resistor ladder 18, provides comparison threshold levels to LSB encoder 19 wherein are derived digitally encoded outputs representative of said differential signal from amplifier 16.
The design and operation of multithreshold A/D converters as just described is well known in the prior art and is presented here to refresh the reader's recollection of the environment to which the innovative teachings presented herein apply.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram representation of a comparator 22 well known in the prior art. Resistors 20 and 21 represent two of a plurality of resistors which comprise a resistive ladder network, such as 13 or 18 of FIG. 1, which provides a plurality of threshold levels between the limits of +Vr and -Vr. Comparator 22 is provided with differential input ports. The threshold reference level established at the junction of resistors 20 and 21 is coupled to the inverting port of comparator 22. The signal Vin to be compared with that threshold reference voltage is coupled to the non-inverting port of comparator 22. Typically the output of comparator 22 will be a digital "0" (low level output voltage) when Vin is less than the selected threshold reference voltage, and a digital "1" (high level output voltage) when Vin exceeds the threshold reference voltage. The transition from one digital level to another occurs over a very narrow voltage range at the value established by the threshold reference voltage.
Comparators such as 22 are well known to the prior art and are discussed here as typical of the comparators conventionally used in prior art A/D converters. While such comparators are capable of providing a rapid transition between high and low level output voltages they are also known to be indecisive at times when the difference between Vin and the threshold reference voltage are very close. In such close situations prior art comparators such as 22 are known to be incapable of providing absolute voltage differentiation regardless of the time provided to achieve differentiation of the two input signals.
To overcome the disadvantages of the prior art comparator, the invention herein disclosed provides an input stage which outputs an amplified replica of the analog input signal and the voltage reference threshold signal. Upon a change of state of the clock signal a logic level generator stage acts regeneratively to raise these output signal replicas to full logic operating levels. Since the signal replica, a differential signal, is already present at the output, the regenerative logic level generator reacts at the instant the clock changes state, typically reacting within 1 ns or less.
The comparator is illustrated in block diagram format in FIG. 3. Two comparators 221 and 222 are illustrated. If the analog input signal Vin is higher than reference threshold Vr1, but lower than threshold reference level Vr2, the logic level outputs shall be as indicated on the Q/Q output lines of FIG. 3.
Note the use of logic gate 223 connected to the Q output of comparator 221 and the Q output of comparator 222. The output of AND gate 223 will be at a high logic level under the stated, illustrated circumstance. Note further that other, similarly situated logic gates above and below AND gate 223 will all output a low level signal since at least one of their inputs will always be at a low logic level state. Thus the high logic level output of a logic gate such as 223 is indicative of the threshold level at which the analog input signal most closely approaches that of the reference signal.
A multithreshold A/D comparator reminiscent of that of prior art comparator 12 of FIG. 1 is illustrated in FIG. 4. Like-components in each FIGURE are provided with like-reference numbers. The comparator bank 12 of FIG. 1 however has been modified in FIG. 4 in accordance with the teachings herein. Instead of a comparator bank consisting solely of 2n -1 comparators, for example, C-1 through C-15, a quantity of 2n error amplifiers, for example, E-1 through E-16, are interspersed among comparators C-1 through C-15.
Error amplifiers E-1 through E-16 are dual input differential amplifiers each of which has one input port connected in parallel to the incoming signal Vin. The remaining port of any given error amplifier is coupled to a threshold point on primary resistor ladder 13, which threshold point lies intermediate the threshold points at which adjacent comparators are coupled. Outermost error amplifiers, for example, E-1 and E-16, are connected to primary resistor ladder 13 one threshold level removed from comparators C-1 and C-15 respectively. This arrangement will be disclosed in greater detail when the drawing of FIG. 8 is discussed.
Error amplifiers E-1 through E-16 are utilized to derive the differential voltage to be quantized in the secondary comparison stages of the converter. Assume that the output of comparators C-1 through C-15 indicates that Vin lies at a threshold level somewhere between the comparison levels indicated by the outputs of comparator C-2 and C-3. Error amplifier E-3, whose inputs lie intermediate these two threshold levels, will output two voltages whose differential range will be less than the difference of the reference threshold levels compared in comparators C-2 and C-3. The output of error amplifier E-3 is fed to differential buffer amplifier 161.
The dynamic range of error amplifier E-3, in this instance, need only be sufficient to adequately differentiate a voltage range defined by the threshold levels across the end points of two adjacent resistors in primary resistor ladder 13. This represents a significant decrease in the dynamic range requirement of differential amplifier 16 used in the prior art converter of FIG. 1, which differential amplifier 16 may be expected to handle differential input voltage ratios of 1000 to 1.
The improved embodiment of FIG. 4 is made possible and practicable by monolithic, integrated circuit technology which will permit the fabrication of error amplifiers E-1 through E-16 and differential buffer amplifier 161 to be identically matched under all conditions of operation and temperature to assure reliable and accurate determination of the differential voltage to be quantized and encoded in the secondary comparator stages.
In actual operation, one of the array of matched error amplifiers E-1 through E-16 will be selected to output differential voltages to differential buffer amplifier 161 based on the decision of adjacent comparators. When the analog input signal Vin lies between thresholds of two adjacent comparators, the signal from the respective error amplifier, for example, E-3, is routed to output differential buffer amplifier 161. Differential buffer amplifier 161 will reject any common mode signal and provide a linear signal to the secondary stages of the A/D converter. As will be shown in greater detail later when FIG. 8 is discussed, all error amplifier signals other than that output by E-3 are coupled to ground at this time.
The suggested embodiment of FIG. 4, with error amplifiers interspersed among the comparators, offers very fast operation since the error signal is generated at the same instant that the comparator operates. When the comparator decision is made, the error signal is ready for the next quantization action.
FIG. 5 discloses an alternate embodiment to improve the performance of the multithreshold A/D converter of FIG. 1. As before, like-references serve like-functions. Under practices taught in the prior art and illustrated in FIG. 1, primary resistor ladder 13 and secondary resistor ladder 18 were each coupled across reference potential levels +Vr and -Vr. Operating conditions and temperature variations could cause threshold levels to drift in primary resistor ladder 13 and in secondary resistor ladder 18. Typically, the drift within primary resistor ladder 13 would not be tracked by the drift within secondary resistive ladder 18. Further, operating conditions and temperature variations could cause changes in the operating characteristics of differential amplifier 16. Such variations in amplifier 16 would be independent of any drift within resistor ladders 13 and 18. Overall reliability and accuracy of the converter are reduced thereby.
In the innovative embodiment of FIG. 5 the reference voltage, +Vr1 to -Vr1, for secondary resistor ladder 18 is derived by amplifying in reference tracking amplifier 23 a threshold voltage step from primary reference ladder 13. For example reference tracking amplifier 23 might be utilized to amplify the voltage step used for encoding the least significant bit in primary reference ladder 13. Since the voltages Vr1 and -Vr1 are derived from a voltage step within primary resistor ladder 13, any drift experienced in primary resistor ladder 13 will cause a similar drift within secondary resistor ladder 18. Thus, both primary and secondary resistor ladders will track with variations in operating conditions and temperatures. Further, by utilizing monolithic, integrated circuit techniques to fabricate amplifiers 16 and 23, the reference voltages +Vr1 to -Vr1 applied across secondary resistor ladder 18 will tend to track the peak amplitude of the error signal output by amplifier 16 and applied to secondary comparator bank 17. Through tracking of threshold reference voltages and signal error voltages, the need to adjust and stabilize the resistive ladders and the gain of signal error amplifier 16 is eliminated.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that the improvement embodied within the converter of FIG. 5 may be utilized with the improved embodiment of FIG. 4 to achieve even greater performance, reliability, and accuracy in the operation of a multithreshold A/D converter.
An additional improvement in the prior art embodiment of the multithreshold A/D converter of FIG. 1 is illustrated in the block diagram of FIG. 6. Both the input voltage Vin and the signal error voltage output from differential amplifier 16 are passed through absolute value amplifiers 24 and 27 prior to being coupled to their respective comparator banks 12 and 17 respectively. An absolute value amplifier is a unity gain transducer which outputs a signal of only one polarity regardless of the polarity variations experienced by the input signal.
As an example of the use of an absolute value amplifier in a multithreshold A/D converter assume that the input signal Vin passes through absolute value amplifier 24 after traversing sample and hold circuit 10. A uni-polarity signal results which, by the design of absolute value amplifier 24, may be chosen to always lie above a selected threshold level of primary resistor ladder 13, for example, threshold level -Vx. In the prior art converter of FIG. 1 a comparator would be required for each quantization threshold step of input signal Vin falling below -Vx as well as a comparator for each quantization step in the level of Vin rising above -Vx. However, by utilizing absolute value amplifier 24 to fold the input signal Vin about reference level -Vx, a single comparator may be utilized for each instance where two had been required in the prior art. An incoming signal of magnitude �VK will pass through the same comparator regardless of its input polarity. All that is required is to provide a sign bit determination of whether input signal VK actually lies above or below the selected folding reference level - Vx. Sign bit generator 25 serves this function.
Since by use of absolute value amplifier 24 one comparator now serves the function formally performed by two comparators in the prior art converter, it is seen that the number of thresholds have been reduced by fifty percent, plus the sign bit comparator, for any given number of bits output by the converter. In other words, for an n bit converter utilizing an absolute value amplifier to fold the input signal Vin about a selected threshold reference level -Vx, the number of comparators required will be one-half of the quantity (2n). A similar savings in threshold levels is made by the use of absolute value amplifier 26 at the secondary comparison level of the converter.
It will be recognized that the improvements suggested in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 may be incorporated together, along with the innovative comparator of FIG. 3, in a single comparator to provide high speed, high reliability, high accuracy performance.
The manner in which the various improvements, disclosed above, may all be incorporated in one greatly improved A/D converter will now be presented.
FIG. 7 is a schematic drawing of an improved A/D converter which includes two of the regenerative comparators 221 and 222 as were represented in block diagram form in FIG. 3. Comparator 221 is here chosen for exposition, it being understood that all comparators in the improved converter function as does comparator 221.
Comparator 221 is seen to be made up of a current control switch comprised of transistors S and T, a replication amplifier comprised of transistors U and V, and a regenerative logic level generator comprised of transistors W and X. In the embodiment of the invention reduced to practice, replica amplifier U-V was a limiting amplifier with a gain of approximately five which produced a non-linear replica of the D and D inputs, at the Q and Q outputs respectively, when clock signal C was high causing conduction of current switch transistor T.
With current switch transistor T conducting under a high C input, and assuming that the D input of replica amplifier U-V at the base of transistor V is high while the D input of transistor U is low, then transistor V will provide an easier conduction path for current than will transistor U. Thus, the Q output at the collector of transistor V will be lower than the Q output at the collector of transistor U.
It must be remembered here that, although Q may have a greater magnitude than Q, their present magnitudes replicate the magnitudes of the input analog signals with respect to the threshold reference voltage. As non-logic signals, the differential between Q and Q may not represent a full logic swing. This would be especially true if the input Vin were at or close to the threshold level input at D. To appreciate the improvement to be rendered by use of comparators such as 221 it should be remembered that, although the differential between Q and Q at this moment in time does not represent a full logic swing, that signal is presently available at Q and Q outputs for instant use.
When the status of the D and D signals is reversed from that of the example above the status of the Q and Q outputs are also reversed.
When C goes low and C goes high, transistor T of the current switch will be cut off and transistor S will go into conduction. This provides the current path to enable logic level generator W-X. Transistor W has its base connected to the Q output of comparator 221 while transistor X has its base connected to the Q output. The collector of each of the transistors is connected to the base of the other of the two. As is well known to those skilled in the art, this provides a positive feedback promoting the occurrence of a regenerative action.
With a clock pulse C of 1 ns and residual capacity on the order of 0.5 picofarads, logic level generator W-X is enabled by clock pulse C to react regeneratively upon the Q and Q signal replicas of the D and D inputs. This regenerative action causes the Q and Q differentials to rise to that of a full logic swing at the instant (consistent with the gain bandwidth product of W and X) that the clock rolls over from C high to C high.
This instantaneous response, due to the fact that the replica signal was there present at the time of clocking, is far better than that experienced with prior art comparators. Further, the comparator will not hang up when the input signal is extremely close to that of the reference threshold. An absolute indication will always be obtained, the fineness of the distinction being determined by the duration of the C pulse and of the regeneration time the pair X-W.
It may be seen that either the Q or Q outputs may be used in the manner of conventional comparators. For example, if the Q output of a plurality of comparators such as 221 is utilized in a multithreshold A/D converter, the Q outputs of comparators below the Vin threshold will all be low while those comparators above the Vin threshold will present a high logic level at their Q outputs.
In the discussion of FIG. 4 it was suggested that the basic multithreshold level A/D converter could be improved by interspersing signal error amplifiers among the comparators. In FIG. 7, one such error amplifier E-4 is indicated. Transistors Y and Z comprise a differential amplifier whose collector currents selectively conduct through transistors B and E to the -V power source or through transistors A and F to buffer amplifier 161 not shown. Logic gate 223 connected between the Q output of comparator 221 and the Q output of comparator 222 provides the mechanism for determining the conduction path of the collector current flow of differential amplifier transistors Y and Z. Conductor 28 provides a conductive path between the output of logic gate 223 and the common base connection of transistors A and F. It will be noted that the base of transistor Z is connected to primary resistor ladder 13 at a point intermediate that at which comparators 221 and 222 have their D inputs connected. Transistor Y has its base connected to the input analog signal Vin.
Should a situation exist such as indicated in FIG. 3 wherein both inputs of logic gate 223 are at a logic high level, the output of gate 223 will go high and this high state will be conducted via conductor 28 to the bases of transistors A and F causing them to conduct and provide a current path through transistors Z and A and through transistors Y and F to buffer amplifier 161. A and F comprise common base amplifiers which act essentially as a transconductance amplifier to pass the collector current of transistors Z and Y to buffer amplifier 161 without change. This situation would prevail when the threshold voltage presented at the base of transistor Z is approximately equal to the analog signal Vin presented at the base of transistor Y.
In all other cases, one of the inputs to gate 223 will be low which will cause the output of gate 223 to be low as well. Circuitry details not indicated in FIG. 7 will drive the output of gate 223 approximately 0.2 volts more negative than that of the -V supply to which base and collector of transistors B and E are connected. Thus, when the output of gate 223 is at a low logic level, this low level will be transferred via conductor 28 to the bases of transistors A and F, causing them to be cut off and allowing the collector currents of transistors Z and Y to pass through transistors B and E to the negative power supply of -V.
It is thus seen that no output from error amplifier E-4 is conveyed to buffer amplifier 161 except in that particular instance in which the output of gate 223 goes high. It should be realized that differential amplifier Y-Z is always conducting, either through transistors A and F to buffer amplifier 161 or through transistor B and E essentially to ground through the -V power source. Likewise, as hereinbefore described, a full logic level signal is established at the Q and Q outputs of comparators 221 and 222 at the instant that clock signal C is applied. Thus, there is essentially no delay in gating the signal through error amplifier E-4 to buffer amplifier 161 when the C clock is applied. Since the output of the logic gates such as 223 is conveyed to an encoder matrix, this output also is readily available at the instant the C clock is applied.
A ten-bit multithreshold A/D converter is illustrated in the block diagram of FIG. 8. This converter is seen to be comprised of primary resistor ladder 13, a primary comparator bank 12, made up of the regenerative comparators described in FIG. 3 and FIG. 7, with error amplifiers E-0 through E-16 interspersed among the comparators of primary comparator bank 12.
Primary comparator bank 12 is comprised of comparators referenced M-1 through M-15, which are connected to logic gates MG-1 through MG-14 in the manner described with reference to FIG. 7 and gate 223. Error amplifiers E-2 through E-15 are gated-on by these logic gates in the manner disclosed in the discussion of FIG. 7. In the case of error amplifier 16, it will be gated on when, and only when, the Q output of comparator M-15 goes high.
The determination of which of amplifiers E-0 or E-1 shall be gated on is made by switch S-1, whose purpose shall be discussed in greater detail hereinafter. The encoder matrix 14 receives the output of logic gates MG-1 through MG-14 and of the Q output of comparator M-15. These fifteen inputs will be encoded by encoder matrix 14 into digital signals representative of the five most significant bits of the digital representation of the analog input signal. Switch S-1 also provides an input to encoder matrix 14 via conductive path 29. This input constitutes a sign bit which will be discussed further with the disclosure of switch S-1.
The output of a selected one of error amplifiers E-0 through E-16 is conveyed by error buffer amplifier 161 to the secondary stages of the A/D converter of FIG. 8.
The secondary stages of the A/D converter of FIG. 8 are comprised of secondary resistor ladder 18, secondary comparator bank 17, and LSB encoder matrix 19. As in the primary stages of the converter, secondary comparator bank 17 utilizes the regenerative comparators disclosed in the discussion of FIG. 3 and FIG. 7, and which are here labeled L-0 through L-15.
Logic gates LG-1 through LG-13 are utilized at the outputs of comparators L-2 through L-15 in the manner indicated in FIG. 7 so that the same encoding logic scheme utilized in the primary stages may also be used in the secondary stages. This logic scheme requires that all inputs to the logic matrix shall be at a low level except that there shall be one high level input at the threshold position most nearly coinciding with the magnitude of the analog input signal.
Comparators L-0 and L-1, as well as the Q output of comparator L-2 are fed through switch S-2 to LSB matrix encoder 19. Discussion of the function of switch S-2 will be postponed until later in the specification. The Q output of comparator L-15 is provided directly to an input of LSB matrix 19. The sixteenth input to encoder 19 is a sign bit input from conductor 31.
The 5-bit output of encoder matrix 19 provides the least significant bits of the digital representation of the analog input signal Vin. The outputs of encoder matrix 14 and encoder matrix 19 may be strobed into output register 32 to be made available to other, associated equipment not part of this disclosure.
The discussion accompanying FIG. 5 indicated that the incorporation of a reference tracking amplifier would permit secondary resistor bank ladder 18 to track any drift in primary resistor ladder 13. In FIG. 8 reference tracking amplifier 23 provides a differential amplification of the threshold voltage developed across resistor 33 of primary resistor ladder 13. The output of reference tracking amplifier 23 is fed through reference buffer amplifier 231 from whence it is applied across secondary resistor ladder 18. Thus, any drift in the primary resistive ladder 13 will be tracked within secondary resistor ladder 18.
An important feature of the converter provides that all interspersed error amplifiers E-0 through E-16, error buffer amplifier 161, reference tracking amplifier 23, and reference buffer amplifier 231 shall all be identically matched through use of monolithic, integrated circuit fabrication technology. Thus, all these various amplifiers will track in response to operating and environmental conditions imposed upon the converter. This has a further effect in that the error reference voltage of secondary resistive ladder 18 will also tend to track the peak amplitude of the error signal. This eliminates the need for adjustment and stabilization of amplifier gain and error reference voltage with changes in temperature and processing parameters.
In the discussion of FIG. 6 it was disclosed that the incorporation of an absolute value amplifier 24 at the input of the comparator resulted in a reduction by fifty percent of the number of threshold levels required for an n bit comparator. That is, instead of requiring 2n -1 threshold levels only 2.sup.(n-1) threshold levels are required for an n-bit comparator utilizing an absolute value amplifier at its input. The comparator of FIG. 8 has similarly been improved by the incorporation therein of absolute value amplifiers 24 and 26.
The functioning of an absolute value amplifier may be considered as a folding operation. Consider a sine wave which rises and falls an equal distance above and below a reference line. If all of the wave below the reference line is folded upward about that reference line, the presentation is similar to that of a full wave rectifier. The peaks of the fully rectified wave are smoothly rounded but at the points at which the wave touches the reference lines there is an abrupt transition having a characteristic V-shape.
However, such a wave presentation is ideal and in actual practice an absolute value amplifier does not provide the sharp V-shaped transition in the vicinity of the reference line about which the wave is folded. Instead of a sharp V shape, a rounded cusp is formed and the wave actually never falls to the reference line as shown in FIG. 9. This failure of the signal to fall to the reference line about which the signal is folded is denoted as the folding error of the absolute value amplifier. The existence of this folding error must be taken in account if the inherent advantages of the absolute value amplifier are to be utilized. A simple absolute value amplifier, which may be used in this application to provide the advantages described, is illustrated in FIG. 10. The amplifier includes two N-P-N type transistors in an emitter coupled configuration. This absolute value amplifier, along with the other circuits described, are particularly suited to monolithic circuit fabrication since component matching (matched transistors) is used to achieve the folding characteristics. The error Eo (FIG. 9) in the output voltage Vo is the absolute value of |Vs1 | -Vo with small error when |Vs1 -Vs2 | is close to zero volts.
In the converter of FIG. 8, the analog input signal Vin is fed to sample and hold circuit 10, whose output is fed to amplifier 34 and inverter 35. The output signals thereof, Vin and Vin, are fed to the inputs of absolute value amplifier 24, which outputs the absolute value of the analog signal Vin and presents it to comparators M-1 through M-15 for quantization.
The signals Vin and Vin are also fed respectively to the D and D inputs of sign bit generator 25 whose outputs Q and Q are fed to switch S-1.
The signals Vin and Vin are also fed to differential amplifiers E-0 and E-1 as shown in FIG. 8. The purpose of differential amplifiers E-0 and E-1 are to provide a differential output error signal to error buffer 161 when the input analog signal has a magnitude falling within the region of the folding error of absolute value amplifier 24.
When Vin is within the folding error region of absolute value amplifier 24, the Q output of comparator M-1 will be high. This high output at the Q of comparator M-1 activates switch S-1 permitting sign generator 25 to determine which of amplifiers, E-0 or E-1 shall be gated on. That amplifier is selected whose input analog signal is above the -Vr reference about which the input signal is folded by absolute value amplifier 24.
When the Q output of comparator M-1 is low, indicating that the analog signal is outside the range of the folding error of absolute value amplifier 24, switch S-1 is inhibited from gating on either amplifier E-0 or amplifier E-1.
In any event, a sign bit is output from switch S-1 on conductor 29 to MSB encoder matrix 14 to identify the input signal as being either positive or negative with respect to the reference -Vr about which the input signal is folded.
Absolute value amplifier 26 is utilized in the secondary stages of the converter of FIG. 8. The error signal output of buffer 161 is fed to absolute value amplifier 26 and the absolute value of the output signal is then fed to comparators L-2 through L-15 for quantization.
Switch S-2 is utilized in a manner similar to switch S-1 in the primary stages of the converter. A high level at the Q output of comparator L-2 will activate switch S-2, while a low level at the Q output of L-2 will inhibit switch S-2. Sign bit generator 27 acts on the output of error buffer 161 to output a sign bit on its Q output on conductor 31. This sign bit is fed to switch S-2 to determine which of comparators L-0 or L-1 will be selected to output its signal through switch S-2 to LSB matrix encoder 19.
Comparators L-0 and L-1 are selected in accordance with whether the signal output of error buffer 161 is positive or negative with respect to the folding reference of absolute value amplifier 26 and, in any event, are utilized only when the error signal output of error buffer amplifier 161 is within the folding error region of absolute value amplifier 26.
The A/D converter of FIG. 8 thus incorporates all of the improvements disclosed in FIGS. 3 through 7 herein.
What is disclosed is a new, instantaneously reacting comparator comprised of a clocked, replica amplifier and a clocked, regenerative logic level generator which priovides absolute differentiation of input analog signals and threshold reference signals which are extremely close in magnitude.
Further disclosed are the improvements resulting from the interspersing of error amplifiers among the comparators of a multithreshold A/D converter showing that the dynamic range requirements of an error amplifier may thereby be drastically reduced while the response time of the amplifier may be greatly increased. It is further indicated that the use of monolithic techniques will provide that all such interspersed amplifiers will be identically matched and will track each other under all conditions of operation and environment.
The use of a reference tracking amplifier is shown to provide the reference voltage for the secondary resistive ladder network will permit the secondary resistive ladder to track the drift of the primary resistive ladder when the input of said tracking reference amplifier is taken from at least one of the threshold levels of the primary resistive ladder.
In addition, the use of an absolute value amplifier at the input to a multithreshold A/D converter has been indicated to result in a fifty percent reduction in threshold levels and component count since only 2.sup.(n-1) threshold levels are thus required for an n-bit converter.
Finally, significant details of a multithreshold A/D converter have been disclosed which utilizes each of these improvements to provide an A/D converter which provides a significant advance in the state of the art.
Those skilled in the art will conceive of various modifications to the embodiments of the invention discosed herein. To the extent that such modifications fall within the spirit and scope of the invention it is intended that they shall fall within the protection provided by the claims appended hereto.
Having disclosed the invention in such clear and concise terms that those skilled in the art may easily and simply practice the teachings herein, that which is claimed is:
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 2, 1971
|Aug 29, 1972
|Krone Gmbh
|Two-stage pcm coder with compression characteristic
|Jul 23, 1973
|May 7, 1996
|Harris Corp
|Video time base corrector
|Feb 18, 1976
|Apr 4, 1978
|Trw Inc.
|High speed monolithic a/d converter utilizing strobe comparator
|Jun 17, 1977
|Jul 22, 1980
|Motorola, Inc.
|Serial-parallel analog-to-digital converter using voltage subtraction
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 8, 1983
|Aug 13, 1985
|Tektronix, Inc.
|Method and circuit for measuring nonlinearity in dual-flash analog-to-digital converter
|Apr 3, 1987
|May 17, 1988
|Motorola, Inc.
|Pipelined A/D converter
|Jul 20, 1987
|Aug 15, 1989
|Zdzislaw Gulczynski
|Dual flash analog-to-digital converter
|Oct 23, 1987
|Aug 29, 1989
|Westinghouse Electric Corp.
|Architecture for high speed analog to digital converters
|Oct 23, 1987
|Feb 20, 1990
|Westinghouse Electric Corp.
|A/D converter system with error correction and calibration apparatus and method
|Nov 14, 1988
|Jun 5, 1990
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Folding circuit and serial-type A/D converter
|Jan 23, 1989
|Feb 5, 1991
|Institut Francais Du Petrol
|Analog to digital converter for highly dynamic signals, using a variable reference voltage to floating decimal point output
|Jun 30, 1989
|Mar 12, 1991
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|High-precision and high-speed analog/digital converter having low power consumption
|Nov 6, 1991
|Feb 23, 1993
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|Analog-to-digital converter with delay correction
|Feb 22, 1993
|Feb 7, 1995
|Analog Devices, Incorporated
|Correction range technique for multi-range A/D converter
|Aug 24, 1995
|Oct 22, 1996
|Motorola, Inc.
|A/D converter subsystem with half linear buffer amplifier
|Dec 22, 2014
|Oct 6, 2015
|Altera Corporation
|Analog-to-digital converter circuits and methods
|U.S. Classification
|341/156, 327/76, 327/69, 341/159
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Negotiating Artistic Practice in Late Capitalist Techno-Culture
Whatever art is to become in the realm of consumer electronic culture, it is critical that some sort of autonomy be maintained from the pressures of the technological imperative. Otherwise the politic implicit in the technological manifestation will override the necessary anarchic liberty of art.
This article is only available in the print and app editions of Artlink. Purchase back issues or subscribe at the Artlink online store.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Each year delegates at the Cannes Lions International Festival Of Creativity line up on Thursday morning and cram into the Palais du Festival to see what Saatchi & Saatchi global creatives deem to be the best video content from up and coming directors around the world. This year was no different as the packed room was energized with a Kinect-enabled visual display and live performances from Warp Records acts Jamie Lidell and Clark.
Dirt Devil, directed by Andreas Roth
In its 21st year, the Saatchi & Saatchi New Director's Showcase features work from emerging directors and directing collectives, sourced from the network's 140 offices, as well as from online sources and a through a new partnership with Vimeo.
Loom, directed by Polynoid
The event's theme, "Hello Future," was devised by senior creatives Jonathan Santana and Xander Smith, who took the reins of the showcase from longtime front man and former worldwide creative director Bob Isherwood.
Grum- Through the Night, directed by The General Assembly
The showcase also featured the "Hello Future" Music Video Challenges, a partnership between Saatchi, Vimeo, and musician Moby. Directors were invited to create a music video to one of three tracks from Moby's new album "Destroyed." Winner Alberto Gomez of Mexico will get a chance to work on a project at one of the key offices in the Saatchi global network.
After, directed by Alberto Gomez
Watch more of the showcase highlights on the New Directors Showcase YouTube page.


text:
Timberline Motel
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
TripAdvisor Reviews Timberline Motel Aurora
Travel Blogs from Aurora
Day 1 - Acclimatisation in Denver
... detours on our walk to the Colorado State Capitol. This capitol building is located really nice, just opposite of the National Mall and Lincoln Memorial. We were lucky with the weather in the morning and early afternoon and enjoyed a walk around the 16th St Mall. This area of Denver was rather disappointing with more restaurants than everything else. Nevertheless, we went for ...
On the. Way to Louisiana
... But I've discovered that everything is bigger in Texas! Dallas has four terminals that are connected by a train. Denver airport has a train to connect their 3 terminals, but their train goes underground. In Dallas the train goes on the outside of the terminal buildings, similar to the monorail we had in Sydney. But the buildings are round and the train goes very fast - so it was like being on ...
The Sixth Day (Denver)
... had a mini mass. After church we picked up a couple of things from Whole Foods Market so mum and dad could cook dinner. They made meatballs, they were really nice. Then we drove to a park with lots of Christmas lights and walked around in the cold looking at all the pretty lights. We drove back home and Skyped the family, it was really nice to see everybody and wish them merry Christmas. Everybody went to bed excited for the following ...
Arches and Denver
... and headed towards Denver and the state of Colorado. Stopping for the scenic viewpoints of the Colorado river, Aspen and Georgetown and trying desperately to spot a Big Horn Sheep. But still not successful. Staying near the airport tonight. Looking forward to a shower and flying to Canada in the morning. Look out ...
Travel Day
... He seemed to like Rachel a great deal, and expressed regret that he never spent any time with his kids when they were young as he was too busy with his fledgling company.
Clay screamed for a while on the flight from Atlanta to Panama, but overall the experience wasn't too harrowing. As usual, Rachel was great.
Getting through customs in Pamana City is a Breeze and Higinio was there waiting for us as planned. Higinio has ...
Other places to stay in Aurora
Travelodge Aurora Denver AreaAurora, Aurora | 1 star motelfrom $60
La Quinta Inn Denver AuroraAurora, Aurora | 2 star motelfrom $84
Motel 6 Denver East - AuroraAurora, Aurora | Motelfrom $59
Dunes Motel13000 East Colfax Ave., Aurora | Motelfrom $35
Family Motel13280 E Colfax Ave, Aurora | Motelfrom $62


text:
Warren Explosion Damages Numerous Buildings
Residents in Warren Michigan can be thankful that a large building explosion that occurred late in the evening on May 4th has not claimed any lives. The path of destruction looks similar to a war zone as debris and destruction can be scene nearly one mile from the initial explosion. Early reports indicate that a large manufacturing plant exploded, most likely from natural gas. The building sent debris, concrete and metal hundreds of yards, causing substantial damages to surrounding buildings. The emergency response team from Jarvis was called out to the scene Wednesday evening to begin boarding up and securing nearby structures. Today, Jarvis is working to help clean debris and secure properties during the initial damage phase assessment. Jarvis's disaster construction division will be assisting with rebuilding and repairing numerous structures and homes throughout the affected area. Video From Detroit WDIV Here:Video From Detroit WXYZ [caption id="attachment_3556" align="alignnone" width="500" caption="warren building explosion"][/caption][caption id="attachment_3555" align="alignnone" width="500" caption="warren building damages"][/caption][caption id="attachment_3557" align="alignnone" width="500" caption="warren explosion building photo"][/caption][caption id="attachment_3553" align="alignnone" width="500" caption="warren disaster"][/caption][caption id="attachment_3552" align="alignnone" width="500" caption="warren building debris"][/caption]


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Chris Anderson Info
Northern Virginia singer/songwriter Chris Anderson plays blues, Americana and original folk/pop songs. Her instruments include guitar, harmonica and mandola. She plays solo, sits in with other musicians and is the founder of Harried Americans Roadshow.
Chris is based in Northern Virginia, and performs mostly in Virginia,Maryland and Washington, D.C. (the D.C. metro/DMV area.)
NEED SONGS FOR YOUR NEW PROJECT? I particularly enjoy writing songs that are religious, political or socially redeeming… it is my way of assuring popularity and raging commercial success. Kumbaya, Baby!


text:
Stir Fried Pork And Clams
|18 Small
|Clam broth
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|1 Tablespoon
|Soy sauce
|2 Tablespoon
|Lean pork
|1⁄2 Pound
|Fresh mushrooms
|1⁄4 Pound
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|2 Tablespoon
1. Shell clams, reserving their broth Combine clam broth with cornstarch and soy sauce; then add to clams and toss to coat.
2. Slice pork thin against the grain. Slice mushrooms; parboil peas.
3. Heat oil. Add pork and stir fry until it loses its pinkness (about 2 minutes).
4. Add mushrooms and peas. Stir fry until mushrooms soften (about 2 minutes).
5. Add clams; stir fry to heat through and to thicken sauce
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size: Complete recipe
Calories 919 Calories from Fat 403
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 45 g69.7%
Saturated Fat 8.6 g42.8%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 209.9 mg70%
Sodium 2011.6 mg83.8%
Total Carbohydrates 45 g14.9%
Dietary Fiber 8.9 g35.6%
Sugars 10.6 g
Protein 82 g163.5%
Vitamin A 32.2% Vitamin C 139.2%
Calcium 13.6% Iron 157.2%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


text:
New double album now available to order
Dreams enough for one
Official release date: August 12, 2016
combines a new, definitive collection of my
Moody Blues covers (Dreams…) with Juice, a brand new album of original songs, written while out and about on the beautiful coast of Pembrokeshire during spring 2016.
The double album is available as a vinyl-style double CD set, and a wonderfully retro long-play cassette.
Disc One (or Side A)
Running time: 41 minutes. Dates indicate when recording completed.
Vignette: A world you can live in (Edge) 2008
Our Guessing Game (Thomas) 2011
Ride My See-Saw (Lodge) 2011
Question - pt II (Hayward) 2011
So Deep Within You (Pinder) 2008
Talking Out of Turn (Lodge) 2008
Vignette: Your dreams are not unfound (Pinder) 2008
Instrumental: Forever Autumn (Wayne, Osborne, Vigrass) 2012
I'm Your Man (Thomas) 2008
New Horizons (Hayward) 2008
Instrumental: Emily's Song (Lodge) 2015
The Story in Your Eyes (Hayward) 2011
Running Water (Hayward) 2008
My Song-The Dream (Pinder) 2008
Survival (Lodge) 2014
Disc Two (or Side B)
Running time: 39 minutes. Words and music by Patrick Ovenden except*
When We Were Young
Seven for a Secret
High Time (to Live in Peace)
Iron Man
River of Truth
Things are Coming Back
Instrumental: Plains of Waterloo/The Water is Wide (Trad) *
Hazy Blue Skies
Images, articles, music and lyrics on this website are copyright (c) Patrick Ovenden or otherwise credited. Unauthorised duplication or broadcast prohibited. All rights reserved.


text:
OSHA Warning Safety Sign: Emergency Exit - Do Not Block
Identify an emergency exit and require that it remain accessible.
- Mark an exit to be used in an emergency
- Communicate the need to keep the door clear
- Traditional OSHA-style signs, tags and labels are the most widely recognized design format in the industry
- Warning header indicates a hazardous situation that, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury
Selected Material Details
- Flexible 4-mil thick vinyl with acrylic adhesive
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Safety Sign: Fire Extinguisher - Keep Clear
Fire Extinguisher Label: Fire Extinguisher Inside (Two-Line Red On White)
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Safety Sign: Evacuation Assembly Point
OSHA Caution Safety Sign: Respirator Must Be Worn In This Area
Choose your safety signs and safety labels from custom or stock. No minimum quantities are required, no set-up fees and most importantly no additional charge for colors or logos.
Once you find the safety sign or safety label that delivers the information or warning message you need, consider having your custom or stock order shipped within 24-hours.


text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Ryan Bloom <...@raleigh.ibm.com>
|Re: palloc without a pool
|Wed, 08 Sep 1999 11:21:58 GMT
I was actually expecting the programmer to think when he/she coded. Maybe that was asking too much. I was going to implement ap_free, which did the right thing, using the same rules as ap_palloc. Namely, if there is a pool pointer, do nothing, if there isn't, free the memory. However, I like Dean's suggestion, and it will get implemented in time. If anybody feels like doing it, by all means. Ryan > If ap_palloc() can take on arbitrary schemes and one of those includes a > bare malloc(), then doesn't that imply that we must always call a free? > (because we don't know of the ap_palloc used a pool or not) In other > words, just what Dean said: the abstraction seems to be destroyed. > > I'm in favor of Dean's suggestion: don't use a free. ap_palloc() always > registers a cleanup for the memory item (where the memory came from). > > *If* you can free an item and *unregister* the cleanup, then sure... a > free *could* make sense. However, I'd rather say "screw that complexity" > and make people run the cleanups if they need to free stuff. Having > pools *and* a free function would just be too annoying. People would > always ask "do I have to free this here?" > > Cheers, > -g > > -- > Greg Stein, http://www.lyra.org/ > _______________________________________________________________________ Ryan Bloom firstname.lastname@example.com 4205 S Miami Blvd RTP, NC 27709 It's a beautiful sight to see good dancers doing simple steps. It's a painful sight to see beginners doing complicated patterns.
|View raw message


text:
Items include everything from Dharmendra to Rishi Kapoor.
If you want to answer the questions, "Who starred in the movie Mera Naam Joker?" and "What is the full cast list of Mera Naam Joker?" then this page has got you covered.
This cast list of who was in Mera Naam Joker includes both lead and minor roles. (17 items)
- 1
Dharmendra Sholay, Om Shanti Om, Life In A... Metro
- 2
Rajendra Nath The Train, Baharon Ke Sapne, Babu
- 3
Mukri Naseeb, Babu, Kala Pani
- 4
Rishi Kapoor Bobby, Om Shanti Om, Hum Tum
- 5
Raj Kapoor Naseeb, Sangam, Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai
- 6
Agha Babu, Kala Pani, Mausam
- 7
Achala Sachdev Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, Raja Rani, Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham
- 8
Om Prakash Apna Desh, Amar Prem, Bandish
- 9
Rajendra Kumar Mother India, Sangam, Zindagi
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Manoj Kumar Mera Naam Joker, Kranti, Roti Kapda Aur Makaan
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Sunder Aakraman, Apna Desh, Agar Tum Na Hote
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Dara Singh Anand, Kal Ho Naa Ho, Jab We Met
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Padmini Amar Deep, Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai, Veerapandiya Kattabomman
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Simi Garewal Siddhartha, Namak Haraam, Andaz
- 16
Eduard Sjereda Mera Naam Joker
- 17
Ksenia Ryabinkina Mera Naam Joker


text:
29 User Opinions
"Light weight fast finger print unlocking"
"A very decent, sturdy, compact, light weight smart phone."
"Value for money, A little bit heavy, Camera clarity is above average"
"Camera is not upto the mark and little heavy . ."
"Hybrid Slim slot is the issue. ."
"Excellent phone, however a bit bulky . Excellent phone, however a bit bulky."
"There is a shortcoming that the second slim slot and sd card slot are common. It means that if you want to use the second simply, you ve to remove the memory card."
"The phone is bulky and since its metal its slippery. 2."
"Awesome screen size and resolution. - Though I miss "double tap to wake up" feature but with having other features you really don't."
"Slim and weight is average. Camera is OKay in dark, but works best in light."


text:
Napoli chief Aurelio De Laurentiis is dreaming of bringing Ronaldinho to Stadio San Paolo, it has been claimed.
The Brazilian playmaker is currently a free agent after his contract with Atletico Mineiro was mutually terminated this week.
The 34-year-old is thought to have offers on the table from clubs in England, Australia and the Middle East.
But Il Giornale claim that the Partenopei have also enquired about his services, with the view of offering him a one-year deal.
Although a move is highly unlikely, De Laurentiis is thought to be working hard to persuade the World Cup-winner to come to Serie A.
Keep up to date with the latest news and action from Spain's Primera Division with Football Espana - from the team behind Football Italia.


text:
Rooms to rent on a short term basis in Parow
It is close to all amenities and easily accessible
Quiet neighborhood. Actual viewing is highly recommended.
Prices start from R190 per hour to R450 per night
Waiting on your call now
Call Wilma now at 0815367430 / http://www.bed-hotel.co.za/
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text:
Women's Brown Chocolate And White Diamond Band In 14k White Gold (3/8 Ct. T.w.)
Stackable sparkle. This brilliant band from Le Vian flaunts round-cut white diamonds (1/10 ct. T. W. Offset by round-cut chocolate diamonds (1/3 ct. T. W. Crafted in 14k white gold. All gemstone carat weights (ct. T. W. If mentioned, are approximate; variance may be. 05 carat. Almost all gemstones have been treated to enhance their beauty and require special care. The Worry No More program can only be purchased in store, please bring your online receipt within 30 days of the purchase date to any Macy's location to sign up for this program. Color: brown


text:
Karli was welcomed into the...
We have a beautiful little...
My baby girl in...
Click on a link to search for moms with the same information
Click on a link to search for other moms with the same favorites
by mcginnisc posted at 9:38 AM on May. 9
, 2009
My top ten:
Married to my best friend, confidant, and conscience as well as love of my life
Have a gorgeous little girl name Lillian from China, a daughter named Kahlan in Heaven, and a beautiful new miracle named Karli.
Have 2 cats- Socks and Squirt
I'm a Christian and very proud of it!
I have a wonderul brother, SIL, niece and nephew as well as BIL, SIL , and niece
I love music, and movies... I sing in the Church choir and have played the Flute/Piccolo for waaaaaaaaay too long.. approx. 22 years now... dang that makes me feel old.
I'm also a Chef..preferably pastries, although cheesecakes are my specialty
I love sports... Football is my fave, but I love basketball, soccer, hockey and will tolerate baseball if I must. My days are measured by what game is on the tube! LOL We joke that my hubby married a guy, not a girl since I watch Sportscenter more than he does!
I LOVE to travel... I've been to 27 states and 12 countries. China is by far the most amazing place I've been to, and would like to visit Ireland, Scotland, Australia, Greece, Italy, Egypt, Thailand, and a few other places as well.
I have one tattoo on my right ankle in honor of our daughter that passed away 4.5 years ago and I plan on getting my next one in honor of our new daughter Lillian very soon... or as soon as I can talk my hubby into going!
Happy Anniversary! ;-)
•*•.,¸( *•.¸♣¸.•* )¸,.•* •
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¸.•*`(¸.•*´♣`*•.¸)`*•.¸• •*•.,¸
♣«´¨`♣ in 40ish and Beyond!!!!♣´¨`»♣
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♣«´¨`♣We Miss You! ♣´¨`»♣
¸.•*`(¸.•*´♣`*•.¸)See you there!(¸.•*´♣`*•.¸)`*•.
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text:
Need an MMR Titer in Marietta, OH? Simply order online 24/7 and get a fast, affordable MMR Titer at a lab near you (Find More Locations):
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The MMR Titer checks the blood for immunity to MMR. People in Marietta, OH order the MMR Titer for school or work compliance or for general screening.
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Our MMR Titer price includes the doctor's order that you need to get tested in Marietta, OH, all lab fees and taxes, and a pdf copy of your results. For current prices, CLICK HERE.
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text:
I-AM-SHEIL... Model
Justin C PhotographyPhotographer Male Middletown, New Jersey, US
My Website: https://justinphotography.smugmug.comMy MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/JustinCPhoto
Mayhem # 2722804
About MeI am a fine art and portrait photographer and have been shooting photography for over 10 years. I have a strong art and art history background which I incorporate into my photography. I have a studio Shrewsbury and also shoot on location in and around Monmouth County. Please take a look at my portfolio here to see my recent work or if you would like to see additional examples of a particular style, I can always send that over for your review.
FOR TRADE WORK: Depends on Model and Style Shooting.
FOR PAID ASSIGNMENTS: I photograph any styles/genres needed for paid assignments. I mainly specialize in portraits, portfolio development and sports action. I also photograph pets, weddings, events and parties. I always try to meet the clients budget. If you recommend someone to me and they book a shoot you will receive a 40% Discount on any shoot of your choice. If interested in hiring me please contact me through either my cell 732-768-8267 or email: email@example.com to discuss your needs and booking.
MODEL RELEASE FORMS: All Models must review and sign a model release form prior to the photoshoot. It is a general form and can be found on this link: http://asmp.org/tutorials/adults-model-release.html#.VH80cckxRr8.
MUA & HAIR STYLISTS: All clients are responsible for hair, make up and outfits, unless I am working with a designer. Makeup Artists, Hair and Wardrobe Stylists are always recommended. Depending on the expertise of the artist the rates will vary.
WARDROBE & OUTFITS: Clients are responsible for wardrobe and prop selection, unless we are working with a designer. People either photograph outfits for my review prior to shooting or they bring a suitcase with may different styles, in which case we collaborate on site.
ESCORTS: Non-intrusive escorts are always welcome to attend, but must remain in a non distracting location.
I encourage all interested parties to please take a look at my portfolio and if interested please contact me via call/text (732) 768-8267 or email: firstname.lastname@example.com to discuss booking and any questions you may have.
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The sylized `Star Wars POP! Vinyl figure has a rotating head and comes in a displayable window box! It stands approx. 10 cm tall and stands on a base with Star Wars logo.
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Skip to comments.Parent says her child's life was threatened at Logan County school
Posted on 01/27/2012 5:52:25 PM PST by Morgana
LOGAN W.Va. -- It is an instinct for parents to want to protect their children.
But some parents in Logan County say their complaints about bullying against their children have gone unanswered.
The parent of a student at Logan High School and the parent of another student at Man High School both contacted 13 News about their concerns. However they asked to remain anonymous so that their children would not be made more of a target.
"Thursday at school my child's life was threatened," said the parent of a student at Logan High School. She said her son has been harassed for more than 5 years. "He comes home in tears every day because he can't go down the hallway without them trying to fight with him."
The woman said she has followed the chain of command by reporting the problems to several school officials. But she says very little has been done to protect her son.
"I want peace. I want my child to be able to go to school in peace," the Logan County parent said.
The parent of a student at Man High School said her daughter has been bullied since August.
"My child is not safe at school. I don't feel she is safe at school and she doesn't feel she is safe at school," the woman said.
The parent said a gang of girls who call themselves "the Flock" has been targeting her daughter in the halls and online. The mom even pays for an internet service.
(Excerpt) Read more at wowktv.com ...
I would expect the same level of compassion from the teachers and administrators as I would expect from other government employees: IRS agents, TSA agents, DMV employees etc.
If you choose to send your children to a public school, you must be a liberal.
Some schools were like this in the sixties.
Loners are easy pickings for bullies. He needs to find some group of kids with a bit of nerve to hang out with.
"If you choose to send your children to a public school, you must be a liberal."
Or too poor to send them to private school or working too hard to home school.
Does WV has something like ECOT (Electronic Classroom of Tomorrow) in Ohio?
Meant to say:
Does WV have something like ECOT (Electronic Classroom of Tomorrow) in Ohio?
Then it is not a choice, is it?
Make it quite clear to the school administration and the parents of the bullies that the next time it happens the police will be involved.
The schools do this all of the time.
They will not confront bullies or the parents of bullies.
When my now adult daughter was in the 3rd grade, three 6th grade boys decided to beat her up every few weeks as she walked home from school. We went to the school officials and they said they could do nothing because it wasn't on school property.
We spoke to the parents who each said that they angel would never do this.
We enrolled her (age 8 then) in an evening self defense class for women. After 6 weeks of lessons from a Karate Grand Master she was again attacked by the same three 6th grade boys. The next day we were summoned to the school to explain ourselves because she'd broken the index finger on one boy, knocked out 4 front teeth from the second and broken the nose of the third. She also ripped her jacket.
The school told us we were terrible parents and had no right to teach a child such dangerous skills. My wife's comment was, "Sue us."
Sounds like these parents need to teach their kids how to win a fight.
if you make such a stupid comment, you must be ignorant...
You "home schoolers" are really getting bold.
Parents who want to find a way. I've known single mothers with several children working low income jobs who homeschool. It is a question of priorities and facing up to the learned educational helplessness a government school habit creates.
Alpapilot is right...government school destroys children. Middle class parents won't give up their government school habit because education by government is a welfare program they benefit from.
It doesn't matter even at a private school. We know that firsthand.
My kid was very good at Kadukenbo Kung Fu. He was warned not to use it at school except in case of self defense.
A boy in his 5th grade class had been expelled from the public shcool system and placed in the parochial school my kid attended. The large boy, who had been held back twice, mercilessly picked on my kid.
Finally, my kid had enough and after being assaulted, defended himself. The school principal suspended my kid for defending himself, but not the agressor boy.
We took him out of RC parochial school and home schooled him. No surprise, he has no tolerance for the self-righteous and religous.
well you're more ignorant, dah
Was the jacket ripped too badly? Or did you have to get a new one?
You must be someone who expects other people to pay for their children's education, i.e. a taker.
Dude, if my Dad had been you he'd have thrown that principal, man or woman through the door without opening it. I mean it. My old man took no sh!t from anybody and he had a special dislike for imperious school officals.
Would you be kind enough to explain how they did this? Presumably a single mother is going to have to hold a full-time job to support herself and several children, which means she's going to be out of the house at least nine hours out of twenty-four. Then she homeschools the kids for five or six hours (presumably during the daytime when kids are alert). So that's 14 or fifteen hours a day before she even begins on housework, errands, cooking, yardwork, laundry, and any recreation. Sounds like she'd have to work a night shift. So who watches the kids while she's at work, and how does she pay for the daycare or nightcare if she just has a low-income job?
It's not learned helplessness to ask how this is done. I'm scratching my head. Maybe if you had a lot of child support from the ex, or a mother who was willing to keep the kids overnight. Can you offer some clarification?
and I pay state taxes for what reason? I pay federal taxes for what reason? you people are so hung up on "Home School" as the solution to ANY problem and it really does get tiresome dealing with you. the practicality of what you suggest EVERYONE does is impossible anyway.
I'm welfare for sending my kids to a school i pay taxes for my ass...
> Was the jacket ripped too badly? Or did you have to get a new one?
New jacket.
There's an add-on story to my daughter's ability to defend herself.
It's now about 25 years later and she still takes lessons.
Three years ago, my daughter and her boyfriend were Christmas shopping with her sensei and his wife. Some poor fool decided to mug them. It wasn't pretty. Afterwards they turned the mugger's knife and wallet (with driver's license) in at the local police station.
My comment was not just about homeschooling - perhaps an the earlier post was only speaking only of homeschooling, but I wasn't intending to do that.
By the way, you are clearly not acquainted with homeschooling. No one who actually homeschools spends five or six hours a day teaching. I never spent more than 20 minutes a day 5-6 days a week teaching our children to read. Once they can read, we just talk about what they have read, which can be done in the car or anywhere else. That is typical of homeschooling. When I do math, I spend five or ten minutes going over the lesson and then maybe 20 minutes correcting and discussing errors.
Most homeschooled children do their school work in 2-3 hours. As I illustrated, homeschooled children get some direction from their parents, but typically do most of their work on their own. A critical part of homeschooling is teaching children to be independent learners.
Now, on to how I have seen single mothers cope:
Some find other mothers similarly situated and help each other by cooping with child care, and then they homeschool in the evenings. Others find jobs where they can take their children with them. Some have small businesses to which they take their children or that they can do from home. Yet others take jobs in Christian schools that allow their children to attend at no or low cost. Some families do coop learning ( I spoke to one black group in which parents, grandparents, and uncles and aunts were pulling all of the family's children out of the government schools and teaching them cooperatively).
There are many ways of solving problems, but when "free" daycare is seen as normal, most people don't think very hard about solutions.
I didn't say everyone has to "homeschool", which is in fact a term that covers a number of educational practices. I'm for any alternative to government schools, not just homeschooling.
As for the "practicality" of finding an alternative to government schools, "practicality" is just an excuse for maintaining a comfortable status quo.
The actual expenditure per year per child in government schools is above $10k/ year. Very, very few people pay enough in taxes to cover that and everything else governments do. As a result, people with children in government schools are receiving transfer payments from businesses, people with no children, and people who take responsibility for providing their children with an education outside of the government sector. Transfer payments are welfare.
We're getting bold because the Kiddie Prisons (public schools) are so bad, we know we're right.
Yeah, I wondered where you got that from. LOL
I don't know if you have heard of "The Big Show" Staring Johnboy and Billy http://thebigshow.com/ Anyway they have a skit called "Stupid Criminals" when they report cases of just that from across the United States. Johnboy and Billy would have loved that one!
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Slamming the cabinet approval for 51 % FDI in multi-brand retail, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader Uma Bharti on Friday said she would herself torch the Walmart outlet if it was opened anywhere in the country.
"If Walmart opens its outlet in any shopping mall or any part, I will set it afire with my own hands... I am ready to go to jail for this," Bharti told reporters.
"By allowing 51 % FDI in multi-brand retail, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and his government have prepared the grounds for making poor villagers, Dalits jobless," she added.
Bharti said she would burn the effigy of Walmart at a market place in Lucknow Friday.
"Even as the central government is still to come up with a policy over the land acquisition of farmers, by cabinet approval the government is now set to get even the jobs of poor people acquired by retail giants," added Bharti.


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Photoshop some pictures
- Status Closed
- Budget $30 - $250 USD
- Total Bids 14
Project Description
Please read these instructions well before asking for the project. I am looking for Photoshop
I have some pictures to be Photoshopped for a school website.
I want the back of the pictures to be clean, specially the walls. I do not want to see any spot. . If there is any dirty paper or any not pretty behind get rid of it .The name of the university is DELTA_C. Be creative, whenever there is space on the background of a picture make sure it is possible for people looking at the pictures to know the name of the university. You can be fancy and even have a building (school) that can be identified as Delta-C behind some people if possible. This for advertisement, so make the people and place look good.
The people with a paper in hand are graduating students. I want them to be in graduation gown. The color of the gown should be green because that is color of the university (green and white). If you identify one person as a graduate once, make sure they are wearing graduation gowns in all pictures.
I included two picture of a girl and a man wearing graduation gown, I want the faces of my graduates in place of these two people's faces. Let me know if you have anymore questions.Get free quotes for a project like this
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Images from the Fall Job and Career Fair
The 2013 Job and Career Fair had a good showing with almost 40 businesses looking for employees. The event at the Hutchinson Event Center was well attended as well. Here are some photos from the …10 Oct 13
Sibley County Senior Expo
The 2012 Sibley County Senior Expo will take place on Tuesday, April 17th, at the Community Center (204 Shamrock Drive) in Arlington. The day will being with muffins, coffee and juice beginning at 9:00 AM. …16 Apr 12
Caregiver Support Group Meeting
The next meeting of the Renville County Hospice Caregiver Support Group will be on Tuesday, April 17th, from 1:30 – 3:00 PM in the Willette Room of RC Hospital & Clinics (611 East Fairview) in …16 Apr 12
Concussion Program at MMH
Meeker Memorial Hospital (612 South Sibley) in Litchfield will present "Sudden Impact: Implications of Concussion," on Tuesday, April 17th, beginning at 6:30 PM in the Conference Center. The event will cover several concussion related topics, including signs …16 Apr 12
Silver Lake Lions Sausage Supper
The Silver Lake Lions will host their annual Sausage Supper on Wednesday, April 18th, from 4:30 – 7:00 PM at the Silver Lake Auditorium (320 Main Street East). The menu will include Polish sausage, sauerkraut, cheesy …16 Apr 12


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Religion & Spirituality, ChristianityFollow
|Religion & Spirituality
January 22nd, 2012
Episode 23 of 298 episodes
Dr. Wess Stafford, president of Compassion International, shares some of the powerful stories from his latest book, Just a Minute: In the Heart of a Child, One Moment...Can Last Forever.
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Welcome to the daily audio workout for your head.


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Biamp Systems and InfoComm International have announced a partnership to provide networked AV systems training to industry professionals in Mexico.
As host of four quarterly sessions of InfoComm's "Networking Technology" course in Mexico City, Biamp is extending a discount to its local systems integrators.
The three-day sessions are scheduled for:
• Feb. 27-March 1
• May 29-31
• Aug. 18-20 (during TecnoMultimedia InfoComm Mexico 2014)
• Nov. 27-29
"Biamp is committed to supporting education and training programs that can help increase the number of trained AV professionals in Latin America," said Ernesto Montañez, area manager, Central America, Biamp Systems. "InfoComm's foundational 'Networking Technology' class is ideal for current integrators who carry Biamp products as well as those who have completed, or are currently completing, our certification program.
"Based on the results of a similar course held by InfoComm in December of last year, which was fully booked, we expect demand to be high for the 2014 series of courses."
"The AV world has changed and if you're not up to speed on IT networks, you are at risk of being left behind," said David Labuskes, CTS, RCDD, Executive Director and CEO, InfoComm International. "InfoComm thanks Biamp Systems for helping to develop the industry globally, and Latin America in particular."
In "Networking Technology," students will learn to understand and troubleshoot IT networks that support AV systems. Held at the Mexico City office of Biamp Systems' Mexican distribution partner, Representaciones de Audio, each session will be limited to 10 attendees and will be presented in Spanish. As the program's sponsor, Biamp is offering its channel partners and Mexican integrators a 50-percent discount on registration.
InfoComm International
Biamp Systems


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Home Cooking Cafe
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The MAKABAYAN RIDERS was born on Dec. 26, 2009. Check out the other version of this video from the eyes of my fellow rider, Michael. Click the link. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0BrLaptjxLI
2013 ZX6R 2 Bros Slip-On Exhaust
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Does this attraction have good scenic or skyline views?
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Thanks for helping!
David was an amazing tour guide! We were lucky to book him last minute and we are so happy we did. We visited in September to go to Machu Picchu and stopped in Cusco for one full...
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3 Days in Cusco
Guide to Cusco Outdoors
Best food in Cusco
David was an amazing tour guide! We were lucky to book him last minute and we are so happy we did. We visited in September to go to Machu Picchu and stopped in Cusco for one full day. David catered the tour to exactly what we wanted to do and see. He picked us up promptly at our hotel in...
Fernando was a great tour guide. Since he was raised in this area, he had an insider's knowledge that greatly enhanced our experience over three days. In fact, as we were at the salt mines, a woman came up to ask where he worked. She was so impressed with his insights (and she only overheard a small part of his...
This is our second trip to Peru and we hired a private guide during our first visit as well in 2010. We just spent 5 days with David in the Sacred Valley. David is one of the most passionate people we've ever met in Peru. He loves his country and this passion comes out in the personal tours he provides...
We decided to not take a big tour an instead hire a local private tour guide. I did a ton of research and the best reviews were for David Expeditions, so we went with them. David Expeditions Peru is a small outfit but the level of service far exceeded any tour guide we have used before. You will be taken...
David & his team are hands down the best tour outfit in the Sacred Valley. If you're debating whether you need a guide & driver or not - just bite the bullet and do it. I've done the Sacred Valley without a guide before and this was like night and day. We (group of 4) had a full tour booked...
We booked with David Expeditions for 4 day-trips of guiding as well as an initial airport pickup. We are a family of 5 with 3 generations (grandmother, two parents, and two teenagers (ages 18 and 15) who wanted an interesting Machu Picchu and Sacred Valley trip that was rigorous for the young and doable for the older. David tailored a...
We booked two one day tours with David via the internet and were extremely pleased with all aspects of that experience. Payment was easy with a deposit by Western Union. David was prompt on getting back to us to let us know when he got the deposit.
As for the tours themselves, it definitely was a five star experience. David...
David could not have been any better or more accommodating, he covered all the bases and his knowledge of history and mythology is second to none in both spanish aand english. We arranged to have all our guided tours arranged by David as well as transport and all were as he said they would be. His vehicle was safe and...
Our family of four adults spent two full days with David. The first day we toured The Sacred Valley. Several days later (after Inca Jungle Trek), David and his driver took us in a private van from Cusco to Puno, .This turned out to be a terrific idea because we made the same stops as the tour bus, but at...
Our family of 5 spent a week with David exploring Pisac, Ollantaytambo, Moray, Maras, Machu Picchu and Cusco. David and our driver Victor picked us up at the airport and our adventure started from there. David was personable and extremely knowledgeable about all aspects Peru. We could not imagine our trip without David. We would highly recommend hiring David as...
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Hello, my family of 4 is interested in a 3 or 4 day hiking experience. We are all experienced hikers. We understand the need for a guide but would not want to be part of a large group. Please can you let us know what our options are. We can bring all our gear if needed. Thank you.
Hello David
we are planning to visit Peru early January. If we book a tour with you what form of payments do you accept? Do we pay for everything up front or do we only pay a percentage as deposit?
Thank You
Hi David, please can you let me know your exact email address as I'm having problems sending you an email. Thanks
We would like to arrange a 2 day tour of the Sacred Valley in March next year, can you help?
Hi I am traveling to Cusco and have planned 2 day to trek to Machu Picchu. I want to be picked up at hotel in Cusco view the site and culture on way and get to Machu Picchu before dinner. I need a full day tour then back at end of second day back to Cusco hotel. Can you accommodate this.
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