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This is the second of two parts.
Business travelers flaunt their employers' travel policies more than you might guess – a practice that costs employers both time and money.
While there is no perfect remedy for out-of-policy travel, a few easy changes can help, according to Joe Bates, vice president of research for the GBTA Foundation. Bates offered up a few suggestions at the recent GBTA conference, where he presented the results of a GBTA Foundation study on the incidence of out-of-policy travel and the motivations behind it.
According to the study, more than half of business travelers flaunted company policy on at least one major expense on their last trip. In addition to spending more on travel – an average $2,881 per year –out-of-policy business travelers spend twice as much time shopping and booking travel, Bates said. (See Rogue Biz Travelers Are Driving Up Costs)
Checked the folio detail?
Because most out-of-policy travel and spend relates to hotel stays, this is where vigilance can really pay off. (Rogue travelers spend, on average, an extra $232 on hotel stays per trip, according to the study.)
"Lodging is a challenge if you aren't getting full visibility on the folio detail," Bates said. "If you aren't looking at the detail, you ought to start. You will pick up a lot of this out-of-policy spending up front."
The most important out-of-policy hotel spending areas are: room service (28%), in-room entertainment (19%), staying an extra night (16%), using a non-preferred brand (15%) and choosing a higher grade hotel (13%), according to the GBTA study.
Convenience counts
Most travelers use preferred booking channels, but out-of-policy travelers less so. Nearly all in-policy travelers (94%) say they use preferred hotel booking channels, but less than three-quarters (71%) of out-of-policy travelers use preferred channels.
The most often-cited reason for not using approved channels was inconvenience (36%), followed by the hotel being a last-minute decision (30%). Almost as many out-of-policy travelers (25%) said preferred hotel channels take too long.
"You need to provide your travelers with more convenient searching and booking tools," Bates said. "Convenience and time savings are key points."
Who's out of policy?
It also would pay to keep an eye both on new recruits and passionate high-tech travelers.
Out-of-policy travelers are significantly more likely to be in one of those two groups. In-policy travelers, by contrast, are much more likely to be veterans and road warrior travelers.
Improve your apps
Out-of-policy travelers are also more likely to use mobile apps than their in-policy colleagues.
App use was higher across all categories, including airline and hotel apps, recommendation apps such as TripAdvisor, dining reservation apps such as OpenTable, a company's own mobile booking app, car and taxi apps, mobile expense reporting apps and others.
"The message is clear," said Bates. "Improve your own app. You know your out-of-policy travelers are using apps more than any other group of travelers, so the better, the faster, the more convenient your app is, the more they are going to use it."
This is the second of two parts.
Best Things To Do In Hamburg
1. Gastwerk Hotel
2. Miniatur Wunderland
3. Brachmann's Galeron restaurant
4. Atles Madchen brewhouse
5. Flohschanze market
Source: The Guardian
|Memo to Travel Agents: Don't Overlook Meetings Travel For Growth
With such a large share of meetings travel unmanaged – at small, mid-sized and large enterprises – travel agents shouldn't overlook the opportunity to build a specialty in corporate groups, experts say.
|Corporate Travel Buyers Name Ritz-Carlton As Top Luxury Brand
Ritz-Carlton came out on top as the preferred luxury hotel brand of corporate travel buyers.
|It's Quality, Not Quantity, That Keeps Road Warriors Happy
It's not just the number of trips, but also the quality of travel suppliers and the leniency of travel policies, that matter to road warriors.
|Marriott Turns Its Focus To Meetings
MICE are the market of the day, with "scores of new luxury and lifestyle properties and significant new ballrooms worldwide" on the agenda as Marriott merges with Starwood.
|Airbnb Partners With Amex GBT, BCD and Carlson For The Corporate Market
An expansion into the corporate market offers negotiated rates and data tracking.
|Keeping LGBT Business Travelers Safe
Two tools travel professionals can use to better their service for LGBT clients.


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Maybury Lodge Hotel
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Croquet watching
Day 2 of the competition is sunny but windy and cold. I accompany the boys to get some shots of the croquet, and to watch them play. It's a very pretty set of lawns at Woking, with a lovely clubhouse they share with the tennis club. There's a bar, and a cooked lunch for the players. I chat with a few other spectators, and watch them play, retreating inside as it gets colder and cloudier. Pete plays well in the morning, ...
End of first week
... in the flat is fellow kiwi in late 40's plus chap from South Africa. He is moving out soon. Looks to be great location with many restaurants, supermarkets and tube station 5-10 mins walk. Is 30 min walk to Leicester Square so while based there will probably walk, on the fine days anyway. Only downside so far I can see is that it's on the second floor with no lift. Only really an issue when arrive with suitcases. I'm ...
... and fully appreciate the set dressing befor a strangly dressed girl and even stranger man dance through the room, right up to the moon, then spin back the way they came singing "Follow me!"
Follow we did. As a group moving through the building, up the stairs passing photographs and pictures of the strange and macarbe, ending in a further room dressed as a forrest. Sitting on the benches at the side we wait as the rest of the group files into the room and ...
September in London
Our arrival back in London felt comfortable as we returned to the same London flat that we had used twice already this year. We took a day to organize things again and then tried to get work for the rest of the week. The best I could manage was a couple of half days teaching PE whilst stace had many options and went for a block of work at a main stream school in Paddington. Both of us struggled to get our stomachs back to normal after Morocco but we carried ...
Soaking in the Atmosphere
... recommend this, because they would be able to appreciate it a bit more, but for a younger group, like early teens, I am unsure, because they may not appreciate it as much, and they would just be a waste of time and money.
I stopped in at the 3 South Place Bar and Grill for lunch, nice staff and decent food and reasonable prices. I then spent the rest ...

subset: commoncrawl


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Posts Tagged 'Tom H. C. Anderson'
Jeffrey Henning's #MRX Top 10: Broken Societies, Brexit, and BeerWednesday, February 15, 2017, 6:00 am 1 Comment
Of the 5,037 unique links shared on the Twitter #MRX hashtag over the past two weeks, here are 10 of the most retweeted...
Jeffrey Henning's #MRX Top 10: Channeling ESOMAR, Open Ends, and Research AutomationWednesday, September 14, 2016, 6:06 am No Comments
Of the 3,975 unique links shared on the Twitter #MRX hashtag over the past two weeks, here are 10 of the most retweeted…
Are You Shaking Up Market Research?Friday, August 12, 2016, 7:12 am No Comments
Are You Shaking Up Market Research? – Nominate the "who's who" of the market research industry for a prestigious Next Gen Market Research Award
61 More Predictions for 2016 by Research Industry Thought LeadersMonday, January 4, 2016, 6:09 am 4 Comments
Last week we posted Part 1 of our annual predictions by industry thought leaders. Today we bring you Part 2, with another 61 predictions to think about as you plan for the year ahead.
55 Predictions for 2016 by Research Industry Thought LeadersWednesday, December 30, 2015, 10:01 am 12 Comments
I reached out to the thought leaders I that I respect immensely and asked them to share their thoughts on what we'll likely see as "big things" that impact the insights industry in 2016.
When Text Analytics is Your Brand: What I Learned About Personal Branding at #IIEXWednesday, June 24, 2015, 8:43 am 7 Comments
Tom H.C. Anderson uses text analytics to dig deep into his personal brand and shares lessons with us all.
The A-Z of IIeX NAFriday, June 19, 2015, 9:30 am 13 Comments
Tom Ewing breaks down the highlights and offers some observations on the Insight Innovation Exchange North America event.
Client Side Voices at IIeXTuesday, June 9, 2015, 9:39 am 1 Comment
Over on the IIeX North America 2015 website we've been doing a series of interviews previewing some of the diverse voices you'll be hearing at the eXchange June 15-17 in Atlanta.
Text Analytics for 2015 – Are You Ready?Monday, November 24, 2014, 7:04 am 1 Comment
OdinText SaaS Founder Tom H. C. Anderson is on a mission to educate market researchers about text analytics
Jeffrey Henning's #MRX Top 10: C'est la Vie, around the WorldTuesday, August 5, 2014, 10:11 am No Comments
Of the 2,105 unique links shared on #MRX last week, here are 10 of the most retweeted:


text: The Pause That RefreshesOwen Good9/08/11 9:30pm54EditPromoteGo to permalinkConcept for a Coca-Cola can celebrating video games, inspired by the art of the French street artist Space Invader. Not an actual can of the soft-drink giant, but a concept by the designer Erin McGuire. Concepts for Coke Zero and Diet Coke are at the link.


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The 50-Gun Ship (Shipshape Series)
By the end of the sailing era the 50-gun ship had come to be regarded as a hybrid--too small to stand in the line of battle, but lacking the speed and handiness of the frigate--so was often dismissed as a naval architectural dinosaur left over from an earlier age. This prejudiced view has gone unchallenged in modern naval history, but this new book reveals the crucial role of the 50-gun ship in the development of both the battleship and the frigate, and explains the enduring role which ensured the survival of the type into the nineteenth century. True to the intentions of the ShipShape series, it is the first extended study of a type which is both technically interesting and historically undervalued.
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'The person who can make you cry in a major key, like no-one else can.'Read More
Frances Kelly takes us through some of the basics of her instrument which she will play in Mozart's Flute and Harp Concerto on Sunday 14 February 2016 at the Royal Festival Hall.Read More
Finishing around 8.30pm, our Kings Place concert is the perfect aperitif for a sophisticated New Year's Eve in the heart of Kings Cross and Camden.
So, if you're planning on sticking around after the chamber music and Viennese dances, here are our top local tips to keep you entertained to midnight and beyond.Read More
We're taking a break from our 30th birthday season at Southbank Centre to pay a visit to the stunning West London Synagogue, just off Edgware Road.Read More
The sun is shining and that means – for us at least – three things are crawling out from their winter hibernation: opera festivals, the Proms and ice-cream van drivers.Read More
We perform our all-wind programme in London on Thursday 5 February (book tickets/more info).
The only way to experience it is to actually be there. But until then check out some other ensembles' interpretations in our playlist below.Read More
Next week we're performing an all-strings programme at London's Queen Elizabeth Hall with Richard Tognetti.Read More
Wow, that came round fast. It only seems like yesterday that we were asking you to help us name a concert in our current season (Lord of the Strings, coming up on 25 Nov and on tour), and here we are doing it all over again – this time for our 2015-2016 season, which gets announced in January.Read More
The dinner jackets have been returned to their wardrobes and the picnic hampers stowed as Glyndebourne is over for another year.Read More
We're currently performing La Finta Giardiniera at Glyndebourne Opera House. Here are 5 things you probably didn't know about this Mozart opera, check it out and tell us about it!Read More
Over the last few weeks absolutely loads of you have been in touch to tell us your most hated classical pieces. And we weren't exempt, with one person arguing this "doesn't achieve anything. Just more nauseating PR", I think it's safe to assume we made his hall of shame. We had a great laugh hearing some of your responses and have put together the definitive list. So get your ear plugs at the ready, here's you top ten most hated classical pieces.Read More
We all have our favourite operas (if you are into opera, of course). And frequently an intense debate among opera fanatics can arise over who is the best composer. After two hundred years we still debate about Wagner and Verdi, two amazing composers that changed opera forever. With this in mind, I have recently been asked the following: "Daniel, if you had to nominate five (and only five) operas that everyone must see before they die, what would they be?"Read More
We chased down the wonderful Victoria Simmonds; aka Flamel in our up and coming concert performance of Offenbach's Fantasio, to talk about some of the finer things in life (books, opera, Brad Pitt, that sort of thing…)Read More
Time is running out to pre-order our brand new CD – Mozart's Complete Horn Concertos, with our Principal Horn Roger Montgomery. Purchase it before Monday to receive a special discounted rate!Read More
Professor Julian Rushton takes a detailed look at Mozart's last three symphonies, in a pre-concert talk given before the concert 'By Jupiter, that's the last of Mozart!' on 29 January 2013 at the Royal Festival Hall, conducted by Sir Simon Rattle.Read More
Mozart's Le nozze di Figaro is the quintessential Glyndebourne opera – first performed in 1934 and in 1994 when the opera house re-opened.
'This is a Figaro of rare grace, naturalness and charm', said The Daily Telegraph, and for The Sunday Times it was a production that 'affirms Mozart's most beloved masterpiece as both of its time and perennially modern, Grandage oiling the comic mechanisms of Lorenzo Da Ponte's libretto with a master technician's hands.'Read More
A Viola player using the latest technology to create a musical composition, an artist based in Singapore that can create life-like images with just paint and resin – there's so much to see here and all so culturally nourishing. Plus, if you can make it to the bottom, there's a picture of Haydn in hair curlers.Read More
On 22 March, our first concert as part of the Kings Place Bach Unwrapped series will explore Bach's Cantatas and Brandenburg Concertos. Among the performers will be critically acclaimed tenor; Stuart Jackson.Read More
We finally finished our European tour with Sir Simon Rattle with a flourish at the Royal Festival Hall last Tuesday.
Here's what the press had to say, as well as what you thought of the night.


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Senior management chart
The Senior Management team are responsible for the strategic direction of the University's activities across the portfolios of the President and Vice-Chancellor; Provost and Senior Vice-President; Chief Operating Officer and Senior Vice-President; and the Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice-President.
View the senior management structure below or download the senior management chart (PDF, 0.27 MB).
President and Vice-Chancellor
Professor Margaret Gardner
Portfolio of the President and Vice-Chancellor
Professor Abid Khan
Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Global Engagement)
Professor Andrew Coats
Academic Vice-President (Monash-Warwick Alliance)
Professor Leon Piterman
Pro Vice-Chancellor and President (Berwick and Peninsula)
Professor Helen Bartlett
Pro Vice-Chancellor and President (Sunway Campus Malaysia)
Professor Aibing Yu
Pro Vice-Chancellor and President (Suzhou)
Professor Mohan Krishnamoorthy
Pro Vice-Chancellor (Industry Partnerships)
Dr Murali Sastry
Chief Executive Officer, IITB-Monash Academy
Professor Alwyn Louw
Academic President, Monash South Africa
Mr Damien Farrell
Executive Director, External Relations, Development and Alumni
Ms Jane McLoughlin
Chief of Staff and Director, Office of the Vice-Chancellor
Professor Paul Graboswky
Executive Director, Performing Arts, Monash Academy of Performing Arts (MAPA)
Ms Charlotte Day
Director, Monash University Museum of Art (MUMA)
Provost and Senior Vice-President
Professor Edwina Cornish
Portfolio of the Provost and Senior Vice-President
Professor Pauline Nestor
Senior Vice-Provost and Vice-Provost (Research)
Professor Kim Langfield-Smith
Vice-Provost (Academic Performance)
Professor Sue Willis
Vice-Provost (Education Programs)
Professor Zlatko Skrbis
Vice-Provost (Graduate Education)
Professor Darrell Evans
Vice-Provost (Learning and Teaching)
Professor Ian Smith
Vice-Provost (Research and Research Infrastructure)
Ms Cathrine Harboe-Ree
University Librarian
Ms Jane Holt
Executive Director, Office of the Provost
Professor Frieder Seible
Academic Vice-President (Industry Engagement) and Dean, Faculty of Engineering and Dean, Faculty of Information Technology
Professor Christina Mitchell
Academic Vice-President and Dean, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences
- Professor John Carroll
Foundation Dean, Sub-Faculty of Biomedical and Psychological Sciences
Professor Shane Murray
Dean, Faculty of Art, Design and Architecture
Professor Rae Frances
Dean, Faculty of Arts
Professor Colm Kearney
Dean, Faculty of Business and Economics
Professor John Loughran
Dean, Faculty of Education
Professor Bryan Horrigan
Dean, Faculty of Law
Professor Bill Charman
Dean, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Professor Scott O'Neill
Dean, Faculty of Science
Chief Operating Officer and Senior Vice-President
Mr Peter Marshall
Portfolio of the Chief Operating Officer and Senior Vice-President
Mr Russell Elliott
Vice-President (Services)
- Mr Darrell Cain
Associate to the Vice-President (Services)
- Mr Bradley Williamson
Executive Director, Buildings and Property
- Mr Vladimir Prpich
Executive Director, Campus Community
- Mr Bradley Williamson
Mr Trevor Woods
Chief Information Officer
Professor David Copolov
Pro Vice-Chancellor (Major Campuses and Student Engagement)
Ms Margot Burke
Chief Marketing Officer and Executive Director, Strategic Marketing and Communications
Ms Karen Haywood
Executive Director, Monash HR
Ms Sunny Yang
Associate Vice-President (Student Recruitment & Admissions)
Ms Julianne Wantrup
General Counsel and University Solicitor
Mr Neville Hiscox
Director, Student & Education Business Services
Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice-President
Mr David Pitt
Portfolio of the Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice-President
Ms Jessica Lightfoot
Executive Director, Financial Resources Management & Procure to Payment Services
Mr David McWaters
Executive Director, Corporate Finance
Oversight of Research and Revenue Accounting Services, Major Projects, Financial Strategy
Oversight of Monash controlled and associated entities
(Effective from February 2016)


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History of Kfarsghab
Kfarsghab in Zgharta District in the Mount Lebanon Governorate of Lebanon predates Christianity. However, like most villages in the Qadisha valley, Kfarsghab's history began with the settlement of the Maronites in Mount Lebanon during the 10th Century. According to the popular tradition, the church of Saint Awtel was built on the ruins of a pagan temple. Pagan temples existed in this region as attested in the Greek inscription mentioning the date 272 AD found in the Mar Mama church in Ehden.[1] Other temples may have existed in the region, such as the monastery of Mar Sarkis and Bakhos in Ehden, which may have been built atop ruins.[2] Given the exceptional location of Saint Awtel's Church built on a promontory, the popular tradition about the existence of a pagan temple in Kfarsghab is plausible.
- 1 Around 1000 AD
- 2 The Mamluk period – 1252–1517
- 3 The Ottoman period – 1517–1918
- 3.1 The 16th century
- 3.2 The 17th century
- 3.3 The 18th century
- 3.4 The 19th century
- 4 Notes
- 5 References
Around 1000 AD[edit]
A possible reference to Kfarsghab may appear in a letter of the Cairo Geniza dating between 1011 and 1037 AD.[3]
The Mamluk period – 1252–1517[edit]
Maronite historians mention Kfarsghab in connection with events of 1283 at the end of the crusading period.[4] It is related to the invasion of Jebbet Bsharri by the Mamluk army and the collaboration of Ibn Al Sabha ابن الصبحا from Kfarsghab with the Mamluks. El Douaihy (1630-1704) wrote in Tarikh Al-Azminah about the role of Ibn Al Sabha during this invasion:
And it was related that the fort that was in Hawqa could not be taken by the Army, which was then advised by Ibn Al Şabĥa from Kfarşghab to divert the water source of Bcherray and direct it against the fort. They thus took it (the fort of Hawqa) by the force of water and brought it to the ground. For that reason, they (the armies) authorized Ibn Al Şabĥa to dress in white Bash Yanis (White clothes reserved to the only Muslims) and the rest of the slaves served him (Ibn Al Şabĥa) and he was very powerful with them. Then, he (Ibn Al Şabĥa) repented of his bad actions and returned and constructed the Monastery of Hawqa close to the fort for the housing of the monks. And the waterway [used to destroy the fort] became reserved since those times and till our days for the usage of the Monasteries in turns, thus on Sundays, Mondays and Tuesdays for the Monastery of Qannubine, on Wednesdays for the Monastery of Hawqa Blawza, and on the rest of the days (of the week) for the town of Hadshit and its Waqfs.
This 'betrayal' can be understood in a historic context. At the beginning of the 13th Century, three main powers existed more or less peacefully in the Middle East: the Byzantines, the Franks, and the Ayyubid Sultans in Cairo, Egypt. Each power had its allies in the region. The failure of the Seventh Crusade and the defeat of the Mongols announced the rise of a new power, the Mamluks of Egypt. From 1250 AD, the Mamluks entered actively into the political scene of the Middle East. After securing their rule and in need of legitimacy in the eyes of the Muslim world, the Sultan Baibars started attacking the Franks, seizing Antioch in 1268. From that date, the pre-existing divisions of the native Christians of Lebanon between Pro and Anti-Franks became more marked; especially that the anti-Frankish party finally found in the Mamluks the strong allies it was missing since the First Crusade in 1099. After a first limited Mamluk incursion in Jebbet Bsharri against the village of Hadath in 1268, the Mamluk armies came back to the region in 1283 in a more organized manner, and probably also returned in 1290 after the fall of the Frankish city of Tripoli in 1289. These campaigns were mainly directed against the allies of the Franks in Jebbet Bsharri according to the text of El Douaihy. Their success reinforced the position of the anti-Frankish party to which Ibn Al Sabha belonged.
During the following Mamluk period in Lebanon (1290–1517), few mentions of the village are found.
In 1470 Kfarsghab is mentioned, in conjunction with the construction of Saint Awtel's Church.[5] It is the only church in Lebanon dedicated to this Saint whose tradition is shared by the Maronite, Orthodox and Jacobite churches.
Another mention, though indirect, stems from the end of the conflict between the Jacobites and Maronites. Profiting from the troubles in Jebbet Bsharri (or maybe called upon for help by the Jacobites), the Muslim Muqaddams of the neighbouring region of Ďanniyeh attacked Ehden in 1489 hoping for a quick victory. The inhabitants of Ehden and of the neighbouring villages, including Kfarşghab, despairing of the help of the Muqaddam of Bsharri, 'Abdel Mon'em, pushed back the attackers.[6]
The Ottoman period – 1517–1918[edit]
Following the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman Empire entered a long period of conquest and expansion. By defeating the Mamluks in 1517, it achieved control over the Middle East. Jebbet Bsharri entered 4 long centuries under the Ottoman rule.
The 16th century[edit]
The first Ottoman Census of 1519 credited Kfarsghab with 14 male adults (of more than 15 years old), all Christians and married. This figure has allowed historians to estimate the total population by using an average of 6.6 inhabitants per adult male, which gave about 92 inhabitants.[7] The tax money amounted to 1,600 Akçes[8] and its payment reserved to the Waqf of the heirs of Saad Al Moulouk.
The second census of 1571 recorded 12 males in Kfarsghab. The tax amounted to 2,892 Akçes paid to the Waqf of the Two Holy Mosques. There was an amount of 1,068 Akçes paid as Jizya.
In spite of the tax increases due to inflation, Kfarsghab seemed to witness a decrease in its population between 1519 and 1571 of -3 per mil / year. This decrease is attributed to the economic difficulties of the 16th Century in the Middle East, but also to the struggle between Maronites and Jacobites. Kfarsghab stands in the middle of four historical centers of Jacobites in the region: Bqoufa, Bane, Hadshit and Bsharri. It is supposed[by whom?] that some Jacobites lived in Kfarsghab and had to flee the region after they lost the support of Bsharri's Muqaddams around 1550. Both censuses show that Kfarsghab was inhabited by Christians - but with no distinction between Jacobites and Maronites.
Around 1600, the Kfarsghab population merged with that of the neighboring extinct village of Day'at Moussa or Qaryat Moussa. This merger occurred due to religious disputes. The inhabitants of the village of Qaryat Moussa were accused of being Jacobites since the end of the 14th Century.[9] The struggle between Maronites and Jacobites in the region started at the beginning of the 15th century and lasted till around the mid-16th Century. It ended with the advantage going to the Maronites. This might have economically and demographically weakened the Jacobite population of Qaryat Moussa. Moreover, the heavy snows which are advanced as the cause behind the disappearance of the neighboring Jacobite village of Bqoufa around 1600 might have given the last stroke to the existence of Qaryat Moussa as an independent agglomeration, obliging its surviving population to take refuge in Kfarsghab.[10] The popular tradition in Kfarsghab attributes the disappearance of Qaryat Moussa to the displacement of the village water source to a lower location. This displacement could have been caused by the important seismic activity that the Levant region witnessed from the middle of the Sixteenth Century till the middle of the Eighteenth Century.[11][12]
Historical references of Qaryat Moussa persist till the end of the 16th century, but the village seems to disappear from the records afterwards. The Ottoman census information cited previously credited Qaryat Moussa with 9 males in 1519, all Christians and only 7 of them married. The second census, in 1571, recorded 12 males. This demographic vitality is somewhat intriguing, especially considering the weakening of Kfarsghab's demography over the same period.
Another reference concerns a Maronite synod that took place in 1598 in Saint Moura, the church of Qaryat Moussa.[13] The priest at the time of the 1598 synod, Ibrahim of Qaryat Moussa, was an important aide of the then Patriarch Youssef AlRizzi (1596–1608).[14] AinTourini mentions another synod in this church in 1644.[15]
Another point of view on the merger and the location of the synod comes from Father Youakim Moubarac when introducing his translation into French of the canons of the Synod:[16]
We put into this translation a particular care because Day`at Moussa overlooks by some hundred meters the village where we were born. However, we cannot help to have some doubt as to the precise location of this Synod. Mart Moura's church, the generally assumed location for that synod celebration, is well known and its patronal saint's day is still celebrated every year with the fervent participation of the faithful from our village Kfarsghab, on September 24. Also, we think that there lies our village of origin, before unknown reasons to the local memory made us go down.
But my family acquired in the time of my father a plot of land upper than Mart Moura. It is called Marg el-Dayr and it belonged to the family Mousa. Its conversion into an orchard caused the cleaning of an oratory in decline devoted to Saint Augustine. Would it be rather there the place of celebration of the synod? I prefer to believe it because the place in question is on the border of the famous village of Bqoufa, also ruined, but from which we know that the prelates of the family Rizzi are originated, prelates who led our Church in those times with three successive patriarchs.
As of 2013[update] Mart Saint Moura Church belongs to Kfarsghab. Restored in the 1990s, it is used once a year on Mart Moura's Day (24 September). On that day all the villagers in Kfarsghab participate in celebrating a mass, praying especially for the rest of the souls of the forebears of Kfarsghab buried in the cemetery located next to the church.
The modern Kfarsghab results from a merge between Kfarsghab and Qaryat Moussa around 1600.
The 17th century[edit]
At the end of the 16th century, the emergence of a first autonomous Lebanese Emirate in the southern Mount Lebanon had important impacts in Jebbet Bsharri. In political terms, it ended in 1621 the role of the Muqaddams of Bsharri as the traditional lords of the region being the official representatives of the Ottoman Governor of Tripoli. In economical terms, the southern Mount Lebanon under the stable rule of the Emir Fakhreddine attracted many families who were encouraged by the Emir to establish there. An important migration took place from Jebbet Bsharri to the south but also to Aleppo, Syria.
The bloody end of the autonomous Emirate in 1635 left Jebbet Bsharri in political confusion. The government was assigned by the Ottomans to two local village sheikhs as joint governors of Jebbet Bsharri: the Sheikh Abi Karam Yaaqoub from Hadath (1635–1640) and the Sheikh Abi Gebrayel Youssef Karam from Ehden (1635–1641). The period that opened up when those two sheikhs disappeared was full of exactions and violence. Given the instability, the people of Jebbet Bsharri insisted in 1654, on the Governor of Tripoli to appoint as governor of their region, Sheikh Ahmad Hamadeh, a member of the powerful Shiite Hamadeh family, rulers of the Jbeil District and Batroun District regions.[17] The Hamadeh did not succeed in establishing stability before the end of the century as they were continuously challenged by the local sheikhs and by members of their own clan.
For Kfarsghab, an important event of this century will take place in 1695 when the Lebanese Maronite Order was founded by three young Maronites from Aleppo, Syria. The Patriarch Estephan El Douaihy encouraged the founders and established them in the Monastery of Mart Moura in Ehden. As the Order grew quickly, they established in Mar Lishaa, Bsharri (1696) and in Qozhaya (1708). In the coming two centuries, the Order will represent a major attraction for the young people of Kfarsghab who will join massively its ranks.
Among the first members of the new Order was Abdallah Habqouq from Kfarsghab. He joined the Lebanese Maronite Order very early in the pioneering days and became administrator (Mudabbir) of the Order in 1698. The family of Father Abdallah Habqouq established in the region in the second part of the 17th century and acquired the monastery of Qozhaya from the Gilwan family, owners of Qozhaya since 1567. The Habqouq family, and specifically Bishop Youhanna Habqouq, surrendered Qozhaya to the Lebanese Maronite Order in 1708.[18]
The 18th century[edit]
In the beginning of the 18th century, the Jebbet Bsharri region was in a very poor state following the conflicts that had taken place in the past 70 years. Many villages were depopulated, land was abandoned. After 1677 the Hamadeh encouraged people from their fiefdoms of Jbeil District and Batroun District to migrate to Jebbet Bsharri in order to populate the area, as requested of them by the Governor of Tripoli.[19] But only in 1704 did the Hamadeh succeed in securing their rule of Jebbet Bsharri and in showing some results in their repopulation efforts, especially as the situation in the south Mount Lebanon was plagued by the Qaissites / Yamanites conflict and then by the succession conflicts triggered by the fall of the house of Maans in 1697.[20] For Kfarsghab, it is supposed that the main four families that compose the today's Kfarsghab came to the region from 1677 to 1704.
The foundation of the modern Kfarsghab (1704–1761)[edit]
The Abou Mansour family[edit]
It is between 1677 and 1704 that the family Abou Mansour Al Bahri arrived in Jebbet Bsharri from the coast of the Batroun District. They established themselves in Kfarsghab merging slowly with the few surviving natives, possibly from the Saliba family as recorded by the tradition.
The new-comers helped the Hamadeh in the administration of the region as it is shown in the records of the Court of Tripoli.[21]
Those records show that,
- in 1737 the Sheikh of Kfarsghab, Mansour son of Hanna, vouched for the settlement of the Kfarsghab taxes by the Sheikh Hussein bin Moussa Hamadeh,
- in 1748, the Sheikh of Kfarsghab, Hanna Abou Mansour, did the same for the Sheikh Assaad bin Moussa Hamadeh,
- in 1752, the records of the Court show that Sheikh Hanna Son of Mansour from Kfarsghab was guarantor of Assaad Hamadeh.
Another reference to Sheikh Hanna is found on a religious book copy stating that Deacon Hanna son of Father Youssef Al Bahri finished copying the Reesh Qoryan with Fr Ibrahim Jilwan AlSamrani on July 3, 1754.[22] Most of the sheikhs of that time were ordained deacons allowing them to have religious as well as political power.
The Abou Youssef family[edit]
The Abou Youssef Elias family came to the Jebbet Bsharri region in the beginning of the 17th century from Smar Jbeil, the village of the Gilwan family, ex-owners of the Monastery of Qozhaya. In another documented version, This family could have come originally from Benta'el in the Jbeil region.[23] This family was encouraged to settle in the region by the Gilwan's and maybe the Hamadeh sheikhs. They settled first in Tourza and Arbet Qozhaya, working as sharecroppers of the Monastery of Qozhaya. After Qozhaya was handed down to the Lebanese Maronite Order in 1708, they moved to Kfarsghab between 1710 and 1720.
In the tradition of the village of Kfarsghab, Abou Youssef Elias married a daughter of the Abou Mansour Al Bahri family :
The first inhabitant ever recorded was Deeb El Bahri. Deeb came from the coast of Batroun and established himself in the district. He married Maureena El Saliba and had three Sons that are the origins of the three families - Abou Mansour, Khoury Youssef and Abou Abraham. The family of Abou Youssef was a descendant of Elias who came to Kfarsghab from the Coast and married a granddaughter of Deeb El Bahri …[24]
In 1748, Abou Youssef Elias from Kfarsghab bought from Sheikh Assaad Hamadeh the land that will become later the village of Morh Kfarsghab.[25] In the property deed established between the two men, Assaad Hamadeh referred to Abou Youssef Elias as our beloved and not with the title Sheikh. This personal reference could imply that Abou Youssef Elias was close to Assaad Hamadeh.
In 1755, the guarantor of Assaad Hamadeh at the Court of Tripoli was the Sheikh Elias Abou Youssef son of Bahri or Al Bahri. In spite of the name Al Bahri added to the name of this last sheikh, this sheikh is Abou Youssef Elias, married to a daughter of Al Bahri family.It seems that, between 1748 and 1755, Abou Youssef Elias became powerful enough to claim the sheikhdom of Kfarsghab and take it from his relatives by his wife, the Abou Mansour Al Bahri.
The Sheikh and his descendants will play an important role in the history of Kfarsghab and of Jebbet Bsharri.
The Habqouq family[edit]
This family arrived in Kfarsghab in the beginning of the 18th Century. Like the Abou Youssef Elias family, the Habqouq have bought the Monastery of Qozhaya from the Gilwan family in the second half of the 17th Century. The family came from Bsheeleh in the Batroun region[26] and before that from Bikfaya in Metn[27] and Jeita in Keserwan District. The priests of the family settled in the Monastery of Qozhaya and their families in Arbet Qozhaya and in Bane. It is this family that gave Qozhaya to the Lebanese Maronite Order in 1708. It is probably after this event that part of the family moved from Arbet Qozhaya to Kfarsghab, the other part stayed in Bane.
This family gave the Maronite Church several illustrious sons, like Abdallah Habqouq (1670–1758). Abdallah Habqouq from Kfarsghab joined the Lebanese Maronite Order very early in the pioneering days. He was administrator (Mudabbir) of the Order between 1698 and 1732 and then between 1738 and 1742. From 1729 to 1735 and then from 1742 to 1743, he was superior of the Monastery of Our Lady of Tamish, an important Monastery that became in 1744 the siege of the Baladites Order (after the split of the Order into two Orders: Baladites and Halabites).
Father Abdallah was consecrated Bishop on 20 May 1742 [28] by the Bishop Tubiya Al Khazin ( future Patriarch 1756–1766).[29] This consecration was done in a context of conflict over the succession of Patriarch Yusuf Dargham Al Khazin between Tubiya Al Khazin and Ilyas Muhasib. This conflict was eventually settled by the Vatican by the election of Simaan Awwad and the confirmation of the consecration of Bishop Abdallah Habqouq. Bishop Abdallah is mentioned as a signatory of a legal document in his capaity of bishop in 1744, next to the name of the Patriarch Simaan Awwad.[30]
Apparently Bishop Abdallah sided with the Halabites faction of the Order as no records for his death are found in the Baladites faction archives.
Bishop Abdallah died on 7 August 1758 in Kfarsghab [31] and is buried in Saint Awtel Church.
The Khouriyyeh family[edit]
Allied to the Abou Mansour family, the origin of this family could be traced to Aqoura, in the mountains of Jbeil. Its date of arrival in Kfarsghab is difficult to estimate. But given the fact that a Sheikh Hanna son of Rizk (from the Khourriyeh family) is cited in the records of the Court of Tripoli for the year 1761, this family had been settled in Kfarsghab for some time, most probably in the first part of the 18th Century.
The bourgeois Sheikhs rise (1761–1772)[edit]
The major event of the eighteenth century for Jebbet Bsharri happened in 1761 when Abou Youssef Elias from Kfarsghab, along with Hanna Al Daher from Bsharri, Gerges Boulos El Douaihy from Ehden and Abou Sleimane Aouad from Hasroun, took all together the direct collection of the taxes of Jebbet Bsharri from the Governor of Tripoli, Osman Pacha the Georgian. They were helped by some of the traditional Sheikhs who guaranteed at the Court of Tripoli the payment of the taxes. It was the first serious defeat of the Hamadeh in this century and the rise of a new generation of local Maronite Sheikhs, called here Bourgeois Sheikhs.
But the Hamadeh counter-attacked, helped most probably by local people from Bsharri and Hasroun.[32] In their struggle against the Hamadeh that lasted from 1760 till 1772, the bourgeois Sheikhs of Jebbet Bsharri got the support of the Governors of Tripoli, Osman Pasha and his son Mohammad Pasha, of the Sunnite Sheikhs of Danniyeh and of the Sheikhs of Zawiyeh. In 1763, the ambitious Emir Youssef Al Shihabi (ruled afterwards Mount Lebanon from 1770 to 1789) installed in the Jbeil region and being himself in conflict with the Hamadeh, profited from the difficulties of the Bourgeois Sheikhs and maneuvered to take from them the collection of taxes in Jebbet Bsharri. He contracted an alliance with the Bourgeois Sheikhs and confirmed their privileges in the tax collection of their districts as well as their right to claim the abandoned properties of the Hamadeh (Baklik). The fight with the Hamadeh will continue for 12 years. It will lead to their eviction from the whole region and to their final defeat in 1772. The Emir Youssef Al Shihabi, and his Shihabis successors, will have the direct rule of Jebbet Bsharri for almost one century from 1763 till 1844, helped by the new generation of Bourgeois Village Sheiks of Jebbet Bsharri: El Douaihy, Estephane, Awwad and Daher, but also Khattar and Issa Al Khoury.
In 1761, the guarantor of Abou Youssef Elias was a certain Sheikh Hanna son of Rizk from Kfarsghab. This family appeared as sheikhs of Kfarsghab for the first time. Apparently, Abou Youssef Elias was representing by marriage the Abou Mansour family as witnessed by the last name Al Bahri added to his own name in the records of the Court. In taking a guarantor from the Rizk family, he ensured the loyalty and support of other families of Kfarsghab.[33]
The development of Kfarsghab (1772–1799)[edit]
The last part of this century saw the economic development of Kfarsghab. Sheikh Abou Youssef Elias will deploy an important energy, till his death on December 12, 1785. The foundation in 1748 and then extension of Morh Kfarsghab on the Baklik land of the Hamadeh [34] was necessary for the silkworm industrial development, especially during wintertime, as the European demand for Lebanese silk was important in that century. Also the extension of Mar Awtel church in 1776[35] must have been necessary to accommodate the increasing population.
From 1755, the Sheikhs of Kfarsghab will be from the Abou Youssef Elias family, and specifically from the Estephane branch of the family. This family ran the administration of the villages of Kfarsghab, Toula, half of Karmsaddeh and half of Raskifa. For those two last villages, they shared the administration with another Bourgeois Sheikhs family, the Aouad from Hasroun. In fact, the Estephane family ruled exactly the same domain (Oktaa) as Sheikh Assaad Hamadeh, who ruled Kfarsghab in the previous period.[36]
This century would have witnessed the beginning of an important movement for Kfarsghab that will be at its apogee in the following century; that is to say the massive monastic vows among the natives of Kfarsghab. During the 18th century, more than 12 young men joined the ranks of the Lebanese Maronite Order. The demographic weakness of Kfarsghab in the first half of the century, the purchase of the winter village of Morh Kfarsghab and its development starting in 1748 and possibly the conflict inside the Order that started in 1748 between the Aleppine monks and the Lebanese ones and that eventually led to the splitting of the order into two in 1768, could be behind this modest number of monks from Kfarsghab.[37] It will have a major impact on Kfarsghab.
The 19th century[edit]
The 19th Century was a much contrasted century for Lebanon. It witnessed the evolution from a traditional peasant society tightly governed by the Sheikhs to a more modern dynamic society opened to the outside world.
The monastic orders (1840–1870)[edit]
The first major evolution for Kfarsghab was the massive attraction of the monastic orders especially that of the Lebanese Maronite Order solidly installed in the neighbouring Monastery of Qozhaya. The first half of the nineteenth century witnessed a doubling in the vocations from Kfarsghab. Between 1800 and 1850, the Order received 8 to 10 monks from Kfarsghab. Between 1850 and 1875, things changed dramatically. In this period, more than 23 monks from Kfarsghab took their vows.[38]
It is explained by a surge in the number of births in Kfarsghab in the 1830s due to the improvement of the economic conditions favoured by the development of silk. In 1829, there were 125 houses in Kfarsghab. Considering the average size of a household to be of 10, then the number of inhabitants of Kfarsghab was of 1250. The census of 1849 made state of 374 males, that is to say roughly a total of 1,870 people (number of males multiplied by 5).
The baby-boomers of the 1830–1840's started joining massively the Monk Orders. One major factor was the decline in the revenues derived from silk in Jebbet Bsharri region that started around 1845. In 1844–1845, silk revenues were covering 72% of the economic needs decreasing to 25% in 1851–1852 and further to 15% in 1857.[39] Along with an increased centralization of the administration under the new regime of Qaym-maqiyamatayn (1842–1860), it contributed to the weakening of the political and economical powers of the sheikhs in the region in general leaving no economic perspectives to the young people. Also, the opening of a school in the neighbouring village of Bane in 1806 by the Lebanese Maronite Order for the basic instruction of the children of Kfarsghab and Bane served as a channel of detection and recruitment of talents and workforce for the Order. The effect was a reduction in the Kfarsghab population. According to a recent study,[40] 344 males lived in Kfarsghab in 1862, that is to say 1,720 inhabitants.
The emigration (1870–1899)[edit]
In the 1870s, vocations among the natives of Kfarsghab started to decrease. Between 1875 and 1900, only 3 vocations were recorded for Kfarsghab. Vocations from Kfarsghab ceased on 17 December 1898 when Br Ephraim Saliba Abboud II joined. Brother Ephraim died on 9 April 1947. Overall, the Lebanese Maronite Order attracted 43 young people from Kfarsghab, making this village the 15th most important contributor to the Order, among the 382 villages that counted monks among their sons.[41] Still in 1900, Kfarsghab counted 13 monks among its sons, representing 4% of the adult male population compared to 0.8% for the average of the region of Jebbet Bsharri.[42]
Looking at the names and the monasteries of the monks from Kfarsghab, 75% of them were assigned to monasteries located in North Lebanon, most of them being in Qozhaya. The objective of the reform that took place after the revolt of Qozhaya in 1875 was to assign the monks in a different region from their region of origin. 4 monks of Kfarsghab participated in the 1875 revolt, one of them, brother Boutros, being among its leaders. As a result, the power of Qozhaya was broken, its lands divided between several monasteries and its monks (around 200 at its height) distributed in different Monasteries. It is possible, according to some historians,[43] that this reform could have had a negative impact on the vocations from Jebbet Bsharri.
The special status of Mount Lebanon during the Regime of Mutasarrifiah (1861–1914) changed the administration of Kfarsghab which was attached to the distant district of Batroun. The collapse of the prices of silk from the 1870s and onward deteriorated the economic situation. Politically and economically, the Sheikhs of Kfarsghab were weakened. Finally, the loss of interest in the monks order was replaced soon by the emigration to the USA and to Australia.
Emigration from Kfarsghab to the United States started in 1885,[44] followed by an emigration to Australia in 1887.[45] It resulted in a dramatic decrease in the Kfarsghab population. In 1889, the number of inhabitants was estimated to 1,100.[46] For Year 1900,it is reported 330 male adults, 950 inhabitants and 150 emigrants for Kfarsghab.[47] Kfarsghab lost to the emigration 20% of its population in less than 15 years. This trend will continue in the 20th Century.
- ^ Yammine, Y.: Daleel Ehden, page 14.
- ^ Abi-Khalil, S.: Tarikh Al-Qiddissayn Sarkis wa Bakhos Ehden, page 9
- ^ WArdini, E.: A Dictionary of Lebanese Place-NAmes, page 263.
- ^ Douaihi, Es.: Tarikh Al Azminah, pages 261-262.
- ^ Abi Khattar, A., Moukhtasar Tarikh ... , page 139. In fact, the author refers this date to a text of the Patriarch El Douaihy, not present in the events of that year in Douaihi's most important book Tarikh Al Azminah. On the other hand, the historians (including AïnTourini) agree on saying that the construction of the church of Saint Awtel goes to the same period and on the same style as those of Saint Roumanos in Hadchit and another church in Madinat Al Ras (village now extinct). However the Patriarch El Douaihy dates the construction of Saint Roumanos church to the year 1518, El Douaihy, S.: Tarikh Al Azminah, page 397. Therefore, the first church of Saint Awtel could have been built at the end of the Fifteenth Century
- ^ El Douaihy, Es.: Tarikh Al Azminah, page 364
- ^ Khalifeh, I. K.: North Lebanon in the Sixteenth Century, pages 30-65.
- ^ 1 Akçe = 0.384 g of silver in 1584. In 2007 value, it will be 0.2 US$ approximately
- ^ El Debs, Y.: Al Jamii Al Moufassal …, pages 154 & 160 & 188. According to the author, the hermit Elisée of Hadath - accused by Gibrail Ibn Al Qalaii of being Jacobite - lived in 1391 and was taught by Farah, the priest of Qaryat Moussa. Later, in 1487, the Jacobite priest Nouh of Bqoufa (the future patriarch of the Jacobites) attracted young Maronites, notably Moussa and Hanna: sons of Ibrahim Ibn AlHajj Moussa of Bqoufa and Moussa of Qaryat Moussa. From 1495, with the death of the Muqaddam (chief) of Bcharri, Abdul Mouneem, protector of the Jacobites, these latter began losing their influence in the region of Jebbet Bsharri. Consequently, the Jacobites left the region of Ehden/Bqoufa, without nevertheless disappearing completely, and they established themselves in Hadchit, Hardine and Kfarhaoura. In defence of the Maronite Patriarch Mikhail Al Rizzi (1567–1581) accused of being Jacobite because a native of Bqoufa, it is explained[by whom?] that the Al Rizzi family lived in the higher part of Bqoufa and that Jacobites lived only in the lower part of that village. And Qaryat Moussa is precisely on the border of this lower part of Bqoufa; hence the assumption that some Jacobites lived in Qaryat Moussa.
- ^ Abi Khattar, A.: Moukhtasar Tarikh Jabal…, page 65. According to the author, Bqoufa disappeared because of very heavy snow seasons and political exactions
- ^ Seismic hazard in Lebanon, last accessed on November 1, 2015
- ^ The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D. - pp.374-375, last accessed on November 1, 2015
- ^ Douaihi in Radd Al Touham cited by Dr. Antoine Daou in the Accounts of the First Seminar on Jebbet Bcharri History 1998, page 276. This Synod - called by the Patriarch Youssef AlRazzi from Bqoufa - aimed to complete the work done in the previous synods of 1595 and 1596 for the alignment of the Maronite Church practices with those of the Holy Roman See, banning definitively the Jacobites' accusations that tarnished the reputation of his two predecessors.
- ^ Douaihi Es.: Tarikh Al Azminah, page 461
- ^ Abi Khattar, A.: Moukhtasar Tarikh Jabal ..., page 111. According to him, this synod was summonsed by the Patriarch Youssef Halib from Akoura. This Synod took place in fact in the Monastery of Mar Youhanna Hrash
- ^ Moubarac, Y.: Pentalogie Antiochienne / Domaine Maronite - Volume 1 - Part 1, page 526. Popular tradition in Kfarsghab states that Saint Augustine Church hosted the first Maronite Synod ever gathered.
- ^ Abi Khattar, A.: Moukhtasar Tarikh Jabal …, page 131.
- ^ Moqbel, A.: Deir Mar Antonios Qozhaya, page 48.
- ^ Abi Khattar, A.:Moukhtassar Tarikh ..., page 129.
- ^ Salibi, K.:Tarikh Loubnan Al Hadith, pages 34-40.
- ^ Hablas, F.: The Ottoman Administration in Jebbet Bsharri in the 18th Century & Al Ahmar, N.: Ottoman Tax Fermage system in Jebbet Bsharri, First Seminar on Jebbet Bcharri History, pages 329-431.
- ^ Al Gemayel, Fr. Nasser: Jebbet Bcharri Copyists during the Ottoman period, Third Convention on Jebbet Bcharri History, pages 158-212.
- ^ Nakkoul, J.: Historical Demography of Jebbet Bsharri, First Convention on Jebbet Bcharri History, pages 182.
- ^ For the popular traditional history of Kfarsghab, see Aka website
- ^ Property deed between Assaad Hamadeh and Abou Youssef Elias, last accessed on October 28, 2007.
- ^ Moqbel, A.: Deir Mar Antonios Qozhaya, page 48.
- ^ Nakkoul, J.: Historical Demography of Jebbet Bsharri, First Convention on Jebbet Bcharri History, pages 182.
- ^ El Debs, Y.: Al Jamii Al Moufassal …, page 288.
- ^ van Leeuwen, R.: Notables & Clergy in Mount Lebanon, pages 130 & 265. Father Maroun Karam gives the wrong date of 1733 for the consecration of Bishop Habqouq in his book Monks of Our Village - Kaslik - 1975 - page 220.
- ^ El Hattouni, M.: Nabthah Tarikhiyyah …, page 144.
- ^ El Debs, Y.: Al Jamii Al Moufassal…, page 285.
- ^ Abi Khattar, A.: Moukhtasar Tarikh Jabal …, pages 136 – 137.
- ^ It is interesting to note that Gerges Boulos El Douaihy from Ehden, married to a woman from the traditional Sheikhs Karam family, adopted the same attitude as Abou Youssef Elias in taking guarantors at the Court Sheikhs from the Yammine and Mouawwad families and no one from the Karams as he represented them by marriage. for a brief history of this family and their relations with the Karams, see - Caza-Zgharta website
- ^ Karam, M.: Qoussat Al Milkiyah ..., page 23. Under the Ottoman Empire, the baklik land was an abandoned land whose taxes were paid by a Sheikh and thus belonged to him. The Sheikhs were interested in having sharecroppers cultivate the land to help them pay the taxes and keep the ownership of this property.
- ^ Mar Awtel extension
- ^ Abi Khattar, A.: Moukhtasar Tarikh Jabal …, page 132.
- ^ Monks from Kfarsghab, Last accessed on October 28, 2007.
- ^ Monks from Kfarsghab
- ^ Charaf, Jean (2005) – Jebbet Bsharri Fi Haad Al Qaymmaqimiyatain (1842–1860) - The Accounts of the Third Congress on Jebbet Bcharri History - National Committee of Gibran - page 377-384
- ^ Nakkhoul, Jean (1998) – Historical Demography of Nahiyat Bcharri from end 19 Century till beginning of 20th Century - The Accounts of the First Congress on Jebbet Bcharri History - National Committee of Gibran - page 150
- ^ Karam, Maroun (1975) - Rihban Day'itna - Editor Kaslik - General Table N2
- ^ Nakkhoul, Jean (1998) – Historical Demography of Nahiyat Bcharri from end 19 Century till beginning of 20th Century - The Accounts of the First Congress on Jebbet Bcharri History - National Committee of Gibran - page 158
- ^ Moqbel, Antoine (2000) – Monastery of Mar Antonios Qozhaya – Private Editor – Ghazir, Lebanon
- ^ The history of the Kfarsghab US emigration
- ^ The History of the Kfarsghab Australia Emigration
- ^ Moubarac, Y. (1984), Pentalogie Antiochienne / Domaine Maronite – Volume I1 - Part 2, page 668.
- ^ Nakkhoul, Jean (1998) – Historical Demography of Nahiyat Bcharri from end 19 Century till beginning of 20th Century - The Accounts of the First Congress on Jebbet Bcharri History - National Committee of Gibran - page 155
- Abi Khalil, Father Sharbel,Tarikh Al-Qiddissayn Sarkis wa Bakhos Ehden, J. Reaaidy Press, 1995. (Arabic)
- Abi Khattar, Sheikh Antonios, known as AïnTourini, Moukhtassar Tarikh Jabal Loubnan, in the version of the father Ignatius Tannous AlKhoury revised by Dr. Elias Kattar, editor Lahd Khater, Beirut 1983. OCLC 21044417 (Arabic)
- El Debs, Bishop Youssef, Al Jamii Al Moufassal Fi Tarikh Al Mawarinah Al Mouassal - editor Dar Lahd Khater – 4th Edition, 1987. OCLC 21630879 (Arabic)
- El Douaihy, Patriarch Estephan, Tarikh Al Azminah, in the version of the Abbot Boutros Fahd, editions Dar Lahd Khater, Beirut – 3rd Edition. OCLC 41272562 (Arabic)
- Ducellier, Alain, Chrétiens d'Orient et Islam au Moyen Age, Armand Collin, Paris, 1996. ISBN 978-2-200-01448-3 OCLC 48508270 (French)
- Gibran National Committee, Accounts of the Conventions on Jebbet Bcharri History, First convention, 1998, Second Convention, 2003, Third Convention, 2005.
- El Hattouni, Fr. Mansour, Nabthah Tarikhiyyah Fi Al Mouqataah AlKesrwaniah - editor Dar Nazir Abboud – Kaslik – 1986. OCLC 40972560 (Arabic)
- Karam, Fr. Maroun, Qoussat Al Milkiyah Firrahbana Allubnaniyah al Marouniyah, Dar Al Tiba'ah Al Lubananiyah, Beirut, 1972. OCLC 29797433 (Arabic)
- Al Kattar, Elias - Niyabat Trablous Fi 'ahd Al Mamalik, Publications of the Lebanese University, Beirut 1998. OCLC 76784216 (Arabic)
- Khalifeh, Issam Kamal, North Lebanon in the Sixteenth Century - Details of material civilization, private editor, Beirut, 1999.
- Laban, Youssef, Kfarsghab and its region under the Mamluk, Private Editor, 2006.
- van Leeuwen, Richard - Notables & Clergy in Mount Lebanon- Editor E J Brill - Leiden – 1994. (English)
- Liban Souterrain (Loubnan Al Jawfi) Magazine - Bulletin du GERSL – N 5 – March 1998. OCLC 55975747 (Arabic)/(French)
- Moosa, Matti, Al Mawarinah Fittarikh, Second Edition, Qadmous Publishing and Distribution, Damascus, 2004. OCLC 58419654 (Arabic)
- Moqbel, Fr. Antoine,Deir Mar Antonios Qozhay, J. AlReaidy Press, 2000.
- Moubarac, Fr. Youakim - Pentalogie Antiochienne / Domaine Maronite, Volume 1, Part 1, éditions Cénacle Libanais, Beirut 1984. OCLC 58616233 (French)
- Salibi, Kamal, Muntalaq Tarikh Loubnan, Second Edition, Naufal Edition, Beirut, Lebanon, 1992. OCLC 54216704 (Arabic)
- Salibi, Kamal, A House of Many Mansions, IB Tauris Edition, London, UK, 2003. ISBN 978-1-85043-091-9 OCLC 22594574 (English)
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- Yammine, Fr. Youssef, Daleel Ehden, Editor El, 2000. (Arabic)


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Window Washing Mistakes To Avoid
If you have large picture windows that allow light to cascade into your home, then you likely want to keep these windows as clean as possible so they are easy to peer through. However, most people see window washing as a chore. If you feel this way, then you may be cleaning your windows the wrong way. If you want to learn about some window washing mistakes that should be avoided, keep reading. Mistake – Scrubbing Windows Clean Some people insist on washing windows with wadded up cloths, paper towels, or newspapers. When you apply a cleaner to your windows and scrub at the glass, you are simply moving all of that dirt around. Also, by rubbing the glass, you are creating friction. This causes electrically charged particles to cling to the surface of the window. When positively charged electrons cling to the glass, static electricity is created, and the glass becomes a magnet that attracts dirt and debris. This means the entire process of scrubbing the windows can lead to the accumulation of even more dust and dirt. If you do not want to attract dirt, then simply stop scrubbing the windows. Purchase a thick and wide squeegee to help remove dirt and soap instead of buffing the surface of the glass. Press the squeegee head against the window with a small amount of pressure and sweep the head across the glass with long sweeping motions. Use a cloth to wipe debris from the squeegee head before making another pass. Mistake – Using Strong Cleaning Products Many window washing solutions contain ammonia, and ammonia is a good cleaning agent. However, the cleaner is quite strong and is only really needed if your windows contain a layer of grease. Ammonia can cause respiratory issues, and it can burn the skin if it is spilled. If your windows are only slightly dirty, then all you need is a cleaning agent that will pull up the dirt from the glass so it can be rinsed or scraped away with a squeegee. Regular dish soap is a great window cleaner. The soap molecules will attach themselves to the dirt on the window surface so it can be removed. Place a squirt of dish soap in a bucket with warm water. Apply the soapy water with a long window washing strip applicator. This is a type of brush that is made to wash larger windows. Make several passes with the brush to clean the windows and then squeegee the dirt, soap, and water away. Complete a final rinse with water and squeegee the water away to leave clean windows behind. For more information, contact Gainer Windows & Doors or a similar...read more
Four Chalk Games to Play With Your Kids on Your New Asphalt Driveway
When you finally take the plunge to upgrade a gravel driveway to a paved one, you'll not only be increasing the curb appeal of your home, but you'll also have a brand-new play area to keep your children entertained — which is especially ideal if you want to keep young children from straying from your property. Skilled asphalt contractors will ensure that your new driveway is smooth, which will serve as the perfect "blackboard" for chalk-based games that should ideally engage your children for hours. Once the new driveway has dried, buy a large box of coloured sidewalk chalk and consider these different games for your children. Customize Your Body Children with vivid imaginations will love lying on the newly paved driveway while you carefully trace the outline of their bodies. Then, it's time to engage your children's minds and get them to brainstorm "people" they'd like to be. Then colour the body shapes accordingly. A police officer, firefighter, pop star, baseball player and superhero, as well as a long list of other appealing characters, can then be drawn onto each child's silhouette to let your children's imagination run wild — all within the safe confines of your new driveway. Alphabet or Number Test It's ideal to make some children's games focused around learning, and you can achieve this goal by drawing the letters of the alphabet or the numbers one through ten in a random order throughout the newly paved driveway. Provided your children are of the right age, you can then provide instructions for the kids to run to a certain letter or number. For older children, you can get creative by getting them to run to the letters to spell simple words, or you can pose basic arithmetic problems and have them run to the answer. Traffic Game Whether your kids are into playing with toy cars or are creative enough to imagine themselves behind the wheel of their own make-believe cars, you can create a virtual city on the asphalt driveway with chalk. Draw a series of streets, buildings and other city-related sights and have your children either play on the virtual city with their toys or, if you've drawn a larger-scale city, pretend to drive by moving around the streets and "steering" when they turn. Xs and Os Older children who can grasp the concept of tic-tac-toe will have fun drawing game boards on the asphalt and then placing their Xs and Os accordingly. When one game is over, they can simply move over a few inches and draw another game board — use a chalk scoreboard elsewhere on the driveway to keep track of the winners. If you have yet to pave your driveway but are thinking seriously about it, consider contacting a local driveway paving...read more
Five Ways To Make Retaining Walls A Focal Point In Your Landscape Design
If you need a retaining wall in your yard for structural or practical purposes, such as to improve drainage or eliminate a hilly area that's tough to mow, don't feel like it has to be just a ho-hum feature or an eyesore to be covered up with shrubs. Here are five ways you can make a retaining wall a focal point in your landscape and turn a regular wall into the best part of your yard. Make It Into a Seating Area If you have a short retaining wall, you can turn it into extra seating. This works especially well if the wall curves around a patio or flat space you could turn into a gathering area. Build the wall out of sturdy and thick materials, like heavy stone, and layer slabs of stone across the top to provide places for people to sit. You can always add weather-proof cushions if the bare stone feels too uncomfortable. Create a Fire Pit If you have a flat area at the top of your retaining wall, why not place your seating there, and build a fire pit into the wall itself? This is a great option when you have enough space to create a thick enough wall that it can both retain earth and hold wood or stones, the latter for a propane-fueled fire. Turn It Into a High Planter Do you wish you could keep your dogs or kids out of your carefully maintained garden? A retaining wall can be used as a high planter to protect plants from damage and to try out species you might not be able to grow elsewhere. Because you can change the type of soil in the wall, you can grow succulents that need a sandy environment, for example, or flowers like hydrangeas that prefer highly acidic earth. A planted retaining wall also adds height variation to your garden, which makes it more interesting. Build a Terrace If you have a long sloping area that you would like to eliminate with a retaining wall, it's an ideal spot to put in a terraced garden. Terracing has been used for centuries in places like Asia to maximize the growing area for rice and other crops. You don't have to do anything nearly as dramatic, but you can take a lesson from this type of landscaping efficiency. Rather than having one wall, a terrace garden uses several levels, with plants at each one. You can grow flowers, vegetables, and herbs in flat beds or create a more natural looking rock garden with alpine or similar plants. You could even build in a cascading water feature for the sound and visual beauty of your own little stream. Showcase Gorgeous Materials You don't have to plant anything to make a retaining wall a high point of your landscape. By using attractive materials, you can make the wall itself a focus of attention. Instead of utilitarian wood or black rubber, think about using slate, native stone, uncut rock, or even embossed and stained concrete. Just match the choice of material and how it's utilized to your home's aesthetics for the best look. A retaining wall doesn't have to be a structure you try to hide in your yard. Try one of the suggestions above, and you may wish you...read more
2 Tips For Keeping Your Outdoor Teak Furniture Looking Great
Teak furniture is a great choice for your porch, patio or other outdoor living space. Not only is it strikingly beautiful, but it's also very easy to clean and maintain. Plus, it's designed to withstand the rain and other elements, so it can last much longer than many outdoor furniture options. Even though it might be easy to take care of, your teak furniture will still need some maintenance. By taking good care of your teak furniture, you can ensure that your teak furniture is always nice and clean so that it looks its best. You can also help protect it from the elements even more. 1. Keep it Clean First of all, you should make sure that you clean your outdoor teak furniture regularly. Cleaning your outdoor furniture regularly will help get rid of bird droppings, mildew and other things that can cause permanent staining or that can simply make your furniture look bad. When cleaning your outdoor teak furniture, make sure that you use a gentle soap. You don't want to use any harsh chemicals that could damage to the furniture. Instead, simply mix a little bit of mild dish soap in with a bucket full of water, and gently scrub your furniture from top to bottom with a soft rag. If there are any stains, use a bristled cleaning brush to thoroughly yet gently scrub them away. Just make sure that you do not leave any soap on your furniture after cleaning, since it can make your furniture more prone to getting dirty. In-between cleanings, you can simply spray away dirt and debris with your water hose. You can also use a pressure washer to thoroughly clean your furniture with ease. 2. Add a Protective Oil Have you ever thought about adding a protective oil to your furniture? A good oil that is designed for use on teak furniture can help really bring out the shine in your furniture and make it look its best. Plus, it can help protect it from the elements. If you keep your furniture outdoors, however, you should know that you will need to reapply more oil on a more frequent basis than you would if the furniture was kept indoors. Outdoor teak furniture is a fantastic choice if you're looking for an attractive and long-lasting furniture option. Luckily, following these two simple tips should help you keep your outdoor furniture looking great for a long time to come. For more information about caring for your teak furniture, contact a furniture dealer such as the Teak...read more
Answers To 3 Of Your Most Important Questions About Drip Irrigation Sprinkler Systems
As a homeowner, the outside appearance of your home is likely to be as important as its interior. A huge part of its exterior appeal relates to the overall condition of your yard, so an effective watering system is essential. Fortunately, a drip irrigation sprinkler can deliver exactly the amount of water that you want your yard to have, while wasting very little of that valuable resource and saving time. How Efficient Is Drip Irrigation? It is first necessary to consider the current statistics about drip irrigation. Current information is that at least 90% of the water provided through drip irrigation is usable by the plants. That can be compared to standard sprinkler systems, where as little as 50% of the water given can be accessed and used by the plants and other greenery in your yard. Therefore, if you want a lush, green yard that benefits from your care without breaking the bank with a high water bill, drip irrigation is an ideal option. Can I Change the Setup of Drip Irrigation? It is also a good idea to remember that the design of your yard, the needs of your family and the landscaping that you choose may change in the next few years. Unfortunately, a standard sprinkler system is buried within the ground and changing the positioning of the pipes in the future is often both difficult and expensive. The good news is that the pipes associated with drip irrigation systems are not buried. Due to that fact, it is much easier to move it around as your needs change in the future. In addition, if you live in an area that is prone to droughts or water restrictions, being able to limit the water output in the future will be very helpful during those times. Can I Choose Which Plants I Want to Water, To Avoid Watering Weeds? If you are tired of pulling weeds, drip irrigation is a good choice. Although results will not be immediate and you will still have a few weeds that pop up, by only providing water to the plants and grass that you want, you can prevent some of the weeds from growing. In conclusion, choosing the right type of sprinkler system is crucial for a healthy yard with a lot of aesthetic appeal. When you want your yard to benefit as much as possible from the water it gets, while wasting very little, a drip irrigation system is a great choice. For more information, contact a local sprinkler provider, such as Spring Showers...read more
Reasons To Get An Iron Filter
Have you ever noticed that the water that comes out of your faucet has a tinge of orange in it? Does the water taste metallic or like you have gotten some blood in your mouth? Have you noticed red-brown, or yellow stains in your sink or tub that are hard to remove? If you have noticed these things, the chances are that you have high levels of iron in your water. Most of the time, high iron levels will do no physical harm your body, but they can have a lot of other negative effects. Below are some reasons why you would want to have an iron filter in your home so that the iron levels are reduced. 1. Food and Drink. When you have higher levels of iron in your water supply, you are going to have a lot of negative effects when it comes to how your food and water will taste. As mentioned before, it will have a metallic taste. Trying to use the water to make juice, coffee, or other kinds of beverages will taint them as well. When food such as vegetables or pastas are used with the water, the food will absorb the taste of the water as well. Vegetables will turn dark and unappetizing. 2. Stains. High levels of iron can also cause very tough stains. This can effect everything from laundry, dishes, sinks, and anything else that is exposed to the water. Your clothes will begin to become yellow and dingy and your sinks will have stains that are tough to get out. This can cause such a problem that it can affect the resale value of your home since no one will want to have these problems when they move in. 3. Clogging and Deterioration. As high levels of iron travel through pipes, fixtures and appliances, the iron can begin to build up and cause clogging. It can also start to cause rusting and the pipes will start to deteriorate. This can cause a lot of problems with the plumbing as it will need to be replaced and repaired more often. It is extremely important to make sure that these high levels of iron are filtered out. There are several different filter options that can help get rid of the iron so that food and water taste better, you do not have to mess with stains, and so that your plumbing is not as susceptible to clogs and deterioration. For professional iron filtration systems, contact a company such as Bonnyville Water...read more
Six Ways To Transform The Look Of A Room With Blinds & Save Money
Window blinds are a wise investment when you are decorating your home. They can change the ambiance of the room by adding color or texture. Blinds can also add the piece de resistance that enhances the style that is already present in your decor. Another benefit of decorating with window blinds is that they can save you money on your utility bill. Opening them during cold weather allows the sunlight to warm the room and the blinds are effective at blocking the sun's rays during the warm months. Ways to transform the look of a room with blinds include: Add horizontal blinds to make the room and window seem larger. Conversely, you can use vertical blinds to make a tiny window appear longer or to make the ceilings seem higher in one section of the room. Choose textured blinds to accentuate the other decor in your home. For instance, if you have a bedroom that has Asian-inspired bedding, choose blinds that have a grass cloth texture. If you have a den that is decorated in a rustic style, choose blinds made of wood that coordinates with the other wood furniture in this casual living area. Selecting blinds that match a neutral-colored wall is a savvy way to make the window seem to disappear if that is what you desire. In addition, you can make a focal piece seem more dominant by adding blinds in one of the colors the piece features. Use white or off-white window blinds in rooms where you want the space to seem brighter and fresh looking. This is a wise solution to make small rooms have more pizzazz, such as a bathroom or tiny guest bedrooms. Create a beautiful contrast to walls that have dark paneling or paint colors by using white or pale colors to draw attention to the window areas. This is an excellent way to draw the eyes to a large picture window or a bay window in a kitchen or bedroom. Make the window shade seem like part of the decor. You can do this by purchasing blinds in the bold burgundy shade of your favorite silk bed pillows or by choosing black blinds to match a silk table runner in your dining room. Using the blinds in this manner ensures that the room has a well-balanced look. Whether you choose to minimize or make the most out of the windows in your home, choosing the right color, texture and style will ensure that you create a space that reflects your joie de vivre! ...read more
Don't Shock The Neighbors: Making Your Home And Yard More Private
Even if you are not dodging the paparazzi like Jennifer Aniston must, you would still like to sunbathe in your own back yard without the neighbors watching (or laughing). If you forget to draw the blinds in your bedroom, you would prefer that the teenagers next door not get a clear view of your untucked tummy. Fortunately, you can add a few affordable touches to your home and yard that will help keep your private life private. An Outdoor Room You can create a cozy outdoor room by erecting a trellis or two and adding some strategically placed plants. Place the trellis between you and the too-close neighbor. Hang plants, decorative items, and even gardening tools from the trellis. If you wish, you can place garden boxes at the foot of the trellis and have vines grow to provide you with summer privacy. Add a few pieces of outdoor furniture, and you have a nifty little hideaway in your own backyard where you can relax away from prying eyes. Indoor Protection Closing the blinds is a great way to stay private, but if you want to enjoy the view without worrying about giving the neighbors a show, consider having your windows tinted. You can actually have your bedroom windows tinted so that you can see outside but no one can see in. After you have this process done at your home, you will never again have to worry about showing your bad side to the neighborhood. You will be free to dance or swing from the chandelier naked if you wish. No one else needs to know. Tinted windows also have other benefits, such as blocking harmful UV rays, protecting your furniture from fading, and making your glass less likely to shatter. In addition, you will save money on your utility bills since the tinting cuts down on heat absorption in the summer and heat loss in the winter. Tinted windows can also be decorative, so you add beauty to your home while saving money. For more information about window tinting, visit Newco Solar Solutions window film. You should have shelter from the neighbors no matter where you are in your home. Investing a little time and money in your indoor and outdoor spaces will help you achieve the level of privacy you crave. You will not have to worry about what the neighbors think of your new tattoo, and your neighbors will not be subjected to things they may not wish to see. Keeping things more private will make the entire neighborhood a happier...read more
How To Prevent And Fix Stains On Stone Kitchen Counters
Stone countertops are a popular kitchen option for good reason – they are durable, heat resistant, and they provide timeless beauty that matches the evolving decor in your home. Stone is also porous and can become stained, especially in the kitchen where liquid and food spills are common. Fortunately, there are ways to prevent stains so the stone stays looking like new: Choose the Right Stone The more porous the stone, the more likely that it will experience staining. If you don't like the natural patina that stains can create, then avoid the most porous stones like marble and granite. Soapstone, quartzite, and slate are all options that have low porosity and are highly stain and chip resistant. Seal and Polish If your heart is set on granite, opt for polished stone and make sure it is sealed. Although not completely stain-proof, polished and sealed stone is more resistant to stains. Seals don't last forever, so you will need to have the stone resealed every two or three years. Opt for a penetrating stain, which soaks into the stone pores and tends to last longer. Also, keep in mind that acidic items, like tomato sauce, lemon juice, or red wine, may eat away at both the sealer and the stone if they aren't cleaned up quickly. Arm Yourself Your kitchen is meant to be used, so don't be too worried about stains. Simply keep a damp sponge or cloth nearby when you are cooking so you can quickly wipe up the small spills that occur. Use a non-acidic cleaner that formulated for stone, or plain soap and water, so the stone and sealer aren't etched during final cleanup. Also, don't use your stone has a cutting board. Although a knife is unlikely to chip most stone, with the exception of marble, it can cause the sealer to wear down prematurely. Arming yourself with a sponge, stone cleaner, and a cutting board will prevent most major stains. Clean Wisely Finally, if a stain does occur, don't panic. You can soak most stains out of the stone counter if you act quickly. Simply mix baking soda with equal parts water and bleach to form a thick paste. Spread it over the stain. As this poultice dries, it pulls the stain out of the stone. Brush it off once it dries to powder, and repeat the process until the stain is gone. Your counter will likely need sealed again once the stains are removed. To learn more, contact a company like Venato Stone Inc...read more
How To Choose The Best Flooring When You Have Pets
If you're trying to find the best flooring and you have pets in your home, you have to consider how well the floor resists urine stains, claw scratches, and shedding. If you pick a good match, then you'll have beautiful new floors that are easy to keep clean and sanitary. Here are some things to consider. Urine Stains Even if the pets you have now are well house-trained, you may get a new puppy, or your dog may get sick and start making messes in the house. That's why it's a good idea to choose flooring that is resistant to fluids. Carpet is the worst choice since it will soak up pet urine and begin to smell bad. Wood floors can be damaged if a wet spot is allowed to sit on the floor for a long time without being cleaned. The urine can seep into the wood and cause bad odors in your home. Tile, stone, and vinyl flooring are all excellent choices. They can be easily wiped clean with soap and disinfectant. They are resistant to liquid stains because they are waterproof. Since they can be cleaned so easily, they won't hold onto pet odors. Scratches Tile, stone, and vinyl floors are hard surfaces, so scratches won't show. A big dog can scratch a wood floor if you don't keep the dog's nails trimmed. Soft woods like pine scratch the easiest, so if you want a wood floor, but have a big dog, you should look into harder varieties of wood such as oak or hard maple. Otherwise, be sure to trim your pet's nails on a regular basis. Carpeting doesn't get scratched, but your pet's nails can get caught in it. It's best to avoid looped fibers because they can catch a nail and rip it off or twist your pet's ankle. Shedding Shedding is only a problem when you have carpets. It's an even bigger problem if you have an allergy to your pet's hair or dander because the allergens collect in the carpet. Plan on vacuuming your carpet and upholstery often to keep it free from hair. While carpeting is the least suitable type of flooring for pets, it does have one big advantage. It's so soft it makes a comfortable lounging place for your pets. If you choose stone, tile, or hardwood, remember the floors are hard and cold in the winter. Put down thick area rugs or pet beds so your pets can lounge in comfort. You don't have to give up your first choice in flooring or your pet. If you want a floor that isn't the most compatible for life with a pet, you can try alternatives such as blocking off certain rooms in your home, using area rugs, and having your dog trained if making messes is a...read more


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Talk about a quadruple-threat: Singing, acting, dancing and judging!
On Thursday, May 5, Jennifer Lopez proved why she is fit to be a judge on "American Idol" when she took the stage to perform her new single "On The Floor," which has hit No. 1 in 18 countries.
We were sold on this performance before it even began — Ryan Seacrest, Randy Jackson and Steven Tyler and their bowl of popcorn were just too cute sitting in the audience waiting for her to begin!
The performance started with rapper Pitbull in the audience before working his way on stage, where the music video for the song was playing on the jumbo-screen. Soon, the lady of the hour came out in a glittering gold outfit that showed off Lopez's seriously toned abs.
We give Lopez a lot of props for singing live when singing has never been her strongest asset, and you know what? She sounded pretty good. Not Haley Reinhart good, but good nonetheless. It's a club hit — no crazy vocals are really necessary. As always, Lopez's dance moves were awesome and she worked the stage like a true performer.
P.S. How cool was it when Lopez smashed the glass cases, releasing her back-up dancers? So. Bad-A**.
What did you think of Jennifer Lopez's performance of "On The Floor," Zappers? We will post video of the performance as soon as it becomes available.


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From Hilda's Catster Photos[ View profile page ]
|"A rare photo of the six of us!"
A family gathering!
Wow! Cool picture!
~hugs & love~
~hugs & love~
Your cat loves a clean toilet -- don't we all? Catster's singing Cat Lady, Sarah Donner, explains why.24
|"A rare photo of the six of us!"
November 14th 2011 at 2:56 pm
November 14th 2011 at 3:13 pm
Copyright © I-5 Publishing, LLC. All rights reserved.


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September 7th, 2010
Fortunately, our pets always stay in style.
(submitted by Brooke)
Fortunately, our pets always stay in style.
(submitted by Brooke)
That is an absolutely adorable dog. The people — eh.
I didn't mean to be rude. They're nice looking people. I just thought the dog was off-the-charts competition on the cuteness scale.
Carrie I was thinking the same thing! Really Really cute dog!
I find it weird when my husband asks to use my curling iron when I'm done with it, but that's just me.
Indeed, the pet is the least awkward thing about this photo.
The dude kinda looks like a young Phil Hartman…RIP
If Phil Hartman and Billy Ray Cyrus had a baby!
I <3 Turtlenecks!!
Well, for her time, Mom had absolutely perfect hair. Mine would never do that….I usually ended up looking more like Dad up there.
Nice mullet. Just kidding.
Thank heavens they have a short-haired dog or goodness only knows what they would have done to it!
LOL! That was my first thought too! By the looks of the family, they should've owned a poodle!
Business in the front, party in the back. Lovin the mullet.
and this is the one they kept


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Bacon and Herb Stuffing
|Bacon rashers
|4 Ounce, rinds removed and chopped (100 gram)
|2 Ounce, shredded (50 gram)
|Fresh white breadcrumbs
|1⁄2 Pound (225 gram)
|Freshly chopped parsley
|30 Milliliter (2 tablespoons)
|Dried mixed herbs
|15 Milliliter (1 tablespoon)
|1 , rind finely grated
|To Taste
|Freshly ground black pepper
|To Taste
|2 , beaten
|1 Tablespoon (for binding)
1 In a pan, let the bacon fry in its own fat until crisp.
2 Using a slotted spoon, remove from the pan.
3 In a bowl, combine bacon with the remaining ingredients.
4 The stuffing is ready to use at this stage, however, you want it frozen then transfer the mixture to a rigid container and pack.
5 Seal the container, label and freeze.
6 Use as desired
7 If frozen, thaw at room temperature for 4 hours.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size: Complete recipe
Calories 1563 Calories from Fat 807
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 90 g137.9%
Saturated Fat 40.9 g204.7%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 461.7 mg153.9%
Sodium 2259.2 mg94.1%
Total Carbohydrates 137 g45.8%
Dietary Fiber 10.4 g41.7%
Sugars 12.9 g
Protein 54 g107%
Vitamin A 60.7% Vitamin C 141.3%
Calcium 47.8% Iron 72%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


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To preserve and enhance the quality of life through providing efficient and effective community...
Jeri Muoio was first elected Mayor of the City of West Palm Beach March, 2011.
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"Signing the Kindness Pledge is a first step toward changing the culture of our City and our community in a very positive way," said Mayor Muoio.
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I don't want to worry anyone, but all the news suggests that we are a nation permanently on the edge of a nervous breakdown.
Half of British people don't trust their neighbours, according to a recent poll of 2,000 people by the Yorkshire Building Society. One in 10 is "suspicious" of people who move in next door. Londoners are the worst. (Well I'll go to the foot of our stairs – as they don't say in London.)
The workplace is no better. Another survey of 2,000 people, this one for the Institute of Leadership and Management, found that workers are driven wild with irritation by their colleagues, too. One hopes that these surveys studied two separate sets of 2,000 people, because anyone who lives in the overlap of that Venn diagram must be constantly stressed: fleeing home then arriving at work to find people leaving dirty plates on their desks and going off for cigarettes all the time.
The top three annoyances are, apparently, arriving late; sending emails to colleagues instead of talking; and never getting the teas in. "Wearing unsuitable clothes" such as flip flops or skimpy outfits is another, as are bringing children into work and gossiping about colleagues. But what if that means gossiping about a colleague's skimpy outfit, or the fact that his child has retuned your computer to CBeebies? What if you don't drink tea? What about the colleagues who insist on talking to you when you'd rather just read an email? Or the ones who secretly use your chair when you're not looking and adjust it in all sorts of sneaky ways?
If we examine the list of office workers' grievances, most of them are about the misuse of personal space, both physical and mental. It's the same with neighbours. People just want to be left alone with their own thoughts without being bothered by emails, germs, body parts or offspring. No wonder people in London are more annoyed about it than most: there are too many people in the city and there is not enough room. We're all just one sneeze away from stabbing each other in the eyes with the contents of the stationery cupboard.
As Professor Cary Cooper from Lancaster University points out: "Millions of workers spend more of their waking hours at work than at home", and of course you can't choose your colleagues. But to be fair, if we spent as much time with our partners as we do with our workmates, we'd probably end up getting divorced. Your office husband or wife (the person of the opposite sex with whom you spend most time at work – you know who they are) does not just see more of you than your real friends do; they inevitably deal with more of your rubbish, too. And they don't even get to see the fun, weekend you.
Really, we should be grateful to our colleagues. They have to put up with us because they're paid to. And if they didn't talk to us (even when we'd prefer an email), maybe nobody would. We might even be reduced to meeting our neighbours.Reuse content


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text:
Something so hard
goes straight to the soul;
it seems impossible to get over
and my heart is left with a big hole.
I'm trying to be happy, wearing a smile;
but I'm dying inside.
The world seems to be fading,
and I just want to run and hide.
Everywhere I go I see your face,
and realize how much I miss you;
and on the day you died
a piece of me died too.
© Copyright 2017 angelmona. All rights reserved.
Status: Finished
Genre: Poetry
how sad, but so awesome. the ending almost made me cry. your an awesome writer =)
oh my gosh. that is so sad. that actually happened? oh my gosh. ur a great writer!
This is so sad, but it was a Beautiful poem, it has feelings and in it's own weird way, it has life.
A sad poem you have written it so well
Book / Young Adult
Poem / Romance
Poem / Poetry
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