text:
Progranulin antibodies entertain a proinflammatory environment in a subgroup of patients with psoriatic arthritis
DOI: 10.1186/ar4406
© Thurner et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013
Received: 17 July 2013
Accepted: 22 November 2013
Published: 10 December 2013
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a distinctive inflammatory arthritis which may typically develop in a subgroup of individuals suffering from psoriasis. We recently described progranulin autoantibodies (PGRN-Abs) in the sera of patients with different autoimmune diseases including seronegative polyarthritis. In the present study we investigated the occurrence of PGRN-Abs in PsA.
PGRN-Abs were determined in 260 patients with PsA, 100 patients with psoriasis without arthritic manifestations (PsC) and 97 healthy controls using a recently described ELISA. PGRN plasma levels were determined from subgroups by a commercially available ELISA-kit. Possible functional effects of PGRN-antibodies were analysed in vitro by tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α mediated cytotoxicity assays using WEHI-S and HT1080 cells.
PGRN-Abs were detected with relevant titres in 50/260 (19.23%) patients with PsA, but in 0/100 patients with psoriasis without arthritic manifestations (P = 0.0001). All PGRN-Abs belonged to immunoglobulin G (IgG). PGRN-Abs were significantly more frequent in PsA patients with enthesitis or dactylitis. PGRN-Abs were also more frequent in PsA patients receiving treatment with TNF-α-blockers than in patients treated without TNF-α-blockers (20.8% versus 17.4%; P = 0.016). PGRN plasma levels were significantly lower in PGRN-Ab-positive patients with PsA than in healthy controls and patients with psoriasis without arthritic manifestations (P < 0.001), indicating a neutralizing effect of PGRN-Abs. Moreover cytotoxicity assays comparing PGRN-antibody positive with negative sera from matched patients with PsA, clearly showed a proinflammatory effect of PGRN antibodies.
Neutralizing PGRN-Abs occur with relevant titres in a subgroup of patients with PsA, but not in patients without arthritic manifestations (PsC). PGRN-Ab-positive patients had more frequent enthesitis or dactylitis. TNF-α-induced cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that the protective effects of progranulin were inhibited by serum containing PGRN-Abs. This suggests that PGRN-Ab might not only be useful as a diagnostic and prognostic marker, but may provide a proinflammatory environment in a subgroup of patients with PsA.
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a distinctive inflammatory form of arthritis that may develop in 20% to 25% of individuals with psoriasis [1]. In addition to manifestations of psoriasis in the skin, patients with PsA may present with mild to very severe development of oligoarthritis and/or polyarthritis, enthesitis, dactylitis or axial skeletal manifestations similar to spondyloarthritis. PsA has been considered a seronegative inflammatory arthritis according to the diagnostic criteria first published by Moll et al. in 1973 [2] and then redefined by the Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis (CASPAR) [3]. All definitions of PsA have in common the seronegative status of the disease because autoantibodies (Abs) such as rheumatoid factor (RF), anticyclic citrullinated autoantibodies and antinuclear autoantibodies are usually absent in PsA. Hence, in contrast to rheumatoid arthritis, autoreactive B lymphocytes are believed to play only a minor role in PsA [4]. Regarding the occurrence of autoantibodies in PsA, increased frequencies of thyreoglobulin Abs (14.29%) and thyroid peroxidase Abs (23%) were reported in PsA, which was explained by a relatively high comorbidity rate, with 26% of patients with PsA having autoimmune thyroiditis [5]. In another study, 20S proteasome autoantibodies were more frequently detected in PsA patients (27.8%) than in in healthy controls (0%), as well as more frequently in systemic lupus erythematosus patients (42%) than in rheumatoid arthritis patients (5%) [6]. However, the numbers of patients were small in these studies (36 PsA patients and 30 healthy controls) [6], and, in both studies, no patients with psoriasis without arthritic manifestations (PsC) were included. To date, no specific serological markers discriminating patients with PsA from patients with PsC have been identified. Nevertheless, a small but significant occurrence of B lymphocytes was reported in the skin of patients with PsA, but not in patients with PsC [7].
Recently, we discovered progranulin autoantibodies (PGRN Abs) in a protein array-based screening of plasma from various primary vasculitides and found evidence that these PGRN Abs have a neutralizing effect on PGRN plasma levels [8]. PGRN is a secreted precursor protein that is cleaved at the linker regions between individual granulins by neutrophil elastase [9], proteinase 3 [10], matrix metalloproteinase 12 [11], matrix metalloproteinase 14 [9] and ADAMTS-7 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motif 7) [12]. Until recently, most research on PGRN had focused on its role in neurodegenerative diseases such as frontotemporal lobe dementia [13]. However, since Tang et al. [14] showed that PGRN is a high-affinity ligand of the tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) receptors 1 and 2 (TNFR1 and TNFR2) and that its anti-inflammatory effect is caused by direct inhibition of these receptors, PGRN has increasingly become the focus of research on autoimmune diseases.
Recently, Chen et al. [15] challenged the notion of this interaction of PGRN with TNFR1 and TNFR2 previously reported by Tang et al. [14], as they could not reproduce the interaction of PGRN with TNFR1 and TNFR2. However, they did not question the anti-inflammatory effect of PGRN [10]. Tang et al. responded in a letter to the editor that Chen et al. utilized PGRN, which might be folded improperly. Furthermore, Tang et al. stated that validation of recombinant PGRN's functionality based only on its C-terminal binding to sortilin would be insufficient to determine its quality regarding its other biological functions, which are not primarily mediated by PGRN's C-Terminus. Subsequently, Jian et al. showed in detail that PGRN binds as TNF-α to cysteine-rich domain 2 (CRD2) and CRD3 of TNFR and that proper folding of PGRN is essential for this binding. Furthermore, dithiothreitol treatment of PGRN, which had been performed by Chen et al., abolishes the binding of PGRN to TNFR but enhances its binding to sortilin [16]. Recently, two other groups independently reproduced the binding of PGRN to TNFR1 and TNFR2, and inhibitory effect of this binding on TNF-α-induced effects [17, 18]. Dramatic effects of PGRN deficiency have been shown in vivo in collagen-induced arthritis and collagen Ab-induced arthritis mouse models, resulting in fulminant courses of disease [14]. Furthermore, the administration of recombinant human PGRN or a recombinant PGRN derivative, antagonist of TNF/TNFR signalling via targeting to TNF receptors (ATSTTRIN), that consists of three modified granulin motifs and their accompanying linker regions [14] had strong anti-inflammatory effects comparable to, or even stronger than, the administration of etanercept [14]. Consequently, PGRN and ATSTTRIN have been regarded as promising next-generation TNF-α blockers [19]. In addition to this strong anti-inflammatory effect mediated by the inhibition of TNFR1 and TNFR2, several other functions of PGRN in humans have been reported [20].
Interestingly, the previously detected PGRN Abs showed neutralizing effects on PGRN plasma levels detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot analysis. This observation, given the anti-inflammatory properties of secreted PGRN, suggested a proinflammatory effect of PGRN Abs, which was supported by our observation that the presence of PGRN Abs is associated with active disease state in granulomatosis with polyangiitis [8]. Apart from primary systemic vasculitis, we also found neutralizing PGRN Abs in systemic lupus erythematosus as well as in rheumatoid arthritis [8]. Some of the rheumatoid arthritis patients with PGRN Abs were actually seronegative for RF or anticitrullinated protein Abs. Furthermore, PGRN Abs were detected in patients with spondyloarthritis. This observation led us to conduct the present study to investigate the presence of PGRN Abs in patients with the seronegative disorder PsA, compare it to patients with PsC and healthy controls and investigate possible functional effects of PGRN Abs in vitro.
Study participants
This study was approved by our regional ethical review committee (Ethikkommission der Ärztekammer des Saarlandes) and conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki. Serum samples of patients with PsA were collected prospectively from patients attending three centres of rheumatology between October 2011 and July 2012: Saarland Rheumatology Centre, the Department of Internal Medicine I at University Hospital in Homburg/ 149 Saar, the Rheumatology Department of the University Hospital Frankfurt am Main and the Outpatient Center for Rheumatology in Berlin-Lichtenberg. Sera from patients with PsC were provided by the Department of Dermatology of Saarland University Medical School. Serum samples taken from healthy controls were also obtained at Saarland University Medical School. All serum specimens were stored at −80°C at the Department of Internal Medicine I, José Carreras Research Centre, Saarland University Medical Centre. All patients were examined by a rheumatologist (PsA patients) and a dermatologist (PsC patients) to confirm the diagnosis of PsA according to the CASPAR criteria or to exclude PsA in PsC patients. All diagnoses of PsC were made by dermatologists and confirmed by a rheumatologist. All PsA patients were stratified into subgroups according to gender, age, presence or absence of manifestations of axial disease, enthesitis, dactylitis and therapeutic regimens such as TNF-α blocker–containing medication. Axial disease was defined by positive findings on X-rays or magnetic resonance imaging scans for spondyloarthritis and/or sacroiliitis. Patients were considered positive for enthesitis or dactylitis on the basis of a positive diagnosis during the course of disease; however, no imaging findings have been required. No subgroup stratification for patients with PsC was performed, because the PGRN Ab serostatus of all patients with PsC was negative. All patients and healthy controls gave their written informed consent to participate in the study.
Progranulin antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
The ELISA for PGRN Abs was performed as previously described [8]. In short, the GRN gene encoding PGRN was recombinantly expressed with a C-terminal FLAG-tag in HEK293 cells under the control of a cytomegalovirus promoter (pSFI). Total cell extracts were prepared and bound to Nunc MaxiSorp plates (eBioscience, Frankfurt, Germany) precoated with murine anti-FLAG mAb at a dilution of 1:2,500 (v/v; Sigma-Aldrich, Munich, Germany) at 4°C overnight. Blocking was performed with 1.5% (w/v) gelatin in Tris-buffered saline (TBS), and washing steps were performed with TBS with Triton X-100. The individual serum samples were diluted 1:100. ELISA was performed according to standard protocols with the following Abs: biotinylated goat antihuman heavy and light chain immunoglobulin G (IgG) at a dilution of 1:2,500 (Dianova, Hamburg, Germany); subclass-specific sheep antihuman IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 (Binding Site Group, Birmingham, UK) at dilutions of 1:5,000; goat antihuman IgM (Dianova) at a dilution of 1:2,500; or goat antihuman IgA (Dianova) at a dilution of 1:2,500. Following this step, corresponding biotinylated secondary Abs were used for immunoassays carried out to detect IgG subclasses and IgM. Peroxidase-labelled streptavidin (Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, IN, USA) was used at a dilution of 1:50,000. As a cutoff for positivity, the average of the optical density (OD) of the negative samples plus three standard deviations was applied.
Progranulin plasma levels measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
PGRN plasma levels were determined with a commercially available ELISA kit (AdipoGen, Incheon, South Korea) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The median of the plasma PGRN level of the healthy control group was set at 100% [8].
Cytotoxicity assay
A nonradioactive cytotoxicity assay (EZ4U Cell Proliferation Assay; Biomedica, Vienna, Austria) was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. For this TNF-α-induced cytotoxicity assay, we used the highly TNF-α-sensitive mouse fibrosarcoma WEHI-S cell line as the target cells [21]. The interaction of human recombinant PGRN with murine TNFR1 and TNFR2 was previously demonstrated in vitro and in vivo[14], and, moreover, human PGRN Abs bind murine PGRN (Additional file 1). As a human control target cell line, the TNF-α-sensitive HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cell line was used.
In short, 4 × 104 WEHI-S cells or 4 × 104 HT-1080 cells were seeded into 200 μl of cell culture at 37°C and 5% CO2. To detect possible differences between added sera of patients with PsA with and without PGRN Abs, of patients with PsC, and of healthy controls, serum of a PGRN Ab-positive patient with PsA, serum of a matched PGRN Ab-negative patient with PsA, serum of a patient with PsC and serum of a healthy control were added in dilutions from 1:4 to 1:512 to cultured WEHI-S cells and HT-1080 cells, followed by administration of TNF-α (100 pg/ml). Serum samples from gender-, age-, disease- and therapy modality-matched patients were chosen. Serum samples from patients receiving TNF-α blockers or other biologicals were excluded. WEHI-S cells and HT-1080 cells without addition of TNF-α and serum, or solely with addition of TNF-α (100 pg/ml), were used as positive and negative controls. After 24-hour incubation at 37°C, 20 μl of chromophore substrate were added to each well. This chromophore substrate is converted only by vital cells. The adsorption of the product was measured at an OD of 450 nm.
Statistical analyses
Differences in age and gender between the populations of PsA patients, PsC patients and healthy controls were tested by Student's t-test. Different frequencies of PGRN Abs in the serum samples of patients with PsA and PsC were analysed by χ2 test. Differences in the frequency of PGRN Abs between PsA patients after stratification into subgroups were also tested with the χ2 test. For analysis of the differences in PGRN plasma levels between healthy controls, PGRN Ab-positive and PGRN Ab-negative patients with PsA and seronegative patients with PsC, the Mann–Whitney U test was applied. A two-sided test value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed in SPSS version 19.0 for Windows software (IBM SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA).
Patient characteristics
Characteristics of patients with psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis without arthritis
Median age (min–max)
54 (24–81)
53 (16–80)
Gender, M/F (%)
Age at psoriasis diagnosis, years
Age at PsA diagnosis, years
Enthesitis (%)a
Dactylitis (%)
Axial disease (%)
Erosive (%)b
HLA-B27-positive (%)
DMARD (%)c
TNF-α blockers (%)d
Frequency, titres and immunoglobulin G subclass of progranulin antibodies
Analysis of the progranulin-positive patients with psoriatic arthritis
Progranulin plasma levels
Cytotoxicity assay
In the present study, we report the presence of PGRN Abs in relevant titres in a subgroup of patients with PsA (Figures 1a and b). These PGRN Abs had previously been found frequently in primary vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, but not at all or very infrequently in controls. Despite the obvious lack of specificity for PsA, PGRN Abs are of particular interest because they had a neutralizing effect on PGRN plasma levels detected by ELISA and Western blot analysis [8]. PGRN is known to be a strong secreted anti-inflammatory mediator [10] by direct inhibition of TNFR1 and TNFR2 [14]. Our results support the hypothesis of a proinflammatory effect of PGRN Abs, as demonstrated by the loss of protective effects of PGRN in the presence of PGRN Abs containing PsA sera in TNF-α-mediated cytotoxicity assays (Figures 4a and 4b). Our results support the observation by Tang et al. of a direct inhibitory effect of PGRN on TNFR1 and TNFR2 and that administration of recombinant human PGRN protects cells from cytotoxic effects of TNF-α in vitro[14, 16]. Given the fact that the half-life of PGRN is about 40 hours [14], in contrast to the short half-life of TNF-α (typical for cytokines) of 20 minutes [22], the effects of the intrinsic TNF-α in the serum of patients and controls is negligible. Our cytotoxicity assays revealed clear differences between the effects of serum from PGRN Ab-positive patients with PsA on the one hand and serum from matched PGRN Ab-negative patients with PsA, patients with PsC or healthy controls on the other hand. The administration of serum samples of patients with PsA with neutralizing PGRN Abs, and thus with lower PGRN levels, protected the WEHI-S and HT-1080 cells from the cytotoxic effects of TNF-α far less than serum samples from patients with PsA without PGRN Abs, patients with PsC or healthy controls. This finding clearly proves the proinflammatory effect of neutralizing PGRN Abs in vitro.
The second important finding of the present study is that PGRN Abs were observed in patients with PsA, but not in patients with PsC (Figure 1). Interestingly, Veale et al. reported small but significant numbers of B cells in the skin of patients with PsA, but not in the skin of patients with PsC or in healthy controls [7]. In the present study, the occurrence of PGRN Abs in patients with PsA was associated with different clinical characteristics. PsA patients with dactylitis and enthesitis had PGRN Ab more frequently than PsA patients without such manifestations. Moreover, patients with PsA who received TNF-α blocker therapy for at least 3 months had PGRN Abs slightly more frequently (20.8% versus 17.4%), indirectly suggesting that PGRN Abs might be associated with a more aggressive course of disease, necessitating more intensive treatment. Generally, the grades of dactylitis and enthesitis in PsA patients have been suggested to be partly influenced, that is, enhanced, by TNF-α, which is supported by the efficacy of TNF-α blockers in PsA therapy [23–26]. Given the neutralizing effect of PGRN Abs on PGRN plasma levels in PsA patients (Figure 3), as well as in other autoimmune diseases [8], and, more important, given the results of the functional in vitro assays indicating a sensitizing effect of PGRN Abs for the effects of TNF-α in patients with PsA, a higher prevalence of PGRN Abs in patients with TNF-α-induced disease manifestations such as enthesitis and dactylitis could obviously be expected. Despite the statistical significance of our results, however, the relative differences in the frequency of PGRN Abs between the various subgroups were rather small (PGRN Ab-positive enthesitis 21.3% vs. PGRN Ab-negative enthesitis 14.7% and PGRN Ab-positive dactilytis 21.8% vs. PGRN Ab-negative enthesitis 15.4%). These results could be explained by the relatively small absolute numbers of patients with subentities and partly by missing data concerning dactylitis and enthesitis. Moreover, we observed a statistically nonsignificant trend between the occurrence of PGRN Abs and the presence of erosive joint disease (P = 0.061). In consideration of the suspected pathogenic proinflammatory effect of PGRN Abs disrupting the physiologic homeostasis of TNF-α/PGRN agonists and antagonists in a subgroup of patients with PsA, PGRN Abs might be of use as prognostic markers for the course of disease and/or as predictive markers for the effectiveness of TNF-α-blocking agents. Theoretically, the identification of neutralizing PGRN Abs in PsA could eventually lead to a more individualized therapy because patients with PGRN Abs have lower physiologic TNF-α antagonist levels and might profit from dose intensification of TNF-α blockers. From this point of view, prospective studies of patients with PsA are needed to evaluate PGRN Abs as possible biomarkers for the diagnosis, risk stratification and choice of adequate treatment modality.
Neutralizing PGRN Abs occurred in relevant titres in a subgroup of patients with PsA, but not in PsC patients. PGRN Ab-positive patients with PsA had more frequently enthesitis and dactylitis than PGRN Ab-negative patients with PsA. Moreover in TNF-α-induced cytotoxicity assays using WEHI-S and HT-1080 cells, the protective effects of PGRN were inhibited by PGRN Ab-containing sera of patients with PsA. This suggests that PGRN Abs not only may be useful as a diagnostic and prognostic marker but also may be involved in the pathogenesis of the arthritic process in a subgroup of patients with PsA.
- Ab:
- IgG:
Immunoglobulin G
- PsA:
Psoriatic arthritis
- PsC:
Psoriasis without arthritic manifestations
- TNF-α:
Tumour necrosis factor α
Tumour necrosis factor receptor.
We are grateful to Jutta Conigliaro, Christian Schorpp, Philipp Klemm, Alexandra Stark, Claudia Pföhler, Thomas Vogt, Boris Kubuschok, Niels Murawski, Carsten Zwick, Silke Zinke (Berlin) and Harald Burkhardt (Frankfurt am Main), who helped in the collection of blood samples from the respective patients, including clinical data. We are also grateful to Pierre Simon, Bernhard Thurner and Jan Voswinkel (Paris), who proofread the manuscript and gave helpful advice. LT received a Saarland University fellowship.
Authors' Affiliations
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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I have been growing orchids for about two years, and have rebloomed evergreen dendrobiums and oncidiums with no problem. My cattleyas are in the same growing area - a large south-facing window where the light is also supplemented by a Wonderlite, especially in winter. None of my cattleyas have rebloomed. I realize lack of light is the usual reason for failure to flower, but I'm puzzled by my success with the dendrobiums if light is the factor. Could it be light duration? I do reduce the duration in winter but perhaps not enough. The area gets warm temperatures, rarely below 62 F on winter nights. — Aline M. Kuntz
Since you have pre-empted my first guess, which would be lack of light (it sounds like they receive plenty), I would then suspect that your plants are receiving insufficient day-night differential. Especially if you have selected plants that bloom in winter into spring, long nights are particularly necessary for blooming. Unless the plants receive at least 10 to 12 uninterrupted hours of night, they may not bloom. Lack of uninterrupted darkness may be the key. If the room in which they are grown has even so much as a reading light close to the plants, it will interrupt their night and provide a short-night treatment. The warmer winter nights may also be a contributory factor, but a minor one. — Ned Nash
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The Brimmed Beanie from Banded utilizes a softshell exterior with a fleece lining to keep you protected from the elements, yet remain extremely comfortable and warm. This brimmed beanie is wind and water resistant and will help keep you in the field when conditions drive others back to the truck, and it is pretty stylish as well.
Banded Softshell Brimmed Beanie Polyester Realtree Max-4 Camo
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Product Information
The statements and opinions expressed within Customer Reviews reflect each author's personal perspective and do not imply endorsement by MidwayUSA, its Employees or any other organization. Customers should in no way infer that MidwayUSA has validated review information as safe, accurate or appropriate.


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Toby Stephens - Richard Armitage - Matthew Macfadyen Period Drama fan video.
This video has been a dream of mine for a long time. Thought it was high time to stop dreaming and start doing. I always wanted to unify the three wonderful male characters from my favorite Period Dramas in one vid:
♥ Toby Stephens in Jane Eyre
♥ Richard Armitage in North & South
♥ Matthew Macfadyen in Pride & Prejudice
After hours searching for the 'right' song, I found the amazing song 'Weightless' by Black Lab which I really, really love.
Please check out my YouTube channel:


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Speak with a Hat Expert
Se Habla Español
Tropic Playa Stingy Brim Fedora Hat
|The Tropic Playa Stingy Brim is a great shape for the those who are avid fans of fedoras. 4 1/2" high center pinch crown 2" wide stitched stingy snap brim (can be flipped up or down.) Elasticized Sweatband'KANGOL' word logo embroidered upon the base of the crown on the right hand side. Made of: 60% polyester. 40% chlorofibre.
Tropic Duke Stingy Brim Fedora Hat
|Kangol not only delivers amazing wool fedoras, but they also have an airy Recyled Tropic Duke Fedora that will keep you classy and cool. The lightweight material is perfect for a night out at the dance club with your best polo shirt or that little black dress for the ladies. Made of: 60% recycled polyester 40% acrylic Approx. 1 1/2" brimCenter dent crown UnlinedLightweightElastic sweatbandEmbroidered Kangol accent
Player Litefelt Hat
|MADE IN THE USA Introducing the Player Litefelt by Kangol. This wool stingy brim fedora is a great piece for Fall/Winter. It will keep you warm and fashionable throughout the colder months. The snap brim gives you the option of changing the look of the hat by snapping the position of the brim to the style you would like to wear that day. Approx. 4" Crown.Approx. 1 3/4" Stingy Snap Brim Made of:100% Wool Kangol side pin.Unlined.Wool Hat Band.Cotton Sweatband.Water Repellent.Soft & Packable.
Spiral Tex Arnold Trilby Fedora Hat
|The Spiral Tex Arnold is a modern interpretation of the classic Kangol trilby shape. The unique design creates for a fun summer style, while the stingy snap brim allows this fedora to be worn as an everyday casual hat. Approx. 2 1/4" brim Approx. 4" c-crown Made of: 57% polyester43% acrylic Elasticized Nylong SweatbandKANGOL embroidered on side of hatUnlined for maximum breathability
Stripe Player Fabric Fedora Hat
|The Stripe Player Fedora is everything you have come to expect from Kangol, a dash of dapperness with enough sportiness to not be too structured. This knitted fedora will be a perfect asset throughout the balmy months of summer. This fedora has a sewn in multi-colored hat band that makes this hat an example of ingenuity and style. Approx.4 3/8" Center Dent Crown2 1/2" Snap Brim Made of:65% Polyester35% Acrylic Unlined Comfort nylon sweatband Embroidered watermark
Flash Toyo Straw Boater Hat
|Kangol Flash Boater is an update of an iconic hat. The Flash Boater comes complete with a unique hatband to embrace the modern age. This boater will look great with all summer attire. It will get you extra tips when manning a gondola as well. Approx. 4" crown Approx. 1 3/4" brim Made of: 100% Toyo Straw Grosgrain sweatbandKangol Logo Grosgrain hatband
Havana Trilby Hat
|The Neo Tweed Havana Trilby is the perfect example of Kangol's remarkable talent for taking traditional materials and applying new visual ideas to create rich and successful modern styles.Summer version of the stingy brim, cut and sewn trilby inspired by the smart stylings of the rat-pack, vintage golf and 1960's Miami jazz, either way make sure those hips "swang" when donning the Havana Trilby.3 3/4" crown.2" brim.Made of: 30% Wool.45% Acrylic.20% Polyester.5% Other fibres.Lining: 100% Polyester.br>Grosgrain ribbon sweatband.Kangol wordmark embroidered on side.Color: Striped-Assorted.Sizes: Small, Medium, Large and X-Large.
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President Bill Clinton yesterday set himself fully on course for a showdown with Congress this autumn which will decide not only the fate of the Republicans' proclaimed "fiscal revolution", but possibly his chances of winning a second White House term in 1996.
While the contentious, politically-charged hearings on Whitewater and Waco are occupying the headlines, the real battle on Capitol Hill in the last weeks before the summer recess has been conducted in closed committee rooms. There, Republican legislators have been working out details of the sweeping spending cuts - including healthcare, welfare and education - that will be enshrined in 13 appropriations bills for the 1995/1996 fiscal year, starting on 1 October.
The cuts are the crucial first stage of the Republican grand plan to balance the federal budget by 2002. But Mr Clinton has made it clear he will veto the measures in their present form. Barring compromise, which neither side is ready to countenance, or the even less likely prospect of the Republicans mustering a two-thirds major- ity to override the President, the stage is set for a "train wreck" collision that could shut down whole areas of the government by mid-October.
In the latest of a string of budget speeches yesterday, Mr Clinton sprang to the defence of Medicare, the federal healthcare scheme for the elderly and disabled, which the Republicans intend to slash by $270bn (pounds 170bn) over the next seven years. "We must not balance the budget by cutting Medicare," said the President, whose own proposal to achieve equilibrium within 10 years includes gentler reductions in Medicare.
Thus continues a game of chicken between a Republican Congress committed to a massive reduction in the role of federal government, and a President who entered office promising change, but who now portrays himself as a defender of ordinary Americans and the status quo against the excesses of his ideologically-driven opponents on Capitol Hill. "I must continue to act, alone if necessary, to protect the common ground," Mr Clinton declared this week.
The stakes could hardly be higher. A cave-in by the Republicans would destroy the credibility of the "Contract with America," and its promise to balance the budget and cut taxes. Were Mr Clinton to accept that plan however, he would be acknowledging his own irrelevance to the policy process, and would alienate swaths of his own Democratic voters, barely a year before the election.
But the White House strategy may be starting to pay off. Poll after poll now suggests that the initial public honeymoon with the Republican Congress is over, as its disapproval rating has climbed from under 30 per cent after the November mid-term election to over 60 per cent now.
While support for the broad economic strategy of the Republicans is strong, it fades once the painful spending cuts it entails become apparent. The climax of the struggle will arrive in the autumn. If the 1995/96 appropriations bills are not law by 1 October, a partial shutdown of government could come within a few days.
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- Chicken
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Norwich Arts Centre
St Benedicts St, Norwich, NR2 4PG
01603 660352
£8 (adults); £6 (concs)
Sat, 2pm
All ages
Uncontained Arts in association with Buxton Opera House and Derby Theatre present Robin Hood and his Very Merry Men
Uncontained Arts return with another exhilarating interpretation of much-loved children's stories. Join the Legendary outlaw Robin Hood and his band of very merry men as they rob from the rich to save the poor in this laugh a minuet adventure. With Maid Marian by his side, this tights wearing bandit cannot be stopped as he defeats the nasty Sheriff of Nottingham time and time again! Featuring live music and puppetry. With Little John, Friar Tuck, buckets of mud, and a host of colourful forest characters telling their tales along the way, this is a family show with lots of joining in not to be missed!
Ages 4+ and families
Duration: 50 mins
Times and prices are subject to change. Contact venue before setting out.
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McKesson Board of Directors Elects N. Anthony Coles as New Independent Director
March 05, 2014
SAN FRANCISCO, Calif., March 5, 2014 – As a next step in a series of corporate governance modifications, McKesson Corporation (NYSE: MCK) today announced that its Board of Directors has elected N. Anthony Coles, M.D., as a new independent director, effective April 29, 2014. In connection with Dr. Coles' election, the size of the Board of Directors was increased from nine to ten members, nine of whom are independent.
"With over 20 years of experience in the biopharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical industries, including several public company leadership positions, Tony will provide unique perspectives that will further diversify the expertise of our Board," said John H. Hammergren, chairman and chief executive officer, McKesson Corporation. "We are committed to maintaining the best possible leadership team to continue guiding our strong financial performance. The addition of Tony to our Board represents a continuation of initiatives already under way to address shareholder feedback and maintain industry-leading governance practices."
The Board has appointed Dr. Coles as a member of its Compensation Committee and its Finance Committee. Dr. Coles' term as a director will expire at the Company's 2014 Annual Meeting of Stockholders unless he is renominated as a director, and elected by stockholders at the annual meeting in accordance with McKesson's majority voting standard.
N. Anthony Coles, M.D.
Dr. Coles, 53, was President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, from 2012 until 2013, having served as its President and Chief Executive Officer, and a member of its board of directors, from 2008 until 2012. From 2005 to 2008, Dr. Coles served as an executive and a director of NPS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a public biopharmaceutical company ("NPS"). Dr. Coles began his tenure at NPS as President and Chief Operating Officer and ended his tenure there as President and Chief Executive Officer. Prior to 2005, Dr. Coles served in various leadership positions in the biopharmaceutical and pharmaceutical industries, including at Merck & Co., Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb Company and Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated.
About McKesson Corporation
McKesson Corporation, currently ranked 14th on the FORTUNE 500, is a healthcare services and information technology company dedicated to making the business of healthcare run better. McKesson partners with payers, hospitals, physician offices, pharmacies, pharmaceutical companies and others across the spectrum of care to build healthier organizations that deliver better care to patients in every setting. McKesson helps its customers improve their financial, operational, and clinical performance with solutions that include pharmaceutical and medical-surgical supply management, healthcare information technology, and business and clinical services. For more information, visit www.mckesson.com.
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About marsHen
marine biologist around the Suwannee River delta. Raise Cracker sheep on an old Cracker farm ~ 12 mi. (as the crow flies) from the Gulf.
By: marsHen , 11:34 AM GMT on May 26, 2013
06:30, 58F. a cirrus overcast. dixie and guardian at back door. pup and old russell out. roosters crowing. songbirds singing. heating up coffee. reading nancy lord's "fish camp," a biographical book on gill-netting salmon in alaska in the late 1900's. a good read. especially enjoyed the chapter on net mending - don't often see this. a lovely cool morning. creaky from catching lambs yesterday. think I picked up a few redbugs, too..
09:00, low tide rising at CK. 72F, east wind, 10 knts. sunny. town full of tourists and 'photographers." herons and egrets in the marsh.
church was good. we celebrated the trinity. what is the sound of 3 hands clapping? and had a great reading about wisdom, who is female, of course..
13:50, high tide rising at #4 bridge. fed cat who raced under the boats, bellied under the chain link, and met me as I got out of the truck. brought him a special tuna treat. flock of ducks, scaups, in the shallows. little blue heron stalking though the spartina. 77F, west wind, 8 knts. with small and varied gusts. a light chop.
14:30, 89F at back door. partly cloudy, partly sunny. read 2 papers. hogtown paper hardly worth reading. even the funnies were mediocre. NY times some better but not much. getting grumpy in my old age. pup wanted out, then wanted in 'cause it was hot. better get used to it.
21:30, hazy, some stars. deer bedded down on edge of cactus field under oaks. turned and walked the other way. guardian barking by house. pup a pain in the ass. no moon showing. a very lazy, warm day.
The views of the author are his/her own and do not necessarily represent the position of The Weather Company or its parent, IBM.
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marine biologist around the Suwannee River delta. Raise Cracker sheep on an old Cracker farm ~ 12 mi. (as the crow flies) from the Gulf.


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› In a patrilineal society or relationship, the fact of someone belonging to a particular family depends only on male relatives.
Thesaurus: synonyms and related words
(Definition of "patrilineal" from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
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a piece of light crescent-shaped pastry, usually eaten in the morning


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Hi Jeff
I don't know how many plants you're talking about, but ever think of giving
them away, like to a community center or some sort of club? They can come
dig and take away, under supervision.
I know of a grower that did this ,had over 500 daylilies removed which were
replanted in various parks and around different centers/buildings to
beautify the community.
But then again, maybe this isn't a good idea in your situation.
Quebec, Canada
To sign-off this list, send email to email@example.com with the
message text UNSUBSCRIBE HOSTA-OPEN


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Provide an independent forum for those who dare to read, think, speak, and write to advance the professional, literary, and scientific understanding of sea power and other issues critical to global security.
Mr. McGrath is writing a book about John Barry. He has given presentations on the commodore at the Independence Seaport Museum Library, at the Bayshore Discovery Project, and on board the schooner A. J. Meerwald, New Jersey's official tall ship, while en route to Philadelphia, passing the places cited in this article.
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Roberto Coin 18kt Yellow Gold Large Ribbed Hoop Earrings. 5/8"
Item#: 811954
Founded in Vicenza, the City of Gold in 1977, Roberto Coin jewelry celebrates the elegance of femininity, creativity and craftsmanship. These large ribbed hoop earrings from this renowned designer will add a dimension of texture and motion to your entire look, taking you from the board room to the beach house in flawless designer style. Hanging length is 5/8". Clip/post, 18kt yellow gold earrings.
Ross-Simons is pleased to provide Free Shipping on this item in the US. However, no additional discounts apply.
Product Details (for Roberto Coin 18kt Yellow Gold Large Ribbed Hoop Earrings. 5/8")
Hoop close HOOP: An earring that loops from the front of the ear to the back.
3/4 inch
1/2 inch
18kt close 18KT: Karat (abbreviated kt or K) is a unit that indicates the purity of gold in the metal. 18kt is 75% gold. In Europe, 18K yellow gold is most favored and used in jewelry. Yellow Gold close YELLOW GOLD: Gold is a precious metal with a natural yellow color. It is quite soft and often alloyed with other metals to increase its strength. The purity of the metal is indicated by a unit called a "karat," with 24kt having the highest percentage of natural gold.
Gold Weight:
7.4 grams
Polished close POLISHED: A buffed-out finish used to produce a mirror-like shine.
Clip/Post close CLIP/POST: An earring with a post insert and a clip mechanism to hold it in place. The post can be removed by a jeweler to convert the earrings to clip-on.
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Last updated on October 20, 2016.
The content of this web publication was used and portrayed in a number of media publications. I do not have a complete list of all media coverage, this is the list of media that I am aware of:
# Magazines, Newspapers & Blogs
Nov – Scientific American (USA) – Why Political Pessimism Trumps Optimism – by Michael Shermer
Oct – Anthropocene Magazine – An Anthropocene Journey – By Andrew C. Revkin
Oct 19 – Espectador (Uruguay) – Eduardo Lorier: "Bienvenido al comunismo, Connie Hughes"
Oct 18 – Exploring the effects of healthcare investment on child mortality in R – by Simon Jackson
Oct 18 – Ökonomenstimme (Germany) – Antworten an den Club of Rome – by Hans-Jörg Naumer
Oct 16 – FAZ – Viel BIP, langes Leben Grafik
Oct 14 – Reason – There's Never Been A Better Time to Be Alive
Oct 17 – 7 datos que demuestran que nuestro mundo es cada vez menos desigual
Oct 13 – Trinidad Express (Trinidad) – UWI double think
Oct 13 – CapX – Why are we determined to deny that things are getting better?
Oct 12 – Does Accelerating Technology Have to Create Dystopia? – Interview with Robin Hanson
Oct 12 – Oxford University – Ageing Nobel Laureates or an Ageing Mankind?
Oct 11 – O'Reilly – Highlights from Next:Economy 2016 – Roser presentation
Oct 11 – Boing Boing – US people pay more for health care, die sooner than people in other developed countries
Oct 10 – Look – What Men And Women Wanted Out Of Marriage in 1939 Compared to 2016
Oct 8 – Independent – What men and women wanted in marriage in 1939 compared to now
Oct – "ourworldindata: an R data package" – by Simon Jackson (description of a software package)
Oct 6 – Scientific American – Yes, Trump Is Scary, but Don't Lose Faith in Progress
Oct 2 – Independent (Ireland) – GDP: Fiddling with the most powerful metric in history
March 2016 – Berliner Republik (Germany) – Sozialdemokraten, verlasst das Gebäude!
September 23 – Weser Kurier (Germany) – 'Frohe Botschaft' – Article about Our World In Data by Martin Wein
September – Onyx Magazin (Germany) – Lichtblicke im Kampf gegen die Armut
22 September 2016 – New York Times – The Best News You Don't Know – by Nicholas Kristof
Sept 14 – Helsingen Sanomat (Finland) – Puolittuiko maailman köyhien määrä oikeasti? Köyhyyden rajanveto on mielivaltaista
September 2016 – Resolution Foundation – Examining an Elephant – by Adam Corlett
August 15 – Het gaat ondanks alles ook gewoon heel goed met de wereld (translation of the article by Amy Robinson Sterling)
August 17 – Playground Noticias – '15 gráficos que demuestran que el mundo no está tan jodido como parece' –
August 16 – John Green – Some Good News: 16 Ways 2016 Is Not a Total Dumpster Fire
August 16 – Marginal Revolution – Regulation and Distrust–The Ominous Update – by Alex Tabarrok
August 10 – Huffington Post – Donald Trump Is Communicating With The Reptile In You
August 11 – Zeit (Germany) – Die Welt ist nicht so schlecht, wie Sie glauben
August 11 – Krautreporter – Warum meine Generation besser dran ist als die meiner Eltern
August 7 – NZZ – Unsere Welt kollabiert nicht, ganz im Gegenteil – von Professor Monika Bütler
July 31 – Altavoz (Peru) – La desigualdad está cayendo en América Latina (y en el Perú también) (english: Inequality is falling in Latin America (and in Peru as well))
July 30 – Contrepoints – L'âge d'or du genre humain, c'est maintenant
July 29 – Heise – Themenmolekül: Wie LOLcats, nur eben Wissenschaft – von Peter Glaser
July 27 – Ifogram – Our World in Data: Visualizations with a Conscience
July 23 – Kurier (Austria) – Das Ende extremer Armut wird greifbar (with nicely embedded visualisations from Our World In Data)
July 22 – Berner Zeitung and other swiss newspapers (Switzerland) – Es hat wieder gepiepst
July 22 – La Nación (Argentina) – El que no arriesga no gana
July 20 – New Co – A Deficit of Idealism: Tim O'Reilly on the Next Economy
July 19 – Quartz (USA) – There's good news to be found in the global economy, if you know where to look – by Matt Philips
July 19 – Seeking Alpha (USA) – Globalization And Its Discontents
July 19 – World Economic Forum – At the height of the Cold War, the US and Soviet Union worked together to eradicate smallpox – by Sean B. Carroll
July 18 – Huffington Post – Volver al 77? (Going back to 77?)
July 12, 2016 – Die Welt wird immer besser – longer portrait of Our World In Data and Max Roser in the German daily Süddeutsche Zeitung by Björn Finke
July 10 – Machine Money and People Money – by Tim O'Reilly
July 10 – Global Investigative Journalism Network – Top Ten #ddj: The Week's Most Popular Data Journalism Links
July 7 – Reason (USA) – American Pessimism: Only 6 Percent Think the World Is Getting Better
July 7 – Hürriyet Daily News (Turkey) – Europe's troubled future
July 7 – TS (Switzerland; French speaking) Des villes américaines aussi meurtrières que l'Europe médiévale
July 7 – Atlantico (France) – Mondialisation heureuse ? Comment la chute de l'extrême pauvreté masque l'accroissement des inégalités (Good globalization? How the fall of extreme poverty masks growing inequalities)
July 6 – Washington Post – Why living in some U.S. cities is literally like living in the Middle Ages
July 5 – Tech Insider – China is the only country that's remotely optimistic about the future
July 3 – American Council on Science and Health – Only 6% of Americans Think the World is Getting Better
July 1, 2016 – OurWorldInData.org is now included in the Scout Report of the Uni Wisconsin-Madison
June 27 – Singularity Hub – Why the World Is Better Than You Think in 10 Powerful Charts
June 23 – World Economic Forum – 8 things you need to know about China's economy
30 May – Noah Smith (USA) – The incredible miracle in poor country development
27 May – World Economic Forum – US and European success was built on free trade. It must be defended – by Carl Bildt (former Prime Minister of Sweden)
25 May – Intellectual Takeout (USA) – The War on Poverty is Not Going Like You Think
Series with New York University's Development Research Institute (for example here)
24 May – Welingelichte Kringen (Netherlands) – Echt, het ging nog nooit zo goed met de mensheid
23 May – Geo Hipsters – Interview with Achim Tack & Patrick Stotz
23 May – Prisma (Switzerland) – Interview with Monika Bütler
20 May – Vox.com – 100 years of global aging – by Zack Beauchamp
19 May – Republica (Guatemala) – "Caída de la pobreza en el mundo" (The decline of poverty in the world)
11 May – Yahoo – Will Famines Become a Thing of the Past?
10 May – New York Times – Here's Why There's a Searing Ethiopian Drought Without an Epic Ethiopian Famine
25 April – Vox.com – We're winning the war on malaria — and saving millions of lives in the process
25 April – Glamour (France) – Etude : les qualités préférées des femmes chez les hommes en 1939 et 2008
21 April – Salon (USA) – How bad can a Tinder date get?
20 April – Fatherly (USA) – What Guys Are Looking For In A Spouse Has Changed A Fair Bit Since 1939
19 April – Washington Post (USA) and the Independent (UK) – What men and women wanted in a spouse in 1939 — and how different it is today
19 April – World Economic Forum – Bill Gates: Global inequality is falling faster than ever
20 April – Huffington Post (Italy) – Max Roser, economista, realizza un grafico sulle diverse caratteristiche ricercate in un partner dal 1939 ad oggi
19 April – Mother Jones (USA) – In the 21st Century, We All Want Smart, Gorgeous Mates
11 April – New York Times – The Park Service Maps America's Natural and Human-Made Soundscapes and Silences
9 April – O futuro das coisas (Brazil) – Projeções para a educação até 2050
23 March – Politifact (USA) – Did we really reduce extreme poverty by half in 30 years?
April – KD Nuggets – Our World in Data – A Fantastic Site for Data-driven Analysis
31 March – The Conversation – How data journalism can empower Africans at the polls and beyond (also at other outlets)
2016 – Book – Alberto Cairo – The Truthful Art
CNN – 15 Questions with James Beshara
15 March – Huffington Post (Germany) – 'Teil einer besseren Zukunft: Darum brauchen wir einen kämpferischen Optimismus' (Part of a better future: This is why we need optimism)
9 March – World Economic Forum – Why you're probably wrong about immigration
7 March – FAZ – Fazit – das Wirtschaftsboom – Sind die Reichen wirklich so reich? – Austausch zwischen Patrick Bernau und Oxfam
15 December 2015 – World Economic Forum – Why we need to reconnect with the sun
16 February – The Week – In 2050, Chinese politicians will talk about India the way Donald Trump talks about China
16 February – Mail & Guardian Africa – These are the only images you need to understand just how much Africa has changed
31 January – FAZ – Weltbevölkerung: Die Grenzen des Wachstums (world population: the limits to growth)
27 January – Forbes – Another Thing David Graeber Doesn't Understand: Keynes And Working Hours
22 Jan – The Independent (UK) – Daily catch-up: How goes the War on Want? It is being won – By John Rentoul
21 January – Blog Stats – 'Optimism with Data'
20 Jan – So you want to Blog about Development? – by Jacob Winter
19 Jan – Teologia Política (Brazil) – E se a desigualdade social não for um problema para o cristianismo? ('Is social inequality not a problem for Christianity?')
19 Jan – Correio do Pantanal (Brazil) – Os mitos e omissões da Oxfam sobre a desigualdade
18 Jan – RPP (Peru) – Hay desigualdad en el mundo, pero cada año baja la pobreza absoluta
18 Jan – Financial Times (UK) – Three reasons to question Oxfam's inequality figures – by Chris Giles
18 Jan – Prime Economics (UK) – Financialised globalisation enhances, not reduces, global inequality – by Jeremy Smith
14 Jan – Publik-Forum (Germany) – Ohne Hoffnung keine Zukunft – by Bettina Röder, Barbara Tambour
13 January – TIME (USA) – Obama Puts Terrorism in Perspective in State of the Union
5 Jan – SFGate (USA) – 'How the Age We Marry Has Changed Over Time'
5 Jan – DailyTekk (USA) – The 100 best, most-interesting websites of 2016
6 January – World Economic Forum – Are levels of global violence falling?
6 Jan – YouGove (Germany) – Chinesen glauben am ehesten, dass die Welt besser wird
6 Jan – Spectator (Great Britain) – Around the world, poverty is collapsing. Why is that so hard to believe? – by Fraser Nelson
3 Jan – Wortgebrauch (Germany) – Optimismus benötigt Verstand und Mut ('Optimism requires reason and courage')
2 Jan – Il Foglio (Italy) – Toh! Non siamo mai stati così "ricchi" ("We have never been so rich") –
1 Jan – Spiegel (Germany) – Frohe Botschaft – long portrait of Max Roser and Our World In Data
1 Jan – Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung (Germany) – Die Zukunft ist rosig – Alles wird gut! – Interview with Max Roser and article on OurWorldInData
29 Dec – Grist (USA) – Here's the good news about Earth from this year – An article on the action against climate change by Katie Herzog
23 Dec – Washington Post – 11 ways that 2015 made history
31 Dec – Up (Switzerland) – 2016 wird das beste Jahr der Menschheitsgeschichte and here.
30 Dec – Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (German) – Book Review of "Joseph Stiglitz: "Reich und Arm"" – Patrick Bernau
Dec – Die Denker (German) – Medien fördern negatives Weltbild
2 Jan – Notes On Liberty (USA) – "On celebrating the new year with a thought experiment"
Jan – Edge Question of the Year 2016 – What do you consider the most interesting recent [scientific] news? what makes it important? by S Pinker – Steven Pinker answers Quantified Human Progress and talks about OurWorldInData
28 December – South China Morning Post (China) – Statistics show us that things are not as bad as they seem
23 December – Washington Post (USA) – 11 astounding things that happened in 2015
21 Dec Quartz (USA) – Quartz's Chart of the Year™ for 2015 – by Matt Philipp (the chart on the decline of extreme poverty over the last 200 years was chosen as the Chart of the Year)
18 Dec – The Atlantic – 2015: The Best Year in History for the Average Human Being – by Charles Kenny
16 December – Vox (USA) – Everyone is wildly overestimating how many immigrants there are – by Zack Beaucham
14 December – Hamburger Abendblatt (Germany) – Die Welt ist besser, als wir denken – by Thomas Frankenfeld
10 December – Huffington Post (USA) – "7 Maps That Explain the Middle East"
10 December – SuperMed (Austria) – Erwartungen an den Partner: 1939 vs. Heute
7 December – Mind Updates (Brazil) – Estamos vivendo em um mundo cada vez pior?
7 December – The Conversation – After a 400-year population boom, we need to reconnect with the sun
7 December – Les Echos (France) – Terrorisme : attention à ne pas se tromper d'analyse !
7 December – Mercator Net – 'Modern technology: triumph or tragedy?'
Dezember – Neue Zürcher Zeitung (Switzerland) – Es wird besser – Portrait of OurWorldInData & Interview of Max Roser by Peter Glaser
November 30 – TechInsider – This chart shows what people want in a spouse now compared to 70 years ago – and the differences are striking
December 1 – New York Times – Imagining a World Without Growth – by Eduardo Porter
27 November – Women's UN Reporting Network – Finding True Power for Women & Girls: UN Sustainable Development Goals' Most Challenging Task
26 November – Discover magazine – What I'm Thankful For: The Science and Technology Edition – by Corey S. Powell
23 November – New Yorker (USA) – Terrorism in the Age of Twitter – by John Cassidy
17 November – Cerrado Editora (Brazil) – Dados que nos ajudam a entender o mundo
16 November – Zurich (Insurance company) – The way we work
15 November – The Guardian (UK) – The scientists with reasons to be cheerful – long portrait of Ola & Hans Rosling, Ruth deFries and OurWorldInData by Ed Cumming
3 November – Inequality in Education: 'Inequality over the last century…'
November 1 – Contrepoints (France) – Calamité : il y a de plus en plus de riches ! (2)
October 28, 2015 – The Atlantic – City Lab (USA) – Stop Complaining About Your 'Long' Work Week, in 2 Charts – by Eric Jaffe
October 30 – Washington Post (USA) – Why many families in China won't want more than one kid even if they can have them
October 30 – Washington Post (USA) – One chart why China's letting families have more kids
October 27 – Bloomberg (USA) – Lowering World Poverty Depends on India – by Noah Smith
October 24 – Quartz (USA) – "When my parents were born, 7 in 10 people lived in extreme poverty. Today it's 1 in 10″
October 21 – Business Insider (Australia) – Chart of the Day: The staggering population growth over the last 200 years
October 21 – (Greece) – Our World in Data: Η φτώχεια τα τελευταία 1000 χρόνια – Κάτι αλλάζει προς το καλύτερο διεθνώς ('Our World in Data: Poverty in the last 1000 years – Something is changing for the better internationally')
October 20 – City A.M. (Australia) – 5 charts showing why the world is a better place than you think
October 20 – American Enterprise Institute – Today is World Statistics Day 2015
October 16 – BGR – The most disruptive technology of the last century isn't the smartphone – by Yoni Heisler
October 16 – Forbes (USA) – Keynes' 15 Hour Work Week Is Here Right Now
October 15 – Wired magazine (UK) – Good data will make you an economic optimist
October 14 – Washington Post (USA) – The most disruptive technology of the last century is in your house
October 12 – Wall Street Journal – Economists React: Angus Deaton Nobel Prize a 'Brilliant Selection'
October 10 – Valor o Crecimiento – 'La pobreza extrema sigue cayendo y podría ser historia en 2030'
October 7 – WIRED – WIRED2015: Alex 'Sandy' Pentland on taking action with big data
October 6 – Libra Mercado (Spain) – La pobreza extrema sigue cayendo y podría ser historia en 2030 ('Extreme poverty continues to fall and could be history in 2030')
September – SAS Inflight magazine – Getting Better
September 28 – Foreign Policy – The SDGs Should Stand for Senseless, Dreamy, Garbled – By Bill Easterly
September 26 – John Green – YouTube – Is Poverty Necessary? Looking back at the Millennium Development Goal
September 24 – Washington Post (USA) – 30 charts and maps that explain China today – by Ana Swanson
September 24 – Council for European Studies – Book review "Inequality: What Can Be Done?" by Stefan Thewissen
September 24 – Washington Post – 30 charts and maps that explain China today
September 18 – Bloomberg (USA) – Africa Starts to Emerge – by Noah Smith
September 16 – INET (USA) – Max Roser collaborates with Hans Rosling on BBC Documentary – by Eric Beinhocker
September 9 – CapX – Why child mortality is falling – by Zac Tate
September 8 – Bloomberg – Get Smarter Instantly by Following These Seven People on Twitter – by Tom Keene
September 7, 2015 – Xataka (Spain) – '17 gráficos para enseñar a quien todavía no crea que el mundo va cada vez mejor' (17 graphics to teach those who do not yet believe that the world is getting better)
September 7 – Austrian Economics Center (Austria) – Inequality, Poverty, "The Free Market" And Capitalism: The Story Of A Wonderful Success – By Giovanni Caccavello for the Austrian Economics Center
September 1 – Vice (Italy) – Stiamo vivendo il periodo più pacifico della storia degli esseri umani – Interview with Max Roser and coverage of the long-term picture of violence on Our World In Data by Federico Nejrotti
August 23 – The Guardian (UK) – Steven Pinker's cultural highlights
August 19 – Süddeutsche Zeitung (Germany) – 'So schön wie früher wird's nicht mehr – findet euch damit ab' – by Armin Wolf
August 17 – Exame (Brazil) – Um gráfico para ficar otimista com a queda da pobreza global (A graph that makes you optimistic about the decline of global poverty')
August 10 – Mediapool (Bulgaria) – Светът по-много критерии е в доста по-добро състояние, отколкото е бил преди ('In many aspects the world is much better than before')August 16 – Inside HigherEd – Pushing Back on the Collapse Meme
August 13 – Vox (USA) – This chart shows one of humanity's greatest modern accomplishments, by Dylan Matthews
August 10 – Thomson Reuters (United Kingdom) – Think the world's getting worse? Think again, says economist
Also on Yahoo News, Ontario Herald, Japan Today, Standard, Chaen, Bharat Press, Money web, Fin 24, First Post and others.
August 10 – Vesti (Bulgaria) – Смятате, че светът е по-ужасен от всякога? Помислете пак ('You think the world is more terrible than ever? Think again')
August 7 – Deutschland Radio (Germany) – Heute ist alles besser als früher
August 5 – Huffington Post (Germany) – Oxford-Ökonom Max Roser: Die Welt wird ständig besser
Aug 4 – Süddeutsche Zeitung (German) – "Die Menschheit war früher viel gewalttätiger." (Humanity was more violent in the past)
August 2 – Gulf Business (Gulf Region) – Longevity, the retirement crisis and how to be prepared
July 22 – American Enterprise Institute (USA) – Here's what happens when humans are free to imagine, create, innovate, profit, and flourish
July 13 – Vox (USA) – The world is getting better all the time, in 11 maps and charts by Zack Beauchamp
8th July – Data Stories (Podcast on data visualisation) – #57: Visualizing Human Development w/ Max Roser
July 7 – Vox (USA) – Greece's political crisis is partly the eurozone's fault – by Ezra Klein
July 6 – Vox (USA) – Greece's debt crisis explained in charts and maps by Ezra Klein
July 3 – Huffington Post (France) – Grèce: ces économistes dénoncent les politiques d'austérité qui ont viré cauchemar – Greece: these economists denounce the austerity policies that have turned into a nightmare"
July 1 2015 – Süddeutsche Zeitung (Germany) – Kurven des Kapitalismus
June 30 – Vox (USA) – In defense of the Eurozone – by Zack Beauchamp
June 25 – Magnet (Spain) – Este gráfico cuenta cuánta gente ha muerto en guerras desde 1400 ('This graphic shows how many people have died in wars since 1400')
June 24 – io9 (USA) – This Chart Shows How Many People Have Died From Conflicts Since 1400
June 24 – Vox (USA) – 600 years of war and peace, in one amazing chart by Zack Beauchamp
June 23 – World Economic Forum (Switzerland) – War is killing fewer people than ever before
June 23 – Business Insider (India and UK) – This insane chart shows how violence has spiked — and declined — since 1400
June 12 – Nuclear Secrecy – What remains of the Manhattan Project
June 14 – Contrepoints (France) – Désolé, mais ça va de mieux en mieux
June 8 – Strategy and Business (USA) – The Data-Driven Optimist – Longer portrait of OurWorldInData and Max Roser
June 8 – Sputniks (Portugal) – Este vídeo irá mostrar por que tudo que você pensa sobre o capitalismo está errado ('This video will show why everything you think about capitalism is wrong')
May 31 – Bild am Sonntag ('Germany') – Von wegen früher war alles besser… (Interview passages with Max Roser on the content of OurWorldInData.org. In print edition of the newspaper.)
May 29 – The Washington Post (USA) – Here's how many people have died in war in the last 600 years
May 28 – Polimaty (Poland) – 200 lat temu brytyjski "senior" był… 40-latkiem! Jak zmienia się przewidywana długości życia?
May 26 – The Washington Post (USA) – The dramatic rise of life expectancy around the world
May 21 – Chicago Tribune (USA) – GOP candidates want you to be terrified – By Rex W. Huppke (behind pay wall)
May 19 – Rivista Studio (Italy) – Com'è cambiata l'Africa (in meglio) in tre grafici ('How Africa has changed (for the better) in three graphs')
May 17 – Zero Hedge (USA) – Peak Population Growth?
May 15 – Cato Unbound (USA) – Why Libertarians Should Welcome ISDS
May 9 – Bill Gates shares data from the Malaria data entry on his official Facebook page. Previously he used material from the life expectancy chart.
May 8 – RTS (Switzerland) – La pauvreté mondiale atteindrait son niveau le plus bas de l'Histoire ('Global inequality reaches the lowest level in history')
May 6 – News Monkey (Belgium) – Yep, we leven allemaal steeds langer: deze kaartjes tonen hoe snel dat gaat ('Yes, we all live increasingly longer: these cards show how fast it goes')
May – Folha de Sao Paulo (Brasil) – Reforma política do século 21 (''Political reform in the 21st century")
April 28 – Roger Pielke Jr.'s Blog – Earthquakes: Death Rates and Frequency of Big Events
April 22 – Tyler Morning Telegraph (USA) – Earth Day is over, now it's People Day
April 21 – Forbes (USA) – Five People To Follow On Twitter For Good Business Content
April 20 – The Billfold (USA) – Life, And Doing Money, In The New Middle Age
April 16 – Slate (France) – La pauvreté n'a jamais été à un niveau aussi bas dans l'histoire ('Poverty was never lower in history') – by Eric Leser
April 15 – Express (Belgium) Indrukwekkende grafiek toont hoe het kapitalisme de armoede in de wereld op een historisch laag niveau bracht ('Impressive graph shows how capitalism brought the poverty in the world at a historically low level')
April 14 – Linke Zeitung and also in Griechenland Blog (Germany) – So wurden in Griechenland die Armen ärmer ('This is how the poor in Greece got poorer')
April 13 – Oxford University (UK) – Interview with Max Roser
April 10 – The Washington Post (USA) – Greece's poor are back to where they were in 1980 – By Matt O'Brien
April 9 – New York Times (USA) – Turning to Big, Big Data to See What Ails the World – By Tina Rosenberg
April 9 – Institute for New Economic Thinking (USA/UK) – Inequality or Living Standards: Which Matters More? By Max Roser, Brian Nolan, and Stefan Thewissen
April 5 – Svenska Dagbladet (Sweden) – Tro inte allt ni hör – fattigdomen minskar ('Do not believe everything you hear – there is less poverty')
April 1 – Las Vegas Review Journal (USA) – Editorial: Capitalism crushes poverty
March 30 – Breitbart (USA) – Economist Explains Why Poverty Is 'Falling Faster Than Ever' as Inequality Skyrockets
March 30 – Washington Examiner (USA) – Amazing chart shows thanks to capitalism, global poverty is at its lowest rate in history
March 29 – Capital of Statistics (China) – Let us talk about statistics
March 25 – Vox (USA) – The lives vaccines have saved in the US, in one chart
March 20 – The Guardian (UK) – Guess what? More people are living in peace now. Just look at the numbers – by Steven Pinker
March 13 – Huffington Post (USA) – Why You Shouldn't Be Afraid to Talk About Finance
March 12 – Vox.com (USA) – 'The government is the only reason the US has more inequality than Sweden' – By Dylan Matthews
March 10 – Slate Magazine (USA) – 'Look at All These Countries That Are Better at Fighting Inequality Than the United States'
March 9 – Washington Post (USA) – 'The source of American inequality, in one graph'
March 2 – Business Insider (USA) – Natural disasters used to be so much worse
February 26 – Quartz (USA) – Economics papers have been getting a whole lot math-ier
Feb 10 – Vox.com (USA) – 'How Obama's optimism about the world explains his foreign policy'
Jan 28 – Washington Post (USA) – 'Why you should never start a land war in Asia, by the numbers' – By Ana Swanson
Jan 20 – Berlingske (Denmark) – Naturkatastrofer dræber stadig færre ('Natural disasters kill fewer and fewer')– Article by Bjorn Lomborg
Jan 20 – Journal Montreal (Canada) – Au niveau planétaire, les inégalités baissent! ('Globally, the inequalities fall!') – by Vincent Geloso
Jan 19 – Europa Press (Spain) – 'Así ha mejorado el acceso a la educación en los últimos 200 años en todo el mundo' ('This is how much access to education has globally improved over the last 200 years')
Jan 19 – Financial Times (UK) – Give the middle classes their fair share of the pie – by Izabella Kaminska
Jan 14 – MSN (USA) – How the Muslim world is being left behind
Jan 12 – Aftenposten (Norway) – 'Ti grafer som viser at verden blir bedre' ('Ten signs that the world is moving forward') – Longer article by Hilde Harbo and Wenche Willoch
Jan 12 – Macro Business (Australia) – Chart of the Day – by Chris Becker
Jan 8 – TIME (USA) – The 1919 Theory That Explains Why Police Officers Need Their Guns – By Michael Shermer
Jan 7 – Washington Post (USA) – While the American middle class is suffering, the global middle class has grown – By Ana Swanson
Jan 1 – La Presse (Canada) – 'Le Monde Va-t-il Mieux Que Vous Ne Le Croyez ?' – Interview about the project with Nicolas Bérubé
Dec 29 – Vox.com (USA) – '26 charts and maps that show the world is getting much, much better' – By Dylan Matthews
Dec 27 – Business Insider (USA) – 'Over The Past 150 Years, There Has Been A Profound Shift In What Humans Do With Their Time' – By Henry Blodget
Dec 14 – Business Insider (USA) – 'Yes, We Work Hard These Days, But We Work A Lot Less Than We Used To…' – By Henry Blodget
Dec 14 – Vox.com (USA) – 'The world's victory over extreme poverty, in one chart' – By Zack Beauchamp
Nov 26 – Spatial Worlds (USA) Getting better all the time
Nov 25 – TIME Magazine (USA) – 'The Reason Every One of Us Should Be Thankful' – By Michael Shermer
Nov 24 – Vox.com (USA) – '26 charts and maps to be thankful for' – by Dylan Matthews
Nov 19 – SaatchiKevin (USA) – 'A Case for Radical Optimism'
Nov 14 – ShareAmerica.gov (USA) – 'Oxford economist crunches numbers, concludes the world is getting better' – Short coverage
Nov 12 – L'actualité (Canada) – 'Nous sommes moins violents, plus tolérants, parfois désespérants' (") – Longer coverage by Vincent Destouches
Nov 11 – Seeking Alpha (USA) – 'The Big Struggle: Reducing Hours Spent At Work' – Short text with graph
Nov 11 – Washington Post (USA) – 'Here's how democracy, autocracy and colonialism fared over the last century' – Coverage by Ana Swanson
Nov 10 – National Business Review (New Zealand) – "Key passes new terror laws in an age of…peace?" – Longer coverage and interview by Nathan Smith (behind paywall)
Nov 10 – Vox.com (USA) – 'How the fall of the Berlin Wall changed the world, in one chart' – Short coverage
Nov 10 – Contrepoints (France) – 'La moitié de l'humanité vit en démocratie' ('Half of humanity lives in Democacies') – Short coverage
Nov 9 – Rue 89 (France) – 'Démocratie, anocracie, autocratie : l'évolution politique du monde en un siècle' – Longer coverage by Pierre Haski
Nov 8 – Blic (Serbia) – 'Ovi grafikoni ruše sve što mislite da znate o surovom svetu u kom živimo' (These graphs crush everything you think you know about the cruel world we live in) – Longer coverage by Č. Vučinić
Nov 8 – Geenstijl (Netherlands) – 'Dit is het beste tijdperk ooit' ('This is the best time ever') – Short coverage
Nov 7 – Index.hr (Croatia) – 'Mislite da nam nikad nije bilo gore? Varate se' (You think it was never worse? You are wrong') – Longer coverage
Nov 6 – Business Insider (USA) – '25 Ways The World Is Becoming Much Better' – Longer coverage by Natasha Bertrand
Nov 6 – Mundo Tecno (Argentina) – 'Prótesis biónicas – Esperanza de futuro' ('Bionic prostheses – Hope for the future') – Use (& spanish translation) of an OurWorldInData graph by Alicia Bañuelos
Nov 5 – Bloomberg (USA) – 'A Little Perspective: Meanwhile, the World Is Becoming a Better Place' – Longer coverage by Emily Greenhouse
Nov 5 – Mic.com (USA) – 'Good News: The World Is More Democratic Than Ever'. – Longer coverage by Coleen Jose.
Nov 5 – Chabad.org (Israel) – 'What Makes You Think the World Is Getting Better?' – Long text referring to OurWorldInData and embedding some data visualisations by Tzvi Freeman
Nov 2 – The Journal (Ireland) – 'Some good news for a Sunday morning: The world is becoming a better place'
Nov 1 – The Morning Telegraph (USA) – 'Don't lose sight of what is important' – Short text
Nov 1 – NextBillion.net (USA) – covered in the 'Weekly Roundup'. – Short coverage
- NextBillion is a website that is important to the community of social entrepreneurs.
Oct 31 – Z3e.de (Germany) – covered under the headline 'Visualising the Empirical Evidence on how the World is Changing'. – Short coverage.
Oct 30 – Scientias.nl (Netherlands) – 'De wereld vergaat niet en deze statistieken bewijzen het' (The world is not coming to an end and these statistics prove it). – – Detailed coverage (title page) by Tim Kraaijvanger
- Scientias is the biggest popular science website in the Netherlands (more than 350.000 visitors per month).
Oct 30 – Jutarnji (Croatia) – 'Nova Studija S Oxforda 'Zbog ebole i terorizma čini nam se da je svijet užasan, ali istina je suprotna' ('A new publication from Oxford on the development of the world – we never had it so good'). – Detailed coverage (title page) by Tanja Rudež
- Jutarnji ('The Morning Paper') is a Croatian daily newspaper that is among the most read in the country. The article was the title story on October 30th (morning).
Oct 30 – The Real Singapore – 'The World We Are Living In Currently Isn't That Bad When Compared To The Past'. – Short coverage
Oct 30 – Rusplt (Russia) – 'Жить стало лучше' ('Life is better'). – Detailed coverage by Михаил Карпов
Oct 30 – PlanetSiol (Slovenia) – Kljub terorizmu, eboli in drugim tegobam je svet boljši, kot je bil nekoč ('Despite terrorism, Ebola and other problems the world is better than it once was') – Detailed coverage
Oct 30 – Kurir-info (Serbia) – 'Mi samo mislimo da je svet užasan, u stvari nam je sve bolje!' ('We think that the world is horrible, in fact we are all better!') – Detailed coverage
Oct 30 – Bayerischer Rundfunk (Germany) – 'Weniger Krieg und Armut – Von wegen alles wird immer schlechter' ('Fewer wars and less poverty – so much for everything getting worse') – Short coverage by Nina Heinisch
Oct 29 – SPLOID Gizmodo (USA) – 'The world is now safer and better than ever and here's the evidence' – Short coverage by Jesus Diaz
Oct 28 – Business Insider (USA) – 'OK, Haters, It's Time To Admit It: The World Is Becoming A Better Place' – Longer coverage, title coverage by Henry Blodget
- Business Insider is a leading business and technology news website in the US. The article was the title story on Oct 28 (evening).
Oct 27 – Gizmodo Espanol (Spain) – 'Aunque no lo parezca, el mundo es ahora más seguro que nunca' ('Believe it or not, the world is now safer than ever') – Short coverage by Saavedra Yare
- Gizmodo Español is the Spanish speaking version of the influential tech and design blog Gizmodo. Gizmodo Esanñol alone has 230.000 Twitter followers.
Oct 27 – INET Oxford (UK) – 'OurWorldInData.org – a new web publication by INET Oxford shows how the world is changing' – Longer coverage by Max Roser
Oct 27 – Marisol Collazos Soto (Spain) – 'El mundo es ahora más seguro que nunca' ('The world is now safer than ever')
Oct 24 – Andrew Hidas Blog (USA) – 'These are the best of times' – Short coverage
October 21 – CapX by The Centre for Policy Studies (UK) – 'The world is becoming a better place'– Short coverage
Oct 20 – kocka.sda.sk (Slovakia) – 'Ako rastie vzdelanosť vo svete' ('How to extend education around the world') – Short coverage
Oct 20 – Oxford Martin School blog (UK) – 'It's a cold, hard fact: our world is becoming a better place' – Longer coverage by Max Roser
Oct 6 – Weather and Climate @ Reading University (UK) – 'Healthy eating, healthy planet?' – Short coverage by Joy Singarayer
September – Econogist.org (USA) – 'Deciphering Data: Earthquakes, Music, Love, and Violence' – Short coverage by Isabel Munson
September 12 – Humanosphere.org (USA) – 'Fewer children die each year' – Short coverage by Tom Murphy
August 28 – SupplyChainBeyond – '6 Maps That Explain Global Supply Chains' – Short coverage by Bruce Jacquemard
August 26 – Vox.com (USA) – '38 maps that explain the global economy' – Short coverage by Matthew Yglesias
August 20 – Future World Foundation – 'Our World In Data' – Short coverage
August 16 – Health, Education, Social Protection News & Notes – 'Our World In Data' – Short coverage
- This is the bi-weekly newsletter supported by GIZ the German Federal Enterprise for International Cooperation owned by the German Federal Government.
August 16 – Geographical Imaginations (USA) – 'Peace in our time' – Short text
August 15 – Matt Ridley Blog (UK) – 'Reasons to be cheerful, despite the 4 horses of the apocalypse' – Longer coverage
- This article was also published in The Times here.
August 15 – Vox.com (USA) – 'The world economy since 1 AD, in one chart' – Detailed coverage by Dylan Matthews
- This article was widely shared (>2,000 times) and also cross-published at Yahoo.com here.
August 15 – Zunia.org – 'Our World in Data'
August 15 – DineroEnImagen (Mexico) – 'Dos gráficos muestran la riqueza mundial de los últimos 2000 años' ('Two graphs show the global prosperity of the last 2000 years') – Short coverage
August 2 – The Washington Post (USA) uses OurWorldInData.org as a source for 'The State of Africa'
July 31 – The Aspen Institute (USA) – The OurWorldInData presentation at AfricaInData.org is one of the 'Five Best Ideas of the Day'.
July 30 – Marginal Revolution (USA) – Link to Africa in Data
July 23 – Kushima (Japan) – OurWorldInData – Short coverage
July 8 – Treehugger (USA) – 'Deaths from malaria since 2010 in one graph (and a 1870 map showing U.S. deaths)' – Longer coverage by Michael Graham Richard
July 8 – Marginal Revolution (USA) – Link to OurWorldInData.org
July 6 – Xataka (Spain) – 'Nuestro mundo en datos: visualizando cómo hemos cambiado los últimos siglos' ('Our world in data: visualizing how we have changed over the last centuries") – Longer coverage
# Radio and Podcast
2015 July 8 – Data Stories (Podcast on data visualisation) – #57: Visualizing Human Development w/ Max Roser
2014 October 22 – Radio interview with Max Roser covering OurWorldInData with morning show 'The Takeaway' on WNYC (public radio in New York). The 'program reaches nearly 2 million listeners across 230 stations nationwide'.
- Here is the audio file of the interview and their article about OurWorldInData.
- Here is the coverage by Public Radio International which was likewise widely shared in social media.
- And here is the coverage by Oxford's SPI department.
2015 Sept 23 – BBC (UK) – Material from OurWorldInData was used for "Don't Panic, How to End Poverty" – a one-hour documentary film with Hans Rosling and produced by Wingspan Productions for This World on BBC2. All sources and material used in the documentary are listed here. The film is available here.
# Lectures and teaching material
From feedback I know that university lecturers are using OurWorldInData material for their teaching.
If you see or use OurWorldInData please let me know and I'll add it to this list!


text:
Who won the nascar race sunday?
kgb answers » Sports » Motorsports » Who won the nascar race sunday?
Tags: jimmie johnson, jeff gordon
Thursday, February 02 2012Source: http://sports.yahoo.com/nascar;_ylt=AvQedEGZtZOopxbub7ObyJ17vLYF
Top 10 questions Motorsports
- In NASCAR what years did Dale Earnhardt Sr. win cup championships?
- How did nascar crewcheif robert "bootie" barker end up in a wheelchair?
- Is robby gordon related to jeff gordon
- Who robert hight wife
- How many laps are in the brickyard 400?
- Who won the Brickyard 400?
- Who is Dale Earnhardt Jr's girlfriend?
- What channel is the NASCAR race on tomorrow?
- Who is leadin the coco cola 600 at charlotte motor speedway right now?
- Why do the Indy 500 winners drink milk?


text:
I am sure the AHS will do something to mark the 30th ann. of the founding of
the AHS. But I'd like to suggest that those of us on the hosta-open and AHS
Robin do something special for the founder, Alex Summers. He has been a friend
of and to all and has given us so much.
I know he still likes hostas! One suggestion is for each of us who have some
new intros to send him a division of such. But maybe there is a better gift.
The person on both of these lists who knows him and his wife, Gene, best is
Dan Nelson.
Dan, what do you think would be a nice gift to Alex in honor of his great gift
to us?
Let's keep this confidential--let's surprise Alex.
Another suggestion--a rare tree.
We need a treasurer. If each of us contributed only $5.00 I think we could
come up with a nice surprise for Alex.
To sign-off this list, send email to email@example.com with the
message text UNSUBSCRIBE HOSTA-OPEN