text:
DORAL, Fla. – In only his second year on the PGA Tour, Patrick Reed already is used to playing in the final group on Sunday — and winning.
But not against a field of stars at a World Golf Championship.
And not looking at a familiar figure in a red shirt playing in the group ahead of him.
Reed, the Humana Challenge winner, turned his game around in four holes Saturday at the Cadillac Championship and wound up with a 3-under 69 in much tamer conditions at Doral. It gave him a two-shot lead going into a final round that will prominently feature defending champion Tiger Woods for the first time this year.
Woods, who only a day earlier looked to be on the verge of shooting himself out of the tournament, delivered the low round of the week and his best round of a short season. He made eight birdies for a 66 and was only three shots behind.
"That's fine. I've seen Tiger a lot on the driving range. Never had the opportunity to play with him and I still haven't been able to play with him," Reed said. "Whenever he's close to the lead, he's a guy you have to watch out for. But at the same time, I have to go and just play my own game."
He did that beautifully on a sunny afternoon with not nearly as much wind on the new Blue Monster.
Reed rolled in a 40-foot eagle putt on No. 8, and started the back nine with consecutive birdies. He drove the green on the par-4 16th for a two-putt birdie that gave him the outright lead and finished with a two-shot lead over PGA champion Jason Dufner (68) and Hunter Mahan, who bogeyed his last hole for a 71.
Reed was at 4-under 212, the highest 54-hole score to lead at Doral since a three-way tie at 212 in 1985.
The 23-year-old Texan will be going for his third win in his last 14 tournaments, dating to the Wyndham Championship in August. He was tied for the 54-hole lead that week and won in a playoff. Reed also went wire-to-wire to win the Humana Challenge in January.
He will be in the final group with Dufner, the most recent major champion. Right ahead will be Woods and Mahan.
It's right where Reed wants to be.
"If you have a 54-hole lead, that means you're playing the best golf of the group through three rounds," he said. "Tomorrow is Sunday, but at the same time, it's another round of golf. … We've won twice since August. We've played great. And if I continue doing what I'm supposed to be doing, come Sunday afternoon, hopefully we're holding the trophy."
Woods made three birdie putts of about 15 feet or longer on the back nine, including a 35-footer down the slope on the par-5 15th. His goal was to get back to even par for the tournament and hope to be within five shots of the leader.
It turned out much better.
Woods was one of five players who were under par.
Comeback chances: Tiger Woods is three shots behind leader Patrick Reed. Tiger has 11 wins on tour when trailing by three or more shots entering the final round.
On TV today: 10 a.m. (GLF); Noon (NBC)
Copyright 2014 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text:
[PHOTO] RE: Glaciata sdb (Eramosa Snowball) | Sun, 17 Dec 2000 09:34:21" />
This is an example of the glaciata pattern. Four sets of the glaciata gene.
This is a subset of the plicata pattern and is represented as "pla pla pla
pla" This is Eramosa Snowball. It has a white glaciata "pla pla pla pla" as
one parent and Transcibe, a fancy plicata ( plu pla pla pla) as the other
parent. From this cross is 1/2 glaciatas and 1/2 fancy plicatas.
Get your own FREE, personal Netscape WebMail account today at http://home.netscape.com/webmail
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Guided By Voices Steak And Eggs Lyrics
Last updated: 08/02/2002 09:51:34 AM
(R. Pollard - J. Pollard)
I'm so damn hungry
I need to get me something to eat
I need to get me something to eat
I've got this machete
Let's get something to eat
Now, let's get your car
Let's get the machete
Put it in the car
We'll go back out, where we...
You know where those cows we saw
When we came by, you know?
We'll go back out there and
Just cut one of 'em's leg off
And eat it...Yeah
Judge Fudge:
Oh as the sunrise-day break
And the grass turns brown
This time we've found
Your lemonade profits spent unwisely
And I'm waiting for you
Officer, I don't
I was here all night
You can ask my old lady...
You know what?
It's just that I can't breathe
It's just that I can't breathe
It's just that I can't breathe


text:
I'm SOOOO SORRY I meant to do that as a private e-mail.....I will pay
closer attention next time. :)
-----Original Message-----
From: Steve & Debbie Alexander <firstname.lastname@example.com>
To: email@example.com <email@example.com>
Date: Sunday, August 16, 1998 9:57 PM
Subject: Ready for Pixlist
>Hi Clyde,
>I'm ready to get back on your pixlist. Sorry it took so long for me to get
>back on track. I ended up staying longer (my best friends house) and then
>when I got back I had so much mail to catch up on. But now I'm ready!!!
>When you have a few minutes Please add me back
>Thanks bunches
>Debbie Alexander
>To sign-off this list, send email to firstname.lastname@example.com with the
>message text UNSUBSCRIBE HOSTA-OPEN
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text:
Different measures of smoking exposure and mammographic density in postmenopausal Norwegian women: a cross-sectional study
DOI: 10.1186/bcr1782
© Bremnes et al., licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2007
Received: 9 May 2007
Accepted: 26 October 2007
Published: 26 October 2007
Recent cohort studies have suggested an increased risk of breast cancer with long duration of smoking, and with smoking initiation before first birth. Cigarette smoking may have both carcinogenic effects and antiestrogenic effects on the breast tissue. We decided to examine the relationship between different measures of smoking exposure and mammographic density.
Lifetime smoking history was collected through interview and questionnaires among 907 postmenopausal participants in the Tromsø Mammography and Breast Cancer study. The mammograms were obtained from the governmental Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Program. Mammograms were classified according to the percentage and absolute mammographic densities using a previously validated computer-assisted method.
Sixty-five percent of the women reported having ever smoked cigarettes, while 34% were current smokers. After adjustment for age, age at first birth, parity, age at menopause, postmenopausal hormone therapy use, and body mass index, smoking was inversely associated with both measures of mammographic density (both trends P < 0.01). Both current smokers and former smokers had significantly lower adjusted mean percentage mammographic density compared with never smokers (P = 0.003 and P = 0.006, respectively). An inverse dose–response relationship with mammographic density was found between both the number of cigarettes and the number of pack-years smoked among current smokers. Current smokers who smoked 11 cigarettes or more daily had a 3.7% absolute (36% relative difference) lower percentage mammographic density compared with current smokers who smoked seven cigarettes or less daily (P = 0.008). When former smokers were stratified according to time since smoking cessation, we found that women who had stopped smoking less than 24 years ago had a significantly lower mean percentage mammographic density compared with never smokers (P < 0.001).
We found modest inverse dose–response associations between numbers of cigarettes and of pack-years smoked and both measures of mammographic density among current smokers. Former smokers who had stopped smoking less than 24 years ago also had a statistically significantly lower mean percentage mammographic density when compared with never smokers. These findings are consistent with an antiestrogenic effect of cigarette smoking on the breast tissue.
Constituents in tobacco smoke may have carcinogenic effects on the breast tissue [1–3]. Tobacco smoking, however, may also have antiestrogenic effects that can reduce breast cancer risk [4, 5]. These opposing effects may explain the overall inconsistent results from epidemiologic studies on the association between smoking and breast cancer risk [2, 6–9]. Although most case–control studies do not find any positive associations [2, 10], however, several recent cohort studies have indicated an increased breast cancer risk among women who are long-term smokers [11–14], and also among those who start to smoke before their first birth [12–17].
Mammographic density is one of the strongest independent risk factors for breast cancer [18, 19], and possibly an intermediate marker for breast cancer [20]. Women with high mammographic density have a fourfold to sixfold increase in breast cancer risk compared with those with low mammographic density [18, 19].
The results so far published on the association between smoking and mammographic density have also been conflicting [21–27]. One explanation for this may be that most studies have used crude (for example, ever/never) measures of smoking exposure.
The objective of the present cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between cigarette smoking and mammographic density among postmenopausal women with a high smoking prevalence, according to different measures of smoking exposure.
Materials and methods
Study population
The Tromsø Mammography and Breast Cancer Study was conducted among postmenopausal women, aged 55–71 years, residing in the municipality of Tromsø, Norway, and attending the population-based Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Program at the University Hospital of North Norway [28]. Women were recruited in spring 2001 and in spring 2002. After the women had undergone their screening mammograms, they were interviewed by a trained research nurse about reproductive and menstrual factors, previous history of cancer, current smoking status, and use of postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) or other medications. The participants had their height measured to the nearest centimeter and their weight measured to the nearest half kilogram. Women had blood samples drawn, and each participant was subsequently given a questionnaire to be completed at home, eliciting information on demographics, additional menstrual and reproductive factors, lifetime smoking history, as well as lifestyle and dietary factors. All women signed an informed consent. The National Data Inspection Board and the Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics approved the study. Altogether, 1,041 women were included in this cross-sectional study. This accounted for 70% of the women attending the Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Program during the recruitment period.
We excluded 22 women because of a previously diagnosed (n = 16) or a newly diagnosed (n = 6) breast cancer, and one woman because of an ongoing chemotherapy treatment. Among the remaining 1,018 women, we were unable to retrieve mammograms on 11 women. We therefore obtained mammographic density readings on 1,007 women. More details are described elsewhere [28]. We further excluded three women because they were equivocal for menopausal status and excluded 97 women because of a missing smoking history, leaving 907 women for the analyses.
Mammographic classifications
The women's left cranio-caudal mammogram was digitized using a Cobrascan CX-812 scanner (Radiographic Digital Imaging, Torrance, CA, USA) at a resolution of 150 pixels per inch. Percentage and absolute mammographic densities were determined by an experienced reader (GU) using the University of Southern California Madena computer-based threshold method, which has been described in detail and validated elsewhere [29]. Briefly, the method works as follows. The digitized mammographic image is viewed on a computer screen. A reader defines the total breast area using a special outlining tool. Next, the region of interest – excluding the pectoralis muscle, prominent veins, and fibrous strands – is defined. The computer software program assigns a pixel value of 0 to the darkest (black) shade in the image and a value of 255 to the lightest (white) shade, with shades of grey assigned to intermediate values. The reader then uses a tinting tool to apply a yellow tint to dense pixels with grey levels at or above some threshold X and a pixel value ≤ 255. The reader searches for the best threshold where all pixels ≥ X within the region of interest are considered to represent mammographic densities. The software estimates the total number of pixels and the number of tinted pixels within the region of interest. The absolute density represents the count of the tinted pixels within the region of interest. The percentage density, or the fraction (%) of the breast with densities, is the ratio of the absolute density to the total breast area multiplied by 100. The absolute density (measured in centimeters squared) was calculated as the number of tinted pixels within the region of interest divided by the number of pixels per centimeter squared.
The reader of the mammograms was blinded to characteristics of the study participants. We have previously shown a high intra-rater agreement for the reader in our study (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.86) [28].
Smoking assessments
The women were interviewed about their current smoking status. The self-administered questionnaire elicited additional information on the participant's lifetime smoking history. Women reporting never having smoked or never having been exposed to passive smoking were categorized as 'never active smokers'. We further categorized women who had never actively smoked but had been exposed to passive smoking at home or at the workplace as 'passive smokers'. Never active smokers and passive smokers were also grouped together as 'never smokers'. This group serves as the reference group in all analyses, if not specified otherwise. Current smokers and former smokers were grouped together as 'ever-smokers'. Pack-years were calculated as the number of cigarettes smoked daily divided by 20 and multiplied by the number of years smoked.
We categorized former smokers according to the time since smoking cessation (tertiles). We categorized current smokers according to their age at smoking initiation (tertiles), to the average number of cigarettes smoked per day (tertiles), to the number of years smoked (≤ 25 years, 26–40 years, 41+ years), to the number of pack-years smoked (tertiles), and parous women according to smoking initiation before or after first birth.
Statistical analyses
Mammographic density was not normally distributed. Both the percentage and absolute mammographic densities were log-transformed to obtain approximate normal distributions. We used analysis of variance for an unbalanced design to study the associations between cigarette smoking and mammographic densities (Proc GLM; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).
Each of the following factors was evaluated as a potential confounder of the association between smoking and mammographic density: age at screening (continuous), age at menarche (continuous), age at menopause (continuous), number of children (continuous), age at first birth (continuous), years of education (continuous), family history of breast cancer in first-degree relatives (yes, no), alcohol intake (g/day, continuous), HT use (never used, past use, current use), and body mass index (BMI) (weight in kilogram divided by height in meters squared; continuous).
The variables of age at screening, number of children, HT use, and BMI have previously been found associated with mammographic density in this study population [28, 30], and were always adjusted for as confounders in the multivariate analyses. We further identified those of the above listed variables that were associated with cigarette smoking in univariate analyses, and that also were significantly associated with mammographic density in the multivariate analyses. This procedure left the following factors in the final model: age at screening, age at first birth, number of children, age at menopause, HT use and BMI. Women with missing values were excluded from the analyses (<10%).
Reported trend-test P values correspond to analyses where the categories of cigarette smoking were treated as ordered variables. We tested for possible effect modification by analyzing the association between smoking and mammographic density stratified by the confounders, and by adding multiplicative interaction terms to the analysis of variance procedure.
The crude and adjusted mean mammographic density results were back-transformed, and are presented with 95% confidence intervals. Results were considered statistically significant if the two-sided P value was < 0.05. We conducted all statistical analyses using SAS® 9.1 for Windows (SAS Institute Inc.).
Altogether, 65% of the women were ever smokers. Among the 310 (34%) women who reported current smoking, 82% smoked daily. Altogether, 318 women reported to have never been smokers, among whom 73% reported to have been exposed to passive smoking at home or at the workplace.
Characteristics of the study population (n = 907) by smoking status
Smoking status
P valuea
Current smokers (n = 310)
Former smokers (n = 279)
Never smokers (n = 318)
Age at screening (years)
60.7 (4.4)
61.6 (4.5)
61.9 (4.6)
Age at menarche (years)
13.3 (1.4)
13.3 (1.4)
13.3 (1.4)
Age at first birthb (years)
22.3 (3.6)
22.7 (3.3)
23.5 (3.9)
Number of childrenb
2.9 (1.2)
2.8 (1.1)
2.9 (1.4)
Education (years)
9.4 (3.2)
9.7 (3.4)
10.2 (3.6)
Age at menopause (years)
47.5 (5.5)
48.8 (4.8)
49.1 (4.8)
Body mass index (kg/m2)
26.1 (4.4)
28.4 (5.1)
27.6 (4.7)
Alcohol consumptionc (g/day)
3.8 (3.8)
4.0 (3.9)
3.4 (4.0)
Ever oral contraceptive use (%)
Parous (%)
Ever postmenopausal hormone therapy use (%)
Breast cancer in first-degree relative (%)
Former smokers also differed from never smokers, their data values being between current smokers and never smokers, with regard to age at first birth and ever oral contraceptive use (both P ≤ 0.007). Former smokers had a significantly higher BMI when compared with never smokers (P = 0.04). Passive smokers were more likely to have ever used HT (P < 0.05), but were otherwise similar to never smokers in the other measured characteristics (results not shown).
Median, crude mean and adjusted mean percentage and absolute mammographic density by smoking status
Smoking status
Percentage mammographic density (%)
Absolute mammographic density (cm2)
Median (range)
Crude mean (95% confidence interval)
Adjusted mean (95% confidence interval)
Median (range)
Crude mean (95% confidence interval)
Adjusted mean (95% confidence interval)
Current smokers
9.4 (0–59.4)
8.0 (7.0–9.1)
7.3 (6.5–8.3)
13.7 (0–110.1)
10.7 (9.4–12.2)
10.4 (9.0–12.0)
Former smokers
7.7 (0–51.1)
6.7 (5.8–7.7)
7.5 (6.6–8.5)
11.9 (0–155.2)
9.7 (8.4–11.4)
10.6 (9.2–12.2)
Never smokers
11.9 (0–69.2)
9.7 (8.6–11.0)
9.5 (8.4–10.7)
17.1 (0–152.3)
14.0 (12.3–15.9)
13.7 (11.9–15.7)
P valuea
P valueb
Adjusted mean percentage mammographic density according to smoking exposure among current smokers, and according to time since smoking cessation among former smokers
Smoking exposure
Adjusted mean percent mammographic density (95% confidence interval)
Current smokers
Former smokers
Number of cigarettes smoked per day
≤ 7 cigarettes
10.3 (8.2–12.8)
8–10 cigarettes
9.0 (7.0–11.5)
≥ 11 cigarettes
6.6 (5.2–84)
P trend
Number of years smoked
≤ 25 years
8.9 (6.8–11.8)
26–40 years
8.8 (6.9–11.3)
≥ 41 years
8.1 (6.5–10.1)
P trend
Number of pack-years smoked
≤ 11 pack-years
10.0 (7.9–12.6)
12–20 pack-years
8.5 (6.7–10.8)
≥ 21 pack-years
7.5 (5.9–9.6)
P trend
Age at smoking initiation
≥ 21 years
8.9 (7.1–11.1)
18–20 years
8.4 (6.8–10.3)
13–17 years
7.3 (5.8–9.3)
P trend
Smoking initiation before first birtha
9.2 (7.2–11.8)
7.8 (6.7–9.1)
P value
Time since smoking cessation
≥ 24 years
8.5 (6.7–10.7)
12–23 years
5.2 (4.0–6.7)
≤ 11 years
6.5 (5.1–8.2)
P trend
This population-based cross-sectional study found an inverse association between smoking and percentage mammographic density among postmenopausal women, after adjustment for potential confounders. We also observed an inverse dose–response relationship among current smokers between both the numbers of cigarettes and pack-years smoked and the percentage mammographic density. Women who had stopped smoking less than 24 years ago had a significantly lower mean percentage mammographic density compared with never smokers These associations were similar when absolute mammographic density was used as the outcome variable.
The strengths of our study are the large sample size and that it was a part of a population-based screening program with a high attendance rate [31]. The reader of the mammograms was experienced and blinded to the characteristics of the women. We have previously shown a high intra-rater agreement for the reader in our study [28]. Further, we have assessed both relative and absolute measures of mammographic density as outcome variables, since they may be influenced differently by residual confounding by adiposity [32], and we found similar associations between smoking and mammographic density when we performed the analyses using the absolute mammographic density as the outcome variable. Another strength is that we have a large proportion of current smokers (34%) among the women in our study compared with previous studies among postmenopausal women, which all had less than 14% current smokers [21–24].
One limitation of our study is the possible misclassification of smoking exposure. Any misclassification of smoking would presumably be nondifferential with respect to mammographic density, and would therefore be expected to bias the results toward the null association. Another limitation is that the median mammographic density in our study is low and that mammographic density has a narrow range. In another study with a different reader, however, women from our study had significantly lower percentage mammographic density compared with Caucasians from Hawaii and Arizona [33].
In a study from the United States, Modugno and colleagues also found that current smokers had a significantly lower percentage mammographic density compared with noncurrent smokers. Their study, comprising 239 women aged 70 years or older, only had information about current smoking habits and therefore could not analyze the association in more detail [21].
Three other studies found no association between smoking and mammographic density among postmenopausal women [22–24]. In a British study with 406 women from Norfolk, Sala and colleagues found no significant association between smoking and high-risk Wolfe's parenchymal patterns among the 313 postmenopausal women in their study, even though current smokers had a significantly reduced odds ratio of having high-risk Wolfe's parenchymal patterns compared with never smokers when the analyses also included premenopausal women [22]. In an American study including 191 Hispanic women, Gapstur and colleagues found no association between smoking and mammographic density [23]. In another American study, Vachon and colleagues did not find any association between smoking duration and intensity and the percent mammographic density among 1,554 postmenopausal women, but an inverse association was found among the 346 premenopausal women in their study [24].
Mammographic density is an independent risk factor for breast cancer, and lower mammographic density could suggest lower risk for breast cancer [18, 19]. One of the suggested mechanisms for how smoking might increases the risk of breast cancer is carcinogenic effects of constituents in tobacco smoke on the breast tissue [1–3]. It is possible that this suggested mechanism does not affect mammographic density, and thus would not influence mammographic density as measured in our study.
Conversely, the other suggested effect of smoking is believed to be an antiestrogenic effect [4, 5, 34]. Smoking has been shown to enhance the metabolism of estradiol to metabolites believed to have minimal peripheral estrogen activity, to increase estrogen binding by sex-hormone binding globulin and, because smokers tend to be leaner than nonsmokers, to lower the amount of estrogens derived from adipose tissue [4, 5]. It has been shown that mammographic density may be intentionally manipulated by hormonal treatments such as tamoxifen or a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist [35, 36]. A change in serum estrogen levels has also been shown to influence mammographic density [37]. The findings in the present study are consistent with an antiestrogenic effect of cigarette smoking on breast tissue, reflected in lower mammographic density among smokers.
We do not, however, believe our finding that current and former smokers have lower mean mammographic density when compared with never smokers will be reflected in a lower risk of breast cancer among smokers. The magnitudes of the difference in the mean percentage mammographic density between current smokers and never smokers were modest and may be due to residual confounding. We have previously shown that, in this study population, women using a continuous estrogen and progestin combination HT for 5 years or longer had a significantly higher percentage mammographic density compared with never HT users. The magnitude of that difference was substantially higher (7% absolute difference, 100% relative difference) than what we observed in the current study [30], suggesting that the effect of cigarette smoking may not be clinically relevant. Our finding that former smokers who had stopped smoking less than 24 years ago had statistically significantly lower mammographic density when compared with never smokers may partly be due to misclassification of current smokers as former smokers, as well as due to residual confounding. Boyd and colleagues, however, have proposed that the cumulative exposure to dense mammographic breast tissue could be represented by the area under the curve of the Pike and colleagues model for breast tissue ageing [38]. If there is an antiestrogenic effect of smoking, therefore, former smoking may have increased the age-related decrease in mammographic density.
We found inverse associations between cigarette smoking and both the percentage and absolute mammographic densities among postmenopausal women in our cross-sectional study. We also observed a modest inverse dose–response association among current smokers between the amount smoked and the mammographic density. Also, former smokers who had stopped smoking less than 24 years ago had a statistically significantly lower mean percentage mammographic density when compared with never smokers. Our results are consistent with an antiestrogenic effect of smoking on the breast tissue, as measured by mammographic density.
body mass index
postmenopausal hormone therapy.
The authors thank the Department of Clinical Research and the Department of Radiology, Center for Breast Imaging, University Hospital of North Norway; Professor Eiliv Lund and the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study, University of Tromsø; the Cancer Registry of Norway; and, most of all, the women who participated in the study. The Norwegian Cancer Society, the Aakre Foundation, the Northern Norway Regional Health Authority, the University of Tromsø, and the Norwegian Women's Public Health Association gave financial support to the study.
Authors' Affiliations
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- Modugno F, Ngo DL, Allen GO, Kuller LH, Ness RB, Vogel VG, Costantino JP, Cauley JA: Breast cancer risk factors and mammographic breast density in women over age 70. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006, 97: 157-166. 10.1007/s10549-005-9105-8.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
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- Gapstur SM, Lopez P, Colangelo LA, Wolfman J, Van HL, Hendrick RE: Associations of breast cancer risk factors with breast density in Hispanic women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003, 12: 1074-1080.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Vachon CM, Kuni CC, Anderson K, Anderson VE, Sellers TA: Association of mammographically defined percent breast density with epidemiologic risk factors for breast cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2000, 11: 653-662. 10.1023/A:1008926607428.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Roubidoux MA, Kaur JS, Griffith KA, Stillwater B, Novotny P, Sloan J: Relationship of mammographic parenchymal patterns to breast cancer risk factors and smoking in Alaska Native women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003, 12: 1081-1086.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Warwick J, Pinney E, Warren RM, Duffy SW, Howell A, Wilson M, Cuzick J: Breast density and breast cancer risk factors in a high-risk population. Breast. 2003, 12: 10-16. 10.1016/S0960-9776(02)00212-6.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jeffreys M, Warren R, Gunnell D, McCarron P, Smith GD: Life course breast cancer risk factors and adult breast density (United Kingdom). Cancer Causes Control. 2004, 15: 947-955.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gram IT, Bremnes Y, Ursin G, Maskarinec G, Bjurstam N, Lund E: Percent density, Wolfe's and Tabár's mammographic patterns – agreement and association with breast cancer risk factors. Breast Cancer Res. 2005, 7: R862-R870. 10.1186/bcr1088.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Ursin G, Astrahan MA, Salane M, Parisky YR, Pearce JG, Daniels JR, Pike MC, Spicer DV: The detection of changes in mammographic densities. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1998, 7: 43-47.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bremnes Y, Ursin G, Bjurstam N, Lund E, Gram IT: Different types of postmenopausal hormone therapy and mammographic density in Norwegian women. Int J Cancer. 2007, 120: 880-884. 10.1002/ijc.22437.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hofvind S, Moller B, Thoresen S, Ursin G: Use of hormone therapy and risk of breast cancer detected at screening and between mammographic screens. Int J Cancer. 2006, 118: 3112-3117. 10.1002/ijc.21742.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kaaks R: Insulin-like growth factor-I and mammographic breast density. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005, 14: 3019-10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0607. (Letter to Editor)View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Maskarinec G, Pagano I, Chen Z, Nagata C, Gram IT: Ethnic and geographic differences in mammographic density and their association with breast cancer incidence. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007, 104: 47-56. 10.1007/s10549-006-9387-5.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kendall A, Folkerd EJ, Dowsett M: Influences on circulating oestrogens in postmenopausal women: relationship with breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007, 103: 99-109. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.07.011.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cuzick J, Warwick J, Pinney E, Warren RM, Duffy SW: Tamoxifen and breast density in women at increased risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004, 96: 621-628.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gram IT, Ursin G, Spicer DV, Pike MC: Reversal of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist induced reductions in mammographic densities on stopping treatment. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001, 10: 1117-1120.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ursin G, Palla SL, Reboussin BA, Slone S, Wasilauskas C, Pike MC, Greendale GA: Post-treatment change in serum estrone predicts mammographic percent density changes in women who received combination estrogen and progestin in the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2004, 22: 2842-2848. 10.1200/JCO.2004.03.120.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Man With Massive Penis Costume Sneaks Into Live CNN Broadcast And It's Hilarious!
NSFW: Woman Flashes Her Boobs During A Live Broadcast Behind Pete Suratos!
VIDEO: DFW Reporter Gets A Powerade Bath During Rangers Interview(Not pictured.)
VIDEO: Long Lost Character Returns To Disneyland's Haunted Mansion!Wednesday through Sunday this week I will be representing The New 103.7 at Disneyland's Diamond Celebration.
Kory's Theme Park Blog: Disneyland Previews New Magical Store Windows For Diamond Celebration!Disney Imagineers are preparing amazing new shop windows especially for the Diamond Celebration.
Kory Interviews Sachi White, Disneyland Ambassador At Disneyland ResortKory chats with Sachi White, a Disneyland Resort Ambassador. Sachi tells Kory the special events and how guest/visitors can celebrate the holidays in a magical way at the Disneyland Resort for the season and how the "The Happiest Place on Earth Just Got Merrier."
Zazza Mornings Broadcasting Live From Katy PerryListen to KVIL tonight from 4pm to 7pm and hear Zazza Mornings broadcasting live form the Katy Perry concert at American Airlines Center.
Kory To Broadcast Live From Universal Orlando!I am so excited! This weekend I will hop a plane to my hometown (again!) to bring you all of the excitement of Universal Orlando live on 103.7 KVIL!
#KoryatDisney: Why Walt Disney World Is My HometownI will be taking the show on the road to the Walt Disney World Resort, a place I consider home...here's why!
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A first summary of topics discussed at OSDL Desktop Linux Printing Summit
Exhausted, but happy about the work we've done I'm now back in Stuttgart. I have attended the 3 intensive days of discussions and work that were the Desktop Linux Printing Summit, jointly organized by OSDL (John Cherry) and Linuxprinting.org (Till Kamppeter). It was held in Atlanta, hosted by Lanier at their Education Center. The hosting was made possible by Uli Wehner. Uli is one of Lanier's senior support and testing engineers (responsible for Lanier's ever-growing business of non-Windows system printing); he is also quite active on the Linuxprinting.org user support forums.
Altogether we had nearly 40 people there. They represented a broad range of backgrounds. See yourself:
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They've played at least enough games this season to make some silly assumptions
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BOB: Phils, Yanks lead in attendance again
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This month, Richard went to four baseball games—and counting. His observations …
AL West: look who's coming to the divisional race
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AL West: heading to halfway
The division still has two divisions.
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As a part of the 18 exclusive items included in mastermind JAPAN and Moncler's collaborative collection, a premium jacket is delivered for the fall season. The two contemporary labels teamed up to combine Moncler's revered cold weather expertise with mastermind's design aesthetic. While other pieces in the collection have been more conspicuous in appearance, this premium release represents a more toned-down approach. While the puffed exterior remains relatively unbranded, the interior is stuffed with quality down and lined with printed cashmere for ultimate comfort. As with the rest of the collection the jacket is only available at Moncler's Aoyama Limited location in Tokyo, priced around $3,108 USD.


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How-To Geek
How to Prevent Your Computer From Waking Up Accidentally
Putting your PC to sleep is a great way to save energy while still making sure you can resume work quickly. But what can you do if your PC keeps waking up on its own? Here's how to figure out what's waking it up, and how to prevent it.
When you put your PC to sleep, it enters a power-saving state where it shuts down power to most of the PC's components, keeping just enough power trickling to keep the memory refreshed. This lets you quickly wake the computer back up to the same state it was in when it went to sleep—including any documents and folders you had open. One of the differences between sleep and hibernation is that when a PC is alseep, activity from certain devices can wake it up. Scheduled tasks can also be configured to wake the PC up so that they can run.
How to Find Out What's Waking Your PC Up
Before you can fix the problem, you need to determine the problem. There are a few different steps you'll probably need to take here, as no one solution fits everyone.
See the Last Thing That Woke Your PC
The first step in figuring out why your PC is waking up before you want it to is determining what's doing the waking. You can usually figure out what event caused your computer to wake up most recently with a simple Command Prompt command. Start the Command Prompt by hitting Start, typing "command," and then selecting the "Command Prompt" app.
In the Command Prompt window, type the following command and press Enter:
powercfg -lastwake
I can tell from the output of the command above, for example, that I used the power button to wake my PC. You may also see listed devices—like your mouse, keyboard, or network adapter—or events like wake timers or automatic maintenance.
This won't always give you the information you need, but often it will.
Explore Other Wake Up Events with Event Viewer
While the Command Prompt command we just talked about is great for showing you what last woke your PC, sometimes you need to go a bit further back in history to see what's woken it up before. For that, we'll turn to Event Viewer, a handy logging tool that will help us see when your computer turned off (be that because it was shut down, put to sleep, or hibernated) and when it woke up.
To open Event Viewer, hit Start, type "event," and then select "Event Viewer."
In the left-hand pane, drill down to Event Viewer (Local) > Windows Logs > System. You'll see a lot of information here, but don't worry. You don't need to read through or attempt to understand everything going on in the log. We're going to filter it to just the stuff we need to look at. Right-click the "System" log and choose "Filter Current Log."
In the Filter Current Log window, on the "Event sources" drop-down menu, select the "Power-Troubleshooter" option and then click "OK."
Back in the main Event Viewer window, you'll see that we've filtered out the hundreds of messages that aren't relevant to our problem and honed right in on the thing we care about: when the computer is waking up from a low-power state. In the new filtered view, you can scroll through every instance where your computer has woken over the duration of the log (which should be hundreds of entries).
What you should focus on is the time the event was logged (did it wake at a time you were at the computer or was it a random middle-of-the-night wake up call) and what Wake Source is indicated.
- If the Wake Source says "Power Button," that indicates that the power button on the PC was pressed to wake it up—an action you most likely took yourself.
- If the Wake Source says something like "Device–HID-Compliant Mouse (or Keyboard)," that indicates the PC is configured for key presses and mouse movements to wake it.
- If the Wake Source lists your network adapter, that indicates your PC is configured so that incoming network activity can wake it up—something that's useful if you like having your PC go to sleep but still need it available to other network devices at times.
- If the Wake Source says "Timer," it means that a scheduled task woke the computer. The source information usually includes some indication about the task that woke the PC. For example, in the previous screenshot, I can tell that my PC was woken up in order to do a scheduled restart after an update.
- You may also see something like "Wake Source: Unknown," which is a bit more cryptic but at least it tells when the PC was awoken.
Once you've established that there is in fact a pattern of odd computer wake up calls and you've identified the source, it's time to do something about it.
How to Stop Your PC From Waking Up Randomly
Hopefully, one of the above tricks helped you figure out what's waking your PC. Now, it's time to solve the problem. Skip down to the section that applies to your situation.
Limit Hardware Devices That Can Wake Your PC
As you probably noticed from looking through Event Viewer logs, there are four primary hardware devices that can wake your PC: mice, keyboards, network adapters, and power buttons (or laptop lids if that's what you're using). You can easily view a complete list of the hardware devices allowed to wake your PC with a Command Prompt command. Open up a Command Prompt window and run the following command:
powercfg -devicequery wake_armed
In this example, I've got several devices that are allowed to wake my PC, including an Intel Ethernet adapter, two keyboards (I switch between regular and gaming keyboards), and a mouse. Whatever your setup, now that you know what devices can wake your PC, you can head over to Device Manager to tell them not to.
We've covered in detail how to prevent your mouse from waking your PC and how to prevent network activity from waking your PC. So, in our example here, we'll be preventing the keyboard from waking the PC. Why would you want to do this? One word: cats.
(This should, however, work for other devices that may be waking your computer—not just keyboards.)
Open Device manager by pressing the Windows key, typing "Device Manager," and then pressing Enter.
In the Device Manager window, locate the device you want to prevent from waking your computer. It will have the same name as it does in the output of the
powercfg command you just ran. Right-click the device and select "Properties" from the context menu.
On the "Power Management" tab of the device's properties window, disable the "Allow this device to wake the computer" option and then click "OK."
While you've got Device Manager open, go ahead and disallow any other devices you don't want waking up your computer. When you're done, you can exit Device Manager.
Disable Wake Timers and Scheduled Tasks
The other thing that can wake your PC is a scheduled task. Some scheduled tasks—for example, an antivirus app that schedules a scan—can set a wake timer to wake your PC at specific time to run an app or command. To see a list of wake timers set on your computer, you can use a Command Prompt command. You'll have to run Command Prompt with administrative privileges for this one. To do so, hit Start, type "command," and when you see the Command Prompt app, right-click it and choose "Run as administrator."
In the Command Prompt window, type the following command and then press Enter:
powercfg -waketimers
In this example, you can see I have one wake timer—a scheduled task set to check whether I have any large files queued for downloading so that I can have the downloading happen when I'm not using the PC.
You have to choices for stopping this: you can disable that specific wake timer, or disable all wake timers.
If you just want to stop one task from waking your computer, you can uninstall the app that created the task or adjust the scheduled task settings. You can read the full instructions for working with scheduled tasks in our article on automatically running programs with the Windows Task Scheduler, but here's the short version.
Find the task in Task Scheduler, right-click it, and then choose "Properties". In the Properties window, on the "Conditions" tab, turn off the "Wake the computer to run this task" option.
This leaves the scheduled task in place and, if your PC is awake, Windows will run the task. It just won't wake the PC in order to do it.
If you don't want any programs waking your computer up automatically, you can disable wake timers entirely. To do so open the Power Options Control Panel app it by hitting Start, typing "power options," and then pressing Enter.
In the Power Options window, click the "Change plan settings" link next to the plan you use.
In the next window, click the "Change advanced power settings" link.
Expand the "Sleep" entry, expand the "Allow wake timers" entry below it, and then set the entries below it to "Disabled." If you're on a laptop, you'll see two entries—"On battery" and "Plugged in"—and you can configure these for different settings if you want. If you're using a desktop PC, you'll only see one setting under the "Allow wake timers" entry, as in this example.
Note that if you're using Windows 10, you'll also have a third option other than just enabling or disabling the wake timer. This option is called "Important Wake Timers Only" and wakes your PC only for major Windows system events like a scheduled restart of your PC outside active hours following a Windows update. You can try setting your wake timers to "Important Wake Timers Only" and see if it solves your problems. If your PC is still waking up more often than you'd like, you can always come back and set wake timers to "Disabled" instead.
Prevent Automatic Maintenance From Waking Your PC
By default, Windows runs automatic maintenance tasks at 2:00 am every night if you're not using your computer. It's also set to wake your PC from sleep to run those tasks. These tasks include things like checking to see if your hard drive needs defragmenting, running system diagnostics, checking for disk volume errors, and more. They are important tasks to have run periodically, but if you'd prefer that Windows not wake your PC to do it, you can turn that setting off. We're using Windows 10 as our example here, but you'll find the settings in the same place in Windows 8 and 7.
In Control Panel, switch to icon view and then open the Security and Maintenance app.
On the Security and Maintenance page, expand the "Maintenance" section and then click "Change maintenance settings."
On the Automatic Maintenance page, turn off the "Allow scheduled maintenance to wake up my computer at the scheduled time" option. Of course, you can also set the schedule time to something you like better if you want.
If you do turn off Windows' ability to wake your PC to run maintenance tasks, you should still let it run those maintenance tasks occasionally. You can do that by setting the scheduled time to when you're more likely to have your PC turned on or you can do it manually by clicking "Start maintenance" back on the main Security and Maintenance page.
Sleep is a valuable tool for preserving energy while still keeping your PC immediately available when you need it. While you'll likely want some devices (like your keyboard) and some scheduled tasks to be able to wake up your PC, it's good to know that you have some tools for investigating why it's waking up and options for stopping it from happening when you don't want it to.
Long a lurker at HTG, I'm moved to register just to express admiration for such a well written article. Many thanks to HTG and the author.
Great summary!
Just really, it is kind of sad, that this is even necessary. Laptops should really disable all wake-events other than opening the lid and pressing the power button when they are not connected to the power grid.
When sleeping on battery, chances are that the battery time will be needed and that the laptop is inside a bag or other storage, where waking risks heat-damage to either the device or its environment.
Hence wake-on-battery should be whitelist-based, rather than having to track down the origin of unwanted wake-events. If needed for centralized maintenance in a company, it could still be changed by group-policies.
off-topic, but that cover picture made me laugh a good time!
My computer would wake up during the night sometimes, and I figured out through observation it was Windows update that was causing it to come on. It wouldn't initiate, but just wake the computer from sleep mode. Unchecking "Allow this device to wake up the computer" is also helpful especially things like network cards.
Excellent article!My power settings should prevent wake timers while on battery, but it does not appear to be working. Using powercfg, it appears that svchost.exe woke the system to run 'Maintenance Activator' last night, waking my laptop (Dell XPS13 running Windows 10) about every 15 minutes and draining the battery in the process. I don't know if that relates to Windows update or McAfee. My guess is that it is related to Windows update, but most of the wake options are greyed out in Task Scheduler. Any suggestions for a fix?
@Rob_B: Thanks!
I do have a suggestion for you. Windows does automatically run maintenance tasks daily when you're not using your PC. If you would prefer that these tasks not wake your computer, you can make that happen.
In Control Panel (category view), go to Security and Maintenance. Expand the Maintenance section and click "Change maintenance settings." Here, you can choose the time maintenance tasks run and also turn off the option to wake your PC to run them.
I should probably add that to the article
UPDATE: I did add it toward the end of the article if you want better guidance with screenshots!
Had the issue today again.
In the evening, I closed the laptop, sending it to standby. In the morning I put it into the bag.
Halfway in the tram I had to open the bag, because it was smelling of burnt dust. Thankfully it didn't actually damage anything though.
Really, I see no good reason to allow a laptop to wake from sleep by default when not connected to a power-supply. At best it wastes battery when needed otherwise, at worst it is a fire hazard.
By any chance, do you use Google Chrome?
I noticed that something sleep is prevented entirely, until Chrome is closed. The device will go to sleep, but will wake up right away.
Great, great, article. Since of of those major updates for Win 10, I've had problems left and right trying to get my system to both sleep/hibernate and then stay that way. This article will help a lot. Thanks!
Regardless of how your computer wakes up, there are programs out there that can ensure it goes back to sleep. One example is MollieSoft WinSleep, which uses cpu/disk/network usages to put it to sleep when it is under-utilized, on a time schedule.
Great article and have tried everything you have suggested but still having the following problem:
When I shutdown my PC (full shutdown), my Logitech wireless devices (have their own usb wireless plugin) can turn it back on again. It's annoying as even just moving the mouse turns it back on. It hasn't been registering it as a wake-up on event viewer.
Is there anything you can suggest to stop this from happening? Is there a way of turning off USB power on shutdown so that it cannot receive the signal?


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Xero is beautiful, easy to use online accounting software for small businesses and their advisors. The company has over 100,000 paying customers and 240,000 users in more than 100 countries around the world. Xero's UK team is based in Milton Keynes.
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How-To Geek
What Is HDR Photography, and How Can I Use It?
You might have heard the enigmatic acronym "HDR" in reference to photography, or even seen it as a feature on your smartphone. It stands for "High Dynamic Range", and it creates photos with gorgeous, impossible detail and clarity–though it can also help you avoid silhouettes and other issues in normal photos.
Today we'll learn about the different types of HDR imaging, demystify some confusing terminology, and look at the the various reasons that why HDR even exists in the first place. If you're ready to expand your knowledge of photography, dive right in.
What Is HDR and Why Would I Need It?
Cameras are limited to the amount of image detail they can record when the sensor is exposed to light. Whether you're using the auto settings or are taking pics using skillfully tuned manual settings, your goal is trying to take advantage of the available light to maximize the detail in the result image. The problem is, when you're shooting heavy shadows and bright lights, you are forced into losing detail in one range or the other.
A skilled photographer can tune her elements of exposure to achieve great detail in shadows or highlights, or choose the middle of the road, "proper" exposure solution, and lose some detail in both. Lots of detail in the highlight areas will turn everything else to a solid, dark black (top left below). Focusing on the detail in the darker areas will wash out the highlight areas (bottom right below). Most people probably choose something in the middle to get a decent looking picture, but it still isn't ideal.
Using this sort of "normal" exposure, where a photographer has to make these sorts of tough decisions, is sometimes called "Standard" or "Low" Dynamic Range imaging.
HDR solves this problem by taking multiple photos with different exposures, then combining them so you get the best of all possible worlds: details in the shadows and details in the highlights.
In order to avoid any confusion, it's worth noting that there are many different methods of creating images that are all referred to as HDR, or High Dynamic Range Imaging. Many of these methods are very different, even though the terminology overlaps a lot. Keep the following in mind when thinking of HDR:
- Ordinary methods of creating images have less range than the human eye can see. These are called "Standard" or "Low Dynamic Range."
- There are methods and hacks to work around these image limits, and these methods are sometimes called HDR imaging methods. These specific methods are usually older and predate digital combination of images.
- There are also High Dynamic Range image formats and color spaces that have greater ranges of values than standard range formats, capable of capturing rich detail in shadows and highlights at once. These are also correctly called HDR, and are not the same thing as the previously mentioned methods. Normally these are captured natively, with HDR equipment.
- What most modern digital photographers refer to as HDR Imaging is what we shall be focusing on today—a method of combining image data from multiple digital exposures to create one photograph with detail normally not possible.
You can either do this manually, by taking multiple pictures and using photo editing software to create your image, or with your smartphone. Most modern smartphones have HDR features built in, which will take three photos in quick succession and combine them into one HDR photo. Check your camera app for an "HDR" button and try it out. It can save a lot of photos that would otherwise appear washed out in certain areas (like in the photo below).
Some digital cameras may have a similar option. Other ones, however–especially older ones–may not, in which case things are a bit more complicated.
The Technical Stuff: How HDR Images Are Created
Stepping around the problems of typical standard range photography, we can think of HDR Imaging as techniques that combine the image information from multiple exposures into one image with detail beyond the limitations of single exposures. Resourceful photographers know to use image bracketing when photographing a scene, or stopping up or stopping down the exposure in order to increase the chances of finding that proper "goldilocks" level of exposure. Even though your light meter or auto setting might say that the proper exposure has been selected, taking the same composition multiple times with multiple aperture or shutter speed settings will greatly boost your chances of getting that "best" image out of your shot.
HDR Imaging also uses bracketing, but in a different way. Instead of shooting multiple exposures to create the best image, HDR wants to capture the maximum possible detail throughout the whole range of light. Photographers normally faced with the choice of losing detail in highlights and shadows can choose to bracket multiple exposures, shooting first for detail in the shadows, then for detail in the highlights, and a "goldilocks" exposure somewhere in the middle. By bracketing this way, professionals create the building blocks for their perfect image.
The basic idea of creating a combination image with multiple exposures is not new to photography. As long as cameras have had the limitation of standard ranges, clever photographers have been hacking ways to create the best possible image. Brilliant photographer Ansel Adams used dodging and burning techniques to selectively expose his prints and create amazing rich detail in images, like the one illustrated above. When digital photography was finally viable enough to address this problem, the first HDR file types were created. However, the HDR file types used by most photographers today do not use this method (i.e. capturing multiple exposures into single file, beyond the range of ordinary imaging). Most so-called "HDR" images are actually multiple exposures combined into an HDR image, and then Tone mapped into a single standard range image.
Much of the true High Dynamic Range levels of detail are out of range of monitors, CMYK printers, and cameras—these ordinary mediums simply can't create images that can compare to the amount of image data the human eye can capture. Tone mapping is a technique to translate color and values from a HDR medium (for instance, a Photoshop creation of multiple SDR exposures) and map them back into a standard medium (like an ordinary image file). Because it is a translation, tone mapped images are a sort of simulation of the rich range of values in HDR file formats, despite the fact that they can create amazing detail in lights and darks simultaneously. Despite this, tone mapped images fall under the blanket of HDR techniques, and get the confusing blanket label of HDR.
It is this technique that most photographers call HDR Imaging, or even HDR photography. The reason it is more significant is because modern photo editing tools and digital cameras make it easier than ever for home and hobby photographers to create these images themselves.
Many modern image editing apps have tone mapping routines for combining multiple images and creating the best possible image out of their combination, in addition to hacks and clever ways to combine images to create rich photographs with excellent detail. These methods, some of which we will cover in future photography articles, are possible with Photoshop, and even with free software like GIMP or Paint.NET. You can create multiple exposure, high-detail photography by:
- Combining multiple exposures with software like Photomatrix or Photoshop's HDR Pro, and tone mapping the image.
- Combining multiple exposures using combinations of blending methods in multiple layers in powerful image editors like GIMP.
- Manually merging high detail areas of images with layer masks, erasers, and dodging and burning in programs like Photoshop or Paint.NET.
Still hungry to learn more about HDR Imaging? Stay tuned to Photography with How-To Geek, where we'll cover how to expose for HDR and create rich HDR images from those exposures in future articles.
Image Credits: St Louis Arch Tone Mapped by Kevin McCoy and Darxus, available under Creative Commons. HDRI and St Pauls by Dean S. Pemberton, available under Creative Commons. Exposure by Nevit Dilmen, available under Creative Commons. Grand Canyon HDR Imaging by Diliff, available under Creative Commons. Ansel Adams image in public domain. Dundus Square by Marmoulak, available under Creative Commons.
- Published 05/23/11
Comments (14)
I like this article. In your upcoming articles please promote more about Realistic HDR instead of Haloey HDR (it's the InstaGram of photography, you know).
Hah! I sort of agree, and I actually like the stylized look of HDR. It's one of those things like AutoTune that everybody sort of overuses because it's new and because people can. Regardless, I think it has its place.
I found out about HDR a couple of years ago and love it. I read "High Dynamic Range Digital Photography for Dummies", which I checked out from my local library. The book gives good advice on what type camera to buy and the best shareware and freeware programs to use with HDR.
There have been quite a lot of questions, since a couple of HDR wallpapers were posted on HTG a few days ago. This really helped. And I would agree, at lease one more article explaining step-by-step on 'how to' do it would be great ;)
Lets not forget our friend Trey Ratcliff over at http://www.stuckincustoms.com. Arguably the world's most renowned HDR photographer.
I would love to be able to implement HDR techniques for my product photography so I will be waiting in anticipation for the next article!
This sounds like what I am trying to do in astrophotography, not realising it is HDR!
Looking forward to the next bit.
Yes!!!! Please more……
Thank u for this article. Explains setting on my new iPhone. With in depth info. Geeks are the best!
Thanks Eric I'm eager to learn HDR toning techniques.
Looking forward for the next article!!
Thank u Eric for this nice article.
Were do I get to down load the program from for I phone and pc
I would like to make a ghost image of my laptop. Is there an easy way to make a boot disk of my Windows 7 64-bit laptop without being a programmer?
Thanks for all your help.
Ansel Adams and other "zone system" practioners would expose the film for shadow detail and develop each sheet of film for the appropriate time to bring out details in the highlights.
Multiple-eposure HDR was common in the early days of silver emulsion photography before panchromatic film was developed. Early film was sensitive only to high-energy blue light, so skies were especially overexposed. A second shorter exposure was sometimes used to retain sky detail.


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Journal FortKnox's Journal: Ye Ole Ring Spin 23
Have you ever noticed that in the reception (and usually lasting several weeks afterward), that the new husband is twirling his wedding band around on his finger? Usually his right hand comes over to the left, and just spins it on his finger, keeping the ring fully on, just spinning it. Eventually, after a few weeks, you do it with your left thumb, but the ring spin is still happening.
Married guys, did you do this? I know I did for a few weeks. Is it just a subconsious way for us to get used to wearing the ring?
Also, do you like to take your ring off? Call me old fashioned, but I -rarely- take my ring off (to let the jeweller buff it, and that's about it).


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"Make a joyful shout to the LORD, all you lands! Serve the LORD with gladness; Come before His presence with singing!"
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By James Stillerman at Ringside – It was a happy Saint Patrick`s day for the several hundred fans who packed the Tsongas Center at UMass Lowell as they saw their hometown fighter, "Irish" Joe McCreedy prevail over Michael "Flash" Walchuk by way of a eight round unanimous decision by scores of 76-76, 78-74 and 77-75, in a fight he dominated throughout and almost had Walchuk knockdown several times. This fight was presented by Chicago Fight … Read Article
McCreedy & Eklund Showcased on March 16th-
LOWELL, Mass. (January 31, 2013) — Chicago Fight Clubs Promotion is bringing professional boxing back to Lowell, Massachusetts – home of "Irish" Micky Ward and Dicky Eklund – on Saturday night, March 16 to kick-off St. Patrick's Day weekend, at Tsongas Center at UMass Lowell.… Read Article


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In my previous articles, I mainly cover server virtualization and cloud computing. Client computing, although less enterprise focused, is also a very important part of whole story. In this article, I am going to share some thoughts on this topic, mostly about the future development of how users will use computers and what it takes to get there. I know it's a big topic, but let's give a try.
My company has created products like vSearch ("Super vCenter"), vijavaNG APIs, EAM APIs, ICE tool. We also help clients with virtualization and cloud computing on customized development, training. Should you, or someone you know, need these products and services, please feel free to contact me: steve __AT__ doublecloud.org.
Me: Steve Jin, VMware vExpert who authored the VMware VI and vSphere SDK by Prentice Hall, and created the de factor open source vSphere Java API while working at VMware engineering. Companies like Cisco, EMC, NetApp, HP, Dell, VMware, are among the users of the API and other tools I developed for their products, internal IT orchestration, and test automation.


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Saturday, April 14, 2012
Dwight Howard Diagnosed With Herniated Disc
**UPDATE**Stan Van Gundy told reporters on Sunday that Dwight is "50-50" for the playoffs. I wouldn't be surprised if the Magic shut him down for good.
Larry Brown Wants to Coach... SMU?
Hall of Famer Larry Brown will interview for the head coaching job at Southern Methodist University. Brown had this to say about returning to basketball. "I'd like to get back involved in the game in some capacity. Whether that's as a coach, assistant, running a team or just as a resource, I don't care." I understand he wants to do something in basketball, but don't you think Larry Brown could get a better job then at SMU? Southern Methodist has never been a basketball school, and the last time they made it to the NCAA tournament was in 1993. Before coaching in the NBA, Brown coached at UCLA and Kansas, winning the National Championship in 1988. Brown spent the majority of his career coaching in the NBA, winning one NBA championship with the Pistons in 2004, and is 6th all-time with 1089 wins. I just don't get why he would want to do anything at SMU because he could definitely get a better college coaching job, an NBA job, and even an NBA basketball operations job. If Brown really wants to get back into basketball, what the hell is he doing interviewing for the Southern Methodist Mustangs head coaching job?
Thursday, April 12, 2012
C.J. Watson Sends it to Overtime Against Heat
Demaryius Thomas Doesn't Care That Tebow is Gone
Broncos Wide Receiver Demaryius Thomas could care less about Tim Tebow being traded to the New York Jets. I wonder why Thomas won't miss Tebow, maybe it's because Tebow can't complete ten passes in a game, and Demaryius wants the ball! Another thing, the Broncos brought in some scrub named Peyton Manning, so now Thomas can catch more than 32 balls in a season, and think about reeling in 100 +. Thomas went on to say this about the media coverage of Tim Tebow " Everything on ESPN was all about Tim. "That bothered some players, too, because they would say, 'Tim Tebow Time.' I felt like it was a team thing. If it wasn't for the defense most of the time, there wouldn't be no supposed 'Tim Tebow Time." Cry me a fucking river Demaryius, yeah the defense kept the team in ball games, but guess who was putting together game winning drives week after week? Tebow. It seems that Thomas is just itching for some media attention in Denver, and he won't get it unless he somehow turns into an all-star receiver because instead of Tebow getting the media attention, it will be Peyton Manning 24/7 when the NFL season comes around. Hey Demaryius don't expect any headlines this season because you just not good enough.
Updated NBA MVP Race
Despite a loss to the Celtics on Tuesday night, LeBron put up 36 points, 7 assists and 7 boards. King James' statistics are undeniable and he has been my leading candidate ever since the performance he put on against OKC on April 4th. Kevin Durant went 7-21 from the field last night in a loss to the Clippers and took a controversial 28-footer at the buzzer. Despite a few shaky games, Durant is second in the league in scoring and his Thunder sit atop the Western Conference. Kobe Bryant has missed the last three games, which may hurt his stock a little bit, but I would be surprised if Kobe finished outside the top three. Kevin Love suffered a mild concussion last night and the timetable for his return is unknown at this point. As long as Love doesn't miss too many games, he will finish near the top five.
The Spurs got humiliated last night (on their home court) by a Kobe-less Lakers squad. Tony Parker shot a disappointing 2-12 from the floor last night and has started to cool off. In his last four games, Parker averaged just 12.3 points and 4.8 assists on just 40% shooting. Chris Paul dropped 31 last night in OKC on 55% shooting. Although CP3 has struggled a little bit as of late, he has the Clippers in fourth place in the West and only 1.5 games behind the Lakers for the Pacific Division lead. Russell Westbrook shot 3-14 from the field last night and has shot just 37% from the floor in his last five games. Westbrook was emerging as a legitimate candidate a few weeks ago, but after a mediocre last few games, he is starting to slip a little.
Here are some surprises:
Rajon Rondo deserves some MVP love. For the sixth time this season, Rondo put up a triple-double (10 points, 20 assists and 10 rebounds) last night in an OT win against Atlanta. The Celtics are atop the Atlantic division and have won the most games in the NBA since the all-star break. Rondo leads the league with 11.4 assists per game.
Josh Smith is having his best season as a professional. On a nightly basis, Smith is putting up 19 points, 10 rebounds, four assists, two blocks, one and a half steals and is logging 36 minutes of playing time. He has the Atlanta Hawks in fifth place in the Eastern Conference and has played in (and started) all 58 games this season.
Steve Nash also deserves some recognition as an MVP candidate. Despite averaging only 12.8 points per game, Nash is shooting a career-high 54% from the floor and is second in the league in assists with 11.1 per game. Not to mention Nash shoots 88% from the free throw line.
As of now, I'd have to go with LeBron James, Kevin Durant, Kobe Bryant, Chris Paul, Tony Parker, Kevin Love, Rajon Rondo, Russell Westbrook, Dwight Howard and Josh Smith (in that order).
Honorable Mention: Carmelo Anthony, Steve Nash, Blake Griffin, Dwyane Wade and Andrew Bynum (in that order).
Note: The reason I have CP3 and Tony Parker over K-Love is because the T-Wolves are the fourth worst team in the Western Conference.
Wednesday, April 11, 2012
Big Win for the Knicks Over Bucks. 111-107
With 8 or so games remaining in the NBA season, there was only one game separating the Bucks from the Knicks and the 8th seed in the playoffs. So it was a huge win for the Knicks on Wednesday night which now gives them a two game lead as they come down the home stretch. Carmelo Anthony led the way with 32 points and 10 rebounds. Tyson Chandler also had a double double with 19 points and 11 rebounds. The Knicks are without Amare Stoudemire and Jeremy Lin so Anthony has to carry this team on his back if they want to make the playoffs. Anthony has turned it on as of late going for over 25 in each of the last 3 games. As it stands now the Knicks would face the top seeded Bulls in the first round, but the Knicks are one game behind the 76ers for the 7th spot in the east and the 7 seed would face the Heat in the first round if the season ended today. There are still two weeks left in the season, and anything can happen especially with the Knicks being so inconsistent the entire season. Who knows maybe the Bucks win the last 8, and anything is possible with Monta Ellis and Brandon Jennings on the same team. Ellis had a game high 35 points in the loss against the Knicks. The Knicks fly home to take on the pathetic Washington Wizards on Friday where it should be another win for the Knicks.
Bobby Petrino Ousted From Fayetteville
Petrino failed to mention or acknowledge the female passenger that accompanied him during his motorcycle accident on April 1st, who ironically turned out to be his 25-year-old mistress, Jessica Dorrell. Petrino has a wife of 26 years, as well as four kids, yet he was railing some girl half his age. In fact, Bobby's oldest daughter, Kelsey, is the same age as Dorrell. To make matters worse, Petrino lied to Arkansas AD Jeff Long and tried to cover up the circumstances of the incident.
Long was quoted as saying, "In short, coach Petrino engaged in a pattern of misleading and manipulative behavior designed to deceive me and members of the athletic staff, both before and after the motorcycle accident." Those are some pretty strong words folks.
Long also revealed that Petrino and Dorrell have engaged in an inappropriate relationship for a "significant" amount of time. Just four days before the accident, Petrino hired Dorrell to a position in the football department, paying a salary of roughly $55,000, which Long described as "a staff decision that benefited himself and jeopardized the integrity of the football program." Petrino also admitted to giving Dorrell a $20,000 "gift" sometime in the past.
Wait it gets better.
Jessica Dorrell is reportedly engaged to a man who also works in the Arkansas athletic department, in the role of the assistant swim coach (wait does that even count?) and they have a wedding scheduled for the month of June. What the fuck is going on at Arkansas people?
Let's remember though, this is the same Bobby Petrino who bolted on his 3-10 Falcons team (via post-it notes) in 2007 to take the Arkansas job (they despise Petrino in Atlanta).
So now our boy Bobby is left with four broken ribs, a cracked vertebrae in his neck, a tarnished reputation, no job and some sleazy 25-year-old former Arkansas volleyball player (who is apparently engaged to someone else). Tough luck Bobby. Karma's a bitch.
Tuesday, April 10, 2012
Ozzie Guillen Suspended 5 Games
This isn't the first time Ozzie Guillen has said some stupid shit. What about the time Ozzie said Adolph Hitler "just had that 'it' factor?" Or the time he called Sean Penn a "loser" and Jay Mariotti a "fag" (which is actually pretty funny).
With an overwhelming population of Cuban-Americans in Miami, this is not a very smart thing to say. Guillen was brought into Miami to help increase interest and create buzz amongst those of Cuban descent, not to insult their culture. Ozzie returned to Miami yesterday to apologize for the remarks, but it hasn't seemed to make much of a difference. Ozzie is lucky to only be missing five games and hopefully he will learn to keep his mouth shut (but I doubt it).
Dan Le Batard, a Cuban-American sportswriter, discusses the severity of Ozzie Guillen's comments.
Sunday, April 8, 2012
Bubba Watson Wins The Masters in a Playoff
When Bubba Watson hit his tee shot on the second playoff hole, few people thought he would be able to get it close to the green, let alone 15 feet from the hole. It was a great shot out of the trees that not many other players could even think about hitting. It was the shot that earned Bubba his first Masters victory, and first major overall. Bubba had two chances to end it, one 8 footer for birdie on 18, and then a second opportunity on the same hole in a playoff. Watson beat Louis Oosthuizen who double eagled the 2nd hole to vault himself to 10 under par early in his round. It was only the fourth double eagle in Masters history. With the victory Bubba moves to number 4 in the world, making him the highest ranked American in the world.
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Marlow Backcare Comfort Divan Bed Set
- Description
- Dimensions
- Assembly guide
- Delivery
800 firm pocket springs provide excellent edge to edge support. The mattress is double sided with deep luxurious comfort layers that provide warmth in winter and coolness in summer. These layers are hand tufted to give a comfortable sleeping surface, with enhanced firmness. Solid constructed FSC approved divans provide optimum support for the mattress.
- 800 firm individual pocket springs, ideal for sleepers requiring an orthopaedic mattress
- Superb independent support with no roll together
- Double sided, seasonal mattress with deep, sumptuous layers of upholstery for a firm response
- Side 1 - layer of English wool, for warmth in winter
- Side 2 - layers of quality polyester, for coolness in summer
- Traditionally hand tufted for extra durability
- Choice of storage options available
- Choice of firmness ratings - The Marlow Backcare, rated as 4 for a firmer feel whilst the the Marlow Backcare Comfort, rated as 3 for a softer feel.
Headboard not included – To view the Urban metal headboard shown click here.
What's included? divan base and mattress. Please note headboard is not included.
Mattress height: 27.5cm, base height: 38cm, overall height: 65.5cm
Mattress Size Guide
Helping you choose the right size for you.
Bed Size Feet & Inches Inches Centimeters Small Single 2'6" x 6'3" 29.5" x 75" 75 x 190cm Single 3' x 6'3" 36" x 75" 90 x 190cm Small Double 4' x 6'3" 48" x 75" 120 x 190cm Double 4'6" x 6'3" 54" x 75" 135 x 190cm King 5' x 6'6" 60" x 78" 150 x 200cm Super King 6' x 6'6" 71" x 78" 180 x 200cm
Relax we'll deliver your divan bed not just to your front door, but to any room in your house. Of course we'll take every care carrying them through your home but even so, we recommend that you move valuables such as vases or paintings out of the delivery path.
We will unpack, assemble your divan bed and recycle the packaging:
- We unpack all divans, assemble and fit the headboards (if purchased) in a room of your choice
- We will take away packaging for divans, mattress and headboard packaging, if assembled, away and recycle it.
- All this is at no extra cost to you!
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Credit is available subject to status to UK residents aged 18 or over. Steinhoff UK Retail Limited trading as Bensons For Beds acts as a credit broker and not as a lender: their registered office is Festival House, Jessop Avenue, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, GL50 3SH. Credit is provided by Creation Consumer Finance Ltd (Chadwick House, Blenheim Court, Solihull B91 2AA), is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority