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From the Associated Press:
By MARY ESCH
Backers of natural gas drilling and environmental advocates wrangled Thursday over whether New York's towns have the legal right to ban oil and gas development in a fight that could ultimately be decided by the state's highest court.
A four-judge appellate panel heard arguments over the local bans in Dryden and Middlefield, two central New York towns among dozens in the state that have passed zoning laws prohibiting drilling. Opponents argue state rules supersede such local restrictions.
The Dryden law is being challenged by drilling company Norse Energy and the Middlefield ban by a dairy farmer who said the town's action prevents her from making money from gas wells that had been planned for her land.
The cases are being closely watched by other towns across the state as a test of their constitutional right of "home rule." They're also of keen interest to the industry, which has claimed it can't operate profitably in a state with a patchwork of local regulation that may shift with each town board election.
In the past few years, more than 50 New York municipalities have banned gas drilling, and more than 100 have enacted moratoriums on drilling activities. The bans stem from residents' concerns about potential harm to the environment if the state lifts its 5-year-old moratorium on gas drilling that uses high-volume hydraulic fracturing. The practice, known as fracking, frees gas from deep rock deposits by injecting wells with chemical-laced water at high pressure.
Trial-level state Supreme Court judges have already upheld bans in Dryden, Middlefield, and the Livingston County town of Avon.
At the heart of the cases is the interpretation of a state law passed in 1981 that says regulation of the oil and gas industry rests solely with the state Department of Environmental Conservation, which "supersedes" local laws and ordinances.
"Our argument is that the towns of Dryden and Middlefield are not trying to regulate the industry; they recognize that regulating the industry is a matter for the state," said Deborah Goldberg, an attorney for the environmental group Earthjustice. "But the town of Dryden is exercising its constitutionally protected local power to regulate land use through zoning."
Goldberg, representing Dryden, argued the state's highest court, the Court of Appeals, had ruled that a law regulating the mining industry did not pre-empt local zoning rules, including a ban. Tom West, who represents Norse, argued that case doesn't apply because state mining law is fundamentally different from its oil and gas statutes.
West said the oil and gas law is intended to prevent waste of the resource and protect the mineral rights of multiple landowners.
"When a municipality says you can't drill here, you have the ultimate waste of the resource and destruction of the correlative rights of the landowners," West said.
Before the hearing, Dryden Town Supervisor Mary Ann Sumner said her town is trying to protect its identity.
"Who should make the decision affecting the use of our land?" she said. "The people who live here, who can identify a particular bend in the road or hayfield or sensitive wetland or bog? Do we have that choice or do we leave it to people in corporate offices thousands of miles away who know nothing of our lifestyle?"
Local ordinances like those in Dryden and Middlefield are getting increased attention now that drilling is expanding into areas that haven't had to deal with it before, said environmental lawyer and Harvard Law School instructor Shaun Goho. He said such local rules have been common for years in many states, including Texas and Colorado, where an industry group is challenging a fracking ban passed by the city of Longmont in November. In Pennsylvania, seven municipalities have filed a lawsuit challenging a 2012 state law that takes away their ability to control gas drilling operations through local zoning.
The panel is expected to take six to eight weeks to rule. Sumner and West both said they were prepared to go to the Court of Appeals if the mid-level court rules against them.
Chesapeake Energy Corp,the Oklahoma-based firm is the No. 1 driller in Ohio.
Rig Count Interactive Map by Baker Hughes, an energy services company.
Shale Sheet Fracking, a Youngstown Vindicator blog.
National Geographic's The Great Shale Rush.
The Ohio Environmental Council, a statewide eco-group based in Columbus.
Earthjustice, a national eco-group.
People's Oil and Gas Collaborative-Ohio, a grass-roots group in Northeast Ohio.
Concerned Citizens of Medina County, a grass-roots group.
No Frack Ohio, a Columbus-based grass-roots group.
Fracking: Gas Drilling's Environmental Threat by ProPublica, an online journalism site.
Pipeline, blog from Pittsburgh Post-Gazette on Marcellus shale drilling.
Allegheny Front, environmental public radio for Western Pennsylvania.


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How-To Geek
Desktop Fun: Underwater Theme Wallpaper Collection Series 1
Are you in the mood for some underwater scenery and adventure? Then you will definitely want to take a swim through the first in our series of Underwater Theme Wallpaper collections.
Underwater Theme Series 1
If the image links fail for some reason you can download the entire set as a zipped file here.
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- Published 01/23/10
Comments (3)
where are your search in your web??
Looks like these were grabbed from Endless Ocean 2 ;0
I would like to show Netflix, Amazon & free internet movies, along with utube and my personal pictures, on my big screen wirelessly. What is the best equiptment to do this


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Develop Word Game Applications for iOS
This project received 4 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $1772 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project Budget$30 - $5000 USD
Total Bids4
Project Description
We have a requirement to develop 2 word game apps, one for crossword puzzles and one for word search. This would initially be made for the iOS platform compatible with iPad, iPhone and iPod Touch 4th Generation and then be translated to the Android platform.
## Deliverables
(1) These apps would be provided as an accompaniment to hard copies of
crossword puzzle and word search puzzle books, therefore they should be
downloadable straight from the publisher's website and assigned a unique
code attached to the book.
(2) We would be providing all content and design inputs including layout,
style, artworks and game content. You and your team would be responsible for
development, prototyping, programming and testing of the apps.
(3) Sample of style and functionality for the crossword puzzle app would
be similar to Crossword Light, made by Stand Alone Inc, which you can
download for free on the Apple app store.
(4) Sample of style and functionality for the word search puzzle app
would be similar to Word Search Star Free, made by Brainium Studio's LLC
which you can download for free on the Apple app store.
Based on the above requirements, please send me:
(1) Quote for development to final app deliverables, which should be
broken for both the apps on the iOS platform and then future translation
into Android platform compatible with Android phones and tablets.
(2) Timelines for prototype and deliverables.
(3) Solution for content updates and maintenance of apps whereupon we can
provide updates and additional content as required.
Skills Required
Looking to make some money?
- Set your budget and the timeframe
- Outline your proposal
- Get paid for your work
Hire Freelancers who also bid on this project
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Work on projects like this and make money from home!Sign Up Now
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text:
The tabernacle was enclosed in a court, about sixty yards long and thirty broad, formed by curtains hung upon brazen pillars, fixed in brazen sockets. Within this enclosure the priests and Levites offered the sacrifices, and thither the Jewish people were admitted. These distinctions represented the difference between the visible nominal church, and the true spiritual church, which alone has access to God, and communion with him. (Ex 27:20)
Previous commentary:
The altar of burnt offerings.
Next commentary:
The oil for the lamps.
About this commentary:
Matthew Henry's Concise Commentary on the Bible is available in the Public Domain.
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EC: No withdrawals allowed - names will be on ballots
Candidates whose nominations have been registered can no longer withdraw from contesting the 13th general election.
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Bags NO Enough is a Singapore registered business provides an online Rental Service of Authentic Designer Handbags. A wide selection of Authentic Designer Handbags you could ever need in one web store.
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- 07-03-2014, 04:35 PM Thread Author #1
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Evenote vs OneNote?
I currently use OneNote, as I love the organization and the cool things it can do in the Windows App (not the desktop version, the app version in Windows 8).
However, the only thing holding me back to moving to the Google ecosystem is Outlook and OneNote.
So, what is the difference between OneNote and Evernote?
How is one better than the other?
What is the advantages and disadvantages of each?
I would like to know as this will be the deciding factor for me next productive device - an Android tablet with blue tooth keyboard, or a Surface RT with the attachable keyboard, or perhaps the chromebook.
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Re: Evenote vs OneNote?
I'd say that's the matter of taste. Currently I'm on Evernote and I'm happy with it. It's pretty handy and easy. I tried OneNote but I didn't like how it synced with my Android (was rather too slow). What's great about OneNote is that it uses your OneDrive, instead of pretty low limit in Evernote. So, if you're a diehard user of MS products, than it's better to go with OneNote. However, as for me, Evernote has a better design. Nevertheless, choosing between these two is more a question of a taste..
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text:
From ♥ Eddy ♥'s Catster Photos[ View profile page | Plus Photobook ]
|"Is this profile my best side Mom?"
Your cat loves a clean toilet -- don't we all? Catster's singing Cat Lady, Sarah Donner, explains why.24
|"Is this profile my best side Mom?"
Copyright © I-5 Publishing, LLC. All rights reserved.


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Is East-West Holdings incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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Hotfrog Philippines provides information regarding East-West Holdings in Cebu City Cebu. East-West Holdings is located at 13 Gov Cuenco Avenue, Cebu City Cebu 6000 and provides Real Estate services. Contact them on (032) 345 8533.
Is East-West Holdings in 13 Gov Cuenco Avenue, Cebu City Cebu 6000 your business? Claim your listing and attract more leads by adding more content, photos and other business details.
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This lifestyle item by London Undercover for Transport for London takes inspiration from a service of coaches that connected downtown London to outlying towns within a 30-mile radius. "The Green Line" as this service was so-called provided the historical reference for "The Green Line" Umbrella, which features a green/gold colorway and moquette tartan pattern on the interior. This release is now available for £65 GBP (approximately $101 USD) at the London Undercover online store.


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With reissues, and collections this is a version you must have in your collection.
The CD comes with a oversized booklet, lyrics throughout and pictures on back and front covers. The vocals in this CD are distinct. You know she is sharing her past with the listener she becomes quite emotional in her songs. Musically it is really varied as well, with everything from bells to harsh guitars.
One minute you feel like you are listening to a angel and the next minute you feel like you are in hell. A wide and varied range of singing ability go along with this CD.
The pictures yell out to be looked at, and when you do, there is such high emotions that go with them.
This CD is wild ride for your ears, you never know what to expect.
So put it on, sit back and be amazed.


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3 Steps for Dealing with Winner's TiltJune 23rd, 2016 by Todd McGee
Anybody who has played online poker has experienced tilt before. One bad beat leads to a bad decision, and then another bad decision, and then an angry shove and the next thing you know, you've donked away all of your winnings. I wrote in an earlier blog post about the five stages of tilt. It is important to recognize early if you are climbing on board the tilt train, because once it leaves the station, there is no turning back.
There is another kind of tilt that can be equally devastating. Winner's tilt occurs when you are the person who is administering the bad beats. You're hitting two outers, your flush draws are connecting, your pocket pairs are turning into sets, your bluffs are working – everything is going your way. Your stack grows to the point where you feel invincible, that you can't lose.
Then sure enough, before you figure out what has happened, you've frittered away all of your stack on a series of bully plays, bluffs, and blunders. You're left scratching your head and wondering where did all your chips go?
So how do you combat winner's tilt? Again, like with almost everything else in poker, you've got to have a strategy, and then you've got to have the wherewithal to stick with your strategy.
Get a Strategy
Knowing when to quit is perhaps the toughest decision in poker, and it is really difficult when you are on a hot streak. Effective bankroll management is not just a strategy for dealing with losing streaks. You can also create rules for yourself on how you will handle a profitable session.
Let's say you play .05/.10 online and you always buy in for the maximum $10. You probably have a rule that addresses how much you will lose in any one session (e.g. you won't lose more than three buy-ins per night). It's not a bad idea to adopt another guideline that addresses your winnings. You could adopt a policy that if you win more than three times your buy-in, you will leave the table.
I can hear the arguments now. Why leave a soft table? Why quit when you're on a hot streak?
Big Stack, Big Target
It's tempting to think that when you are accumulating a lot of chips, it's all about you. You're making the right decisions and the right reads, but a lot of times, your opponents may be more responsible for your hot streak than you are. You may have landed on a table with a bunch of inexperienced players who are just making one dumb play after another.
But as new players join the table, the competition level may increase without you realizing it. Your "soft" table may suddenly become a table filled with regs who are looking at your big stack as the source for their next double up. The classic case of the hunter becoming the hunted.
Stick with the Basics
Another advantage of starting over at another table with your original buy-in amount is that you go back to playing the style that helped you get the big stack to begin with. Many players subconsciously change their approach when they are enjoying a winning session. They open their range, stop paying attention to position, and chase flushes or straights simply because they can afford it. Going back to your original buy-in amount can force you to play the way you are most comfortable and successful with.


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Two ageing Sixties rockers, whose much-parodied rock band, Status Quo, is said to have been the inspiration for the classic spoof documentary This is Spinal Tap, have been awarded OBEs for their charity gigs.
Rick Parfitt and Francis Rossi performed in the first Prince's Trust concert in 1982, and were the opening act of the 1985 Live Aid concert – though it has since been said they could barely recall being on stage due to the quantities of alcohol and drugs they were consuming at the time.
Now in their sixties, both musicians said yesterday that, after more than 40 years since their first top 10 hit single, "Pictures of Matchstick Men", they had almost given up hope of formal recognition, although the number of live performances they still put on makes them one of the hardest-working bands in the UK.
Rossi, 60, said: "Us, of all people! I'm not sure that we deserve it. You hear about people refusing them because it's not rock'n'roll, but that's a dickhead approach. My partner [Parfitt] is even more excited about it – he's probably blubbing."
Parfitt, 61, added: "With all the hard work we have put in over the years, I accept it graciously. I do think we deserve it."
Patrick Stewart, the Shakespearean actor best known as Star Trek's Jean-Luc Picard, is possibly the most famous name in the New Year Honours List. The actor, who has given more than £100,000 to the Labour Party, is knighted for services to drama.
There is also a knighthood for Nicholas Hytner, the director of the National Theatre, who brought Alan Bennett's The History Boys to both the stage and the screen. He also directed a stage adaptation of Philip Pullman's trilogy, His Dark Materials.
A CBE was awarded to Channel 4's film controller, Tessa Ross, who was instrumental in bringing Slumdog Millionaire to the big screen. Ross has been behind numerous successful movies, including the recent release Nowhere Boy, and is seen by many as a mother figure to the UK movie industry.
As head of Film4, she has helped to fund and nurture some of the UK's most acclaimed and popular films of the past few years, including The Last King of Scotland, This Is England and The Motorcycle Diaries. She said yesterday: "I'm really honoured to have been recognised in this way – it's a huge encouragement to do more and to do better, though of course it's always the work, and the people that make it, that I feel deserve the real praise."
Maggi Hambling, 64, the sculptress who is said to be "the female Francis Bacon", joked yesterday that her CBE was a reward for her Scallop sculpture on Aldeburgh beach in Suffolk. The 12-foot seashell was erected to commemorate Benjamin Britten, but local residents have complained that it is an eyesore. It has been repeatedly vandalised and daubed with slogans demanding its removal.
There was also a CBE for one of the grand dames of the theatre, Margaret Tyzack, who first found fame in her role in the 1967 television adaptation of The Forsyte Saga. She won her most recent award in March for her role as Mrs St Maugham in the 1955 play The Chalk Garden by Enid Bagnold.
Phyllida Lloyd, the director of the Mamma Mia! film and stage musical, also received a CBE. She said: "I hope the Queen is a fan of Mamma Mia! I know Prince Charles and the Duchess of Cornwall are fans. They came [to the musical]. It was a very festive night."
An OBE was also given to the Glasgow-born composer Craig Armstrong, 50, who created the scores to films including Romeo + Juliet, Moulin Rouge! and Love Actually. An MBE was awarded to The Shadows' bassist, Jet Harris, 70, who performed on Cliff Richard's hit "Living Doll".
- More about:
- Actors And Actresses
- Cliff Richard
- Musicals
- Theatre


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Please do not submit sites selling products in this category. Such sites should be submitted under Shopping.
Please submit your site to the most appropriate subcategory possible.
Websites submitted here must be war related and in English. Sites in other languages should be submitted to the appropriate World subcategory.
|Arms trade related sites should be submitted to the Arms Trade category.
|Sites on specific weapons should be submitted to Weapons or its subcategory.
Likewise if your site is about Veterans, History, or Politics, please submit your site to the appropriate category.


text:
Generic in the extreme, Solar Attack is a standard fare disaster movie on a shoestring budget that can hardly be considered captivating. There's no tension here, the threat feels ridiculous, and performances range from passable to well below par.
Mark Dacascos stars as the overly-rich scientist trying to convince a brain dead government that the end of the world is real. Minimal, unconvincing destruction is caused by a coronal mass ejection from the sun. It threatens to burn the oxygen from our atmosphere or blow up a few satellites. At any rate, it's not a particularly unusual or interesting "end of the world" scenario, and the minor budget doesn't allow for mass destruction.
Global warming is preached throughout as one of the main reasons for this situation. The largest result of the threat, the annihilation of an entire country, occurs completely off screen. The audience doesn't even get some stock footage of cities burning to the ground.
A side plot, a Russian distrust of American politicians, is dated beyond all comprehension. Fake newscasts come off as that, incredibly cheap and unbelievable. A newscast this cheap would be pulled from the airwaves before going on the air.
The few effects shots are passable. Some decent shots of satellites crashing into Earth work fine, though the inevitable destruction isn't anywhere near the level audiences expect from a disaster movie. This is boredom.
We'd all want Louis Gossett Jr. as president, but if it requires us to sit through Solar Attack to get there, forget it. Without the destruction level at the expected level and burdened with dialogue that's unbearably long and unnecessary, this show is a mess. You can find far better films out there to satisfy your urge for end of the world scenarios.Powered by Sidelines


text:
Metro Nightstand
by Society Den | Item #: 586666 | Model #: JV600NS |
Price includes shipping
Everyday Price $169.87
- $ 144 87 144.87
Non-members pay 10% surchargeJoin now!
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About this item
- Nightstand features two drawers for your nighttime storage needs
- Simple lines for a clean, uncluttered look
- Ball bearing drawer glides
- Dust proofing on bottom drawers for added protection
- Padded handles with brushed silver accents
The Metro collection offers a fresh feel: modern yet relaxed. This tidy nightstand features two drawers with padded grips.
- Espresso Finish
- Select hardwood solids and veneers
- Finger joint construction with corner block reinforcements
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text:
Monsieur Minimal MonsieurMinimal B
Monsieur Minimal was born and raised in Greece. He studied music technology and production at the music school of Thessaloniki. He has been writing and producing music as Monsieur Minimal since 2006.His music, defined mainly as indie pop but with a lot of electronic influences and elements, expressed through simple, beautiful melodies and sweet pop vocals.

His first official release was in the City Campers compilation (The Sound Of Everything) in 2008. He was the artist that received the biggest attention from this project.

Monsieur Minimal's debut album, titled ''Lollipop'', was released in 2008 by The Sound Of Everything Records and received impressive reviews from press and radio, while it soon became a best seller of the Greek indie scene.The album gets the attention of international music blogs and soon tracks from the album "travel" to USA France, Spain,Germany, Italy while "Love Story" becomes a massive radio hit in Turkey.

In 2010 Monsieur Minimal records his second album, titled "Pasta Flora" in Greek. His music preserves the same successful ingredients and the lyrics convey the same meaning: Love! Dimitra Galani, one of the greatest female singers of Greece with a career spanning more than 30 years in the music industry, sings one of the album songs titled "Mia Zoi". The album becomes an instant success in Greece.

2012 finds Monsieur Minimal writing new songs for his third album "Minimal to Maximal", which is in English and includes 16 tracks with melodic and uptempo pop music blended with electronic elements ,new wave and rock influences from the 80s and 90s but also including elements form trip hop, minimal house, orchestral pop-rock, post-electronica, and many more influences from today's trends.

His latest single and music video entitled "Summer Lovers" was released in July 2013.


text:
Tune in this Tuesday at 8 p.m. for Local/Live, with this week's guests, the Carpetbaggers. Comprised of WMSE friend Matt "MF" Tyner and backed by Kent "The Colonel" Knapp and Ja-Bo "Boom Boom" Ciz, the Carpetbaggers run the gamut of true American roots, touching on the blues and old-timey country with the soul of rock and roll. Tune in this Tuesday and hear for yourself on WMSE's Local/Live.
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11:00 am WMSE's 15th Annual Rockabilly Chili @ MSOE Kern Center
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text:
Treat Your Kids to Jason Tan's Magic Show
Jason Tan has worked with kids for more than 20 years and his passion in magic has helped to bring joy into many young hearts. He has helped in many charities like Hair for Hope, Children Cancer Fund with Nick Shen, Children Cancer Foundation and Science Charity programs. He has also performed at many established companies like Standard Chartered Bank, Singapore Discovery Centre and Science Centre.
As a certified Education Officer himself, he has also coached ITE lecturers and Primary School teachers on the use of Magic to help engage their pupils. Jason Tan will also be featured in October 2014 in a Mediacorp Program, Super Family, whereby he mentored a kid to perform a magic show at a party.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 23, 2004
|Filing date
|Feb 11, 2000
|Priority date
|Feb 11, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Christopher J. Spiegel, Andrew H. Gafken, Robert P. Hale, William A. Stevens, Jr.
|Original Assignee
|Intel Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (100), Classifications (9), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The invention pertains generally to a boot process in a computer system. More particularly, it pertains to a protected boot process that resists tampering with the boot sequence.
2. Description of the Related Art
Before a computer system can operate, it must have an operating system (OS) in its memory that allows the computer's resources to be reached and controlled by the other software, such as the various application programs. It is desirable to have various types and versions of operating systems loadable into the same computer system hardware. To accomplish this, the computer hardware has a non-volatile, comparatively simple bootstrap program, which initializes various basic functions and then loads more complicated software from a disk. The boot sequence may have multiple levels of load programs, with each successive level loading a more complex, more capable, but also more modifiable program until the OS itself is loaded.
In a conventional system, the boot process is started with a reset function of some kind. This might be a cold start reset (power to the hardware is initially off), a warm start reset (the hardware is already powered up, but in a partially unknown logic state), or one of several other starting conditions. The type of reset affects the particular functions that must be performed in the boot sequence, but generally does not change the overall boot process.
The reset function typically generates a reset interrupt, which vectors the system to a program in non-volatile memory and begins execution from that point. This program is generally a Basic Input-Output System (BIOS) in flash memory. The BIOS enables basic input-output (IO) control, branches into an option ROM to enable the options that are active in that particular system, and then branches back into the BIOS program to complete initialization and load the OS into main memory from a disk. While most of the hardware in such a system is provided by the computer vendor, the BIOS and option ROM are typically provided by third party vendors, so the computer vendor has limited knowledge of, and control over, the specific contents of these items. In addition, both the BIOS and option ROM are typically reprogrammable while in the computer and therefore subject to tampering after the system has been installed. This presents a security issue, since there is no way to tell if the BIOS or option ROM have been tampered with. Widespread concern over sophisticated hackers and computer viruses makes this problem especially worrisome, as the system may be tampered with in unknown and possibly undetectable ways.
Computer vendors want to be able to verify that the bootstrap sequence is the one they want and expect, and that any unauthorized changes that have been made to this sequence are detectable at boot time so the boot sequence can be terminated and the problem investigated.
The invention includes a method of booting an operating system that includes initiating a reset function, executing a protected program, validating a BIOS program, and executing the BIOS program.
FIG. 1 shows a schematic of a boot sequence.
FIG. 2 shows a firmware hub block partitioning scheme.
FIG. 3 shows a schematic of an alternate boot sequence.
The invention supplements the conventional boot sequence by introducing one or more groups of protected instructions into the sequence that are protected from tampering themselves, and that verify the integrity of at least a part of the remaining boot sequence. FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of the system. Block 10 encompasses the non-volatile memory containing instructions and data used in the boot sequence. Firmware hub (FWH) 12 is a non-volatile memory block containing instructions (code) that control and validate the boot sequence. BIOS 14 is a non-volatile memory block, which can contain a relatively standard BIOS, but modified to interact with FWH 12.
When the system boots, system reset vector 16 is invoked, which directs the processor to begin execution at a specific address within firmware hub A (FWH_A) in sub-block 21 of FWH 12. The code of FWH_A locates the first sub-block 23 of the BIOS 14, designated BIOS_A. FWH_A 21 then validates the BIOS and FWH_B 25 to make sure it contains the code that is expected. Validation can take a number of forms, depending on the level of security desired. One embodiment performs a checksum of the BIOS code and compares that checksum to the expected checksum stored in FWH_A. Another embodiment uses digital signatures to increase the protection afforded by this security system. FWH_A can include a table identifying the type of security check to be performed, the BIOS objects on which to perform the security check, and the code for performing it.
In addition to validation of the BIOS, code for validating and executing the option ROM can also be included in either FWH 12 or BIOS 14. The option ROM may be included within BIOS 14, or may be in a separate memory block.
After validation of the BIOS, control is passed to the code of BIOS_A, located in sub-block 23 of BIOS 14. BIOS_A code is responsible for initializing main memory and determining the type of the CPU reset. The type of CPU reset that initiated the boot sequence may affect the specific functions that are performed during the boot sequence, but does not change the overall boot process. After performing these functions, control is passed to FWH_B, located in sub-block 25 of FWH 12. FWH_B code is responsible for locking down various blocks of flash memory in FWH 12 and/or BIOS 14.
Lock down is a process of stabilizing a block of code by preventing further write access to that code. This feature is dynamically available in the flash memory typically used for FWH 12. Prior to being locked down by FWH_B, the affected blocks can be updated by the boot code. Subsequent to lockdown, the blocks cannot be further modified without restarting the boot procedure. FWH_B can also load additional security elements into system memory for later use. A limited amount of lockdown may also be performed by FWH_A.
Various blocks of code can be updated before being locked down. This is typically handled by having the updated blocks written into predetermined locations in main memory by the operating system before the system is shut down. When the system is shut down and restarted, the boot program detects these updated modules, validates them, and installs them into the non-volatile memory containing the boot program. After installing these updated modules, they can be locked down to prevent further changes from being made to them. This process permits necessary updates to be made, but protects the boot sequence from unauthorized tampering after a certain point in the boot sequence has been reached.
After completing these tasks, control is passed to the code of BIOS_B contained in BIOS sub-block 27. The BIOS_B code can also have additional security interfaces available for its use as it continues execution of its standard power-on self-test (POST) sequence. BIOS_B can also branch to an option ROM in a conventional manner. BIOS_B contains the OS loader that begins the process that loads operating system 18 into memory. One purpose of the aforementioned validation procedure is to validate the integrity of this OS loader.
FIG. 2 shows how the contents of the firmware hub may be allocated. In one embodiment, FWH boot block 31 contains FWH_A code that is provided within the FWH at production. This may be a single 64 KB block that is protected by hardware, and cannot be updated by the system. This code locates BIOS_A, and performs a validation procedure to verify that the BIOS code is the code that is expected.
BIOS startup block 32 provides code that executes within FWH_A but is typically provided by the BIOS vendor. It can include code for interfacing with BIOS_A, BIOS_B, and also for a BIOS recovery function (not shown). Both boot block 31 and BIOS startup block 32 contain code that only executes directly from FWH 12.
Lock-down partition 33 is a set of one or more blocks that are locked down early in the boot process so they will be protected during system operation. Each block can be locked down individually. A Flash Media Manager (FMM) can be used to update data within this partition. However, any access that attempts to write to this partition must do so during the boot sequence before lockdown. Once the blocks in this partition have been locked down, the FWH hardware prevents any writes to these memory locations. These blocks can be unlocked only by resetting the FWH, and this occurs only during a CPU reset. To update these blocks, an update image is placed in memory and a CPU reset is initiated. During the protected boot sequence, this image will be detected and the update image will be used to update records within the locked down partition before it has actually been locked down.
Unlocked partition 34 is a set of one or more blocks that can be unlocked and are therefore accessible for writing. These blocks can be of any size that space allows. All data within these blocks can be managed by the FMM.
The number of blocks allocated to each of the functions shown in FIG. 2 can be selected to meet the needs of a particular system type, and would normally be determined by the BIOS vendor during initial design of the FWH and BIOS code.
A more detailed description of one embodiment of the invention follows, describing the four major sections of FIG. 1: FWH_A, BIOS_A, FWH_B, and BIOS_B.
FWH_A code is the system-critical startup code. It is the most trusted piece of code, and is assumed to be completely trustworthy (i.e., not subject to tampering or unauthorized changes). This code is hardware protected and is typically not programmable in the system. To increase the level of security, the system may use special hardware to protect this code. The device containing this code is generally built into the system's motherboard, and the code is responsible for validating the integrity of the next lower level of code. FWH_A code controls the security of all code within the bootstrap sequence, and may lockdown or otherwise protect any lower level code if tampering is detected. Such lockdowns may include, but are not limited to, hardware block locking.
The FWH_A code is the code responsible for performing a processor mode switch and validating the code within the system. In particular, it must validate the entire BIOS Startup Block before passing control over to the code. Verification can be done through the use of a checksum or through more complicated verification means. All code within this section of code should run with limited or no memory resources.
When an update recovery block (reclaim block) is available, the other security software can back up the BIOS startup block before erasing that block and then writing the new BIOS startup block during the update sequence. If power should be lost before the update can complete, the backup is used for updating. The FWH_A code determines which block, the BIOS startup block or the reclaim block contains the valid image.
The FWH_A can be the first piece of code executed after a processor reset. This code should execute without having to first initialize RAM resources. It is provided in the FWH boot block, which contains trusted code. FWH_A code can perform the following functions:
1) Boot vector—On processor reset, the first instruction is fetched at this location and executed.
2) Lock boot block—The boot block is set to a locked-down state. Execution of the lockdown code takes place external to the boot block, since flash memory cannot be locked down while executing code from within itself.
3) Switch modes—Switch CPU mode to a flat 32-bit environment.
4) Validate BIOS startup block—perform validation through predetermined means, such as a checksum.
5) If validation fails—Either a) issue warning signal and halt system, or b) locate backup BIOS startup block in reclaim block, validate it, and jump to it if it passes or issue warning signal and halt system if it fails.
6) Jump to BIOS_A—If validation step 4 passed, jump to BIOS_A code entry point.
BIOS_A code is generally responsible for system initialization, such as initializing main memory and enabling basic hardware resources. Like FWH_A code, BIOS_A code is typically built into the system motherboard, but unlike FWH_A code, BIOS_A code is typically re-programmable in the system. BIOS_A code can also perform validation of other code modules as needed.
BIOS_A code is the first piece of BIOS code executed. This code is responsible for determining the type of system reset that initiated the boot, and controls the security of current and lower level modules. For example, in the case of a Warm Boot, Cold Boot, or Awake, this code will typically lock down all the devices holding the firmware modules. In the case of an Update Boot, this code will typically perform any firmware updates and then reboot.
BIOS_A code may use interfaces provided to it from the FWH_A module. It can perform validation of the next lower level module and then pass control to that module upon successful validation.
BIOS_A code is responsible for enabling RAM resources, and passing control back to FWH_B. BIOS_A code is located in the BIOS startup block and is called by FWH_A code. As previously stated, BIOS_A code can perform these functions:
1) Determine reboot—The processor can be reset for multiple reasons. These reasons include waking from a power-saving sleep state, partial reboot, warm reboot, cold boot, and others. The boot sequence may be somewhat altered depending on which type of reboot is being executed.
2) Enable memory—Once the type of reboot has been determined, the BIOS_A code can restore the memory controller state (warm boot, wakeup from sleep state), or reinitialize and test the memory (cold boot).
3) Setup FWH_B parameters—The BIOS_A code indicates the execution path to perform based on the type of boot. It can determine the location of other protective software (warm boot), or the location to load the other protective software (cold boot).
4) Jump to FWH_B—After enabling memory, the BIOS_A code can return control back to the FWH boot block by jumping to the entry point of FWH_B.
FWH_B code generally involves system-critical patches and Option ROMs, such as CPU micro code patches and in-system Video BIOS. FWH_B code is typically stored on the motherboard, and is not responsible for its own security, which is provided by a higher-level module such as BIOS_A.
FWH_B code is responsible for initializing any related protective software from other managed blocks, for updating any blocks that need to be updated during the boot sequence, locking down those blocks, and passing control to BIOS_B. For example, this code might perform the following functions:
1) Initialize non-volatile storage—This code determines the total flash memory on the platform and initializes any associated registers.
2) Branch, based on type of boot—Based on the type of boot determined in BIOS_A, the code can branch to one of the following step 3's: Load OS, Return to OS, or Update.
3) Load OS—BIOS_A code indicated that the BIOS is reloading. The interface for other associated protective software should be loaded at the location indicated by BIOS_A.
4) Initialize stack—Memory resources are available, therefore the stack should be initialized for use.
5) Load Flash Media Manager (FMM) to memory—The FMM should be copied from the boot block to a location in memory based on the load value specified by BIOS_A.
6) Perform Restore if Needed—At this point, memory resources are available, allowing restoration of a failed BIOS startup block update to occur. Calling the FMM's restore function can do this.
7) Lockdown BIOS startup block—BIOS startup block should be locked-down.
8) Initialize FMM—Initializes the FMM, both the locked and unlocked partition, and allows any power-loss recovery to be performed.
9) Load related protective software—Other protective code can be loaded at this point, using the interface loaded in step 3.
10) On failure jump to BIOS Recovery—In the event that the FMM locked partition fails to initialize or the related protective software is not located, control can be passed to BIOS Recovery code.
11) Lock down blocks—Lock down all blocks within the lock-down partition.
12) Jump to BIOS_B—Pass control to the BIOS_B loader within FWH.
3) Return to OS—BIOS_A code indicated that the BIOS is returning to the OS, such as from a sleep state.
4) Lock down blocks—Using no memory resources, all blocks within the locked-down partition and BIOS startup block are locked down.
5) Switch to Real Mode—Before turning on the BIOS image in shadowed memory, the processor is returned to Real Mode.
6) Jump to BIOS compatibility boot vector—Return control back to the BIOS image shadowed in memory.
3) Update—BIOS_A code indicated that an update to the locked down partition is occurring and that the trusted update application should be executed.
4) Initialize Stack—Locate and set up a stack location.
5) Validate related protective code—Any related protective code must be validated to assure that the security software is itself secure and valid.
6) Validate and load update application—The update application software is validated and loaded into memory.
7) Execute update application—Pass control to the update application. This application locates, checks, and loads the update images.
8) Perform cold boot—Initiate a full reboot.
BIOS_B code generally involves the main BIOS, Option ROMs and operating system (OS) loader. Main BIOS is typically stored on the motherboard and is updateable. It provides all software interfaces and performs additional hardware detection and initialization. It can also be used to validate the integrity of the BIOS_B Option ROMs and OS loader, typically by using checksums. The BIOS_B Option ROMs are typically stored in daughter cards and manage the initialization of the add-in hardware devices. These Option ROMs have no internal provisions for security or understanding of the described higher layers. However, they may have their own proprietary update mechanisms.
The BIOS_B code is typically responsible for loading standard BIOS, and can therefore be referred to as a BIOS loader. The actual order of events is typically left to the BIOS vendor to determine, but can be the following steps:
1) Load BIOS to memory—Once loaded into memory, BIOS_B code can decompress the BIOS code.
2) Initialize video—Outputting video to the screen as soon as possible is usually desirable.
3) Perform a full memory test—Only a portion of low memory might be initialized during the BIOS_A portion of the boot flow. This step can test and initialize the remaining memory.
4) Initialize remainder of the system.
5) Relocate related protective code—This code is also typically located at the high end of memory, so this step moves it to just below the SMM code of the previous step. Related tables can be located elsewhere.
6) POST—Complete Power-On Self-Test.
In another embodiment, shown in FIG. 3, FWH boot block 43 contains BIOS_A code in sub-block 44 and FWH_B code in sub-block 41. BIOS_A code may be provided by the BIOS creator, while FWH_B code may be provided by the BIOS creator or by a third party. BIOS_A code and FWH_B are stored together in boot block 43 at the time of BIOS programming. BIOS_B code is stored in another portion of the nonvolatile device 40 and may not be protected. The code stored in boot block 43 may be protected from modification during runtime by hardware and can only be updated through BIOS_A code. Thus boot block 43 is protected from unauthorized tampering while the system is running.
The system's reset vector 42 causes execution to start at a predetermined address in BIOS_A. BIOS_A code is responsible for starting the system, initializing memory and locating FWH_B code. FWH_B code is responsible for locating and validating all or a portion of BIOS_B code to ensure it is the code that is expected. FWH_B code subsequently passes control to BIOS_B code, which continues the initialization of the system and loads operating system 46.
The foregoing description is intended to be illustrative and not limiting. Other variations will occur to those of skill in the art. Such variations are encompassed by the invention, which is limited only by the scope and spirit of the appended claims.
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|Sep 15, 2011
|Dec 8, 2015
|Thomson Licensing
|Method and device for distinguishing between cold boot and warm boot and setting a data to make it fail to determine the boot type as warm boot
|Sep 29, 2011
|Jan 12, 2016
|Intel Corporation
|Apparatus, system, and method for providing memory access control
|Dec 24, 2014
|Apr 5, 2016
|Intel Corporation
|Method and apparatus for secure execution using a secure memory partition
|Dec 24, 2014
|Apr 26, 2016
|Intel Corporation
|Method and apparatus for secure execution using a secure memory partition
|Mar 15, 2013
|May 10, 2016
|Seagate Technology Llc
|Volatile memory storing system data during low power mode operation and monitoring the voltage supplied to the memory during low power mode
|Nov 13, 2013
|Jun 14, 2016
|Via Technologies, Inc.
|Apparatus and method for securing BIOS in a trusted computing system
|Sep 14, 2012
|Jul 12, 2016
|Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
|Systems and methods for code protection in non-volatile memory systems
|Dec 20, 2011
|Aug 2, 2016
|Intel Corporation
|Secure replay protected storage
|Sep 28, 2012
|Aug 9, 2016
|Intel Corporation
|Secure replay protected storage
|Nov 13, 2013
|Nov 29, 2016
|Via Technologies, Inc.
|Secure BIOS mechanism in a trusted computing system
|Dec 24, 2014
|Nov 29, 2016
|Intel Corporation
|Method and apparatus for secure execution using a secure memory partition
|Dec 24, 2014
|Nov 29, 2016
|Intel Corporation
|Method and apparatus for secure execution using a secure memory partition
|Nov 13, 2013
|Jan 17, 2017
|Via Technologies, Inc.
|Event-based apparatus and method for securing bios in a trusted computing system during execution
|Dec 24, 2014
|Jan 17, 2017
|Intel Corporation
|Method and apparatus for secure execution using a secure memory partition
|Feb 2, 2001
|Nov 29, 2001
|Huntington Keith J.
|System and method for altering an operating system start-up sequence prior to operating system loading
|Aug 3, 2001
|Feb 6, 2003
|Gass Larry H.
|Firmware security key upgrade algorithm
|Sep 28, 2001
|Apr 3, 2003
|E. David Neufeld
|Method and apparatus for preserving the integrity of a management subsystem environment
|Dec 30, 2000
|Apr 15, 2004
|Spiegel Christopher J.
|Updating a file in a fragmented file system
|Dec 20, 2002
|Jun 24, 2004
|Rothman Michael A.
|Method and apparatus for loading BIOS and option ROM's from alternate locations
|Jun 25, 2003
|Dec 30, 2004
|Microsoft Corporation
|Systems and methods for declarative client input security screening
|Apr 21, 2004
|Jan 6, 2005
|Liqun Chen
|Security method and apparatus using biometric data
|Nov 21, 2003
|May 26, 2005
|Justen Jordan L.
|Using paging to initialize system memory
|Feb 25, 2004
|Aug 25, 2005
|Larson Mark A.
|System and method for accelerated information handling system memory testing
|Jun 30, 2004
|Jan 5, 2006
|Microsoft Corporation
|System and method for protected operating system boot using state validation
|Sep 20, 2005
|Jan 19, 2006
|Millind Mittal
|Method and apparatus for secure execution using a secure memory partition
|Dec 3, 2004
|Jul 6, 2006
|Matt Hageman
|Apparatus and method for accommodating different central processing units in a computer
|Feb 7, 2005
|Aug 10, 2006
|Andrew Morgan
|System and method for providing a secure boot architecture
|Feb 7, 2005
|Aug 10, 2006
|Rozas Guillermo J
|Method and system for validating a computer system
|Jun 3, 2005
|Dec 7, 2006
|Microsoft Corporation
|Running internet applications with low rights
|Jul 15, 2005
|Jan 18, 2007
|Microsoft Corporation
|Immunizing HTML browsers and extensions from known vulnerabilities
|Jun 27, 2006
|Jan 18, 2007
|Microsoft Corporation
|Browser Protection Module
|Feb 23, 2007
|Oct 18, 2007
|Hernandez Juan L
|Method for booting and using software for AWP and B type amusement gaming machines, and for C type casino machines
|Jun 13, 2007
|Oct 25, 2007
|Xilinx, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for controlling a processor in a data processing system
|May 4, 2006
|Nov 8, 2007
|Sheridan Ethier
|System executing a fast boot wake-up
|Jun 8, 2006
|Dec 27, 2007
|Zimmer Vincent J
|Maintaining early hardware configuration state
|Apr 17, 2007
|Oct 23, 2008
|Lexmark International, Inc.
|Dual boot strategy to authenticate firmware in a computing device
|Jul 3, 2007
|Jan 8, 2009
|Ping-Sheng Chen
|Integrity check method applied to electronic device, and related circuit
|Oct 31, 2007
|Apr 30, 2009
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Expedient preparation of memory for video execution
|Mar 23, 2006
|Jun 4, 2009
|Lenovo (Beijing) Limited
|Anti-virus method based on security chip
|Apr 16, 2009
|Oct 22, 2009
|Asustek Computer Inc.
|Computer system, bios structure and boot method thereof
|Feb 12, 2008
|Apr 29, 2010
|Ntt Docomo, Inc.
|Terminal device and method for checking a software program
|Dec 30, 2008
|Jul 1, 2010
|Khosravi Hormuzd M
|Apparatus and method for runtime integrity verification
|Jan 27, 2010
|Nov 25, 2010
|Lennox Industries, Incorporated
|Hvac system, a method for determining a source of a reset and a hvac controller configured for the same
|Oct 25, 2010
|Feb 24, 2011
|Intel Corporation
|Method and apparatus for secure execution using a secure memory partition
|Apr 26, 2010
|Apr 21, 2011
|Inventec Corporation
|Method for protecting redundant data
|Dec 10, 2012
|Apr 25, 2013
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Information device, storage medium and initial state restoration method
|Nov 7, 2011
|May 9, 2013
|Microsoft Corporation
|Simulated boot process to detect introduction of unauthorized information
|Sep 15, 2011
|Sep 12, 2013
|Thomson Licensing
|Method and device for distinguishing between cold boot and warm boot
|Mar 15, 2013
|Sep 18, 2014
|Seagatetechnology Llc
|Storing System Data During Low Power Mode Operation
|Nov 13, 2013
|May 14, 2015
|Via Technologies, Inc.
|Apparatus and method for securing bios in a trusted computing system
|Nov 13, 2013
|May 14, 2015
|Via Technologies, Inc.
|Secure bios mechanism in a trusted computing system
|Nov 13, 2013
|May 14, 2015
|Via Technologies, Inc.
|Secure bios tamper protection mechanism
|May 30, 2005
|Jan 21, 2009
|System and method for protected operating system boot using state validation
|Jun 23, 2005
|Jan 4, 2006
|Microsoft Corporation
|System and method for protected operating systems boot using state validation
|Mar 23, 2006
|Sep 24, 2008
|Lenovo (Beijing) Limited
|A method for amti-virus based on a safety chip
|Mar 23, 2006
|Oct 5, 2011
|Lenovo Beijing Ltd
|A method for amti-virus based on a safety chip
|Feb 3, 2006
|Aug 17, 2006
|Transmeta Corporation
|Method and system for validating a computer system
|Mar 23, 2006
|Aug 2, 2007
|Lenovo (Beijing) Limited
|A method for amti-virus based on a safety chip
|Feb 23, 2007
|Oct 25, 2007
|Projectmill Ab
|Method and system for secure software provisioning
|Jul 5, 2012
|Jan 10, 2013
|Intel Corporation
|Bios flash attack protection and notification
|Sep 29, 2011
|Apr 4, 2013
|Intel Corporation
|Apparatus, system, and method for providing memory access control
|Apr 23, 2013
|Oct 30, 2014
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Verifying controller code and system boot code
|U.S. Classification
|713/2, 713/164, 726/16
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 17, 2000
Owner name: INTEL CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SPIEGEL, CHRISTOPHER J.;GAFKEN, ANDREW H.;HALE, ROBERT P.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:010837/0510;SIGNING DATES FROM 20000321 TO 20000323
|Sep 17, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 14, 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 9, 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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How do you introduce children to today's exploding maker culture, which fuses cutting-edge technology, like 3-D printing and DIY robotics, with traditional arts and crafts, like woodworking and metalworking? With The Makers' Alphabet, that's how. It's a whimsically illustrated A-to-Z manual of all things maker-y in 2014, created by Sneha Pai and Melody Quintana, interaction design MFA candidates at New York's School of Visual Arts. The book is simple enough to serve as a primer for creative kids, but its breadth makes it appeal to anyone with an interest in innovation and design.
"The book captures the magic and spirit of how it feels to produce something tangible in the world," Quintana tells Co.Design. "Everyone can be a maker, and we want to spread that joy and celebrate that." The book stemmed from a course they're taking together called Entrepreneurial Design, in which they're required to launch a small business and make a $1,000 profit online over the course of one semester. The pair is currently raising funds for a limited print run of 100 books on Kickstarter. "The idea behind the course is, what if I had to drop everything and make money now?" Quintana says.
Quintana, who studied English as an undergrad, did a stint as a content strategist at Facebook, and Pai's background is in animation and illustration. "Our pairing is uniquely special because we bring different but compatible views to design," Quintana says. Both called on their creative childhoods and combined their unique skills to channel the passion for making a children's book. "We care a lot about taking concepts that seem complex to people and making them simple," Pai says. "We share that value as designers."
They call the current maker movement a "modern Renaissance"—it's helping to revive traditional modes of craftsmanship, like bookmaking and weaving, once considered dying art forms, while fusing these with exciting new technologies. "The Internet is making all this possible," Pai says. Online communities around the world are surprisingly eager to help one another learn new creative skills. "I now see kids on Instructables that are teaching me how to write code," Pai says. The duo plan to collaborate again in their second year of their MFA program, on what they call "a deep dive into one area of interaction design."
The Makers' Alphabet is available on Kickstarter.


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The overarching hypothesis in this proposal is that brain glucose metabolism outside of oxidative phosphorylation (which we refer to as glycolysis) plays an important role in brain function in health and disease. Our interest in glycolysis arose from several observations made by us leading up to this proposal. Glycolysis accounts for 12 to15% of glucose metabolized by the adult human brain. A large fraction of this glycolysis occurs in a network of brain areas dubbed the brain's default mode network (DMN). The DMN consists of areas in medial and lateral parietal cortices, dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal cortex and the medial temporal cortices. It is noteworthy because it is more active in the resting state, is central to the functional organization of the brain, has the highest rate of glycolysis o any group of brain areas and is uniquely vulnerable to Alzheimer's disease. Because diabetes has emerged as a significant risk factor for Alzheimer's disease caused us to consider these two diseases together in terms of how glucose metabolism might not only serve to define a specific network of areas in the brain but also increase the vulnerability of these areas to Alzheimer's disease. In the experiments proposed, we ask how brain glycolysis and resting-state functional connectivity are regulated by age, sleep and systemic alterations in glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. We specifically hypothesize that chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance as well as sleep deprivation increase glycolysis and A? release in brain areas, such as the DMN, that are heavily reliant on glycolysis, leading to increased A? deposition and accelerating the pathogenesis of AD. Project 1 and 2 will explore how brain glycolysis and functional connectivity in the DMN are regulated by systemic alterations in glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in populations at risk for AD (older individuals and people with T2DM), and experiments in Project 3 will enable ideas tested in Projects 1 and 2 to be taken from the systems neuroscience level to the cellular and molecular level. Public Health Relevance: This work will provide critically needed mechanistic links between glycolysis (glucose use outside of oxidative phosphorylation), diabetes (a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease - AD) and the brain's default mode network (DMN), a network uniquely dependent on glycolysis and a primary target of AD.
This work will provide critically needed mechanistic links between glycolysis (glucose use outside of oxidative phosphorylation), diabetes (a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease - AD) and the brain's default mode network (DMN), a network uniquely dependent on glycolysis and a primary target of AD.
|Lim, Miranda M; Gerstner, Jason R; Holtzman, David M (2014) The sleep-wake cycle and Alzheimer's disease: what do we know? Neurodegener Dis Manag 4:351-62
|Bauer, Adam Q; Kraft, Andrew W; Wright, Patrick W et al. (2014) Optical imaging of disrupted functional connectivity following ischemic stroke in mice. Neuroimage 99:388-401


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Consumer Goods»Consumer Goods & Retailing»Retailing»General Retailing
The 2012 U.S. Cigars, cigarettes, etc & smokers' access sold through Book stores-Product & Retail Report, published annually by Barnes Reports, contains timely and accurate industry statistics, forecasts and demographics. The report features 2012 current and 2013 forecast estimates on the sales of Cigars, cigarettes, etc & smokers' access sold through Book stores nationally and for all 50 U.S. States and up to 900 metro areas.
Learn how to effectively navigate the market research process to help guide your organization on the journey to success.


text:
William Golding, the author of Lord of the Flies, once tried to rape a 15-year-old girl, according to unpublished memoirs offering an insight into what he called his "monstrous" character.
Golding admitted attacking a girl named Dora when home from his first year at Oxford. The pair met when he was 16 and Dora 13 while taking music lessons in Marlborough, Wiltshire. The later-Nobel Prize winner described how he and Dora went for a walk and he had "felt sure she wanted heavy sex, as this was visibly written on her pert, ripe and desirable mouth".
He said the pair wrestled as he tried to have sex with her and she resisted. Golding shouted: "I'm not going to hurt you." His intended victim fled. The author later wrote that "he had made such a bad hand at rape".
Two years after the incident, the pair consummated their relationship. Dora subsequently persuaded Golding's father to use binoculars to spy on them having sex in the open air. The revelation will appear in a new biography by John Carey, the emeritus professor of English literature at Oxford, who was given access to Golding's archive. The memoirs, written for his wife Ann, were an attempt to explain how his character had developed.
According to his biographer, the tortured novelist "was aware of and repelled by the cruelty in himself and was given to saying that, had he been born in Hitler's Germany, he would have been a Nazi".
During his time as a school teacher, Golding stirred antagonism and set gangs of boys against one another – what he termed "a certain measure of experimental science" in his teaching – to observe what happened when they were given total liberty. On one field trip near Salisbury, Golding separated his class into two gangs, one to attack a neolithic enclosure, the other to defend it.
- More about:
- Nobel Prize
- Salisbury
- Teachers
- Wiltshire


text:
Masculine Tonic — Activating and revitalizing superfood boost. We brought together some very complementary plants to create adaptogenic blend:
Maca is a hormone balancer, energy booster, and libido equalizer. Cordycep mushrooms increase athletic performance, sex drive, and vitality.
Ashwaganda decreases stress, promotes sex organ health, increases testosterone levels and decreases cortisol levels. Kapikachhu increases sperm count and libido, strengthens sexual glands, and releases testosterone.
Mucuna supports brain function and mood while raising libido and releasing growth hormones. Fenugreek increases testosterone production. Chinese White Ginseng provides energy benefits while supporting immunity.
This 100% organic and plant-based formula comes in a convenient stick-pack, that is ideal for on-the-go lifestyles. Each stick contains an efficacious 7 gram dose of superfoods that tastes great simply mixed in water or added to your smoothies.
Ingredients: Organic Mesquite Powder (Pod), Organic Cordy-Gen Powder (Mycelium), Organic Mucuna-Kapi Kachu Powder (Seed), Organic Cinnamon Powder (Fruit), Organic Lucuma Powder (Fruit), Organic Maca Standard Powder (Root), Organic Chinese Ginseng Powder (Root & Rhizome), Organic Ashwagandha Powder (Root), Organic Fenugreek Powder (Seed), Organic Ginger Powder (Root), Organic Stevia Powder (Leaf)
Box Contains 15 individual Stick Packs
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text:
After Yesterday's Rally of 1.06% Shares Could Potentially Pullback
Fomento Economico Mexicano (NYSE:FMX) traded in a range yesterday that spanned from a low of $87.54 to a high of $88.98. Yesterday, the shares gained 1.1%, which took the trading range above the 3-day high of $87.76 on volume of 406,000 shares. Often times after large one-day gains, short term traders will seek to take profits and, as such, investors should be cautious.
Over the past year, Fomento Economico Mexicano has traded in a range of $77.47 to $102.72 and is now at $88.20, 14% above that low. In the last five trading sessions, the 50-day moving average (MA) has fallen 0.5% while the 200-day MA has remained constant.
SmarTrend recommended that its subscribers protect gains by selling shares of Fomento Economico Mexicano on August 25th, 2016 by issuing a Downtrend alert when the shares were trading at $95.89. Since that call, shares of Fomento Economico Mexicano have fallen 8.7%. We are now looking for when a new Uptrend will commence and will alert SmarTrend subscribers in real time.
Keywords: rebounders fomento economico mexicano
Ticker(s): FMX


text:
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Ed. Note-this post continues my efforts to write about thought leaders in the area of anti-corruption compliance. Today, I post an interview with David Simon, a partner in the Milwaukee office of Foley and Larder. David not only practices in the area of FCPA defense but writes and consistently articulates innovative approaches to FCPA compliance.
Where did you grow up and what were your interests as a youngster?
I grew up in the suburbs of Milwaukee. As a kid, I was pretty focused on sports and music — talented in neither, but an enthusiastic consumer of both. I come from a long line of crazed Green Bay Packers fans. One of my earliest memories involves Sunday dinner at my Grandmother's house – squeezed in during halftime, dessert on our laps in front of the TV. I'm pretty sure I have attended, watched, or listened to something approaching 90% of all Packers games played during my lifetime.
Where did you go to college and what experiences there led to your current profession?
I graduated from the University of Wisconsin (Madison). It was a great fit for me – a big, diverse place where students are given tremendous freedom to chart their own educational course. My liberal arts education provided a great foundation for a career as a lawyer. I was taught the key skills for a litigator — how to think critically and how to express my thoughts in writing and orally.
During college, I was heavily involved in a student organization called AIESEC (a French acronym that stands for the International Association of Students in Economics and Commerce). AIESEC is a fantastic organization that runs a global internship exchange program. Our chapter was charged with raising internships with Wisconsin companies for foreign students. In turn, we got to send our members abroad to work in similar internships. AIESEC gave me the international bug – my first opportunity for international travel (a global conference in Norway), a Polish roommate, and an internship in Germany. The path to my FCPA practice started with AIESEC.
Before joining Foley Lardner, you clerked for a federal judge. How did that experience help you as a lawyer and what did you learn from it?
I was lucky to have the opportunity to clerk for U.S. District Judge Robert Warren (now deceased). He was a great man who exemplified fairness, decency, respect, and duty. I can't imagine a better place to start a legal career. Besides learning how cases are litigated and tried (and what works and – perhaps more importantly – what doesn't work), I learned so much about the human aspect of the law and the right way to treat people.
Could you describe your current practice?
My practice is focused principally on two core services: First, I represent companies (and, from time to time, individuals) that find themselves under scrutiny by the government or are in a situation that could lead to scrutiny by the government. This includes internal investigations, the defense of enforcement proceedings, and, sometimes, litigation. Second, I help companies stay out of the government's cross-hairs by counseling on specific issues and by helping them build and implement effective compliance programs.
From a subject-matter perspective, I focus heavily on the FCPA and other anti-corruption laws. That is a little unusual for a Wisconsin resident who practices principally out of Foley & Lardner's Milwaukee office. It was an interesting path to this practice: As a relatively junior lawyer, I had the good fortune of working with Martin Weinstein, one of the deans of the FCPA bar, during his first years out of the government and while he was starting his practice at Foley. So as an associate learning how to be a government enforcement lawyer, I had the opportunity to work on a number of FCPA matters with one of the leading experts in the field. This was well before the explosion in FCPA enforcement. I always say we were FCPA before FCPA was cool. We've been able to continue that tradition at Foley, which has been really great.
My practice is not 100% FCPA, though. I also do enforcement, investigation, counseling and compliance work in the fields of antitrust, health care, and the False Claims Act.
You were one of the defense counsel you presented oral arguments in the Esquazi case in the 11th Circuit last fall. Can you describe how you prepared and what was your experience in handling a federal court of appeals oral argument.
It was a great privilege to represent Carlos Rodriguez in the appeal of his criminal conviction. I hope we will achieve a positive result for him on appeal.
I am very grateful to Foley for investing really significant resources in this pro bono appeal. Our representation of Carlos was a major team effort, with more than ten different lawyers contributing in various ways. My colleagues Pam Johnston, Ken Winer, Lauren Valiente and Jamie Circincione made really significant contributions to the development of our FCPA "foreign official" arguments. (We argued that an "instrumentality" of a foreign government must be limited to entities that are actually part of the government.)
It was a great experience having the opportunity to participate in the development of this important aspect of the law. That is an unfortunately rare opportunity, since there has been so little actual litigation in the FCPA context. It is a really good thing that there have been more litigated issues in the last couple of years, and we were glad to be able to join in the debate.
The oral argument itself was a terrific experience. One never feels more like a lawyer than when arguing a case in a federal appellate court. We had a great panel that was fully engaged and was clearly aware of the importance of the issues presented. And I had the opportunity to follow Markus Funk, who did a great job representing co-defendant Joel Esquinazi, making similar, though slightly different, arguments on the "foreign official" issue. What more could you ask for? (Other than a reversal and remand!)
See more »
DISCLAIMER: Because of the generality of this update, the information provided herein may not be applicable in all situations and should not be acted upon without specific legal advice based on particular situations.
© Thomas Fox, Compliance Evangelist
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