text:
It is a question that has long preoccupied connoisseurs of the take-away: why does cold pizza taste great the day after while burgers and fish and chips turn the stomach? The answer lies in the topping, says a chemistry lecturer who has analysed the ingredients of Italy's tantric convenience food
"The answer to the mystery lay in the tomato purée used in pizzas," said Dr Maureen Cooper, a chemistry lecturer at Stirling University. "Cheese on toast has a base like pizza, but turns soggy and tastes terrible the next day." The purée has tomato fibres that trap a layer of water, like capillary matting. And because fat and water do not mix, the melted cheese topping is trapped above the tomato fibres and the doughbase. Dr Cooper said: "The fat molecules are repelled by the water molecules, so the pizza doesn't turn soggy" - a phenomenon called "immiscibility".
But she warned that some unauthentic pizzas were not good next day because thepuree was inexpertly applied.
To achieve longer-lasting cheese-on-toast, she recommended spreading a thin layer of tomato sauce under the cheese. Dr Cooper is also studying the chemistry of baked Alaska, an ice-cream dessert coated with baked meringue.
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text: NASA Is Now Accepting Ideas For A Mission To EuropaShannon Hall — Universe Today5/06/14 3:20pmFiled to: spaceeuropaastrobiologynasamission to europa637EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink With its subsurface ocean and active plumes, Europa is one of the best candidates for life in the entire solar system. NASA recently announced that it wants to organize a robotic mission — and the space agency is now ready to hear your ideas. Advertisement Europa — a moon of Jupiter first discovered by Galileo — never ceases to surprise and amaze astronomers and amateurs alike. Last December astronomers announced water plumes erupting 100 miles high from the moon's icy south pole. It was the best evidence yet that Europa, heated internally by the powerful tidal forces generated by Jupiter's gravity, has a deep subsurface ocean. It caused the search for life in the outer solar system to take quite a turn.Now, NASA has issued a Request for Information (RFI) to science and engineering communities for ideas for a mission to the enigmatic moon. Any ideas need to address fundamental questions about the subsurface ocean and the search for life beyond Earth. Advertisement "This is an opportunity to hear from those creative teams that have ideas on how we can achieve the most science at minimum cost," said John Grunsfeld, associate administrator for the NASA Science Mission Directorate, in a press release.The RFI's focus is for concepts for a mission that costs less than $1 billion."Europa is one of the most interesting sites in our solar system in the search for life beyond Earth," said Grunsfield. "The drive to explore Europa has stimulated not only scientific interest but also the ingenuity of engineers and scientists with innovative concepts." Sponsored The Decadal Survey deemed a mission to Europa as an extremely high priority for scientific pursuits by NASA. It lists five key science objectives that are necessary to improve our understanding of this potentially habitable moon. Primarily, the mission will need to:Characterize the extent of the ocean and its relation to the deeper interiorCharacterize the ice shell and any subsurface water, including their heterogeneity, and the nature of surface-ice-ocean exchangeDetermine global surface, compositions and chemistry, especially as related to habitabilityUnderstand the formation of surface features, including sites of recent or current activity, identify and characterize candidate sites for future detailed explorationUnderstand Europa's space environment and interaction with the magnetosphereAlthough Europa has been visited by spacecraft and imaged distantly by Hubble, more detailed research is necessary to understand the complexities of this moon and its potential for life. NASA's Galileo spacecraft, launched in 1989 was the only mission to visit Europa, passing close by the moon fewer than a dozen times. Advertisement Advertisement What are your ideas for a mission to the icy moon? Comment below.This article originally appeared at Universe Today and is reprinted here with permission. Image: NASA/JPL; Copyright: reprocessed by Ted Stryk.Reply63 repliesLeave a reply

subset: commoncrawl


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HELP! Calendar Issues with changing repeat events.
HELP! Calendar Issues with changing repeat events.
When I'm changing one repeat event, the calendar changes all the repeat events to coincide with my changed date. As a result I need to go to the next "new" future date and put it back where it should be. In other words, if I have repeating Mondays and change one to a different time or day ie Tuesday, the calendar changes all of my repeats to Tuesday. So then I need to go to the next Tuesday and change it back to Monday. When changing a repeat my Google calendar gives me 2 options "this and future events" and "all events", it never gives me the option of "this event only"!!!
I need help, most of my business is repeats. Can anyone help me???
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text: Hello Im starting a 20 gallon fish tank soon and eventually would like to get a biggerrl one once it's the way I'd like it to be and I've got the amount of fish I'd like. I have a few questions for you that have first hand experience: how many fish could you fit in a 20 gallon and what are some cool community Fish? Im interested in the unique weird and freaky Fish. The cute ones too Does anyone have experience with black ghost knife fish or African butterfly fish? I have a 20 long BTW. How long would I be able to keep a BGK in a 20 long if at all? And could I house a Africa butterfly in a 20 long? Also how long should I cycle the tank Bette. Can get fish? Thanks guys!


text:
sometimes i wonder why i am alive
then i remember that you're be my side
but what if we ever lost track of forever
and realized we couldn't survive it together?
© Copyright 2017 Phoebe Kishbaugh. All rights reserved.
Status: Finished
Genre: Poetry
Loved this one so much, if this one gets wild, you'd really mess up a lot of relationships !! JK
Poem / Literary Fiction
Poem / Poetry
Poem / Poetry
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text:
Sale – last few days to save. Many offers end Sunday
The Lancaster collection exemplifies classic elegance with wide sweeping scroll arms and generous proportions that offer luxurious comfort. Made exclusively for Furniture Village and exquisitely upholstered in soft-touch velvets and fabrics. An optional upgrade to firm seat cushions is available.
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text:
Basic specs are open to everyone and include images, displacement, dimensions and weight, essential bolt tightening torques, the characteristics of the engine like its power and torque.
Essential bolt tightening torques are the main bearing cap bolt torque, the connecting rod cap bolt torque and the cylinder head bolt torques.
So far specs and bolt torques for the 6.2 liter V8 have been added.
And the bird is on the wing for the 6.8 liter gas engine and the 6.7 liter diesel engine.
But Good News - the engine workshop manual available already covers all three engines, the 6.2 liter gas engine, the 6.8 liter gas engine and the 6.7 liter super duty diesel engine.
A train, a ferry and the largest dump truck in the world
all driven by MTU 2000 or 4000 series engines!
train and ferry images - excerpts form MTU September News Letter
Our focus is to add to the site and improve what is already there.
This happens continually, we are always adding, changing and improving.
This month we've made a huge experimental shift, and dropped many articles and stories, which although popular, did not add to our aim of bringing more and better specs for you and our members to use.
Now, one of Membership's assets is exactly in that you get more value continually through our constant adding of manuals, specs and bolt torques.
Some Cat models had so many manuals and spec sheets, if we added to them, just to show them we had to add pages to improve the load times.
The 3306 engine, for example had manuals added to in, and so we split the page into two, page one for the specs and bolt torques and a couple of manuals; then page two just to accommodate more manuals and literature.
Some Cat manuals and specs were added to, while others were new models to the club and were freshly added completely, like the Cat C4.4 and the C6.6 pages.
Page Revision #141.1RS 02-17


text:
It looks like Parisian electric-vehicle car-sharing service Autolib just got some more juice.
5EIB loans Bollore 75 million euros to expand Autolib electric carsharing program
- Danny King
- Oct 18, 2012
- 5
5Better Place gets $50 million loan from European Investment Bank
- Danny King
- Aug 29, 2012
- 5
Things just got a little better for Better Place.
8Sweden picks up tab on bankrupt Saab's EU loan
- Jonathon Ramsey
- Jan 30, 2012
- 8
Way back at the beginning of Saab's struggle for life after General Motors, exotic car firm Spyker was granted a €400-million loan ($527M U.S.) from the European Investment Bank. The loan was approved after it was guaranteed by Sweden's Debt Office, and Saab's recent bankruptcy filing forced the Debt Office to back up the guarantee with a €217-million payment ($286M) to the EIB – the portion of the loan that Saab actually drew upon.
12Saab working to replace EIB loan to speed Antonov takover, can't pay wages
- Jeff Glucker
- Jul 26, 2011
- 12
Keeping your staff happy is key to running a successful company. One of the main ways to do that is to pay them, which is an area in which Saab is once again experiencing a bit of trouble. Specifically, Saab cannot pay white-collar employees because committed funds have not yet been fully recovered by investors. The automaker's suppliers are looking to get paid as well, but there's just no money to do so at the moment.
9EIB green-lights Swedish Automobile property sale as Saab eyes production restart
Part of the Saab gambit for survival has been approved by the European Investment Bank. Saab's parent company, Swedish Automobile, has been requesting approval for a plan to sell part of the property that its factory sits on in Trollhättan to a group of real estate investors led by Hemfosa Fastigheter and then lease the land back. The transaction has been given final approval by not only the EIB, but also the Swedish government and the country's National Debt Office.
34Saab deal with Chinese partner collapses
- Chris Shunk
- May 12, 2011
- 34
This is very bad. Remember the deal between Hawtai Motors and Saab? Collapsed. According to The Detroit News, the deal, which involved a 29.9 percent stake in Saab in exchange for $172 million, fell apart early Thursday morning. The problem was reportedly that Hawtai wasn't able to obtain all the stakeholder consent needed, forcing the Chinese automaker to terminate the pact. Saab and Hawtai are reportedly continuing to work on resurrecting a deal, but the Swedish automaker has said in a stateme
32Geely-owned Volvo seeks €600 million EIB loan
- Jonathon Ramsey
- Sep 11, 2010
- 32
2011 Volvo S60 - Click above for high-res image gallery
11Saab-Spyker is Go: EIB reportedly approves 400M euro loan, Spyker shareholders agree to Saab purchase
- Jonny Lieberman
- Feb 12, 2010
- 11
12Breaking: Swedish loan guarantee for Saab reportedly wins EU approval
- Chris Paukert
- Feb 8, 2010
- 12
106BREAKING: GM reaches agreement to sell Saab to Spyker!
- Chris Paukert
- Jan 26, 2010
- 106
What a long, strange trip it's been. Every thriller must have an endgame, although whether the guy gets the girl in the end or just plain "gets it" is often in doubt right until the final frame. This afternoon, after a most improbable and tortured saga, General Motors has finally agreed to sell Saab to Spyker Cars.
12REPORT: First step of Saab salvation complete, EIB to give €400m loan
- Jonny Lieberman
- Oct 21, 2009
- 12
2010 Saab 9-5 - Click above for high-res image gallery
10REPORT: Major obstacle cleared as Swedish government to guarantee $615M EIB loan for Saab
- Jonathon Ramsey
- Oct 6, 2009
- 10
2010 Saab 9-5 - Click above for high-res image gallery
- Most and least efficient car companies
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text:
openSUSE 12.2 Released
The latest openSUSE release includes more than 1,000 open source applications.
The openSUSE team has released version 12.2 which, according to the company, "brings you speed-ups across the board with a faster storage layer in Linux 3.4 and accelerated functions in glibc and Qt, giving a more fluid and responsive desktop."
According to the announcement, the distro now includes mature technologies such as GRUB2 and Plymouth and has taken the first steps in the direction of a revised and simplified Unix file system hierarchy. The announcement states, "Users will also notice the added polish to existing features bringing an improved user experience all over. The novel Btrfs file system comes with improved error handling and recovery tools, GNOME 3.4, developing rapidly, brings smooth scrolling to all applications and features a reworked System Settings and Contacts manager while XFCE has an enhanced application finder."
Additionally, the documentation team has done a major revision of the reference manuals and implemented changes aimed at making it easier for community contributors to write documentation.
The 12.2 release will be supported for at least two release cycles plus two months. Currently, openSUSE 12.3 is for release scheduled in about six months, because the 12.2 release was delayed. The project, however, is currently reevaluating its release processes, so this schedule is likely to change. Andrew Wafaa of the openSUSE Board said, "The delay in the schedule caused by our growth in the last two years means we have to work on scaling our processes."
Issue 28: GIMP Handbook 4th Ed./Special Editions
Buy this issue as a PDF
OpenSUSE Site Hacked
News site for the openSUSE community falls victim to a Wordpress exploit.
LibreOffice Goes Online with 5.3 Release
The source code is available online.
Microsoft Brings Clear Linux OS to Azure
One out of three virtual machines on Microsoft Azure Cloud run Linux.
ASUS Announces a Single-Board Computer
The form factor of the board makes it a drop-in replacement for Raspberry Pi.
Red Hat Releases RHEL 6.9 Beta
Makes it easier for customers to move workloads into container-centric applications.
SUSE Working on a New Operating System Called MicroOS
SUSE's answer to container-centric operating systems.
Biggest Kernel Release Ever
Linux 4.9 is the biggest release in terms of number of commits.
CentOS Linux 7 (1611) Released
The latest version of the official RHEL clone is here.
openSUSE Rolls Out 42.2 Leap
New release targets Linux professionals.
Cutting-Edge Fedora 25 Released
The Fedora project adds Wayland and Gnome 3.22


text:
Are you looking for Bulk Foods? Hotfrog showcases more than 1,000 popular businesses related to Bulk Foods! To find more business related to Bulk Foods, use the left navigation menu.
Monticello, WI
Vist Homestead Market and General Store for bulk foods, organics and household goods for simple living
More info
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Midland, MI
Hotfrog US provides information regarding Beyond Measure Bulk Foods in Midland MI. Beyond Measure Bulk Foods is located at 2218 N Saginaw Rd and provides Retail,Supermarkets and Grocerie services. Contact them on (989) 4…
Holland, OH
Hotfrog US provides information regarding Mister Bulky's Bulk Foods in Holland OH. Mister Bulky's Bulk Foods is located at 1007 S McCord Rd and provides Retail,Supermarkets and Grocerie services. Contact them on (419) 86…
Wholesale bulk foods offers a variety of bulk foods items such as bulk nuts, bulk dried fruits, dried spices, cereals and grains, bulk snacks items
CerealsBulk Food
Welcome to Berlin Bulk Foods We Are Located In The Heart Of Ohio's Amish Country
Arlington, TX
Wholesale Restaurant Supply. Bulk Foods. Bulk Restaurant Supply. Restaurant supplies for Mexican restaurants, Asian Restaurants, American Restaurants, Vietnamese restaurants, Thai restaurants and more
Bulk Food
We offer a wide selection of natural foods, herbs, vitamins, bulk foods, body care products and books
Penn Yan, NY
We are a bulk food store located outside of Penn Yan, New York between Keuka and Seneca Lakes in the Finger Lakes Region of Central New York. Oak Hill is locally owned and staffed primarily by the Mennonite community. W…
Deli Meats
Los Ranchos de Albuquerque, NM
Calcium CitrateDairyHousewaresHealth Stores Nationwide
Shippensburg, PA
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Albuquerque, NM
Refrigerated FoodsFrozen FoodsCalcium CitrateHerbs & Spices
We provide a wide variety of quality bulk foods, including baking products, spices, candies, nuts, cereals and pasta We sell homemade fudge made fresh in the store
Tiffin, OH
Rock Run Bulk Foods and Services, Inc. is a retailer of pre-bagged bulk products and party supplies and a wholesaler of over 5000 canned/institutional products. Services offered include catering, wedding equipment rental…
Your one stop shop for healthy snacks, nuts, chocolate goodies, bulk foods, storable and emergency food packs. Wholesale quantities available
Bulk FoodBulk Nuts
Troy, NY
fresh, organic groceries and produce, bulk foods, herbs, supplements, beauty products, and all natural pet foods
Organic Groceries
We will always ensure your total satisfaction and we strive to excel in customer satisfaction, product knowledge, and quality of our products and services When it comes to every facet of our business we will al…
Tempe, AZ
Novus Life Solutions - Creating the Highest Quality Nutritional Products to Help All Humans Reveal their Ultimate Potential to Live Healthy Lives
Feast your eyes upon the wispy leaves and delicate hues of color that adorn this wondrous flower. Made of the finest material, the majestic beauty of this Lilly is held aloft by bamboo supports rising out of a bed of riv…
Deli, PA
We're located at 146 Erie Street in Linesville Please stop by when you're in town to sample some of the fine coffees available at our espresso bar
Lauderdale Lakes, FL
At Broward Meat And Fish Company we strive to deliver the finest foods to our customers. We are a niche grocery store specializing in Caribbean foods, with more than 60 percent of our floor space devoted to Meats, Seafoo…
Food Store CouponsPicnic SuppliesRefrigerated FoodsHealth & Beauty Aids
Hancock, MI
The Keweenaw Co-op, located in Hancock, Michigan, offers goods and services that appeal to consumers who have a meaningful sense of environmental and social responsibility. Products include organic and locally grown prod…
Organic Beer
East Greenville, PA
Good Earth Grains & Creamery is a old time country store carrying a wide variety of pre-packaged traditional & organic bulk foods along with an assortment of gluten free products. Good Earth also serves 32 flavors of Nel…
Williamstown, MA
Wild Oats Market is an independent, cooperatively owned market specializing in local & organic foods and natural supplements. The market offers a hot bar with two entrees daily, a salad bar, two soups daily, & a grab n' …
Sunbury, PA
Our goal, in Support Services, is to help our Customers and the Dutch Valley Sales Team reach their goals through a more "Total Wheel of Service" concept We are attempting to create more opportunities to grow th…
Bulk FoodSnack Mixes
Arkport, NY
Jenkins Farm Market & Deli is a family owned and operated farm market and country-style deli dedicated to bringing you the highest quality deli meats, bakery items, and bulk foods. From fresh produce and farm foods to fr…
potted flowersDeli MeatsSnack MixesHam Steaks
Spokane, WA
Huckleberry's Natural Market is a one-stop shop for natural and organically grown food in Spokane and several other locations in the Inland Northwest, including poultry, seafood, meat, baked goods, wine, bulk foods and m…
Schuylkill Haven, PA
Martin's Farm Market & Garden Center is a family run business, run by Jason Zimmerman. Martin's specializes in garden supplies, quality nursery stock and a great selection of bedding and vegetable plants. Also in our sto…
Barron, WI
Country Lane Market and Pantry provides Bulk Foods & Spices
Cheese, Milk, Ice Cream, Candy & More. However, we are more than just a bulk food store or a farmer's market in the Barron and Rice Lake, Wisconsin area. We hav…
What does The Family Mercantile carry We stock lots of brandname items at the lowest prices possible along with "Sarah's Bulk Foods" items like candies, canned goods and cooking ingredients We carry a vast…
Canned Goods
Louisville, OH
Hodgenville, KY
Herbs & Spices
Washington, MO
Appleton, WI
Canned GoodsBulk Food
Warsaw, NY
Cedarville, OH
Gap, PA
Waxhaw, NC
Laurel, MD
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text:
Inline surface inspection systems configured for master coils, slit strips, blanksBoulder Imaging offers the SCX series inline surface inspection system for coated steel and the SX series system for polished stainless steel.
Processing is configured for one- and two-sided inspection of master coils, slit strips, and cut-to-length blanks. Both systems also support aluminum and other rolled metals.


text:
Please, never meet.
Lollapalooza was full of missed connections. Literally, there was no cellphone service or Internet and no one could reach anyone else. (Here's one concertgoer's diary.) That won't stop some dude in a neon YOLO wife-beater and pink shades from trying to hook up with the recreational-drug-loving, half-bird-half-human indie-rock dreamgirl he spotted at the Lana Del Rey show.
He didn't get her number because they were "both so into the show," but they "really had a connection," he thinks. To Craigslist!
Please, never meet.
H/T @samlansky | Photo via Peter Cruise/Flickr
Surviving Lollapalooza during a tech blackout: A concert diary
As told to Cooper Fleishman I went to Lolla and survived. But barely. Zero service. No phone calls. No tweets. Nothing. A random text every two hours or so. Impossible to enjoy without tech. People seem to be having fun, but once you lose your friends that's it.
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Call us: 1-888-347-5462
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White PaperSnapshot, Backup, or Replication? Size: 520 KB
ManualProtect & Restore
Size: 6.7 MB
FAQProtect & Restore
Try Paragon Protect & Restore!
Paragon Protect & Restore includes everything which the ever more complex IT world requires to ensure the continuity of business operations in the event of a system failure. It minimizes license management, training and support work in comparison with the use of various different individual products. The user interface provides unhmapered visibility, simplifying operation and making work easier for system administrators in conjunction with individually configurable notification and reporting options. Try out our comprehensive solution for yourself! You're only a few clicks away from this amazing software for data security and restoration in case of emergency.


text:
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The Brooke Companies is seeking an experienced AP clerk for a part-time position on the Westbank. This position involves processing high-volume accounts payable invoices and employee expense reports. Must be experienced in full-cycle AP, GL coding, experi...
3540 South I-10 Service Road West
Harvey, LA
2 weeks ago
Part-Time | Pay: $12.00/hour
A rapidly growing, eCommerce distributor of wireless broadband communications equipment in Lisle is seeking a part-time mid-shift shipping assistant. This is a fast-paced, high-volume order fulfillment operation and the position encompasses various wareho...
Baltic Networks USA
2200-2276 Ogden Avenue
Lisle, IL
1 month ago
Part-Time | Pay: $22.00 - $23.00/hour
Part-time Opportunity - AttentionMechanical Designers. We are currently looking for a part-timeperson with Mill Engineering/Design/Detailing experience. The ideal candidate should be wellversed in AutoCAD with some Solidworks. Working with current Engi...
Appleton, WI
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CDL Truck Driver - Part-Time North Central Utility is a growing multi-location 40 year old company. We are a leading distributor of semi-trailers, and offer full parts and service departments with locations in WI, MN, and ND. Our Kaukauna, Wisconsin Store...
Kaukauna, WI
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Part-Time Sortation Associate External Title: Part-Time Sortation Associate Sort it. Wrap it. Ship it. Own it. Sounds a little like a game, but it's Amazon's game – that is if you're in one of our high-speed, high-tech sortation centers. Ready to play, jo...
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NSTAR Global Services A Company of the M+W Group Material Handler – Part Time Location: Boise, ID Position Type: Part-time Schedule: Must be open to working any shift/schedule: days, nights, weekends, holidays, etc. Steady shift will be determined at time...
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Part-Time Retail Associate Part-Time Retail Associate Part-Time Retail Associate Our client is currently seeking a part-time Retail Clerk to join their weekend staff. The store is located in Troy, MO. This is a long-term temporary assignment with some pos...
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The limits of Consequentialism: An experimental approach
Over the last two decades there has been a complex debate about the nature and limits of the consequentialism. Using these ideas this paper revises giving (altruism) in experimental dicatator games. We use results from several experimental papers plus an experiment ad-hoc designed to motivate altruism.
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Snow White Cameo Birthstone Pin -- January
New year's girl
Celebrate your birth month of January with this Snow White Cameo Birthstone Pin. The Disney Princess is raised in bas relief against a glittering background and set between two sparkling rhinestones. See more
It's added to your bag!
Not eligible for in-store reservation.
Magic in the details...
Created especially for Walt Disney World Resort and Disneyland Resort
- Dimensional Snow White portrait with apple
- Glitter detailing
- Rhinestone accents
- Mickey icon pin backs
- Part of our Cameo Birthstone Pin Collection
The bare necessities
- Metal / resin
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Most items ordered via Standard Delivery will arrive within 5-7 business days, personalized items within 7-9 business days. Exceptions include items shipped from locations other than our main warehouse. Express Delivery is available for an extra charge.


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Calgon Carbon Publishes Inaugural Sustainability Report
May 28, 2014
Calgon Carbon Corporation released its inaugural Sustainability Report, Pure Water. Clean Air. Better World. The report highlights the various environmental stewardship and social responsibility initiatives the company advanced in 2013 and establishes benchmarks and baseline metrics for ongoing, long-term sustainability goals.
According to Randy Dearth, chairman, president and CEO, the company's first Sustainability Report demonstrates the company's commitment to: developing a framework for how the company will identify, assess and advance sustainability objectives, establishing sustainability benchmarks and setting the foundation for metrics and reporting, affirming the company's commitment to the American Chemistry Council's Responsible Care Initiative and building consideration of environmental, social and economic concerns into projects and initiatives.
For more information, visit: www.calgoncarbon.com
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text:
Changes, people. We are going through some changes.
When I began Bacon Bacon over 5 years ago, I had no idea where or how the business was going to go. I bought a food truck and jumped into the game. I added a café to the mix, some more trucks and then another café this year.
I'm writing to let you know that I'm getting out of the truck game — for now. The decision was difficult. People's jobs were affected. And that part doesn't feel good. I love the access to Bacon Bacon the trucks gave to fans. I love what the trucks did for my brand. And I love what we were able to accomplish in these past 5 years. I'm going to focus now on our cafés, catering, and delivery business.
I want to thank all of you who've been loyal truck patrons. YOU ROCK. I wouldn't be in this position without your support.
Sunday, September 3, will be our last truck service at the Presidio Picnic in San Francisco.
You will find all your favorite Bacon Bacon items that were on the trucks at our cafe, plus much more, as well as breakfast items served all day. The Bacon Bacon café is located in Upper Haight (205 Frederick St) — open 7 days a week for breakfast and lunch.
Thank you sincerely.
Stop by the Café
Get Bacon Bacon Delivered


text:
Sammy Discovers Jesus
€ 24,99
Lieferbar innert 2 Wochen
Januar 2008
BeschreibungSammy hears the name of Jesus and asks his daddy who He is. His daddy explains to him, in the simplest of terms, who Jesus is and how much He loves us. He explains how Jesus was born to save us from our sins and of Jesusa great sacrifice so that we could be closer to Him and His Father in Heaven. Sammy learns that one day Jesus will come and invite all that believe and follow Him, to live with Him in His beautiful city. Until that day, Jesus is always with us in our hearts and we can talk to Him through prayer whenever and wherever we are. Sammy discovers that he, too, loves Jesus very much.
Untertitel: Sprache: Englisch.
Verlag: PUBLISHAMERICA
Erscheinungsdatum: Januar 2008
Seitenanzahl: 28 Seiten
Format: kartoniert
Alle Preise inkl. MwSt., ggf. zzgl. Versandkosten


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Ramada Plaza Ganja
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This hotel is situated in Ganja. The hotel is located within easy access of a number of attractions in the area, steeped in the rich culture and history of the surroundings. Guests will find themselves just a short driving distance away from the city centre. The main train and bus stations are located just a short distance away. This modern hotel features a chic, contemporary design, showcasing subtle influences from traditional style, adding life and energy to the surroundings. The guest rooms, suites and villas are luxuriously designed, oozing classical elegance and refined luxury. This magnificent hotel is sure to impress even the most discerning traveller. The hotel features a wide range of first-class facilities and services, meeting the needs of travellers to the highest level of excellence.


text:
Salvadoran court eliminates immunity for journalists accused of defamation
In what has been characterized as a "blow to the media," the Supreme Court of Justice of El Salvador declared unconstitutional a section of the penal code that exempted media, reporters, editors and owners from legal responsibility for defamation. According to the ruling, the law violated the principle of equality, reported El Mundo and El Faro.
La Página explained that even though the Supreme Court established criminal penalties for defamation -- which until now had just been civil — the ruling maintained protection for so-called "journalistic criticism." In other words, "unfavorable" opinions from journalists are not punishable.
In an editorial, El Faro acknowledged that the ruling protects the practice of journalism, but said there is a need for new laws guaranteeing even more the rights to information and freedom of expression. "If the ruling of the Court is not accompanied by debate in Congress to create new legislation, then we will be at the mercy of a judge deciding when it is defamation and when it is criticism, and that is also dangerous," the editorial said.
Other Related Headlines:
» Diario CoLatino (Decision is not an attack on freedom of expression)
» El Mundo (Parties do not accept Supreme Court ruling, but say they will respect it)
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text:
Trump sons in Vancouver: Protest and party planning precede visit
Update: Body found in car at Centre Street traffic light
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Braid: NDP needs to heed widespread rejection of climate-change plan
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text: How Can I Stop Getting So Embarrassed When I Do Something Stupid?Patrick Allan4/06/15 8:00am2514EditPromoteGo to permalinkDear Lifehacker,Every time I do something embarrassing, I find myself frozen in terror. Sometimes it's warranted, but other times I feel like I'm just dwelling on something that doesn't matter. How can I stop freaking out at every little misstep?


text:
International Migration, Immobility and Development
Multidisciplinary Perspectives
Edited by Tomas Hammar Grete Brochmann Kristof Tamas
Format: Hardback
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International Migration, Immobility and Development by Tomas Hammar
Book DescriptionThe study of international migration and ethnic relations is rapidly expanding in the social sciences, in the humanities, and in law and medicine at universities around the world. Theories and methods are borrowed from many disciplines, but with little cross-fertilization, thereby leaving many core issues out. This authoritative book fills a gap by providing an expertly integrated overview of international migration from a wide range of disciplinary perspectives. Throughout the book, South to North migration is used as the main example.The authors, leading experts in their fields, ask provocative new questions such as the counterfactual, 'Why do people not migrate?' and address old questions in fresh ways in a language accessible for students in a range of disciplines. Does migration from less developed countries stimulate or obstruct development? Does development reduce or increase the flows of migration? What are the dynamics of a migration process? Geography, economics, political science, social anthropology and sociology all inform this book, which is certain to become an established text in migration studies.
Buy International Migration, Immobility and Development book by Tomas Hammar from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9781859739716
(234mm x 156mm x 21mm)
Pages: 320
Imprint: Berg Publishers
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC
Publish Date: 1-Aug-1997
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Other Editions...
Books By Author Tomas Hammar
European Immigration Policy, Paperback (December 2009)
This book, first published in 1985, presents a comprehensive analysis of immigration policy in Europe.
Mechanisms of Immigration Control, Paperback (April 1999)
That people move from country to country is a fact, historically speaking, in most social contexts throughout the world. This study deals with control policies in destination countries - more precisely in Europe in the late 1980s and the 1990s. Eight countries have been chosen for discussion.
International Migration, Immobility and Development, Paperback (August 1997)» View all books by Tomas Hammar
Examines the causes of migration in a series of essays covering a wide-range of disciplinary perspectives. Throughout the book, North to South migration is used as the main example.
» Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about International Migration, Immobility and Development book by Tomas Hammar and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!)
Author Biography - Tomas Hammar
Tomas Hammar, Stockholm University Grete Brochmann ,The Institute for Social Research, Oslo Kristof Tamas, Stockholm University, Thomas Faist, Universitat Bremen
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Accessible Healthcare: Welcoming Mobility into the Fold
Redefining Healthcare with Blockchain Technology
The New Wave of Health Care Technology
"Ignorance is bliss" may be true in most cases; but it is a misnomer when it comes to health literacy. A study conducted by Kaiser Permanente and published recently in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that patients with congestive heart failure and low health literacy are three times more likely to die in a given year than patients with better health literacy skills.
For instance, patients, with high deductible health plans, might be avoiding even basic preventive care like annual checkup, etc., simply because they do not know that preventive care does not attract any out of the pocket expenses as it is covered by the plan. It might also be because these patients have not understood the benefits of their plan and hence avoid visiting the hospital.
Increasingly, stakeholders across the health care system have recognized the important link between health literacy and health status, and are advocating the necessity of 'clear communication' to provide consumer health and benefits information that :
So what are the health plans doing to improve health literacy of the consumers?
Some common strategies that could be employed by various health plans to promote health literacy are:
In our next blog post we will examine how improved health literacy among Americans will impact the health of the patients and reduce the overall cost of health care.Read more about health care consulting.
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text: RT Book, Whole DB /z-wcorg/ DS http://worldcat.org ID 55873635 LA English T1 The broom of the system A1 Wallace, David Foster., PB Penguin Books PP New York YR 2004 SN 0142002429 9780142002421 0670812307 9780670812301 AB The year is 1990 and the place is a slightly altered Cleveland, Ohio. Lenore's great-grandmother has disappeared with twenty-five other inmates of the Shaker Heights Nursing Home. Her beau, and boss, Rick Vigorous, is insanely jealous, and her cockatiel, Vlad the Impaler, has suddenly started spouting a mixture of psycho-babble, Auden, and the King James Bible.--Publisher's description.


text:
Nick Clegg today insisted that he did not believe "for a second" that Vince Cable was involved in a botched attempt to oust him as Liberal Democrat leader.
In an attempt dampen down damaging speculation that the Business Secretary was aware of secret plotting to replace him the Deputy Prime Minister insisted that he had full confidence in his colleague.
He said he did not believe he was aware of damaging polls commissioned by the former Lib Dem peer Lord Oakeshott – or knew that they would be "leaked" to undermine him.
"I fully expect that people will try and suggest that there are endless plots and conspiracies," he said.
"I don't believe that for a second. Vince is an outstanding Secretary of State for Business. He and I have worked together for years and years and years and we are going to continue to work together in harness as part of a really strong Lib Dem team in government. Full stop."
Mr Clegg added he would "absolutely not" sack Mr Cable in the wake of the botched coup launched by the Business Secretary's close friend Lord Oakeshott.
The peer, a long-time critic of the Deputy Prime Minister, commissioned a series of polls that indicated the party's general election performance would improve if Mr Clegg resigned.
Mr Cable was forced to issue statements about his knowledge and involvement in the polling while on a trade mission to Chinese capital Beijing, insisting he had "absolutely no knowledge of" surveys that were done in Sheffield Hallam and Inverness - the constituencies of the Lib Dem leader and Danny Alexander, Chief Secretary to the Treasury.
The peer quit the party yesterday, lashing out at the "disastrous" Deputy Prime Minister and saying he left the party with a "heavy heart".
Mr Cable told the BBC in China today that he wanted to make it "absolutely clear" he was backing Mr Clegg.
He said: "People are putting round the story that there is some division on that. There is not. I made it absolutely clear from the beginning of this week that there is absolutely no leadership issue.
"We have a united team. We have clearly got to recover from the very difficult election and I'm part of that team and will be supporting the leader."
Asked whether he had behaved disloyally by not telling Mr Clegg the secret polls were being carried out, he replied: "There was no disloyalty whatever. There were some polls being carried out, lots of polls carried out in the party and in other parties.
"It is part of professional politics, finding out what is going on. I had a poll in my own constituency, related entirely to my local election campaign... There were others, which I have condemned, which took place, as I understand it, in Sheffield and Inverness.
"I knew nothing about those, they were quite wrong to do it in a way that put information into the public to damage colleagues. I have made a distinction between that and the information-gathering in the polls which is part of professional politics."
Liberal Democrat Sir Graham Watson, who lost his seat in the European Parliament in last Thursday's near wipe-out, told BBC Radio 4's Today programme he had no reason to disbelieve Dr Cable when he said he was not aware the polls were being conducted in Mr Clegg and Danny Alexander's constituencies.
"Vince also said very clearly that there is no leadership issue as far as he is concerned. That really puts the matter to bed," he continued.
But he also said that it was possible to be as "treacherous" by failing to stop something as by being part of it.
Asked whether Dr Cable should have advised his friend Lord Oakeshott not to do it, Sir Graham replied: "Of course it's the case that sometimes we can be as treacherous by our failure to stop something as we can by our being involved, but Vince Cable is doing an incredibly taxing and busy job.
"Nobody believes he is trying to undermine Nick. The people who are trying to sow dissension in the Liberal Democrat ranks are the blue-top newspapers.
"Maybe he should have said to Matthew Oakeshott very early on, 'this is not a good idea, don't do it'... Clearly he didn't."Reuse content


text:
Product Description
Driver Side Rear Fender Apron Extension for 1969-1970 Mustangs.
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text:
As endurance training improves symptoms and quality of life and decreases mortality rate and hospitalization, it is increasingly recognized as a beneficial practice for heart failure (HF) patients. However, the mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of exercise training are far from being understood and need further evaluation. Independent of hemodynamics effects, exercise training participates in tissue remodeling. While heart failure induces a generalized metabolic myopathy, adaptation to endurance training mainly improves energetic aspects of muscle function. In the present review, after presenting the main characteristics of cardiac and skeletal muscle energy metabolism and the effects of exercise training, we will discuss the evidence for the beneficial effects of endurance training on cardiac and skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism and intracellular energy transfer in HF.
These beneficial effects of exercise training seen in heart failure patients are also relevant to other chronic diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, and obesity) and even for highly sedentary or elderly individuals [Booth F.W., Chakravathy M.V., Spangenburg E.E. Exercise and gene expression: physiological regulation of the human genome through physical activity. J Physiol (Lond) 2002;543:399–411][1]. Physical rehabilitation is thus a major health issue for populations in industrialized countries.
1. Introduction
Alterations in cell energy metabolism participate in many pathophysiological processes including chronic heart failure (CHF). This syndrome is characterized by an augmented energy demand due to increased workload, a decreased energetic efficiency, and diminished energy metabolism leading to energetic imbalance of the myocardium [2–6]. HF is also characterized by a reduced ability to perform aerobic exercise and early fatigue. The reason for fatigue is attributable to persistent vasoconstrictor drive, endothelial dysfunction, and structural and functional abnormalities of skeletal muscle rather than to ventricular dysfunction per se[6–10]. Fatigue resistance in muscle is largely dependent on oxidative energy production and on control of energy fluxes [10–12]. Cardiac and skeletal muscle cells whose energy metabolism is high, fluctuating, and adapting to the special needs of the body exhibit sophisticated pathways for synthesizing, transferring, and utilizing energy in accordance with the needs of the body [11,13–15]. Thus, the view that HF is a paradigm of energetic failure of cardiac and skeletal muscles, leading to contractile failure, physical handicap, worsening and ultimately death, should be increasingly considered [2]. On the other hand, exercise training improves endothelial function and coronary perfusion, decreases peripheral resistance, and induces cardiac and skeletal muscle cell remodeling, leading to increased oxygen uptake, substrate oxidation, and resistance to fatigue [16–19].
Although physical activity was avoided in CHF patients until the late 1980s, over the last decade, endurance exercise training in CHF patients has proven feasible [20], in terms of increased exercise capacity, quality of life [21,22], and to potentially reduce morbidity and mortality rates [23–25]. Adaptation to endurance training mainly involves energetic aspects of muscle function. To what extent endurance training in HF improves cardiac and skeletal muscle metabolism as well as how metabolic improvement contributes to the beneficial effects of exercise training is far from being understood.
This review will focus on the effects of exercise training in heart failure with a special emphasis on energy metabolism. We will first briefly summarize the current knowledge on cardiac and skeletal muscle energy metabolism in health and heart failure (see [2,4–6,26] for extensive reviews). In the second section, we will also summarize the effects of exercise training on muscle energy metabolism (see [11,12,27] for reviews). Finally, current knowledge on the effects of exercise training on energy metabolism in HF will be presented.
2. Cardiac and skeletal muscle energy metabolism in heart failure
2.1. Normal cardiac and skeletal muscle energy metabolism
Heart muscle must maintain blood circulation in states of both rest and high peripheral demand such as that triggered by exercise. A trained athlete is able to rapidly increase cardiac output as much as 6-fold from rest to high activity levels [28]. The work done by the heart and hence energy yield must then be permanent, adaptable, rapidly regulated, and highly efficient.
The functional and structural diversity of mammalian skeletal muscles allows performances from strenuous fast strength production of locomotor muscles to long-lasting contractile activity of postural muscles. Energy metabolism plays a critical role in muscle function. Schematically, two extreme metabolic patterns have been defined [14,29–31]. Fast skeletal muscle fibers mainly rely on quickly mobilisable energy sources to develop strong and fast contractions but this is possible only for short periods of time because of limited cellular metabolic reserves (mainly phosphocreatine (PCr) and glycogen). These muscles are quickly fatigable and exhibit delayed recovery of their energy reserves through anaerobic glycolysis and less importantly mitochondrial oxidations. Slow muscles, on the contrary develop lower contractile force but are able to maintain long-term contractile activity because they rely on oxidative phosphorylations. They should have accurate adjustment of energy production to energy consumption. This metabolic specificity of muscle types generates a fiber-type specificity of substrate utilization, roughly oxidative fibers and cardiac muscle oxidize fatty acids and lactate, while glycolytic fibers mainly use glucose as substrate [29,32]. Creatine kinase (CK) and other phosphotransfer kinases (like myokinase) participate in energy shuttling within cardiac and skeletal muscle cells (reviewed in [14,33,34]). CK isoenzymes for example are located on sites of energy production (mitochondria or glycolytic complexes) and utilization (myosin and sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPases (SERCA)), ensuring fast and efficient energy transfer to ATPases, and signal transfer to energy producing sites (for review see [14,34,35]. This fine-tuning of energy fluxes in oxidative muscle and heart underlies fatigue resistance. Finally, direct energy channeling between mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) or myofibrils in slow and cardiac muscle, also produces compartmentation of adenine nucleotides [36–38].
Another recent issue in energy metabolism concerns the transcriptional regulation and signaling pathways involved in the maintenance of energy homeostasis and mitochondrial biogenesis (for recent review see [39]). Mitochondrial biogenesis depends on the coordinated function of mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. The mitochondrial transcription factor (mtTFA) is encoded by the nuclear genome and activates transcription and replication of the mitochondrial DNA. MtTFA expression is controlled by nuclear respiratory factors (NRFs) that additionally stimulate expression of numerous nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins. NRFs expression and transcriptional activity are under the control of the transcriptional co-activator PGC-1α (transcriptional co-activator of peroxisome-proliferator-activated-receptor (PPAR) gamma) [39,40]. PGC-1α coordinates mitochondrial protein expression with substrate utilization by co-activating respectively PPARα that regulates fatty acid oxidation, and NRFs that activate transcription of nuclear and mitochondria-encoded proteins (Fig. 1). Creatine kinases are highly modulated in response to physiological stimuli, but surprisingly little is known concerning their transcriptional regulation in muscle cells [41].
2.2. Impacts of heart failure
2.2.1. Cardiac energy metabolism in heart failure
Early, the failing heart has been described as energy starved [4]. Indeed, in the stage of heart failure, oxidative capacity of the myocardium decreases [42–44]. In addition, HF also impairs energy transfer and utilization. A generalized alteration of the creatine kinase system has long been observed with both cytosolic and mitochondrial isoenzymes being affected (for review see [4,5,26]). Furthermore, the failing heart has reduced mechanical efficiency, increasing the energy cost of contraction [3,45]. This energetic imbalance is the major cause for the lower PCr/ATP ratio that turned out to be a valuable predictor of mortality in CHF patients [46].
Decreased mitochondrial capacity in heart failure seems to be due to alteration in mitochondrial biogenesis, the whole PGC-1α/NRFs/Tfam transcription pathway being down-regulated [5,47]. Finally, pressure overload-induced hypertrophy results in deactivation of PPARα and subsequent dysregulation of fatty acid oxidation enzyme gene expression [48,49]. Which signals trigger the drop in creatine kinase in heart failure, remain to be established.
2.2.2. Skeletal muscle energy metabolism in heart failure
Changes in skeletal muscle morphology, metabolism and function in CHF patients include muscle atrophy, decreased vascularisation, fiber type shift towards faster phenotype, and decreased resistance to fatigue [10]. The skeletal muscle metabolism of CHF patients exhibits greater changes and delayed recovery of PCr/ATP ratio following exercise [50]. In animal models, defects in expression and activity of mitochondrial enzymes lead to decreased muscle oxidative capacity, and altered mitochondrial regulation [51]. This supports that mechanisms underlying these energetic abnormalities could be related to a generalized disturbance of mitochondrial gene expression, and decreased PGC-1α expression as observed in experimental heart failure [47,52]. Creatine kinase expression is altered in skeletal muscles, in experimental heart failure in a muscle-type specific manner with the mi-CK subunit being the most affected [51], and in patients [53]. Thus, metabolic alterations in heart failure affect both cardiac and skeletal muscles, suggesting a generalized metabolic myopathy in this disease [54].
Impairment in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in patients deserves further consideration. Morphometric and biochemical studies of vastus lateralis from CHF patients revealed decreased volume density of mitochondria and oxidative enzymes in proportion with the decrease in peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) [55,56]. Recent studies have demonstrated however that in situ muscle oxidative capacity, mitochondrial ATP production and the transcriptional cascade PGC-1/NRFs/Tfam is identical in CHF patients and sedentary subjects [53,57,58]. One possible explanation is a beneficial effect of recent HF therapy [53]. Indeed, angiotensin-converting enzymes inhibitors (ACEi) can be protective for mitochondrial function and biogenesis both in heart and skeletal muscle as suggested by results obtained in experimental heart failure [59,60]. Nevertheless, defects in creatine kinase and citrate synthase activity [57] are still observed suggesting the persisting metabolic defects in skeletal muscle in CHF patients.
The ageing processes in skeletal muscle shares many aspects in common with heart failure including muscle wasting, endothelial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress and muscle cytokines, apoptosis, and impaired mitochondrial function [61,62] participating in muscle energetic dysfunction. Thus the overlap of aging and CHF-associated changes may partially explain the more severe disabling consequences of the CHF syndrome in elderly patients [62].
3. Effects of physical training on cardiac and skeletal muscle metabolism
Regular exercise positively influences the cardiovascular system and is a determinant of health and quality of life. Endurance training improves heart and skeletal muscle energy metabolism and function.
3.1. Exercise training and cardiac metabolism
Adaptive responses of the heart to endurance training include resting and submaximal exercise bradycardia and increase in end-diastolic dimension. This leads to non-pathological cardiac hypertrophy, improved ventricular function and increase in the resistance of the heart to ischemic insult [63]. However, whether changes in energy production and transfer occur to preserve or improve cardiac function is unclear.
In animal models, while some studies showed that regular endurance exercise increases glycolysis and oxidative metabolism [64,65], others demonstrated that adaptive responses result from increased muscle mass, rather than mitochondrial gene expression [66,67]. Exercise training in rats may also protect against aging-induced increase in oxidative stress [68]. Data from previous studies suggest that the increase in cardiac mitochondrial capacity with training if any is subtle. Moreover, either increase or no change in fatty acid utilization capacity were reported [69,70]. These findings suggest that the exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy mostly results in normal energy production from fatty acid metabolism. Little is known concerning creatine kinase expression and function in trained heart. Aerobic exercise training increases total myocardial CK activity and MB–CK content in canine left ventricular myocardium [71] but the physiological relevance of this observation is not obvious. Thus whether the heart adapts to repeated exercise by improving energy synthesis and energy fluxes or both await further investigation. Whether these results extend to human heart remains to be established.
3.2. Exercise training and skeletal muscle metabolism
Skeletal muscles adapt to repeated prolonged exercise by marked quantitative and qualitative changes in mitochondria, capillary supply, but only limited transitions in MHC isoforms [11,15,27].
Endurance training promotes an increase in mitochondrial volume density and mitochondrial proteins, in all three fiber types [72]. A decreased mitochondrial permeability to ADP and enhanced functional role of mi-CK, occurs also in both glycolytic and oxidative fibers, favoring closer coupling between energy production and utilization [73,74]. The specific effects of increased contractile activity are caused by several factors, including nerve-dependent parameters, acute and sustained changes in intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), metabolic factors such as hypoxia, and/or mechanical load [11].
Whereas muscle responses to endurance training are now well described at the phenomenological level, much less is known about the intracellular pathways linking increased functional demand to changes in gene expression. PGC-1α plays a key role in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle during endurance training (Fig. 1) [56], and correlates with the training status of healthy individuals [53]. Moreover, proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics and protein assembly correlate with PGC-1α, extending the role of this co-activator to the proper assembly of protein subunits of mitochondrial and nuclear origin [53]. A strong correlation has been observed between calcineurin activation, a calcium regulated phosphatase, and PGC-1α expression, suggesting that this metabolic transcriptional co-activator could be regulated by changes in intracellular calcium levels. However, calcineurin inhibition fails to block the exercise induced PGC-1α expression and activation of mitochondrial biogenesis either in rats [75] or in transplanted patients after cyclosporin treatment [76]. Thus, other pathways like MAPK pathway and CaMKs, also activated during exercise, are likely involved in the control of muscle oxidative capacity [77,78]. The increased energy demand during sustained muscle contraction and the resulting activation of energy-sensing pathways also seem to be important for the induction of PGC-1α mRNA. The AMP sensitive protein kinase (AMPK), which is a sensitive indicator of reduced cellular energy status in skeletal muscle, is chronically activated during periods of repeated exercise [79], and is involved in PGC-1α transcription and mitochondrial biogenesis as demonstrated in animal models [80–82]. However the link between AMPK activation and transcription of PGC-1α remains to be determined. A decrease in intracellular PO2 occurs within the first seconds of muscle contraction. Local hypoxic areas may thus occur during prolonged exercises and in pathologies affecting peripheral circulation like heart failure. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family of transcription factors plays a critical role in mediating the hypoxic regulation of several genes [83] including the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Components of the HIF-1 pathway are activated by physical activity in healthy human skeletal muscle [84]. The exercise-induced increase in VEGF gene transcription occurs especially within type IIb glycolytic myofibers, which are more susceptible to local hypoxia [85]. This fine regulation may be of importance in HF where heart and skeletal muscle are prone to experience episodes of local hypoxia.
4. Relevance of exercise training to heart failure
Endurance training induces an improvement of muscle resistance to fatigue and justifies that endurance training programs could be considered as countermeasures of muscle weakness in heart failure patients (Fig. 2). Indeed, exercise training is able to oppose the deleterious effects of heart failure on skeletal muscle energy metabolism, although this is less clear for cardiac muscle.
4.1. Effect of exercise training on cardiac metabolism in heart failure
Whether consistently observed beneficial effects of exercise training of CHF patients result from cardiac improvements is still an open question [23]. An array of arguments suggests that cardiac energy metabolism may be improved, or at least preserved. Some studies have been performed on animal models of myocardial infarction. A protective effect of training prior to myocardial infarction reduces infarct size [86], ventricular enlargement, improves remodeling, increases systolic function, and improves expression of cytochrome oxidase subunits, ventricular atrial natriuretic peptide, SR calcium ATPase and fatty-acid binding protein [87]. Exercise training decreases apoptotic processes, and protects mitochondrial function from oxidative stress and other cardiac insults [88]. In rats with myocardial infarction, aerobic endurance training attenuates ventricular and cellular hypertrophy and consistently restores contractile function, intracellular Ca2+ handling, and Ca2+-sensitivity in cardiomyocytes [89], thereby possibly increasing energetic efficiency.
Observations indirectly suggest that exercise training can improve myocardial energy metabolism. Exercise improves coronary blood flow and endothelium-dependent vasodilatation, and increases resistance vessel sensitivity to the metabolic mediator adenosine, ameliorating oxygen and substrate supply to the failing heart in coronary artery diseases in humans [16] and pacing induced heart failure [90]. In humans, better left ventricular diastolic filling, increased ejection fraction and stroke volume, decreased end diastolic LV dimension and increased cardiac output at peak exercise, suggest improved cardiac load and efficiency for a given work rate [16,23,91,92]. Moreover the deleterious neuro-endocrine and pro-inflammatory cytokine burden of CHF are decreased by exercise training [93–95]. This "anti-inflammatory" effect of exercise training in CHF may further decrease the oxidative stress within cardiac tissue and therefore improve intracellular energetics.
However, direct evidences for beneficial effects of exercise training on cardiac energy metabolism are sparse. In experimental heart failure, physically active animals did not modify oxidative capacity, oxidative enzymes and energy transfer enzyme activity compared to their sedentary counterparts, but irreversible aortic stenosis may have precluded the potential beneficial effects of exercise training on cardiac metabolism [96]. One recent study in CHF patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy measured oxidative metabolism by [11C] acetate and positron emission tomography [97]. Training induced a coordinated decrease in myocardial O2 uptake indicating improved forward work efficiency. Therefore, exercise training in CHF seems to improve cardiac energetic efficiency.
Because clear beneficial effects of training in terms of ventricular remodeling, efficiency and even patients survival has been shown after myocardial infarction [98], exercise rehabilitation has become standard of care in this setting [99], provided that exercise testing and training are not initiated within the first few days of the acute event when arrhythmias and adverse remodeling can occur [100]. It remains to be established whether this results from the effects of training on ventricular geometry and heart rate only, from better energetic efficiency of the cardiomyocyte, or from improved intrinsic oxidative capacity and intracellular energy transfers in human failing cardiomyocytes or a combination of these factors.
4.2. Effect of exercise training on skeletal muscle metabolism in heart failure
Effects of exercise training on skeletal muscle of CHF patients are more documented. Increases in VO2 peak have been consistently reported with exercise training, together with improvements in global indices of muscle metabolism like lesser PCr decrease, lower Pi/PCr ratio and higher PCr resynthesis rates for a given workload after training [101–104]. This improved overall metabolic balance for a given workload can result from improved O2 and substrate supply to skeletal muscle tissue, increased tissue oxidative capacity, and/or more efficient energy utilization.
4.2.1. O2 and substrate supply to skeletal muscle
One of the first studies that examined the effects of training in CHF patients showed increased peak leg blood flow to active skeletal muscles and more efficient peripheral oxygen extraction after training, without improved submaximal exercise leg blood flow [105]. Nevertheless, the CHF-induced decrease in capillarity is improved after training [106,107]. Moreover, the decreased endothelium-mediated vasodilatory properties of the skeletal muscle during CHF are at least partly corrected, at the local and systemic levels [8,17,108]. This improvement in flow mediated vasodilatation by exercise training in CHF is accompanied by enhanced expression of eNOS [109] and/or increased activity of vascular antioxidative enzymes [110]. Thus, exercise training has been proposed as an effective antioxidant and antiatherogenic therapy at the vascular level which is able to correct and/or improve endothelial dysfunction [111]. Therefore, despite unchanged leg blood flow, a favorable intramuscular redistribution of nutritive flow and oxygen may occur after training. It remains that these hypotheses still await more conclusive evidence.
4.2.2. Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and energy transfer
In chronic heart failure patients, endurance training reduces phosphocreatine depletion and ADP increase during exercise, and enhances the rate of phosphocreatine resynthesis after exercise indicating a substantial improvement of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity [101]. Increase in mitochondrial volume density positively correlates with changes in VO2 peak and anaerobic threshold exercise [112] or changes in type I fiber percentage, and negatively with muscle venous lactate for a given workload [113]. As exercise training in heart failure patients increases mitochondrial size [114], it is likely that it will also increase muscle oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle, resulting in increased exercise tolerance. In older human skeletal muscle, exercise enhances mitochondrial activity, which is likely related to the concomitant increase in mitochondrial biogenesis [115]. In CHF rats, muscle oxidative capacity increases with physical activity in muscles recruited during exercise [96] and in vastus lateralis muscle of patients after cardiac transplantation [76]. Whether this increase in mitochondrial density and oxidative capacity with training in CHF occurs because of increased coordinated transcription of nuclear and mitochondrial genes is presently undemonstrated. However, this hypothesis is likely because of the coordinated changes in PGC-1α expression, muscle oxidative capacity, VO2 peak and the training status in healthy individuals and in CHF patients [53].
In heart failure patients, abnormal local generation of NO by over-expression of iNOS, increases production of reactive oxygen species and enhances cytokine levels creating local deleterious conditions for optimal mitochondrial functioning, thus decreasing the functional oxidative capacity of muscle tissue [110,116,117]. Exercise training partially reverses these cellular events by decreasing tissue iNOS, cytokine production, local ROS generation and AngioII-mediaed vasoconstriction [118,119], and by enhancing expression of antioxidative enzymes [110], thus having anticatabolic effects on one hand and restoring better environmental conditions for mitochondrial energy production on the other. Indeed, training decreases local cytokines and partially reconstitutes oxidative defenses, resulting in decreased muscular damage and apoptosis [120]. Nevertheless the direct demonstration of the effects of oxidative stress on functional mitochondrial oxidative capacity is still lacking.
As stated above, intracellular energy transfer through creatine kinase is also limited in heart failure [51,57]. These abnormalities persist in ACEi treated patients [53,57]. In heart transplant recipient, a significant increase in mi-CK activity is observed with training without changes in M–CK [76]. In rats, voluntary wheel running increases both M–CK and mi-CK in soleus muscle, but mi-CK is still lower than in control rats [96]. Interestingly, running performance strongly correlates with mi-CK activity both in rats [96] and CHF patients [116] further underscoring the importance of tight integration between oxidative energy synthesis and energy utilization in determining muscle performance [73,74]. Nevertheless, direct assessment of exercise training on mitochondrial function and energy transfer in heart failure still deserve further consideration.
Considering the similarity between muscle disability in aging and heart failure, it is not surprising that healthy or CHF elderly highly benefit from exercise training in terms of exercise tolerance, contractile, mitochondrial and endothelial functions, cardiovascular endurance and oxidative defenses [61,62,115,121].
5. Conclusions
Heart failure induces a metabolic myopathy affecting both heart and skeletal muscles. This manifests itself mainly by decreased oxidative capacity, shift in substrate utilization and altered energy transfer by phosphotransfer kinases. In skeletal muscle, endurance exercise capacity is mainly conditioned by increased oxidative capacity, increased lipid utilization, and improvement of energy fluxes and better coupling between energy production and utilization. Prolonged exercise is thus able to counteract these deleterious effects by improving oxygen and substrate delivery, as well as metabolic remodeling of cardiac and skeletal muscles. Although beneficial effects of endurance training in heart failure are indubitable, further work is needed to delineate the pleiotropic effects of physical activity on cardiac and skeletal muscle functions. This issue is of interest for clinical output, especially for rehabilitation of patients with heart failure.
If the beneficial effects of endurance training in CHF patients are well established in terms of exercise capacity, quality of life and even morbi-mortality, there is increasing evidence that it is at least not harmful and may even be beneficial for the failing heart itself. If by further studies this proves to be true in human patients, training should be implemented in the care standards, together with β-blockers and medication antagonizing the renin–angiotensine–aldosterone system. Further research examining the mechanisms of these beneficial effects at the whole organ and cellular levels will be of vital importance to identify potential advantageous effects of pharmacological and physical therapy. The specific effects of other kinds of exercise such as resistance exercise, alone or in combination with endurance exercise on muscle mass and energy metabolism also should be investigated in the future.
R.V.-C. is supported by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. This work was supported by an INSERM PROGRES, an "Association Française contre les Myopathies" and a "Fondation de France" grants.


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Every morning in our e-mail inbox, we're hit with an onslaught of horribly sexist spam, with subject headers such as: "Pregnant sluts thirsty for liquid jizz diet!" "Huge clits—lick 'em like juicy oysters!" "Lactating nymphos squirt milk on your cornflakes!" And "Crazy lesbian action with double-dildo penetrations!" (Never anything we'd wanna see, like "Hairy bears and chubs fraternity initiation party!"—noooo.) And then one day, we rip open a Locals Only package, and expecting to ogle at some inoffensive homemade CD-cover art, we're instead hit with tits, tits, tits! But just when we're about to launch into an angry tirade, we realize that the mammary-laden disc in question is actually Venus Envy, a compilation of tracks from mostly OC- or Long Beach-based women and woman-fronted bands. (The multitude of knocker shots on the cover are, we assume, a form of female empowerment or something.) Put together by local guitar-wielder Jennifer Corday, who released it on her own label (she also snagged the leadoff track for herself—that's savvy marketing!), Venus Envy, like any compilation, has some things to love and some to not. We're nuts about already-familiar cuts such as Sideswipe's "Crucify," Sparklejets UK's "Real Nice Time," and Corday's "I Rule the World," as well as the usual good stuff from such folks as Kerry Getz, Niki Smart and the Halo Friendlies (loooove the rowdy riff on the Halos' "Just Like You"), but we were smitten by the lesser-heard, too. Sublime stuff like Starcrasher's "Everything," with its deliciously loud, snotty guitars. And Yvonne Perea's terrific blues-belting set of pipes. And the vitriolic pissiness of the Zoey's Trip song "Your X." And Sunset Room's classy cabaret/techno dabbling. And our favorite new tune, Shitting Glitter's beautifully raunchy "Strapping," a hot sonic genderfuck with lines about "Making the scene with our secret machine" and "Looking like boys/And proving that we can play with their toys." (Hey, The L Word producers: here's one for your soundtrack album!) The music on Venus Envy flows heavy in the pop/folk-rock vein, which is our main qualm—surely not this many people want to emulate Melissa Etheridge, and where are all the younger, girl-fronted punk bands? But on the whole, there's still a lot of sweet ear candy for the licking here.
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