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|Reviews for Hook and Wendy Loss of Innocence
| evningstar chapter 4 . 10/9/2015
| Guest chapter 4 . 2/20/2015
An awesome story. Captain's scheme to "trap" Wendy was good and it is a shame that you didn't continue it. I would love to know how things were going to be from now on.
| HellgirlRP chapter 4 . 8/2/2014
I like the plot of this story so far I tore through the chapters in a few minutes and it wasn't enough this story needs to be continued! Plz The character portrayal is very well done. This is a great pairing ;)
| Jazzy chapter 4 . 6/3/2014
Weird and different but hot I love it.
| takara410 chapter 4 . 11/23/2013
love it
| Smut-Free-Author chapter 4 . 11/2/2013
I enjoyed reading all four of your chapters. Thank you for taking pace into consideration, it made the whole bit much easier to swallow. I would actually like to hear more of this. Wendy enjoys this: will she cast off Peter? Will she get Peter to help her escape? Will she marry James and become Mrs Hook? I would like to hear a resolution. Nicely done.
| Me chapter 4 . 10/29/2013
Please, plead update as soon as you can!
| darthcat chapter 4 . 9/9/2013
Well, there goes my childhood memories of disney peter pan in neverland;-)
| jearley chapter 4 . 1/21/2012
love this please write
| SeverusDrarry chapter 4 . 2/6/2010
It's a shame there isn't more to this! It's an awesome story!
| Greenhemoglobin chapter 2 . 11/1/2009
quah rape? BAD BAD MAN!
| singingofgallifrey chapter 4 . 10/2/2009
coolio please continue with this story wud love to read more
| PrincessSYS chapter 2 . 8/3/2009
| slythrn-barnbum chapter 4 . 2/8/2008
you've done a wonderful start to this story. i hope you continue to update this and that you do it soon!
| Celebwen Telcontar chapter 4 . 12/5/2007
Erm... interesting. Please continue.


text: There Are Rambo Games ComingLuke Plunkett8/05/11 3:15amFiled to: BlipRamboReef entertainmentNews27EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalinkReef Entertainment, publishers of games like Sniper Elite, Rogue Trooper and Shadow Grounds, have picked up the rights to release games based on the Rambo movies. Sadly, none of them will feature certified badass Segata Sanshiro.[MCV] Reply27 repliesLeave a reply

subset: commoncrawl


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simple shell extension (context menu handler)
This project was successfully completed by ducle for $40 USD in 3 days.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project Budget$30 - $250 USD
Completed In3 days
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Project Description
I'm looking for a simple shell extension. It will be a DLL file for 32bit and 64bit version of windows.
After the shell extension is registered, it will provide a menu entry in system context menu with icon (like winzip)
- when user clicks a file in his computer (or selection of files), context menu will appear
- if the user selected a file(s) from certain drive, eg E:\, then our custom menu entry appears
- in that case, user will see a new menu entry called "run me" with small icon.
- after the user clicks the menu, an exe file will be executed with all files a arguments (parameters)
You have to write this shell extension in Visual Studio 10 or LCC-Win32. You will provide source code (whole project), and also binaries for all possible windows platforms (reasonable - like XP/vista/7, 32bit 64bit)
This is very simple project so I don't expect your bids going any much higher than $30
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A Shoreline Dream
A Shoreline Dream's debut full-length, Avoiding the Consequences, showcased a band exploring the breadth of dream pop with an immediately compelling sound. On Coastal, its latest effort, the act builds upon Avoiding's ideas with noisier backdrops and less floating-in-the-ether-style digital delay. The disc also exhibits a greater sense of urgency and a darker tone than you'd expect from an outfit so deft at crafting blissed-out epics. Coastal's finest moment is the song "New York": While the guitars could have been given greater prominence in the mix, as they are in a live setting, there's no denying the sheer force of the track. Overall, Shoreline's tasteful blending of down-tempo atmospherics with bracing, ethereal guitars and its keen use of low end are faithful reminders that the most interesting music rarely sticks to tradition.
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Skip to comments.How Kaiser Bill planned to invade United States
Posted on 05/08/2002 5:38:26 PM PDT by Pokey78
DRIVEN by a desire for world domination, Kaiser Wilhelm II, the last German emperor, drew up plans to send an amphibious force of 100,000 troops to attack New York and Boston at the end of the 19th century, according to a military archive.
The documents detail how the Kaiser authorised the planning of an attack on east coast cites during the 1890s as he sought to advance Germany's geopolitical ambitions, not least against the emerging power of America.
One option, he believed, was to launch huge naval assaults on this new rival on the world stage, forcing it to recognise Germany's might. "Wilhelm II wanted colonies and military bases around the world. The United States was increasingly getting in the Kaiser's way," said the Die Ziet newspaper, which published contents of the letters and other documents yesterday.
The Kaiser rejected ideas of a naval blockade or a naval battle and made plans for an invasion of the north-eastern US. As early as 1897 a young naval lieutenant, Eberhard von Mantey, was authorised to plot the dispatch of a huge fleet across the Atlantic.
The main targets, under his first plan, were the towns of Norfolk, Hampton Roads and Newport News. "That is where the United States can be hit at its most sensitive point and be forced into peace," Lt von Mantey wrote.
The challenge from America seemed even greater to the Kaiser after its victory in 1898 in the Spanish-American war allowed it to acquire Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines in addition to some of Samoa and Hawaii.
The German response was a second plan from Lt von Mantey which named New York as the main target. "The greatest panic would break out in New York over fears of a bombardment," he wrote, adding: "Two to three battalions of infantry and one battalion of sappers should be sufficient."
Prof John Rohl, a research professor in German history at the University of Sussex and the author of many books on the Kaiser said that, while the outline of the plans had been known to scholars for some time, the documents helped to explain the Kaiser's limitless ambition and lack of grasp on reality.
"This is typical of the unpredictability of the Kaiser and shows his worldwide ambition to make Germany into a superpower. It was a crazy idea.
"All the European powers had thought they had the world to themselves. Then suddenly, alas, there are two new players on the scene, America and Japan."
As Germany expanded its navy and eyed its European rivals, more and more detailed plans for the American attacks were put together under the Kaiser's guidance. A naval attache at the German embassy in Washington had already begun scouting for landing locations when a high-ranking officer cast doubt over whether the mission could succeed.
The final draft of the attack was abandoned in 1906, when the Germans began to realise the risks of tackling an ever-more powerful America.
The papers, stored in a record office in Freiburg, south-western Germany, illuminate a little known chapter of German military history and support claims that the expansionist ambitions of the Nazis had roots in the Kaiser's drive for empire.
Die Zeit said: "Once again this proves the continuity between the Kaiserreich and the Third Reich because the Nazis also wanted to risk a final fight for world domination with the US 40 years later."
The really absurd part of this article is at the end:
The papers, stored in a record office in Freiburg, south-western Germany, illuminate a little known chapter of German military history and support claims that the expansionist ambitions of the Nazis had roots in the Kaiser's drive for empire.The plans were drawn up by a lieutenant, for Heaven's sake! And we are to construe this as a sign of HM the Kaiser's intent to attack the United States? And as a prefiguration of Hitler's alleged intention to take over the whole world? Let me guess, the Schlieffen Plan was actually authored by a Feldwebel in East Prussia.
Die Zeit said: "Once again this proves the continuity between the Kaiserreich and the Third Reich because the Nazis also wanted to risk a final fight for world domination with the US 40 years later."
All significant operational plans are drawn up by Generals and Admirals, or at the very least Majors attached to the Generalstab. Staff officers do this stuff the way single girls thumb through Bride magazine.
At least since the Why We Fight series, and Erikson's mendacious post-mortem psychoanalysis of Martin Luther, it has become customary to view every single aspect of Germanic culture all the way back to Tacitus as a prefiguration and cause of Nazism. I fully expect to see a cookbook some day that pompously explains how a diet of red cabbage, potato salad, sausage and beer is an infallible sign of fascist tendencies, and the Reinheitsgebot of 1516 was merely the first step on the long (but direct) road to the Nuremberg Laws.
von Mantey was apparently one of the Kaiser's personal favorites, and the All-Highest Kaiser Wilhelm II was just plain loopy. And Lieutenant in the Navy is equal to Captain in the Army. Somewhat junior, but not REALLY junior.
And much of Hitler's desire for Lebensraum was rooted in a 19th-century German intellectual fashion for creating a Germanic superstate--Mitteleuropa--that incorporated most of Eastern and a good chunk of Southeastern Europe. My take on this concept is that it was a reflection of the All-Highest's fundamental loopiness.
Kaiser Billy had two permanent enemies: Russia and France. He had no need to make a third--but he did, and he did so because he loved battleships, not because of any fundamental strategic imperative for Germany.
All significant operational plans are drawn up by Generals and Admirals, or at the very least Majors attached to the Generalstab. Staff officers do this stuff the way single girls thumb through Bride magazine.
The fact that this stuff made its way into the official archives indicates that it was taken seriously by the Generalstab, instead of being thrown out and the good Leutnant getting sent to command the Vistula garbage scow flotilla until retirement...
A lot of folks on both sides of the Atlantic thought otherwise, but it was usually the equivalent of those Freepers that believe China is going to be able to invade America Real Soon Now.
I do not concede that point.
Not in the slightest.
"Conroy reconstructs history, imagining a German invasion of the U.S. in 1901 to enforce German claims to the colonies the U.S. took over in the Spanish-American War. The novel is clearly a labor of love. Conroy seems to have conceived the story out of a lifetime's dedication to military history, and he puts into it a host of apparently favorite ideas and historic characters. The writing doesn't attain the level of Conroy's aspirations but keeps us turning pages, anyway. Conroy focuses on his central character, Patrick Mahan, as he rises from captain to major general, but fills out the book with many engaging side characters, including African American officers and Theodore Roosevelt, as well as with the pleasant fancy of having erstwhile Confederate General Longstreet appointed commanding general of the U.S. Army (Longstreet actually did return to U.S. service, but as a diplomat, and lived until 1904). The yarn is likely to please both military history and alternative history buffs."
By the way, in the book, the invasion plan was drawn up by von Schlieffen, not a mere lieutenant.
HM the Kaiser may have felt he had some bridge-building to do with respect to the smaller states after the Prince's attempts to run rough-shod over them. (cf. Kulturkampf). I would have advised "dropping the pilot" as well, although HM's foreign policy thereafter was admittedly somewhat clumsy.
There have been clumsier, however -- even in the U.S.
Silliness. While I will concede that at the time of this plan's inception the U.S. was not yet the industrial behemoth of the WWII years, no student of the U.S. Civil War (and the Europeans were better military students of that conflict than their American counterparts) could imagine a force projection of this size would do anything but get eaten. An interesting exercise in planning, IMHO, but hardly a serious set of intentions.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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In the Laboratory of Dr. Hayashizaki at RIKEN Genome Science a large-scale project was undertaken, with the goal to clone and sequence full-length cDNA clones for all genes expressed from various mouse tissues. The project was entitled the Functional Annotation Of the Mouse (FANTOM). Over the coming years, the FANTOM™ project expanded from the initial 21,000 FANTOM™ 1 clones, to 60,000 clones by 2002 (FANTOM™ 2). Finally, in September 2005, RIKEN published their most up to date version of 102,000 full-length sequenced mouse cDNA clones, as the FANTOM™ 3 Project. Source BioScience offer all 102,000 clones.
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How many colours does the human skin have?28 May
We each have a unique skin. Our protective mantle produces a personal odour that a dog could distinguish between thousands of other smells. Our skin colour is just as characteristic, as no two skins have exactly the same tone. This is what the Brazilian artist Angelica Dass captures in the photos included in her Humanae project.
For Humanae, Angelica Dass has photographed hundreds of volunteers during the year that she has spent travelling in Brazil, the USA, Colombia, France and Bahrain. Each new photo is processed using software synchronized with the Pantone® colour chart to create a record for the skin tone. Pantone® is a code-based colour classification system that allows colours to be accurately reproduced in any medium. It is the most widely used colour standard in industry and the graphic arts sector.
Dass' work may well be the largest existing catalogue of skin tones. And she still has not come across two skins that are identical in colour! The aim of Dass' project is to open up the debate on ethnic identity, highlighting the fact that the subtle continuity of skin tones points to more similarities than differences. Beyond factors such as nationality, origin, socioeconomic status, age and aesthetics, the colour of our skin not only makes us unique, it also makes us human.
(Photos courtesy of Angélica Dass).


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The IFSC Code of Punjab National Bank Ernakulam (market Road) branch is PUNB0427100. The branch is located in Ernakulam district of Kerala. For address and phone numbers, scroll down.
To make NEFT or RTGS money transfer to Punjab National Bank Ernakulam (market Road) branch from any other bank in India, IFSC code is necessary. For hustle free payment transfer, share the accurate IFSC, branch name and account number with the transferer.
PNB Ernakulam (market Road) IFSC Code: PUNB0427100
Address, MICR code, branch contact number etc of PNB Ernakulam (market Road) branch is given below. You may contact the branch or the Customer Care number of the bank information relating to your Punjab National Bank account.
#40/1471, Market Road, Convent Junction, Ernakulam
City & District : Ernakulam
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|Branch Phone Number
|0484-2384637, 238463
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1800-180-2222, 1800-103-2222 - General
1800-180-2345 - Credit card
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Characterisation of sleep in intensive care using 24-hour polysomnography: anobservational study
DOI: 10.1186/cc12565
© Elliott et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013
Received: 23 November 2012
Accepted: 14 March 2013
Published: 18 March 2013
Many intensive care patients experience sleep disruption potentially related tonoise, light and treatment interventions. The purpose of this study was tocharacterise, in terms of quantity and quality, the sleep of intensive carepatients, taking into account the impact of environmental factors.
This observational study was conducted in the adult ICU of a tertiary referralhospital in Australia, enrolling 57 patients. Polysomnography (PSG) was performedover a 24-hour period to assess the quantity (total sleep time: hh:mm) and quality(percentage per stage, duration of sleep episode) of patients' sleep while in ICU.Rechtschaffen and Kales criteria were used to categorise sleep. Interrater checkswere performed. Sound pressure and illuminance levels and care events weresimultaneously recorded. Patients reported on their sleep quality in ICU using theRichards Campbell Sleep Questionnaire and the Sleep in Intensive CareQuestionnaire. Data were summarised using frequencies and proportions or measuresof central tendency and dispersion as appropriate and Cohen's Kappa statistic wasused for interrater reliability of the sleep data analysis.
Patients' median total sleep time was 05:00 (IQR: 02:52 to 07:14). The majority ofsleep was stage 1 and 2 (medians: 19 and 73%) with scant slow wave and REM sleep.The median duration of sleep without waking was 00:03. Sound levels were high(mean Leq 53.95 dB(A) during the day and 50.20 dB(A) at night) and illuminancelevels were appropriate at night (median <2 lux) but low during the day(median: 74.20 lux). There was a median 1.7 care events/h. Patients' meanself-reported sleep quality was poor. Interrater reliability of sleep staging washighest for slow wave sleep and lowest for stage 1 sleep.
The quantity and quality of sleep in intensive care patients are poor and may berelated to noise, critical illness itself and treatment events that disturb sleep.The study highlights the challenge of quantifying sleep in the critical caresetting and the need for alternative methods of measuring sleep. The resultssuggest that a sound reduction program is required and other interventions toimprove clinical practices to promote sleep in intensive care patients.
Trial registration
Australian New Zealand clinical trial registry(http://www.anzctr.org.au/): ACTRN12610000688088.
The role of good quality sleep in health is well known [1, 2]. However, many critically ill patients treated in the intensive care unit(ICU) experience sleep disruption [3–6]. Intensive care patients may experience normal or near-normal total sleeptime (TST) but have been reported to have reduced slow wave (SW) and rapid eye movement(REM) sleep, largely because of frequent arousals. The factors causing sleep disruptionin intensive care patients are not fully understood; many extrinsic and intrinsicfactors have been proposed, such as noise [7], light, inflammatory mediators [6], sedative and opioid medications [4] and mechanical ventilator settings [8]. Polysomnography (PSG) recording is supported by reports from ICU patients ontheir inability to sleep well in ICU [9, 10]. Patients often attribute disturbances to their sleep to noise levels [10].
Twenty-four hour PSG studies in ICU have been few and there are no recent studies; therehave been fewer studies still examining the prevalence of sleep disruptive factorssimultaneously with PSG or investigations of ICU patient perceptions of the quality ofsleep and sleep disruptions in conjunction with PSG recording. The primary aim of thisobservational study was to provide a current assessment of the quality and quantity ofcritically ill patients' sleep while they were treated in ICU. The secondary aims wereto explore the prevalence of the main factors that potentially affect sleep in ICU, thatis the environmental sound pressure and illuminance levels ICU patients are exposed to,and the frequency of treatment and care patients receive. We also assessed self-reportedsleep quality while patients were treated in ICU and the hospital ward and patients'perceptions of sleep disruptions in ICU.
Materials and methods
Study setting and sample
This study was conducted in a 36-bed adult general ICU in a 600-bed hospital inSydney, Australia. The ICU provided specialty services such as cardiac, spinal, burnsand renal and was a closed unit with an accredited intensivist responsible for themanagement of all patients. Ward rounds were conducted by the intensivist twice a daywhen treatment goals/plans were reviewed, for example sedation medicationprescriptions were adjusted according to the individual patient needs (routinely,calm and interactive). The registered nurse (RN) to patient ratio was 1:1 formechanically ventilated patients and 1:2 for patients requiring high dependency care.There was no distinct area for the care of high dependency level patients;mechanically ventilated patients were cared for alongside patients of lower acuity.The RN performed all the nursing care for the patient. The main practices associatedwith sleep promotion during the time in which the study was conducted were offering anight-time hypnotic (that is, temazepam) and earplugs/eye shades to the patients anddimming the main lights at night.
Patients were included if aged >16 years and likely to be treated in ICU for >24hours and able to give informed consent on their own behalf. The ability to provideconsent was assessed by the following means: i) subjective advice by the bedsidenurse; cognition was discussed including orientation to time and place and ability tofollow simple instructions; ii) the patient was approached and asked to state theirname (or mouth the words); if the patient was able to perform this instruction afurther check was made; iii) the patient's understanding and ability to followinstructions was checked by asking them to nod when the correct colour card was heldup from a selection of three. Exclusion criteria included a history of sleepdisorders, psychiatric illness requiring medication, a known diagnosis of dementia orcentral neurological impairment confirmed by radiological scan. Human Research EthicsCommittee approval for the study was provided by the Health Service and theUniversity of Technology Sydney. Patients provided informed consent with writtenconfirmation by their next of kin in cases where the patient was unable to sign theconsent form. Data were collected from January to December, 2009 and September 2010to April 2011. Screening for eligibility was performed on weekdays.
Data collection
On enrolment, patients rated their sleep quality prior to hospitalization using a 1to 10 scale (10 = excellent) and patients or their proxy completed the InsomniaSeverity Index (ISI) [11]. The ISI comprises seven items based on the symptoms and severity of sleepdisturbance; each item is scored from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely). The total ISIscore ranges from 0 to 28 with a cutoff for clinical insomnia of 15. Concurrentvalidity with a sleep diary has been reported at r = 0.65 [11].
Patients were monitored for one 24-hour period using a portable PSG device, eitherPS-2™ (Compumedics, Melbourne, Australia) or ALICE LE™ (PhilipsRespironics, Amsterdam, Netherlands). Recording began and finished between 1000 and1700 hours. Electroencephalograph (EEG) (O1/M2, C4/M1), electromyograph (EMG),electrooculograph (EOG) (right and left) and electrocardiograph (ECG) (lead II) wererecorded. Patients' skin was prepared according to standard techniques. Gold cup EEGelectrodes were placed at O1/M2 and C4/M1 according to the International 10-20 System [12]. Two EOG electrodes were used for right and left eye movements. The EMGelectrodes were located over the right and left masseter (facial) muscles. Electrodeapplication was performed by the authors (RE and MF) who were both trained in thetechnique. Electrode impedance was maintained <9,000 ohms. Visual checks wereperformed hourly and electrodes were replaced if impedance values approached 9,000ohms or when the patient was disturbed for routine repositioning.
Sound and illuminance levels were recorded simultaneously with PSG using theintegrated sound pressure level meter (model 2250, Brüel and Kjaer™,Nærum, Denmark) and illuminance level meter (T-10, Konica Minolta™, Osaka,Japan). Continuous equivalent sound pressure levels (Leq) in 'A' weighted decibelsand peak sound pressure levels (Lpeak) in 'C' weighted decibels were logged everysecond. More detailed information about the protocol for sound pressure levelrecording and configuration of patient rooms is reported elsewhere [13]. Illuminance level (in lux) was recorded, using a sensor placed close tothe patient's head, once per minute. The bedside nurse was requested to log an eventwhenever the patient received treatment or care using a specially designed MicrosoftAccess™ (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) form listing a number of events on acomputer located within reach. The event log contained the following items: clinicalassessment; tracheal suctioning; pressure area care; physiotherapy; mouth/eye care;blood test (sampling); wash; non-invasive blood pressure; eating and drinking;dressing; pain; line insertion; X-ray; clinical crisis; agitation/anxiety/confusion;electrode replacement and other (for example placing an extra blanket on thepatient).
On completion of PSG recording patients rated their previous night's sleep using theRichards Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ) [14]. The RCSQ contains five 100mm visual analogue scales (VAS): sleep depth,latency, awakenings, time awake and quality of sleep (higher scores indicate bettersleep). The RCSQ was pilot tested in a medical ICU [15] and validated with overnight PSG in medical ICU patients [14]. In our study, patients who were unable to write were assisted; thepatient used their current communication strategy to indicate where the investigatorshould mark the VAS.
One to two nights after transfer to the ward, patients rated their sleep on the wardusing the RCSQ and reported on sleep-disturbing factors in ICU using the Sleep inIntensive Care Questionnaire (SICQ) [10]. The SICQ was developed to determine the perceived effect of the ICUenvironment on sleep. It contains seven questions (rated 1 to 10), including overallsleep quality at home, sources of perceived sleep disruption and sources ofnoise.
Demographic and clinical data were collected from the patient's record. The AcutePhysiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III modified diagnostic codes [16] were used to classify diagnoses. The APACHE II severity of illness scoreon admission and the Modified Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) [17] at the time of enrolment were calculated to assess severity ofillness.
Data analysis
Polysomnography recordings were scored manually in 30-second epochs, by threequalified sleep technologists using standard Rechtschaffen and Kales [18] (R and K) criteria. TST was defined as the time spent in all sleep stages.The percentage of time in each sleep stage and sleep during the day (0600 to 2100hours) was calculated. Arousals were defined using American Academy of Sleep Medicinecriteria [19] and the number per hour of sleep (arousal index) reported. Morphineequivalent doses of opioid medications [20] and midazolam equivalent doses of benzodiazepine [21] were calculated to summarise the doses of opioid and sedative medicationsadministered.
The software packages PASW™ (version 18; SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA) andMicrosoft Excel (2007) were used to analyse the data. Means and medians were used todescribe continuous data and frequencies and percentages were used for categoricaldata. Interrater reliability for scoring the PSG data by sleep technologists wasperformed on 16 (30%) recordings using Cohen's Kappa statistic. The Mann-Whitney Utest was used to detect differences between the TST and arousal indices for patientswho received mechanical ventilation during PSG and those who did not and to comparearousal indices for patients who received benzodiazepine medications or propofol andthose who did not. The correlation between arousal indices and peak sounds (>80dB(A)) was explored using Pearson's r. Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used to comparepatients' self-reported quality of sleep in ICU and the ward.
Sample characteristics
Patient characteristics
n = 53
Females, n (%)
17 (32)
Diagnosis, n (%)
18 (34)
35 (66)
Age, mean (SD) a , y
60.13 (20.02)
APACHE b II score, mean (SD)
18.70 (8.23)
SOFA c score, mean (SD)
4.04 (2.53)
Sedation level on enrolment (VICS d ), mean (SD)
Interaction score
27.06 (3.80)
Calmness score
29.00 (2.70)
BMI e in kg/m2, mean (SD)
24.50 (4.90)
Duration of ventilation, median (IQR f ), d
6.00 (1.67-21.50)
Length of ICU stay, median (IQR), d
12.00 (6.00-26.00)
Length of hospital, median (IQR), d
29.00 (17.50-49.50)
ICU admission day on which sleep monitoring occurred, median (IQR), d
5.00 (2.50-11.00)
Patients receiving mechanical ventilation during PSG, n (%)
28 (54)
Patients receiving an opioid, benzodiazepine or propofol, n (%)
43 (81)
Patients administered opioid and benzodiazepinemedications g , n (%)
16 (30)
Patients administered benzodiazepine/propofol, n (%)
28 (53)
Patients administered opioids, n (%)
32 (60)
Sleep outcomes: subjective reports
Patients (n = 48)
ISI a score, median (IQR b )
6.00 (1.00-13.75)
ISI score ≥15, n (%)
10 (21)
Sleep quality pre-hospitalisation, median (IQR), 1-10
8.00 (5.00-9.00)
Patients (n = 40)
Total RCSQ c score in ICU, median (IQR), mm
57.50 (32.00-70.00)
Patients (n = 45)
Total RCSQ score in ward, median (IQR), mm
57.40 (36.70-74.40) d
Patients (n = 43)
Sleep disturbing factors (SICQ e ), mean(SD f ), 1-10
5.70 (2.75)
Nursing interventions
5.05 (2.44)
5.15 (2.61)
Diagnostic testing
4.49 (2.67)
Vital signs
4.25 (2.12)
Blood samples
4.01 (2.20)
Administration of medications
3.84 (2.12)
Sleep, sound and light
Sleep outcomes: PSG-derived data, sleep time and stages
(n = 53)
Duration of PSG recording, median (IQR), hh:mm
24:00 (23:37-24:00)
TST a , median (IQR b ), hh:mm
05:00 (02:52-07:14)
Duration of sleep without waking, median (IQR), hh:mm
00:03 (00:02-00:05)
Number of sleep periods, median (IQR)
38.00 (19.00-56.50)
Sleep during daytime hours, median (IQR), %
41 (24-55)
Stage 1, median (IQR), hh:mm
01:00 (00:22-01:31)
Stage 1, median (IQR), %
19 (8-31)
Stage 2, median (IQR), hh:mm
03:03 (01:36-05:19)
Stage 2, median (IQR), %
73 (58-87)
Slow wave sleep, median (IQR), hh:mm
00:00 (00:00-00:04) c
Slow wave sleep, median (IQR), %
0 (0-1) c
REM d , median (IQR), hh:mm
00:00 (00:00-00:21) e
REM, median (IQR), %
0 (0-6) e
Arousals, median (IQR), No. per hr
27.00 (14.00-37.50)
Interrater reliability (Cohen's Kappa statistic) for Rechtschaffen and Kalesscoring for sleep technologists (16 recordings)
Sleep stage/state
Technologists one and two, 18,644 epochs (95%CIa)
Technologists two and three, 25,908 epochs (95% CI)
Stage 1
0.12 (0.10-0.13)
0.08 (0.06-0.10)
Stage 2
0.58 (0.46-0.72)
0.55 (0.54-0.56)
Stage 3/4
0.76 (0.70-0.82)
0.20 (0.14-0.23)
REM b
0.44 (0.39-0.49)
0.41 (0.36-0.44)
0.68 (0.65-0.69)
0.58 (0.55-0.59)
Sound pressure levels were high (mean Leq 53.95 (SD: 2.33) dB(A) during the day and50.20 (SD: 3.21) dB(A) at night). There were a median 416/h sound peaks >80 dB(C)during the day and 90/h at night. The correlation between arousal indices and numberof sound peaks >80 dB(A) was weak during the day (r = 0.13) and night (r = 0.19);neither was statistically significant. Median illuminance levels were lower at night(1.74 lux) than during the day (74.20 lux). The average number of care events was1.74/h; the lowest was between 0200 and 0500 hours (<1.00/h). No patients wore earplugs or eye shades during sleep monitoring.
Sleep mechanical ventilation and medications
Pressure support was the ventilation mode used for 26 patients (six patients receivedpressure control ventilation (PCV) for periods during pressure support), one patientreceived synchronised intermittent ventilation (SIMV) and another patient receivedPCV. Twelve patients were extubated (that is, had their endotracheal tube removed)during PSG monitoring. The median TST of patients who received mechanical ventilationduring PSG recording and those who did not was 05:14 (IQR: 03:36 to 07:57) vs. 03:57(IQR: 01:39 vs. 06:47; P = 0.049) and median arousal indices (20.50 IQR:11.50 to 32.5 vs. 29.50 IQR: 22.00 to 40.87, P = 0.018). The differences forother sleep parameters did not reach statistical significance for patients whoreceived mechanical ventilation during PSG recording and those who did not (forexample, stage 1: 22.87 (24.13) vs. 27.54 (19.85) %, stage 2: 69.99 (24.02) vs. 67.30(20.17) % and REM: 4.47 (5.90) vs. 2.38 (4.91) %).
The mean equivalent dose of morphine was 12.46 (SD: 24.42) mcg/kg/h and equivalentdose of midazolam was 2.26 (SD: 11.60) mcg/kg/h. Six patients received temazepam(four received 20mg and two 10mg) for night sedation. There was a difference in themedian arousal indices for patients who received benzodiazepine medication/propofoland those who did not (22.00 IQR: 11.25 to 31.75 vs. 30.00 IQR: 20.75 to 40.75; P = 0.019). The differences for other sleep parameters did not reach statisticalsignificance for patients who received benzodiazepine medication/propofol and thosewho did not (for example, stage 1: 26.41 (20.74) vs. 23.71 (23.75) %, stage 2: 67.42(19.38) vs. 69.97 (24.74) % and REM: 2.85 (4.76) vs. 4.14 (6.16) %).
This study provides a current characterisation of the quality and quantity of sleep inintensive care patients, together with factors that potentially affect the sleep ofpatients in ICU. Sleep quality was poor; over 90% of patients' sleep was stage 1 and 2and TST was below that experienced by healthy adults. These results indicate that therehas been no improvement since studies published between 1976 and 2003 [3, 5, 24–26], despite improvements in ICU design, technology and health care personneltraining. Sleep fragmentation and unconventional architecture was evident with multipleshort, non-contiguous sleep periods and numerous arousals. Arousals were frequent, aswell as non-sequential stage changes [4, 27]. A large percentage of TST was during daytime hours
Sound levels were elevated and exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) standards forhospitals, that is Leq should not >35 dB(A) in patient areas [28]. In our study, Leq was >49 dB(A). Continuous equivalent sound pressure levelswere 10 dB(A) lower than in many studies in ICU [5, 29, 30] but similar to others [26, 31]. The frequency of sound peaks >80 dB(C) was notable (range: 31 to 1,436/h)and high in comparison with other studies. Kahn et al. [32] reported a mean of 56/h before a noise reduction program and 40/h afterwards,while the mean reported by Meyer et al. [33] was 60/h. It is somewhat surprising that there was no correlation betweenarousal indices and the number of sound peaks >80 dB(A), although it is possible thatpatients had become accustomed to high sound levels. Illuminance levels were appropriateat night (median <2 lux). However, daytime illuminance levels (74 lux) may have beentoo low to encourage a 24-hour circadian rhythm. Study of endogenous melatonin secretionin healthy participants indicates that illuminance levels of <100 lux may not besufficiently bright to suppress melatonin secretion in some individuals [34]. Thus patients in our study may have had high melatonin levels during the daythat contributed to the proportion of daytime sleep. The mean number of treatment/careevents was 40 (1.7/h). This contrasts with hourly rates reported by others (for example3, 7 and 6/h) [6, 25, 26]. Under-recording by the bedside nurses may have occurred in our study. Whilean attempt was made to record care events/treatment in a synchronous manner, this proveddifficult in practice. Hence we are unable to draw conclusions about the relationshipbetween such events and arousals.
Medications administered and considered to potentially affect sleep noted during PSGrecording were mainly opioids and sedative medications. A large proportion (60%) ofpatients received opioid medications, potentially affecting their sleep. SWS has beenfound to be reduced by opioids, with a concomitant increase in stage 2 sleep [35]. A large percentage of patients in our study received benzodiazepines orpropofol (53%) (however, only lightly sedated patients were enrolled; the mean VICSscore was 27.06 (SD: 3.80)). This may also have contributed to the high proportion ofstage 2 and lack of REM sleep [36]. However, it is notable that patients who received benzodiazepine medicationor propofol had fewer arousals than patients who did not. Despite the apparentsuppression of SWS and REM, sleep may have been more consolidated when sedativemedications were administered. The somewhat surprising findings that TST was higher andthere were fewer arousal indices in patients who received mechanical ventilation duringPSG recording may be partly attributable to the larger sedative medication doses theyreceived (mean: 3.49 (SD: 15.64) vs. 0.40 (SD: 0.75) mcg/kg/h).
Patients' self-reports of sleep quality in ICU were poor but comparable to previousstudies. The mean RCSQ score from patients ready for transfer to the ward in the sameICU (n = 222) was 47.18 mm [37]. In a study investigating the utility of the RCSQ and concordance of nurseand patient sleep assessment in ICU, the mean RCSQ score was 45.50 mm [38].
Patient perceptions of sources of sleep disruption were similar to previous studies.Noise was rated the most disruptive, as has been reported elsewhere [26]. In the development of the SICQ, ratings of disruptive activities were lowerand noise (4.5) was less disruptive than vital signs (5.5) and phlebotomy (5.5) [10]. However, the SICQ was first reported in 1999; non-invasive vital signsmonitoring and blood sampling in the current study would be expected to be lessdisruptive than techniques in use in the 1990s.
Study strengths and limitations
This study is the largest of its kind to be conducted using PSG with simultaneousdata collection for factors known to affect sleep in ICU and is the first to presentdata from the Australian context. In addition, other investigators have rarelycollected data on the patients' perception of sleep quality and potentialsleep-disrupting factors in conjunction with PSG recording. This subjectiveinformation is vital in corroborating objective data, particularly as sleep is asubjective experience.
A limitation that became evident during the study was the difficulty in interpretingthe PSG data using conventional R and K analysis. One patient's EEG waveform wasaffected with 'alpha intrusion' (alpha wave activity superimposed on delta waves),which made analysis impossible (the likely explanation being the administration ofantipsychotic medications after enrolment/PSG recording began). Observation of EEGdelta wave activity in some patients who appeared to be awake has been noted in otherstudies [4, 5, 39]. Challenges in scoring ICU patients' sleep data were recently reported byDrouot et al. [39] in their analysis of PSG data from two studies conducted previously. Theinvestigators noted the presence of EEG delta wave activity during apparentwakefulness (the presence of EMG, EOG and limb activity) and a lack of K complexesand sleep spindles preventing classification of stage 2. However, interrater andintrarater scorer reliability checks were not performed in that study.
Another limitation is the effect of benzodiazepine medications on the interpretationof sleep parameters. It is known that benzodiazepine medication increases EEG betawave activity and reduces EEG delta wave activity [40]. Benzodiazepine medication also increases EEG spindle activity [41] (though this appears not to have been the case in our study). The combinedeffect of the opioids and sedative medication on EEG activity likely affected theresults. However, since these medications are essential adjuncts in the treatment andcomfort of many ICU patients, excluding patients who received them would haveseverely limited recruitment and the generalisability of our results. Otherlimitations were the presence of factors such as the use of different modes ofmechanical ventilation and health conditions such as systemic inflammatory response,but such factors are common in ICU patients and their exclusion would also limit theapplicability of the results to the ICU patient population.
Patient enrolment was limited by a number of factors. The availability of PSGmonitoring equipment and the principal researcher were the primary factors forpatients being discharged before they were approached to participate. For this study,we had access to only two people trained in sleep recordings (RE and MF) and oneportable sleep-monitoring device, creating practical limitations to the number andfrequency of studies performed. In addition, there was often limited opportunity inwhich patients were cognitively able to agree to participate before they weredischarged to the hospital ward. A large proportion of patients approached about thestudy declined to participate; many considered the application of monitoring as aset-back in their condition regardless of the reason for it. This may limit thegeneralisability of the results to a sub-set of patients treated in the studyICU.
Interrater reliability of the R and K analysis was moderate, 0.56 for sleeptechnologists one and two and 0.51 for sleep technologists two and three but lowerthan Kappa values for sleep technologists in sleep investigation units (for example0.72 [42]). Interrater reliability for each stage was also lower than in sleeplaboratory studies. The reliability of PSG analysis in ICU patients has beeninfrequently reported. In one study of critically ill, non-ventilated traumapatients' night-time sleep, interrater reliability for one overnight recording, wasreported as Kappa = 0.82 [43]. However, in a comparison by Ambrogio et al. of four methods ofanalysing ICU patients' PSG data, interrater reliability was considerably lower thanin the present study (Kappa = 0.19) [44].
The quantity and quality of patients' sleep while in this ICU using both objective andsubjective assessment methods were found to be poor. Given the similarity between thesleep outcomes and prevalence of potential sleep-disturbing factors in our study andprevious studies, sleep disruption clearly remains a substantial problem for many ICUpatients. Importantly, the current study has added to evolving knowledge of thechallenges of using PSG in ICU and analysing the data. An alternative objective sleepassessment method is required for ICU patients in order to further our understanding ofsleep disruption in this vulnerable patient population and to test clinicalinterventions for their well-being and recovery.
Key messages
·Sleep in ICU patients is highly fragmented with concomitant deficiencies in SW andREM sleep.
·Use of PSG in ICU patients and analysing the data are challenging.
·There is a need to develop alternative methods to conventional PSG staging tomeasure sleep in ICU patients and develop interventions which will improve sleep.
Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation
intensive careunit
Insomnia Severity Index
- Leq:
equivalent sound pressure levels
- Lpeak:
peaksound pressure levels
pressure control ventilation
- R and K:
Rechtschaffen and Kales
Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale
Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire
rapid eye movement
registered nurse
Sleep in Intensive Care Questionnaire
synchronised intermittentventilation
Sequential Organ Failure Assessment
slow wave sleep
totalsleep time
visual analogue scale
Vancouver Interaction Scale.
The authors thank the Intensive Care Foundation, Australian College of Critical CareNurses, the Skipper family (Royal North Shore Hospital Nursing Research Scholarship),the Northcare Foundation, Pink Ladies Committee (Royal North Shore Hospital), Facultyof Engineering and Information Technology (University of Technology Sydney) and thepatients and health care personnel for their generous contributions to the study.
Authors' Affiliations
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- Blomkvist V, Eriksen CA, Theorell T, Ulrich R, Rasmanis G: Acoustics and psychosocial environment in intensive coronary care. Occup Environ Med 2005, 62: e1. Epub 2005 Feb 23 10.1136/oem.2004.017632PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kahn DM, Cook TE, Carlisle CC, Nelson DL, Kramer NR, Millman RP: Identification and modification of environmental noise in an ICU setting. Chest 1998, 114: 535-540. Epub 1998 Sept 3 10.1378/chest.114.2.535View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Meyer TJ, Eveloff SE, Bauer MS, Schwartz WA, Hill NS, Millman RP: Adverse environmental conditions in the respiratory and medical ICU settings. Chest 1994, 105: 1211-1216. Epub 1994 Apr 01 10.1378/chest.105.4.1211View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gronfier C, Wright KP Jr, Kronauer RE, Czeisler CA: Entrainment of the human circadian pacemaker to longer-than-24-h days. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104: 9081-9086. Epub 2007 May 16 10.1073/pnas.0702835104PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Dimsdale JE, Norman D, DeJardin D, Wallace MS: The effect of opioids on sleep architecture. J Clin Sleep Med 2007, 3: 33-36. Epub 2007 June 15PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Monti MJ, Monti D: Overview of currently available benzodiazepine and nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics. In Clinical Pharmacology of Sleep. Edited by: Pandi-Perumal SR, Monti JM. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhauser Verlag; 2006:207-223.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- McKinley S, Elliott R, Elliott D, Fien M (Eds): Intensive care patients report that their sleep is poor In In Proceedings of the 36th Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society andAustralian College of Critical Care Nurses Annual Scientific Meeting (ASM) onIntensive Care. Brisbane, Australia; 2011.
- Frisk U, Nordstrom G: Patients' sleep in an intensive care unit - patients' and nurses' perception. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2003, 19: 342-349. Epub 2003 Nov 26 10.1016/S0964-3397(03)00076-4View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Drouot X, Roche-Campo F, Thille AW, Cabello B, Galia F, Margarit L, d'Ortho MP, Brochard L: A new classification for sleep analysis in critically ill patients. Sleep Med 2012, 13: 7-14. Epub 2011 Dec 14 10.1016/j.sleep.2011.07.012View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bastien CH, LeBlanc M, Carrier J, Morin CM: Sleep EEG power spectra, insomnia, and chronic use of benzodiazepines. Sleep 2003, 26: 313-317. Epub 2003 May 17PubMedGoogle Scholar
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(Recasts, adds S&P ratings downgrade, background, changes dateline, previous dateline NEW YORK) CHICAGO, April 26 (Reuters) - Meridian Automotive Systems Inc. on Tuesday filed for bankruptcy protection to restructure its debt, which it said became unsustainable in a climate of increasing steel and resin prices and vehicle production cuts. Meridian, a closely held supplier of parts to auto and truck makers, said termination of early payment programs by manufacturers also hurt ...
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"It was put to me, from (Cincinnati Reds trainer) Dr. (Timothy) Kremchek, that, 'you need to have surgery,' ... 'When all the smoke clears,' he says, 'you don't have any options. You have to have surgery.'"
Related quotes
"It was put to me, from (Cincinnati Reds trainer) Dr. (Timothy) Kremchek, that, `you need to have surgery,` ... `When all the smoke clears,` he says, `you don`t have any options. You have to have surgery.`"
"Mistakes and errors are not the end of the world if you make them, it is only the end of the world if you do not learn from them!"
"This charge I commit unto thee, son Timothy, according to the prophecies which went before on thee, that thou by them mightest war a good warfare; / Holding faith, and a good conscience; which some having put away concerning faith have made shipwreck: / Of whom is Hymenaeus and Alexander; whom I have delivered unto Satan, that they may learn not to blaspheme."
"In all of life, we encounter people who accept or betray us; there is no other way around it! The friends we has ultimately determine who we are as a person! Judge a person by their friends as well as their enemies!"


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La Fortuna
La Fortuna, Costa Rica
Photos from La FortunaPictures of La Fortuna (10,433)
Hotel Deals in La Fortuna
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Volcan Arenal
... that we passed through, the zocalo was literally covered in topiary(?), all forming strange arches. Not for the weak-of-stomach. La Fortuna is a small (7,000) town situated at the base of Volcan Arenal. Mostly, gringos go there to stare at the ...
The rumbling volcano.
The small town of La Fortuna is the gateway to Lake Arenal as well as Volcano Arenal (1633 meters), one of the most active volcanos in the Western Hemisphere. The place is booming with tourists, most of them here to watch the spectacular lava flow down ...
La Fortuna Walkabout
... with a litany of tourist offices, accommodation options, and some uninspiring restaurants. Yet, an enjoyable 8-kilometre walk outside of La Fortuna highlighted the stunning landscape in this region. We started from the turn-off to San Ram�n and walked ...
Pura Vida
... already been given to others. Apparently reservations are merely vague guidelines for how rental car agencies should allot their vehicles in Costa Rica. After much haggling, we managed to get the agency to charter a minibus for us to our hotel near ...
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Wave Expeditions
La Fortuna, La Fortuna, Arenal Volcano National Park, Province of Guanacaste, Costa Rica


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Small Animal Food
Our Products: Small Animal Food
Although better known for their dog food, CSJ also make small animal food such as cat food and ferret food.
Price £20.10A very popular, complete dry cat food used by catteries, breeders and pet owners. Based on the recipe of a leading brand... 15kg bag.
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Ø 450 x H 475, 605, 720, 875, 1075 mm
Triad's classical and characteristic tripod is based on a round foot plate with three circular cut-outs. The threepronged metal pedestal stands securely also on uneven floor surfaces. The circular cut-outs in the floor plate give additional space for chair legs. The foot termination is made of specially cast plastic and lifts the foot slightly above the floor. The tables are available in heights from 475 to 1075 mm. Tabletops in birch or oak veneer, birch or white laminate. Table top of 22 mm MDF-board with birch veneer, oak veneer, birch laminate or white laminate. Frame of steel, silver-grey powder coating. Stand in steel, black or silver-grey powder coating, table top in birch or oak veneer on 25mm combiplywood alternatively birch or white laminate.
Materia develops, manufactures and markets furniture and interior furnishings for public settings.


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Lutein; is a carotenoid found in fruits and vegetables. In humans, it is concentrated in the retina and lens of the eye. Through its high antioxidant properties, lutein may help protect cells against the damaging effects of free radicals and play a vital role in maintaining healthy eyes, heart and skin. HealthAid Lutein; is extracted from marigold flowers. - Helps protect the eyes against age related deterioration; - Maintains healthy vision; - Powerful antioxidant properties; - Extracted from Marigold flowers.
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Lake San Antonio Boat Rental
Duration: 8 hours
Experience the best in Lake San Antonio boat rentals at 1 of the most visited houseboating lakes in California. The MasterCraft ski boat rentals come…
San Luis ObispoSee all 3 tickets & tours
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Easy Lunch Meal
Grilled Cheese and Tomato Soup
Ingredients: Bread, Butter, Cheese Slices, Can Tomato Soup, & Milk
Prep Time: 2 to 5 Minutes
Cooking Time: 5 to 15 Minutes
Simple Snack
Crescent Roll Hot Dogs
Ingredients: Crescent Rolls & Hot Dogs
Prep Time: 5 Minutes
Bake Time: Follow Directions on Crescent Roll package
Chili Cheese Meal
Ingredients: Shells and Cheese, Hot Dogs, Chili
Cook Time: 10 minutes
Crock Pot Meals…if you don't have one they are worth the investment. I love my crock pot!
Chili (Crock Pot Version)
Ingredients: Chili packet (hot, medium, or mild), Pace Picante Sauce, 1 lb hamburger meat, water, & Chili Beans. Optional: Spaghetti (for Cincinnati, OH version)
Prep Time: 10 minutes
Cook Time: 4 Hours simmer in Crock Pot (easy part)
Spaghetti Cook Time: 10 minutes
Spaghetti and Meat Sauce (Crock Pot Version)
Ingredients: Meat Sauce, 1 lb Hamburger, and Spaghetti
Prep Time: 10 Minutes
Cook Time: 4 Hours simmer in Crock Pot (easy part)
Spaghetti Cook Time: 10 minutes
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Hong Kong's Mysterious Migratory ButterfliesSubmitted by Martin Williams on 30 November 2012 - 11:27pm
On 31 December last year, researchers trapping butterflies at Deep Water Bay on Hong Kong Island found a Chestnut Tiger with writing on its wings. Someone had used a fine marker pen to add numbers, letters and characters including a code: "YSK541".
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See membership status and access member-only features here
This year all my Catasetum Alliance and calanthes went from leaf drop to new growth without going dormant. Could this have anything to do with this year's weather here in the Bay area? — Patrick T. Duffy
Yes, indeed, it could have been unusual weather patterns. Especially if cool and foggy conditions prevented proper maturation of growth until very late in the season, the plants may simply begin growing again. The solution to this for plants that require a dormant period to initiate flowering is to begin to withhold water and fertilizer in late autumn, whether or not you feel the growth has reached full growth. This will slow down the plant and initiate dormancy. This is also important with many dendrobiums from monsoonal climates. — Ned Nash
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App for online newspaper
This project received 2 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $225 AUD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project Budget$30 - $250 AUD
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Project Description
This project involves delivering a mobile solution for an online newspaper, mainly sporting articles. While not essentially a project to develop an iphone app I am looking to find an online solution that allows readers and subscribers to have their own app installed on their mobile device and have weekly content sent to this device, posisbly thorugh html5. The mobile app(s) should be available for blakcberry, and other smartphones and iphone ipad.
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"With nearly a decade of musical experience under their belt, Pennsylvanian Alternative Rock band Hierosonic is showing that time serves you well with their new album "Consciousness, Fame, God, Money, Power" courtesy of Soundmine Music Works. Renowned for their incredible live performances which earned them support slots with the stars in Incubus, Jane's Addiction, 30 Seconds to Mars, Audioslave, The Used, Lacuna Coil and Halestorm, there is nothing but high hopes for this album and the future of this band. This is what all emo bands should be learning from. You can sing about slitting your wrists and heart break all you want, but if you want to make some affect, try singing about war and children suffering, as this is something that grabs your heart so tightly it hurts and leaves you thinking about everything that is wrong in this world. It takes a great artist to come up with some of the lyrics in this album, with each song telling a story of its own, and each having a powerfu"
"Like a cross between Jetlag Gemini, Lostprophets, and American Hi-Fi, Heirosonic have a powerful rock fuel to them during Consciousness. Take the chorus of "Slave Machine" for immediate example; check out the way the chorus takes stab at you as the words "Burn, Burn, Burn" are shot out. That song is then followed by the sleezy/sly/bouncy sound of "Baphomet". The band's ability to mold several different styles in one track sounds great, and impresses from start to finish. Consciousness will keep you surprised throughout, as well as thoroughly interested and entertained. Vocally and instrumentally, this is a fun record. Recommended Tracks: "The Media Taught You That", "Dance to the War", "The World Upside Down""
"Awesome Album by a Bunch of Cool Guys Hierosonic is a talented band from Harrisburg Pa. The album is full of great melodies, cool riffs and intelligent lyrics. When this came out I was traveling over an hour each way to work- This was a constant in the player. Stand out tracks: "The Media Taught You That" "Paper Nation" "Baphomet" "Dance To The War" and "Paradox". These guys really know how to write songs. It's refreshing to hear lyrics that are well thought out too. The whole CD is good. Buy It!"
"All your leaders fail to lead you when your lovers fail to love" -- says Hierosonic on their latest album, with no shortage of thought-provoking messages, dirty bass lines, and pop hooks.
"Interview with Ben Stewart of HIEROSONIC in October 7, 2011 of Muen Magazine"
"Pennsylvania rockers Hierosonic signed with Soundmine Music Works for the release of their new album "Consciousness Fame God Money Power", this band goes from strength to strength and they also suprise me with a new sound on their new masterpiece. This one ain´t as heavy and progressive as "Kymatica" from 2009, what we get is a catchy and artsy modern rock album that can be described as Fall Out Boy meets Slaves To Gravity with a touch of Aussie rock on the side. There´s no doubt this album will be climbing the alternative rock charts if the radio will play songs like "Dance to the war" or "You´re mine", the production is excellent with edgy and crispy guitars plus I love the fat bass. The vocal arrangement on "Paper nation" is worth a Grammy itself, bravo! I love all songs but listen more carefully to brilliant stuff like "The media taught you that" and "Baphomet", Hierosonic are experts of thoughtful lyrics. Huge album! "


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track list
Album Où Je Vais
Label Sony Music Entertainment
Released December 10, 2009
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This Lent, take a 40-day devotional journey with Dietrich Bonhoeffer. Click here to sign up.
5:13–12:24 The second major section of the book tells how the Israelites conquered Canaan. The shocking violence and terrible destruction in these chapters trouble many readers. Yet the text seems to ring with praise to God. This is so because the destruction is the true and just judgment of God on sinners (Gen. 15:16; cf. Lev. 18:24–27; Deut. 9:4, 5), through which He fulfilled His gracious promises to Israel (note the connection between salvation and judgment in Ex. 14:13, 14 and Rev. 19:1, 2). These accounts of destruction, no less than anything else in the book, testify to God's faithfulness to His promises (cf. the curse in the promise in Gen. 12:3) and prefigure His final judgment on those who reject His grace (Matt. 25:46; Heb. 9:27; 10:26–31).
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Grand High Witch
|The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
|The Grand High Witch
|First appearance
|The Witches (1983)
|Created by
|Roald Dahl
|Anjelica Huston
|The Grand High Witch of All The World, "Evangeline Ernst"
The Grand High Witch of All The World or just the Grand High Witch is a title given to the leader of all witches on Planet Earth, according to Roald Dahl's 1983 book The Witches. The Grand High Witch is also the main antagonist of the book and the film. Described as being "without mercy," she travels around the world summoning all the witches of whatever country she is in, giving congratulations or punishments according to the witches' success in their ultimate mission: destroying children.[1] She teaches them such schemes as trapping children inside paintings, turning them into slugs so they can be "squished" or (it is rumoured) turning American children into hot dogs so that they will be eaten by their own parents. She is said to own a counterfeit machine that leaves her no problem in traveling wherever she likes, or helping her lesser witches financially if she feels they need some assistance in their quest to eliminate all things juvenile.
Role in the story[edit]
The Grand High Witch within this story is noted for being particularly intolerant and demanding. At a yearly meeting of her English minions in a hotel, she demands that all of England's children be exterminated by the next annual meeting. When one brave or foolish witch claims this is impossible, the Grand High Witch tauntingly versifies her minion's impertinence and uselessness and burns her to oblivion by directing lasers from her eyes; a punishment all witches fear, and one known in their community as "getting fried", which happens to one witch every time a meeting happens.
The Grand High Witch then explains that the elimination of children will be easily accomplished if all the witches set up in trade as sweetshop owners. All of the sweets they sell will have been treated with a potion she has created, "Formula 86: Delayed Action Mouse Maker", that will turn anyone who consumes it into a mouse. This, she says, will convince parents and schoolteachers to kill the children, mistaking them for genuine pests. The witches and the story's narrator, himself a child, then witness a young boy, Bruno Jenkins, who has previously been fed some potion-inserted chocolate, enter the room, whereupon he is changed into a mouse to demonstrate the potion's effect. In the Dining Room, one witch drinks the soup first (after the narrator put the Formula in) and transforms into a mouse. She warns the other witches not to drink the soup, but the Grand High Witch mistakes her for an ordinary mouse, and "kills" the mouse.
The witches, satisfied that they will meet their leader's demands to destroy all children in England, are about to leave when one of the witches then picks up the scent of the story's narrator. They corner him in the meeting hall and force-feed him the potion, and attempt, when he becomes a mouse, to crush him; but he escapes and finds Bruno again. The two mice then find their way back to the room occupied by the narrator's grandmother. Later, the narrator steals the potion, infiltrates the hotel's kitchen, and slips the potion in the witches' soup. All the witches, including the Grand High Witch, are transformed into mice and instantly are chopped to pieces by the cooks. The narrator and his grandmother, realizing that, as with queen bees, when the leader dies there is always going to be another individual who will take over the role of leadership, thereafter plan to move into the Grand High Witch's castle and use it as a base to track down the other witches, so as to spike their food as well, turn them into mice and destroy them with cats.[2]
Personal characteristics[edit]
The Grand High Witch is described as being "without mercy", "the most evil woman in creation" and "the most evil allg woman in the world": one who utterly detests children, disdaining the oblivion of one child per week for each of the eighty-five witches in England as "no use", and indifferent as to whether or not adults are turned into mice and destroyed in the process. She is impatient, volatile, aggressive, and tyrannical, caring nothing as to how her demands are carried out provided they are obeyed and leave no trace of witches being involved. While furious at those who contradict or offer nothing constructive to her plans, she displays a favourable, if terse, attitude towards those witches- particularly "the ancient ones"- who have served her well over the years and eliminated many children, even supplying them with ready-made potion so that they may keep up with their younger counterparts. Her "real" name is never mentioned in the book. She resides in a castle in Norway, where she is known as a wealthy baroness, and operates her business mostly from there. She finances her devious plans with a machine that can make practically any currency in the world. While she forbids lesser witches from contacting their fellows in other countries, she uses her enormous wealth to fund her schemes and journey from place to place to contact them herself. In each country, she books into a hotel, summoning all the native witches and passes them off as a party of ordinary, good-natured women. For this year's meeting, the witches of England style themselves (ironically) as the RSPCC, with the Grand High Witch posing as the chairwoman.[3]
Like all witches within the story's universe, the Grand High Witch has no toes or hair, and has clawed hands. Strangely, she does not remove her wig, gloves, or shoes at any point within the story, perhaps suggesting she has more to hide. She does, however, during her audience with the witches, remove a highly realistic mask from her face, revealing her features to look like "something rotten" and "worm-eaten". She has a somewhat guttural accent (hence her pronunciation of England as "Inkland") that gives her "difficulty" in pronouncing the letters "R" ("rrr") and "W" ("v"). It is most likely she is Norwegian, as the book claims this to be the original homeland of all witches. Her ability to "fry" other witches is implied to be unique to her and to those who become her successors.
The Film[edit]
In the film version of the novel, the Grand High Witch (played by Anjelica Huston) is arguably more terrifying and fearsome than her counterpart in the novel. In the film, she poses as "Eva Ernst," a tall, attractive woman of breeding with an aloof demeanor. In the novel, her human persona is a petite woman with soft, demure features and a gentle voice. It is implied that she is originally from Germany; she speaks with a marked German accent. Also in the film, her true appearance is considerably more monstrous. She has a bald, blistered scalp, a wizened face, long pointed nose, extended chin and elongated claws. She is also a hunchback. She has a very short temper and strikes terror into the hearts of her minions. When the hero, Luke, sees her lay out her diabolical plan to kill all of England's children, she herself tracks him to his hotel room and drags him back to the meeting hall where he is turned into a mouse.
During the climax of the film, after Luke poured an entire bottle of her magic formula into the soup that the witches are having for their celebratory banquet, the witches begin to transform into mice, spreading chaos throughout the dining room, causing all the guests and the staff and the manager to kill them. The Grand High Witch initially appears to resist the potion's effects, but after Bruno jumps onto her chest, she appears to lose concentration long enough for the transformation to start. She is shown turning into a hideously deformed, snarling mouse and is insulted and condemned by Luke and his grandmother, Helga, as her evil is coming to an end. She is briefly trapped under an empty water-jug, and then, as in the novel, the Grand High Witch is finally destroyed when the hotel manager slices her in two with a meat cleaver.[4]
In the film, it is strongly hinted that the Grand High Witch knew Helga in the film - years ago (although in the beginning of the film, Helga claims that in her youth she searched the globe for the Grand High Witch, but never found her). The grandmother is missing a pinky-finger from one of her hands and becomes very tense when this injury is mentioned. No explanation is given, but when the Grand High Witch encounters Helga, she refers to her as "an old adversary". In the final confrontation, as the Grand High Witch vows that "next time" things will be different, Helga replies, "No, no next time. This time, it's your turn!"
The Grand High Witch employs a secretary in the film, a witch named Miss Irvine. Yet Miss Irvine reveals, after having had enough of the Grand High Witch's appalling mistreatment of her, she "didn't want to be one of them anyway". Because of this attitude, Miss Irvine does not fear the Grand High Witch as much as the other witches do, if she fears her at all. She is openly sardonic and rebellious to her employer's face. It is subtly hinted that at bottom, she is good and tries to help the children who become victims of the witches, as she restores Luke and his friend Bruno to their human form at the end of the film.
After restoring Luke to his human form, Miss Irvine gleefully shows him her hands, which have changed from clawed to human as a result of her renouncing evil for good.
Character Creation[edit]
As part of the publicity for the Matilda Musical, Lucy Dahl, the daughter of Roald Dahl, was interviewed via Google Hangout about her father's books. She discussed The Witches at length, citing the Grand High Witch was inspired by her stepmother. Her stepmother's personality was not the factor, but it was her social status and look. Lucy also seriously stated she was not entirely sure witches were fiction, saying, "There's this older lady, a neighbor. If witches are real, she's one of them "[5]
- ^ The Witches. James Patterson's Read Kiddo Read. ISBN 978-0-14-241011-0.
- ^ Erica Jong (1983). "The Witches Review". Roald Dahl Fans: NY Times.
- ^ "Interesting Questions, Facts, and Information: The Witches". Fun Trivia.
- ^ "The Witches (1990)". Rotten Tomatoes. 1990.
- ^ "Matilda Book Club June Hangout: The Witches". Youtube Interview.
- Roald Dahl characters
- Literary villains
- Fictional con artists
- Fictional dictators
- Fictional mass murderers
- Fictional Norwegian people
- Fictional German people
- Fictional characters who use magic
- Fictional characters introduced in 1983
- Characters in British novels of the 20th century
- Witchcraft in written fiction
- Witchcraft in film