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2012 Protégé Project
In our 42nd annual summer festival, we celebrated the third year of our exciting Protégé Project, presenting dynamic concerts to many sellout crowds. Designed as a training, performance and outreach program for outstanding young emerging artists, we invited 10 young musicians in their mid-20s to be in residence during the five-week festival. They were mentored and coached by CMNW festival artists, performed with their older colleagues on the CMNW stage, and presented their own "Club Concerts" in alternative venues. The Protégés also coached Portland-area music students at local summer music camps, performed at retirement communities, and presented other free CMNW summer outreach events.
The 2012 Protégé Project featured the Amphion String Quartet and additional instrumentalists, from piano and percussion to bass and trombone. This year for the first time, we incorporated a Protege composer, Oregon's own Katerina Kramarchuk. We also offered the musicians opportunities to perform in new combinations throughout the festival. The Protégés performed three Wednesday night "club concerts" in alternative venues such as the Doug Fir Lounge and Alberta Rose Theater, a series of intimate and informal events for audiences of around 200. At the Alberta Rose Theater, we had a near capacity crowd of over 300. The Protégés also performed many free outreach concerts around Portland, including at retirement communities and a downtown noon concert at the Oregon Historical Society. A highlight of the season was our joint series with BodyVox, combining live music and dance to create a memorable show for three sellout crowds at PSU's Lincoln Hall.
We are grateful for the support through Global Giving which helped us continue and expand this exciting new program.
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Ginger Teriyaki Lettuce Wraps
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level of difficulty:
prep time:
15 minutes
cook time:
5 minutes
Ginger Teriyaki Stir Fry Sauce
1 tablespoon oil
1 pound ground chicken
ground turkey
1 pouch
Simply Asia® Ginger Teriyaki Stir-Fry Sauce
6 large iceberg lettuce leaves
12 Bibb lettuce leaves
Toppings such as shredded carrots, bean sprouts, chow mein noodles, chopped peanuts, chopped fresh cilantro and chopped green onions
Cooking Instructions:
oil in large nonstick skillet on medium-high heat. Add ground chicken; stir fry 5 minutes or until cooked through. Add Stir-Fry Sauce; cook and stir until heated through.
chicken mixture into center of each lettuce leaf. Sprinkle with desired toppings. Fold sides of lettuce over filling and roll up to serve.
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The unique characteristics of NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) thermistors will be defined in this presentation. It will explain key design considerations for using NTC thermistors in temperature measurement and control applications.
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Our Child Fairytale Princess Fancy Dress Costume is a magical costume that will thrill your little princess with its lovely pink and gold design.
Costume Includes:
The Child Fairytale Princess Fancy Dress Costume includes a pink dress with a multi-layered skirt that gives it a beautiful princess-like appearance, making it ideal for transforming any young girl into a fairytale character. The dress also has puff sleeves and gold detailing at the front.
A crown also comes with the outfit, completing the princess look perfectly. The gold on the crown matches the detailing at the front of the dress, and the inside is also pink, meaning it suits the rest of the costume fantastically well.
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Single Mother Work and Poverty under Welfare Reform: Are Policy Impacts Different in Rural Areas?
During the 1990s, employment increased and poverty declined for single mothers in rural and urban areas. Our results suggest that, holding demographics constant, changes in welfare and social policy during this decade contributed to employment increases--but not to poverty reduction--for both rural and urban single mothers. If rural and urban demographics had been the same, the policy changes would have increased employment and reduced poverty more in rural areas. Without demographic controls, however, estimated policy impacts were no better in rural places. This suggests that rural demographic changes limited the policy impact on rural single-mother work and poverty.
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
Volume (Year): 30 (2004)
Issue (Month): 1 (Winter)
Pages: 31-51
|Contact details of provider:
| Postal: c/o Dr. Alexandre Olbrecht, The Anisfield School of Business 205, Ramapo College, 505 Ramapo Valley Road, Ramapo, New Jersey 07430, USA
Phone: (201) 684-7346
Web page: https://www.quinnipiac.edu/eea/
More information through EDIRC
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Davis, Elizabeth E. & Weber, Bruce A., 2002. "How Much Does Local Job Growth Improve Employment Outcomes of the Rural Working Poor?," The Review of Regional Studies, Southern Regional Science Association, vol. 32(2), pages 255-274, Summer/Fa.
- Jill L. Findeis & Leif Jensen, 1998. "Employment Opportunities in Rural Areas: Implications for Poverty in a Changing Policy Environment," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 80(5), pages 1000-1007.
- Schoeni, R.F. & Blank, R.M., 2000.
"What Has Welfare Reform Accomplished? Impacts on Welfare Participation, Employment, Income, Poverty, and Family Structure,"
00-02, RAND - Labor and Population Program.
- Robert F. Schoeni & Rebecca M. Blank, 2000. "What Has Welfare Reform Accomplished? Impacts on Welfare Participation, Employment, Income, Poverty, and Family Structure," Working Papers 00-02, RAND Corporation.
- Robert F. Schoeni & Rebecca M. Blank, 2000. "What has Welfare Reform Accomplished? Impacts on Welfare Participation, Employment, Income, Poverty, and Family Structure," NBER Working Papers 7627, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Bruce A. Weber & Greg J. Duncan & Leslie A. Whitener (ed.), 2002. "Rural Dimensions of Welfare Reform," Books from Upjohn Press, W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, number rdwr, November.
- Dan Lichter & Leif Jensen, 2000. "Rural America in Transition: Poverty and Welfare at the Turn of the 21st Century," JCPR Working Papers 187, Northwestern University/University of Chicago Joint Center for Poverty Research.
- Rebecca M. Blank, 2002.
"Evaluating Welfare Reform in the United States,"
Journal of Economic Literature,
American Economic Association, vol. 40(4), pages 1105-1166, December.
- Rebecca M. Blank, 2002. "Evaluating Welfare Reform in the United States," NBER Working Papers 8983, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Bradford F. Mills, 2001. "Unemployment Duration in Non-Metropolitan Labor Markets," Growth and Change, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(2), pages 174-192.
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According to new research, one in five smartphone users are sexting-so there's a lot of sexy talk going on. Whether you need a few sizzling texts to get you started or want to expand your repertoire, experts say the hottest ones are like foreplay-they're flirty and playful, and hint at what's to come. These should get things going.
By Korin Miller
"I know you're going to the gym, but save a little energy for later...;)"
"That tie you're wearing? Let's use it tonight."
"I'm not wearing any underwear."
"I hid something for you in my cleavage. Frisk me later to find it."
"Caught a glimpse of your ass when you left this morning. Amazing."
Related: 10 Most Annoying Text Habits Ever
"I'll show you mine if you show me yours."
"I had a stressful day. Want to help me unwind? ;)"
"Got a new toy today. Let's play."
"I'm wearing that tight dress you love...with nothing underneath."
"I've been thinking about you all day. It hasn't been innocent."
"Meet me at my place in an hour. Clothing optional."
SOURCES: Debby Herbenick, PhD, research scientist at Indiana University and author of Sex Made Easy; relationship expert Barton Goldsmith, PhD, author of Emotional Fitness for Intimacy; Amy Levine, sex coach and founder of igniteyourpleasure.com
Read more at Cosmopolitan.com!
8 Secret Guy Insecurities
Lies Men Tell Before Sex
The New Dating Mistake You Might Be Making
10 Surprising Weight-Loss Tricks
5 Signs a Guy Is Toxic
The Hottest Nail Polishes to Paint on This Spring
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The Prince of Wales and Duchess of Cornwall came face to face with the huge human cost of the conflict in Syria today when they visited a refugee camp in Jordan.
The royal couple saw first hand the situation that faces the hundreds of thousands of people fleeing the war-torn country as the conflict enters its third year.
Charles described the plight of Syrian refugees as "heartbreaking" as he toured the King Abdullah Park camp near the Syrian border, which is home to just under 1,000 people who have fled their homes.
Speaking at the refugee camp headquarters after meeting with UN staff, he said: "Many of these children have been traumatised by the horrors of what they've witnessed before they got here," he said.
"Some of them have lost their parents and had horrendous experiences and it is remarkable what all these wonderful NGOs (non-governmental organisations) are doing to deal with this unbelievable and heartbreaking situation.
"In some ways children are quite adaptable and resilient but at the same time one of their teachers was telling me that just looking at trees reminded them of where they have been.
"The hope is that they will get back there again."
Camilla said she too had found the experience quite heartbreaking.
"Seeing all these children, some of them have lost their parents and been adopted by others, I feel it is quite heartbreaking," she said.
"They are doing a fantastic job."
The camp, run by the United Nations, Unicef and Save the Children, is currently home to 921 refugees, of whom 529 are aged under 18.
Saba Mobaslat, 41, the programme director for Save the Children in Jordan, said the children at the camp are bussed to local schools to continue their education but go to the children's centre every day for therapy sessions.
The UN agency and the Jordanian Ministry of Health are also undertaking a vaccination programme against polio and measles, and ensuring sanitation in the camps to keep diseases at bay.
Charles and Camilla visited a craft skills training centre for women and children, meeting half a dozen women who were making crafts and knitting goods, which they sell to raise funds for the refugees.
Camilla immediately gave the ladies a thumbs up, prompting them to laugh and smile.
They then went to a nursery where around 20 children, many of whom have lost family members, sat around tables and sang songs to them.
They also visited the camp's clinic, where they were greeted by doctors and medical staff who treat the refugees.
Charles added that he had been struck by the generosity of the Jordanian people.
"I think the great thing that's come out of this is just how unbelievably generous the Jordanian people are, who are truly remarkable I think.
"They've managed to cope with and deal with all these hundreds of thousands of refugees and it's very nearly the second anniversary.
"It's a desperate situation and the Jordanian people are so fantastic.
"The generosity is extraordinary but it's putting more and more strain on food and hospitals so clearly the Jordanians need more assistance and help to be able to cope with this immense challenge."
More than 330,000 Syrians have sought refuge in Jordan since the war began, according to Unicef figures, with 1,700 refugees registered in the past 24 hours.
Andrew Harper, the humanitarian co-ordinator for the UN High Commissioner for Refugees in the country, said the number of refugees in the country could top one million by the end of 2013 if the fighting does not end.
He said entire villages have come across the border during what he called "the preliminary stages of a mass migration".
"The most important thing is to highlight the enormous challenges that a country like Jordan is facing, given the unprecedented number of people coming across the border," he said.
He added: "Jordan has done a fantastic effort so far but words are not enough and the visits are extremely important because Jordan can't continue to take hundreds of thousands or a million with nice words from the international community.
"We need significant support and investment. We are all running out of money. International aid is too slow and too little. We are faced with a looming disaster."
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Język polski dla obcokrajowców w LEKTORZE ! (POLISH)
Aby odświeżyć kliknij tutaj
Pełna treść ogłoszenia Język polski dla obcokrajowców w LEKTORZE ! (POLISH)
LEKTOR provides General Polish courses designed for people staying in Wrocław for longer periods of time.
LEKTOR invites adults for general Polish courses at every level of proficiency.
For us the most important aspect of learning a language is communication. That is why our students practice speaking in typical everyday situations that present elements of Polish life and culture.
The pace and the topics of the lessons are adjusted to the level and needs of the learners.
Language School of Languages LEKTOR is located in the centre of the city - 5 minutes on foot from the market place.
32 hours/64 hours with professional teachers of Polish as a foreign language
class size 8-12
various materials
LEKTOR Vocabulary Training - a system to learn new words in the target language
a written report of your linguistic improvements
a certificate stating, in accordance with the European classification, what level of proficiency youve achieved
Szkoła Języków Obcych LEKTOR
ul.Oławska 25
50-123 Wrocław
tel. 71 3725292, fax 71 3432599


text:
Create 301 Redirect in Htaccess (entire site) - repost
- Status Closed
- Budget $2 - $8 USD / hour
- Total Bids 21
Project Description
I need someone to create a 301 redirect for [url removed, login to view] to redirect to the .[url removed, login to view] version. I have tried to do it in htaccess but i get "too many redirects" error in chrome, FF etc.
Should be a very easy 5 min job for someone who understands htaccess and 301 redirects.
The entire site needs to be redirected as described in these instructions:
[url removed, login to view]
[url removed, login to view]Get free quotes for a project like this
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 24, 1995
|Filing date
|Jun 4, 1993
|Priority date
|Jun 4, 1993
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Theo Seiler, Peter J. Klopotek
|Original Assignee
|Summit Technology, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (96), Classifications (17), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for eroding or ablating surfaces by lasers. In particular, this invention relates to methods and apparatus for eroding surfaces astigmatically and for the correction of myopic astigmatism through laser keratoplasty or keratomileusis.
Lasers can etch surfaces in a controlled manner. These techniques are known and depend upon the interaction between the surface structure and the laser radiation which has a known wavelength and energy density. In addition, the ablation of a surface by laser radiation is typically time-rate dependent, although this time dependency is usually non-linear with ablative depth because of heat build-up and other artifacts. Therefore, ablative precision is often obtained through the use of pulsed laser radiation. Short pulses provide controlled depth etching in the application area. This control is especially important in keratoplasty or in keratomileusis procedures where the cornea of the eye is ablated to correct certain visual deficiencies, such as near-sightedness. By careful application of laser radiation to the cornea, physicians are able to surgically enhance a patient's vision with precision and without tissue damage by overexposure.
By successive application of laser pulses to a surface and by altering the size of the area under irradiation, curvatures can be created or altered on a surface. For example, when the ablative technique begins by irradiating a large, circular area and progressively decreases the radius of the exposed area, the central region has the greatest ablative depth because it is irradiated the longest. Conversely, the outer-most regions have the least ablative depth. If the surface is initially flat, the resulting profile would be concave. If the surface is initially convex, the surface can be made flat, or the curvature can be reduced depending upon the degree of ablation. In keratoplasty or in keratomileusis, the curvature on the cornea, i.e., the difference between the cornea's ideal curvature and the patient's actual corneal shape, is modified.
Surface erosion techniques to create or remove astigmatic shapes have been less successful. An astigmatic surface is by definition bi-powered: there are two natural and orthogonal curvatures creating the surface. A varying, circular irradiation pattern can only create or remove a single power on a surface. Existing methods to erode astigmatic shapes have been complex and difficult to implement.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,665,913 entitled "Method For Ophthalmological Surgery" discloses methods which provide for different astigmatic shapes through the use of laser scanning. However, this approach is especially difficult to control. The precise control of a reprofiling operation on a surface, e.g., a cornea, using a scanning laser, requires that the laser spot maintain nearly constant spatial intensity and further that the complex etching pattern is carefully followed. However, laser spot intensities are mostly Gaussian and inherently non-uniform. This non-uniformity and the detailed etching pattern leave much room for error, and, thus, require expensive safeguards for surgical applications. Additionally, these methods are naturally time-consuming, since only a small portion of the surface is ablated at a given time.
Another method for eroding an astigmatic surface is provided in U.S. Pat. No. 4,941,093 entitled "Surface Erosion Using Lasers." According to its teachings, specifically configured optical elements or slits are used to provide ablation in one axis, i.e., such that the erosion proceeds selectively relative to a line rather than around a point. Typically, this approach requires a second step to provide spherical correction so that the proper overall curvature is achieved.
Yet another approach involves the use of a graded intensity or photodecomposable mask which varies the laser transmission to the target surface, thereby inducing variable ablative depths on the surface. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,856,513 entitled "Laser Reprofiling Systems And Methods" which describes methodology for selectively eroding the cornea through the use of an erodable mask. The mask absorbs the surface laser radiation in varying amounts across the corneal surface to provide the desired surface profiles. This technique though requires the manufacture of a complementary object, i.e., the erodable mask, and also requires precise correlative positioning over the target surface.
It is, accordingly, an object of this invention to provide a simpler method and apparatus for astigmatically reprofiling a surface with an initial, bi-powered, astigmatic shape in order to achieve a new, preferably spherical, shape.
It is another object of this invention to provide a method and apparatus for orienting and adjusting the astigmatic ratio applied to a surface shape with increased control.
It is further an object of this invention to provide a method and apparatus for correcting myopic astigmatism through corneal ablation in laser keratomileusis procedures.
These and other objects of the invention are evident in the description that follows.
Apparatus and methods are disclosed for astigmatically ablating surfaces in order to impart new profiles and curvatures to such surfaces. A laser means, e.g., a rapidly pulsed laser radiation source, is aligned with a surface to provide photoablative pulses of energy along an optical path to a target region on the surface. A light restricting means, such as an adjustable iris or profiled mask, is disposed within the optical path to spatially control the extent of the laser radiation striking the target surface. Within the optical path, a cylindrical, optical system is also disposed and adjusted to modify the symmetrical laser beam into an elliptical shape for delivery to the target surface.
According to another aspect of the invention, the cylindrically-powered, optical system is rotatable about the laser beam axis. A rotation means is provided for orienting the elliptical shape to a selected axis on the target surface.
According to still another aspect of the invention, the cylindrically-powered, optical system is movable along the axis of the laser beam to modify one axis of the ellipse applied to the target surface to provide for differing astigmatic ratios.
Another aspect of the invention provides the further step of selecting the focal length of the cylindrically-powered, optical system, thereby allowing for the selection of varying astigmatic ratios, as applied to the target surface.
A further aspect of the invention provides a method for correcting corneal astigmatism in keratomileusis procedures. A laser means and, preferably, an excimer laser, is aligned to provide photoablative pulses of energy along an optical path to the patient's cornea. An adjustable iris thin is aligned within the laser beam and optical path behaves as the aperture stop for the laser beam thereby spatially controlling the physical extent of the laser radiation striking the cornea. Within the optical path, a cylindrical optical system is aligned and adjusted to modify the symmetrical laser beam into an elliptical shape for delivery to the cornea.
Various methods and means are disclosed for varying the astigmatic ratio as applied to the corneal surface. In one approach, the cylindrically-powered, optical system is movable along the optical path of the laser beam, thereby altering the astigmatic ratio. Alternatively, different lens or other optical elements (such as cylindrical mirrors) can be substituted for each other to vary the astigmatic ratio as applied to the corneal surface. In this aspect, the focal length of the cylindrically-powered, optical system is selected to alter one dimension of the irradiation ellipse delivered to the cornea.
In yet another aspect, the invention provides a method and means for rotating the cylindrically-powered, optical system to orient the axes of the irradiation ellipse to coincide in an inverse manner with the patient's astigmatic axes.
According to a further aspect of the invention, in a laser system for eroding a surface astigmatically, there is provided a laser means for generating continuous or pulsed laser radiation of photoablative energy. This laser radiation is optically aligned for delivery to a target surface for photoablation. A beam control mechanism adjusts the spatial dimensions of the laser radiation through an iris diaphragm or the like, preferably driven by computer means. The laser energy is further aligned through a cylindrical optical means for adjusting the beam dimensions in one axis of the laser radiation, thereby forming an elliptical shape on the target surface.
In another aspect, the cylindrical optical means can be rotated to rotate the elliptical pattern of laser energy at the target surface for selecting and orienting the astigmatic erosion axis.
In yet another aspect, the cylindrical optical means can be axially shifted to change the size of the elliptical pattern of laser energy at the target surface to select an astigmatic erosion ratio on the surface.
The advantages presented by the features and aspects of the invention are several. In particular, the invention provides an elliptical irradiation pattern to the target surface, enabling simultaneous and bi-powered astigmatic erosion. The inclusion of a cylindrically-powered, optical system within the laser delivery system allows for easy polar orientation and the selection of the astigmatic ablation on a target surface. Applications, such as excimer laser keratomileusis, can take full advantage of the invention by ensuring proper axial orientation of the astigmatic correction applied to the myopic cornea: the accuracy of the orientation is equivalent to the accuracy in which the cylindrically-powered, optical system can be rotated. Furthermore, various astigmatic ratios can be achieved through the selection of the focal length of the cylindrically-powered, optical system; and variable and continuous astigmatic ratios can be achieved through the axial movement of the cylindrical system along the laser beam axis. The normal keratomileusis procedures can then be followed by adjusting the iris diameter to achieve the desired optical correction on the cornea. (The term "adjustable iris" as used herein is intended to encompass various systems for modifying the size of the laser beam, including, for example, adjustable diaphragms, aperture wheels, movable stops and other light restricting mechanisms, as well as optical elements associated therewith to maintain beam homogeneity.)
The invention will next be described in connection with certain preferred embodiments; however, it should be clear that various additions, subtractions and modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from spirit or the scope of the invention. For example, the invention can be used in connection with congenital or other post-operative (e.g., cataract, or penetrating keratoplasty) astigmatisms.
A more complete understanding of the invention may be obtained by reference to the drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of apparatus for practicing a method of eroding a target surface astigmatically, in accordance with the invention:
FIG. 2 illustrates the elliptical laser beam irradiation used to erode a surface astigmatically;
FIGS. 3A through 3F illustrate diagrammatically the successive steps needed to etch a target surface astigmatically with elliptical irradiation;
FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate curvatures created in orthogonal axes through surface erosion by elliptical laser irradiation;
FIGS. 5A and 5B are perspective views of an astigmatic myopic corneal surface, before and alter reprofiling, respectively; and
FIG. 6 is a more detailed schematic view of a laser ablation system in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 1 illustrates a system 10 according to the invention for delivering an elliptical beam of ablative laser energy to a target surface. In FIG. 1, a laser means 11 provides radiation output 12 to a beam control optical system 14 which modifies the shape and size of the laser beam 16. This beam is aligned to a cylindrically-powered, optical system 18 to uniaxially modify the size and shape of the laser beam 20 for delivery to the target surface 22. FIG. 1 also shows cross-sectional views 26, 28, and 30 of the laser beam as it is transformed into its various shapes 12, 16, 20. The beam 12, leaving the laser means 11, will typically have a circular beam shape 26. The beam 16, leaving the beam control optical system 14, will typically have a circular beam shape 28. The beam 20 leaving the cylindrically-powered, optical system 18 will form an elliptical pattern on the target surface 22, as shown in its cross-sectional view 30.
The optical systems 14 and 18 are coaxially aligned to the laser means 11 so as to provide optimum and unaberrated throughput to the target surface 22. Mirrors 15, 17 and 19 permit the system to operate in a folded configuration. The laser means 11 can provide continuous or pulsed laser radiation output 12 to the beam control optical system 14. An afocal beam expander with a controllable aperture stop can comprise the beam control optical system 14 to change the cross-sectional diameter of the laser beam 12 into a larger or smaller size (e.g., the illustrated view 28 shows a smaller size) and to provide highly collimated output for the cylindrically-powered, optical system 18. This cylindrical system 18 provides optical power in one axis only, and modifies the laser beam 16 from a circular profile 28 to an elliptical one 30. Both systems 14 and 18 can have controllable aperture stops to adjust the beam dimensions delivered to the target surface 22. By adjustment of the two aperture stops, the major and minor axis dimension of the elliptical beam 30 can be adjusted, thereby fitting the astigmatic dimensions of the target surface 22.
The construction of the system shown in FIG. 1 can be made in several ways. Both optical systems 14 and 18 can be made of simple elements. For example, the beam control optical system can comprise a simple lens with an adjustable iris disposed to control the symmetrical beam shape 28. Alternatively, the beam control system 14 can also include a beam clipping mechanism, a light homogenizer and/or a beam expander, or these functions, if desired, can be performed by separate optical elements prior to beam shaping in optical system 14. The cylindrical system 18 can, likewise, be made of a simple lens, like a cylindrical lens or mirror, or can, likewise, include additional beam conditioning elements. This system 18 can be used to adjust one dimension of the elliptical laser profile 30 at the target surface 22.
Since the cylindrically-powered system 18 provides optical power in one axis only, one method of adjusting the elliptical dimension is to axially shift the system 18. The system 18 will cause the beam 16 to diverge, if the system 18 is negatively powered. Thus, shifting the system 18 axially will cause one dimension of the ellipse 30 to change on the target surface 22, since the beam 20 will diverge or converge over some distance to reach the surface 22. With accurate control of the axial movement, accurate sizing of the elliptical shape 30 can be achieved. The elliptical shape provides the means to etch a surface astigmatically.
The orientation of the ellipse 30 is also controllable, according to the methodology presented in accordance with the invention. As depicted in FIG. 1, the major axis of the ellipse 30 is vertical. In the illustration, such a pattern can be created either through a negatively-powered, cylindrical system 18 in the vertical axis or through a positively-powered, cylindrical system 18 in the orthogonal axis. In either case, when the system 18 is rotated about the optical axis of the laser beam 16 and 20, the orientation of the ellipse also changes. According to this technique, the ellipse can be oriented to fit the desired astigmatic axis on the target surface 22.
It should be appreciated that systems 14 and 18 can be combined in some implementations. The combined optical system would simply require that at least one optical element has astigmatic power. The combined system could be axially shifted in the same manner and disposed with a single aperture stop to create the ellipse 30 in a controller manner. Alternatively, the combined system can be stationary and used in conjunction with a series of apertures, e.g., on a wheel or the like. Furthermore, rotating the combined system will also adjust the orientation of the ellipse on the target surface 22.
In a preferred embodiment, the overall system of FIG. 1 can be used in excimer laser keratomileusis. According to this preferred embodiment, the laser means is a rapidly pulsed UV laser source, and the target surface is the human cornea, optically aligned to the laser means. The laser means, for example, can be an excimer laser, and one preferred embodiment is an Argon-Fluoride laser having a characteristic emission wavelength of about 193 nanometers. Other pulsed UV lasers having both shorter wavelengths down to about 157 nm (e.g., a Fluoride laser) and longer wavelengths up to about 300 nm.
For example, in the case of eroding either Bowman's membrane or the stromal portion of the cornea by energy of wavelength 193 nm (the wavelength obtained from an ArF Excimer laser), the threshold value is about 50 mJ per cm2 per pulse, and the saturation value is about 250 mJ per cm2 per pulse. Suitable energy densities at the corneal surface are 50 mJ per cm2 to one J per cm2 per pulse for a wavelength of 193 nm.
The threshold value will vary with wavelength, and at 157 nm, which is the wavelength obtained from an F2 laser, the threshold is about 5 mJ per cm2 per pulse. At this wavelength, suitable energy densities at the corneal surface are 5 mJ per cm2 to one J per cm2 per pulse.
Most preferably, the laser system is used to provide an energy density at the surface to be eroded of slightly less than the saturation value. Thus, when eroding the cornea with a wavelength of 193 nm (under which conditions the saturation value is 250 mJ per cm2 per pulse), it is preferable to provide to the cornea pulses of an energy density of 100 to 150 mJ per cm2 per pulse. Typically, a single pulse will erode a depth in the range 0.1 to 1 micrometer of tissue from the cornea.
The pulse repetition rate for the laser may be chosen to meet the needs of each particular application. Normally the rate will be between 1 and 500 pulses per second, preferably between 1 and 100 pulses per second. When it is desired to vary the beam size, the laser pulses may be stopped. Alternatively, the beam size may be varied while the pulses continue. If a measurement device is used to monitor the erosion progress and control the laser system automatically, the beam size may be varied continuously at a controlled rate without interrupting the pulses.
Suitable irradiation intensities vary depending on the wavelength of the laser, and the nature of the irradiated object. For any given wavelength of laser energy applied to any given material, there will typically be a threshold value of energy density below which significant erosion does not occur. Above the threshold density, there will be a range of energy densities over which increasing energy densities give increasing depths of erosion, until a saturation value is reached. For increases in energy density above the saturation value, no significant increase in erosion occurs.
The threshold value and the saturation value vary from wavelength to wavelength of laser energy and from material to material of the surface to be eroded, in a manner which is not easily predictable. However, for any particular laser and any particular material, the values can be found readily by experiment.
With reference again to FIG. 1, the patient's astigmatic axis can be fit to the elliptical beam profile 30 through the rotation of the cylindrical system 18. An aperture stop disposed within the optical system 14 can control the one dimension of the ellipse 30 at the corneal target surface 22. Positioning the cylindrical system 18 axially can further control the other dimension of the ellipse 30. It is also preferable that the system 10 produce an output beam 20 having a substantially constant energy per unit area regardless of its varying size. For further details on basic laser keratomileusis systems and methods, as well as techniques for ensuring substantial constant energy density, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,941,093 and 4,856,516, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The control of the dimension of the ellipse along the axis with the cylindrical power can also be achieved through the selection and/or replacement of particular optical elements with system 18. According to this embodiment, by selecting cylindrical elements with different optical powers (i.e., different focal lengths) for placement within the system shown in FIG. 1, variable elliptical dimensions can be achieved. This methodology is equivalent to adjusting the axial placement of the system 18.
FIG. 2 illustrates the elliptical shape 32 of the laser energy striking the target surface 34. The difference between major axis 36 and the minor axis 38 of the ellipse 32 provides the means to erode a surface astigmatically. To create the desired surface etch, the surface 34 is irradiated with a laser which has ablative properties while the dimensions of the ellipse are altered. The ratio between the major and minor axes is held constant while the overall area of the ellipse 32 is changed.
FIGS. 3A-3F illustrate how the elliptical pattern can erode a surface astigmatically. The target surface 40 is irradiated by the elliptical laser beam 42. The major axis 44 of the beam irradiates a wider dimension on the target surface 40 than does the minor axis 46. After a predetermined period of time, the laser beam etches away the part 48 of the target surface 40 which was under irradiation. Then the area of the ellipse is modified by reducing the size of the major axis 44 and minor axis 46, but at the same time keeping the ratio between the two constant. Typically, the laser beam 42 is inactivated or blocked by a shutter while the exposed area is adjusted. After another period of time, another part 50 of the target surface is removed through laser etching. The area of the ellipse is adjusted again, as described in FIG. 1, to etch another part 52 from the target surface 40. FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate the cumulative effect along one axis of the elliptical beam while FIGS. 3D-3F illustrate the cumulative effect along the other axis.
FIGS. 4A and. 4B illustrate the end result of the process described in FIGS. 3A-3F, with successive elliptical irradiations on a planar target surface 54. The target surface has a larger diameter 56 etched pattern along the axis irradiated by the major axis of the ellipse and a smaller diameter 58 etched pattern on the minor axis of the ellipse. By reducing the area of the ellipse in a controlled manner and while keeping the ratio between the major and minor axis fixed, two distinct optical powers can be created on the target surface 54. As shown in FIG. 4A, the major axis has a larger radius of curvature 60, and as shown in FIG. 4B, the minor axis has a smaller radius of curvature 62. The difference between the two radii 64 is approximately a linear function of the amount of astigmatic power created on the surface 54 through the laser erosion.
FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate how the cornea of an astigmatic, myopic eye can be reprofiled to achieve a desired optical power and spherical refraction. Consider the astigmatic cornea 66 shown in FIG. 5A as composed of a series of layers. Each layer can be removed with one or more laser pulses, depending upon the laser and material. After a layer is removed, the irradiation area is altered to remove a different sized layer in a successive irradiation. Controlling the size of the laser irradiation on the cornea through sequential layer etches creates the desired profile 74, shown in FIG. 5B. The contour lines, shown in both FIG. 5A and 5B, represent lines of equal topographic height on the corneal surface before and after treatment, respectively.
The varying aperture profile of successive laser irradiations is geometric. For one axis, ##EQU1## where t is the height of the eye surface (measured from a base plane which intersects the eye at a diameter D), D is the outer diameter of the ablated surface area and R is the resultant, one-dimensional radius of the surface 66. The only portion of the surface 66 which is of interest is the dimension D, which is initially under the laser irradiation. Once t is determined, the successive sizes of the ellipse to remove each layer can be determined. For example, one laser pulse can etch away Δt in thickness from the target surface 66..By replacing t with t-Δt, a smaller linear dimension D is determined.
The rate of change in the size of the elliptical exposure area depends upon the selected radius of curvature 74 for the surface erosion. For one dimension, the power of a surface can be described in terms of Diopters (1/meter units), the typical terminology for vision correction. A Diopter is defined as ##EQU2## where n and n' are the wavelength dependent optical indexes of refraction before and within target surface 66, respectively. R is the radius of the surface. In excimer laser keratoplasty or keratomileusis procedures, the index n of the incident medium is air, with an index of approximately 1. The index of the average human cornea, i.e., n', is approximately 1.376 for visible light. If a patient needs a -3.0 Diopter correction, the radius of the surface erosion is about 125.33 mm. The successive irradiations on the cornea are, therefore, adjusted in size to erode the surface 66 to that radius.
If a patient has myopic astigmatism, or more commonly called astigmatic near-sightedness, both axes of the cornea can be eroded simultaneously to perform a bi-powered erosion. If, for example, a -3.0 Diopter correction is needed in one axis and a -3.9 Diopter correction is needed in the orthogonal axis on the cornea, the corresponding irradiation size of the elliptical excimer laser beam is about 4.6 mm and about 4.1 mm, respectively. The thickness t of the cornea removed during the ablation will vary depending upon size of the optical zone being reprofiled. The procedure can be largely confined to erosion of the Bowman's layer of the cornea, if desired, by choosing a small optical zone for reprofiling. Alternatively, a larger optical zone may be desired and, in such case, penetration into the stromal region of the cornea will typically occur. Generally, it is desirable to avoid ablation of more than 100-200 microns of the cornea, in any event.
FIG. 6 is a more detailed illustration of one embodiment of the invention. A laser beam 78 enters a beam control optical system 80, which is optically aligned to the beam 78. The beam control optical system 80 is an afocal system, producing collimated radiation of a different radius than the input while maintaining substantially constant energy density regardless of the beam dimensions. A positive lens 82 and negative lens 84 positioned at a distance equal to the sum of their respective focal lengths can create such a system. An aperture 86 limits the diametrical extent 88 of the laser beam 78 transmitted through the beam control optical system 80. The laser beam 78 entering the cylindrically-powered, optical system 90 is collimated and circular where it is modified in one axis for delivery to the target surface 92. The aperture stop 86 can change the diameter of the laser beam 78 in several ways. For example, through a computer driven mechanism, the diameter of the aperture can be altered, e.g., by an adjustable iris diaphragm or the like. Or equivalently, the axial movement of the aperture 86 can alter the beam 78 diameter exiting the beam control optical system 80.
FIG. 6 also shows a construction of the cylindrically-powered, optical system 90. One axis 96 does not alter the size or shape of the laser beam 78. The other axis 98 contains a cylindrical correction power element. Varying astigmatic ratios can be achieved by adjusting the position of element 90 axially.
The polar orientation of the ellipse on the eye can be adjusted through rotation of the cylindrically-powered, optical system 90 about the laser beam 78 axis to fit the astigmatic axes of the surface or, for example, to fit the astigmatic axes of the myopic patient in keratoplasty or keratomileusis surgery.
FIG. 7 is another embodiment of the invention in which the system 100 not only delivers an elliptical beam of ablative laser radiation to a target surface 102 but also ensures that the image plane is unchanged for both optical axes (as defined by the orientation of cylindrical lenses 110 and 112). A laser beam 104 enters a beam control optical system 80 (which is simply illustrated as an adjustable iris 85 having an aperture 87, although it may include additional elements, such as matched positive and negative lenses as illustrated in FIG. 6, or a combination of lenses and an adjustable stop), again producing a collimated radiation output of a different radius than the input while maintaining substantially constant energy density regardless of the beam dimensions.
In FIG. 7, a cylindrically-power optical system 120 is employed to image the aperture of the beam control system 80 in a plane substantially parallel to the aperture plane (e.g., perpendicular to the beam axis). As illustrated the cylindrically powered optical system 120 includes a spherical lens 108, a cylindrical lens with negative focal power 110 and a complementary cylindrical lens with positive focal power 112. (Lenses 108 and 110 can, of course, be designed as a single lens with one surface spherical and the other cylindrical. This simplification would reduce the number of components and result in smaller losses of beam energy. However, for purposes of illustration and explanation of underlying principles, the lenses 108 and 110 are shown as two separate elements.)
For purposes of simplified explanation, assume that lenses 108 and 110 are either formed as a single unit or separated by negligible distance. The magnification, Mx, on the X axis, which is not affected by cylindrical lenses 110 and 112, is defined by the following formula ##EQU3##
In one preferred embodiment, spherical lens 108 and cylindrical lens 110 are chosen, such that their combined focal power on the Y axis is equal to L1. If lenses 108 and 110 are close to each other, the focal length of cylindrical lens 110 (which will be negative) can be defined by the following equation. ##EQU4## This results in "parallel beam processing" along the Y axis in the region between the first (negative) cylindrical lens 110 and the second (positive) cylindrical lens 112. The distance ΔL between lens 110 and lens 112 is then chosen, such that the length of the final span L2y between lens 112 and the target is chosen.
The distance ΔL between lenses 110 and 112 is chosen, such the remaining distance L2y between lens 112 and the target is defined as follows:
f112 =L2y
and the magnification along the Y axis Mx is: ##EQU5## which will always be less than Mx.
It should be clear that the use of spherical lens 108, and the two cylindrical lenses 110 and 112, permits the clinician to rotate the axis of cylindrically around Z axis while maintaining the image of aperture in a plane substantially parallel to the plane of aperture 87. In general, the use of two cylindrical lenses of opposite power will allow this afocal magnification effect so long as both cylindrical lenses are sufficiently separated from each other.
The image spot 122 shows schematically that the dimension of the image in the Y axis is smaller than the dimension in the X axis. By rotating the entire assembly 120, the asymmetry can be fitted to any particular astigmatic axis, to selectively ablate the cornea and correct for a particular astigmatic problem.
It should also be clear that changes in the image magnification My can be accomplished by either axial movement of one or more lens elements, or by swapping one cylindrical lens, (e.g., lens 112), with another having a different focal power and positioning the lens to satisfy the conditions outlined above. In essence, the free space between lenses 110 and 112 is a buffer in which to accommodate variations in the Y axis magnification.
Since swapping lens element 112 for another discrete lens clement may be difficult or time consuming in practice, continuous variation of My also can be accomplished by replacing the simple lens 112 with a variable cylindrical zoom lens.
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|Laser system and method for astigmatic corrections in association with cataract treatment
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|System and method for performing LADAR assisted procedures on the lens of an eye
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|System and method for positioning an eye therapy device
|Jul 24, 2009
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|Method and system for removal and replacement of lens material from the lens of an eye
|Jun 26, 2008
|Jul 16, 2013
|Bausch & Lomb Incorporated
|Method for modifying the refractive index of ocular tissues
|Jul 24, 2009
|Aug 6, 2013
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|Liquid filled index matching device for ophthalmic laser procedures
|Mar 8, 2013
|Aug 20, 2013
|Bausch & Lomb Incorporated
|Method for modifying the refractive index of ocular tissues
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|Oct 1, 2013
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|Eye therapy system
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|Oct 15, 2013
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|Purkinjie image-based alignment of suction ring in ophthalmic applications
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|Nov 5, 2013
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|Laser system and method for correction of induced astigmatism
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|Method and system for measuring an eye
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|System and apparatus for treating the lens of an eye
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|System and method for providing laser shot patterns to the lens of an eye
|Mar 8, 2013
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|Raymond I Myers
|Laser methods for creating an antioxidant sink in the crystalline lens for the maintenance of eye health and physiology and slowing presbyopia development
|Jul 18, 2014
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|Systems and methods for determining biomechanical properties of the eye for applying treatment
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|University Of Rochester
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|Apparatus and method for measuring vision defects of a human eye
|Aug 15, 2005
|Feb 23, 2006
|Tan Deshi
|Method and apparatus for laser trimming of resistors using ultrafast laser pulse from ultrafast laser oscillator operating in picosecond and femtosecond pulse widths
|Mar 14, 2006
|Aug 24, 2006
|Neology, Inc.
|Selective metal removal process for metallized retro-reflective and holographic films and radio frequency devices made therewith
|Jun 26, 2008
|Jan 1, 2009
|Knox Wayne H
|Method for Modifying the Refractive Index of Ocular Tissues
|Sep 11, 2008
|Mar 12, 2009
|David Muller
|Eye therapy system
|Jan 23, 2008
|Jul 23, 2009
|David Muller
|System and method for reshaping an eye feature
|Sep 11, 2008
|Aug 20, 2009
|David Muller
|System and method for reshaping an eye feature
|May 1, 2008
|Nov 5, 2009
|David Muller
|System and method for applying therapy to an eye using energy conduction
|Sep 18, 2009
|Mar 25, 2010
|Avedro, Inc.
|Eye therapy system
|Sep 30, 2009
|Apr 15, 2010
|John Marshall
|Eye therapy system
|Oct 1, 2009
|Apr 15, 2010
|Avedro, Inc.
|Eye therapy system
|Oct 29, 2010
|May 19, 2011
|Avedro, Inc.
|System and Method for Stabilizing Corneal Tissue After Treatment
|Dec 19, 2013
|Jun 26, 2014
|Electro Scientific Industries, Inc.
|Methods of forming images by laser micromachining
|Oct 15, 2010
|Dec 3, 2013
|Lensar, Inc.
|Laser system for treatment of the eye
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|Dec 10, 2013
|Lensar, Inc.
|Laser system for treatment of the eye
|May 27, 1998
|Jan 8, 2002
|Lasersight Technologies, Inc.
|Ophthalmic surgery method using non-contact scanning laser
|Apr 1, 1999
|Oct 26, 2000
|Zeiss Carl Jena Gmbh
|Method for applying therapeutic beam to treat diseased region of eye; involves determining correct size and shape of beam cross-section from parameters obtained by image of fundus of eye
|Dec 13, 1999
|Jul 20, 2000
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Method for patterning thin films
|Apr 30, 2009
|Nov 5, 2009
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|U.S. Classification
|219/121.68, 219/121.73, 606/5, 219/121.85, 606/17, 219/121.75
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 7, 1993
Owner name: SUMMIT TECHNOLOGY, INC., MASSACHUSETTS
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|Apr 26, 1999
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|Apr 23, 2003
|Fee payment
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|Apr 24, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text: Met some friends here for lunch. Wife had the BBQ Brisket meal and I had the BB! Ham meal. I love baked BBQ pork & beans with my meals, but the beans here are not pork & beans. The potatoes were pretty good. The ham and brisket were just average. The pecan pie was good, but it is not homemade.... More


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Watermelon Boat Salad
Quick look
- prep 45 min cook 20 min
- serves 32
- 1 cup fresh lemon juice
- 1 cup sugar
- 2 teaspoons flour
- 2 large eggs, beaten
- 1 cup heavy or whipping cream, beaten to soft peaks
- 1 large watermelon
- 1 large honeydew, cut into cubes or balls
- 1 large cantaloupe, cut into cubes or balls
- 2 pints fresh strawberries, sliced
- 1/2 pound green grapes
- 1
Make dressing: Combine lemon juice, sugar, and flour in a saucepan; bring to a boil over medium-high heat. Reduce heat to low. Gradually stir 1/4 cup into eggs; gradually pour all back into pan. Cook, stirring constantly, 15 minutes or until mixture coats the back of a wooden spoon (do not boil). Cool completely. Fold in whipped cream; cover and chill until ready to serve.
- 2
Make Watermelon Boat: Cut a thin slice from bottom of melon with a sharp knife to allow it to sit flat. Mark a horizontal cutting line 2 inches above center of melon. With a long sharp knife, cut into melon along cutting line, making sure to cut all the way through. Gently pull off top section of rind. Remove fruit from both sections and cut into cubes or balls; set aside. To cut decorative edge, place melon on its side. Position a 2 1/2-inch 8-point star cookie cutter against inside edge of melon, allowing only half of star to cut through rind. Use a mallet if necessary to help push cookie cutter through melon. Insert a toothpick into flat edge of removed piece. Attach piece onto melon edge where last cut ends. Repeat cutting and attaching pieces until entire melon edge is completed.
- 3
Combine honeydew, cantaloupe, strawberries, grapes, and watermelon; spoon into boat. Serve dressing on the side. Serves: 32-36, with about 2 cups dressing.
How to make it 1 hour, 5 minutes
Editor's Note: Any star or petal cutter with an even number of points may be used. Or serve this salad in an 8-quart serving bowl.
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Ls 460
1 / 1
26Lexus shows off LS reveal video, reminds us how strange debut events can be
85Super Lexus LS has a name (and specs): TMG Edition
- Jeff Glucker
- Sep 21, 2011
- 85
Lexus fans are abuzz over the sight of a potential new LS-based super sedan, and details about the mystery machine are leaking out across the intertubes. The folks at AutoGuide have somehow managed to get shots of the Nürburgring-running prototype parked in a garage along witha a conveniently displayed spec sheet which gives us a lot more information about the sporty four door shown testing on the 'Ring.
62Lexus releases 2011 LS 460 Touring Edition
39Look Very Closely: Retouched Lexus LS ushers in new Sport pack
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- Oct 9, 2009
- 39
2010 Lexus LS 460 Sport– click above image for hi-res image gallery
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text:
bool flag = false;void loop() { if ( flag == false ) { for ( int pos = 180; pos >= 1; pos -= 5 ) { flag = !flag; Serial.print("pos = "); Serial.print(pos); Serial.print(", flag = "); Serial.println(flag); } }}void setup(){ Serial.begin(9600);}
#include <Servo.h> Servo myservo; // create servo object to control a servo // a maximum of eight servo objects can be created int led = 12;int button =2;int val = 0; int pos = 0; // variable to store the servo position boolean counter = false;void setup() { myservo.attach(9); // attaches the servo on pin 9 to the servo object pinMode(led, OUTPUT); pinMode(button, INPUT);} void loop() { if(counter == false) { for(pos = 0; pos < 180; pos += 5) // goes from 0 degrees to 180 degrees { // in steps of 1 degree myservo.write(pos); // tell servo to go to position in variable 'pos' delay(15); // waits 15ms for the servo to reach the position } for(pos = 180; pos>=1; pos-=5) // goes from 180 degrees to 0 degrees { myservo.write(pos); // tell servo to go to position in variable 'pos' delay(15); } counter = !counter; // after the first loop, this will lock it out until arduino is manually reset or if reset by soon to be implemented button. }// **Add button here ** if button is pressed, counter = false, code will loop again.}
First, allow me to apologize for my ignorance. There is obviously a very simple thing that I'm just not seeing. To me, it looks as if the loop checks the variable and if false, runs a sequence that changes the variable to true at the end. So, one change. But it's clear I'm mistaken.
runs a sequence that changes the variable to true at the end.
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A bomb exploded at the Swiss embassy in Athens today and police found suspect packages at two other embassies, in the latest wave of parcel bomb attacks in the Greek capital.
Police suspect the attacks are linked to Greek leftist guerrillas. Small bomb and gas canister attacks have been frequent in Greece since 2008 when the police killing of a teenager sparked the country's worst riots in decades.
Today a parcel bomb was found outside parliament and was addressed to the Chilean embassy. Parcel bombs were also found at the Chilean and Bulgarian embassies and one was intercepted at the offices of a courier company addressed to the German embassy.
Another suspect package addressed to the Chilean embassy was found to contain no explosives.
"The prime suspects would have to be the anarchists or far left as usual. If this is it, the story will fade but if there's another flurry tomorrow it's a different matter," said Control Risks Western Europe analyst, David Lea.
Yesterday a parcel bomb exploded at a courier office in Athens, slightly wounding an employee. Greek police then arrested two suspects carrying two more bombs, addressed to French President Nicolas Sarkozy and the Belgian embassy.
Police yesterday also intercepted a third bomb found at another delivery company and destined for the Dutch embassy.Reuse content


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Home » News » Personal Finance » Gold
Nov 16, 2011, 11.44 AM | Source: Moneycontrol.com
The mantra for gold investment has become pretty clearģ "Any positive news that hits the market, we get an opportunity to Buy at dips, but incase of negative news we see Buying at CMPö this is the trend followed in the market so far.
Like this story, share it with millions of investors on M3
Gold, certainly getting very precious...
The mantra for gold investment has become pretty clearģ "Any positive news that hits the market, we get an opportunity to Buy at dips, but incase of negative news we see Buying at CMPö this is the trend followed in the market so far.
The mantra for gold investment has become pretty clearģ "Any positive news that hits the market, we get an opportunity to buy at dips, but incase of negative news we see buying at current market price" this is the trend followed in the market so far.
Although prices of gold have scaled above Rs 29000 per 10 gm in the Indian markets, surged past USD 1,800 per ounce in the international markets, but the trend still looks very much positive with every dip seen as a buying opportunity to accumulate. Gold has been the best performer among all the asset classes with positive QoQ returns post 2008 crisis and have rallied more than 10% in the current quarter so far. Gold's current bull rally has been supported by strong price driver, which are away from the technical factorsģWe call them the fundamental price drivers. Some of them are discussed below:
Investment and jewellery demand: With increase in number of gold backed Exchange traded funds ( ETF 's) around the world, spread of knowledge among investors due to increased literacy, high disposable income, etc have helped growth in the investment demand, especially after the 2008 debt-crisis.
ETF's provide the facility to invest in small quantities (as low as 1gram of gold), that are affordable to every participant in market. Majority of the participants includes retail investors, hedge funds, pension funds, etc. Physical demand too remains robust be it for gold coins or bars or the any kind of jewelry, especially from India and China.
Economic uncertainties
Inflation: High inflation levels have become a major concern for central banks in the global market and especially in the emerging economies, mainly due to expanded money supply in the form of bail-out packages, stimulus, etc. Although strong steps have been initiated by the concerned central banks but no major impact is seen & inflation still remains at elevated levels. Historically, gold is considered as a best hedge against inflation.
Low interest rates: Absence of alternative safe investments has pushed investors towards gold with interest rates close to zero among majority of the developed economies and high volatility in the equity, currency & commodity markets, have added further support to the goldÆs safe haven demand.
Debt crisis: This has been the major recent factor that has driven gold prices higher, first it was the United States raising its debt ceiling & then hit by a credit rating downgradeģ now, it's the European Union, which is facing a tough job in baling out its members from increasing sovereign debts.
Proposal for 50% write-off in Greece's debt has been recommended while other nations like Italy, Spain, Ireland, Portugal and Belgium are already burdened with high debt levels, seeking immediate steps today or tomorrow. Any strong measure taken by the EU is likely to impact the union's strongest economies i.e. France & Germany. But the big questions remains, where is it going after Europe, is it Asia??
Apart from the economic factors discussed above, certain factors such as high unemployment, central bank actions, slowing industrial & economic growth, low consumer confidence in the west, etc have remained supportive to gold current up-trend.
High crude prices: Oil prices are again moving close to USD 100 per barrel and with Brent prices already above USD 110 per barrel, are again raising alarm over the impact it could have on the balance sheet of major importing nations while the growth of global economy continues to slow with no major signs of revival seen till date. High energy prices leads to increased input cost, which is turn increases the cost of final output, ultimately leading to high inflation and high debt levels, indirectly making gold as the best alternative for savings.
Dollar factor: The US dollar is a global accepted currency, with most of the currencies directly pegged to the US dollar in terms of central bank reserves, international transactions, quotes, etc. However, declining value of the US dollar against its major trading partners after 2008 crisis, has raised questions over dollars future as an international currency while many experts seen talking about bringing back gold standard.
There has been many factors responsible for dollar decline, right from debt crisis to high unemployment rates to slow pace of GDP growth to fragile housing market, etc all in the US. Historically, the value of US dollar is inversely proportional to that of gold (i.e. Dollar up - gold down, dollar down -gold up), but the impact is not always strong, as there are many other economic & non-economic factors outside the US.
Best alternative investment (compared with equities, property markets, etc): In the current market scenario, where there is high amount of uncertainty in the stocks & bonds, currency markets are highly volatile (both reacting swiftly to the economic activities), property prices at sky highs & out of the reach of small investors. So, for them gold remains the best alternative, as it can be purchased in small quantities and accumulated.
Central bank gold reserves: According to market reports, central banks across the globe have remained net buyers of gold, loosing their confidence in the paper money after 2008 debt crisis. Asian central banks have remained the major buyer's of gold lead by India and China. And, with regards to central banks gold sells in the open market, most of the countries are happy to keep their holdings in vault considering the market situation and uncertainty in the currency markets.
Currency market volatility: High volatility is seen in the currency markets with every central bank trying to keep its currency stable i.e. from appreciating/ depreciating sharply with monitory policy actions, intervening in the markets, etc. In addition to this, changes in the macros economic factors are being closely watched by market participants, who are continuously increasing their bets on high gold prices.
These were some of the demand factors, but on the Supply side, it has been noticed that supply growth has not kept its pace with the demand growth, mainly due to lower output in South Africa, one of the worldÆs largest producers of gold. Also China & Australia overtook South Africa as the worldÆs largest producers of gold in 2007. Although supply has been increases steadily, but less is seen supplied to the market as central banks of respective producing countries are purchasing their domestic output and adding the same to their reserves.
Increased demand for gold and its products from every class of investors, for diversifying their portfolio, managing the long-term returns and a store of wealth. The long-term picture of gold certainly looks positive with every dip seen as a buying opportunity to accumulate, with ongoing uncertainty in the global market in terms of macro-economic fundamentals, debt issues and growing investment demand even at current higher prices.
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Owner Financing Homes in 83655, ID
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