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Veterans Day Salute
Veterans Day, photo by SashaW Sasha captured this special moment during a Veterans Day event at Davenport University in Grand Rapids. View it background big and see more in her slideshow.
Veterans Day, photo by SashaW Sasha captured this special moment during a Veterans Day event at Davenport University in Grand Rapids. View it background big and see more in her slideshow.
Veteran's Day 2009, photo by Andy_Tanguay. When our perils are past, shall our gratitude sleep? ~George Canning Today and this weekend there will be ceremonies and parades honoring those who have fallen in defense of our nation. Here's a listing of Michigan Veteran's Day events and our Veterans Day post on Absolute Michigan has some … Continue reading Veterans Day
holly 107, photo by jmbarclay. Today is Veterans Day and I hope everyone gets a chance to to take some time to remember those who have served and are serving our nation. I'm pretty sure this photo is from the Great Lakes National Cemetery in Holly, Michigan. The Holly cemetery is the second national cemetery … Continue reading Veterans Day at the Great Lakes National Cemetery in Holly
Gordie Howe 1960s, photo by Edward Noble (via Wayne T. 'Tom' Helfrich) The Detroit Red Wings shared the sad news that hockey legend Gordie Howe passed away yesterday morning. The Hockey Hall of Fame has an excellent profile of Gordie Howe that reads (in part): Gordie Howe is referred to as simply "Mr. Hockey". World War II had just … Continue reading Remembering Red Wings legend Gordie Howe
The Mott Foundation Building in Flint, photo by Steve Brown My post on Tuesday generated a little controversy because I stated who I was supporting in Michigan's primary and also that I'd continue to share my personal opinions here on Michigan in Pictures. Most readers who commented agreed, including Jim Schaefer who shared the most powerful comment … Continue reading Charles Stewart Mott and the Mott Foundation Building
Thank You for Keeping Us Safe…, photo by Kenneth Raymond Thanks to all of you veterans and your families in Michigan and elsewhere for your service and sacrifice. View Kenneth's photo bigger and see more in his slideshow.
Esch Beach, Otter Creek, photo by Sara Hunt/oni_one_ The Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore tells the rich tale of the ghost town Aral: Aral was located on Lake Michigan where Otter Creek empties into the Lake just south of Esch Road, a few miles south of Empire, MI. Today this is one of the most popular … Continue reading Michigan Ghost Towns: Aral at Otter Creek
Carl D. Bradley, photo by John Rochon If you know of any shipwreck on the Great Lakes, chances are it's the S.S. Edmund Fitzgerald. While that was no doubt a terrible tragedy, my vote for the most grievous loss is the S.S. Carl D Bradley which sank 56 years ago next Tuesday on November 18, … Continue reading #TBT: Wreck of the Carl D. Bradley
Grand Island North Light, photo by Jeff Shook The photo above is from the Grand Island North Light page at Terry Pepper's Seeing the Light. Head over there for all kinds of information about one of Michigan's lonelier lighthouses. As Halloween is tomorrow, I thought I'd share the tale of a mysterious murder at North … Continue reading Murder Mystery at Grand Island North Light
Departing…….., photo by smiles7 7 years ago I shared the story of the Southdown Challenger on Michigan in Pictures. I was happy to see that the oldest operational freighter on the Great Lakes is still in action. The feature on the St. Marys Challenger on Boatnerd.com begins: Currently holding the honors of being the oldest lake … Continue reading The Oldest Ship on the Great Lakes: The St. Mary's Challenger


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Ludlow keeps superintendent
LUDLOW — Dru Lobmaster will return for a seventh year as superintendent at Ludlow Grade School.
The school board voted to retain Lobmaster at Thursday's meeting.
She worked the first four years as superintendent on a full-time basis and will start her third year as a part-time superintendent.
The board approved a 100-day contract with Lobmaster.
Also serving in an administrative capacity at the school is Tanya Vipond, who was hired earlier this year as principal on a part-time basis.
Lobmaster said the arrangement "will be a little different than before."
Previously, Tom Townsend, who worked as part-time principal, and Lobmaster took turns being at the school. He resigned from the post earlier this year.
While part-time as principal, Vipond will be at the school on a full-time basis. She will also work at the school as a special education teacher.
Townsend served as principal during two stints at Ludlow — during the 2005-06 and '06-'07 school years while Jerry Zachary was superintendent and the last two years with Lobmaster as superintendent.
News-Gazette.com embraces discussion of both community and world issues. We welcome you to contribute your ideas, opinions and comments, but we ask that you avoid personal attacks, vulgarity and hate speech. We reserve the right to remove any comment at our discretion, and we will block repeat offenders' accounts. To post comments, you must first be a registered user, and your username will appear with any comment you post. Happy posting.

subset: commoncrawl


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Find Javascript Problem with a Magento Theme and an Extension
- Status Closed
- Budget $30 - $250 USD
- Total Bids 19
Project Description
I have a fresh magento install. I bought a template installed it, and it worked. I bough an extension, a product Configurator and installed it, installation went fine. But after the install, several features of the Template (Menue and Slideshows) stopped working.
I asked the company who builds the Product Configurator and they told me that the most probable reason is that some javascripts of the theme and of the Configurator (which brings partially its own design definitions with it), are not loaded, double loaded or interfere in loading.
Now I need you to do:
1. Install the Product Configurator (this is quite easy and I can do this myself, I just removed it to test if slideshow and Menues are working with out it and they do) so the install itself is 5 minutes.
2. Find the problem with the Theme and and the Product Configurator Extension, find which Javascripts are interfering each other or any other problem and get the Product Configurator and Theme to work.
3. Document this so well for me, that when either the Theme or the Product Configurator are updated, I can solve the problem myself.
The Magento Install and language is in German, so either some German would be good, or perfect knowledge of the Magento Menus. Also the Product Configurator settings are in German, but the only thing one has to do is enter the Serial Number. All other problems are probably Theme Related.
Please tell me your Magento Experience, now people without extensive Magento Experience should bid please.
Magento Install is on : [url removed, login to view] (at this moment, theme works as I removed the Extension, if you need it to be installed just let me know and its done in 5 minutes)
Thanks for your time and bid.Get free quotes for a project like this
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Hotels near Fort Bay Beach
Search hotels near Fort Bay Beach in St. John's
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Trending now in St. John's
Hotels within 0.5 miles of Fort Bay Beach
- Most bookedRentals at Touch Therapies
8 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Hotels within 2 miles of Fort Bay Beach
17 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Great staff. Clean hallways. Can implement a little sound proofing to block out the traffic and noise outside. Enjoyed breakfast"
A Traveller, Jul 2016, US
17 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"I Think the regular rooms were full up, so got a beach cottage, sounds of lapping seas. Rooms massive, bed massive and very comfortable , big TVs on walls of both bedrooms and spacious living room diner. A car would have been good to stock up on food and drink as options limited on dickensens..."
A Traveller, Dec 2016, GB
14 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"We loved being based at Siboney Beach as the facilities were perfect for our needs. We ate at several beach restaurants as well as Coconut Grove. Lovely refreshing swimming pool and super friendly staff. Just returned today 14.11.16 but dont forget the mosquito repellent (for all over the isla..."
A Traveller, Nov 2016, GB
11 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Thank you Jackie & Josephine for making us feel at home. Jackie was kind enough to give us ride around the town and book a boat tour which we enjoyed very much. We ordered a dish from the dinning and it was far the best dish we've had in the island. We highly recommend this place!"
A Traveller, Aug 2016, US
11 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
10 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
10 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"I stayed here for one week and the staff were great. The people that lived near the hotel were also extremely friendly. This was my first time ever in the Caribbean, and it was a wonderful experience. I did not have the breakfast but it was during their slow season and I actually got an upgrad..."
A Traveller, Oct 2016, US
8 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
7 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Very nice. It's a small hotel but the staff is super friendly and accommodating. Perfect for a two night business trip."
A Traveller, Sep 2015, US
Hotels in St. John's near Fort Bay Beach
Are you looking for a cheap Fort Bay Beach hotel, a 5 star Fort Bay Beach hotel or a family friendly Fort Bay Beach hotel? You just landed in the best site to find the best deals and offers on the most amazing accommodations for your stay.
When you search for hotels near Fort Bay Beach with Hotels.com, you need to first check our online map and see the distance you will be from Fort Bay Beach, Antigua and Barbuda.
Our maps are based on hotel search and display areas and neighborhoods of each hotel so you can see how close you are from Fort Bay Beach and refine your search within St. John's or Antigua and Barbuda based on closest public transportation, restaurants and entertainment so you can easily get around the city. All the hotels details page show an option for free or paid onsite parking.
If you wish to see the hotels with the highest featuring discounts and deals near Fort Bay Beach, simply filter by price/ average nightly rate. We recommend you filter by star rating and read our genuine guest reviews so you can get the best quality hotel with the best discount.
One of the new features on Hotels.com guest reviews is that also show reviews from Expedia for Fort Bay Beach hotels and the TripAdvisor Fort Bay Beach hotels reviews so you can make sure that you checking with a reliable source. See the review scores on our St. John's hotel information pages.
Make the most out of your family vacation when you book your accommodation with Hotels.com – book your hotel near Fort Bay Beach, St. John's after reviewing the facilities and amenities listed for each hotel.
After booking your hotel near Fort Bay Beach, expect to receive your reservation confirmation in the mail in less than 10 minutes. The confirmation email contains more information on all nearby attractions, local directions and weather forecast, so you can better plan the days during your trip.
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The best hotel deals are here: We have Fort Bay Beach hotel deals, Fort Bay Beach last minute deals and offers to get you the cheapest Fort Bay Beach hotel with our lowest price guarantee.


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April 11, 2014 - Industry News
Two professional truck drivers have been credited for delivering a baby in an unusual location and saving his life. For their quick thinking and willingness to help, the men have been added to the Truckload Carriers Association's roster of Highway Angels, professional drivers who stop to help others.
Tags: TCA, TCA Highway Angel, Challenger Motor Freight, FTC Transport
April 18, 2013 - Industry News
A coalition of U.S. and Canadian trucking interests are close to releasing a best-practices manual for fatigue management.
Tags: J.B. Hunt, ATRI, Con-Way, Fatigue management, Transport Canada, Canadian Trucking Alliance, Challenger Motor Freight, FMCSA, drivers
We offer e-newsletters that deliver targeted news and information for the entire fleet industry.
The expert, Scott Sutarik from Geotab, will answer your questions
The expert, Steve Carlson from Xantrex, will answer your questions
On the Spot: First Impressions of Volvo's SuperTruck
Ultimate Test Drive: New Cascadia Sleeper Lounge [Video]
Ultimate Test Drive: Freightliner's New Cascadia Pt. 2 [Video]
Ultimate Test Drive: Freightliner's New Cascadia Pt. 1 [Video]
Mud Flap Retention System Can be Installed by Hand
Kits Offer More Compatibility for VDO RoadLog ELD Users
Retract-A-Roll Pneumatic Roller Track System Improves Cargo Handling
Dashboard Mount Designed for ELDs, Smart Devices


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x-games snowmobile
- Size: 640px
- Quality: High
- Size: 5.71 MB 276.72 KB
This Gif entitled x-games snowmobile was created from the youtube video 2 years ago. It uses 12 frames per second and is displayed at 640px resolution. This animated image plays for 4 seconds, was built with high quality and an estimated weight of 5.71 MB for download. This animation was originally created from the video from 04:30 to 04:34.
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Perfect for parties, formals and of course, Spring Carnival, this glittered heel is fancy and fabulous! Style them with a flared midi dress and grab a cute clutch from I Love Billy's latest collection.
- Heel Height: 7.5 cm
- Upper: Man-Made
- Lining: Man-Made
- Sole: Man-Made
- Glitter encrusted heel
- Delicate ankle strap with buckle closure
- Covered back
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I Love Billy - Kenjo Black Smooth/Gold Glitter


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Nelly Tickets
Find the Nelly tickets you're looking for on viagogo, the world's largest ticket marketplace. Select an event to view the range of tickets available or view the Nelly tour dates to find an upcoming event near you. You can also sell your spare Nelly Concert Tickets on viagogo, and listing tickets is free. All Nelly tickets are covered by the viagogo Ticket guarantee!
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This Terrific Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle Cake was made by Art Cake in St. Petersburg, Russia. The figures of Leonardo, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Donatello have been skillfully and excellently crafted. Notice the detail of each character, even down to including the appropriate weapon for each.
Between The Pages is an Amazon affiliate


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404 File Not Found
Host by NetBox Version 2.8 Build 4128
Nuby 2 Handle Cup with No-Spill Super Spout - 3-D Monster - 7 oz
3-D Monster 2 Handle cup with No-Spill soft silicone spout. Promotes oral development.
Product Notes
|Unit Price
|3-D Monster
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Please choose which cart you want to add the item.
By choosing one of the above, you are able to shop for both yourself and a registrant at the same time. Once you are ready to checkout your items will be waiting for you in both your personal and registry shopping carts.
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Please contact us at 1-800-Diapers (1-800-342-7377)
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Comments about No-Spill Spout Cup - 3-D Monster - 7 oz:
My only complaint with this sippy is the handles. The handles are a separate piece that screw into the bottom of the sippy. They do not stay on well at all. My son is prone to throwing his sippy for fun, like most babies his age. The second the sippy hits the floor the handles come off no matter how well I have screwed/pounded them on. The sippy does not even need to be thrown or hit something for the handles to come off.
Other than the handles coming dislodged, which is very frustrating, this is a realy nice sippy. The soft nipple is easy for my son to use and it is indeed spill proof. The cute monster design is another good feature.
Best Uses
Comments about No-Spill Spout Cup - 3-D Monster - 7 oz:
Not only is this cup fun but functional! I put it to the test first using water, to see how no-spill it really was and the feature is great - no drips or spills! This the perfect cup for little hands, especially on the go in the car. I love that it promotes oral health which is important in those growing little mouths. It is also a great transition cup for those babies that are just starting to use something other than a bottle. I also like that it hold 7oz which is just the right amount for what my twins drink.
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Comments about No-Spill Spout Cup - 3-D Monster - 7 oz:
Love this sippy cup I am using it now for my 18 month old but this is perfect for transitioning baby from bottle to sippy.
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Comments about No-Spill Spout Cup - 3-D Monster - 7 oz:
I love this cup and so does my son! The bright colors attract his attention and the design is absloutly adorable. The cup can withstand whatever my toddler throws at it too! It cleans up easily and the best part is it is dishwasher safe! Best cup ever!
Best Uses
Comments about No-Spill Spout Cup - 3-D Monster - 7 oz:
I ordered the cup and it came with out the handles and my son was not able to drink from the hard spout it also leaks everywhere.


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Naturactive Doriance Sun & Anti-Ageing DUO 2 x 60 Capsules
Regular Price: was £18.50
These tanning and anti-ageing capsules give you a bright complexion while preventing the signs of ageing. Its formula is recommended for all those who enjoy spending long periods outside in the sun (eating lunch outside, outdoor sports, gardening...) and want to keep their skin young.
Its formula contains:
- Selenium and vitamins C and E which are known for their protection of cells against oxidative stress. Also mixed with a melon extract.
- Zinc, a trace element that contributes to normal DNA synthesis
- Camelina oil, source of essential, omega-3 fatty acids.
Recommended Use:
Take 2 capsules a day with a glass of water, preferably during meal times.
We recommend that pregnant or lactating women seek advice from their doctor or pharmacist before taking supplements.
Do not exceed the recommended daily dose.
Keep out of reach and sight of children.
For an enhanced instant tan, we recommend you use the Uriage Bariésun Spa mist bronzer 100ml.
Camelina Oil
L Ascorbic Acid
Thickener: Yellow Beeswax
Zinc Sulphate
Natural Beta Carotene
Emulsifier: Soy Lecithin
Acetate Dl-alpha-tocopherol
Colours: Potassium Aluminum Silicate
Iron Oxide Red
Black Iron Oxide
Titanium Dioxide
Dry Melon Extract
Sodium Selenite.
2 x 60 capsules.Feedback on this page ?


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Microsoft Acquires Wunderlist To-Do App
The software giant continues its push into mobile productivity by snapping up a leading to-do app maker, 6Wunderkinder.Microsoft has acquired 6Wunderkinder, the German startup behind the popular to-do app Wunderlist, for an undisclosed amount. An earlier report in the Wall Street Journal estimated the value of the deal at $100 million to $200 million according to an insider with knowledge of the transaction. Eran Megiddo, general manager of Microsoft OneNote, said Wunderlist "fits squarely with our ambition to reinvent productivity for a mobile-first, cloud-first world," in a June 2 announcement. Following the recent acquisitions of Sunrise Atelier and Acompli, the deal "further demonstrates Microsoft's commitment to delivering market leading mobile apps across the platforms and devices our customers use—for mail, calendaring, messaging, notes and now tasks," he continued. Microsoft snapped up New York-based Sunrise Atelier, provider of the critically lauded Sunrise calendar app for Android and iOS, on Feb. 11. The deal followed the Dec. 1 acquisition of Acompli, the San Francisco mobile email app maker whose code now underpins Microsoft's new Outlook apps for Android and iOS. "We have received tremendous customer request for Outlook across all devices, so we are thrilled to fulfill this for our customers," said Julia White in a statement at the time. "Now, with Outlook, you really can manage your work and personal email on your phone and tablet—as efficiently as you do on your computer."
Today, Microsoft is turning its attention to mobile task management.
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Release Date: October 31, 2012
Dozens of trees throughout the Garden were affected by the storm, particularly near the western perimeter, where a line of 80-year-old little-leaf lindens (Tilia cordata) was felled. In other parts of the Garden, several large pin oaks (Quercus palustris) and a historically significant Chinese parasol tree (Firmiana simplex) were felled or sustained crown damage.
"While the damage to the Garden's living collections is distressing, we are grateful to have been spared any large-scale storm impact," said Scot Medbury, president of BBG. "Thanks to the dedicated work of BBG's horticulture staff, we likely avoided more severe consequences through our ongoing, proactive tree-care program. We look forward to welcoming our community back into the Garden beginning on Friday."
BBG encourages visitors to enjoy free winter weekday admission on Friday, as well as the special Light in Winter programming that kicks off on Sunday, November 4, with a bird walk, yoga class, and other activities for all ages designed to highlight the Garden's beauty during colder months. Cherry Esplanade, Steinhardt Conservatory, the Herb Garden, Lily Pool Terrace, and several other iconic gardens—in addition to the Terrace Café and new Visitor Center—will be open and accessible to all.
Storm cleanup is expected to continue over the course of the next month, with protected areas gradually reopening to the public. Brooklyn Botanic Garden's first priority is the safety of its visitors, staff, and volunteers.
For interviews or more information, contact Kate Blumm at 718-623-7241.


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If the Global Goals are completed, it would mean an end to extreme poverty, inequality and climate change by 2030. Beyond Sport believes that using sport is an effective and game-changing approach to make this happen.
So we're doing our part and calling on any organization, program, campaign, initiative, brand, sports team or league to share how they are using sport to take action for the Global Goals.
This year, the Beyond Sport Global Awards have new categories, and aligned criteria. There are opportunities to showcase unique partnerships and real impact.
Make sure you register your interest today to be the first one to recieve further information when we launch on February 28th, including all new categories and criteria.


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Beef & Boards's intimate space allows for a more spiritual connection with the holidays, even if the variety of musical numbers and skits tend toward the frothy side - from Alvin's antics in "The Chipmunk Song"; to the campy "All I Want for Christmas is a Real Good Tan," played to the hilt by John Vessels; to the down-country "Tennessee Christmas." Courtney M. Cleveland, the newest featured singer to the annual holiday show, brings warmth to gospel and whimsy to pop.
Eight-year-old Olivia McKenna and ten-year-old Ethan Halford Holder, too professional to steal the show, earn applause for delightful duets and company numbers. Kenny Shepard and Deb Wims return as co-hosts whose dancing is consistently spectacular. This 20th annual Christmas show again includes a special tribute to military personnel serving our nation, along with Indiana Christmas, a video of landscapes and architecture.
Doug King's choreography demands precision, and the corps of dancers deliver with spirit. Eddie Curry creates a heartwarming and humorous mix of musical numbers for a family show and directs with brisk timing. The singing is fine, the costumes shimmer and glitter and Santa appears as himself when he's not taking on the persona of Mark Fishback.


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STARmeterSEE RANK
Down 2,298,011 this week
Robert Dunbar (III) (1914–2000)
It's inaccurate to say that Bob was co-founder of the ACTT/BECTU History Project. He only attended the inaugural meeting of the project in 1986 along with some dozen others. Invitation had been extended to all members of ACTT and there was representation from most film disciplines. Sadly television members were never particularly interested. See full bio »
Born:in London, England, UK
Died:(age 85) in London, England, UK


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Small-minded Giants
By (author) Oisin McGann
Format: Paperback
Normal Price: $16.99
Your Price: $15.29 AUD, inc. GST
Shipping: $7.95 per order
You Save: $1.70! (10% off normal price)
Plus...earn $0.76 in Boomerang Bucks
Availability: Available to Backorder, No Due Date for Supply
Small-minded Giants by Oisin McGann
Book DescriptionBeyond the huge domed roof of Ash Harbour, a city built inside a hollowed-out mountain, deadly storms and Arctic temperatures have stripped the Earth bare. Resources are limited and access to power is all-important. Sinister bodies reign supreme, undercover operations are rife and every move is monitored by the Clockworkers and Dark-Day Fatalists. When sixteen-year-old Sol Wheat's father goes missing and is accused of murder, Sol sets out to find out why, and in doing so uncovers the harsh reality behind Ash Harbour.
Buy Small-minded Giants book by Oisin McGann from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9780552554732
(199mm x 130mm x 24mm)
Pages: 368
Imprint: Corgi Childrens
Publisher: Random House Children's Publishers UK
Publish Date: 5-Jul-2007
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Other Editions...
Books By Author Oisin McGann
Mad Grandad and the Robot Garden, Paperback (August 2016)
A Mad Grandad story: the new robot gardener looks like a great way to cut down on boring work: but the robot has other plans!
Mad Grandad and the Flying Saucer, Paperback (August 2016)View all books by Oisin McGann
Lenny and Mad Grandad take their new flying saucer for its first flight. Getting into space is easy: getting home alive might be harder!
» Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Small-minded Giants book by Oisin McGann and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!)
Author Biography - Oisin McGann
Born in Dublin in 1973, Oisin McGann spent his childhood there and in Drogheda, County Louth. Art college ruined any chance he had of getting a real job, so when he left in 1992, he set himself up as a freelance illustrator. In 1998 he moved to London, and through no fault of his own he ended up working in advertising as an art director and copy writer. After three and a half years he began to fear for his immortal soul. He returned to Ireland in the summer of 2002 much as he had left it - with no job, no home and some meagre savings. Ever the optimist, he now works once more as an illustrator and mercenary artist by day and escapist writer by night. Visit Oisin's website at www.oisinmcgann.com.
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 10, 1998
|Filing date
|Nov 9, 1995
|Priority date
|Nov 9, 1995
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Denis Gulsen
|Original Assignee
|Chromatic Research, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Non-Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (80), Classifications (8), Legal Events (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is related to the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/541,565 filed Oct. 10, 1993, entitled: "MULTI-MEDIA ENGINE INCLUDING PROCESSOR USING VARIABLE LENGTH INSTRUCTIONS" to James T. Battle, Andy C. Hung, and Stephen C. Purcell filed Nov. 10, 1995, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
This application is related to the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/541,565 filed Oct. 10, 1993, entitled: "MULTI-MEDIA ENGINE INCLUDING PROCESSOR USING VARIABLE LENGTH INSTRUCTIONS" to James T. Battle, Andy C. Hung, and Stephen C. Purcell filed Nov. 10, 1995, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owners have no objection to the facsimile reproduction, by anyone, of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the patent and trademark office patent file or records, but otherwise reserve all copyright rights whatsoever.
The present invention relates to operating systems, and more particularly to context switching between tasks in real time operating systems.
Real time operating systems have been in use in a variety of embedded systems for many years. These systems were often special purpose such as supporting embedded algorithms in military devices such as acquiring and tracking targets, or managing large switching systems. Real time operating systems all share similar requirements. First, the hardware available for processing the real time operating system is physically constrained, i.e., limited physical memory and backing store. Second and more challenging, real time operating systems are all time constrained, i.e., each software task of the operating system must operate in lock step time precision or the system as a whole may fail to perform correctly.
A digital signal processing system is an example of a system that requires real time responsiveness. Using digital signal processors to manage sound, video, or graphics requires real time responsiveness to ensure that the audio stream remains constant enough for the human ear, that the image on video or a display device is properly refreshed and updated, or to manage transmission protocols which have built in timeouts such as fax and digital tone modulated frequency. As digital signal processors have become more cost effective, their use on personal computers has increased.
Several DOS/Windows interfaces to real time operating systems on digital signal processors have been developed. These include the real time operating system available from AT&T under the trade designation VCOS which operates on AT&T's digital signal processor 3200 family of digital signal processors; the real time operating system available from IBM under the trade designation Mwave which operates on IBM's Mwave 16-bit digital signal processors, and the real time operating system available from Spectron Microsystems under the trade designation Spox which operates on Analog Devices' 2100 digital signal processor, Motorola's 56000 and 96000 families of digital signal processors and Texas Instrument's TMS320C3X and C4X families of digital signal processors. All of these systems provide various scheduling algorithms and system services, each of which is designed to ensure that each task always meets its start and completion time deadlines. Each of these systems attempts to manage the time criticality by checking whether there are enough resources available for the task to execute. More specifically, the resource requirements are specified by the task to the real time operating system and the real time operating system refuses to execute the new task if there are not enough resources to execute the task. Additionally, each of these systems provides a scheduling algorithm designed to ensure that real-time tasks receive enough processing time to complete their tasks.
Research in the area of real time scheduling has focused on providing a bounded worst case time within which the scheduling algorithm must operate. Scheduling algorithm development has focused on predictability, especially in the case of degenerative conditions. Examples of this operations research include "On a Real-Time Scheduling Problem", Operations Research Vol. 26, No.1 Jan-Feb. 1978, Dhall, Liu (hereafter Dhall et. al). Other research has focused on optimal scheduling based on processor utilization such as "Scheduling to Minimize Maximum Cumulative Cost Subject to Series-Parallel Precedence Constraints", Operations Research Vol. 26, No. 1 Jan-Feb. 1978 H. M. Abdel-Wahab, R. Kameda (hereafter Abdel-Wahab et. al).
An area that has not been widely considered for reducing overall scheduling time is context switching. Previous context switching methods in other operating systems illustrate some of the types of context switching algorithms currently in use. In the Cray Computer proprietary operating system, known under the trade designation COS, context switches involve large vector registers which are swapped in their entirety. This is because in the Cray operating system, jobs are primarily run in batch mode and are scheduled to execute for relatively long periods of time. In other systems, context switching manages only a few simple registers such as the program counter, stack pointer, and data pointer(s). An example of such a system is a real time operating system known under the trade designation VRTX available from Hunter systems for the Intel X86 architectures. Other systems, such as DOS, rely on voluntary task cooperation.
In present real-time systems, the real time operating system may be managing proportionately large amounts of resources which need to be swapped at each task cycle. Thus, improvements in context switching will benefit the overall performance of the system and ensure that the minimum latency requirements necessary for real-time operation can be met.
The present invention provides a system and method for fast context switching between one or more operating system tasks running in a processing system. In the processing system of the present invention, tasks store information in a common system resource. This shared resource contains information which may need to be stored in the system's backing store when the current task is disengaged from the processor in favor of an incoming task. A system routine is responsible for determining which parts of the shared system resource must be saved to backing store in order to ensure that the incoming task has enough of the shared system resource allocatable to the incoming task according to the incoming tasks system resource utilization requirements. The system routine compares the current tasks shared system resource utilization requirements to the incoming tasks utilization requirements and swaps the minimum amount of current task information to the system backing store. In real time and time critical systems task context switching must be both as fast as possible and as predictable as possible to ensure maximum latencies are not exceeded. To optimize context switching, the invention described here swaps out only the portion of the current task's context that would be overwritten by the incoming task. Thus, if the next context switch returns to the original task only that portion which has been swapped out needs to be reloaded. In addition, tasks may notify the operating system that a portion of the system resource is being used to store frequently used constants. This enables the invention to flag that portion of the register file as a save once location. That is, constants are only saved on the first context switch location. When the task is next reloaded constants are restored from the save area.
An advantage of the invention is that system context switching time is reduced. Another advantage of the invention is that tasks are freed from the requirement of saving and restoring their own context. A third advantage is that context restoration time is minimized when the task being restored still has information resident in the system resource. Other advantages are apparent from the provided details of the invention.
The system of the present invention includes a data processing system with a backing store, a shared system resource, e.g., a register file, in which task state information, procedure call information, an instruction cache, and a data cache reside. Tasks are allocated a data cache chunk of the register file based on a task's request at initialization by the resource manager component of the processing system. Information about the task's resource utilization is contained in a map data structure. After a task begins executing it may request to change the size of the register file utilization and this information is updated in the map.
The task register file usage is a large shared memory resource that may contain task specific context that must be preserved on task swaps. Therefore context switch time is directly proportional to the size of the task data cache. To facilitate fast context switching the present invention creates a map data structure to maintain current task shared resource utilization. When an incoming task is ready for processing, a system routine loads the current task and the incoming task's resource utilization into temporary storage. The system routine then accesses the map structure to determine which system resources are available, i.e. currently unused, and then compares the incoming task's needs with available resources and the current task's actual usage.
The system routine minimizes swapping current task information to backing store, thereby reducing the time necessary to restore the current task should it be the task loaded once the incoming task completes.
A further refinement of the present invention allows the task to specify that the information stored in the system resource is read only information. Therefore the system routine only swaps the information to backing store the first time a task is disengaged from the processor.
In the present invention, the shared system resource may be fast on-chip memory e.g. a register file. Further the system routine can take advantage of processor instructions that access and copy information out of the register file more than one register at a time.
The present invention presents a new system and method for managing task shared system resources via a new optimized context switching method. Although the present invention is directed to real time operating systems, any general purpose operating system will benefit from the improvements in reduced context switch time and overhead.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a processing system utilizing the media engine multimedia system in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the system software organization of the multimedia system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a flowchart of the functions associated with creating a task through the software of the multimedia system of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the register file current allocation and layout used by the software of FIG. 2 and the task created in FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the software steps for setting up the task usage of the register file of FIG. 4, by the task of FIG. 3.
FIG. 6 is a flowchart of the optimized context switching function implemented by the software of FIG. 2 operating on the register file of FIG. 4.
The invention will be better understood by referring to the figures. To provide consistency, the following terms are defined.
Backing Store: A reserved location in any of physical memory, disk drive, or off-line storage used by the operating system to save task context state when the task is not the currently executing task.
Context Switching: The act of changing out one task currently executing on a processor for another task.
Dword: 72-bit double words from which the register file is constructed.
Icache: Instruction Cache
ISR: Interrupt Service Routine
Preempting: The act of stopping the currently active task in order to run a task with a higher priority. The operating system is responsible for moving all the necessary components, for example the current state of the currently active task, and copy these components to a save location.
Register file: A set of registers, each individually addressable, capable of being programmed as special purpose registers, optionally having their own hardware access lines independent of general use memory.
Swapping: The act of moving data from one location or physical device to another location or device.
Task: A program capable of executing on a processor.
Task Context State: The information associated with a task that must be preserved when the task is not currently executing on a processor.
Thunking: Thunking is the process by which 16-bit 80�86 code modifies certain process calling sequences to allow it call 32-bit code. It is implemented in software, and mainly involves reconstructing part of the stack for parameter passing and return.
Virtualized Device Driver: A set of functions that execute at the host operating system's most privileged layer. These functions are used as extensions of the host operating system, and are allowed to physically address memory and to service host processor interrupts, exceptions, and faults
Referring now to FIG. 1, a block diagram of an embodiment of a multimedia system 10 in accordance with the present invention is shown. Multimedia system 10, is a complete multimedia processing system. It includes host system 15, media engine subsystem 25, and input/output and multimedia (I/O) subsystem 35. Multimedia system 10 also includes an operating system which includes resource manager 170 and the real time operating system, XOS 180; the operating system interacts with, manages, and controls the various elements of multimedia system 10. More specifically, resource manager 170 controls static resource allocation and I/O bandwidth allocation of various components in media engine subsystem 25, such as memory 110 allocation, media processor 20 processor cycles, and I/O bandwidth to memory 110 through memory bus 109. XOS 180 is the real time operating system that manages the tasks that run on media processor 20. XOS 180 provides support functions for media processor 20 tasks such as interrupt processing, context switching, and subroutine calling.
Host system 15 includes host processor 120, disk drive 121, and memory 123. Host processor 120 is coupled to disk drive 121, and memory 123. Host processor 120 executes the resource manager 170. In the preferred embodiment, host processor 120 conforms to the Intel �86 architecture, but those skilled in the art will recognize that the host processor could be adapted to other architectures such as the PowerPC™ architecture, and other processor architectures.
Media engine subsystem 25 is connected to host system 15 through PCI bus 40. Media engine subsystem 25 contains a memory 110 which is accessed by media processor 20 through memory bus 109, which is controlled by memory control circuit 50. PCI bus 40 is an industry standard bus that couples memory controller 50 with host processor 120 of host system 15. Memory controller 50 controls the access to memory 110 and mitigates access from Media processor 20, and host processor 120 over PCI bus 40. Memory 110 is a dynamic memory from which XOS 180 executes. XOS 180 and resource manager 170 also use memory 110 to transfer data from devices and to store and access communication subsystems implemented between XOS 180 and resource manager 170. In the preferred embodiment, memory 110 is dynamic memory, a Rambus DRAM, but those skilled in the art will recognize that other types of memory such as flash memory or static memory would operate equally well.
Media engine subsystem 25 also includes media processor 20 and register file 30. Media processor 20 is coupled to register file 30. Register file 30 is coupled to memory controller 50 which facilitates transfer of data from memory 110 into register file 30. Register file 30 is also coupled to direct device access control circuit 80 and peripheral bus 90.
Media processor 20 is a vector processing unit on which XOS 180 executes and from which XOS 180 controls the operation of tasks running on the media processor 20. XOS 180 manages task use of the register file 30, state transitions for XOS 180 tasks, and interrupt service routine instantiation.
Register file 30, is, e.g., a static RAM, and includes a plurality of individually addressable units,. Each addressable unit is, e.g., a 72 bit Dword. Software and hardware are coupled to register file 30 for, e.g., instruction caching and storing instruction operand and result data. Register file 30 provides a buffer for other hardware functions such as peripheral bus control 90, emulation register control, and direct device access 80 and is coupled to each of peripheral bus control 90, and direct device access 80. The buffer of register file 30 can be used in a variety of programmatic ways such as first in/first out (FIFO) queue, random access, or accessed via memory mapping or other common access techniques.
Multimedia I/O subsystem 35 contains a plurality of devices for sending and receiving input and output. Multimedia I/O subsystem includes direct device access 80, high bandwidth device 140, Pbus 90, and output device 150. In the present embodiment, direct device access 80 is a buffer coupled to register file 30 to which high bandwidth devices 140 may be attached. Direct device access 80 is coupled to and allows high bandwidth device 140 to send and receive data directly to or from a portion of the register file. High bandwidth devices 140 may be any of a variety of devices including special purpose optical devices, such as cameras, or recording devices, or display devices.
Pbus 90 is a peripheral bus used to drive a variety external output devices 150. Pbus 90 is coupled to media processor 20, to register file 30 and memory 110 and to output device 150. Output devices 150 could be devices such as audio devices, fax modems, or other devices. Pbus 90 uses part of the register file 30 as a FIFO for transferring data to and from memory 110.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing how XOS 180, resource manager 170, media processor 20 and host processor 120 interact when multimedia services are requested. FIG. 2 includes user application 201 running on host processor 120. Host operating system library 255 connecting user application 201 and devices drivers 202-204 all executing on host processor 120. Resource manager 170 running on host processor 120 residing in ring 3, 215 and ring O, 210 and communicating with PCI bus 40. XOS 180 running on media processor 20, communicating with PCI bus 40 and managing tasks 252-254. In the preferred embodiment, host processor 120 is an x86 processor running the Windows™ or the MS-DOS� operating system.
To activate media processor 20, user application 201 running on host processor 120 makes a call to any of device drivers 202, 203, or 204. Device drivers 202, 203 or 204 then call resource manager 170, running on host processor 120. If a XOS 180 task does not already exist to support user application 201, resource manager 170 creates a task to run on XOS 180, such as tasks 252-254. If a task already exists, then resource manager 170 passes the necessary information to the appropriate XOS 180 task through PCI Bus 40.
In the preferred embodiment, host processor 120 provides Ring 0 protection layer 210 and Ring 3 protection layer 215. Ring 0 software includes Virtual Device Drivers 204, (VDDs), such as a virtualized DMA controller or virtualized VGA controller. Ring 3 drivers 202 and 203 run on host processor 120. resource manager 170 consists of software running both in Ring 0 and Ring 3. XOS 180 and tasks 252-254 run on the media processor 20.
FIG. 3 depicts steps for allocating a task such as tasks 252-254 through resource manager 170 and activating it through XOS 180 on the media processor 20. Device drivers 202-204, running on host processor 120, determine when the task gains access to media engine 20, by activating it through resource manager 170.
In step 3A, resource manager 170 allocates a task. Allocating a task requires creating a data structure and initializing it. Resource manager 170 represents XOS 180 tasks with a C++ class, which in the present embodiment is defined as the following.
TABLE 1______________________________________RMThreadAttr______________________________________struct RMThreadAttr : RMNodeAttrRMThreadAttr ( );DWORD fPriority; // the priority for this object (onlyused by tasks), where 0 is the lowest.DWORD fPerfLevel; // the initial "performace" level(only used by tasks)DWORD fSize; // used for allocating objects thatdo not have an image fileVSPWord fDeadline;DWORD fSignalMask;DWORD fSMEMMask;DWORD fConstantMask;DWORD fICacheMode;DWORD fSlack;DWORD fReserved1;DWORD fReserved2;};RMThread : public RMResourceOwner : public RMObject______________________________________
In step 3B, resource manager 170 which is responsible for static resource management and allocation, allocates resources such as memory 110, media engine 20 utilization, and I/O bandwidth. Resource manager 170 also sets the size of the data and icache areas when it creates a task. Resource allocation is handled by the RMThread method Allocate.
The RMThread class methods create, initialize, activate, and terminate a resource manager 170 task. An object of this class directly represents a single task to XOS 180.
The RMThread class contains at least the following members:
______________________________________Allocate Loads resources owned by the task onto the media engine.SetContextData Sets the task's context data in register file before the task executesActivate Activates the taskPause Pauses the task______________________________________
Resource manager 170 allocates a task's memory 110 code segment when it creates the task. Resource manager 170 and XOS 180 support more that one code segment per task. When it creates a task, resource manager 170 allocates the task's memory 110 data space. A task may own multiple memory 110 data segments and may switch between them by calling xosSetDataSegment (). Only resource manager 170 can increase a task's allocated memory 110 resources. The task must signal the host, since there are no malloc () or free () functions available through XOS-only code. Resource manager 170 dynamically relocates memory 110 data blocks while a task is active. Resource manager 170 guarantees synchronization by temporarily blocking the task while relocating the task's data segment.
During a task's creation, the task's memory 110 data space can be initialized with values specified by the programmer.
TABLE 2______________________________________Allocate Task______________________________________RMThread::Allocatevirtual VSPError Allocate (void)Effects: Loads resources owned by the task onto the media engine. resource manager 170 requires that RMThread::Allocate( ) is called before resources are downloaded to the media engine.Modifies: Alters memory 110 resource allocation, if enough resources are available.Returns: Produces an error if collected resources are not fully linked or if there is not enough resources to complete the______________________________________ allocation.
Next in step 3C, resource manager 170 copies the code image for the task to memory 110. resource manager 170 links and downloads code into memory 110 blocks. Resource manager 170 may dynamically relocate memory 110 code blocks while a task is active. Code and data are copied to memory 110 over the PCI bus.
In step 3D, resource manager 170 places the task in a non-scheduled, "paused" state until its initialization is finished. When the task is ready to run, resource manager 170 changes the task state to "active" and the task is scheduled for processing. After allocating space for a task, resource manager 170 can asynchronously pause a task at anytime, rendering it inactive, and can reactivate the task later.
In step 3E XOS 180 loads the task to run on the media processor. Each XOS 180 task has one entry point that the kernel calls when the task is initially activated by resource manager 170. The task's entry point is specified when the task is created by resource manager 170. The entry point's address is a memory 110 location executing from icache.
For each task, XOS 180 controls which memory 110 data or code segments the task currently uses. Two special purpose registers on the media processor point to the task data segment and task instruction segment.
Once a task is running, it has direct access to register file 30. FIG. 4 describes the present embodiment of register file 30 in more detail.
In the present embodiment, register file 30 is used simultaneously by hardware and XOS 180 or XOS 180 tasks. Register file 30, currently implemented as the media engine's on-chip static RAM, provides 4 Kbytes of memory for media engine programmers. In addition to holding temporary buffers for other on-chip hardware, register file 30 holds task code and working data. The present register file 30 provides space for data and instructions and facilitates data transfer between the media processor 20 and the host processor 120.
Register file 30 is split into 512 72-bit double words, or dwords. In the current implementation the media engine does not provide protected memory, therefore programmers must manage the register file allocation for each type of data. In another embodiment, software or hardware could provide enforcement of the register file access and allocation.
To ensure proper operation, XOS 180 expects certain data and instruction caches to be defined in a certain order in register file 30. XOS 180 accesses information in and stores information to register file 30. XOS 180 header files provide several macros to set the size of each area. Referring to FIG. 4, a description of register file 30's current layout is presented. All addresses and sizes are in dword units.
Beginning with hardware instruction icache 410, media processor 20 uses locations 0 to DEF-- DATA-- START to cache media processor instructions.
Task data 420, begins at DEF-- DATA-- START and is available for use by the XOS 180 tasks. Task specific variables described in the RMThread object specify how task data 420 is used. Referring back to FIG. 3, task data 420 may be any of constants, data, or subroutine data as specified in the fSMEMMask, fConstantMask, and fIcacheMask.
Other portions of register file 30 are allocated for XOS 180 and interrupt service processing. Resident kernel data 440 is an XOS 180 reserved area for resident XOS 180 data that must be stored in register file 30 at all times since XOS 180 must always be able to access the information stored in these locations. This information stored by XOS 180 in resident kernel data 440 includes both code segments and data. ISR Temporary Data 450 is the data area owned by the currently processing Interrupt Service Routine. It can be used for temporary data storage.
In the present embodiment, hardware-specific data 460 is the 64-dword data area that is contained within register file 30 reserved for the following hardware-specific data. PCI 40 accesses these dedicated registers, and XOS 180 and resource manager 170 utilize them to obtain hardware specific information.
TABLE 3______________________________________Hardware-Speciflc register file Data LocationsRegion Size Register File Location______________________________________PBUS DMA buffers 12 dwords 448Extra Kernel Registers 4 dwords 460PCI FIFO 16 dwords 464ISA Emulation FIFO 16 dwords 480Video FIFO 16 dwords 496______________________________________
In the present embodiment special vector instructions are available on the media processor 20, it is efficient to divide register file 30 into 16 dword segments. This enables XOS 180 to use special instructions to access an entire segment at a time, and thereby more efficiently copy the register file 30 contents.
Once a task is running, it runs until it terminates, voluntarily gives up the processor, or is preempted by another task. When a task is not terminated, but must give up the processor, the volatile task context must be saved to a safe location. In the present embodiment, XOS 180 is responsible for performing this save. It is also essential in real-time systems that this operation not exceed the published latency--otherwise tasks that must execute within a certain period may fail. Therefore this operation must by highly optimized.
These operations will be better understood with reference to the figures.
FIG. 5 describes the functional calling sequence to setup the register file upon task creation. Task 510 is operated on by setup register file routine 500. Tasks are free to change their initial configuration so long as they do so using the XOS 180 provided routines. In the present embodiment, task 510 may select how to use the various components of the register file. In a typical task initialization, task 510 would execute a procedure similar to setup register file 500.
In step 5A task 510 would first set the icache mode, by setting RMThread flIcachemode to a predefined value.
Next in step 5B Task 510 would set the icache size of the register file using routine xosSetICacheSize. Which allows Task 510 to specify how much of the icache it wishes to use.
TABLE 4______________________________________xosSetICacheSizexosSetICacheSize (byte bMode)______________________________________Effects: Guarantees icache mode changes are handled properly. The initial icache size for a new task is programmed by resource manager 170 when the task is created.Requires bMode is a byte inside an register file register or a constant with the value of 1, 2, or 3. Any other value is invalid.Returns: Nothing.______________________________________
Next in step 5C, Task 510 specifies the context of each segment of register file 30 using routine xosSetSmemContext. Register file context is used by XOS 180 to determine which segments in the register file need to be saved during a context switch.
TABLE 5______________________________________xosSetSmemContextxosSetSmemContext (word wSmemMask)______________________________________Effects: Defines the current task's context within register file. The lower 32-bits of wSmemMask correspond with the 512 doubles of register file (one wSmemMask bit for 16 doubles of register file). Each wSmemMask bit indicates whether the scheduler should preserve the corresponding 16 doubles of register file during a context switch. Bit 0 of wSmemMask corresponds with the first 16 doubles of register file, and bit 31 corresponds with the last 16 doubles of register file. The bits of wSmemMask that indicate icache or any other register file outside of the task data area are ignored. Those bits are marked as zeros in the word constant SMEMNEVERMASK. Resource manager 170 programs the initial context of a new task when it creates the task.Requires: wSmemMask is a word inside a register file register or a constant.Modifies: Since this function redefines the current task's register file context, parts of register file may be saved to memory 110 or restored from it. Interrupts are disabled during some or all of this function's execution.Returns: Nothing.______________________________________
Finally in Step 5D, Task 510 specifies which segments of register file 30 are being used solely to store constant data by calling xosSetSmemConstants. Constant data is written once at task initialization and from then on used as read only data. This allows XOS 180 to further optimize context switching by only restoring these segments and not generally saving them.
TABLE 6______________________________________xosSetSmemConstantsxosSetSmemConstants (word wConstantMask)______________________________________Effects: Defines the current task's constant data with its register file context. The lower 32-bits of wConstantMask correspond with the 512 doubles of register file (one wConstantMask bit for 16 doubles of register file). Each wConstantMask indicates whether the scheduler should only restore and not save the corresponding 16 doubles of register file during the proper context switches. Bit 0 of wConstantMask corresponds with the first 16 doubles of register file, and bit 31 corresponds with the last 16 doubles of register file. XOS 180 saves constant data areas once when a task calls this function to set new constant areas of register file.Requires: Establish the task's entire register file data context first, including constant data areas, by calling xosSetSmem- Context( ) before calling xosSetSmemConstants( ) Once an register file data area is set as constant data using this function, the task cannot modify that area without calling xosSetSmemConstants( ) again to modify it.Modifies: Sets new constant areas of register file, which requires the kernel to save register file context to memory 110. Interrupts are disabled during some or all of this function's execution.Returns: Nothing.______________________________________
One skilled in the art would recognize that many permutations of this method are possible. For example, in another embodiment, the operating system or hardware may setup defaults for the register file allocation. In still another embodiment, the operating system or hardware may impose constraints on the task's ability to allocate and directly manage various portions of the register file. In yet a third embodiment, a compiler or assembler could predetermine task register file allocation needs and communicate these requirements directly to the operating system or hardware managing the register file.
As can be seen from FIG. 4, the largest part of a task's context is the register file task data area 420. The time to context switch a task is directly proportional to the size of the register file data area claimed by the task. To make multiple context switches between two tasks more efficient, XOS 180 swaps out only the portion of the departing task's context that would be overwritten by the incoming task's context. Later, when the second task is swapped for a third task, the rest of the original task context is swapped out. However, if context switches back to the original task, its unsaved context remains.
To further optimize task context switches, a task may indicate, at any time, the areas of its register file data space that are filled with constant data by using the kernel subroutine xosSetSmemConstants (). This subroutine enables the kernel to save the task's constant register file data only once. During context switch restores, the kernel restores only constant register file data.
Referring to FIG. 6, the present embodiment of swapping the contents of register file 30 is described. Swap rain register file 600, computes the minimum amount of data to be copied to the save area, such as memory 110, using boolean arithmetic to operate on the masks in parallel thereby creating a mask which indicates which segments need to be saved before the routine starts copying.
In the present embodiment, a temporary mask T1 610 is created, possibly in a kernel register or alternatively in a memory location. In the preferred embodiment, T1 610 is a register since boolean arithmetic operations operate faster on registers than on memory locations.
In step 6A, mask T1 is loaded with the current register file 30 utilization from the current task. In step 6B, T1 has added into the mask those segments of register file 30 that the incoming task has specified it will use.
In step 6C, register file segments of the current task which have been specified by the system as constant only data, and which have been previously saved are removed from T1 610 as they need not be saved.
While the present invention describes operations 6A-6C in a particular order, it should be recognized that the operations are associative and therefore may be performed in any logical order.
Once mask T1 610 is generated, step 6D looks to see if the bit corresponding to a particular register file 30 section is set. If it is, the method proceeds to step 6E where the data is actually copied.
If the mask indicator is not set, step 6F increments to the bit position associated with the next register file segment. It will be appreciated that many different methods can be used to advance to the next T1 610 mask indicator position. Such methods include shifting T1 610, in the present embodiment, but could also include updating a pointer, masking to a particular position or other types of routines to increment to the next position.
In step 6E, after the register file 30 segment has been copied to backing store such as memory 110, control is advanced to step 6F described above.
The method terminates when all mask indicator positions have been examined and all register file 30 segments have been copied.
Software implementations in C++ and media engine assembler corresponding to the present embodiment disclosed is included as Appendix A.
Other Embodiments
Other embodiments are within the following claims.
More specifically, while particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from this invention in its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of this invention, including but not limited to implementations in other programming languages. Additionally, while the preferred embodiment is disclosed as a software implementation, it will be appreciated that hardware implementations such as application specific integrated circuit implementations are also within the scope of the following claims. ##SPC1##
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|U.S. Classification
|718/108, 712/228
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 26, 1996
Owner name: CHROMATIC RESEARCH, INC., CALIFORNIA
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text:
Vitamin K Supplements
Vitamin K was first identified as a vital blood coagulating factor and named for the German word 'Koagulationsvitamin'. Vitamin K is actually a group of fat soluble vitamins.
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Vitamin K Info
Vitamin K was first identified as a vital blood coagulating factor and named for the German word 'Koagulationsvitamin'. Vitamin K is actually a group of fat soluble vitamins. In its natural state vitamin K is found as either K1 produced by plants, or a range of K2 forms produced by bacteria in the small intestine. These naturally produced forms are non-toxic, while K3 (menadione), one of several synthetic forms, can be toxic.
Antibiotic use can severely reduce vitamin K production in the gut. Low dietary vitamin K and reduced intestinal production due to aging processes can also decrease the body's vitamin K levels.
Vitamin K Benefits
Vitamin K helps the blood to clot. A deficiency leads to haemorrhaging and blood loss. It is current practice in New Zealand for all newborns to be given an intramuscular injection of vitamin K as a prophylactic prevention of VKDB (vitamin K deficiency bleeding).
Vitamin K also has a specific role in calcium absorption, and prevention of calcium plaquing in blood vessels. It is essential for proper matrix GLA activity, which is the mechanism that stops calcium attaching to soft tissue and blood vessel walls, and instead helps it reach the cells.
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Vitamin K2 – The Vitamin 'Bricklayer' for Bone Health
Bone density is an issue that continues to be on everyone's lips when it comes to conditions such as Osteoporosis. According to the National Institute of Health and Welfare, an estimated 692,000 Australians (3.4% of […]
Food for thought: Nutrients that feed our Brain
Jellyfish don't have one; neither do starfish nor sponges. But moving slightly further along our evolutionary timeline of animal ancestors, nowadays we find brains in every living multicellular organism in the animal kingdom. And, seeing […]
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text:
Unions and Employment Growth: The One Constant?
Sequential analyses of the major workplace data sets available to British researchers – the Workplace Industrial/Employee Relations Surveys (WIRS/WERS) – have revealed shifts in some previously solid relationships between union presence and a variety of establishment performance indicators. So much so that it is now conventional to speak of a pronounced reduction in the 'disadvantages of unionism' in that country. One finding that seems to have persisted in cross section, however, is the negative effect of unions on employment growth. Following on a recent study of AWIRS (Wooden and Hawke, 2000), we reexamine the issue using new panel data from the WERS series, where workplaces were surveyed in 1990 and then followed-up in 1998. We report similar evidence of employment retardation in union regimes. Moreover, use of the panel also hints that some other unfavorable union effects may be longer standing than suggested in cross-section work.
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|30 pages
|Date of creation:
|Apr 2002
|Publication status:
|published in: Industrial Relations, 2004, 43 (2), 305-323
|Contact details of provider:
| Postal: IZA, P.O. Box 7240, D-53072 Bonn, Germany
Phone: +49 228 3894 223
Fax: +49 228 3894 180
Web page: http://www.iza.org
|Order Information:
| Postal: IZA, Margard Ody, P.O. Box 7240, D-53072 Bonn, Germany
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Martin J. Conyon & Richard B. Freeman, 2001.
"Shared Modes of Compensation and Firm Performance: UK Evidence,"
NBER Working Papers
8448, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Martin Conyon & Richard B. Freeman, 2004. "Shared Modes of Compensation and Firm Performance U.K. Evidence," NBER Chapters, in: Seeking a Premier Economy: The Economic Effects of British Economic Reforms, 1980-2000, pages 109-146 National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Martin J. Conyon & Richard B. Freeman, 2002. "Shared modes of compensation and firm performance: UK evidence," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 20060, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- Martin J. Conyon & Richard Freeman, 2002. "Shared Modes of Compensation and Firm Performance: UK Evidence," CEP Discussion Papers dp0560, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
- Addison, John T. & Belfield, Clive R., 2002. "Unions and Establishment Performance: Evidence from the British Workplace Industrial/Employee Relations Surveys," IZA Discussion Papers 455, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
- Sue Fernie & David Metcalf, 1995. "Participation, Contingent Pay, Representation and Workplace Performance: Evidence from Great Britain," British Journal of Industrial Relations, London School of Economics, vol. 33(3), pages 379-415, 09.
- Booth, Alison L & McCulloch, Andrew, 1999. "Redundancy Pay, Unions and Employment," Manchester School, University of Manchester, vol. 67(3), pages 346-366, June.
- Blanchflower, David G & Millward, Neil & Oswald, Andrew J, 1991. "Unionism and Employment Behaviour," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 101(407), pages 815-834, July.
- Addison, John T. & Heywood, John S. & Wei, Xiangdong, 2001. "Unions and Plant Closings in Britain: New Evidence from the 1990/98 WERS," IZA Discussion Papers 352, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
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text:
E-Bike Race Up The Mountain With Carol
About half way up Kings Mountain road I realized Carol, who's 70+, was secretly racing me to the top of this winding trail. "Watch how fast I pass these young girls up ahead" she said with a crazed look on her face, as the girls blinked in bewilderment, grimacing with sweat dripping down their backs. "Its ok Im real slow going back down. Youll pass me for sure coming down the Mountain" she told them. This was for me supposed to be a leisurely ebike ride through the redwoods with some one old enough to be my mom, but the more we rode, the pieces came together with me realizing I'd lose this ebike race to Carol, who, it turns out used to race in all kinds of "atholons" and was a competitive swimmer in her prime and was on the gas today on the Eflow ebike I sold her a few weeks earlier. I took it easy and wanted to save battery. Not Carol. She was in high power and cruising having rode up here a week earlier. A bigger motor and a bigger competitive appetite meant me coming in second but having fun riding up the mountain with Carol.
For the record, I was riding a Haibike RX 29er electric Mountain Bike with a 350W motor. Carol was on her new EFLOW E3 Nitro with a 500W motor. Both our batteries held up equally. Carols bike definitely showed it's power on the steeper climbs


text:
tadr tadr is offline
Last Activity: 07-17-2016 06:27 AM
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- Total Posts: 90
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- Find all posts by tadr
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General Information
- Last Activity: 07-17-2016 06:27 AM
- Join Date: 11-16-2006
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|10:52 AM - netr@cer mentioned tadr in post HDMI Distribution Advice
...ace or aesthetics. tadr - If I understand th...
|05:34 PM - AnnapolisSony quoted tadr in post Triggering a song to play in my HT with the touch of ONE button?!?!
I just replied in the oth...
|06:23 PM - tadr quoted AnnapolisSony in post Activating a song in my ht with the push of a button - is it possible????
I desperately need some help from ...
|02:39 PM - tadr quoted dieselfrog in post Cat 6 to USB tablet charging options?
Hello, I'm looking to mount a f...
|08:15 AM - markyc25 quoted tadr in post WTB: In-wall LCRs, preferable Triad Bronze or Silver
I am looking to buy three...
|06:25 PM - tadr quoted Otto Pylot in post Using multiple Redmere Monoprice HDMI
That's the reason I used Redmer...
|11:46 PM - tadr quoted Otto Pylot in post Using multiple Redmere Monoprice HDMI
I'm surprised that tadr's pathw...
|02:13 PM - tadr quoted jautor in post Cat5e Hdmi balun over network??
Note that the vast majority...
|09:44 AM - tadr quoted scootss in post Reducing "default" harmony IR sends
Hi all - Is it possible ...
|03:04 PM - tadr quoted phie in post Do I need to use Control 4 HDMI 8x8 Matrix for video in each room? cheaper option?
Thanks. 90% of the time i...
|03:03 PM - tadr quoted climb in post Harmony 650 & PS3 - not quite right
I have a Logitech Harmony ...
|11:26 AM - tadr quoted olyteddy in post Power Tablet from Light Switch
...integrated USB like olyteddy mentioned or use a r...
|11:14 AM - tadr quoted MikeG_AVS in post seeking a muti-channel A/B switch to test amps
oh, so close! that box is...
|12:08 PM - tadr quoted MikeG_AVS in post seeking a muti-channel A/B switch to test amps
something like the 2 channel N...
|09:51 AM - tadr quoted Otto Pylot in post Should I stick with Harmony, or go with the AV guy's remote, or something else?
Most of us would recommend inst...
|12:12 PM - tadr quoted bryansj in post Anything better than: IR Extender -> IR Blaster -> PC
Your receiver/blaster is cal...
|11:45 AM - tadr quoted NickTheGreat in post ideas for through wall hdmi
You can either use a scooped wall...
|04:20 PM - tadr quoted miketyler in post Problem with Niles ZR6 and iPod control
A little bad news.... :( ...
|06:58 PM - roadking00 quoted tadr in post Advance IR Repeater for multiple rooms??
Check out the 79520 (http...
|02:11 PM - tadr quoted roadking00 in post Advance IR Repeater for multiple rooms??
Huh...what xantech block are yo...
|02:06 PM - tadr quoted Herminshs in post Do ir receivers allow leeway?
Unfortunately RF system is wha...


text:
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Acronis protects the complete Microsoft technology stack: Windows Server, Windows PC, laptop and Surface data; Microsoft business applications; Microsoft Hyper-V; Azure VMs; Microsoft Windows Server 2016; Microsoft Exchange 2016 and SQL Server 2016.
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Heavy Strap Hinges, 5 In., 2 per card
Secure your gates with additional support from the help of gate strap hinges. Constructed from hot rolled steel and coated in zinc, these durable heavy strap hinges are weatherproof. The length of this hinge measures 5 in.
Add effective hardware like heavy strap hinges to your gates so they can function properly and stay secure. Measuring 5 in. in length, this heavy strap hinge can attach to wooden gates. It has offset screw holes which helps prevent wood front splitting and allows the hinge to stay better connected. Constructed from hot rolled steel this hinge is strong and it is zinc plated with a WeatherGuard™ weatherproof shield around this device so that it will hold up well in rain, snow and sun.Specifications
- Heavy Strap Hinges
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text:
Modern Hotel Rooms in Downtown Austin
Relax, work, or entertain in the perfect hotel room in Austin, TX. With a recent $30 million renovation project, Hyatt Regency Austin is your newly stylish home away from home. There's a hotel room tailored to suit your style and taste, from oversized suites to pet friendly accommodations. Let us be your home when you travel, as you unwind with thoughtful amenities and modern touches, including spacious living and work areas, deluxe bath amenities and stylish, contemporary furnishings.
Hyatt Regency Austin features 448 stylish guestrooms decked out in earth tones and rich woods. Each of our contemporary spaces feature triple-sheeted Hyatt Grand Bed™ with down duvets, Wi-Fi, a 32" flat screen TV, iHome stereo with iPod® docks, and a marble-clad bathroom with designer toiletries. For more space, upgrade to our Business Plan room or Deluxe Suite with sweeping views of Lady Bird Lake.
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