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Mini hotel Na Sennoy
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Property Location With a stay at Mini hotel Na Sennoy in St. Petersburg (St. Petersburg City Centre), you'll be minutes from Ploschadka Skorohod and Sennaya Square. This hotel is within close proximity of Central Railway Museum and A. S. Popov Central Museum of Communications. Rooms Make yourself at home in one of the 3 guestrooms featuring refrigerators and DVD players. Private bathrooms with showers feature rainfall showerheads and complimentary toiletries. Conveniences include phones and safes, and you can also request rollaway/extra beds. Rec, Spa, Premium Amenities Make use of convenient amenities, which include complimentary wireless Internet access and tour/ticket assistance. Dining Continental breakfasts are available daily for a fee.

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text: Seller: lampsandlightings (138) 98.5%, Location: ROORKEE, UTTARANCHAL, Ships to: Worldwide, Item: 262661111844 HERE IS VINTAGE RETRO LAMP INDUSTRIAL ANTIQUE HOME THEATRE CINEMA LIGHT STEAMPUNK LAMP 100% Handmade Antique Reproduction Item Measurement : 179 cm (Total Height) Description Retail Price : $1000 Item Code : PNF556 Material Used : Solid Steel, Aluminum. Finish : Brass Antique Finish Type : Floor Lamp/Corner Light. Wiring Available : As per country standard ( US, UK, AU, EU ). Packing : Packed in 2 parcels ( Corrugated export packing ) Bulb/Globes : E 27 ( Standard Screw ) --- ( Bulb Not Included ) Payment We only accept PayPal payment(Confirmed Address Only). Shipping All items are packed very safely and sent within 2 to 3 days. Usually shipping time to Europe takes about 5 to 6 days or a bit more for USA, Canada, Australia etc. APO/FPO Military Addresses, Po Box address does not accepted by our courier services. We ship with most reliable courier services(FedEx) About Us LampsAndLightings have been exporting authentic replicas of antique nautical instruments, home decor accessories and collectibles that blend exquisitely into elite settings, be it home or office. We have a passion for the craft and express it without compromise through finest craftsmanship. Our commitment to the highest standards of quality has set us apart from the competition and has allowed us to carve a niche market of discerning and demanding buyers worldwide who have come to expect unique product lines from us. Shop With Peace Of Mind! ********************************* You ASK We ANSWER LampsAndLightings We do Wholesale & Combined Shipment BUY WITH CONFIDENCE - 100% MONEY BACK GUARANTEED* Condition: New High Quality 100% handmade BY LampsAndLightings, Color: Brass, Maker: Nad Lampz, Material: Steel


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POP star Lily Allen married long-term love Sam Cooper yesterday and
the proud groom revealed his new wife is four months' pregnant.
The 26-year-old Smile singer looked radiant as she arrived at church for the
country wedding, sporting a noticeable bump.
And hubby Sam couldn't resist announcing the extra bit of happy news to guests
during his speech at the reception.
Lily – who's due in November – tragically lost her first child with Sam last
November, six months into the pregnancy.
She also suffered a miscarriage at four months in 2008 when she was dating
Chemical Brothers' Ed Simons.
However, the ecstatic groom let slip the good news following a scan that
revealed the baby is healthy.
Despite their heartbreak last year, the couple vowed to keep trying for a baby
and Lily's half-sister Sarah Owen yesterday said the star was "determined
to be a mum".
Lily's father, actor and musician Keith Allen, had earlier escorted Lily into
St James the Great church in Cranham, near Stroud, Gloucs, to wed
32-year-old builder Sam.
Although Lily wore a full veil with floral embellishments, she had it back off
her face which meant her happy expression could be clearly seen by
She clutched a bouquet of white roses and was cheered on by a crowd that had
gathered outside the tiny church.
The bride's dress, with long lace sleeves, a lace overlay, sweetheart neckline
and a long train, had some echoes of the Duchess of Cambridge's wedding
It was created by French designer Dephine Manivet – despite rumours before the
wedding that Lily would wear a Chanel number.
T4 presenter Miquita Oliver, a childhood friend of the star, was one of the
Fewer than 100 guests attended the service, including comedians Harry Enfield
and Angus Deayton.
There was tight security as a large number of photographers captured arrivals.
The couple paid for extra policing as two roads, five footpaths and three
bridleways were closed.
There were fears earlier this week that Lily's big day could be ruined by the
weather but the sun shone brightly.
Lily suffered every bride's nightmare the day before her wedding – a huge zit
on her nose.
The star's wedding preparations were put on hold to deal with her unwanted
wedding present.
Lily wrote on Twitter: "Oh great, I have a massive spot on my nose."
But two hours later and after some DIY surgery in her bathroom, Lily solved
the problem.
She wrote: "I lanced it with a safety pin FYI. Was gross."
By the time she arrived for wedding rehearsals in the sleepy village the
singer was all smiles again.
More than 150 guests attended the reception in the garden of the singer's
Gloucestershire home.
The Sun revealed this week that Ted Lavender, 12, would be their wedding DJ.
The newlyweds will spend their honeymoon at the Glastonbury Festival.


text: The Jamu Australia Cara One Piece Swimsuit is fashion forward and downright classy. With its crisp and modern black and white print, fluted ruched neckline, and pocketed bust with integrated foam cupping, you'll be resort ready and feeling balanced and luxurious. The Jamu Australia Cara One Piece is available in sizes 6-14. Image Credit: Jamu […]Read more


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With this renewal application we request continued support for six pre-doctoral student training slots in support of our Virology Training Program. This renewal will take us into our third decade of continuous support for this training program. Our world-class group of 23 virology mentors provide training opportunities in viral pathogenesis, virus-host interactions, model systems, vaccine development, carcinogenic mechanisms, gene therapy vectors, and rich opportunities for translational research working with a number of important human pathogens. Our goal is to provide laboratory-based training coupled with the development of critical thinking and communication skills to produce outstanding young researchers in virology. Classroom instruction typically consists of three one-semester courses that cover molecular virology, viral pathogenesis, and a special topics course based on student presentations. Students receive additional training in ethics, career development, and the peer review process. A significant fraction of our trainees become proficient in working under BSL3 containment conditions. Our trainees are recruited nationally into an open admissions program where they receive institutional support for the first academic year. Students receive 1-2 years of support from the training grant typically during years 3-5. Trainees meet monthly with the Program Director and Associate Director, and present their research both at national meetings and at our yearly Virology Colloquium. Our trainees are productive, undertake challenging postdoctoral research training, and have gone on to compete for academic faculty position, positions in the pharmaceutical industry and in small biotech companies, and in government. Thus we prepare our students for the entire range of professional opportunities that are available to biomedical scientists.
Viruses represent a major threat to human health. This has been true since the first humans and will continue to be true for the foreseeable future. The threat changes as viruses evolve and human behavior changes to create new transmission routes. Thus there is an ongoing need to train the next generation of scientists to be able to study the viruses that are the cause of morbidity and mortality today, and the new viruses of the future that we can confidently predict will appear.
|Joseph, Sarah B; Arrildt, Kathryn T; Sturdevant, Christa B et al. (2015) HIV-1 target cells in the CNS. J Neurovirol 21:276-89
|Anders, Penny; Bhende, Prasanna M; Foote, Michael et al. (2015) Dual inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin and mitogen activated protein kinase pathways in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 56:263-6
|Debbink, Kari; Lindesmith, Lisa C; Baric, Ralph S (2014) The state of norovirus vaccines. Clin Infect Dis 58:1746-52
|Tissera, Hasitha; Amarasinghe, Ananda; De Silva, Aruna Dharshan et al. (2014) Burden of dengue infection and disease in a pediatric cohort in urban Sri Lanka. Am J Trop Med Hyg 91:132-7
|Debbink, Kari; Lindesmith, Lisa C; Ferris, Martin T et al. (2014) Within-host evolution results in antigenically distinct GII.4 noroviruses. J Virol 88:7244-55
|Joseph, Sarah B; Arrildt, Kathryn T; Swanstrom, Adrienne E et al. (2014) Quantification of entry phenotypes of macrophage-tropic HIV-1 across a wide range of CD4 densities. J Virol 88:1858-69
|Debbink, Kari; Lindesmith, Lisa C; Donaldson, Eric F et al. (2014) Chimeric GII.4 norovirus virus-like-particle-based vaccines induce broadly blocking immune responses. J Virol 88:7256-66
|Liesman, Rachael M; Buchholz, Ursula J; Luongo, Cindy L et al. (2014) RSV-encoded NS2 promotes epithelial cell shedding and distal airway obstruction. J Clin Invest 124:2219-33
|Giffin, Louise; Yan, Feng; Ben Major, M et al. (2014) Modulation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus interleukin-6 function by hypoxia-upregulated protein 1. J Virol 88:9429-41
|Barton, Kirston M; Archin, Nancie M; Keedy, Kara S et al. (2014) Selective HDAC inhibition for the disruption of latent HIV-1 infection. PLoS One 9:e102684
Showing the most recent 10 out of 80 publications


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Season 2 of the Overtime podcast is here! Listen to the first episode with Meg Robichaud now.
After a few pretty tough weeks of preparing for parts of my final exams, I've ultimately found time for some spontaneous late night dribbbling again. Thought @Dominik Martin 's shot deserves a spot on the Playoffs list, so here's my version of his subscribe form.
As always, be sure to check out the PSD! I'll try to be a bit more active in the next little while, so stay tuned for some other stuff!
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Eagles down Browns
Donovan McNabb threw for two touchdowns and the Philadelphia Eagles had little trouble handing the Cleveland Browns a 30-10 loss on Monday night.
The Eagles covered the 16-point spread, while the final score was a push.
McNabb completed 26-of-35 pass attempts for 290 yards in the win.
Cleveland's only major came on Brandon McDonald's 24-yard interception return for a TD late in the game.


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Farage's thoughts from the back of an envelope
Nigel Farage, UKIP's leader, outlined his party's 'direction of travel' in a speech on the role of the state at the Institute for Government.
UKIP leader Nigel Farage spoke out against outsourcing of public services in a speech at the Institute for Government on the role of the state.
In a speech at the Institute for Government, UKIP leader Nigel Farage raised the possibility of referendum's to decide government policy.
The FT profiles David Cameron's Number 10 operation in the wake of ex-SpAd Dominic Cummings' latest criticisms.
Oliver Letwin, Cabinet Office Minister, told the IfG how policy challenges are being tackled in new and innovative ways without the need for heavy state intervention.
Deputy Director Julian McCrae welcomes the creation of a new Treasury role - director general public spending and finance.
IfG Director Peter Riddell and Fellow Akash Paun appeared before the Public Administration Select Committee giving evidence on Civil Service impartiality in light of the Scottish referendum.
Rachel Sylvester comments in today's Times that the current coalition row is not for show.
Today's Guardian leader, which focuses on the coalition row over education policies, mentions new IfG research released last week calling for 'rules of the game' on how the civil service should operate in the final year of coalition.
The Conversation assess the health of the coalition in light of the recent rows over policy between the two governing parties.
Peter Riddell was interviewed on BBC Radio 4's The World at One in light of the coalition row regarding education policies on free schools and free school meals.
Two new reports from the Institute for Government have highlighted a lack of clarity around how Whitehall should work with the parties in the run up to the 2015 general election.
The IfG has called for clearer rules about how Whitehall should work with the coalition parties to avoid the risk of the civil service becoming politicised.
David Walker reports confusion among civil servants on providing advice to the governing parties in Coalition in the final year of the Parliament.
New 'rules of the game' are required to prevent the politicisation of the Civil Service as the Coalition enters its final year, according to new reports from the Institute for Government.
Guardian political editor Patrick Wintour reports nervousness among civil servants forced to rely on ambiguous rules governing parties' access to advice in the run up to the next general election.
Political correspondent Iain Watson analyses how the parties will work with Whitehall in the final year of the Coalition.
Working arrangements for civil servants in the final year of coalition should be clarified to protect them from accusations of impartiality, new IfG research says.
Guardian political editor Patrick Wintour consider factors affecting the outcome of the least predictable general election for decades.
Whitehall has chosen an existing civil servant to act as 'chief financial officer' looking at spending across all government departments, the FT reports.
This report focuses on how the Civil Service should work with the two coalition parties in year five of the coalition as each develops its policy plans for the next parliament. It considers the challenges likely to arise in the final year, based on evidence of how the Coalition has functioned to date, and suggests how these can be tackled.
The Civil Service has a crucial role in determining whether or not the next government will be set on the path to success or failure.
23rd May 2014
Researcher Gavin Freeguard responds to the second annual Major Projects Authority report.
13th May 2014
The Institute for Government has welcomed the creation of a new Treasury role of director general for public spending and finance.
7th May 2014
A round-up of the response on Twitter to our event analysing the challenges for political parties and the Civil Service in the final...
Risk of danger surrounding how political parties work with civil servants in final year of parliament
1st May 2014
Civil servants and political parties need urgent clarity about how to operate together in the final year before the election, according to...
1st May 2014
Today marks the beginning of a recruitment launch for the second year of Connecting Policy with Practice, a joint project between the...
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Former MINI Chief of Design Introduces New Concept
Gert Hildebrand, former Head of Design at MINI, introduced at the Shanghai Auto Show a new SUV concept for the Chinese brand, Qoros. As…Read More
Gert Hildebrand, former Head of Design at MINI, introduced at the Shanghai Auto Show a new SUV concept for the Chinese brand, Qoros. As…Read More
In short, we have no idea. There are many things that we would like to see MINI do better, but none of those things…Read More
Since its rebirth, MINI has partnered with a variety of designers to reflect on the future of urban mobility. In light of the 2015…Read More
Earlier this week, we linked to an article from the Washington Post describing how car enthusiasts feel about technology-generated engine sounds. Our takeaway was…Read More
Although most of the readers here on MotoringFile likely own or are reading about the modern MINI, we hold a special place for the car…Read More
Everything that we know is about to change! That's a bold statement, but given the scoop Autocar managed to grab from BMW's Advanced Engineering…Read More
MotoringFile recently provided you the official press release for an exciting MINI exhibit at the BMW Museum: The MINI Story. The exhibit just opened…Read More
Official press release: Munich/London. September 17th marks the opening of 'Dezeen and MINI Frontiers: The Future of Mobility', an exhibition at designjunction, London, which…Read More
MINI concept cars have traditionally served one of two purposes: a design exercise showcasing future brand-direction but not bound for production or a thinly…Read More
The Superleggera has taken the world by storm as much as a MINI concept could. It's been widely praised by critics and enthusiasts alike…Read More


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From the Associated Press:
A malfunctioning natural gas well in northeastern Pennsylvania has prompted evacuations.
The well is spilling hundreds of gallons of wastewater a minute. Colleen Connolly of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection says about 5,400 barrels of the fluid have been captured in tanks.
Officials say the well began malfunctioning around 6 p.m. Wednesday and worsened overnight. Some of the wastewater is running off the well pad, but a temporary catch basin has been set up to contain it.
The Times-Tribune of Scranton reportsofficials are also concerned about a potential buildup of natural gas underground. Connolly says four families near the well site were asked to evacuate overnight. Three left to stay in a hotel.
The well is in Washington Township, Wyoming County. It's operated by Houston-based Carrizo Oil & Gas Inc.
Chesapeake Energy Corp,the Oklahoma-based firm is the No. 1 driller in Ohio.
Rig Count Interactive Map by Baker Hughes, an energy services company.
Shale Sheet Fracking, a Youngstown Vindicator blog.
National Geographic's The Great Shale Rush.
The Ohio Environmental Council, a statewide eco-group based in Columbus.
Earthjustice, a national eco-group.
People's Oil and Gas Collaborative-Ohio, a grass-roots group in Northeast Ohio.
Concerned Citizens of Medina County, a grass-roots group.
No Frack Ohio, a Columbus-based grass-roots group.
Fracking: Gas Drilling's Environmental Threat by ProPublica, an online journalism site.
Pipeline, blog from Pittsburgh Post-Gazette on Marcellus shale drilling.
Allegheny Front, environmental public radio for Western Pennsylvania.


text:
Standard Article
Stable Isotope Ecology
Published Online: 15 JAN 2010
DOI: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0021231
Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. All rights reserved.
Book Title
Additional Information
How to Cite
Newton, J. 2010. Stable Isotope Ecology. eLS. .
Publication History
- Published Online: 15 JAN 2010
This is not the most recent version of the article. View current version (15 SEP 2016)
Introduction and Background
- Top of page
- Introduction and Background
- Natural Variations
- Applications of Stable Isotope Approaches to Ecological Problems
- Conclusions
- References
- Further Reading
Geochemists provided the earliest applications of stable isotope ratios to the earth sciences, including the tracing of water and fluid sources, geothermometry, palaeoclimatology, etc. Recently, ecologists have added storeys to the theoretical foundations of applied stable isotope geochemistry, constructing a large database over the past 25 years to enable the study of the interactions among plants, animals and their environment. The following discussion is restricted to 'bulk' stable isotope analysis, but the reader is directed to Evershed et al. 2007 for a review of compound-specific stable isotope techniques and applications. Following an account of isotope terminology and measurement, the natural variations of stable isotope ratios of the light elements are described, followed by some examples of how stable isotope approaches are applied to several broad ecological themes.
Isotopes of a given element differ in the number of neutrons they contain, and are loosely described as 'heavy' if they are neutron-rich and 'light' if they are neutron-poor. Isotopes are divided into three types based on their stability and origin: (i) radioactive isotopes, (ii) radiogenic stable isotopes and (iii) nonradiogenic stable isotopes. Radioactive isotopes are those which spontaneously decay into 'daughter' isotopes. Stable isotopes are those which do not, but may form as products of radioactive decay (i.e. radiogenic stable isotopes), in which case their abundance is purely a function of time, or alternatively their abundance may be determined by stellar nucleosynthesis at the birth of the solar system (i.e. nonradiogenic stable isotopes). Nonradiogenic stable isotopes are most useful for ecological studies, and particularly those of the light elements: H, C, N, O and S, which are major constituents of organic materials, and for which there are large relative mass differences between isotopes of the same element. The small mass difference between a heavy and light isotope of a given element causes them to behave slightly differently during normal physical and chemical processes and thus changes the isotope ratio. It is this property which makes them useful to many branches of applied science. Stable isotope ratios of heavy to light isotopes are usually measured using stable isotope mass spectrometry, which comprises a gas-source isotope ratio mass spectrometer with a peripheral instrument which prepares samples into a form (i.e. a gas) suitable for mass spectrometry. More information on stable isotope techniques can be gleaned from de Groot 2004, 2009 and Matthews and Beauchemin 2010.
Since absolute isotope ratios (R=heavy isotope/light isotope) are difficult to quantify accurately and precisely, the isotope ratio (Rx) of a sample x is compared against that of an internationally agreed standard (Rstd). Thus, the delta (δ) notation is used for describing isotope ratios (McKinney et al., 1950), where δX=(Rx/Rstd−1), where X is the notation of the heavy isotope of a pair. For clarity, delta values are multiplied by a thousand to give units in ‰ (permil). It follows from this equation that each element has a primary international standard with a value of 0‰. Deviations towards the positive and negative imply enrichments and depletions in the heavy isotope with respect to the standard. Note that in some cases the primary international standards have now expired; however, the delta scales for each element remain the same, and there are secondary international standards with nonzero delta values.
Mixing and fractionation
In terms of modelling/tracing various ecological processes, there are two themes – mixing and fractionation. Mixing is self-explanatory, and mixing of two or more components with different isotope ratios can be modelled using a mass-balance approach, in an identical manner to mixing solutions of differing concentrations:
where δ1, δ2, …, δn and m1, m2, …, mn are, respectively, the delta values and mass of that element in separates 1, 2, …, n in the mix.
Isotope fractionation, which is essentially partitioning of isotopes into different phases/compounds/reservoirs in a system, results from the subtle differences in the properties of two isotopes of a given element. Several rules may be determined:
- (i)in kinetic reactions, light isotopes usually react faster and
- (ii)in equilibrium reactions, heavy isotopes preferentially partition into components involving strong chemical bonds.
Fractionations may be practically quantified by subtracting the delta value of a reactant from that of a product.
Natural Variations
- Top of page
- Introduction and Background
- Natural Variations
- Applications of Stable Isotope Approaches to Ecological Problems
- Conclusions
- References
- Further Reading
Carbon and δ13C
Carbon has two stable isotopes: the more common 12C and the minor isotope 13C, with the primary international standard being V-PDB, derived from the carbonate skeleton of a Cretaceous cephalopod (Pee Dee Belemnite). The natural δ13C variations of terrestrial material span a 100‰ range, from biogenic methane and other reduced carbon compounds with very negative values, through soft animal and plant tissues, to carbonates with δ13C values just into the positive portion of the δ13C scale. The largest reactive pool in the carbon cycle is marine dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), which controls the δ13C of carbonate-secreting organisms; both lie close to 0‰. One of the seminal discoveries in stable isotope ecology was that terrestrial plants using disparate photosynthetic pathways could be differentiated using δ13C (Smith and Epstein, 1971). C3 plants generally have values of around −35‰ to −20‰, whereas C4 plants have a δ13C range of about −18‰ to −7‰, with the resulting soil organic δ13C reflecting the respective photosynthetic process. The disparity between the δ13C of C3 and C4 plants is stark, given that the precursor for both photosynthetic pathways is atmospheric CO2. The difference is caused by the fact that the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) catalyst involved in the C3 pathway strongly discriminates against 13CO2 compared with phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP) carboxylase, the C4 catalyst. The δ13C of CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) plants overlaps with C3 and C4 plants, with a range of −10‰ to −22‰ (O'Leary, 1988). See also Photosynthesis: Ecology
Another application of stable isotopes has been to derive water-use efficiency (WUE) estimates of plants. Both WUE and the δ13C of plants are controlled by intracellular carbon dioxide concentrations; this led Farquhar et al. 1982 to demonstrate that the δ13C of plant tissue could be used as a reliable indicator of WUE. Investigations of WUE in plant systems using the isotope approach are numerous, for example Marshall and Zhang 1994 modelled WUE in deciduous and evergreen plants over a large altitudinal gradient. In the marine environment, photosynthesis proceeds via the C3 pathway; however, the δ13C of marine plants and algae do not resemble terrestrial C3 plants, since here the carbon source is mainly DIC rather than atmospheric carbon dioxide. Marine phytoplanktons have a wide range of δ13C values from about −30‰ to −18‰, the lighter values associated with higher latitudes (Rau et al., 1982). Freshwater phytoplanktons encompass a similar but slightly larger range of δ13C values. Marine and freshwater vascular plants macroalgae have a wide range of δ13C reflecting the use of carbon dioxide or HCO3− for photosynthesis (Maberly et al., 1992).
Nitrogen and δ15N
Nitrogen has two isotopes, the more common 14N and the minor isotope 15N. By far the largest reservoir of nitrogen above the geosphere is atmospheric nitrogen, and its uniform isotope ratio is the reason for its choice as the international standard for δ15N, atmospheric isotope reservoir (AIR). Nitrogen fixation involves very little nitrogen isotope fractionation, such that N-fixing plants have δ15N values very close to 0‰. Non-nitrogen-fixing plants have a slightly more varying range of δ15N compositions, depending on their particular source of nitrogen. The successive oxidation steps involved in nitrification are associated with varying amounts of fractionation, which is kinetically controlled. Given that most of the organic nitrogen in soils is slowly converted into ammonium, this is generally the rate-determining step in the nitrification process and the resulting nitrate is quite similar in terms of δ15N to the organic starting materials. However, when large amounts of ammonium are available, the oxidation steps to nitrite and nitrate are rate limiting, and the nitrate formed may be depleted in 15N by up to 35‰. Denitrification back to molecular nitrogen gas involves a 15N depletion of up to −20‰. All the fractionations in the pedospheric part of the nitrogen cycle are heavily dependent on nitrogen concentrations. Synthetic fertilizers, since being produced from air via the Haber process, are close to 0‰. Volatilization of ammonium compounds to ammonia from manure, however, involves a fractionation of up to −40‰, such that the residue may be very 15N-enriched. This has proved quite useful in detecting sewage pollution (Costanzo et al., 2001). Högberg, 1997 provides a comprehensive review of nitrogen isotope fractionations in plants and soils.
Hydrogen (δ2H) and oxygen (δ18O)
Hydrogen has two stable isotopes – the minor isotope deuterium or 2H and the more common isotope protium or 1H. Oxygen has three stable isotopes, though the minor 17O is of less importance from an ecological standpoint; as with the other elements mentioned here, 16O is more common than its heavy counterpart, 18O. Both hydrogen and oxygen isotope scales use standard mean ocean water (V-SMOW) as their primary international standards. Ocean water is a fairly uniform 0‰ in terms of both δ2H and δ18O scales, with the exception of where there is mixing with freshwater or ice sheets. During both evaporation and condensation of water, the fractionation of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes are correlated, such that precipitation isotope ratios form a linear relationship which approximates δ2H=8δ18O+10‰, called the global meteoric water line. As a result, there are strong spatial patterns of δ2H and δ18O in precipitation on a global scale, and seasonal patterns in the same location. Models have been put forward to predict the isotopic composition of precipitation at a given geographic location (http://www.waterisotopes.org). The natural range of waters is around 600‰, stretching from the Antarctic ice which is close to −500‰, to over +100‰ in the Saharan basin lakes which are subject to extreme evaporation. The source of hydrogen for plants is local water, which enters the plant with negligible fractionation, such that bulk plant water δ2H is consistent with environmental water. In higher terrestrial plants, however, evapotranspiration in the leaf increases both δ2H and δ18O of plant cell water compared with environmental water. Organic compounds, particularly lipids, resulting from biosynthesis in plants are depleted in 2H compared with water.
Interest in the hydrogen and oxygen isotope systematics of plant tissues has been driven by the possibility of deriving historical climate data, and empirical correlations have been derived between tree-ring cellulose isotope data and various environmental factors including temperature, humidity and rainfall. Hydrogen isotopes in animal tissues also reflect local precipitation, despite the complication of hydrogen incorporation via diet as well as drinking water. Given the complexity, detailed knowledge of how hydrogen isotopes are exchanged during tissue synthesis is still lacking.
Sulfur and δ34S
Sulfur has four stable isotopes – 32S, 33S, 34S and 36S, with 32S and 34S being the most abundant (c. 95% and 4% respectively). The δ34S scale is measured with respect to Cañon Diablo Troilite (V-CDT). The vast majority of natural samples fall into a range from −40‰ to +40‰. Large deviations in δ34S are primarily caused by biologically mediated fractionation at low temperatures. In particular, dissimilatory bacterial reduction of sulfate to H2S creates large sulfur isotope effects, such that the δ34S of resulting sulfides can be up to 40‰ more negative than pre-existing sulfate. In contrast, there is little fractionation of sulfur isotopes during the assimilation of sulfate by both aqueous and terrestrial plants. Although marine sulfate is a very uniform +21‰, sulfate uptaken by terrestrial plants is more variable, and depends on the underlying geology. Animals must ingest organic sulfur compounds and convert them as necessary, though minor isotope fractionation is involved. Thus, throughout various food-web studies, 34S-enrichments are often taken as evidence of a marine influence, and δ34S measurements have been used to trace marine nutrients in freshwateSr systems (MacAvoy et al., 1998).
Applications of Stable Isotope Approaches to Ecological Problems
- Top of page
- Introduction and Background
- Natural Variations
- Applications of Stable Isotope Approaches to Ecological Problems
- Conclusions
- References
- Further Reading
Determining diet/food webs
Although some animals' diets may readily be determined by observation alone, more elusive species may require a more invasive approach. In some animals it may be possible to obtain regurgitated dietary material to study, whereas in others only gut content analysis (GCA) will be possible, which is obviously a destructive technique. The main disadvantage of these conventional techniques is that they all comprise 'snapshot analyses': they only provide a measure of what an animal has been feeding on most recently. Stable isotope analysis integrates diet over a longer time period, and offers an alternative approach which is often nondestructive and in many cases noninvasive.
It is possible to use a theoretical approach to calculate isotope fractionations for many simple chemical reactions; however, in the real, complex, biological world, an experimental/observational approach is more feasible. Merely subtracting the original delta value from the final delta value in a particular process gives a workable approximation, Δ of the total fractionation of the process. For instance, the long-held maxim of 'you are what you eat, plus a few ‰' (DeNiro and Epstein, 1976) describes the general fact that the δ15N of a consumer is a few ‰ 'heavier' than those of its diet (Figure 1) and is the basis of all food-web ecology investigations using nitrogen isotopes. The effect for δ13C is much less, with carbon isotope ratios reflecting more the source of carbon, such that δ15N–δ13C plots (Figure 1) are a useful graphical representation of simple food webs. The arithmetic difference in the nitrogen isotope ratio of consumer and diet (Δ15N=δ15Nconsumer−δ15Ndiet, cf. Figure 1) has been termed the 'trophic enrichment factor' (TEF). TEFs have been calculated for many taxa, and though mean Δ15N for several compilations of taxa averages around +3‰ (Minagawa and Wada, 1984; Post, 2002; Vanderklift and Ponsard, 2003; Vander Zanden and Fetzer, 2007) in agreement with the earliest work (DeNiro and Epstein, 1981), the range of Δ15N is quite wide, and varies with the biochemical mode of excretion and diet C:N (Vanderklift and Ponsard, 2003). In some cases, for example large cetaceans, it is impractical to measure TEFs directly, and assumptions are made regarding a probable TEF for the consumer/diet in question. Diet is generally determined by stable isotope analysis of specific tissues, rather than that of the whole animal, and different tissues will partition isotopes by differing amounts, hence tissue-specific TEFs (i.e. δ15Ntissue−δ15Ndiet) have to be taken into account. Despite these complications, Δ15N has been used to make direct inferences about the diet of many consumers, and nitrogen stable isotopes have also been used to infer a variety of ecological parameters. For instance, the variance of stable isotope ratios has been used to derive a measure of trophic niche width (Bearhop et al., 2004). The δ15N value of a consumer relative to that of the base of the food web combined with the knowledge of TEFs provides a quantitative measure of the food chain length (Vander Zanden et al., 1999), which is not subject to the kind of errors involved in estimating the number of trophic levels based on the presence/absence of intermediate consumers.
The isotopic composition of an animal tissue reflects diet at the time of synthesis, and different tissues in the same animal have varying turnover rates. This provides an opportunity to obtain time-integrated dietary information. Turnover rates (and TEFs) are calculated using carefully controlled 'diet-switch' feeding experiments (Figure 2). These involve changing the feeding regime of a laboratory animal from an isotopically homogeneous diet to one which is isotopically disparate (e.g. from a C3-based plant diet to a C4 one). Tissues are sampled before the diet switch, and at regular intervals following the change to the new diet. In the C3–C4 diet switch example, δ13Ctissue is plotted against time, an exponential uptake curve is plotted and a half-life calculated. As an example, in one of the earliest such experiments, Tieszen et al. 1983 showed that the δ13C half-life in rat muscle is around a month, compared with a week for rat liver. Recently, the exponential-fit approach has been criticized for the assumption that these diet-switch isotope exchange reactions are subject to first-order rate kinetics. Using an analogous methodology to disentangle radionuclides of differing half-lives, Cerling et al. 2007 have determined 'reaction progress variables' by linearizing the exponential decay curves. Such work has been validated by the observation that there can be more than one source pool with differing half-lives, and that this method provides more realistic diet reconstruction scenarios.
This approach is very useful, as it allows the researcher to look at changes in diet over time, using the isotopic composition of different tissues. As an example, for a small passerine bird, by measuring the δ15N and δ13C in blood and feathers, it is possible to glean dietary information from a few days (plasma) and weeks (red blood cells) ago, and from the time of the most recent feather moult, and all without sacrificing the bird.
In contrast to the soft tissues mentioned above, many hard tissues (feathers, baleen, hair, fingernails, teeth) are metabolically (and therefore isotopically) inert once synthesized. Some of these – tooth collagen, for example – are grown incrementally, and can be tied to temporal parameters, such as growth annuli. Stable isotope measurements on individual increments allow a high-resolution temporally explicit dietary history to be constructed. Careful measurements such as these have for instance elucidated long-term dietary changes in bowhead whales (Hobson and Schell, 1998), toothed whales (Mendes et al., 2007) and elephants (Cerling et al., 2009).
Mixed models have been developed to determine diet based on stable isotope measurements, the principal requirement that the consumer assimilates diets which are isotopically disparate. For example, Inger et al. 2006 explored marine versus terrestrial dietary choices by light-bellied Brent geese at monthly intervals over a 16-month period. One of the obstacles in obtaining dietary information from an animal tissue is that using simple mathematical models a maximum of only n+1 dietary sources can be elucidated from n isotope ratios. More advanced models (Phillips and Gregg, 2003) will provide a range of feasible solutions to systems where the number of sources is too large to provide a unique mixture of diets, but these models are parameterized with invariable figures for the isotope ratios of diet and TEFs. Recently, Bayesian models (Moore and Semmens, 2008; Parnell et al., 2008) have been proposed which incorporate uncertainty, and result in probability distributions for which the analyst can choose the most likely solution.
Animal migration
The study of animal migration is essentially an extension to dietary modelling as described above. As intrinsic markers, the stable isotope approach does not require initial marking of individuals; all that is required is that an animal moves from one isotopically distinct habitat to another. It is particularly informative for those animals which are too small to attach transmitters, for example insects and small passerines.
In terms of carbon isotopes for instance, the δ13C disparity between freshwater and marine primary production has been used to detect anadromy in fish (Adams et al., 2008).
The relationship between temperature and δ2Hprecipitation affords the potential to map the migration of terrestrial animals at a fine resolution. The rationale for hydrogen isotope tracking of animals is as follows:
- (i)Temperature and rainout effects in the hydrological cycle provide a uniform relationship between δ2Hprecipitation and latitude, altitude and continentality. A description of hydrogen isotope fractionations in the hydrological cycle can be found in Clark and Fritz 1999.
- (ii)There is a predictable relationship between a specific animal tissue of interest and δ2Hprecipitation.
- (iii)The tissue sampled for hydrogen isotope analysis is metabolically inert once synthesized.
Feather keratin is metabolically inert once grown, and in North America, the positive relationship between δ2Hprecipitation (=geographic location) and δ2Hfeather has been used to good effect for elucidating the migratory behaviour of a number of passerine bird species (Chamberlain et al., 1997; Hobson and Wassenaar, 1997). Large compilations of δ2Hprecipitation data from global hydrological projects have been used to construct 'isoscapes' (Bowen and Revenaugh, 2003). Isoscapes are spatial distributions of isotope ratios incorporated into maps, which can be utilized to broadly predict the geographic location of growth of an individual feather. Europe, however, is topographically more complex than North America, and latitudinally shorter, which means that the range of δ2Hprecipitation is smaller and less predictable (Hobson et al., 2004). Nevertheless, there have been a number of successful investigations of European bird migration using hydrogen isotope measurements of feathers or claws (Bearhop et al., 2005). Where migration passes over areas differing in the relative proportions of C3 and C4 plants, the addition of δ13C increases discrimination (Neto et al., 2006).
There are other sources of variation in δ2Hfeather which confound the use of stable hydrogen isotope ratios as a geolocation device. For instance, long-term climatic variations may cause temporal changes in δ2Hprecipitation, and differing metabolic effects among species may result in a species-specific correlation between δ2Hprecipitation and δ2Hfeather. Thus, the 'map-look-up technique' for assigning geographic origins of populations using precipitation isoscapes and an equation involving δ2Hprecipitation and δ2Htissue is attracting some criticism (Wunder and Norris, 2008). This technique still remains popular because of its easy implementation; it is nevertheless useful in the early stages of experimental design. Isoscapes based on control conspecific or analogue individuals from known locations allow a direct comparison. Ironically, one of the first isoscapes (Hobson et al., 1999) is a classic example of this, constructed from the isotope analysis of Monarch butterflies raised in known locations across the eastern United States. This provided a template from which Monarch butterflies could be geographically assigned with some accuracy.
Isotope additions
The article so far presents processes and applications involving 'natural abundance' isotope ratios, that is those within the natural range of isotope compositions. It is possible to buy chemical compounds from commercial companies which are enriched in the heavy isotope such that the isotope ratio R>0.99. These compounds have obvious advantages over radioactive tracers in tracer studies in that they are nontoxic and do not require licensing. They are generally used to investigate the routing of materials and chemical transformations which occur along the way. The simplest experiments involve just adding a labelled compound to a system, and then analysing the different products to acquire knowledge about the location(s) of the products of reactions involving the labelled compound; more detailed experiments would obtain quantitative data on how the label is partitioned among the products. An example of this in the carbon cycle would be using 13C labelling to examine how carbon is allocated to different plant tissues, and eventually to components of soil. Similarly, 15N labelling has been applied to soil-plant systems. In particular, the 15N tracer has been used to elucidate the fate of different 15N-labelled fertilizers (Powlson and Barraclough, 1993) by measuring its abundance in the ammonium, nitrate, organic N and plant tissue. By measuring the 15N abundance over time, a measure of the loss of N derived from the fertilizer can be measured. Other examples of 13C and 15N labelling outwith plant and soil sciences include the application to stream basal food resources to evaluate the importance of these to consumers (Parkyn et al., 2005) and examining the fate of 13C-labelled phytodetritus among the oceanic abyssal benthic community (Witte et al., 2003).
A special example of isotope additions is that of doubly labelled water (DLW), which is water with enriched levels of 2H and 18O. The DLW method has been developed for studying the intake and loss of water and energy metabolism in animals. An animal is typically injected with DLW, weighed and blood samples are taken at the time of the injection and some specified time later. Loss of 2H in water over this period can be used to derive a measure of water flux rate through the animal. 18O is lost as both water and carbon dioxide, and thus the difference between the rate of loss of 2H and 18O is a measure of the carbon dioxide production rate, a measure of energy expenditure. DLW can be combined with other ecological measurements to investigate the energy budgets of animals in their natural environment and during specific activities, for example migration flights for birds (Kvist et al., 2001).
- Top of page
- Introduction and Background
- Natural Variations
- Applications of Stable Isotope Approaches to Ecological Problems
- Conclusions
- References
- Further Reading
The purpose of this article has been to draw the reader to the expanding subject of stable isotope ecology, and introduce several applications where stable isotopes have made a very significant contribution. Ongoing technological developments will ensure the continued involvement of stable isotopes in ecology in the future.
- Top of page
- Introduction and Background
- Natural Variations
- Applications of Stable Isotope Approaches to Ecological Problems
- Conclusions
- References
- Further Reading
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- 2004) Using stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope measurements of feathers to infer geographical origins of migrating European birds. Oecologia 141: 477–488. , , , and (
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- 1997) Tansley review no. 95: 15N natural abundance in soil–plant systems. New Phytologist 137: 179–203. (
- 2006) Temporal and intrapopulation variation in prey choice of wintering geese determined by stable isotope analysis. Journal of Animal Ecology 75: 1190–1200. , , et al. (
- 2001) Carrying large fuel loads during sustained bird flight is cheaper than expected. Nature 413: 730–732. , , , and (
- 1992) Discrimination between 12C and 13C by marine plants. Oecologia 91: 481–492. , and (
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- 1994) Carbon isotope discrimination and water-use efficiency in native plants of the north-central Rockies. Ecology 75: 1887–1895. and (
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- 1984) Stepwise enrichment of 15N along food chains: further evidence and the relation between δ15N and animal age. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48: 1135–1140. and (
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- 2006) Using stable isotope analysis to determine the winter moult extent in migratory birds: the complex moult of Savi's warblers Locustella luscinioides. Journal of Avian Biology 37: 117–124. , , and (
- 1988) Carbon isotopes in photosynthesis. Bioscience 38: 328–336. (
- 2005) Pathways of N and C uptake and transfer in stream food webs: an isotope enrichment experiment. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 24: 955–975. , , and (
- 2008) SIAR: Stable Isotope Analysis in R. http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/siar/index.html , , and (
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- 1993) Mineralization and assimilation in soil–plant systems. In: Knowles R and Blackburn TH (eds) Nitrogen Isotope Techniques, 311pp. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. and (
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Further Reading
- Top of page
- Introduction and Background
- Natural Variations
- Applications of Stable Isotope Approaches to Ecological Problems
- Conclusions
- References
- Further Reading
- 2006) Stable Isotope Ecology, 308pp. New York: Springer. (
- Hobson KA and Wassenaar LI (eds) (2008) Tracking Animal Migration with Stable Isotopes, 144pp. Amsterdam, Holand: Academic Press/Elsevier.
- Michener R and Lajtha K (eds) (2007) Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science, 566pp. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
- 1997) Doubly Labelled Water: Theory and Practice, 416pp. London: Springer. (


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Even if you're not spending significant time outside, it's important to wear products with SPF to protect your skin. Choose a day moisturizer with an SPF in order to keep your skin moisturized while providing sun protection. This will help protect you from sun damage that ultimately leads to premature aging. As a general rule, it is recommended that your day moisturizer have at least 15-20 SPF. If you spend more time outdoors, consider a moisturizer with 30+ SPF.
INGREDIENTS: Water/Aqua, Cetearyl Olivate, Sorbitan Olivate, Dimethyl Isosorbide, Dihydroxyacetone, Glycerin, Aloe Barbadensis (Leaf) Extract, Propylene Glycol, Phenyl Trimethicone, Cetyl Palmitate, Sorbitan Palmitate, Glucomannan, Ordenone, Phenoxyethanol, Tropolone.


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How to Turn Yourself Into a Powerpuff Girl (guy)Don't act like you're too cool for this!
Guy Draws Artwork On Starbucks Cups, And It's Incredible!It's your new favorite Instagram account.
The Guy Who Voiced "Hey Arnold" From Nickelodeon Is All Grown Up And Insanely Hot!
Nickelodeon Screws Up Bigtime - Airs Topless Female Cartoon CharacterOopsie!
OMG! These Backpacks Look Like They Are Cartoons! WANT!I just came across the coolest thing!
Hello Kitty Isn't Really A Cat?
Vine Of The Day: 07.20.14This cartoon "nose" what's up.
The Jackson 5 Cartoon: Now On DVD!
Po Is Back


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RadioShack WalthamStore's name : WALTHAM-RIVER STREET
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(781) 899-0460
02453 Waltham
E-mail : firstname.lastname@example.com
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RadioShack Waltham is usually open Sunday.
These times do not include public holidays. To see if your store is open these days, contact them.
- Electrical goods & electronics
- RadioShack in Waltham 1077 LEXINGTON ST
- RadioShack in Cambridge FRESH POND SHOP CTR
- RadioShack in Newton Upper Falls MARSHALLS PLAZA
- RadioShack in Waltham (4.81 km)
- Best Buy in Watertown (5.13 km)
- RadioShack in Cambridge (6.66 km)
- Latitude : 42.3697
- Longitude : -71.2203
Your opinionYou are a customer or you know RadioShack Waltham ? Help future customers by leaving your review and rating this store!
4832 stores RadioShack in the U.S. registered on Stores-Locator.com
RadioShack Corporation is an American franchise of electronics retail stores in the United States, as well as parts of Europe, South America and Africa. RadioShack's current proprietary brands include RadioShack branded products, AntennaCraft, Auvio, Enercell, Gigaware and PointMobl. In 2009, the company became the main sponsor of a new cycling team, Team RadioShack, with Lance Armstrong and Johan Bruyneel as… more about RadioShack
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We, at MyStudioMontreal.com have the best well furnished and all equipped apartments for your comfortable stay. Our rental apartments, studios and condos are located at central locations so that you can be accessible to your basic needs and do your shopping with ease. This quiet & calm studio is fully → Read More
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Family Medical Specialist Inc, Services, listed under "Services" category, is located at 7264 W Colonial Dr Orlando FL, 32818 and can be reached by 4072946554 phone number. Family Medical Specialist Inc has currently 0 reviews.This business profile is not yet claimed, and if you are the owner, claim your business profile for free. If you are not the owner you can invite this business to join by email or by phone.Browse all Services in Orlando FL. Discover census data for Orlando, FL.
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Hi, your search found this article for you on Trip:
Woodruff's plexus.
Journal of Laryngology & Otology, 2008Objective:To identify the nature of Woodruff's plexus, which has been frequently mentioned in the rhinological literature but has never been properly characterised.Study design and setting:A study using 21 cadaveric specimens, combining microdissection of the mucosa of the posterior part of the inferior meatus, Spalteholz 'clearing' of specimens injected with latex ink, and histological analysis of sections of the inferior meatal mucosa.Results:Microdissection revealed a superficial plexus of thin walled vessels in the inferior meatus, which were also seen in cleared, injected specimens.
Histological sections showed these vessels to be large, thin walled veins with very little muscle or fibrous tissue, within a thin mucosa relatively devoid of other structures.Conclusion:Woodruff's plexus is a venous plexus in the posterior part of the inferior meatus.Significance:This is the first time Woodruff's plexus has been properly characterised.
Whilst the significance of the plexus itself is uncertain, its long overdue identification as a venous plexus provides a platform for further study and discussion.


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track list
Album A Campfire Homecoming
Released February 05, 2008
This site contains content from artists, fans, and writers from around the internet in it's natural form. Such content is not representative of Viacom Media Networks.
©2017 Viacom International Inc. All Rights Reserved. MTV and all related titles and logos are trademarks of Viacom International Inc.


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Theoretical Computer Science some problems
This project was awarded to omaljojo for $30 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project Budget$30 - $250 USD
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You need to know the following to do the questions: DFA, NFA, PDA, Pumping Lemma for CFL's, Chomsky normal form, Turing machine.
There are 9 questions.
It is not very long if you know the material. I need it by April 11. It would be great if someone can do it for 30$.
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Government Pirates: The Assault on Private Property Rights--and How We Can Fight Itby Don Corace
After years of hard work and saving, you finally own a home. But don't get too comfortable. If government officials decide they want your property, they can take it—for a wide variety of shady reasons that go far beyond the usual definition of "public purposes." The courts have allowed these injustices to persist. And there is nothing you can do about
- Overview
- Editorial Reviews
- Product Details
- Related Subjects
- Read an Excerpt
- What People Are Saying
- Meet the author
After years of hard work and saving, you finally own a home. But don't get too comfortable. If government officials decide they want your property, they can take it—for a wide variety of shady reasons that go far beyond the usual definition of "public purposes." The courts have allowed these injustices to persist. And there is nothing you can do about it—not yet.
Real estate developer and property rights expert Don Corace offers the first in-depth look at eminent domain abuse and other government regulations that are strangling the rights of property owners across America. Government Pirates is filled with shocking stories of corrupt politicians, activist judges, entrenched bureaucrats, greedy developers, NIMBY (Not-in-My-Backyard) activists, and environmental extremists who conspire to seize property and extort money and land in return for permits. Corace provides the hard facts about individual rights and offers invaluable advice for those whose property may be in danger. It is the one book that every property owner in America has to read.
Editorial Reviews
Product Details
- 9780061983184
- Publisher:
- HarperCollins Publishers
- Publication date:
- 10/06/2009
- Sold by:
- Format:
- NOOK Book
- Pages:
- 288
- File size:
Read an Excerpt
Government Pirates
Property for the Taking
" . . . nor shall private property be taken for public use
without just compensation."
... Fifth Amendment, U.S.
Constitution (Takings Clause)
June 23, 2005, was a very dark day in our nation's history. It was the day four men and one woman, dressed in black robes and sitting in a marbled temple in Washington, handed the government another weapon to continue its assault on our private property rights.
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled five to four in Kelo v. New London, Connecticut that the city could use its powers of eminent domain to promote economic development by "taking" waterfront homes and businesses and handing them over to a private developer to build a luxury hotel and upscale condos. A dangerous legal precedent had been set. The nation was outraged. Newspaper editorials throughout the country attacked the decision:
• A Richmond Times-Dispatch (VA) headline read "Court-Endorsed Theft."
• A St. Petersburg Times (FL) editorial read "Eminent Mistake."
• A Chattanooga Times Free Press (TN) editorial wrote "Your Home, Freedom Attacked."
• And the Hartford Courant (CT) wrote "A Sad Day for Property Rights."
There were, however, a few exceptions. In a New York Times editorial titled "The Limits of Property Rights," the paper said the ruling was "a welcome vindication of cities' ability to act in the public interest" and a "setback to the 'property rights' movement, which is trying to block government from imposing reasonable zoning and environmental regulations. "The Washington Post also sided withthe Times.
On Fox TV's Hannity & Colmes, conservative Sean Hannity and liberal Alan Colmes vowed to expose eminent domain abuse. Rush Limbaugh, libertarian radio host Neal Boortz , and consumer advocate Ralph Nader were all critical of the decision. Even columnists like the late Molly Ivins, an activist for the left, and George Will, a staunch conservative, opposed the ruling.
The media attention even caused a backlash against two of the five U.S. Supreme Court justices who voted in favor of the decision. In New Hampshire, that state's Libertarian Party initiated a drive to use eminent domain to take Justice Stephen G. Breyer's 167 acre vacation homestead in Plainfield and turn it into a park. In Weare, a developer proposed to have the town turn Justice David Souter's home into the "Lost Liberty Hotel."
A poll conducted by NBC and the Wall Street Journal in July 2005 regarding Supreme Court issues revealed that Americans cared more about private property rights than any other issue...including the state right-to-die laws and parental notification for abortions. A number of Internet surveys by CNN, MSNBC, the Christian Science Monitor, and other major news organizations showed that more than 90 percent of those polled opposed the government seizure of private property to turn it over to developers.
Congress, of course, jumped on the bandwagon. A week after the decision, far-left California Democrat Representative Maxine Waters joined far-right Texas Republican Representative Tom Delay in supporting a temporary appropriations amendment which barred federal Community Block Grant funds for any city that did not prohibit eminent domain seizures for private development. A similar symbolic measure passed in the Senate.
Some states also took immediate action. Alabama and eight other states passed legislation to prohibit government from condemning property in nonblighted areas and transferring it to private developers. Clearly, the Kelo ruling had hit a raw nerve. Despite the widespread fury from conservatives, libertarians, and liberals alike, hundreds of cities throughout the country cheered the ruling and continued their assaults:
• The City of Riviera Beach, Florida, moved one step closer to displacing an estimated 6,000 local residents to build a billion-dollar waterfront yachting and housing complex.
• City officials in Freeport, Texas, began legal proceedings to seize two seafood companies to make way for an $8 million private boating marina.
• In Arnold, Missouri, the city initiated a plan to demolish thirty homes and fifteen small businesses to make way for a Lowe's home improvement store and a strip mall.
• The City of Oakland, California, evicted the owner of a family-run tire shop who refused to make way for a new housing development.
• Legal proceedings commenced against an apartment builder to take 154 acres of vacant land because the Town of Ridgefield, Connecticut, preferred corporate office space.
• City commissioners in Hollywood, Florida, seized a bank parking lot to make way for an exclusive condo tower.
Over the next several months, talk of eminent domain reform continued to sweep the nation. The U.S. House of Representatives passed a bill by a vote of 378 to 38 to restrict federal funding to cities that utilized eminent domain to benefit private developers. Thirty states passed some form of legislation attempting to counter the Kelo decision. Despite these efforts, by the end of 2006 the U.S. Senate had not even allowed a bill to reach the Senate floor for a vote.
Realistically, any new laws will not be foolproof. Enterprising lawyers will always find loopholes. The already overloaded court system will become even more clogged with thousands of cases. The nation's more activist judges, armed with the Kelo precedent, will chip away at any legislative measures to curb abuse.
Arrogant and corrupt city and county officials...with near limitless legal budgets...will continue to align themselves with well-heeled developers, political cronies, and major corporations to prey on the politically less powerful and disenfranchised, particularly minority communities.
This is not to say that eminent domain cannot be a useful tool for "public use" as stated in the Constitution's Fifth Amendment. Even many of the citizens who have had their properties unfairly seized and handed over to private developers agree with the long-held standard that eminent domain can, and should, be used for building roads, dams, airports, schools, military bases, and other necessary public uses...as long as owners are fairly compensated.Government Pirates
. Copyright © by Don Corace. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. Available now wherever books are sold.
What People are Saying About This
Meet the Author
A successful real estate developer and businessman for more than twenty-five years, Don Corace has appeared on Hannity & Colmes, The Neal Boortz Show, and many other media venues and has testified before Congress on property rights issues. He is the author of the novel Offshore, and he lives in Florida with his wife.
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Define and Conquer: Tips to Improve Sales and Marketing Alignment
It's All About Revenue
by contributor | Tweet this Editor's Note: Today's blog post comes courtesy of Sam Boush, the President of Lead Lizard , a marketing automation agency based in Portland, Oregon that delivers world-class demand generation strategy, lead nurturing and lead scoring programs, lead management processes, and sales enablement programs. Check out Eloqua's Grande Guide to Lead Scoring.
How To Predict Conversion Rates From Lead to Close With an 'Exit Criteria'
It's All About Revenue
The truth is that the measurement linking lead to closed deal is precarious at best. Far too many steps occur between those two moments to offer clarity and insight into our company's "a typical deal." One look at the standard deviation between the average days in the sales cycle reveals this point. Why You Now?™", The Founder of Basho and M.J. Sound familiar? Who is right?
3 Reports Every Marketer Should Run to Measure Lead Scoring Effectiveness
It's All About Revenue
Lead scoring isn't an "old fashioned trick" we used two or three years ago when automation system adoption began to grow rapidly. To focus on ramping up your automation efforts, you focus on lead nurturing to advance your engagement with prospects and customers. Have you checked back up on your initial step to check if your lead scoring system is running correctly?
4 Must Haves To Enhance Your Marketing Analysis Strategy [New Guide]
It's All About Revenue
by Eloqua | Tweet this Are you reporting on the right information to support your organization's efforts, and more importantly, maximized experiences with your brand? While it may seem like there's no silver bullet path to determining the right mix of marketing analytics, there are some key decisions that you can make to move down the right strategic path.


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Get an overview of this hotelFamily-friendly Kissimmee condo in Disney's Maingate East with 6 outdoor swimming pools
This family-friendly Kissimmee condo is located in the entertainment district, within 3 mi (5 km) of Celebration Golf Club and Stetson University Celebration. Disney's Hollywood Studios® and Fun Spot America are also within 6 mi (10 km).
Property Features
Along with 6 outdoor pools, this condo has a fitness center and a spa tub. Free self parking and a free area shuttle are also provided. Additionally, WiFi in public areas, a business center, and a children's pool are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 1968 condos have TVs with DVD players and feature kitchenettes with refrigerators, microwaves, and dishwashers. Other amenities available to guests include furnished balconies or patios, sofa beds, and living rooms. Bathrooms are shared and weekly housekeeping is available.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Opens in a new window
Vacation Village at Parkway
Condo Amenities
Condo Amenities
Vacation Village at Parkway features 6 outdoor swimming pools and 6 spa tubs along with a spa tub, a fitness center, and a children's pool. High-speed wireless Internet access is available for a surcharge. A business center is on site. This family-friendly condo also offers tour/ticket assistance, barbecue grills, and an arcade/game room. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
- 24-hour front desk
- Supervised childcare/activities (surcharge)
- Arcade/game room
- Total number of rooms - 1968
- Barbecue grill(s)
- Business center
- Elevator/lift
- Fitness facilities
- Tours/ticket assistance
- WiFi (surcharge)
- Number of outdoor pools - 6
- Number of spa tubs - 6
- Pool umbrellas
- Picnic area
- Free self parking
- Pool sun loungers
- Free area shuttle
- Number of buildings/towers - 17
- Spa tub
- Children's pool
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Outdoor pools
- Children's pool
- Separate living room
- Kitchenette
- Area shuttle (complimentary)
- Arcade/game room
- Playground on site
- Separate dining area
- Sofa bed
- Full-sized refrigerator/freezer
- Microwave
- DVD player
Available in all rooms: Wireless internet access ( USD 25.00 per stay )
Available in some public areas: Wireless internet access ( USD 25.00 per stay )
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Shared bathroom
- DVD player
- Furnished balcony or patio
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Free local calls
- Kitchenette
- Coffee/tea maker
- Microwave
- Weekly housekeeping provided
- Hair dryer
- Shower/tub combination
- Iron/ironing board
- In-room safe
- Television
- Sofa bed
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- Separate dining area
- Dishwasher
- Full-sized refrigerator/freezer
- WiFi (surcharge)
- Separate living room
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Cribs/infant beds (surcharge)
Nearby Things to Do
6 outdoor swimming pools and 6 spa tubs are on site. In addition to a children's pool, other recreational amenities include a spa tub and a fitness center.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Basketball on site
- Hiking/biking trails on site
- Playground on site
If you have requests for specific accessibility needs, please note them at check-out when you book your room.
- Accessible bathroom
- Roll-in shower
Condo Policies
Minimum check-in age is 21
Check-in time starts at 4 PM
Check-out time is 10 AM
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Rollaway/extra beds are available for USD 20.00 per week.
- Cribs (infant beds) are available for USD 20.00 per week.
- Up to 35 lb
- Specific rooms only, restrictions apply
- Pet-friendly rooms can be requested by contacting the property at the number on the booking confirmation
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- Deposit: USD 100.00 per stay
Optional extras
- Fee for in-room wireless Internet: USD 25.00 per stay (rates may vary)
- Fee for wireless Internet in public areas: USD 25.00 per stay (rates may vary)
- Crib (infant bed) fee: USD 20.00 per week
- Rollaway bed fee: USD 20.00 per week
Condo Name
- Parkway Vacation Village
- Vacation Parkway
- Vacation Parkway Village
- Vacation Village
- Vacation Village Parkway
- Vacation Village Parkway Aparthotel
- Vacation Village Parkway Aparthotel Kissimmee
- Vacation Village Parkway Kissimmee
- Village Vacation
- Village Vacation Parkway
- Vacation Village At Parkway Hotel Kissimmee
- Vacation Village Orlando
- Vacation Village Parkway Florida
- Vacation Village Parkway Orlando
- Vacation Villas Parkway
- Vacation Village Parkway Condo Kissimmee
- Vacation Village Parkway Condo
- Village Parkway
We should mention
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation. The property allows pets in specific rooms only and has other pet restrictions. Guests can arrange to bring pets by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.


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A big-budget literary adaptation crossing continents, straddling the 20th century and featuring a vast ensemble of national treasures and brightest young things?
Does "quality drama" get more quality than this? The gushing wave of coverage that preceded the launch of Channel 4's Any Human Heart suggested not. And yet after watching last week's opener, "white elephant" was the phrase that more readily sprang to mind. More than 105 long minutes, this pseudo-biopic proved to be as negligible in substance as it was voluminous in scale.
In truth, it always seemed a tall order to make dramatic sense of William Boyd's 2002 novel, aka the "intimate journals" of fictional writer Logan Mountstuart. Journals, after all, deal in the random and the internal, neither qualities which translate easily to the small screen. Still, Boyd himself wrote the screenplay, and has talked a good game in recent weeks, noting that "as the author writing the screenplay you can actually be far more ruthless and audacious". And astute, certainly, considering the book's maxim that "every human being is a collection of selves", was his decision to split the main part three ways, with ailing, solitary octogenarian Jim Broadbent reflecting back on his years as young 'un Sam Claflin and middle-aged Matthew Macfadyen.
That aside, however, the opening episode was not so much creatively ruthless as tawdrily reductive, filleting those aforementioned intimate journals down to a slapdash flick-book of Logan's romantic and sexual conquests. So, his virginal school years were duly done away with and his student years among the dreaming spires became a kind of "Confessions of an Undergraduate", centred upon his dogged quest to get his end away. Within the space of 45 minutes, he had had an affair with his best friend's girl, Tess, had fallen in and out of love with the haughty socialist, Land, and had married petulant aristocrat Lottie.
It left some of our finest young actresses vainly attempted to mug a character out of their hair's breadth of screen time while Logan himself drifted through proceedings as an impregnable blank, in both his Claflin and Macfadyen incarnations. Where the former was prissily stiff, the latter was stolidly lugubrious; and they both lacked the raffish charm crucial to the original conception of him as a philandering narcissist you might possibly root for.
No doubt, things will pick up, just as soon as we see more of the expressively forlorn Broadbent, as well as Gillian Anderson's archly alluring Wallis Simpson. (Oh yes, did I forget to mention Logan's inadvertent encounters with assorted big historical cheeses? All very Forrest Gump.) Though having read the book, I'm not sure whether I need to get the knock-off televisual T-shirt.
When I interviewed Peep Show's Jesse Armstrong a couple of years ago, I asked him whether he and co-writer Sam Bain had thought about quitting while they were ahead. "It takes self-awareness to know when you're past your peak ... we'll probably lack that like everyone else and crank them out until [audiences] are bored of them," he joked. But though the ever-increasing profile of its stars David Mitchell (inset below) and Robert Webb would suggest there's no danger of audiences getting bored with this caustic flatshare sitcom anytime soon, I do wonder whether the new run would do well to be the last.
The problem, to this carping critic at least, is that where its original brilliance derived from the stasis of its lead duo, thirtysomething suburban odd couple Mark and Jez, they have increasingly fallen prey to such conventional dramatic demands as plot and character development. In Friday's hospital-set series opener, indeed, we saw Mark become a dad, a game changer which resulted in an ending of disorientating sentimentality. That's not to say that Peep Show isn't still a lot funnier than most of the competition; only that these are two self-destructive Peter Pans who should never be allowed to grow up.Reuse content


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Kouta just cannot seem to escape from the persistent advances of his two luscious lady admirers – even when he's asleep, Chizuru and Nozomu use their "feminine wiles" to wake the poor boy from his slumber. However, when the Kanokon girls aren't wrapping themselves up as Christmas presents or contemplating the many perverted uses of Valentine's chocolate, they seem content enough to parade themselves in front of the camera in various states of seduction and undress...
An addition to the Kanokon series of anime, and is perhaps the closest the series ever comes to reaching hentai levels of sexuality. If there wasn't enough nudity in the first twelve episodes for you, the majority of these severa-minute long specials will have a fair amount of breasts, nipples, and ass. There isn't so much a story in these, as the occasional special does have an idea behind it (be it what... read more
Story:I must be a failure as a woman, because I didn't realise that there were SO MANY different ways to expose your breasts.Animation:So much bouncing. So many shiny nipples. It's like the shangri-la of boobs! (Though Tamamo's mahoosive nips border on the disturbing)Sound:Plenty of cheesy music to go with the various "photoshoot" episodes, not that any male is likely to be paying any attention to... read more
Kanokon ~Manatsu no Daishanikusai~
|Same Franchise
Kanokon ~Manatsu no Daishanikusai~ Specials
Kanokon (Light Novel)
Character Design