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Posts Tagged 'depression'
Treating alcohol withdrawal with benzodiazepines – Safe if mindful
February 27th, 2012
Contributing co-author: Andrew Chen
Alcohol withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant (see here for an overview). Symptoms vary from person to person, but most people will experience some negative symptoms of alcohol withdrawal if they try to stop drinking after long term use.
Mild to moderate symptoms include headache, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, rapid heart rate, abnormal movements, anxiety, depression, and fatigue. Severe symptoms of alcohol withdrawal include hallucinations, fever, and convulsions (known as DT's or delirium tremens). Most people undergoing alcohol detox do not require hospitalization, but in severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary (1). Since their introduction in the 1960s, benzodiazepines have been the drug of choice for treating severe cases of alcohol withdrawal.
Benzodiazepines, or benzos for short, are a class of psychoactive drugs that work to slow down the central nervous system by activating GABA receptors. This provides a variety of useful tranquilizing effects. Aside from relieving symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, benzodiazepines are also commonly prescribed to treat insomnia, muscle spasms, involuntary movement disorders, anxiety disorders, and convulsive disorders.
The most common regimen for treating alcohol withdrawal includes 3 days of long-acting benzodiazepines on a fixed schedule with additional medication available "as needed." (2)
The two most commonly prescribed benzos are chlordiazepoxide and diazepam. Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) is preferred for its superior anticonvulsant capabilities while diazepam (Valium) is preferred for its safety against overdose with alcohol. Short-acting benzos like oxazepam and lorazepam are less frequently used for treating alcohol withdrawal (1).
Compared to other drugs, benzos are the safest and most effective method for treating difficult alcohol withdrawal. However, benzodiazepines do come with their own potential for dependence and abuse. Ironically, symptoms of benzodiazepine withdrawal are quite similar to those of alcohol withdrawal. Tapering off dosage is the best way to prevent serious withdrawal symptoms. To avoid such complications, benzodiazepines are only recommended for short-term treatment of alcohol withdrawal.
In short
Benzos can be very useful for helping long terms alcoholics deal with the difficult withdrawal symptoms that can accompany the detox period. Just be mindful so as not to find yourself right back where you started.
1. Williams, D., McBride, A. (1998) The drug treatment of alcohol withdrawal symptoms: A systematic review. Alcohol & Alcoholism. 33(2), 103-115
2. Saitz, R., Friedmn, L. S., Mayo-Smith, M.F. (1996) Alcohol withdrawal: a nationwide survey of inpatient treatment practices. 10(9), 479-87
Rubber-band addiction recovery – No shame
January 15th, 2012
There's a specific issue that keeps coming up with nearly every addiction client I work with who is in early recovery. Regardless of whether they're trying to stop unhealthy alcohol or drug use, sex or gambling behavior, or anything else, this issue keeps returning. It doesn't even seem to matter if this is their first attempt at addiction recovery or if they've already been here many times before.
The issue: Shame about a desire to return to old behaviors and stopping their recovery.
At the Matrix Institute on Addiction where I see some clients, they call this "The Wall" suggesting that it usually comes right after a relatively easy period of recovery in which clients are self-assured and confident that they've got their addiction beat. "The Wall" is supposed to be marked by anhedonia, depression, severe cravings, irritability, and more fun stuff like that. After the wall is the promised land of long-term recovery. By identifying the specific stages of recovery addicts are supposed to gain more understanding of their process and experience less shame. I love the Matrix method, but I see things a little differently. The way I see it, "The Wall" is far from a single point in time, but is instead part of a larger pattern I like to call Rubber-band Recovery.
Rubber-band Recovery in Addiction
I'm sure everyone reading this has at some point played with a rubber band, stretching it and letting it snap back to its original state or pulling it between two fingers and playing it like a string (another name for this approach could be String Recovery, but that might get confused with theoretical physics and we don't want that). When pulling the rubber-band one way, its internal structure pulls back, trying to get back to its natural state. The body can be thought to do the same when placed under chronic alcohol and drug use in addiction – it has a slew of internal processes that work hard to keep the body in its natural state, at homeostasis. Naturally, due to the pharmacological mechanisms of alcohol, cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, and many other drugs, these systems usually fail at setting everything back to normal especially during the use itself, which is why we get high. However, their work in a body that consumes drugs on a regular basis is obvious – reductions in the production of specific chemicals (like relevant neurotransmitters), changes in the structure of the brain itself (like producing less receptors or even removing some from the brain's cells), and production of chemicals that combat the drugs' actions.
All in all, the body and brain of a long-time, chronic, heavy user of alcohol and drugs are different from the body and brain they started with in important ways that specifically relate to their alcohol and drug use. They are like the stretched rubber band, similar but obviously not the same as it was in its relaxed state.
Individuals in early recovery from addiction essentially experience what happens when that taut, stretched, rubber band is let loose. Hurrying up to get back to its natural state, to homeostasis, it releases all that pent up energy and rushes through its original state, overcompensating and stretching a bit in the other direction. For the addict in early recovery, this is the process of withdrawal. As we've spoken about numerous times before when discussing withdrawal, a brain that has reduced its own production of dopamine because of large amounts of methamphetamine that flood its dopamine reserves will still be left with very low dopamine when the crystal meth stops coming in. Low dopamine will bring about many effects that look exactly like the opposite of a methamphetamine high – a large appetite, low energy, and reduced movement and motivation. For heroin addicts, the drug that's caused them to feel no pain and become constipated will cause their bodies severe pain, diarrhea, and trembling when it's removed from the equation. Some withdrawal is actually life threatening due to the extreme changes in body chemistry and structure that happen after long term use. In addition to all of the direct effects of the drugs and alcohol, those internal processes that have been working hard to counteract the effects of the drugs (they're called "opponent processes" by some addiction researcher like Dr. Christopher Evans from UCLA) are still turned up to 10 and are going to take a little time to get back to their original state as well. All in all, that leaves addicts feeling pretty crappy to say the least during withdrawal, the worst part of early recovery from addiction.
But like that good old rubber-band addiction recovery than quickly turns around. Having overcome the worst part of withdrawal, addicts in early recovery often experience joy, confidence, energy, and clarity they probably haven't felt in a long time. That along with the environmental influence of loved ones who are extremely happy to see an addict quit (especially the first time around) give those in very early recovery a feeling of great well being and happiness, like a nice pink-cloud they get to ride on for a bit. Remember, the rubber band is moving back in the direction it came from during active addiction and it's likely that brain processes are doing a little overcompensating the other way now too, turning down those opponent processes and flooding the brain with the chemicals it's been missing.
But alas, this little turn doesn't last too long and back we go into the darker place of negativity, low energy, anhedonia, and more. But instead of calling this stage "The Wall," I understand it as one of the inevitable turns in what is sure to be a back and forth, seesaw like trip of recovery ups and downs. Periods of confidence in our ability to overcome our demons are followed by others that make us feel week and irritable. The good news is that just like with a rubber-band, each successive cycle on this seesaw gets a little less intense, which means that confidence, elation, depression, and anger turn into comfort, contentment, and ease – our new homeostasis. After a ride like that most addicts really need a little rest and when we reach this stage (no matter what it looks like specifically for each person), long-term recovery feels like the norm instead of an effort. This is the real end goal of recovery – a state of being that feels normal and that doesn't involve unhealthy alcohol or drug use, sexual acting out, or gambling.
At the end of the rubber-band game we get back to just a good old unstretched rubber-band, and it feels good. In the process, it makes little sense to feel guilty, or ashamed, at all the intermediate stages. They're part of the game of recovery and they're essentially impossible to avoid completely. Intense cravings come during specific parts because of internal, biological, and external, environmental influences. Being ashamed of that would be essentially the same as being ashamed of extreme hunger when you haven't eaten in 5 hours and see a commercial for your favorite food – silly and useless. I can guarantee that the rubber band doesn't feel ashamed about they way it behaves when snapping back…
|Posted in: Education
Tags: addiction, alcohol drug, alcohol drug use, anhedonia, ashamed, band, biological, cravings, depression, drug use, early recovery, early recovery addiction, long term recovery, recovery, rubber, rubber band, UCLA, unhealthy, withdrawal
Overcoming mental health problems is more than possible
October 26th, 2011
Addicts and others with mental health issues continuously feel as if they need to hide their problems as well as hide from them. But an ongoing west-coast (U.C.L.A. and U.S.C.) study with a group of mental health patients suggests that hiding may be the wrong approach.
The participants in the study, all successful individuals with ongoing mental health problems who seem to be stable and productive are being examined for the specific factors that make them defy the stigma so closely linked with mental health problems. Doctors, lawyers, and CEOs are all part of the group and have all figured out ways to work with their mental health issues and succeed in life.
Mental Health Problems, Addiction, and Stigma
We've written before about the dilemma of mental health disclosure and I've talked over and over about the notion that stigma is one of the major obstacles to addiction treatment and recovery. This study's preliminary results suggest that indeed, taking ownership of one's problems and figuring out how to best function with the characteristics each of the holds has allowed these individuals to succeed where most psychiatrists and psychologists would have expected them to fail – in high-pressure, high-stakes, positions of power.
The relevant metaphor I share often, especially to those who attend our A3 Academy sessions is this:
Imagine that two people you know drive two very different cars. One owns a Toyota Prius, one of the most efficient cars on the market with lots of storage and convenience. The other drives a Lamborghini Gallardo, one of the world's fastest cars with an engine that makes your whole body shake and a body that reminds everyone of speed and sex. If tasked with giving the two a little guidance on taking the drive between Los Angeles and San Fransisco you would probably give the two very different suggestions…
To your Prius owner-friend you would tell that they should feel free to bring a suitcase and that the entire trip will likely require less than a full tank of gas, making the trip very cheap and economical. However, it's likely going to take him 7 to 8 hours each way so he should leave early to not waste the day on the road. At least he won't have to stop for gas. But the Lamborghini driver has a very different trip ahead of him, one that likely includes 2-3 stops for gas but, assuming no speed-traps or traffic, he can still probably make it to San Fran in 4 hours flat. He's also not likely to be able to bring anything along except for an overnight bag and even that is only true if he's not bringing anyone on the trip with him.
Unless one comes to the table with judgements about fast versus slow, or gas-efficient versus gas-guzzling, driving I think that few would suggest that I am somehow stigmatizing the cars or their owners in this story. Instead, I am offering a pretty objective description of their most likely and appropriate functioning. But when talking about people, feelings and stereotypes often get in the way.
Overcoming Mental Health Problems
This study from UCLA and USC in collaboration with The Veteran's Administration shows us that in reality it is likely that, even for those with mental health problems, the real key is to figure out what the requirements of the "machine" you're driving are and then plan your life accordingly. For Ms. Myrick, one of the participants in the study, that meant a high powered detail oriented job rather than a hiding spot on her favorite couch at home. Still, the researchers have identified a set of common characteristics they've written about. Many of the study's participants do the following:
- Adhere to a medication regimen
- Often check their thoughts and perceptions with those around them
- Actively control their environment, sometimes with the help of a therapist.
- Some avoid travel, or crowded, noisy places while others prefer not to be alone.
- Stay away from illicit drugs and alcohol.
Overall, it's obvious that their mental health diagnoses have made them very aware, and thoughtful, about daily activities that most people disregard. Still, with a specific regimen and some help, they've all managed to succeed.That regimen might include medication to control attention problems, delusions, or depression; it seems to certainly include some outside perspective when it comes to big decisions; it may also include some regular exercises (physical and mental) to control anxiety and other related emotional responses.
I believe that identifying your own recipe for success is key to success, that believing in your ability to succeed is necessary, and that plotting the course between here and the future is helpful if you're trying not to get lost. That's not stigma, it's practicality.
|Posted in: Education
Tags: anxiety, depression, health, health issues, health problems, likely, mental, mental health, mental health issues, mental health problems, problems, schizoaffetive, schizophrenia, UCLA, USC
Influential factors in college drinking
October 19th, 2011
Co-authored by: Jamie Felzer
What influences college students' decisions about whether to drink and how much?
- Do friends peer pressure them?
- Do they do it because they are bored?
- Do they drink to relieve depression or anxiety?
Researchers recently tried to answer these questions by surveying college students…
65% of the participants reported having at least one drink in the past three months. It was astonishing that the typical number of drinks in a week was 10.5 and on a weekend was 7.3 average drinks. These numbers included drinkers and nondrinkers and was the average (meaning around half the people had more drinks as those had less). This indicates that college drinking is far more extreme than drinking happening outside of the college setting.
3 main influential factors for someone's decisions in college drinking and to what extent:
- If their close friends were drinking,
- How drunk they thought they were, and
- Their drinking intentions.
Interestingly enough, the more students thought others on their campus approved of drinking, the less they tended to drink. We recently reported similar misconceptions about students, their peers and marijuana use. Typically, if people intend to get drunk they use less protective factors (see here for a previous post about these) such as pacing or eating or keeping track of what they were drinking. Friends' drinking was the best predictor of drinking habits in all cases.
You can tell a lot about a person by watching their friends, so watch who you surround yourself with. Those who think favorably of drinking tend to think they can drink more before reaching intoxication and also tend to hang out with others who do the same. However, these people are the ones that need the most intervention yet are the most difficult to change.
Those who socialize with a wide variety of people typically are lighter drinkers and tend to respond better to treatment immediately as well as have fewer problems further down the line. The heavier drinkers benefit more from motivational interventions focusing on their attitudes toward drinking.
Regardless of stereotypes, ethnicity, weight and gender did have an effect on any of these findings. It was peoples' closest friends that were the most significant factor in influencing all aspects of college drinking.
Examining the Unique Influence of Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Drinking Perceptions on Alcohol Consumption among College Students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. Volume 70, 2, March 2009
|Posted in: Alcohol, Education, For addicts, For others
Tags: anxiety, binge, college, college drinking, depression, drinking, friend, peer, peer pressure, protective factors, social, treatment
Loss, but not absence, of control – How choice and addiction are related
October 15th, 2011
In a recent post the notion that "loss of control" is an addiction myth was raised by our contributing author, Christopher Russell, a thoughtful graduate student studying substance abuse in the U.K. Though I obviously personally believe in control- and choice-relevant neurological mechanisms playing a part in addiction, this conversation is a common one both within and outside of the drug abuse field. Therefore, I welcome the discussion onto our pages. I'd like to start out by reviewing some of the more abstract differences between my view and the one expressed by Christopher and follow those with some evidence to support my view and refute the evidence brought forth by him.
Addiction conceptualization – Philosophical and logical differences and misinterpretations
One of the first issues I take with the argument against control as a major factor in drug addiction is the interpretation of the phrase "loss of control" as meaning absence, rather than a reduction, in control over addiction and addictive behavior. Clearly though, one of the definitions of loss is a "decrease in amount, magnitude, or degree" (from Merriam-Webster.com) and not the destruction of something. Science is an exercise in probabilities so when scientists say "loss", they mean a decrease and not a complete absence in the same way that findings showing that smoking cigarettes causes cancer do not mean that if an individual smokes cigarettes they will inevitably develop cancerous tumors. Similarly, the word "can't" colloquially means having a low probability of success and not the complete inability to succeed. Intervention that improve the probability of quitting smoking (like bupropion or quitlines for smoking) success are therefore said to cause improvements in the capacity for quitting.
Next, Christopher wants scientists to identify the source of "will" in the brain but I suggest that "will" itself is simply a term he has given a behavioral outcome – the ability to make a choice that falls in line with expectations. In actuality, "will" is more commonly used as a reference to motivation, which while measurable, isn't really the aspect of addiction involved in cognitive control. Instead, what we're talking about is "capacity" to make a choice. The issue is a significant, not semantic one, since the argument most neuroscientists make about drug abuse is that addicts suffer a reduced capacity to make appropriate behavioral choices, especially as they pertain to engaging in the addictive behavior of interest. If someone is attempting to get into a car but repeatedly fails, we say they can't get in the car (capacity), not that they don't want to (will). Saying that they simply "don't" get in the car doesn't get at either capacity or will but instead is simply descriptive. I don't believe that science is, or should be, merely descriptive but instead that it allows us to form conclusions based on available information.
That there is a segment of individuals who develop compulsive behavioral patterns tied to alcohol and drug use and who attempt to stop but fail is, to my mind, evidence that those individuals have a difficulty (capacity) in stopping their drug use. Their motivation (will) to quit is an aspect that has been shown to be associated with their probability of success but the two are by no means synonymous. It is important to note, and understand, that the attribution for the performance should not fall squarely on the shoulders of the individuals. We humans are so prone to making that mistake that it has a name, "The fundamental attribution error," and indeed, individuals who show compulsive, addictive, behavior do so because of neuropharmacological, environmental, and social reasons in addition to the complex interactions between them all. But no one is disputing that and in fact, the article used by Christopher to point out the notion of a "tipping point" in addiction directly points out that fact in the next paragraph (Page 4), which he chose not to reference or acknowledge.
"Of course, addiction is not that simple. Addiction is not just a brain disease. It is a brain disease for which the social contexts in which it has both developed and is expressed are critically important… The implications are obvious. If we understand addiction as a prototypical psychobiological illness, with critical biological, behavioral, and social-context components, our treatment strategies must include biological, behavioral, and social-context elements." (Lashner, 1997)
Lastly, Christopher's philosophical musings are interesting, but they seem to stray away from trying to find an explanation for behavior and instead simply deconstruct evidence. In a personal communication I explained that while most addiction researchers understand that addiction, like most other mental health disorders is composed of a continuum of control ranging from absolute control over behavior to no control whatsoever (with most people fitting somewhere in the middle and few if any at the extreme ends), categorization is a necessary evil of clinical treatment. The same is true for every quantitative measure from height (Dwarfism is sometimes defined as adults who are shorter than 4'10") to weight (BMI greater than 30 kg/m²). I think it's equally as tough to argue that someone with a BMI of 29.5 is distinctly different from an individual with a BMI of 30 as it is to argue that there is no utility in the classification. Well, the same applies for drug addiction, although some people categorically object to classification and believe it has no utility or justification.
Now for the evidence – "Choice" and "control" are not the same as "will"
Some people quit, even without help – Christopher and a number of the people he cites in support (Peele, Alexander), suggest that because some people do stop using that it can't be said that there is a problem with any individuals' capacity to stop. The problem with that argument is that it supposes that everyone is the same, a fact that is simply false. As an example I would like to suggest that we compare cognitive control with physical control and use Huntington's Disease (HD or Huntington's Chorea) as an example.
HD patients suffer mental dementia but the physical symptoms of the disease, an inability to control their physical movement resulting in flailing limbs often referred to as the Huntington Dance, are almost always the first noticeable symptoms. Nevertheless, HD sufferers experience a number of debilitating symptoms that originate in brain dysfunction (specifically destruction of striatum neurons, the substantia nigra, and hippocampus) and that alter their ability (capacity) to control their movements and affect their memory and executive function leading to problems in planning and higher order thought processes. So, while it is true that most people can control their arm movements, here is an example of individuals who progressively become worse and worse at doing so due to a neurophramacological disorder. There is currently no cure for HD but some medications that help treat it no doubt restore some of the capacity of these patients to control their movements. If a cure is found it would be difficult to say, as Christopher suggests of addiction, that the cure does not affect the capacity of HD patients to control what they once could not. I chose HD for its physiological set of symptoms but a similar example could easily be constructed for schizophrenia and a number of other mental health disorders (including ADHD and drug addiction). Importantly, cognitive control is a function of brain activity, activity that can become compromised as the set of experiment I will discuss next show.
An experiment conducted at UCLA (1) has shown that cocaine administrations reduced animals' ability to change their behavior when environmental conditions called for it. Even more meaningful was the finding that once animals are exposed to daily doses of drugs, the way their learning systems function is altered even when the drugs themselves are no longer on board and even when the learning has nothing to do with drugs per se.
In the experiment, conducted by Dr. David Jentsch and colleagues, monkeys were given either a single dose (less than the equivalent of a tenth of a gram for a 150lb human) or repeated doses (1/8 to 1/4 of a gram equivalent once daily for 14 days) of cocaine. The task involved learning an initial association between the location of food in one of three boxes and then learning that the location of the food has changed. We call this task reversal learning since animals have to unlearn an established relationship to learn a new one.
Obviously, the animals want the food, and so the appropriate response once the location is changed is to stop picking the old location and move on to the new one that now holds the coveted food. This sort of thing happens all the time in life and indeed, during addiction it seems that people have trouble adjusting their behavior when taking drugs is no longer rewarding and is, in fact, even troublesome (as in leading to jail, family breakups, etc.).
In the experiment, animals exposed to cocaine had trouble (when compared to control animals that got an injection of saline water) learning to reverse their selection when tested 20 minutes after getting the drug, which is not surprising but still an example of how drug administration can causally affect an individual's ability to make appropriate choices. As pointed above, the most interesting finding had to do with the animals that got a dose of cocaine every day for 14 days. Even after a full week of being off the drug, these animals showed an interesting effect that persisted for a month – while their ability to learn that initial food-box association, they had significant trouble changing their selection once the conditions changed. Remember, this effect was present with no cocaine in their system and with learning conditions that had nothing whatsoever to do with cocaine.
If that's not direct evidence that having drugs in your system can alter the way your brain makes choices, I don't know what is.
Another study conducted by Calu and colleagues with rats found similar (or even more pronounced) reversal learning problems after training the animals to take cocaine for themselves, clarifying that it is the taking of cocaine and not the method that causes the impairments.
Another entire set of studies has shown that stimuli (also known as cues or triggers) that have become associated with drugs can bring back long-forgotten drug-seeking behavior once they are reintroduced. This was shown in that Calu paper I mentioned above and in so many other articles that it would be wasteful to go through all the evidence here. Importantly, this evidence shows that drug associated cues direct behavior towards drug seeking in a way that biases behavior regardless of any underlying will. My own research has shown that animals who respond greatly to drugs (nicotine in our case) likely learn to integrate more of these triggers than animals who show a reduced response, indicating once again that these animals bias their behavioral selection towards drug-seeking more than usual. While we have more studies to conduct, we believe that genetic differences relevant to dopamine and possibly other neurotransmitters important for learning (like Glutamate) are responsible for this effect.
While we can't do these kinds of experiments with people (research approval committee's just won't let you give drugs to people who haven't used them before), there is quite a bit of evidence showing an association between trouble in reversal learning and chronic drug use in humans (see citation 3 for example) as well as research showing very different brain activity among addicted individuals to drug-associated versus non-drug cues (like seeing a crack pipe versus a building). All this evidence suggests that drug users are different in the way they learn generally, and more specifically about drugs, than individuals not addicted to drugs. When it comes to genetics, we know quite a bit about the association between substance abuse and specific genes, especially when it comes to dopamine function. As expected, genetic variation in dopamine receptor subtypes important in learning about rewards (D4 and D2) has been revealed to exist between addicts and non addicts. Without getting into the techniques and analysis methods involved in these genetic studies, their sheer number and the relationship between substance abuse and other impulse disorders points to a direct relationship between drug use disorders (and possibly other addictive disorders) and a reduced capacity to exert behavioral control. Less capacity for control is what researchers have found sets addict apart from non-addicts.
Summary, conclusions, and final thoughts
In closing, there are undoubtedly imperfections about the ways we diagnose addiction (drug addiction and others). It would probably be nice if we could figure out a way to incorporate what we know about the continuous nature of the disorder with the need for clinical delineation of who requires addiction treatment and who doesn't. Addiction researchers are far from the only ones who wonder about this question though (the same issues are relevant for schizophrenia, depression, and nearly every mental health disorder) and I am certain that better and better solutions will emerge.
However, the discussion of stigma in this context needs to allow us to discuss the reality of addiction without having to resort to blaming and counter-blaming. If I describe the Toyota Prius as being slow but incredibly efficient I am no more stigmatizing than if I describe a Ferrari as being incredibly fact but wasteful in terms of fuel. The same applies, or should apply, to health and mental health diagnoses – Just because an individual is less able to exert cognitive control over impulses should not by definition call into question their standing as a human being. We are complex machines and by improving our understanding of the nuts and bolts that make us function we can only, in my opinion, improve our ability to make the best use of our capabilities while understanding our relative strengths and weaknesses. Any other way of looking at it seems to me to be either wishful (I can do anything if I want it badly enough) or defeatist (I will never be anything because I'm not good at X) and neither seem like good options to me.
1) Jentsch, Olausson, De La Garza, and Tylor (2002): Impairments of Reversal Learning and Response Perseveration after Repeated, Intermittent Cocaine Administrations to Monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology, Volume 26, Issue 2, Pages 183-190
2) Calu et al (2007) Withdrawal from cocaine self-administration produces long-lasting deficits in orbitofrontal-dependent reversal learning in rats. Learning & Memory, 14, 325-328.
3) Some evidence in humans from Trevor Robbins' group: Reversal deficits in current chronic cocaine users.
More money more problems? Rich teens and drugs
September 7th, 2011
Teens raised in affluent homes display the highest rates of depression, anxiety, and drug abuse according to a recent article in Monitor on Psychology, the APA's monthly magazine.
One of our recent posts dealt with some of the issues unique to teens and drugs. In addition to the issues we'd already mentioned, the article named a number of reasons for the high prevalence of mental-health issues among affluent teens. Among them were an increasingly narcissistic society, overbearing parents, and an common attitude of perfectionism.
Each of these reasons are likely contributors to the prevalence of mental health and drug abuse issues among upper-middle-class (and above) teens. Still, as far as I'm concerned, the main take home message of the article is this:
Money truly doesn't buy happiness – Rich teens and drug use.
While drug abuse research often focuses on the lower socioeconomic strata these recent findings indicate that being financially stable offers little in the way of protection from some of the most common psychological difficulties.
Thankfully, the researchers cited in the article gave some simple advice to parents:
- Give children clear responsibilities to help around the house.
- Take part in community service (to unite the family and reduce narcissism).
- Reduce TV watching (especially of reality TV shows that glorify celebrity and excess).
- Monitor internet use.
- Stop obsessing about perfect grades and focus instead on the joy of learning for its own sake.
I couldn't agree more with these recommendations. Having taught a number of classes myself, I have witnessed the ridiculous inflation in students' expectations of top grades. I think it's time we turned attention back to the family and reintroduce some of the basic skills that many addicts find themselves learning much too late… Often in recovery.
|Posted in: Alcohol, Cocaine, Drugs, Education, For others, Marijuana, Meth, Opiates, Opinions, Prescription, Tips
Tags: abuse, affluent, anxiety, celebrity, challenge, class, depression, grades, internet, middle, money, monitor, narcissis, perfectionism, responsibilities, rich, skill, substance, teens and drugs, television, tv, upper
Sometimes it just takes blind faith – Depression and drug use
April 19th, 2011
I don't normally like sharing this kind of stuff, but I think that if the point of the blog is be truthful, I need to cover all bases. When it comes to depression and drug use, I have personal experience with the connection.
When depression hits – Drug use and self-medication
I don't always wake up ready to take on the day.
I know that what I'm doing is important, and I know that if I keep going I'll be successful. Still, sometimes I wake up and feel like there's really no point; like getting out of bed is useless and that I'm doomed to be nothing. Read the rest of this entry »
|Posted in: Addiction Stories, For addicts, Opinions
Tags: belief, depression, drink, drug, drug use, faith, feeling, help, help depression, hope, isolation, know, pain, weed


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The second of a two-part unit on income-earning endeavors, this lesson has students choose a job or business to engage in during non-school hours. They then devise a strategy of whom to target and how to begin pursuit of their chosen endeavor.
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Disciplinary Problems among Students with Sensory Impairments in Malaysia: A Case Study
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- Panola College Offers Sign Language. // Trammel Trace Tribune (Tatum, TX);8/23/2012, Vol. 36 Issue 32, p2
The article offers information on Panola College in Texas that will offer Sign Language to hearing impaired students for their ease to converse with other students.
- oralism. // Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary (2009);2009, Issue 21, p1639
A definition of the term "oralism," which refers to the instruction method for hearing-impaired students, is presented.
- Common Language. Prince, Christian // Teen Ink;May2014, p24
A personal narrative is presented which explores the author's experience of having a hearing impaired classmate.
- The Challenge of Fatigue for Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing in Inclusive Classrooms. Rohatyn-Martin, Natalia; Hayward, Denyse V. // International Journal of Learner Diversity & Identities;Sep2016, Vol. 23 Issue 3, p23
There currently exists a dearth of research in the area of fatigue and students with hearing loss. This article reviews mental and physical fatigue, and fatigue factors that may affect students who are deaf or hard of hearing (D/HH). Three studies are also reviewed that focused specifically on...
- Student Risk Screening Scale. Lane, Kathleen Lynne; Kalberg, Jemma Robertson; Parks, Robin J.; Carter, Erik W. // Journal of Emotional & Behavioral Disorders;Sep2008, Vol. 16 Issue 3, p178
This article presents findings from a study of the reliability and validity of the Student Risk Screening Scale for use with high school students (N = 674). Results revealed high internal consistency, test-retest stability, interrater reliability, and convergent validity with the Strengths and...


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Oriental Salad
|Cooked chicken
|3 Cup (48 tbs), cubed
|Romaine lettuce head
|1 Large, shredded
|1⁄3 Cup (5.33 tbs), diced
|Green onions
|3 , sliced
|Canned mandarin oranges
|11 Ounce, drained, segmented (1 Can)
|Chowmein noodles
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|White wine vinegar
|3⁄4 Cup (12 tbs)
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Sesame oil
|1 Teaspoon
|1 Teaspoon
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
1) In a small saucepan, heat oil and boil vinegar, sugar, sesame oil, salt and pepper till all the sugar has dissolved. Keep stirring the mixture in between.
2) Remove the saucepan from the flame and let cool.
3) In a large salad bowl, throw in the chicken cubes, shredded lettuce, diced celery and sliced onions. Mix well.
4) Drizzle the cooled dressing on top of the salad. Toss well to combine the flavors.
5) Garnish the Oriental Salad with segmented oranges and crisp chowmein noodles.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size
Calories 308 Calories from Fat 129
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 15 g22.4%
Saturated Fat 3.3 g16.4%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 55.3 mg18.4%
Sodium 297.3 mg12.4%
Total Carbohydrates 23 g7.7%
Dietary Fiber 2.4 g9.6%
Sugars 13.5 g
Protein 20 g40.2%
Vitamin A 132.2% Vitamin C 57%
Calcium 5.3% Iron 13.7%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


text:
Ol' Remus offers his opinions as-is, where is. He rarely cites support for his opinions so they are, in that sense, unwarranted. He comes by them largely by having lived and watched and listened rather than by argument or persuasion. His opinions, not having been arrived at by debate are, therefore, not particularly vulnerable to debate. He entertains opposing opinion but he feels no inclination, much less obligation, to discuss or defend his own. Whatever usefulness or amusement readers may find in them is their own business.
Woodpile Report is from the Hermetic School of websites. There is no advertising, no partnerships, log-ins, popups, subscriptions, print version, Disqus, feedback section, tip jar or shop. There are no trackers, cookies, LSOs, analytics or widgets. Posted links are cleansed of superfluous identifiers.
Although the sentiment warms Remus's tiny little heart, Woodpile Report has no mechanism for receiving donations or gifts, nor does he accept them by other means.
Woodpile Report does not maintain an archive. Some issues linger on the server until Remus gets around to deleting them. Don't confuse Woodpile Report with a blog. It isn't. It's an olde tymme internet site made by hand and archives are a dispensable chore.
Here at Yer ol' Woodpile Report all incoming email is automatically detected and deleted by instantaneously disconnecting before it arrives. Taking no chances, a clever device shreds Remus's hard drive into nanosize filaments and sinters them into a bust of Chopin. Meanwhile, from a hardened and very remote location, he sends a bot that deletes said email on your end by tricking your PC into self-immolation. Other devices vaporize every ISP that handled it and beam the resulting plasma into deep space. Then he sends a strike team of armed pre-med students to administer a prefrontal lobotomy so you can't remember your own birthday much less writing him an email. Finally, all persons in your zip code with the same last name as yours are put into the witness protection program. Now that's privacy.
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You may copy and post an original article without prior permission if you credit the Woodpile Report, preferrably including a link. You may copy and post an original photo in a non-commercial website without prior permission if you credit the Woodpile Report .
Where the name came from
What's with the title Woodpile Report? Well, it's this way, from January of 2004 until mid-2007 it was emailed to a subscibers list. In that form it was titled the Woodpile Weather Report. A picture of ol' Remus's woodpile appeared at the top as both a weather report and, by documenting the progression from log pile to chunkwood to a split 'n stacked woodpile, a witness to the seasonal changes. It was the thin thread from which comments hung. As thrilling as all that was, the comments metastasized and took over. But the title remains.
You're about to be lied to when they say-
a hand up
a new study shows
a poll by the highly respected
a positive step
are speaking out
at-risk communities
best practices
broader implications
climate change
commonsense solutions
comprehensive reform
cycle of poverty
cycle of violence
demand action
disparate impact
diverse backgrounds
economically disadvantaged
emerging consensus
experts agree
fair share
fiscal stimulus
fully funded
give back
giving voice to
greater diversity
growing support for
gun violence
have issues
high capacity magazine
history shows
impacted by
in denial
inclusive environment
investing in our future
linked to
making a difference
making bad choices
marriage equality
mean spirited
most vulnerable
mounting opposition to
non-partisan, non-profit
not value neutral
off our streets
on some level
oppressed minorities
our nation's children
people of color (sometimes, colour)
poised to
poor and minorities
positive outcome
public/private partnership
raising awareness
reaching out
reaffirm our commitment to
redouble our efforts
root cause
sends a message
shared values
social justice
solidarity with
speaking truth to power
statistics show
sustainable, sustainability
the American People
the bigger issue is
the failed ...
the larger question is
the more important question is
the reality is
the struggle for
too many
too often
touched by
underserved populations
undocumented immigrant
vibrant community
voicing concern
war on ...
working families
You know what the media's saying by not saying it when they say -
at-risk students
low-income students
mob and rob
mobbing up
pack of teens
rival gang members
roving group
swarm mob
teen gang
teen mob
teen thugs
unruly crowd
urban youths
young people
young men
youth violence
Power is not only what you have, but what the enemy thinks you have
Never go outside the experience of your people.
Whenever possible, go outside the experience of the enemy.
Make the enemy live up to its own book of rules.
Ridicule is man's most potent weapon
A good tactic is one your people enjoy.
A tactic that drags on for too long becomes a drag.
Use different tactics and actions and use all events of the period.
The threat is more terrifying than the thing itself.
Maintain a constant pressure upon the opposition.
If you push a negative hard and deep enough, it will break through into its counterside.
The price of a successful attack is a constructive alternative.
Pick the target, freeze it, personalize it, polarize it.
Moscow Rules
via the International Spy Museum
Assume nothing.
Never go against your gut.
Everyone is potentially under opposition control.
Don't look back; you are never completely alone.
Go with the flow, blend in.
Vary your pattern and stay within your cover.
Lull them into a sense of complacency.
Don't harass the opposition.
Pick the time and place for action.
Keep your options open.
Rules of Disinformation
via Proparanoid
Hear no evil, see no evil, speak no evil
Become incredulous and indignant
Create rumor mongers
Use a straw man
Sidetrack opponents with name calling, ridicule
Hit and Run
Question motives
Invoke authority
Play Dumb
Associate opponent charges with old news
Establish and rely upon fall-back positions
Enigmas have no solution
Alice in Wonderland Logic
Demand complete solutions
Fit the facts to alternate conclusions
Vanish evidence and witnesses
Change the subject
Emotionalize, antagonize, and goad
Ignore facts, demand impossible proofs
False evidence
Call a Grand Jury, Special Prosecutor
Manufacture a new truth
Create bigger distractions
Silence critics
Remus's antidote: tell the truth as plainly as you can. Humor helps.
The Five Stages of Collapse
Dmitry Orlov
Financial Collapse. Faith in "business as usual" is lost.
Commercial Collapse. Faith that "the market shall provide" is lost.
Political Collapse. Faith that "the government will take care of you" is lost.
Social Collapse. Faith that "your people will take care of you" is lost.
Cultural Collapse. Faith in the goodness of humanity is lost.
The Five Rules of Propaganda
Norman Davies
Simplification: reducing all data to a single confrontation between Good and Bad', Friend and Foe'.
Disfiguration: discrediting the opposition by crude smears and parodies.
Transfusion: manipulating the consensus values of the target audience for one's own ends.
Unanimity: presenting one's viewpoint as if it were the unanimous opinion of all right-thinking people: drawing the doubting individual into agreement by the appeal of star performers, by social pressure, and by psychological contagion'.
Orchestration: endlessly repeating the same messages in different variations and combinations.
The Psychology of Cyber Attacks
Robert Cialdini
via securityintelligence.com
Principle of Liking - people tend to form trust with those they're attracted to, both physically and emotionally
Social Proof - People are motivated more by what others do than a perceived or even quantifiable benefit
Rule of Reciprocation - Humans feel a sense of obligatory quid pro quo
Commitment & Consistency - Most people stick with their original decisions despite information that supports changing their course
Principle of Authority - Authority, whether real or perceived, elicits obedience in many people
Principle of Scarcity - People want to be included in exclusive offers and often make poor choices under pressure
How to prosecute anybody
Look around for "suspicious" behavior, i.e., behavior on the part of a private citizen that can be made to appear suspicious
Ruthlessly probe every element of the "suspect's" life, using the effectively infinite resources of the State, until enough "suspicious" behavior has been amassed
Assemble a huge list of charges to place before a grand jury
Present the case in such a fashion as to promote the less plausible accusations and obscure the more plausible ones, thus securing a grab-bag indictment
Offer the indicted person a plea bargain that will spare him centuries in prison and complete pauperization at the bargain price of a few years and/or a few thousand dollars.
Francis Porretto
Ivan Shishkin, Morning in a Pine Forest, 1889
This is easily the best known of Shishkin's paintings, beloved by his countrymen and the world.
It's encouraging to see the collapse of the collaborator class, namely, the Republican Party, where honest opinion was not merely unacceptable but a sure sign of some deeper defect. Integrity, perhaps. They warned us if we didn't support them the other party would win. We did, but whether they won or didn't, it was the same track, different pace. Odd, that. In time we came to understand them as just another DC club, just as obedient, just as annoyed by the peasants and just as dismissive. Just in the nicest possible way.
The liberals have a rule, "no enemies to the left", meaning when they can't speak well of the hard left they won't speak of it at all. The Republican "conservative movement" has fallen all over itself to disown its equivalent, largely with acerbic purges by the likes of those at the National Review, sometimes career-ending, always about fringe issues or outright trivia. Over these many years that's a lot of bath water and a lot of babies.
The Republican Party has conducted itself as a reliable franchise of its alleged opposition, betraying the trust and support of a generation. Events have confirmed those they expelled for being "too right" had the better claim to legitimacy, and in doing so, it has unwittingly run a bulletproof selection process for their own replacement. It's gotten to where credibility and rejection by the Republican Party are pretty much the same thing. Cuckservatism is what some call it, in a fit of politeness. Next item please.
Let's look at White Privilege, the activist plague ship now on sea trials, sailing as yet untroubled through the placid remains of analytical rigor. Stripped of its cloying, nasty-sweet marketing jargon, the particulars of White Privilege track the otherwise inchoate whines of their pet client, the overfed, limitlessly entitled and perpetually offended Struggling Single Parent Woman of Colour in the 'Hood.
You've seen 'em. When they stand it's like watching creation itself. From a formless puddley heap, lumps of varying heft and shapes emerge and align toward verticality. When up and walking they tip rhythmically from side to side, their flipper-arms rowing in cadence as if pantomiming penguins. It's not an affliction, nor is it forced on them in any way, or a consequence of limited options, or carelessness, no, it's a high-value, even erotic 'look' in their universe, intentionally acquired, maintained and displayed to full effect.
They're easily as offensive in demeanor as their presentment forewarns; unvaryingly aggressive, crude, shrill, self-obsessed and incurious, with all the class and grace their costumes announce from the farthest limit of visibility. When encountered in public it's like being stalked by construction equipment with a grudge. This is the role model of White Privilege, the shining apex to which all humanity most rightly aspires. Just ask 'em.
They'll proudly tell you, with more than ample cursing and posing, they're full time consumers, it's what they do, they need to be fed, housed and otherwise provided for by unwilling but captive strangers, as simple justice demands. It's a Human Right you see.
No other people resist being judged by the content of their character quite so belligerently. And it's just here the symbiosis came into being. Dazzled by their combative inanity, savvy activists saw opportunity in blaming their doltish sloth on those compelled to all but adopt them and their feral broods. But even this wasn't enough.
White Privilege is an all-purpose magic force field. It says ordinary decency and work ethics, and any degree of personal success are disgustingly offensive. Because white. Instead, we're expected to fervently and publicly reject our former selves, take our life's lessons from their fever rants, demonstrate our everlasting devotion with perpetual servitude and self-laceration on demand, and by way of repentance for existing contemporaneously, service their insatiable cravings until they agree it's "fully funded". Or until fleeing to Mogadishu becomes more attractive.
For White Privilege careerists—expect brassy women who'd be more comfortable in leather, and vinegary men who in former times would have been rainmakers or sellers of potions—it's a sweet setup: professional talkers who despise the industrious and conscientious, shilling for in-your-face hostile grifters, the tabs for both parties picked up by the object of their scorn by way of federal money-plumbing. As Bogart said about Wilmer: the cheaper the crook the gaudier the patter, and it don't come no gaudier than White Privilege.
But why this and why now? A while back there was a serious uprising against professional voters and their enablers, so widespread and so well founded it was embarrassingly indefensible even by DC. Yes, it all came thisclose to hitting the fan.
They panicked. It was blindingly clear they'd lost control of their own narrative. The groundwork they'd laid in the '30s had become boring and irrelevant, worse, the '60s attempt at renewal was spectacularly discredited by the violence and insanity of its practitioners. Backtracking was too painful to even contemplate.
It was time to put down a new root system, one which would support the larger effort to come, which they did. Out with the clunky, antique economic blather of their Marxist grandparents, in with exhuming old grudges and inventing new ones, in with mobilizing their freeloader thugs on campus, in with mandatory perversion and the outrage of the week, in with nonstop demographic slander which, as White Privilege, criminalizes the middle America they hate so deeply.
You do understand, if we decline to cheerfully roll over for White Privilege it's direct evidence we were crypto Darth Vaders all along, can'tcha? There's the new game. Enjoy. Okay, enuffa this. What else?
My too-short tour of southeastern West Virginia included the town of Hinton, a busy little place, renewal much in evidence. Like most towns, it fronts a river and is much longer than it is wide, with streets stair-stepping up the hillside from water's edge. If you don't like places like Hinton, well son, jes' ain't no hope for you. I'll spare you the slide show, here's a representative picture.
2016. Hinton West Virginia A town of 2,600 in Summers County. It's a brilliant morning on Thursday the 14th of April, at the corner of Temple Street and 3rd Avenue, the fringe of the business section, renovation in progress. This building was replicated in larger form in another town up the road. Must have been an architectural staple back in the day. One much like it was a major set in the movie "The Sting."
The notable architecture of eastern Appalachia strikes me as a mashup of olde tymme Boston and Chicago—also see the Hagerstown pics below—Boston for the homey parts, Chicago for the commercial parts, but, ain't my specialty, so I stand ready to stand corrected.
So what else we got? Some people are just now finding out a primary candidate can win a state's popular vote by a huge margin yet all, or nearly all the delegates go to the opponent. Well howdy folks and welcome aboard. I've been ranting for years about elections for national office being rigged. Not that it was ever breaking news. And yes, I like to get an early start on my complaining.
Some time back, during a national election, a local news outfit in a big city shadowed buses full of voters-for-hire going from polling place to polling place. Snacks provided on board. All day and into the night they voted and voted and voted, until closing time. How many precincts have we seen where the outcome was decided by five or ten votes? Election officials said they'd look into it. I'm sure they did. Given who's choosing our leadership, and how it's done, shall we be surprised at what we get? Next.
Phoebes have returned to their nesting place over my window as they have for years. From time to time the male will busy himself attacking his reflection, then it's back to less stressful work. They're flycatchers so in a prolonged cold spell they'll starve on the nest. There's no feeding 'em, I've tried. In a good year like this they pick moths off the side of the house in the early morning before it gets light enough or warm enough for 'em to escape. For a bird it's coffee and Danish, a great way to start the day. Okay, put on your leather apron and grab your smithy tongs, yer red hot ol' Woodpile Report awaits.
Remus's notebook
RECALL: Takata Airbags, Everything You Need to Know Including Full List of Affected Vehicles
Western Journalism - Obama administration is breaking protocol by naming a U.S. warship after a left-wing politician and liberal activist.
Breitbart - Alleged Brussels Terrorist Was Star of Documentary About Successful Integration of Immigrants
Science Alert - After 36 years, the Wright brothers' 'flying machine' patent has finally been rediscovered
Ars Technica - People can judge relationships from short bursts of laughter. Pairs of friends laugh differently from pairs of strangers.
Science Alert - Mysterious repeating radio signals have been detected coming from outside our galaxy. Unlike any signal we've heard before.
Daily Caller - Professional Educator: Grades, Showing Up On Time Are A Form Of White Supremacy
WND - Black activist guilty of tweeting anti-black 'threats'
WND - Hoaxes and all, black victimization campaign marches on
Heat Street - In a effort to promote "greater inclusion and representation" on campus, some students at Cornell University have proposed student government elections based entirely on race.
Pamela Geller - Watch: Muslim Migrant Mobs Riot under Paris Metro
Cosmos - Dinosaurs overall were going extinct long before the meteorite impact.
Popular Mechanics - The C-130 Just Never Dies. Lockheed Martin is building a new civilian version
Talking Points Memo - Tennessee Lawmakers Move To Defund University's Diversity Office
Chicago Tribune - The number of people shot in Chicago so far this year has already passed 1,000, a pace not seen since the 1990s.
Daily Mail - Cosa Nostra 'declares war' on refugees as mayor says Sicily capital feels more like Istanbul or Beirut than Europe
New Zeal - The accused pedophile behind the 'bathroom bills'
World War III
The run up
Fox News - Budget cuts leaving Marine Corps aircraft grounded
Western Journalism - What Obama Has Done To The US Marines Is Beyond Belief
Popular Mechanics - Marines Had To Scrounge for F/A-18 Parts at a Museum
Weapons Man - If he loses three jets because Mabus diverted O&M funds into social engineering, well, crickets then, and how do you like your fierce new tranny cans?
CNN - Russia is deploying its ballistic missiles and attack submarines in numbers, range and aggression not seen in two decades
Fox News - Russia's ambassador to NATO accused the U.S. Wednesday of trying to intimidate Moscow by sailing a Navy destroyer in the Baltic Sea, and vowed Russia would respond to future incidents with "all necessary measures."
Russian Jets Buzzing American Ships May Be Met by Force, General Says
Washington Free Beacon - Russia Tests Hypersonic Glide Vehicle on Missile
National Interest - Why Xi is Purging the Chinese Military
BBC - China's President Xi Jinping has taken on a new military title, in his latest move to exert greater control over the armed forces. Mr Xi is now commander in chief of the military's Joint Operations Command Centre.
Mirror - The People's Republic reportedly fired a nuke called the Dongfeng-41, which has the longest range of any missile in the world. It can carry up to 10 warheads over a distance of roughly 7,450 miles in just half an hour before hitting several targets at once.
Fox News - North Korea may have restarted tunneling at key nuclear site
Reuters - China's Defense Ministry on Friday denied reports that Chinese troops were massing on the North Korean border, ahead of a possible fifth North Korean nuclear test, saying its deployments there were normal.
CNN - North Korea launches missile from submarine, South Korea says
Aviationist - Several Israeli media outlets said that Russian forces in Syria have fired at least twice on Israeli military aircraft in the last weeks.
Zero Hedge, Ron Paul - Yellen's secret meeting at the White House followed an emergency secret Federal Reserve Board meeting. The Fed then held another secret meeting to discuss bank reform. Thus the real reason for all these secret meetings could be a panic that the Fed's eight year explosion of money creation has not just failed to revive the economy, but is about to cause another major market meltdown. The no-win situation the Fed finds itself in is a sign that we are reaching the inevitable collapse of the fiat currency system. Unless immediate steps are taken to manage the transition, this collapse could usher in an economic catastrophe dwarfing the Great Depression.
1941. Chrysler magazine ad
The 1941 Chrysler was the all-new 1940 model but a bit wider and lower, with a little more glass. Chrysler, like their competition, saw the war coming and prepared for the postwar market by equipping and tooling for advanced place holder models on an accelerated basis, tweaking and getting what production experience they could, then banking it all and converting to wartime manufacturing.
All production of civilian cars stopped in January 1942, the month after the attack on Pearl Harbor. When it resumed after the war, lightly freshened pre-war Chryslers reemerged as 1946 models, which schlepped on with minor changes until all-new designs hit the showroom floors in 1949.
"Fluid Drive" was Chrysler's claim to a technological edge. In reality it was a hydraulic clutch, a form of "hill holder", used for decades in other applications when they adopted it in 1939. It was a dubious half-measure, gone for good in 1954, replaced by true automatic transmissions.
Stuff you may want to think about
Synopsis with links
Federal Observer - Your #rhodesmustfall campaign, we understand, originates in South Africa and was initiated by a black activist who told one of his lecturers whites have to be killed ... Please explain what it is that makes your attention grabbing campaign to remove a listed statue from an Oxford college more urgent, more deserving than the desire of probably at least 20,000 of those 22,000 students to enjoy their time here unencumbered by the irritation of spoilt, ungrateful little tossers on scholarships they clearly don't merit using racial politics and cheap guilt-tripping to ruin the life and fabric of our beloved university.
The excerpt above is from the administration's answer to "demands" by the British equivalent of Black Lives Matter. Read the whole thing, it's a response that should make our spineless "universities" squirm in abject shame. Should. The cowardly farces at Yale and University of Missouri come first to mind, outfits that instantly and needlessly became much diminished institutions.
It's reported the U of M has seen a 25 percent drop in enrollments and a $32 million funding deficit. "Drop in enrollments" includes students packing their bags and fleeing the campus for good. Reports of serious physical assaults at U of M, buried at the time, are surfacing too. The usual suspects. Debra Heine has a good rundown at PJ Media .
There's been a little pushback at Ohio State worth noting. In the accompanying video the administration spokesman was oh-so-nice and patiently deferential, as if coaxing puppies out of a kennel. It reads tougher than it was. Anyway, here it is:
PJ Media - A student sit-in at Ohio State University was shut down last week when a senior administrator informed the participants that they would be arrested and expelled if they didn't retreat from their "occupied space" in the area outside of President Michael V. Drake's second-floor office. The final group of about 25 occupiers left at about 12:30 a.m.
But then:
Campus Reform - Ohio University students demand police investigation after peers mock safe-spaces
How 'bout we run 'em through boot camp, then have 'em do an amphibious assault on defended territory? With all the suffering they're going through it'd be a welcome diversion, right?
Baffler - The most important distinction between what's good for public safety and what's good for national security resides in the concept of the criminal predicate. This means, simply, that an agent of the government must have some reasonable cause to believe you are involved with a crime before launching an investigation into your life. Police action that bypasses criminal predicates focuses on threats to people and communities that threaten power—regardless of whether those threats to power are fully legal and legitimate.
DigiDay - Marketing is also no longer marketing. It's "engagement." The reason for this change is because all brand marketing from now on must "engage" — or at least "invite" — the lowly consumer into their BS worlds, into the exciting and ongoing "evolution" of their brand. Even consumers are no longer consumers. They're now "brand advocates" who may become "brand activists," some of whom rise to "brand ambassadors" who sometimes even become "decision influencers."
Pro Libertate - Prohibition enforcement officers, a "corps of undistinguished scoundrels with badges," propagated misery without redemptive purpose, leaving in their wake a population disenthralled from the notion of unqualified submission to those who embodied "authority." This would change, regrettably, with the compound crises of the Depression and World War II, and the prohibitionist impulse would re-emerge as the War on Drugs.
Amerika - Our greatest fear is not that it will all end in fire and horror, but that nothing will ever change, and that we will continue our slow descent into third world conditions, kill off all that remains of Western culture and genetics, slowly becoming a perpetual Mexico or Brazil. For those who can see clearly, it's apparent we're already basically there. The protests at Trump rallies reveal the tension between keeping things the way they are to the benefit of the parasite, and the knowledge that the West not only doesn't want the Other in its midst, but that we'd be better off without them.
1937. Hagerstown, Maryland
Hagerstown is a small city in western Maryland's Cumberland Valley, with a population of about 31,000 in 1937. In 1862 the Battle of Antietam—23,000 total casualties in one day—took place thirteen miles to the south, in Sharpsburg. Hagerstown was home to Fairchild Aircraft from 1931 to 1984, best known for its Flying Boxcar and A-10 Warthog.
But let's look around the place as it was on a sunny autumn day in 1937. We'll start on the main street, then wander elsewhere.
Cigars, candy, drugs, film, toothpaste, soda, and the grand old men at their accustomed posts, every town had 'em, standing ready with opinions, chit chat, jokes, advice, politics, gossip, weather forecasts, philosophy, or certain knowledge of where the bodies were buried. The man on the right has just asked, "jeez Marv, with the price of everything else up so high, how can they still sell liquor so cheap?"
It was his best side.
The sign reads "First CVAL Game", meaning Cumberland Valley, likely. High School then was the equal of a good prep school now. The street sign isn't quite legible even on the big version, it may be "E Washington St". Notice the trolley tracks and catenary.
Everyone didn't really know everyone else, but any two of 'em did. And all of their children and all of their names. I'm guessing the destination marker reads "Loop" and had since the bus was delivered in the Hoover administration. Notice the wooden door framing.
The man is Johannes Gensfleisch, former blacksmith and printer, then noted entrepreneur who hit on the idea of aging cheese in safety deposit boxes. He also worked out a futuristic molecular bomb. So close. The rear door on the car at left was known as a "suicide door". Why? Imagine yourself opening it, stepping half out, and having the door clipped by a passing car.
Woodmen of the World was originally a fraternal benefit outfit, then a non-profit insurance company. A midwest thing. It's been WoodmenLife since 2015, but still with "chapters." Notice, at left, the Georgian-style "stack" chimneys and the window shutters. Chances are they were original and functional in 1937.
Down at the depot. Western Maryland's train from Baltimore arrives at Hagerstown, with a handsome Pacific on the point. I ran this photo in Woodpile Report 419, but it's part of this series so I've included it here.
The Mom at left is strutting her stuff, looking stylish and knows it. Junior however looks like the fall guy in a Norman Rockwell painting. The old time steel heavyweights had a sound all their own at speed, half heard, half felt, and not at all unpleasant. The REA car looks like a converted commuter coach but whaddia expect on the Hagerstown run, Wagons Lits?
More stuff you may want to think about
Synopsis with links
First Things - There's an unspoken rule in the pharmaceutical industry that half of all academic biomedical research will ultimately prove false, and in 2011 a group of researchers at Bayer decided to test it. Looking at sixty-seven recent drug discovery projects based on preclinical cancer biology research, they found that in more than 75 percent of cases the published data did not match up with their in-house attempts to replicate. At the same time as an ever more bloated scientific bureaucracy churns out masses of research results, the majority of which are likely outright false, scientists themselves are lauded as heroes and science is upheld as the only legitimate basis for policy-making.
Front Page - Big Green is booming business. But it can't succeed on its own. Without public policy based on the hoax that the planet is going to be destroyed unless Big Green gets more green cash, the scam collapses. If you are going to falsely claim that 99.99% of scientists agree with you, the best way to ensure that is by criminalizing scientific dissent. The agenda was blatantly on parade right from the start at a press conference of attorney generals under the banner of "AG's United for Clean Power". This is an industry group of attorney generals vowing to shut down one industry on behalf of another. This is how abusively corrupt Big Green has become.
Washington Times - Democratic AGs, climate change groups colluded on prosecuting dissenters, emails show
Z Man - Obsequious rump-swabs, like Dan McLaughlin from National Review, were immediately seen out on the street, in tears, thanking Obama for this critical change. There are more important women than Tubman, who is a trivial figure in American history. The only reason we know about her at all is that Progressive fanatics plucked her out of obscurity to be a heroine of their cause. Most of the Harriet Tubman mythology is exactly that. She was illiterate and left no written records nor anything in the way of proof to substantiate her claims.
Ancient Origins - Around 360 BC Plato introduced an incredible story, a tale of an enigmatic island civilization which has since captivated the imagination of every generation that followed. This was the story of Atlantis, thought to be one of the most advanced societies of the ancient world, an idyllic island paradise of skillful navigators capable of crossing the Atlantic Ocean to conquer and explore! So, in light of this latest discovery, having a site that finally matches Plato's description of Atlantis, is it possible to accept that Plato's story was based on a real setting and a prehistoric civilization known to ancient Greeks?
NY Times via Archive - The Republicans of 2016 rely for their votes on the Southern white and Northern white working-class constituencies that were once the mainstays of the other party. At the same time, the success of the Democrats in winning the popular vote for the presidency in every election since 1992 except 2004 has convinced most Democratic strategists that they don't need socially conservative, economically liberal Reagan or Wallace Democrats any more. It is likely that the future of the Democrats will be Clintonism — Hillary Clintonism, that is, a slightly more progressive version of neoliberalism freed of the strategic concessions to white working-class voters associated with Bill Clintonism.
1944. London England
In the chaos of war two people an ocean apart, a GI from America and an English girl, found true, enduring and indestructable love. Or near enough.
Even more stuff you may want to think about
Synopsis with links
USA Watchdog - When China merges with the SWIFT system, I believe there is a very strong possibility that China will back their currency with gold. They have been doing it with a view to dislodging the dollar or greatly diminishing the dollar as the world's reserve currency. I think U.S. bankers and regulators have caught wind of this and are aware it is coming. I also believe this is the reason for all the secret meetings they have been having. The adjustment in global reserve accounts could create a tsunami of dollars coming back to America in a very, very short period of time. That could trigger something approaching a hyperinflationary event or, at least, stagflation and super inflationary pressure.
Daily Galaxy - If neutrinos and antineutrinos are discovered to be the same particle, this would be the first known case of matter that is simultaneously antimatter. Additionally, it would generate an asymmetry that would serve to explain why there is no antimatter in the universe. Majorana neutrinos would have allowed for the creation of more matter than antimatter in the first moments after the Big Bang. After that, all antimatter would have been annihilated along with the majority of matter, releasing energy and leaving behind only the "excess" matter which can be observed in the universe today.
Pro Libertate - (About Gavin Grimm) While it is unwise to reinforce the delusions of an emotionally troubled adolescent girl – and criminal to use plundered wealth to that purpose – nobody has the right to punish her for them, or to compel her to abandon them. On the same principle, neither she nor any of the ideologically deranged adults who are cheerfully exploiting her has the right to compel others to participate in her fantasy, which is the purpose of her lawsuit. Mere material accommodation is insufficient; every thought must be taken captive in the service of "gender justice," or whatever label is currently affixed to the bottle containing this bilge.
The Federalist - Abortion clinics and the businesses that purchase aborted baby parts likely conspired to violate federal laws against fetal human organ trafficking, expert witnesses at a House hearing testified yesterday. Evidence of a widespread market for unborn baby parts — down to the tongue, scalp, eyes — was introduced. Invoices regarding the sale and transfer of fetal organs were presented at the hearing. One customer paid $22,610 for 38 fetal brains. Another paid $3,340 for a fetal brain, $595 for a "baby skull matched to upper and lower limbs," and $890 for "upper and lower limbs with hands and feet."
National Interest - We are entering an age of what I call comparative anarchy, that is, a much higher level of anarchy compared to that of the Cold War and post–Cold War periods. Remember that globalization is not necessarily associated with growth or stability, but only with vast economic and cultural linkages. These can amplify geopolitical disorder in the event of an economic slowdown. That's what we are seeing now.
1944. France
GIs take time out from a busy war to display a batch of captured Germans. Before the photog arrived they were all having coffee and passing around a pack of Camels. Betcha.
For adjusting your monitor
397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404
405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412,
413, 414,415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422
Gold is the money of kings, silver is the money of gentlemen, barter is the money of peasants and debt is the money of slaves.
The smallest minority on earth is the individual. Those who deny individual rights cannot claim to be defenders of minorities.
Ayn Rand
There's no way to rule innocent men. The only power any government has is the power to crack down on criminals. Well, when there aren't enough criminals, one makes them. One declares so many things to be a crime that it becomes impossible for men to live without breaking laws.
Ayn Rand
The socialist ideal eventually goes viral, and the majority learns to game the system. Everyone is trying to live at the expense of everyone else. In the terminal phase, the failure of the system is disguised under a mountain of lies, hollow promises, and debts. When the stream of other people's money runs out, the system collapses.
Kevin Brekke
When you see that in order to produce, you need to obtain permission from men who produce nothing; when you see that money is flowing to those who deal not in goods, but in favors; when you see that men get rich more easily by graft than by work, and your laws no longer protect you against them, but protect them against you
you may know that your society is doomed.
Ayn Rand
Because the regime is captive to its own lies, it must falsify everything. It falsifies the past. It falsifies the present, and it falsifies the future. It falsifies statistics ... It pretends to fear nothing. It pretends to pretend nothing.
Vaclav Havel
Injustice is relatively easy to bear; what stings is justice.
H. L. Mencken
We have reached a point of diminishing returns in our public life. Hardly anything actually needs doing. We may in fact be past that point; not only does nothing much need doing, but we'd benefit if much of what has been done were to be undone.
John Derbyshire
Tyranny is defined as that which is legal for the government but illegal for the citizenry.
Thomas Jefferson
When you are fed, there are many problems. When you are hungry, there is one problem.
NoPension at Zero Hedge
The gold standard of survival sites
Survival Blog
The Daily Web Log for Prepared Individuals Living in Uncertain Times
28 Apr - Been hacked
PC may not come back up next time - other's locked out. Stand by ...


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2005 BMW 325i Repair and Maintenance Costs
A guide to repairs, service, and maintenance costs for your 2005 BMW 325i
Never overpay. Check prices with our estimator
Verified by mechanics, reported by drivers like you
Ask a mechanic in our community
Our experts translate recalls into plain English
2005 BMW 325i ProblemsBurning Smell or Oil Drips on the Ground Due to Engine Oil Leak
Valve cover gasket leaks are common after 60,000 miles. Symptoms will include oil drips under the vehicle and burning oil smell from the engine compartment.
A side door window regulator may fail causing the window to stop working, in some eases falling into the door. Replacement of the failed regulator will be required to correct this concern.
An engine coolant leak may develop from the expansion tank resulting in engine overheating. When a cooling system component fails the entire cooling system should be inspected. It is not uncommon to find additional component have failed or are leaking.
Overheating can cause severe engine damage. If the engine begins to overheat it is recommended to stop at the first available location and have your vehicle towed to a repair shop.
2005 BMW 325i Questionsvehicle will not start (2 answers)
the battery was just replaced today and drove the car home, parked, and 4 hours later the vehicle will not start. the vehicle does have the ignition sound but engine will not start. what could be wrong?
I had a new clutch kit, slave cylinder & master cylinder. Now my car is out of timing.
2005 BMW 325i RecallsDriver's Front Air Bag Defective
In a crash that deploys the driver's front air bag, the inflator of the air bag can rupture, causing metal debris to strike vehicle occupants. Dealers will replace the front driver's air bag module free of charge to correct the concern.
Upon deployment the passenger airbag inflator could rupture, increasing the risk of personal injury. BMW dealers will replace the affected airbag inflator modules to correct this concern.
This limited regional recall is for vehicles currently registered or first sold in Florida, Puerto Rico, Hawaii and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and equipped with Takata-brand air bag inflators. Upon deployment the driver and/or passenger airbag inflator could rupture, increasing the risk of personal injury. BMW dealers will replace the affected airbag inflator modules to correct this concern.


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Nebraska Trip Guides
As the Platte River flows through Nebraska, so does Interstate-80. The ribbon of water that guided pioneers West today leads visitors to historical and recreational destinations in towns like...
This small town in southeast Nebraska honors settlers and Native Americans.
The former pioneer hub recalls its heyday in seven museums and other attractions honoring the past; 30 minutes south of Nebraska City.
Badlands, big skies and a surprising spread of pine forests draw visitors through the Sandhills to the panhandle in northwestern Nebraska. Things to do in Nebraska's Wild West include visiting...
A memorable tubing or canoe journey passes through the gently rolling terrain of north-central Nebraska's cowboy country. Those who venture inland find hiking trails, wildlife in two national refuges...
Nebraska's largest city blends a famous zoo, top-notch museums and world-class dining into a lively downtown on the Missouri River. See our recommendations for Omaha attractions, restaurants and...
Home to the University of Nebraska, this college town scores with beautiful blooms in the Sunken Gardens of Lincoln, a lively entertainment district and the Art Deco-style Capitol.


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Townsend's Big-eared Bat
Corynorhinus townsendii
No photograph available
Wingspan: 12 – 13"; Body length: 2 – 2 1/2"
Diet: moths
The big-eared bat does, indeed, have large ears – as much as 1" long.
This bat is found throughout the western US, with a few isolated populations in the eastern US. Both of the eastern subspecies are considered endangered. Human activity has caused females to abandon nursing colonies, leaving the young to starve.
Townsend's Big-eared Bat


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Hotfrog NewZealand provides information regarding Highview Rest Home in Dunedin Otago. Highview Rest Home is located at 384 High Street, Dunedin Otago 9016 and provides Healthcare services. Contact them on 03-477 0488.
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dr. Ana Do Amaral Cardoso dos Santos
work address
Krijgslaan 281 S4
9000 Gent
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- 2012
Nanofibrous poly(lactide-co-glycolide) membranes loaded with diamond nanoparticles as promising substrates for bone tissue engineering
2012) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE. 7. p.1931-1951 Mark(
- Novel route towards functionalized PET grafts for cardiovascular applications
- Biomimetic PET grafts for cardiovascular tissue engineering
- Surface activation strategy to improve PET functionality for cardiovascular applications
- 2011
Production of continuous electrospun mats with improved mechanical properties
2011) MACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING. 296(7). p.637-644 Mark(
Static secondary ion mass spectrometry for the surface characterisation of individual nanofibres of polycaprolactone functionalised with an antibacterial additive
2011) ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY. 399(3). p.1163-1172 Mark(
- 2010
- Development and Functionalisation of Nanofibres produced by Electrospinning.
- 2007
- Development and functionalization of polyesters nanofibres obtained by electrospinning (Poster by A. Dos Santos)
- Development and functionalization of polyesters nanofibres obtained by electrospinning. Poster P24 by A. Dos Santos


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Writer A.S. Byatt In Conversation with Michael Silverblatt
* Additional fees apply. No coupon or promo codes necessary to enjoy the displayed discount price.
The last date listed for Writer A.S. Byatt was Friday March 11, 2005 / 8:00pm.
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"A.S. Byatt is a storyteller who could keep a sultan on the edge of his throne for a thousand and one nights." —New York Times Book Review
An intellectually exhilarating story of wit, romance and lush detail, Possession became a national bestseller, perennial book club favorite, and was made into a 2002 film. Her novella Morpho Eugenia, in which she examines the similarities between anthills and 19th century manor households, was made into the 1995 film Angels & Insects.
A self-described greedy reader, Byatt weaves her many interests – biology, history, and philosophy among them – into her work, resulting in books teeming with characters and ideas. Or, as she has stated, novels with "the whole world in them." In her latest work, a deliciously dark short story collection called The Little Black Book of Stories, Byatt continues to mix folk and fairy tales with everyday life in five tales filled with unexpected thrills.


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The content on this page is provided by a Time Out partner.
Xate fulfils her duties to her husband, Mayor Aziz, in a remote town. Manipulative mayoral hopeful Faruk intends to usurp Aziz by spouting lies to the people and promising them reforms he cannot deliver. Suddenly Xate is thrust into the cut-throat world of politics as she attempts to thwart Faruk's bid for power and ensure stability and prosperity for her friends and neighbours.
Release details
|Release date:
|Friday February 7 2014
|105 mins


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The Horse Forum (http://www.horseforum.com/forumindex.php)
- Meet the Community (/meet-community/)
- - Hello from Saskatchewan (http://www.horseforum.com/meet-community/hello-saskatchewan-66476/)
Hello from Saskatchewan
I am just returning to riding after about 10 years away from it. I just bought a horse:
He is a 3 year old papered QH, has had some roundpenning, but hasn't been ridden yet. I will be giving him to my trainer so she can work her magic. :) His papered name is DOCS ROCKET DANCER, but he doesn't have a barn name. I am thinking Castle, but won't decide until I've spent more time with him. I am getting him to my barn this weekend sometime!
That is a beautiful horse! I love a buttermilk buckskin, at least that's how he looks to me in that foto. Or just plain buckskin.
How about ;
Crocket? (from Rocket and Crock of Buttermilk)
Mantequilla (butter in Spanish)
Home Skillet
I don't think he has a plain face at all, in fact, I can see why you would fall in love with him. He looks inquisitive and just open to what ever you put in him. Make it good!
Thanks everyone! I'm super excited to get him home. I was itching to go down and hang out at the barn today, but thought people might be a little wierded out that I'm just pacing the aisle and grinning like an idiot! :)
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- 1to try to prevent something or to prevent somebody from doing something, especially by making it difficult to do or by showing that you do not approve of it discourage (doing) something a campaign to discourage smoking among teenagers discourage somebody I leave a light on when I'm out to discourage burglars. discourage somebody from doing something His parents tried to discourage him from being an actor.
- 2to make somebody feel less confident or enthusiastic about doing something synonym dishearten discourage somebody Don't be discouraged by the first failure—try again! discourage somebody from doing something The weather discouraged people from attending. opposite encourage Word Origin late Middle English: from Old French descouragier, from des- (expressing reversal) + corage
BrE BrE//dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒ//; NAmE NAmE//dɪsˈkɜːrɪdʒ//Verb Forms present simple I / you / we / they discourage
BrE BrE//dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒ//; NAmE NAmE//dɪsˈkɜːrɪdʒ//he / she / it discourages
BrE BrE//dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒɪz//; NAmE NAmE//dɪsˈkɜːrɪdʒɪz//past simple discouraged
BrE BrE//dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒd//; NAmE NAmE//dɪsˈkɜːrɪdʒd//past participle discouraged
BrE BrE//dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒd//; NAmE NAmE//dɪsˈkɜːrɪdʒd//-ing form discouraging
BrE BrE//dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒɪŋ//; NAmE NAmE//dɪsˈkɜːrɪdʒɪŋ//
Check pronunciation: discourage


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StringBuilder Constructor (Int32, Int32)
[ This article is for Windows Phone 8 developers. If you're developing for Windows 10, see the latest documentation. ]
Initializes a new instance of the StringBuilder class that starts with a specified capacity and can grow to a specified maximum.
Assembly: mscorlib (in mscorlib.dll)
- capacity
- Type: System.Int32
The suggested starting size of the StringBuilder.
- maxCapacity
- Type: System.Int32
The maximum number of characters the current string can contain.
maxCapacity is less than one, capacity is less than zero, or capacity is greater than maxCapacity.
The capacity parameter defines the maximum number of characters that can be stored in the memory that is allocated by the current instance. Its value is assigned to the Capacity property. If the number of characters to be stored in the current instance exceeds this capacity value, the StringBuilder object allocates additional memory to store them.
If capacity is 0 (zero), the implementation-specific default capacity is used.
The maxCapacity parameter defines the maximum number of characters that the current instance can hold. If the number of characters to be stored in the current instance exceeds this maxCapacity value, the StringBuilder object does not allocate additional memory, but instead throws an exception.


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Media has played an important role in our society and will continue to influence and shape our culture for ages to come. Three very prominent and diverse decades illustrates how media has influenced our culture. During the time periods of 1905, 1930 and 1950, media has played an important role in technology, society and politics. Three articles from the New York Times will show and explain how media has shaped our society. The history of media has many cultural contexts. During three different generations (1905, 1930, 1950) media has provided a technological, cultural and political influence on America, particularly New York City. .
On March 12, 1905 the article in the New York Times titled "In the World of Music and Music Makers," illustrates how media shaped our cultural and aesthetic interests. The musical public of New York City has vastly increased in recent years and is constantly increasing. The number of musical performances is much greater than it was in the past. However, the number of such performances cannot permanently go on increasing without a corresponding increase in the audiences that support them. Due to the increasing population of New York City by the hundred thousands yearly, solves the potential shortage of audience members. The musical activities of season after season and especially the educational ones are increasing and developing the public taste for music. The "young people's concerts" are also bringing up a new generation interested in music. Music has played in important role not only in the early 1900's but it continues to play a role today. People are influenced by the various genres of music they listen too. Especially during the adolescent stage of life, music can play both a positive or negative role in their life. Not only is the music the basis for such influence but the artists themselves. The musician is often times acting as a role model.
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