text:
Analysis of ventilatory ratio as a novel method to monitor ventilatory adequacy at the bedside
- Pratik Sinha1Email author,
- Nicholas J Fauvel1,
- Pradeep Singh2 and
- Neil Soni1
DOI: 10.1186/cc12541
© Sinha et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013
Received: 28 September 2012
Accepted: 5 February 2013
Published: 27 February 2013
Due to complexities in its measurement, adequacy of ventilation is seldom used to categorize disease severity and guide ventilatory strategies. Ventilatory ratio (VR) is a novel index to monitor ventilatory adequacy at the bedside. . is 100 mL.Kg-1.min-1 and is 5 kPa. Physiological analysis shows that VR is influenced by dead space (VD/VT) and CO2 production . Two studies were conducted to explore the physiological properties of VR and assess its use in clinical practice.
Both studies were conducted in adult mechanically ventilated ICU patients. In Study 1, volumetric capnography was used to estimate daily VD/VT and measure in 48 patients. Simultaneously, ventilatory ratio was calculated using arterial blood gas measurements alongside respiratory and ventilatory variables. This data was used to explore the physiological properties of VR. In Study 2, 224 ventilated patients had daily VR and other respiratory variables, baseline characteristics, and outcome recorded. The database was used to examine the prognostic value of VR.
Study 1 showed that there was significant positive correlation between VR and VD/VT (modified r = 0.71) and (r = 0.14). The correlation between VR and VD/VT was stronger in mandatory ventilation compared to spontaneous ventilation. Linear regression analysis showed that VD/VT had a greater influence on VR than (standardized regression coefficient 1/1-VD/VT: 0.78, : 0.44). Study 2 showed that VR was significantly higher in non-survivors compared to survivors (1.55 vs. 1.32; P < 0.01). Univariate logistic regression showed that higher VR was associated with mortality (OR 2.3, P < 0.01), this remained the case after adjusting for confounding variables (OR 2.34, P = 0.04).
VR is an easy to calculate bedside index of ventilatory adequacy and appears to yield clinically useful information.
Adequacy of ventilation is a crucial part of mechanical ventilation. Physiological dead space fraction (VD/VT) and CO2 production dictate the ventilatory demands of the body. In respiratory failure VD/VT is the most important factor that dictates ventilatory adequacy. Several studies have demonstrated the value of VD/VT in critically ill patients in both prognostication and disease progression in conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [1–4]. Yet due to the complexity or equipment costs associated with its calculation, VD/VT is seldom measured in daily intensive care unit (ICU) practice [5, 6]. The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood/fractional concentration of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) is a simple ratio that describes the adequacy of oxygenation and is widely used in daily practice despite being a poor predictor of outcome [7]. A similar quick reference tool does not exist for ventilation.
where is the measured minute ventilation (mL.min-1) and is the predicted minute ventilation for the individual calculated as 100 mL.kg.min-1. is the measured arterial ; and is the ideal , defined as 5 kPa. VR is dimensionless and it is anticipated that a value approaching 1 would be 'normal'.
where k is specific to the individual. Inspection of equation 3 shows that VR would change as a result of a change in VD/VT or or both.
Two studies were conducted with the following aims:
Study 1: To evaluate the physiological properties of ventilatory ratio in a sample of mechanically ventilated critically unwell patients.
Study 2: To evaluate ventilatory ratio in a general ICU population.
Materials and methods
Both studies were conducted in patients aged > 18 years in a general medical and surgical ICU at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital. All patients were emergency admissions to the ICU.
Study 1: Validation of physiological properties of ventilatory ratio
The study was approved by the local ethics committee (The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurology; REC Number: 10/H0716/16). Assent was obtained from family prior to recruitment to the study. Data were prospectively collected in patients with an admission PaO2/FiO2 ratio < 40 kPa. Initial measurements were made following stabilization of the patient and within the first 24 hours following admission to the ICU. Measurements were then made once daily until either six consecutive recordings or the patient had been weaned from the ventilator or had died, whichever was the shorter period. For each set of measurements a note was made of the mode of ventilation; mandatory (synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) or bi-level positive pressure ventilation (BIPAP)) or spontaneous (assisted spontaneous breaths (ASB)). All modes of ventilation used non-bias flow triggering with the Dräger Evita XL ventilator (Dräger Medical, Lübeck, Germany).
As a form of internal validation, dead space fraction was estimated simultaneously using two different methods and measurement systems. The two methods: Douglas Bag and volumetric capnography showed good agreement and the findings of this comparative study is presented elsewhere [9]. For the study presented, VD/VT as calculated using volumetric capnography was used for analysis. VD/VT was calculated using the CO2SMO™ Plus capnograph (Novometrix Medical Systems, Wallingford, CT, USA). The CO2SMO™ Plus has a combined flow sensor and in-line capnograph that allows real-time simultaneous measurement of expiratory flow and expired CO2 concentration. The expired CO2 concentration is plotted against the expired volume to produce a simple single-breath test (SBTCO2) waveform. The software program Analysis Plus! for Windows (Novometrix Medical Systems, Wallingford, CT, USA) was used to estimate values for VD/VT using principles of areas under the SBTCO2 waveform [10].
is the rate of CO2 elimination and, in a patient in steady state, this represents the rate of CO2 production. was measured using CO2SMO™ Plus. Following the attachment of the capnograph, a period of 10 minutes was allowed without a change in ventilation or medical/nursing intervention for the patient to reach steady state. For patients without sedation, steady state was assessed visually. VR was calculated from measured and as recorded by the flow sensor of the ventilator. Predicted body weight was estimated using the formula set by the ARDS network group [11].
All readings were grouped together to examine the relationship between VR and and VD/VT. It was anticipated that would be greater in spontaneously ventilating patients [12]. Therefore for subgroup analysis, readings were categorized into groups depending on the mode of ventilation: mandatory or spontaneous.
Study 2: Ventilatory ratio in an intensive care population
Permission was granted from the local ethics committee to anonymously analyze data from adult ICU charts between October 2008 and January 2011 and need for consent was waived. Complete data was available for 224 of the 312 patients. Missing patients were usually for those that were liberated from invasive ventilation within 24 hours.
Demographic data such as height, weight, gender, admission diagnosis, and past medical history were recorded. Mode of ventilation, arterial blood gas (ABG) results, and standard respiratory variables were recorded for all patients. These variables were used to calculate VR, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, and dynamic compliance. In addition APACHE II scores, mortality outcomes and ventilator days were also recorded. Data was recorded at admission and subsequently daily using the first arterial blood gas of the day until the patient died or was liberated from the ventilator.
For subgroup analysis, ICU patients were split into survivors and non-survivors. In addition the survivors were further subdivided into those with an admission VR of greater or equal to 1.4 and those with an admission VR less than 1.4. These subgroups was used assess the association of VR with prolonged mechanical ventilation.
To create a 'control group', respiratory data and ABG measurements were also collected on patients undergoing elective surgery. Data from patients requiring perioperative arterial cannulation were used for the study. All patients were undergoing abdominal surgery and were recruited as part of a larger study (REC Number: 10/H0720/24). Arterial blood gas was taken 20 minutes after induction of anesthesia and other respiratory variables were recorded simultaneously. All patients were extubated postoperatively and none required prolonged mechanical ventilation.
Statistical analysis
Normally distributed data are expressed as mean (± standard deviation). Nonparametric data are expressed as median (interquartile range). Unpaired t test was used for intergroup comparison of means and Mann-Whitney test was used to compare medians for nonparametric data. Multiple comparisons of means across groups were made using one-way analysis of variance.
For Study 1, a modified Pearson's correlation coefficient as described by Stratton and colleagues [13] was obtained to study the association between VR and VD/VT. The method was used to correct bias in Pearson's correlation coefficient as a result of mathematical coupling due to being used in the computation of both VR and VD/VT. Multiple regression analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of the variables 1/(1-VD/VT) and on VR, and standardized coefficients were calculated to examine the influence of the two variables in this model. Logistic regression analysis was applied to examine predictive probabilities of VR for estimating ordinal groups of VD/VT.
For Study 2, univariate logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios for multiple respiratory variables to individually predict mortality. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association of hospital mortality and VR and adjusted for confounding variables. Stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the prognostic value of VR after adjustment for non-pulmonary outcome modifiers. Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed to examine the association of VR subgroups and ventilator days (admission to 30 days). Log-rank test was used to compare curves of the groups and hazard ratios were calculated.
Statistical software STATA/IC 11.1 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA) was used for data analysis. Graphs were constructed using Prism 5 for Mac OS X (Graphpad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA).
Study 1: Validation of physiological properties of VR
Summary of baseline clinical characteristics of 48 patients from Study 1.
Age (years)
61 ± 15
Weight (kg)
76 ± 15
Height (cm)
170 ± 9
Sex, Male/Female
33 (69)/15 (31)
Admission diagnosis
LRTI/Exacerbation of COPD
15 (31)
Intra-abdominal pathology
14 (29)
Sepsis (non-respiratory)
9 (19)
Cardiac insufficiency
7 (15)
3 (6)
Underlying COPD/ILD
7 (16)
Developed ALI/ARDS
5 (10)
Outcome survivors/non-survivors
16 (33)/32 (67)
Mean values of measured and calculated variables in Study 1.
Mandatory mode
Spontaneous mode
P value
1.9 (0.8 - 5.4)
2.09 (0.9 - 4.2)
0.62 (± 0.13)
0.59 (± 0.12)
186 (± 57.3)
219 (± 68.2)
< 0.01
10.3 (± 3.3)
13.1 (± 4.3)
< 0.01
6.1 (± 1.34)
5.3 (± 1.51)
< 0.01
Study 2: Ventilatory ratio in an intensive care population
Admission diagnoses of ICU patients in Study 2.
n (%)
Gastrointestinal complications
60 (26.9)
Intra-abdominal sepsis
20 (9.0)
Bowel perforation/Obstruction
21 (9.4)
Pancreatic/Hepatic failure
7 (3.1)
Postoperative complications
6 (2.7)
Gastrointestinal bleeding
6 (2.7)
Respiratory insufficiency
47 (21.1)
Lower respiratory tract infection
21 (9.4)
Exacerbation of COPD
10 (4.5)
10 (4.5)
Acute pulmonary edema
4 (1.8)
3 (1.3)
Cardiorespiratory arrest
37 (16.6)
Cardiac arrest
35 (11.7)
Respiratory arrest
2 (0.8)
16 (7.2)
5 (2.2)
5 (2.2)
2 (0.8)
4 (1.8)
52 (23.3)
Neurological complication
15 (6.7)
13 (5.8)
12 (5.4)
Gynaecological problems
8 (3.6)
Postop cardiovascular monitoring
4 (1.8)
Multiorgan failure
4 (1.8)
6 (2.7)
Comparison of demographic data between survivors and non-survivors.
(n= 154)
(n= 60)
P values
Sex Male
82 (53.2%)
31 (51.7%)
Age (years)
52.6 ± 19.3
62.2 ± 17.1
< 0.01
Weight (kg)
75.7 ± 18.5
72.1 ± 13.2
Height (cm)
170.8 ± 7.9
170.7 ± 8.1
APACHE II score
15.5 (11 - 19)
20 (19 - 23)
< 0.01*
Comparison of respiratory variables at admission between survivors and non-survivors.
(n= 154)
(n= 60)
P values
Minute ventilation (l.min-1)
7.7 ± 2.2
8.7 ± 3.3
< 0.01
PaCO2 (kPa)
5.5 ± 1.3
5.8 ± 1.6
Ventilatory ratio
1.32 ± 0.5
1.55 ± 0.6
< 0.01
PaO2 (kPa)
17.0 ± 6.4
18.5 ± 11.0
0.54 ± 0.21
0.65 ± 0.23
< 0.01
PaO2/FiO2 ratio
36.2 ± 18
31.4 ± 17.6
PEEP (cmH2O)
5 (5 -10)
8 (5 - 10)
< 0.01*
Peak inspiratory pressure (cmH2O)
21 (16 - 26)
23 (18.25 - 30.75)
< 0.01*
Dynamic compliance
46.0 ± 29.9
38.6 ± 23.8
Odds ratio derived from univariate analysis of individual respiratory variables on day 1 with mortality as the outcome (n = 223).
Odds ratio
P value
Ventilatory ratio
1.30 - 4.11
< 0.01
PaCO2 (kPa)
0.92 - 1.40
Minute ventilation (mL.min-1)
1.00 - 1.01
Peak inspiratory pressure (cmH2O)
1.02 - 1.11
< 0.01
PaO2 (kPa)
0.98 - 1.06
PaO2/FiO2 ratio
0.97 - 1.01
PEEP (cmH2O)
1.01 - 1.27
Dynamic compliance
0.97 - 1.00
Observations in Study 1 showed that, as predicted by its physiological analysis, VR is influenced by both and VD/VT. There was positive correlation between VR and dead space. In patients in mandatory modes of ventilation the correlation between VR and VD/VT was stronger. Linear regression analysis shows that in this population VD/VT was more influential than in predicting VR. There was also good concordance between predicted ordinal groups of VD/VT using VR and the actual observed ordinal responses.
Study 2 showed that VR was significantly higher in ICU patients compared to elective intraoperative patients. VR was also significantly higher at admission in ICU non-survivors compared to survivors. Higher values of VR were associated with increased risk of mortality. This was the case after adjusting for confounding variables. In the group of patients that survived, a higher value of VR was associated with prolonged ventilation.
Ventilatory ratio is a marker of the lung's ability to cope with the ventilatory demands of the body. A rise in ventilatory demands would be as a result of either a rise in or a rise in VD/VT or both. The findings in this study show that dead space changes resulted in a change in VR in 79% of the patients and in 65% of these cases this was exclusively due to changes in dead space. Ravenscraft and colleagues have similarly shown that in mechanically ventilated patients is less of a contributor than VD/VT in rising ventilatory demands encountered during respiratory failure [14]. In sedated and ventilated patients it is anticipated that will be relatively steady. In such patients the changes seen in VR in steady state are likely to be as a result of changes in VD/VT. The improved correlation of VR and in patients VD/VT in mandatory modes of ventilation substantiates this.
Although VR is able to predict ordinal groups of dead space, it is not an absolute measure of dead space. The premise of VR is that it should allow clinicians a relatively easy method of observing changes in ventilatory efficiency at the bedside. The use of predicted values for minute ventilation and allows comparison within patients over time and across populations. The predicted values were set using old nomograms [15]. It likely that these predicted values overestimate the ventilatory needs of an individual. The values were pragmatically chosen at their current levels for ease of arithmetic calculations. Invariably, there will be some likely inaccuracies inherent to VR as a result of setting the predicted values to what they are. Nonetheless, a VR of 1 is likely to represent lungs and ventilatory settings that are able to clear CO2 efficiently. Conversely, a VR of 2 would be clear indication that the lungs in their current ventilatory setting are unable to cope with the ventilatory demands of the body. Given its physiological properties coupled with its strong association with outcome, VR is potentially a rapid, intuitive, and useful clinical tool to assess patients with respiratory failure.
There are several variables in the armamentarium of ICU physicians that are able to predict mortality. Features specific to VR make it a potentially attractive tool for physicians in addition to the other variables. To most physicians a composite function of two variables moving in opposite direction that tracks efficiency of CO2 clearance would be intuitively valuable and is currently not readily available. This is illustrated by the interaction of VR and the APACHE II score. As a physiological scoring system the APACHE II score is comprehensive and covers most aspects of impaired cardiovascular physiology [16]. Given VR remains an independent predictor of outcome after adjusting for APACHE II score suggests that it identifies an area of physiological dysfunction that is not engaged by the APACHE II score. In addition, current ICU practice relies on the PaO2/FiO2 ratio to categorize disease severity despite its inadequacies as a clinical tool being well documented. Not only is its value at admission as a predictor of outcome uncertain, there are also uncertainties surrounding its ability to categorize severity of disease, particularly in acute lung injury (ALI)/ARDS [17, 18]. The results of this study show VR to be more closely associated with mortality than the PaO2/FiO2 ratio.
There are several limitations in this study. The data collected in Study 1 failed to capture data on patients that were spontaneously ventilating under heavy sedation. Most spontaneous ventilating readings were in patients that were being weaned from mechanical ventilation. The physiological behavior of VR in the former group of patients cannot be predicted from this study. In the clinical database, however, all patients were included and VR at admission was associated with outcome regardless of the mode of ventilation. Another shortcoming of the study is that the database is for all admissions to ICU and does not specifically examine patients with respiratory failure. It is in this group of patients that VR is anticipated to be most useful. Further studies are required to evaluate VR in respiratory failure patients.
It stands to reason that patients with failure of oxygenation and ventilation (type II respiratory failure) would lead to a worse outcome than failure of oxygenation only (type I respiratory failure). In an era where alternative ventilatory strategies such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and extracorporeal CO2 removal exist, better and earlier recognition of impaired ventilation could lead to implementation of clinical practice that is less generic and more focused to underlying lung pathophysiology. VR is a quick bedside index that identifies such patients and the study shows that it is clinically useful in mechanically ventilated patients. VR is associated with outcome and provides clinicians with information that is currently not readily available.
Key messages
Ventilatory ratio is a simple bedside tool that allows quick assessment of ventilatory adequacy at the bedside.
VR is influenced by dead space fraction and CO2 production. In the studied population, VD/VT was more closely associated with VR than CO2 production.
VR shows good concordance with clinically relevant ordinal responses of VD/VT.
VR was an independent predictor of mortality in a general ICU population. Higher VR was associated with worse outcome after adjusting for APACHE II score.
VR has potential to identify patients with ventilatory failure and may be useful in identifying patients with worse outcome in ARDS.
arterial blood gas
acute lung injury
acute respiratory distress syndrome
assisted spontaneous breaths
bi-level positive pressure ventilation
intensive care unit
- :
measured arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide
- :
predicted arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide
- :
partial pressure of carbon dioxide
- PaO2/FiO2:
partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood/fractional concentration of inspired oxygen
positive end-expiratory pressure
synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation
- :
carbon dioxide elimination/production
physiological dead space fraction
- :
expired minute ventilation
- :
expired measured minute ventilation
- :
expired predicted minute ventilation
ventilatory ratio.
Authors' Affiliations
- Kallet RH, Alonso JA, Pittet JF, Matthay MA: Prognostic value of the pulmonary dead-space fraction during the first 6 days of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Care 2004, 49: 1008-1014.PubMedGoogle Scholar
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- Cepkova M, Kapur V, Ren X, Quinn T, Zhuo H, Foster E, Liu KD, Matthay MA: Pulmonary dead space fraction and pulmonary artery systolic pressure as early predictors of clinical outcome in acute lung injury. Chest 2007, 132: 836-842. 10.1378/chest.07-0409View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Siddiki H, Kojicic M, Li G, Yilmaz M, Thompson TB, Hubmayr RD, Gajic O: Bedside quantification of dead-space fraction using routine clinical data in patients with acute lung injury: secondary analysis of two prospective trials. Crit Care 2010, 14: R141. 10.1186/cc9206PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Sinha P, Flower O, Soni N: Deadspace ventilation: a waste of breath! Intensive Care Med 2011, 37: 735-746. 10.1007/s00134-011-2194-4View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Badal JJ, Chen KJ, Loeb RG: Measurement of dead space in subjects under general anesthesia using standard anesthesia equipment. Anesth Analg 2011, 112: 375-377. 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182025a9dView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Seeley E, McAuley DF, Eisner M, Miletin M, Matthay MA, Kallet RH: Predictors of mortality in acute lung injury during the era of lung protective ventilation. Thorax 2008, 63: 994-998. 10.1136/thx.2007.093658PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Sinha P, Fauvel NJ, Singh S, Soni N: Ventilatory ratio: a simple bedside measure of ventilation. Br J Anaesth 2009, 102: 692-697. 10.1093/bja/aep054View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Sinha P, Soni N: Comparison of volumetric capnography and mixed expired gas methods to calculate physiological dead space in mechanically ventilated ICU patients. Intensive Care Med 2012, 38: 1712-1717. 10.1007/s00134-012-2670-5View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Fletcher R, Jonson B, Cumming G, Brew J: The concept of deadspace with special reference to the single breath test for carbon dioxide. Br J Anaesth 1981, 53: 77-88. 10.1093/bja/53.1.77View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network The New England Journal of Medicine 2000, 342: 1301-1308.
- Kemper M, Weissman C, Askanazi J, Hyman AI, Kinney JM: Metabolic and respiratory changes during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Chest 1987, 92: 979-983. 10.1378/chest.92.6.979View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Stratton HH, Feustel PJ, Newell JC: Regression of calculated variables in the presence of shared measurement error. J Appl Physiol 1987, 62: 2083-2093.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ravenscraft SA, McArthur CD, Path MJ, Iber C: Components of excess ventilation in patients initiated on mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 1991, 19: 916-925. 10.1097/00003246-199107000-00016View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Radford EP Jr: Ventilation standards for use in artificial respiration. J Appl Physiol 1955, 7: 451-460.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE: APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med 1985, 13: 818-829. 10.1097/00003246-198510000-00009View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ware LB: Prognostic determinants of acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults: impact on clinical trial design. Crit Care Med 2005, 33: S217-222. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000155788.39101.7EView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ferguson ND, Kacmarek RM, Chiche JD, Singh JM, Hallett DC, Mehta S, Stewart TE: Screening of ARDS patients using standardized ventilator settings: influence on enrollment in a clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 2004, 30: 1111-1116. 10.1007/s00134-004-2163-2View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Applied Intelligence
By (author) Robert J. Sternberg James C. Kaufman Elena L. Grigorenko
Format: Paperback
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Applied Intelligence by Robert J. Sternberg
Book DescriptionTypical texts develop students' knowledge while only minimally developing the general skills they will need for success in school and in life. The goal of our text is to assist students in acquiring the most important skills for facing the diverse challenges life presents. The book contains an overview of theories of intelligence, but itself is based in large part on a theory according to which individuals need creative skills to generate new ideas and a vision for the future, analytical skills to make sure that the vision is a good one, and practical skills to execute the ideas and to persuade other people of their value. The book considers key skills in problem solving, logical reasoning, analysis of arguments, knowledge acquisition, creative and practical thinking, automatizing information processing, and avoiding life traps that derail even the most intelligent among us.
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Book DetailsISBN: 9780521711210
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Pages: 432
Imprint: Cambridge University Press
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Publish Date: 3-Mar-2008
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
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Author Biography - Robert J. Sternberg
Robert J. Sternberg is Dean of the School of Arts and Sciences and Professor of Psychology at Tufts University. Prior to being at Tufts, he was IBM Professor of Psychology and Education, Professor of Management in the School of Management, and Director of the Center for the Psychology of Abilities, Competencies, and Expertise at Yale University. This center, now relocated to Tufts, is dedicated to the advancement of theory, research, practice, and policy advancing the notion of intelligence as developing expertise, as a construct that is modifiable and capable, to some extent, of development throughout the lifespan. The Center seeks to have an impact on science, education, and society. Sternberg was the 2003 President of the American Psychological Association and is the 2006-2007 President of the Eastern Psychological Association. He was on the Board of Directors of the American Psychological Association and the Board of Trustees of the APA Insurance Trust. He is currently on the Board of Trustees of the American Psychological Foundation and on the Board of Directors of the Eastern Psychological Association as well as of the American Association of Colleges and Universities. Sternberg received his Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1975 and his B.A. from Yale University. He holds honorary doctorates from eight universities. He is the author of over 1,100 journal articles, chapters, and books. He focuses his research on intelligence, creativity, and wisdom and has studied love and close relationships as well as hate. This research has been conducted on five different continents. James C. Kaufman, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor of Psychology at the California State University at San Bernardino, where he is also the director of the Learning Research Institute. He received his Ph.D. from Yale University in Cognitive Psychology. He is the author/editor of 12 books and more than 110 papers, and has won the Daniel E. Berlyne Award (APA's Division 10) for outstanding research by a junior scholar. He is the co-editor of Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts and the Associate Editor of Journal of Creative Behavior and Korean Journal of Thinking and Problem Solving. Dr. Elena L. Grigorenko received her Ph.D. in general psychology from Moscow State University, Russia, in 1990, and her Ph.D. in developmental psychology and genetics from Yale University in 1996. Currently, Dr. Grigorenko is Associate Professor of Child Studies and Psychology at Yale and Associate Professor of Psychology at Moscow State University. Dr. Grigorenko has published more than 200 peer-reviewed articles, book chapters, and books. She has received awards for her work from five different divisions of the American Psychological Association: the Gardner Lindzey Dissertation Award in General Psychology, Sigmund Koch Early Career Award in Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, Berlyne Early Career Award for Creative Achievement in Psychology of the Arts, Boyd McCandless Early Career Award in Developmental Psychology, and Richard E. Snow Early Career Award in Educational Psychology. In 2004, she won the APA Distinguished Award for an Early Career Contribution to Developmental Psychology. Dr. Grigorenko's research has been funded by NIH, NSF, DOE, Cure Autism Now, the Foundation for Child Development, the American Psychological Foundation, and other federal and private sponsoring organizations.
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Blogs // 1 Articles
Media // 1 Articles
Grand Lake: Blood Sea Dream
14 Feb 2011 // 2:55 PM
Grand Lake won't be fooling anyone with Blood Sea Dream. This is an album clearly "of its time", built from the era's most obvious references. There's also absolutely nothing wrong with that.
Grand Lake - "Louise" MP3 (PopMatters Premiere)
25 Aug 2010 // 12:00 AM
The original take on "Louise" from Oakland's Grand Lake is a rocking tune, while this new interpretation is pastoral and folky, a thorough re-working.


text:
Labour supply,Welfare rankings and the measurement of inequality
No abstract is available for this item.
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|Date of creation:
|Dec 1987
|Contact details of provider:
| Postal: Bonn Graduate School of Economics, University of Bonn, Adenauerallee 24 - 26, 53113 Bonn, Germany
Fax: +49 228 73 6884
Web page: http://www.bgse.uni-bonn.de
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Rees, Ray, 1988. "Taxation and the Household," Munich Reprints in Economics 3411, University of Munich, Department of Economics.
- Manser, Marilyn & Brown, Murray, 1980. "Marriage and Household Decision-Making: A Bargaining Analysis," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 21(1), pages 31-44, February.
- Atkinson, Anthony B., 1970. "On the measurement of inequality," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 2(3), pages 244-263, September.
- Apps, Patricia F. & Rees, Ray, 1988. "Taxation and the household," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 35(3), pages 355-369, April.
- Dale W. Jorgenson & Daniel T. Slesnick, 1984. "Aggregate Consumer Behaviour and the Measurement of Inequality," Review of Economic Studies, Oxford University Press, vol. 51(3), pages 369-392.
- Blundell, Richard & Meghir, Costas & Symons, Elizabeth & Walker, Ian, 1988. "Labour supply specification and the evaluation of tax reforms," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 36(1), pages 23-52, June.
- Chiappori, Pierre-Andre, 1988. "Rational Household Labor Supply," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 56(1), pages 63-90, January.
- Patricia Apps & Glenn Jones, 1986.
"Selective taxation of couples,"
Journal of Economics,
Springer, vol. 46(1), pages 1-15, December.
- Patricia Apps & Glenn Jones, 1986. "Selective taxation of couples," Journal of Economics, Springer, vol. 5(1), pages 1-15, December.
- Kooreman, P. & Kapteyn, A.J., 1984.
"Estimation of rationed and unrationed household labor supply functions using flexible functional forms,"
Research Memorandum
FEW 157, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
- Kooreman, Peter & Kapteyn, Arie, 1986. "Estimation of Rationed and Unrationed Household Labour Supply Functions Using Flexible Functional Forms," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 96(382), pages 398-412, June.
- Thomas Mroz, .
"The Sensitivity of an Empirical Model of Married Women's Hours of Work to Economic and Statistical Assumptions,"
University of Chicago - Population Research Center
84-8, Chicago - Population Research Center.
- Mroz, Thomas A, 1987. "The Sensitivity of an Empirical Model of Married Women's Hours of Work to Economic and Statistical Assumptions," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 55(4), pages 765-799, July.
- McElroy, Marjorie B & Horney, Mary Jean, 1981. "Nash-Bargained Household Decisions: Toward a Generalization of the Theory of Demand," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 22(2), pages 333-49, June.
- Ray, Ranjan, 1982. "Estimating utility consistent labour supply functions : Some results on pooled budget data," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 9(4), pages 389-395.
- Rosen, Harvey S, 1976. "Taxes in a Labor Supply Model with Joint Wage-Hours Determination," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 44(3), pages 485-507, May.
- Deaton, Angus S & Muellbauer, John, 1980. "An Almost Ideal Demand System," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 70(3), pages 312-326, June.
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Peter King says Cardinals should consider drafting a QB. Watch Now
Kent Somers joins Brad Cesmat to discuss the NFL Combine. Watch Now
Brad Cesmat checks in from the NFL Combine in Indianapolis. Watch Now
Brad Cesmat with the latest on the Cardinals. Watch Now
impressive slam dunk by a defensive lineman. Watch Now
Peter Schrager joins Colin Cowherd to talk NFL combine. Watch Now
Charles Davis joins Brad Cesmat's Football AZ. Watch Now
ASU's D.J. Foster joins Brad Cesmat's Football AZ. Watch Now
The former Texas Tech OL has been working hard Watch Now
Dillon will be ready for the 2016 NFL Scouting Combine Watch Now


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Popcorn Foot Glove Socks
- Description
- Returns & Exchanges
Add salt and a little butter to this popping-good look and be the envy of all movie-goers. Don't forget to share. Or not.
Soft and comfortable vibrant prints allover that are guaranteed to never fade or peel. Made of 100% cotton.
Made in China.
Ships in 24 hours


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Contact Us
Get in Touch with True Key
If you have any questions or would like to make a reservation, please contact our staff through our contact form, telephone or e-mail. We will be glad to assist you in any way possible!
If you have any questions about our Resort Management Services, please contact us at the General Inquiries number below.
|General Inquires:
Phone: 1-855-544-2323
Fax: 250-347-2171
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Address: PO Box 571
Suite #2, 7517 Main Street West
Radium Hot Springs, BC, V0A 1M0
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Harrison Beach Hotel
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A portable application can be run from a removable drive (USB flash drive, iPod, portable hard drive, etc) on any Windows computer without installation.
You will carry the program with settings on removable drive and don't modify settings on host computer.
On Vista and above turn off User Account Control (UAC) or run launcher as admin.
A portable application can be run from a removable drive (USB flash drive, iPod, portable hard drive, etc) on any Windows computer without installation.
Free internet calls without installation.
Download Portable Skype Online (0.5 MB) 03/12/15
In first screen enter: 18.104.22.168
Extract and run SkypePortable.
Multi-Users: Edit SkypePortable.ini with User=NameOfNewUser (Default is Skype)
Don't block ads (by hosts): Edit SkypePortable.ini with AdsBlock=false (Default is true)
Don't forget to close in systray when leaving.
Settings of installed Skype should be preserved.
Online translator for all your outgoing messages in Skype without installation.
Download Portable Clownfish Online (0.4 MB) 21/07/15
Extract and run ClownfishPortable.
Language set by launcher according UserDefaultLang (if you don't want: write UserDefaultLang=false in ClownfishPortable.ini).
Settings of installed Clownfish should be preserved.
Libellés : Internet
67 commentaires:
- Akosi Heart said...
can you share the sources?
- 15/10/12 08:55
- Bernat said...
- 15/10/12 12:27
- Charlie said...
can't install skype 188.8.131.52. a message with: Download of skypesetup.msi: URL Parts Error. Can you help me with this. Thank you
- 24/10/12 17:12
- Serj Avede said...
This latest Skype 188.8.131.52 seems to be downloaded by portable installer, but failed to complete successfully.
- 24/10/12 17:13
- Ventiify said...
Can´t install the Verson of 184.108.40.206.
By the install cam a Message of Error "Download of SkypeSetup.msi: URL Parts Error". Can fix the problem?
- 24/10/12 17:40
- Alexandra said...
dear Bernat which version is for Clownfish?
tnks in advance
- 24/10/12 18:31
- Bernat said...
inetc error fixed going back to previous installer.
I think latest Clownfish run in latest Skype.
Clownfish Portable installer updated and no more need to enter version (download latest).
- 24/10/12 19:32
- Aris Tote said...
With 126.96.36.199 the update is possible without problem for Skype : I did !
See You !
- 25/10/12 09:25
- Bernat said...
18.104.22.168 also with fixed installer.
- 25/10/12 10:36
- Nazzal said...
Seems to work fine, can I use the update option in Skype itself to upgrade when they release a new version?
Thanks Bernat
- 26/10/12 09:15
- Bernat said...
Not tested and not recommended.
- 26/10/12 13:24
- Nazzal said...
Thanks for the reply Bernat, I noticed that it doesn't save the password if I tick the option to, second login will go on forever and have to exit from the tray and launch again and then it asks for the password again. Is there a fix?
also how can I contact you for a couple of apps requests?
Your work is much appreciated :)
- 27/10/12 09:33
- Bernat said...
No problem for me to save login and password on first run.
No request accepted.
- 27/10/12 10:35
- Jets said...
Étrangement avec cette version portable il y a un truc impossible a faire: importer ses contacts de msn (alors que fb c'est ok) c'est pourtant le but vu que msn s arrete définitivement en fevrier !
Alors sur skype.com on peu lier nos comptes mais ca ne fait rien dans cette version contrairement à la version installable, étrange pourtant le site propose tjrs la v6..120 ! une idée?
- 8/11/12 00:14
- Bernat said...
Fixed to show importation interface.
Tested with hotmail.
- 8/11/12 16:21
- Jets said...
thx bernat ;)
- 9/11/12 22:58
- Jets said...
Par contre si sous win7/8 l'interface de connexion hotmail/skype est ok, sous XP ce n'est pas le cas je viens de le vérifier alors qu'avec la version classique avec installer c'est ok, il y a peut etre un fix à appliquer pour activer la présence de l'interface de connexion sous 7/8 ET xp...à voir si tu as le temps :)
Merci en tout cas pour ton site =)
- 14/1/13 14:01
- Bernat said...
- 15/1/13 23:19
- Jets said...
alors ca fonctionne sur XP et 7/8 par contre du coup skype génère une erreur (http://uppix.net/e/5/d/88af1c64a46652517f559bd53eb20.jpg) qui se produit quand skype est en "idle" et dans le systray (c'est un problème qui survient aléatoirement et au bout d'un certains temps quand on n'utilise pas skype). Ca le fait sur XP/7 et 8 et j'ai testé cela sur mes 4 PCs et ca se produit systématiquement à un moment ou à un autre (la vraie version n'a pas l'air d'avoir le problème). Si je vois un autre message ou si je trouve le moyen de reproduire le soucis à tout les coups je te tiendrais au courant. a++
- 27/1/13 12:33
- Jets said...
Un nouveau message d'erreur qui vient en fait après une succession de message comme celui du post précédent: http://uppix.net/e/3/5/680d795c668e2332916a708ab01a7.bmp
il en résultat à ce niveau d'un plantage du programme.
- 28/1/13 17:07
- Colin Knight said...
Bernat: Skype is writing this to my registry:-
Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00
[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\IM Providers]
[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\IM Providers\Skype]
Is there any way to stop this please?
- 8/3/13 13:16
- Bernat said...
- 8/3/13 23:05
- Colin Knight said...
Thanks Bernat, working fine now.
- 10/3/13 16:34
- haveanicedaaaaaay said...
How secure is Clownfish's encryption? I have searched the net in an attempt to find out more about this 3rd party plugin but no info is available
Have you looked at creating a portable version of Jitsi (2.0)?
Many thanks
- 28/3/13 05:14
- Bernat said...
I know no more than in Clownfish's FAQ.
- 28/3/13 15:18
- GlacialMan said...
Latest version (18.104.22.168) seems ok; thanks, bye.
- 21/4/13 12:23
- trueboss926 said...
Link doesnt work for me. Does anyone have mirrors, or a link to a dropbox?
- 28/5/13 20:23
- Lanre Seun said...
Hello Barnet, how are you.Please do you know if AV voice changer can work on skype 6.0 and also how do i get to install crownfish on my skype.I really need to be able to change my voice on skype.Is there anyway you can help me please
- 29/9/13 10:09
- Bernat said...
I don't know. Sorry.
- 29/9/13 11:14
- GlacialMan said...
Hi Bernat, Clownfish link is broken; thanks, bye.
- 3/10/13 18:36
- Bernat said...
No problem with JDownloader.
- 3/10/13 20:22
- GlacialMan said...
Yes, even with JD2; bye.
- 4/10/13 05:19
- GlacialMan said...
Clownfish v3.4 seems ok; bye.
- 4/10/13 21:20
- fung victor said...
hi, this is my 1st time encounter the below downloading problem
(dunno it's my network issue or whatelse has went wrong) any idea? thx in adv.
- 21/11/13 02:30
- Bernat said...
No problem for me.
- 21/11/13 02:47
- Alex Looria said...
Sorry, but from this page http://portableappz.blogspot.co.il/search?q=ClownfishPortable it give this page http://rapidshare.com/files/2611873591/Clownfish_Portable_3.xx_Multilinguall_Online.exewhere we can see these " Welcome to nginx!" - and empty page or these " ERROR: Share invalid. (735d42ea)" - Please make something to correct. Thanks
- 23/1/14 11:54
- Bernat said...
Nothing to correct.
Try another browser or JDownloader 2 or take a free account on RapidShare.
- 23/1/14 14:16
- Alex Looria said...
Yes! Thank's I used IE and get it! Alex
- 21/2/14 00:20
- Neo88 said...
How to make Skype to remember language settings, because after restart it always reset to default language settings?
- 13/3/14 21:29
- Bernat said...
Fixed (removed /removable switch to let Skype use registry).
- 14/3/14 01:09
- Neo88 said...
I am not sure what you mean. Skype can't write settings into the registry and that's why it can't save language settings?
- 14/3/14 11:48
- Bernat said...
With /removable switch (commented line 102 in _SkypePortable.nsi) Skype don't use registry but language setting is stored in registry.
- 14/3/14 13:15
- Neo88 said...
What exactly i have to change in _SkypePortable.nsi to make Skype save the language settings? For line 102 i see this:
nsisFirewall::RemoveAuthorizedApplication "$EXEDIR\${APPDIR}\${APPEXE}"
- 14/3/14 13:40
- Bernat said...
You have nothing to do, just download new installer updated when I wrote "Fixed".
- 14/3/14 14:10
- Neo88 said...
OK, thanks. Now it is saving the language settings.
- 14/3/14 14:27
- Oleg Inpu said...
Was using skype portable 4.1. ...
Was forced to install 18.104.22.168 now.
Backed up my older version.
The problem is - upgrade ruins all the message history.
Cant run my old version and new version (with old main.db) starts with ("skype is updating your files"), main.db is reduced from 1.5GB to 450Mb and history is lost.
How can i restore my history in a new version?
Thanks in advance!
- 19/8/14 10:09
- Bernat said...
Sorry, I don't know.
Try in v4 to "mark your conversations as Unread, and they get transfered to another computer when you sign in to it the next time" (source: end of this page.)
- 19/8/14 12:54
- Oleg Inpu said...
Hi again!
After 2 days of different tries I managed to solve the problem.
I installed 6. ... in 4. ... directory, run update, then copied old .db file and updated again.
All the history transported correctly.
- 21/8/14 07:09
- Karsakov78 said...
how to log in with an account microsoft?
- 14/9/14 16:39
- Bernat said...
Fixed: use updated installer.
- 14/9/14 20:49
- GlacialMan said...
Hi Bernat, a new version is available (220.127.116.11), even if not seems, it's the newest, if you try to install, it updates version 220.127.116.11, the contrary is not possible. Bye.
- 20/11/14 19:01
- Bernat said...
- 20/11/14 22:58
- Falling in River Fishing said...
- 22/10/15 04:51
- seiferflo said...
Hi Bernat,
With your Skype version on Windows 10x64 I'm getting the following error message: "One of the library files needed to run the application cannot be found". No issue with Windows 8.1x64. Actually there are other apps not working on windows 10 like VirtualBox (cf. comment)
Any idea what the problem is? thanks for your feedback.
- 22/10/15 12:38
- Bernat said...
Tested working on Windows 10 x64 with latest installer (21/10/15)
- 22/10/15 13:47
- fung victor said...
hi Bernat,
Just make a test on your portable skype with latest 184.108.40.206,
but have error found which said "One of the library files needed to run the application cannot be found"{see below pic}
I'm running in Win7 x64, any fix? Thanks for your help in advance.
- 3/11/15 10:06
- Bernat said...
Did-you use latest installer (21/10/15)?
md5: 6cb0a0ab00053e5a73ef134a00282e55
- 3/11/15 11:22
- fung victor said...
Yes Bernat,
It's the latest installer (21/10/15) the 188.8.131.52, I'd tried 3 times start from new download, extract to new folder, & run as admin....but, finally got the same error as a result (@win7x64). This was the 1st time that I have encountered the problem, & it was without any issue from your previous ver. of skype portable.
By the way, I'll wait for your next release to see if problem persist.
Thanks for your quick reply, help & understanding~
- 5/11/15 02:52
- Bernat said...
Tested working on Windows 7 x64.
Check the content of SkypePortable\App\Skype\Phone\
should be:
Since v7.13 SkypeResources.dll is needed
- 5/11/15 10:36
- Colin Knight said...
With the current installer I can't download anything.
Every time I run it it I get the alert: SkypeSetup_18.104.22.168.msi not found in C:\users\***\Downloads and download: SendRequest Error
It seems to be looking for the full offline installer in my Downloads folder.
Any idea what's going wrong please?
- 7/7/16 16:45
- Bernat said...
Download tested working.
Problem is with your connection.
Try to download SkypeSetup_188.8.131.52.msi in same folder as installer.
- 7/7/16 17:41
- StarBeat HD said...
Hi Bernat!
The third time already I am trying to install Clounfish for Skype, and every time I see an error: Download Clounfish.zip: SendRequest Error.
I take from your website many programs for this I want to say thank you - for your work, but with the installation of this application have a problem.
Maybe with online installer is some problem, or the server broken link?
Help, please.
- 24/8/16 23:20
- Bernat said...
Tested working.
- 24/8/16 23:44
- StarBeat HD said...
Thanks, it works!
- 25/8/16 07:56
- Vagner Dantas said...
Version 4.40?
- 30/1/17 17:53
- Little Boy said...
Hello there Mr.Bernat
Would u please elaborate about how to add new users?
Do i overwrite
or add it so making 2 lines like this:
- 25/2/17 14:54
- Bernat said...
Of course you overwrite.
- 25/2/17 17:15


text:
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|14 nights
Don't over pay! We may not have an ocean view, but you can enjoy all Siesta Key has to offer just blocks from the beach at a great price. In just a short walk, you can enjoy amazing sunsets, watch for dolphin or just relax and unwind on the pristine white powdery sands of the world renown Cresent Beach. Our convenient location is walking distance from anything you need. Grocery Store, Drug Store, Convenience Store, Post Office, Night Life, restaurants and much more are all just blocks away.
We invite you to come enjoy this bright 2BR/2BA condo. Recently updated and tastefully decorated, light-filled end unit with beautiful bamboo flooring, newly, updated and fully stocked kitchen.
The master bedroom features a king sized pillow top bed with fine, soft linens and duel side tables, lamps, new carpet and a TV for your viewing enjoyment.
The guest room offers 2 twin ultra comfy beds with a pull out trundle, new carpet and fine linens.
Relax, read, or enjoy a cool beverage among the tree tops in the quiet and cozy lanai which has been recently tiled, painted and re-screened.
We have everything you need to enjoy your beach vacation right down to beach toys, chairs and towels.
Our complex is clean and well maintained with beautiful grounds filled with lush greenery, nice clubhouse, recently updated pool. Convenient location just south of Stickney Point Bridge. Coin operated laundry is also conveniently located on the premises.
Keywords: Condominium
best ever, in 30 years of being here, this was by far the best. Everything I needed was there...thank you John, will be coming back again
We instantly felt comfortable and at home. I've never slept so well somewhere that wasn't my home until this trip. Everything you need is an understatement. This condo went above and beyond providing absolutely everything. Crescent beach is my new #1 favorite place. I've recommended this listing to everyone that I know.
Thanks Jack and Family!
The Lugo's
Very nice ,clean apartment , lots of towels and extra linens, including beach towels, kitchen had everything you need.
Had a lovely stay for 7 nights, owners even had a scrabble board, we would sit in the lanai in the evening with cocktails and play a game. Very relaxing time, have recommended this place to all my friends.
Our trip to Siesta Key was PERFECT ! The condo was in a great area with restaurants and night life within walking distance . The beach is a stones throw away and is magnificent. The condo was nice and clean with a great pool. Very quiet and peaceful. The listing was accurate and the price was right. Do yourselves a favor and get down there .
Siesta Key is one of the best locations in all of Florida. Magnificent sunsets, PERFECT beaches, fantastic weather, and an extremely fun easy going atmosphere in the village and surrounding Sarasota area. My wife and I (both <35)went down in Spring '13 for a much needed getaway.
While down there we could not have had a better time, doing everything and going everywhere. Including multiple bars/restaurants with a FREE taxi ride into the village, kayak excursions in the mangroves, seashell/sharktooth diving, para-sailing, exploring the amazing landscapes, checking out the awe-inspiring mansions, and of course soaking up the sun.
This particular condo, was the perfect fit for our time enjoying the heavenly escape. We went into the search not looking to spent outrageous amounts on rent (easily possible in the area) but not be a mile from everything. This condo is on the 2nd floor(wife's preference), well decorated, very clean, could sleep a large amount of people, had a nice layout, a nice lanai AND there was a 7Eleven and strip mall a few hundred ft away that had anything we needed quickly.
Two of the nights we wanted to go into the village (maybe 3 miles away?) for the sunset on the point, dinner, then some drinks afterwords, and there was an a electric car that provided a tips only service which was excellent. The village had a great mix of bars everything from crazy springbreak college filled bars, to everyday karaoke bars, to relaxing tropical bars to quiet upscale restaurants.
Captain Curt's is a staple of the area and most of the gulf area, providing superb clam chowder as well as a back bar that gets rowdy later on at night. The Tiki Bar next door to Captain Curt's is a great spot to enjoy the weather and people; we actually ran into some other Chicagoans. Both bars were a very easy walk- just beyond the strip mall.
The Vista Hermosa condo community was full of nice welcoming people, but it is also not a college-spring-break-party-area. The pool was a bit small, but it had a nice 8ft side which I loved, there were community grills ready for use, two full shuffleboard courts, covered parking, Very well-manicured grounds.
There is also the most grandiose, breath-taking mansions that is situated along one of the beach access points that you must see.
Sorry for the long winded review, but I can't say enough about this area and this condo. The owners were from Chicago and very nice and helpful. I can't thank them enough for the opportunity.
|Rate Period
|Weekend Night
Winter Season 2017
Jan 1 2017 - May 31 2017
14 night minimum stay
Summer Season
Jun 1 2017 - Nov 30 2017
14 night minimum stay
Winter Season 2018
Dec 1 2017 - May 31 2018
14 night minimum stay
Summer Season 2018
Jun 1 2018 - Nov 30 2018
14 night minimum stay
My Standard Rate
14 night minimum stay
|Cleaning Fee
|Refundable damage deposit
Contracts to be sent via email. Contact owner !


text:
The Media and publicity secretary to President Muhammadu Buhari, Garba Shehu have released a rebuttal against a malicious publication by the UK Telegraph over an editorial it published, on Wednesday, condemning President Muhammadu Buhari of using aid money from the British government to witch-hunt political enemies.
According to Mr. Garba, "Our attention has been drawn to a piece published in your paper, by one Con Coughlin, identified as your Defense Editor, and titled, 'Nigeria using UK aid to persecute president's political foes rather to fight Boko Haram.' The piece is not only full of factual inaccuracies, it also betrays a shocking level of ignorance of Nigeria and the country's ongoing war against terrorism.
"Mr. Coughlin's editorial tactic is to quote unnamed 'senior officials' and 'Western diplomats' and 'Western officials' and 'political opponents' making fact-free and unfounded statements. It also appears that he sought out only those opinions which suited and reinforced his disgracefully false headline. Nowhere in the piece is there anything that suggests he attempted to contact the Nigerian government for its own side of the story.
"Coughlin writes that American officials are also angry that $2.1 billion of aid given to the Nigerian military to tackle Boko Haram has not been properly accounted for. It does not occur to him that the $2.1 billion he refers to was budgeted for and wholly spent by the government that President Buhari and his party defeated in the March 2015 presidential elections, and that one of President Buhari's priorities has been investigating the misuse of those funds. It also does not appear to occur to Mr. Coughlin that the political opponents he is falsely accusing President Buhari of targeting and persecuting are actually on trial on account of how they spent the $2.1 billion in question.
"Mr. Coughlin is equally unaware of the fact that the investigating panel set up by Mr. Buhari to probe the $2.1 billion recently published a preliminary report that confirmed that much of that money was indeed looted or mis-spent by the accused persons, and that the government has started to recover the funds. Coughlin accuses President Buhari's government of attempting to cover-up the abductions of 400 women and children abducted last year by militants from the Nigerian town of Damasak. This is absolutely untrue. The Damasak abductions he's referring to, which were recently widely reported, took place, not last year as he says, but in late 2014, well before Mr. Buhari was elected President of Nigeria. (And, by the way, Mr Buhari came to power on May 29, 2015, not July, as Coughlin reports).
"Mr Coughlin needs a refresher course on responsible journalism as much as he needs a crash course on Nigeria. Until he submits himself to these, we're afraid he will continue to embarrass not only himself, but also the revered British media institution that is the Telegraph."


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News & Politics
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Analysis and debate on the week in politics.
September 26th, 2015
Episode 116 of 265 episodes
Insiders 27/09/2015
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