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The Stanford-Johns Hopkins Research Hub intends to gain a deeper understanding of molecular pathways to enhance the efficiency of nuclear reprogramming, to ensure the function and safety of induced pluripotentlal cells (iPSCs), to provide robust protocols for differentiation and purification of hematopoietic and endothelial lineages, and to guide pioneering work in pre-clinical studies of safety and efficacy. The Hopkins group proposes three research projects. PROJECT 1 (S. Baylin) proposes to characterize epigenetic events mediated by DNMT occuring during reprogramming to the stem cell fate and to manipulate these events to enhance reprogramming and avoid transformation. PROJECT 2 (E. Zambidis) proposes to characterize the human hemangioblast, taking advantage of the novel finding that this bipotent progenitor is expresses ACE, to manipulate ACE signaling to favor emergence of adult HSC, to utilize novel marrow stromal signals to favor emergence of adult HSC, and to determine the role of novel miRNAs identified as hemangioblast or HSC-specific in directing HSC specification. This project will also combine knowledge gained throughout our Hub and the Consortium to optimally generate and pre-clinically evaluate human IPSO and adult HSC. PROJECT 3 (A. Friedman) will identify the mechanisms allowing HSC specification by Runxl, a master transcriptional regulator of adult HSC emergence from hemogenic endothelium. The role of Runxl isoforms, Runxl phopshorylation, Runxl interaction with HDACs or Ets factors, and Runxl cooperation with Notch, Wnt, or BMP signaling will be evaluated. Identification of relevant Runxl genetic targets using global RNA expression and ChiP-chip or ChlP-Seq approaches will be undertaken, and expression analyses will seek novel regulators, expressed in HSC but not the hemangioblast. CORE activities conducted in collaboration with our Stanford colleagues will include epigenetic comparison of IPSC to cancer cells and to hESC (S. Baylin) and bioinformatics analysis of epigenetic, RNA expression, and ChIP data (L. Cope). We anticipate that these efforts will lead to basic insights in developmental biology and to novel, translational applications for hematologic and vascular disorders.
|Park, Tea Soon; Bhutto, Imran; Zimmerlin, Ludovic et al. (2014) Vascular progenitors from cord blood-derived induced pluripotent stem cells possess augmented capacity for regenerating ischemic retinal vasculature. Circulation 129:359-72
|Park, Tea Soon; Donnenberg, Vera S; Donnenberg, Albert D et al. (2014) Dynamic Interactions Between Cancer Stem Cells And Their Stromal Partners. Curr Pathobiol Rep 2:41-52
|Panicker, Leelamma M; Miller, Diana; Awad, Ola et al. (2014) Gaucher iPSC-derived macrophages produce elevated levels of inflammatory mediators and serve as a new platform for therapeutic development. Stem Cells 32:2338-49
|Ma, Ou; Hong, SunHwa; Guo, Hong et al. (2014) Granulopoiesis requires increased C/EBP? compared to monopoiesis, correlated with elevated Cebpa in immature G-CSF receptor versus M-CSF receptor expressing cells. PLoS One 9:e95784
|Easwaran, Hariharan; Tsai, Hsing-Chen; Baylin, Stephen B (2014) Cancer epigenetics: tumor heterogeneity, plasticity of stem-like states, and drug resistance. Mol Cell 54:716-27
|Guo, Hong; Ma, Ou; Friedman, Alan D (2014) The Cebpa +37-kb enhancer directs transgene expression to myeloid progenitors and to long-term hematopoietic stem cells. J Leukoc Biol 96:419-26
|Zhong, Xiufeng; Gutierrez, Christian; Xue, Tian et al. (2014) Generation of three-dimensional retinal tissue with functional photoreceptors from human iPSCs. Nat Commun 5:4047
|Gorospe, Giann; Zhu, Renjun; Millrod, Michal A et al. (2014) Automated grouping of action potentials of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 61:2389-95
|Zimmerlin, Ludovic; Park, Tea Soon; Zambidis, Elias T et al. (2013) Mesenchymal stem cell secretome and regenerative therapy after cancer. Biochimie 95:2235-45
|Rufaihah, Abdul Jalil; Huang, Ngan F; Kim, Jeanna et al. (2013) Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells exhibit functional heterogeneity. Am J Transl Res 5:21-35
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 25, 1988
|Filing date
|Mar 5, 1987
|Priority date
|Jun 13, 1986
|Fee status
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|Thomas F. Bernecki, Kevin J. Varley, William P. Rusch, Janusz Wlodarczyk, John F. Klein
|Original Assignee
|The Perkin-Elmer Corporation
|Export Citation
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|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (81), Classifications (20), Legal Events (9)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 874,209 filed June 13, 1986 now abandoned. This invention relates to a plasma gun including an axially adjustable cathode and to a method of adjusting the cathode to maintain a predetermined arc voltage for plasma generation.
Plasma guns are utilized for such purposes as thermal spraying which involves the heat softening of a heat fusible material, such as a metal or ceramic, and propelling the softened material in particulate form against a surface to be coated. The heated particles strike the surface and bond thereto. The heat fusible material is typically supplied to the plasma spray gun in the form of powder that is generally below 100 mesh U.S. standard screen size to about 5 microns.
In typical plasma systems an electric arc is created between a water cooled nozzle (anode) and a centrally located cathode. An inert gas passes through the electric arc and is excited thereby to temperatures of up to 15,000 degrees Centigrade. The plasma of at least partially ionized gas issuing from the nozzle resembles an open oxy-acetylene flame.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,960,594 (Thorpe) discloses a basic type of plasma gun. FIG. 1 thereof shows a rod shaped cathode 28 and an anode nozzle 32. The cathode is located coaxially in spaced relationship with the anode nozzle operable to maintain a plasma generating arc between the cathode tip and the anode nozzle. Plasma-forming gas is introduced into an annular space 40 (Thorpe, FIG. 1) surrounding the cathode. This basic structure (without the adjustable cathode or interelectrode segments discussed below) is the type used commercially for such applications as plasma spraying.
Thorpe also depicts in FIG. 1 thereof the mounting of the cathode onto an electrode holder 3 which is threaded into the body of the gun so as to provide adjustment of the position of the cathode. As indicated at column 6, lines 17-24, initial striking of the arc is achieved by screwing the electrode body toward the nozzle and retracting it. An alternative method taught for starting the arc is by providing a high frequency source of current. After the arc is struck the same may be "suitably adjusted" by screwing electrode holder 3. It is also indicated that the tip of the electrode may be positioned at a distance away from the entrance of the nozzle. (Column 6, lines 64-66.) However, the "distance" is limited to relatively small variations, and there is no teaching or suggestion in Thorpe of what position of the cathode is suitable or how to determine such a position.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,627,965 (Zweig) similarly shows a plasma gun with a threaded cathode holder (FIG. 4) and suggests it may be used to alter the arcing gap. Zweig gives no further enlightenment as to the use of the threaded holder.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,242,305 (Kane et al.) discloses a retract starting torch in which starting of the arc is accomplished by a spring urging an electrode against the nozzle. Retraction to a fixed operating position is effected by the fluid pressure of the cooling water.
Zweig also teaches feeding powder inside the gun for spraying. It is well known in the art that such internal feed results in buildup of melted powder inside the nozzle bore. Therefore the conventional powder feeding method which avoids buildup is accomplished by feeding the powder into the flame near or outside the nozzle exit as illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,145,287 (Siebein et al.) and 4,445,021 (Irons et al.). This location results in reduced uniformity and effectiveness in heating the powder.
A plurality of electrically isolated interelectrode segments is disclosed in U.S. Pat, No. 3,953,705 (Painter). With reference to the Painter figures these tubular segments are positioned between a nozzle assembly 8 and a rear, fixed electrode 12 of a tubular type, it being generally desirable to have the rear electrode serve as the anode. (Column 8, lines 47-57.) Starting is achieved by application of 20,000 volts which is further increased until the arc occurs. Thus the plasma gun of Painter is for a generally different mode of operation than that of the Thorpe type of plasma gun which has the nozzle as the anode and operates at up to only about 150 volts (Table III of Thorpe). In the low voltage mode the current is high, i.e. of the order of hundreds of amperes, and factors such as arc length and gas type and gas flow establish the operating arc voltage.
As indicated above and illustrated in the above-mentioned patents, the plasma-forming gas is generally introduced into the vicinity of the upstream electrode. Further gas may be injected at at least one point downstream such as is shown in Painter. Other references which show a construction for injecting a second flow of gas are U.S. Pat. Nos. Re. 25,088 (Ducati et al.) and 4,570,048 (Poole). Each of these references shows a fixed cathode.
Plasma guns generally are capable of operating on an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen as the primary plasma gas. For argon the gas is introduced into the chamber near the cathode through one or more orifices with a tangential component to cause a vortical flow to the plasma. The reason is that, without the vortex, the arc is not carried far enough down the nozzle, resulting in low voltage and low thermal efficiency. On the other hand, radial input is generally selected for nitrogen because a vortex tends to extend the nitrogen arc a long distance down the bore of the nozzle causing difficulty in starting the arc.
However, without a vortex for nitrogen, the voltage and efficiency are low. Therefore, an additive gas such as hydrogen is combined with the nitrogen, having the effect of improving these factors. When argon is used, even with a vortex, the efficiency is undesirably low. Hydrogen is again added where possible, but that gas is often considered undesirable as it may cause brittleness in the sprayed coating. Helium is an alternative additive gas but is expensive and less effective.
In view of the foregoing, an object of the present invention is to provide a novel plasma generating system and a novel method for maintaining a predetermined arc voltage without the use of an additive gas to the plasma-forming gas.
Another object is to provide an improved plasma spray gun including a novel powder injector.
A further object is to provide a novel metod for accurately controlling arc length and voltage at efficient levels in a plasma gun.
These and still further objects will become apparent from the following description read in conjunction with the drawings.
The foregoing objects are achieved by a plasma-generating system which comprises a plasma gun that includes a hollow cylindrical anode member, a hollow cylindrical intermediate member electrically isolated from and juxtaposed coaxially with the anode member to form a plasma-forming gas passage through the intermediate member and the anode member, and an axially movable rod-shaped cathode member with an anterior cathode tip. The cathode member is located generally in the plasma-forming gas passage coaxially in spaced relationship with the anode member operable to maintain a plasma generating arc between the cathode tip and the anode member. The plasma generating system further comprises primary gas means including a primary gas inlet for introducing plasma-forming gas into the plasma-forming gas passage rearwardly of the cathode tip, a source of arc power connected between the anode nozzle and the cathode member, and positioning means for continually adjusting the axial position of the cathode tip relative to the anode nozzle so as to maintain a predetermined arc voltage.
In a preferred embodiment the intermediate member comprises a plurality of tubular segments and insulator assemblies for spacing the segments. The insulator assemblies include a plurality of resilient spacing rings held in compression in the gun. A ceramic barrier ring is juxtaposed loosely between adjacent segments radially inward of each spacer ring to block the spacing ring from radiation from the arc. The slots between adjacent segments have meanders therein to block arc radiation from impinging directly on the ceramic barrier ring.
FIG. 1, comprising FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b) is a longitudinal sectional view of a plasma gun incorporating the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a transverse sectional view in the direction of the arrows along the line 2--2 in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3, comprising FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b), is a longitudinal sectional view of a plasma gun incorporating further embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a transverse sectional view in the direction of the arrows along the line 4--4 in FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a longitudinal section of a nozzle with a powder injection port.
FIG. 6 is a longitudinal sectional view of a nozzle with a powder feeding assembly incorporating the present invention.
An embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 1 which shows a plasma gun generally at 10. There are broadly three component assemblies, namely a gun body assembly 12, a nozzle assembly 14 including a tubular nozzle 16, and a cathode assembly 18. Gun body assembly 12 includes a generally tubular segment 24D adjacent the nozzle assembly, segment 24D constituting an anode. The cathode assembly includes a cathode member 20 that is located coaxially in spaced relationship with anode segment 24D such as to maintain a plasma generating arc between the cathode tip 22 and the anode in the presence of a stream of plasma-forming gas and a DC voltage. An arc power source is shown sceematically at 23. The anode and cathode are of conventional materials such as copper and tungsten respectively.
Gun body assembly 12 constitutes the central portion of the gun, excluding cathode member 20. Assembly 12 includes at least one, and preferably three, four or five generally tubular segments FIG. 1 shows three such segments 24A, 24B, 24C and similar anode segment 24D (designated collectively herein as 24) that are stacked to form assembly 12. Segments 24A, 24B, 24C define an intermediate member 26 which excluded anode 24D and contains the rear portion of a plasma-forming gas passage 28 extending therethrough for the arc and its associated plasma stream. (The letters A, B, C and D used with component numbers herein indicate, respectively, the rear, rear-central, forward-central and forward component. Also, as used herein and in the claims, the terms "anterior", "forward" and terms derived therefrom or synonymous or analogous thereto, have reference to the end from which the plasma flame issues from the gun; similarly "posterior", "rearward", etc., denote the opposite location.) Segments 24 are preferably made of copper or the like.
The segments 24 are electrically isolated from each other by respective dish shaped insulators 30A, 30B, 30C, each having a circular opening axially therein. The inner rim of each insulator is sandwiched between adjacent segments. An insulator 30D of similar shape fits on the forward end of anode segment 24D. The four stacked insulators form an insulating member 30. These plus a rear body member 32 and a forwardly located washer-shaped retainer 34 are held together with three bolts 36 (only one such bolt is shown in FIG. 1). The bolted outer rim portions 38A, 38B, 38C, 38D of insulators 30 thus establish the rigidity of the gun body.
For fluid cooling each of the segments 24 has an annular channel 40 therein formed by a forward rim 42 and a rear rim 44 bounding the annular channel in the middle of each segment. One such rim, i.e. the forward rim 42 in each segment in the present example, is of lesser diameter than the other rim 44. A containment ring 46 is brazed to the outer surface of the forward rim 42 and against the forward facing surface of the other rim 44, and fits inside of dish shaped insulators 30, thus enclosing annular channel 40 for coolant, typically water. O-ring seals 51 are appropriately placed between successive segment rims 42, 44, rings 46 and dish shaped insulators 30 to retain the coolant. Conventional connections (not shown) for supplying and removing coolant are made with annular channels 40.
Nozzle assembly 14 comprises nozzle 16 having a nozzle bore 53 therethrough and is held with three insulated screws 55 (one shown in FIG. 1) to retainer 34 on the forward part of gun body assembly 12. The nozzle bore is aligned coaxially with the rear portion 28 of the gas passage in the gun body assembly to form the full length of plasma-forming gas passage 28, 63, 63 from the rear body member through to the anterior exit of the nozzle bore. The nozzle, also made of copper or the like, is electrically isolated from gun assembly 12 including the stacked segments 24. This isolation is accomplished with forward dish-shaped insulator 30D.
Annular channeling 57 is provided in nozzle 16 for coolant. Coolant ducting in and out of the channeling as well as for the annular channels in the stacked segments is provided in any convenient and conventional manner (not shown).
The configuration and diameters of nozzle bore 53 are as known or desired for the purpose such as plasma spraying. In an embodiment described in detail below the bore is enlarged to contain a powder feeding assembly. The diameter of the connecting passage 63 in the forward (anode) segment 24D may diverge from the desired diameter of rear passage 28 in the other segments in order to match the diameter of nozzle bore 53.
Cathode assembly 18 including cathode member 20 is generally cylindrical, and the assembly is attached rearward of intermediate member 26 coaxially therewith. A mounting member 48 has a flange 50 which is held to the rear-facing surface of rear body member 32 by three circumferentially spaced screws (one shown at 54). Member 32 is formed of rigid insulating material such as machinable alumina. A tubular support member 56 is affixed within mounting member 48 and extends rearward therefrom. The forward part of support member 56 has a flange 58 which sets into a corresponding depression in the rear-facing surface of rear body member 32, thus positioning support member 56 coaxially within gun body assembly 12.
Rear body member 32 has a lateral gas duct 62 therein for receiving plasma forming gas from a source 64 of pressurized gas such as argon or nitrogen. The duct leads to an annular manifold 66 in the outer circumference of a gas distribution ring 68 situated around the perimeter of an annular gas inlet region 70 or plenum that constitutes the posterior end of plasma gas passage 28, 63, 53. Gas distribution ring 68 contains one or more gas inlet orifices 72 (two shown) leading from annular manifold 66 into inlet region 70. The orifices may be radial (as shown) as typically required for nitrogen gas, or may have a tangential component to form a vortical flow in passage 28, 63, 53 in the manner desired for argon gas. There may be a combination of radial and tangential orifices, and at least one orifice may have a forward axial slant. Alternatively, ring 68 may be formed of porous material so as to diffuse the gas into region 70. Gas distribution ring 68 is replaceable so that different plasma-forming gases or arc conditions may be chosen.
Returning to cathode assembly 18, cathode member 20 is shaped as a rod with anterior cathode tip 22 from which the arc extends forwardly to anode segment 24D. The cathode member is approximately the length of the portion of gas passage 28 that is enclosed by the three other segments 24A, 24B, 24C. The posterior (rearward) end of the cathode member may be formed as a tapered base 71 and is attached by threading 73 coaxially to the anterior (forward) end of a cathode support rod 74 slidably mounted in support member 56. Support rod 74 is free to move axially to locate cathode tip 22 within a range between a maximum extended position 78 (shown by dotted lines) near the posterior end of anode segment 24D and a maximum retracted position proximate the gas inlet chamber. It will be appreciated that the specific range will be as required for the operation that is described below. In FIG. 1 cathode tip 22 is set for a possible operating condition between the maxima.
Coolant for cathode member 20 is provided by coaxial channels in the conventional manner. An axial duct 8 extends from the rear of support rod 74 into cathode member 20 to a point near cathode tip 22. A long tube 82 is positioned axially in duct 80 forming duct 80 into an annular duct. Connecting pipes (not shown) for coolant flow in and out are made to tube 82 and duct 80.
As indicated in FIG. 1 respective annular slots 86A, 86B, 86C, 86D are formed between each adjacent pair of segments 24 and between anode segment 24D and nozzle 16, the slot being bounded outwardly by the inner surface 88 of each corresponding dish shaped insulator 30. An intense arc is generated in the passage 28, between cathode tip 22 and anode 24D. The slots, with a width preferably between about 0.5mm and 3mm, serve to isolate insulators 30 from the degrading effects of the radiation and heat from the arc and plasma. To further protect the insulators a radial meander 90 is formed in each such slot 86. This is achieved in the embodiment of FIG. 1 by having in each slot 86A, 86B, 86C an annular shoulder or ridge on the face of one segment encircling the continuous gas passage and a corresponding annular shoulder or depression in the surface of the facing segment. The ridge and depression create the radial meander 90 which inhibits arc radiation. A similar meander 90D is provided in slot 86D between forward segment 24D and nozzle 16. However, a different configuration for a slot 86C may exist between forward segment 24D and forward-central segment 24C as described immediately below.
In a preferred embodiment a second supply of plasma forming gas 96 is introduced into a lateral secondary gas duct 90 forward of the primary gas inlet at manifold 66. As depicted in FIG. 2 this secondary supply is preferably introduced through a plurality of tangential orifices 100 located in the rearward rim 42D of forward segment 24D. Most preferably tangential orifices 100 are oriented such that the extended axes of the orifices are substantially tangential to a coaxial circle of diameter equal to that of the bore of the anode segment 24D in the average location where the arc strikes the anode. For example, the nearest separation S (FIG. 2) between the axis and the circle should be less than about 10 percent of the diameter of the circle. That orientation was discovered to be most effective in rotating the arc root at the anode.
An annular groove in rearward rim 44D of segment 24D in conjunction with a close fitting ring 14 brazed to the rim 14D encloses a forward annular manifold 106 for the gas. Duct 98 connects between this manifold and external source 96 of secondary gas.
Typically the primary and secondary gas sources 64, 96 supply the same type of gas but they may have independent flow controls. It is also possible, where desired, to utilize different gases such as argon for the primary gas and nitrogen for the secondary gas.
For the operation of movable cathode member 20, support rod 74 may be moved axially by any known or desired method, including manually, but preferably by mechanical means such as pneumatically, or with an electrical motor.
In the embodiment of FIG. 1 support rod 74 is moved and positioned pneumatically. A piston 108 is affixed to the approximate axial midpoint of the support rod concentrically thereto. The piston slides axially within an elongated cylinder 110 that is threaded into the rear end of the mounting member 48. The available length of the cylinder is sufficient for the piston to carry the support rod and cathode the desired range of distance. The maximum extended position (forwardly; shown at 78 for the cathode) is established by support member 56 and a forward stop 112 which contact respectively a central flange 114 on support rod 74 and piston 108. The maximum retracted position (rearwardly) is established by a rear stop 116 which contacts piston 108, and by end piece 124 which contacts a bumper ring 117.
An anterior chamber 118 is formed in cylinder 110 between piston 108 and support member 56. A first pair of O-rings 120 in support member 56 seal the anterior chamber and provide a guide for support rod 74. A posterior chamber 122 is formed in the cylinder between he piston and end piece 124 screwed onto and closing the posterior end of the cylinder. The end piece slidingly engages the support rod with a second pair of O-rings 126 that seal the posterior chamber and further guide the support rod. A third pair of O-ring seals on the piston slide along the cylinder wall and provide pneumatic sealing between the chambers 118, 122. Further O-rings (not numbered) are strategically located to maintain pressurization of the chambers.
A forward gas pipe 130 communicates with anterior chamber 118, through mounting member 48, and a rear gas pipe 134 communicates with posterior chamber 22 through end piece 124. The forward and rear gas pipes are connected to a source Of pressurized gas 138, desirably compressed air, through first and second solenoid supply valves 140, 142 respectively. First and second solenoid venting valves 144, 146 are also connected to the forward and rear gas pipes respectively to provide selective venting of anterior and posterior chambers 118, 122 to atmosphere.
In operation, to move cathode member 20 rearwardly valve 140 is opened to allow compressed air to be forced into anterior chamber 118 and, simultaneously, valve 146 is opened to vent posterior chamber 122. To stop, valve 140 is closed. Similarly, to move cathode member 20 forwardly valve 1 is opened (with valve 146 closed) to enter compressed air into posterior chamber 1 and, simultaneously, valve 14 is opened to vent anterior chamber 118. Desirably the first supply and venting valves 140, 144 are combined mechanically or electrically (not shown), as are the second supply and venting valves 142, 146, such that posterior chamber 122 is automatically vented when the first valve 140 is closed and the anterior chamber 118 is automatically vented when the second valve 142 is closed.
FIG. 3, comprising FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b), shows, a further embodiment of a plasma gun utilizing an electric motor and other features according to the present invention. Many of the features are quite similar to those of FIG. 1 as described above. Certain differences will become apparent from the following description.
An intermediate member 226 is formed of four tubular segments 224A, 224B, 224C, 224D which are stacked between insulating spacing rings 230B, 230C, 230D and closely fitted into an insulator tube 231 which is held in a metallic outer sleeve 211 which, in turn, is retained in a gun body 212. A similar ring 230A is engaged on the rearward side of rear segment 224A. The insulator tube is formed, for example, of glass filled DelrinTM The rims 242, 244 of segments 224 have O-ring seals (not numbered) in the circumference to seal annular channels 240 in segments 224 against insulator tube 231. Coolant to annular channels 240 is supplied through channeling in insulator tube 231, the channeling comprising a longitudinal duct 404 in outer sleeve 211 and a lateral duct 402 leading between duct 404 and each annular channel 240. Coolant is removed from channels 240 through a second set of lateral ducts 402' diametrically opposite first ducts 402, thence through a second longitudinal duct 412 in sleeve 211 to a large hose fitting 406.
Spacing rings 230 are formed of a resilient material such as polyamide plastic and each is juxtaposed between adjacent segments 224 for spacing the segments. Each spacing ring is held in compression between segments. Thermal barrier rings 233 formed of a ceramic material such as boron nitride that is resistant to radiation of the arc are juxtaposed one each between each pair of adjacent segments radially inward of the corresponding spacing ring 230, which also supports the corresponding barrier ring 233. The barrier ring thus further protects the plastic spacing ring from the degrading effects of the radiation, in addition to a meander 290 in the corresponding slot (as described with respect to FIG. 1).
A spacing ring 230E of similar resilient material is held between forward segment 224E which, with the nozzle member, forms the anode structure, and adjacent segment 224D. Spacing ring 230E has a radially inward surface with a step 235 therein. A corresponding barrier ring 233E has a radially outward surface with a second step therein meshed with the first step. The purpose is to provide a path length along the meshing steps that is sufficient to resist electrical breakdown between the adjacent segments in the presence of the high frequency starting voltage. Also, it is desirable that each pair of rims 242, 244 be slightly unequal, for example 0.005 to 0.010 inches different, in diameter to prevent possible line-of-sight arcing.
Each barrier ring 233 has a width that is slightly but sufficiently less than the space in which the ring is situated between adjacent segments for freedom to float and compensate for unrestricted thermal expansion of the segments during operation of the plasma gun, without encountering stresses that may fracture the ring. Also the width is sufficiently large to block the spacing ring from radiation from the arc, preferably wider than the spacing rings 230 as shown in FIG. 3.
An anode nozzle 216 is held in the forward end of gun body 212 by a retainer ring 241 fastened to the front of the gun body with threading 243. As in the embodiment of FIG. 1, a nozzle bore 253 and a rear portion 228 of the gas passage through the stacked segments 224 form the plasma-forming gas passage. Arc current is conducted from anode 216 through forward segment 224E and gun body 212 to a conventional current connector 408.
Nozzle 216 has an annular coolant channel 410 therein, similar to those annular channels 240 in segments 224. An irregularly shaped portion 411 of segment 224E directs flow of coolant to the nozzle wall. Screws (one shown at 412) affix forward segment 224E and gun body 211 to outer sleeve 211. Coolant is fed to channel 410 from longitudinal duct 404 which communicates with a conventional connector 408 attached to gun body 212 for a coolant-carrying power cable which carries coolant as well as the anode current.
Continuing with FIG. 3, rearward of the stacked segments 224 an elongated gas distribution ring 268 is spaced axially from the rearward segment 224A by a barrier ring 233A that is similar to the other of rings 233 situated between segments. The forward part of distribution ring 268 has at least one gas inlet orifice 272 fed by a supply of gas via an annular manifold 266 and a laterally directed gas duct (not shown, the gas supply being similar to that in FIG. 1).
Similarly a second supply of plasma forming gas may be introduced through a passage (not shown) in outer sleeve 211 to an outer manifold 297 outward of forward segment 224D, thence through a plurality of outer orifices 298 in segment 224E to an inner manifold 299 that is adjacent nozzle 216, and inner orifices 300 in nozzle 216 for introducing the second gas into the forward part of gas passage 228 as described for FIG. 1.
A cathode assembly 218 of FIG. 3 includes a rod-shaped cathode member 220 which has an anterior tip 222 and is attached at its posterior end to a cathode support rod 274. The support rod is slidably mounted in elongated distribution ring 268 which serves as a support member to guide the support rod in its axial path.
At the rear end of support rod 274 a plastic cylinder 308 of such a material as DelrinTM is fitted by means of an axial protrusion 374 pressed into a hole in the end of support rod 274 and held with a pin 375. Plastic cylinder 308 rides in an elongated hollow cylinder 310 that is attached axially to the rear of gun body 212 by means of a retaining flange 376 that is held with a large retaining ring 378 onto body 212 with a threaded connection 379. Plastic cylinder 308 provides a self-lubricated guide in hollow cylinder 310 and support for the rear of support rod 274. Flange 376 also retains the components in the gun body including holding the spacing rings 230 between segments 224 in compression, in cooperation with forward segment 224E. Positioning rings 377, 377' aid in positioning components in body 212.
To provide an arc current connection for cathode member 220 and coolant to the gun, a connector block 380 is mounted on support rod 274 near its rear end. This is shown further in FIG. 4 which is a cross section of the gun taken at the location of block 380. Support rod 274 fits closely through a cylindrical aperture extending through the block.
A nut 382 threaded on the support rod between plastic cylinder 372 and block 380 holds the block against a contact flange 384 on support rod 274. The contact surfaces of the nut, flange and rod with the block provide an arc current path to the cathode. The block extends laterally from the support rod through a slot 385 in hollow cylinder 310 to where a second conventional connector 386 for a coolant-carrying power cable is made at the distal end of the block. A second slot 385' in cylinder 310 diametrically opposite the first also accommodates the block.
Lateral coolant duct 388 leads through the block from cable connector 386 to an annular duct 390 formed between support rod 274 and block 380. A short channel 392 leads to the cehter of support rod 274 where an axial duct 280 leads coolant to near the cathode tip 222. As in the embodiment of FIG. 1 a long tube 282 provides inlet and outlet channeling for the coolant.
A second annular duct 394 located between block 380 and support rod 274 connects axial duct 288 through a second short channel 396 to a small hose fitting 414. The two adjacent annular ducts 390, 394 are sealingly separated and enclosed by three O-rings 416. A second small hose fitting 418 is mounted in the rear of flange 376 and communicates through two fluid orifices 420, 421 with the anode power/coolant connector 408 on the gun body. A flexible hose (shown schematically at 422) attaches between the two small hose fittings 414, 418. Thus coolant for cathode 222 is tapped from the inlet at connector 408 through flexible hose 422 and into long tube 282 in the cathode support rod 274 and cathode member 220. Outlet coolant from the outside of tube 282 passes to lateral duct 388 and on to cable connector 286.
A second large hose fitting 424 extends rearwardly from block 380 and communicates forwardly with lateral duct 388. A large diameter flexible hose (shown schematically at 425) attaches between the first and second large hose fittings 406, 424 and passes coolant from nozzle 216 and segments 224 to block 380 and thus out through cable connector 386.
Coolant is also directed through ducts (partially shown) to an annular region 428 formed in the central portion of gas distribution ring to cool the ring.
Returning to connector block 380, being mounted rigidly on cathode support rod 274 it is moved axially therewith as the cathode member 220 is being positioned. The slots 385, 385' in cylinder 310 are elongated sufficiently to accommodate this movement.
The width W of block 386 is slightly less than the inside diameter of cylinder 310 (FIG. 4). The slots 385, 385' are close fitting to the clock on both sides to prevent the block from rotating. The flexible hoses 422, 425 for coolant between fittings 406, 414, 418, 424 also accommodate to the movement.
Extending rearwardly and axially from a hole in plastic cylinder 308 is a worm gear member 430 which cooperates with a drive gear 432 associated with a conventional electrically driven linear actuator type of stepper motor 434 suitably mounted in a rear housing 436 of the gun. Other known or desired coupling means for a motor may be utilized. Current leads 438 to the motor selectively drive the motor in forward or reverse such as to move worm gear 430 axially and thus the entire cathode assembly forwardly or rearwardly. The current is provided in response to arc voltage measurement as described herein.
In FIG. 3 motor 434 is shown attached to a mounting ring 440 in housing 436 that also supports the posterior end of cylinder 310. It is further desirable to have conventional limit switches (shown schematically at 442) at the rear extremity of worm gear member (or other convenient loaation) to stop current to the motor to prevent overrun of the cathode assembly beyond predetermined maximum extremities of axial motion.
As previously indicated, the primary plasma-forming gas is introduced through the forward part of gas distribution ring 268, and the ring also provides a guide for cathode support rod 274. It is desirable to force gas between the support rod and the distributor in order to prevent blowback of hot gas and powder into the guide area. This is done with a bleed orifice 444 communicating with duct 426 to an annular opening 446 formed near the rearward end of distribution ring 268 and a plurality of inwardly directed orifices 448 leading through the ring.
Although intermediate member 26 or 226 (FIG. 1 or 3 respectively) may be formed of one piece, even of ceramic or the like, several metallic segments are preferred as described herein. It is important that the arc not short over to the intermediate member since uncontrolled arc length and voltage may ensue. Ceramic is feasible for the intermediate member or its segments but is difficult to cool and may deteriorate in the arc environment. Thus the segments are best produced from copper or the like. The purpose of the several segments is to create increased difficulty for the arc current to traverse the intermediate member to the anode nozzle.
The position of cathode tip 22 or 222 is chosen in correspondence with the desired predetermined voltage for the arc. The actual voltage is measured across the anode and cathode, or across the arc power supply 23 or 223, as shown schematically at 148 or 348 in FIG. 1 and FIG. 3 respectively. Generally a longer arc corresponds to a higher voltage which also yields a higher efficiency in thermal transfer of power to the plasma stream. (Thermal efficiency is generally determined by subtracting heat loss to the coolant, i.e. temperature rise times coolant flow rate, from the electrical power input, and taking the ratio of the difference to the power input.)
It is highly desirable, for process control purposes, to maintain a constant voltage. These results are achieved according to the present invention by determining the arc voltage and repositioning the cathode member as required to maintain the desired voltage. This is accomplished by moving the cathode member rearward with respect to the nozzle if the actual voltage is low, and forward if the voltage is high.
Preferably the positioning system, such as the solenoid valve control or the electrical motor, is electrically coupled to the voltage measuring system through a controller (shown schematically at 150 in FIG. 1 and 350 in FIG. 3) and is responsive to the voltage measurement such that a change in the arc voltage results in a corresponding change in the axial position of the cathode tip. This is readily achieved in controller 150 or 350 with a conventional or desired comparative circuit that provides the difference between the arc voltage and a preset voltage of the desired level. When the difference exceeds a specified differential an electronic relay circuit is closed to send an adjusting current for moving the support rod forward or rearward according to whether the voltage difference is positive or negative. The adjusting current is sent to the corresponding solenoid (FIG. 1), or to the appropriate winding of the motor (FIG. 3), as the case may be. The result will be minute (or, if necessary, large) cathode adjustments as any voltage changes take place, for example, from erosion of the anode and/or cathode surfaces.
Generally the longer arc contemplated for steady state operation under the present invention is difficult if not virtually impossible to initiate with application of the standard high frequency starting voltage. Therefore, according to a further embodiment of the invention, the cathode member is initially positioned in its extended position (dotted lines at 78 in FIG. 1 and a similar position in FIG. 3) near the anode nozzle. The desired operating gas flows and the arc voltage source 172 or 372 (FIG. 1 or 3) are turned on, although no current will flow yet. Then, when the high frequency starting voltage is momentarily applied in the normal manner (e.g., by closing switch 173 or 373 in FIG. 1 or 3), the arc will start and arc current will flow.
When the arc has been started (and high frequency switch 173 or 373 opened), the cathode is then retracted to its operating position, indicated approximately by its location in FIG. 1 and FIG. 3. By actuating the voltage comparison and responsive circuit, by means of an arc current detector in controller 150 or 350, the retraction will be automatic. Thus, when the arc initiates, the detector is turned on and will determine that the voltage is too low (due to the short arc) and will immediately signal the movement means to retract the cathode to an operating position corresponding to the preset voltage condition.
The arc current may either be preset so that the current assumes the desired value upon startup; or the current may be initially set at a low value and brought up after startup in the conventional manner or by electronic coordination with the voltage signal.
Power feeding into the plasma may be accomplished in the conventional manner as in aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,445,021. However, the plasma gun according to the present invention is especially suited for internal feed in the nozzle, where the nozzle also is the anode, without the usual problem of buildup of powder adhering to the nozzle bore. This is apparently due to the controlled location of the arc root on the anode and to a wiping action of the secondary gas. FIG. 5 depicts a nozzle 216' that may be used in place of nozzle 216 in FIG. 3. A powder port 366 therein directs powder from a conventional powder source (not shown) well within the nozzle bore.
In a preferred embodiment, control of the arc position with the apparatus and method of the present invention allows for a powder feeding assembly to be placed in the nozzle bore. FIG. 6 shows a desirable feeding assembly 151 situated in nozzle 216" which may be used in place of nozzle 16 or 216 in FIG. 1 or FIG. 3 respectively. An elongated cylindrical central member is positioned in the nozzle bore 253 which has an enlarged bore diameter to accommodate the assembly. A cylindrical central member 152 of assembly 151 is held in place with a mounting arm 154. The plasma flow path is provided in the annular space 156 between central member 152 and nozzle wall 153, the path being split by mounting arm 154.
It is particularly desirable that the anterior and posterior edges of the cylindrical inner surface of each segment be rounded in order to minimize splitting and jumping of the arc to the intermediate member. The radius of the rounded edges (450 in FIG. 3) of between about 1 mm and 3 mm is suitable. The radius of the posterior edge (452 in FIG. 3) of the anode should be between about 3 mm and 5 mm. These radii were found to be quite critical. The edge rounding of the anode apparently cooperates with the tangential flow of the secondary gas to provide the wiping effect to prevent powder buildup when using the powder injection structure shown in FIG. 5.
Coolant ducting 158 is provided in arm 154 and further ducting 160 in the central member for circulation of liquid coolant such as water, sufficient to prevent rapid deterioration of the assembly components in the presence of the plasma flow. At least the upstream edges 162 of the central member and the mounting arm should be gasdynamically rounded to minimize interference with, and cooling of, the plasma flow and erosion of the components.
Central member 152 has a powder port 166 opening forwardly into the center of the plasma stream. This port communicates with a powder duct 168 in the mounting arm, located coaxially in the coolant ducting. The powder duct is connected to a standard or desired type of powder feeder (shown schematically at 170) which supplies plasma powder in a carrier gas.
The apparatus of the present invention is operated generally with parameters of conventional plasma guns except voltage is maintained somewhat higher, a mode which is expected to provide increased thermal efficiency. Preferably the voltage is maintained at a set level between about 80 and 120 volts, the upper limit depending on power supply characteristics. For comparison the upper limit for a conventional gun is typically about 80 volts with an additive plasma gas in use. Current may be up to about 1000 amperes, although care should be taken not to exceed a power level that depends on factors such as coolant flows, for example 80 KW. Internal diameters are also conventional. Nozzle bores may be between about 3.8 mm and 12 mm radius. A suitable radius for gas passage 28 in the intermediate member is about 5 mm; and for electrode member 20 about 2.5 mm. A suitable range of travel for the cathode is about 50 mm.
Other variations of the present invention are possible. For example, the cathode may be held fixed relative to the gun body, and the assembly of the anode nezzle and the intermediate member may then be in sliding relationship to the gun body. In this arrangement, the gas distribution ring may be fixed with respect to the nozzle and slide therewith. It further may be desirable to fix the gas distribution ring with respect to the cathode member in order to maintain the gas introduction at an optimum point with respect to the cathode tip, even as the tip is moved. Thus, in a further embodiment (not shown in the drawings), the axial movement of the cathode assembly in the gun also carries a parallel movement of the gas distribution ring. It is also possible to utilize the motor driving mechanism of FIG. 3 with the forward part of the plasma gun construction of FIG. 1 and, conversely, the pneumatic device of FIG. 1 with the gun of FIG. 3.
The apparatus on method of the present invention provides for higher voltage operation than has proven practical in previous commercial plasma guns, especially those used for plasma spraying. The higher voltage increases the thermal efficiency of the system and allows higher power operation while minimizing the devastating effects of a high current arc on the electrode surfaces. The adjustability of the cathode according to voltage provides for choice of optimum voltage without the need for an additive gas and its attendant disadvantages. It also provides for continual and precision maintenance of a predetermined voltage, particularly with automated control based on voltage measurement. The present invention further allows for simple starting and automatic readjustment to the elevated condition, eliminating the difficulties of starting a high voltage arc. Yet other advantages of the system are evident in the foregoing description and further presented below.
It was further discovered, surprisingly, that a highly uniform plasma plume issues from the nozzle of the plasma gun of the present invention. This uniformity is an improvement over conventional plasma spray guns, such as the Metco Type 9MB sold by The Perkin-Elmer Corporation, Westbury, New York. The result is a significant improvement in repeatability of plasma spray coating properties. The uniformity is important for the application of gradated and sequential foating layers, and also of such materials as Metco 601NS plastic-metal powder blends, which are sensitive to uniformity of the plasma conditions.
Improved spray efficiencies were also discovered. For example, in spraying 601NS under similar conditions of powder and flow, the Type 9MB at ten pounds per hour spray rate yields a deposit efficiency of approximately 60%, while a gun according to FIG. 3 of the present invention yields a deposit efficiency of more than 80%. Additionally, at 20 pounds per hour, the Type 9MB produces virtually no coating while the present gun still yields more than 75% deposit efficiency.
When spraying at supersonic velocity, i.e. with a smaller diameter nozzle, quite distinct shock diamond patterns are visible, whereas with conventional guns the patterns are more diffuse. Clear shock patterns are desirable for choosing location of powder injection into the plasma stream.
The above described construction of the plasma gun according to the embodiment of FIG. 3 is highly desirable with respect to the combination of the segments, the resilient spacing rings held in compression, and the ceramic barrier rings. This construction was discovered to allow a practical assembly with insulating components sensitive to arc radiation and to fracture due to thermal expansion, under the severe conditions of the plasma and arc.
While the invention has been described above in detail with reference to specific embodiments, various changes and modifications which fall within the spirit orf the invention and scope of the appended claims will become apparent to those skilled in this art. The invention is therefore only intended to be limited by the appended claims or their equivalents.
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|Jul 22, 2010
|Jul 28, 2015
|Plasma Surgical Investments Limited
|Volumetrically oscillating plasma flows
|Jun 18, 2013
|Jul 28, 2015
|SDCmaterials, Inc.
|Method and system for forming plug and play oxide catalysts
|Dec 7, 2010
|Sep 8, 2015
|SDCmaterials, Inc.
|Advanced catalysts for automotive applications
|May 9, 2008
|Sep 15, 2015
|SDCmaterials, Inc.
|Gas delivery system with constant overpressure relative to ambient to system with varying vacuum suction
|Mar 13, 2013
|Oct 13, 2015
|SDCmaterials, Inc.
|Three-way catalytic converter using nanoparticles
|May 8, 2008
|Nov 10, 2015
|SDCmaterials, Inc.
|Highly turbulent quench chamber
|Aug 26, 2013
|Nov 17, 2015
|SDCmaterials, Inc.
|Method and system for forming plug and play metal compound catalysts
|Jan 27, 2014
|Dec 22, 2015
|SDCmaterials, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for making uniform and ultrasmall nanoparticles
|Feb 7, 2014
|Dec 22, 2015
|SDCmaterials, Inc.
|Wet chemical and plasma methods of forming stable PtPd catalysts
|Apr 26, 2013
|Apr 5, 2016
|SDCmaterials, Inc.
|Method and system for forming plug and play metal catalysts
|Sep 12, 2014
|Apr 12, 2016
|SDCmaterials, Inc.
|Advanced catalysts for automotive applications
|Dec 2, 2013
|Apr 19, 2016
|General Electric Company
|Nozzle insert for thermal spray gun apparatus
|Feb 10, 2014
|May 3, 2016
|SDCmaterials, Inc.
|Sandwich of impact resistant material
|Oct 22, 2014
|Aug 30, 2016
|SDCmaterials, Inc.
|Catalyst design for heavy-duty diesel combustion engines
|Nov 19, 2015
|Sep 6, 2016
|SDCmaterials, Inc.
|Wet chemical and plasma methods of forming stable PTPD catalysts
|Jan 16, 2015
|Nov 22, 2016
|SDCmaterials, Inc.
|Coated substrates for use in catalysis and catalytic converters and methods of coating substrates with washcoat compositions
|Nov 20, 2013
|Dec 6, 2016
|SDCmaterials, Inc.
|Three-way catalytic converter using nanoparticles
|Oct 22, 2014
|Dec 13, 2016
|SDCmaterials, Inc.
|Compositions of lean NOx trap (LNT) systems and methods of making and using same
|Jan 13, 2014
|Dec 20, 2016
|SDCmaterials, Inc.
|Pinning and affixing nano-active material
|Aug 4, 2015
|Jan 3, 2017
|SDCmaterials, Inc.
|Advanced catalysts for automotive applications
|Sep 4, 2015
|Jan 3, 2017
|SDCmaterials, Inc.
|Three-way catalytic converter using nanoparticles
|Aug 27, 2002
|Mar 4, 2004
|General Electric Company
|Apparatus and method for plasma treating an article
|Jun 21, 2005
|Feb 23, 2006
|Vladimir Belashchenko
|High velocity thermal spray apparatus
|Nov 24, 2004
|May 25, 2006
|Vladimir Belashchenko
|Plasma system and apparatus
|Dec 21, 2006
|Jun 21, 2007
|Sulzer Metco (Us), Inc.
|Hybrid plasma-cold spray method and apparatus
|Aug 6, 2007
|Feb 12, 2009
|Nikolay Suslov
|Pulsed plasma device and method for generating pulsed plasma
|May 26, 2009
|Dec 2, 2010
|General Electric Company
|Ablative plasma gun
|Dec 14, 2010
|Apr 7, 2011
|Otb Solar B.V.
|Cascade source and a method for controlling the cascade source
|Dec 17, 2009
|Nov 24, 2011
|Method of monitoring the wear of at least one of the electrodes of a plasma torch
|Jan 25, 2011
|Nov 29, 2012
|Sulzer Metco (Us) Inc.
|Plume shroud for laminar plasma guns
|Jan 23, 2013
|Jul 24, 2014
|Gordon R. Hanka
|Welder powered arc starter
|Jan 27, 2012
|Nov 6, 2014
|Sulzer Metco (Us) Inc.
|Thermo spray gun with removable nozzle tip and method making and using the same
|Aug 11, 2014
|Feb 11, 2016
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Partially insulated cathode
|Jan 8, 2016
|May 5, 2016
|Gordon Hanka
|Welder Powered Arc Starter
|Nov 29, 2011
|Jun 13, 2012
|Novel plasma soldering gun nozzle
|Feb 10, 2004
|Aug 25, 2005
|Dr. Laure Plasmatechnologie Gmbh
|Plasma generator for reducing and cleaning metal joints with oxide-deposits has a cathode and a tubular anode fitted coaxially to the cathode for generating an electric arc
|Feb 10, 2004
|Oct 17, 2013
|Dr. Laure Plasmatechnologie Gmbh
|Plasmagenerator und Verfahren zur Reduktion und Reinigung von oxidhaltigen Metallverbindungen
|Jul 24, 2002
|Feb 6, 2003
|Duran Technologies Inc.
|Axial feedstock injector with single splitting arm
|Nov 22, 2005
|Jun 1, 2006
|Vladimir Belashchenko
|Plasma system and apparatus
|Jan 27, 2012
|Aug 1, 2013
|Sulzer Metco (Us), Inc.
|Closed loop cooling of a plasma gun to improve hardware life
|Mar 12, 2014
|Oct 2, 2014
|SDCmaterials, Inc.
|High-throughput particle production using a plasma system
|U.S. Classification
|219/121.52, 219/121.5, 313/231.51, 219/121.51, 219/124.03, 219/121.48
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 5, 1987
Owner name: PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION, THE, 761 MAIN AVENUE, NO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:BERNECKI, THOMAS F.;VARLEY, KEVIN J.;RUSCH, WILLIAM P.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:004680/0553
Effective date: 19870304
|Jul 4, 1989
|Certificate of correction
|Dec 26, 1989
|Certificate of correction
|Mar 31, 1992
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 24, 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Aug 13, 1996
Owner name: SULZER METCO (US), INC., NEW YORK
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION, THE;REEL/FRAME:008126/0066
Effective date: 19960702
|May 16, 2000
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Oct 22, 2000
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Dec 26, 2000
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20001025


text:
Created attachment 625904 [details] [diff] [review]
This patch:
- Uses a new one-shot class, ProbesManager, to provide RAII for
handling probes in CompileScript. This allows removal of the goto
statements, and some variable declarations to be moved lower.
- BytecodeEmitter is passed |lineno| instead of tokenStream.getLineno(),
because they're the same thing and |lineno| is simpler.
- TreeContext::init() doesn't need the JSContext* param, so I removed it.
- compileScript{Begin,End}() also had unnecessary params, which I removed.


text:
05-21-2013 04:14 PM edited {1}
How can I recover windows 7 password
Solved! Go to Solution
05-22-2013 02:42 AM edited {1}
Try Windows Password Unlocker
05-22-2013 06:59 PM edited {1}
Windows 7 password lost I also met before. With the recommendation I used the Ophcrack. But it is not helpful for me. So I used Windows Password Recovery Tool, I completed my Windows 7 password recovery quickly and my data was safe all.
05-22-2013 07:03 PM edited {1}
Last week, I forgot my Windows 7 password. At first I didn't know how to recover Windows 7 password until my friend recommended me Windows Password Key. It is really helpful.
06-07-2013 12:42 AM edited {1}
How to recover Windows 7 password? Three you can try:
1. Recover Windows 7 password by lusrmgr.msc:
Step 1. Click 'Start' button and enter 'lusrmgr.msc' into the Search box, and then press 'Enter'.
Step 2. Double-click 'Users' on Local Users and Groups page.
Step 3. Right-click your target account and then click 'Set Password'.
Step 4. Type and confirm the new password, and then click 'OK'.
2. Take use of Anmosoft Windows Password Reset
Step 1. Download and install Windows Password Reset on any available computer.
Step 2. Create a Windows 7 Password Reset disk.
Step 3. Reset Windows 7 password on your locked PC.
3. Change Windows 7 password with a password reset disk
With a password reset disk, you will never be in trouble when lost or forgotten Windows 7 passwords and can login your lovely Windows 7 again within seconds. Creating a Windows 7 password reset disk is a compulsory thing for each Windows 7 PC user.
07-17-2013 08:05 PM edited {1}
To recover Windows 7 password you can try the three ways, like "Norcefuny" said. For the second way, reset software I recommend Windows Password Killer software.
07-19-2013 12:31 AM edited {1}
well, there are free software to recover windows 7 password, more detailed information, please see the Recover Windows 7 Password with Third-party Software
07-23-2013 08:57 PM edited {1}
How to recover Windows 7 password? There are many ways to do so.For my exerperience, I like using reset disk or reset software to unlock Windows 7 password. If you didn't have reset disk, you can download free reset program, Ophacrack, to create one. If you want to use reset software, you can consider about Windows Login Recovery
07-28-2013 07:10 PM edited {1}
To recover or reset the forgotten Windows 7 password, there are some options:
Option 1: If you have owned another available admin password, it can work. Just log on your PC->Click "Start"button->Control Panel->Add or remove user account->Select the account you want to reset->Change or Remove the password. Then the Windows 7 password will be reset.
Option 2: If not, you'd better download and install a Windows Password Unlocker tool to help you remove your lost Windows 7 password, like Windows Password Unloker. It allows you to burn a bootable CD/DVD or USB flash drive to remove lost Windows password in Windows 7/Vista/XP, etc. on your own.
07-31-2013 06:39 PM - edited 07-31-2013 06:40 PM
i find a good Windows 7 password recovery tool called SmartKey Windows Password Recovery and it is the better tool than other method. I think you can try.
Read more details about how to use it in: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=efhGqmrxcVA
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This fitted shirt with a classic collar is embellished with a concealed button line for an elegant look. In cotton twill, it is guaranteed to be easy and pleasant to wear. It comes in two colours: white and sky blue.
Our model is 6.10 ft tall and wears a size M.
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Enter the password that accompanies your e-mail.
A classic spinach artichoke dip is pretty darn hard to beat. It's bubbly, it's cheesy, it's warm, and even though it may be a bit 80′s, I will always welcome it at my party. So yesterday was my stomach when screaming for lunch, it seemed like a perfect idea to stuff my favorite dip into a grilled cheese sandwich. Layered with spinach, artichoke, cream cheese, and shredded cheese this makes a perfect lunch. I wanted some added protein so I threw in some turkey. Vegetarian bacon would also be delicious. The only thing I can really think of that would make this meal even better would be a Wonder Years marathon.
Customizable weekly meal plans that include Weight Watchers® friendly recipes for breakfast, lunch and dinner, nutritional information, shopping lists, and more...
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text:
By (author) Shane Maloney
Format: Paperback
Normal Price: $23.95
Your Price: $21.56 AUD, inc. GST
Shipping: $7.95 per order
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Stiff by Shane Maloney
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Buy Stiff book by Shane Maloney from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9781921145131
(199mm x 131mm x 18mm)
Pages: 288
Imprint: The Text Publishing Company
Publisher: Text Publishing Co
Publish Date: 6-Mar-2006
Country of Publication: Australia
Other Editions...
Books By Author Shane Maloney
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Murray Whelan, a government advisor in Melbourne, gets involved in the competition to host the Olympic Games.
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A Former male model and GQ Bachelor of the Year, Shane Maloney is currently a member of an order of Burmese monks. His short stories have never been published.
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text:
I didn't realize you could order from qvc without watching tv for hours on
end hoping something good would come up. I wonder if HSN does that too, as
I have a $15 coupon for HSN.
----- Original Message -----
From: <firstname.lastname@example.com>
To: <firstname.lastname@example.com>
Sent: Saturday, May 22, 2004 7:48 PM
Subject: Re: [CHAT] Spring Gardening NOW Aruncus
> In a message dated 5/22/2004 6:12:07 PM Central Standard Time,
> email@example.com writes:
> Do you know what name it will be marketed under?
> Armitage only said the program would be some time in June. You'd have to
> check their website (www.qvc.com) and search for it. I have ordered some
> interesting plants from them in the past. The ones from Roberta's are
> guaranteed for one year, and I've never had to send any back. Felder
Rushing was on
> there one time hawking roses for Wayside Gardens. <LOL>
> zem
> ---------------------------------------------------------------------
> Support hort.net -- join the hort.net fund drive!
> http://www.hort.net/funds/
Support hort.net -- join the hort.net fund drive!


text:
Julia Child's Asparagus Simmered in Onions, Garlic, and Lemon
Total Time
Prep 0 mins
Cook 55 mins
This recipe is based on one found in "From Julia Child's Kitchen". It may be served either hot or cold.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 24 fat fresh asparagus spears
- 1 cup thinly sliced onion
- 1⁄3 cup good quality olive oil
- 2 -4 large garlic cloves, peeled and thinly sliced
- 1 lemon, zest of
- 1⁄2 teaspoon thyme or 1⁄2 teaspoon herbs, mixture such as italian or 1⁄2 teaspoon herbes de provence
- 1 bay leaf
- 1⁄2 teaspoon peppercorn
- 1⁄2 cup dry white wine or 1⁄2 cup dry white french vermouth
- 1⁄4 cup fresh lemon juice
- 2 cups water
- 1⁄2 teaspoon salt
- fresh minced parsley
- Before peeling asparagus, start on the marinade. In a heavy saucepan, cook onions slowly in the olive oil with garlic, zest, herbs, and bay leaf. When tender (about 10 minutes), add peppercorns, wine, lemon juice, water, and salt. Cover and simmer slowly for about 20 minutes.
- Peel asparagus. Lay in a flameproof casserole dish and pour marinade over so asparagus is just covered with liquid (more water may be added if needed). Bring to a boil, cover, and simmer slowly for 20 minutes, or until asparagus is tender. Take out asparagus and arrange on serving platter. Boil down the cooking liquid until lightly syrupy and spoon over the asparagus. Sprinkle with parsley.
Most Helpful
I like this dish a lot. It tasted very "French". Of course it's Julia, I should have guessed! I also only simmered my asparagus for about 10 minutes. Served with Porcini-Crusted Tofu with Shallot Gravy and Recipe #111750 . Delish. Thank you! [Made for Best of 2011 Tag game]
Can't go wrong with Julia! :) Real flavorful and easy to do. My spears were smaller so I cut cooking time to 10 minutes. The boiled down marinade is a nice sauce for this. Made for Fall 2011 PAC game.


text:
|HomeSubscribeContact Us
|Tuesday, February 21st
Dear Friends
Dear Friends,
I am sorry this is late, yet I had wished to do this a whilst ago.
To thank all of you who shared some of our journeys on these pages.
At present we are in a furnished apartment overlooking the valley of kathmandu. And I think
'there and back' is probably over, for now untill we can come up with some crackpot idea to share with you.
I have enjoyed doing and sharing this, as I hope you venerable punters have too.
I had also wished to fill these pages with like an index of various odd's and end's. ie facts....
Howmany teebags, cubes of sugar, brown of course organic better.
How many miles...alot. How much money.... shocking in places so we will have to be hypocritical and bury, at least for now this info.
How many countries and time zones this reacent world cup was watched in.
How many , now I'm running away with my self.
Thank you all.
Especialy the great Tony, you know... Read More
Shraddha Tuladhar....
.... receiving a wedding gift from a friend Read More
Shraddha Tuladhar....
.... the soon to be bride at her reception
a beautiful and jolly Shraddha received gracefully about 1200 invited guests during her reception which was hosted by her parents Swoyambhu and Nirmala Tuladhar
certainly the largest party i have ever been
tradtional food and drink were offered in abundance
and gifts mounting behind Shraddha
today (two days later) she told me she needed an entire day with the help of a number of relatives to unwrap all of them
in less than a weeks time a procession of the grooms family will come to her family house where shraddha's parents will ceremoniously hand her over to her husband's family
she will then join the procession and leave her family home
Read More
happy travelling Read More
father and son
nick and alex enjoying their trip Read More
|Home | Subscribe to Mail List | Contact Us | Admin | All Text and Images are Copyright © 2006 Nick and Gisela Dawson


text:
An acronym for Jointly Developed, Efficient, Robust, Novel, innovative and Handy Water Purification System, JERNIH is an innovative portable field water purification unit, jointly developed by Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) and Puncak Niaga Holdings Berhad (PNHB).
JERNIH is a water purification system that is easy to pack, assemble and operate and suitable for use in humanitarian assistance and emergency relief efforts and could very well be the lifesaver for communities living in areas with limited access to safe drinking water or areas in turmoil caused by war, earthquake, riots and other calamities.
JERNIH comes with three (3) models i.e. Baby, Premium and Superior type intended for temporary or semi-permanent water supply arrangement normally guided by local condition/constraint such as capability to operate the system, availability of chemical, and length of solar power availability.


text:
Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
My cousin filed a PPO against me. The day I was served, I went to the courthouse to fight it. There were several inaccuracies and many missing details in her reasons listed for the PPO, much of which would have pointed blame in her direction. I have physical evidence as well as pictures of several different things she did to me that she conveniently left out of her report. We are going to court. Do I have enough proof to get the PPO dropped? Will it be dropped if she doesn't show up to court? Should I get a lawyer?
I am hired regularly to handle PPO cases and I see countless people representing themselves in court. It is very common that someone will go to court and "feel" that they have powerful evidence that will result in a PPO getting dismissed. What many people do not realize is that there are detailed, complex rules regarding the admission of evidence in cases. Frequently, someone will have a piece of valuable evidence but it turns out to be worthless because he or she does not know how to admit the evidence into the court record.
Additionally, there are almost always two sides to every story and there is often evidence on both sides. The judge cannot go back in time and see the incident for himself so he can just listen to the testimony from the witnesses and make the best guess he can regarding who has proven the case. Evidence that may seem to you to be very powerful may only have minor evidentiary value in light of other testimony or evidence. Also, some evidence which may have high evidentiary value may only be helpful in court if put in proper context. What you may think will be helpful may only be based upon your knowledge and life experiences with the complainant. If the judge is not made to understand why the evidence is helpful, its value will be lost.
Given that PPO dockets are frequently congested and parties are only given a short period of time to develop their cases, it is critical that an experienced lawyer be involved who knows how to be highly efficient in the hearing. Avvo is an excellent place to find a 10.0 Rated Michigan Criminal Defense Attorney to help you. A criminal defense lawyer typically has the most experience in court and is in the best position to handle a hearing on a PPO.
Mr. Loren Dickstein, Esq.
10.0 Rated Michigan Criminal Defense Attorney
2000 Town Center, Ste. 2350
Southfield, MI 48075
(248) 263-6800 - Fax: (248) 357-1371
Email: email@example.com
National Super Lawyer
Avvo Rated: 10.0 Superb
Martindale Rated: Preeminent - AV
Yes, you should hire an attorney to represent you. The attorney will know how to proceed and what/who will be necessary to testify in your defense. Do you have enough proof? Who knows, since you didn't divulge what your evidence/defense is. If she doesn't show up the court might decide to reschedule. That's why you need an attorney.
Neil M. Colman
Mr. Colman is licensed to practice law in Michigan. The response herein is not legal advice and does not create an attorney/client relationship. The response is in the form of legal education and is intended to provide general information about the matter within the question. Oftentimes the question does not include significant and important facts and timelines that, if known, could significantly change the reply and make it unsuitable. Mr. Colman strongly advises the questioner to confer with an attorney in your state in order to ensure proper advice is received.
My evidence is testimony from a witness, pictures of my injuries from the physical encounter we had, and three torn up things of mine that she left in front of my bedroom door in the days following the physical encounter, proving she was harassing me. I am looking into getting legal representation, but if I cannot, what is the best way to go about making this evidence count?
Assuming you have requested a hearing within the required time frame, you should be represented by an attorney to assure the best chance of getting it dropped or modified.
We do not have a client/attorney relationship until you make an appointment, we discuss your case face to face, I accept a retainer, and we explictly agree to enter into representation.
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text:
Introducing the Adams 4 Piece Sleeve Set. A genuine Adams replacement sleeve and new shim for oversized seatposts. Fits seat posts 25.4mm to 35.0mm and above.
Thank you for visiting Adams 4 Piece Sleeve Set on oakleysbikes.co.uk
We bring the products from many websites to one website for you to search, save and compare.


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Business, Careers, Management & MarketingFollow
Inspiring True Performance means truly taking action and making positive change in your life. In this show, hosts Kevin Miller and Tom Ziglar take the most powerful messages from Zig Ziglar and today's top world changers and break them down to the nitty gritty so we can all understand, digest and take real steps forward in our lives, loves, vocations and legacies. Zig Ziglar is widely recognized as the world leader in Motivation & Inspiration (the fuel for all we do!) and has reached and influenced over 250 million people through his best selling books, legendary presentations and timeless messages. He is one of the most quoted leaders of all time.
October 15th, 2016
Episode 465 of 492 episodes
Forget "Keys To Success" and what you should DO. Zig gives us qualities for success and how you should BE, in order to have more success. This is the foundation and possibly what you've been missing in your quest!
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text:
[PHOTO] TB: Blue Sapphire | Mon, 2 Jul 2001 20:20:14" />
Blue Sapphire (Schreiner 1953). This is one of my all time favorites. To me,
its just so 'classic' in form and color. I guess thats why it won the Dykes.
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text:
Tropical Fish Keeping - Aquarium fish care and resources (http://www.tropicalfishkeeping.com/forum.php)
- Livebearer Species (http://www.tropicalfishkeeping.com/livebearer-species/)
- - Black Bellied Limia (Limia melanogaster) (http://www.tropicalfishkeeping.com/livebearer-species/black-bellied-limia-limia-melanogaster-187337/)
Black Bellied Limia (Limia melanogaster)
1 Attachment(s)
Family: Poeciliidae
Common Name: Black Bellied Limia
Origin and Habitat: Central America: endemic to Jamaica.
Black Bellied Limia Diet
Dry foods,frozen,live same as guppies
Male 1.6" (4cm). Female 2" (5cm).
Minimum Tank Suggestion
20 gallons
Water parameters for Black Bellied Limia
The Black Bellied Limia should be kept in an aquarium with the temperature ranging from 72 to 82 degrees Fahrenheit, and a Ph of around 7.5-8.5.
Small guppy-type livebearer, very hardy; as they are not fancy bred like some of the other livebearers they make a better first fish than guppies.
They are an overall grey with a blue sheen and black bars running along the body. Both sexes look alike.
The only problem with these neat little fish is that they are difficult to find
Contributing Members
The following members have contributed to this profile: TFish
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Beatrix Potter's much-loved cast of children's characters, including Peter Rabbit, Jemima Puddle-Duck and Mrs Tiggywinkle, are to make a comeback on British television screens after two decades, thanks to a deal unveiled yesterday by the entertainment company Chorion and the publisher Penguin.
Chorion, whose executive chairman is the Labour peer Lord Ali, aims to have a new animation series ready for Christmas 2011. Lord Ali described Beatrix Potter's characters as the "holy grail" of publishing for children. "Our aim will be to introduce Beatrix Potter to a new generation of children and make her characters as loved today as they have been in the past," he said.
Chorion has already enjoyed success with traditional children's characters including the Mr Men and Noddy, and will aim to tap the vast global market for Beatrix Potter's work, worth as much as £190m a year.
- More about:
- Children
- Ducks
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