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The clinical significance of prostate cancer extent in prostatic tissue is dependent on the prostatic tissue sample type. For prostate needle core tissue and prostatic chips from transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), the amount of cancer is of established clinical significance, whereas the intraglandular extent of cancer in radical prostatectomy tissues, although prognostic, is not routinely used for patient management.
In the December 2008 and January 2009 issues of the Journal, Vollmer1,2 contributes important knowledge on the relationship of the amount of prostate cancer in needle core tissue1 and radical prostatectomy tissue2 with patient outcome. Prominent strengths of these investigations include the rigorous statistical analyses, the size of the characterized patient populations (>400 patients in each), and the facts that these were prospective studies and the clinical end point was overall survival.
Prospective research studies reduce the capacity for selection bias that is a striking feature of retrospective studies. The pathology literature would benefit by inclusion of more studies that were designed as prospective. Commonly used end points in prostate cancer research studies are pathologic stage and Gleason grade and elevation of the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level after treatment (so-called PSA or biochemical failure). However, PSA failure is a surrogate for survival, and not all men who experience a rising PSA level after treatment will have diminished life expectancy. Survival is often considered the "gold standard" end point for cancer treatment trials and should be the gold standard in characterization of the clinical significance of pathologic features in prostatic tissues, including tumor extent. Overall survival and cancer-specific survival have been used. Cancer-specific survival can be instructive in older patient groups that generally have a high incidence of comorbidities and intercurrent deaths. Few studies have linked tumor extent in prostatic tissue to overall survival like the studies by Vollmer1,2 have.
Amount of Cancer in Prostate Needle Core Biopsy Tissue
The amount of cancer in prostate needle core tissue is an important prognostic indicator that is linked to pathologic and clinical end points and can be used clinically in patient management. Tumor extent in needle core tissue has been correlated with the pathologic end points of tumor volume, pathologic stage, and margin status,3–5 although the correlations are modest. In combination with clinical factors and Gleason grade, tumor extent in needle core tissue can be used to define criteria that predict pathologically (and thereby potentially clinically) insignificant prostate cancer.6 These Epstein criteria can be used to enroll patients into active surveillance (watchful waiting) management programs and trials.7 Furthermore, clinical nomograms that incorporate tumor extent in needle core tissue (millimeters of cancer) have been developed to predict the probability of insignificant cancer in the whole gland.8,9 Tumor extent in needle core tissue is predictive of response to surgery10 and radiation therapy,11 and nomograms have been devised to predict response to therapy based on pretreatment clinical and needle biopsy findings, including needle biopsy tumor extent quantified as the number of positive cores and number of negative cores.12
There are several different measures of tumor extent in needle core tissue Table 1, and these are highly interrelated, as previously shown5 and as shown for percentage of tumor and tumor length by Vollmer.1 Based on the main finding of this study, that men who die prematurely after the diagnosis of prostate cancer have a greater quantity of tumor in needle biopsy tissue, Vollmer1 recommends reporting one of the measures of tumor extent (percentage of tumor or length of tumor in millimeters) in needle core tissue. Reporting of needle biopsy tumor extent is also recommended by the College of American Pathologists (CAP),13 Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology,14 and the World Health Organization15Table 2. Most urologic pathologists (80%) report the number of involved cores and percentage of tissue involved, with 41% reporting millimeters of cancer length.16 I report for each prostate needle biopsy carcinoma case 3 measures of tumor extent: number of positive cores of the total number of cores, percentage of tumor (by simple visual inspection), and total tumor length in millimeters. I report all of these measures because different clinical nomograms use different measures of tumor extent in needle biopsy tissue. I report by container (and there should be no more than 2 cores and, preferably, 1 core submitted in each container).
|Number of positive cores
|Percentage of positive cores
|Total percentage of tissue involved by carcinoma
|Total length of carcinoma (mm)
|Greatest percentage of carcinoma in 1 core
|Number of positive cores
|Percentage of positive cores
|Total percentage of tissue involved by carcinoma
|Total length of carcinoma (mm)
|Greatest percentage of carcinoma in 1 core
These measures are reported for needle cores by container, except for greatest percentage of carcinoma in 1 core. For use in nomograms, these measures are based on all cores in each case, except for greatest percentage of carcinoma in 1 core.
|College of American Pathologists13
|Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology14
|World Health Organization15
|Linear measurement in millimeters
|Percentage of sampled tissue
|Optional: composite (global) percentage of cancer in all needle biopsy tissue
|College of American Pathologists13
|Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology14
|World Health Organization15
|Linear measurement in millimeters
|Percentage of sampled tissue
|Optional: composite (global) percentage of cancer in all needle biopsy tissue
In cases where there is fragmentation of cores, one can report the number of positive core fragments of the total number of fragments, and here, percentage of tumor and linear millimeters are particularly important to report. In determination of percentage of carcinoma and linear millimeters of carcinoma, there is no accepted approach on how to address discontinuous foci of carcinoma.14,17
An important consideration is the time and effort needed to report these different measures, and Vollmer1 addresses this in the "Discussion" section of the article. Of these measures, assessment of linear millimeters may take the longest but may be quickly performed by using a plastic ruler placed directly on the glass slide or by using the ruler to measure dots or lines placed by pen next to the foci of cancer. Of course, if one wants to use a micrometer, this is an option too.
Amount of Cancer in TURP Chips and Enucleation Tissues
Although not the subject of these 2 articles, it should be noted that the amount of tumor in TURP chips and enucleation (open or simple prostatectomy) specimens should always be reported because for incidentally detected tumors, this amount impacts prognosis and stage. Tumor involving 5% or less of TURP tissue by visual inspection of tissue sections by light microscopy is clinical stage T1a, whereas more than 5% is stage T1b. An option is to also report the number of positive chips of the total number of chips,13 which predicts prostate cancer–specific mortality.18,19 I report both measures: percentage of tissue involved by carcinoma and percentage (number positive/total number) of chips involved by carcinoma.
Amount of Cancer in Radical Prostatectomy Tissues
In contrast with needle biopsy and TURP chip or enucleation tissues, the extent of carcinoma in whole prostate glands is not of established clinical usefulness and is not embedded in postoperative clinical tools such as nomograms that are used in patient management, such as consideration for adjuvant therapy after surgery. Yet, tumor size in the prostate has been significantly associated with patient outcome in a large number of studies. Also, all definitions of what constitutes pathologically insignificant tumor in theprostate include tumor size. One key question is whether tumor size imparts additional information, as judged by multivariate analyses, beyond the established prognostic indictors of PSA, pathologic stage, and Gleason grade.
Another question is this: How is tumor size in the prostate best measured? Because it is not feasible to obtain a gross measurement of tumor size in the prostate, this is a histologic task. A number of methods are available for determining tumor size in radical prostatectomy tissues, including visual inspection yielding percentage of tumor, grid morphometric measurement yielding percentage of tumor or tumor volume, measurement of the diameter of the largest tumor focus, counting of the number of blocks involved by tumor, and computer-assisted image analysis yielding tumor volume in cubic centimeters (reviewed by Humphrey and Vollmer20). These different measures, while related, may not provide the same prognostic information. Indeed, in the second article, Vollmer2 makes the important point that of 22 studies that have examined the relationship of tumor size and outcome, just 29% demonstrated that tumor volume in cubic centimeters is related to outcome, whereas 67% showed that percentage of tumor in the prostate gland is related to outcome. Percentage of tumor in the prostate has been shown in several studies to be significant in multivariate analysis in predicting PSA failure after surgery,21–23 even for pathologically organ-confined carcinoma,21,22 and now Vollmer2 shows that it is significant in association with survival in multivariate analysis.
Even though tumor size is not currently used in clinical decision making, it is recommended that an estimate of tumor size be reported for all radical prostatectomy cases.13–15 The CAP13 recommends that "the percentage of tissue involved by tumor can be eyeballed." In addition, "it may be possible to measure a dominant nodule in at least two dimensions and/or to indicate the number of blocks involved by tumor over the total number of prostatic blocks submitted." I personally report percentage of carcinoma, as determined by the grid method, but percentage of carcinoma determined by visual inspection is just as highly predictive of image analysis–quantified tumor volume,20 and in a European survey,24 visual estimation of percentage of carcinoma was the most widely reported measure of prostatic tumor size.
Although tumor volume measurements in cubic centimeters are the gold standard for tumor size in a research setting, providing this measurement in routine practice is impractical because of the time-intensive and labor-intensive nature of mapping, the use of image analysis, and the need for complete embedding of the whole prostate gland. In comparison, Vollmer2 estimates that visual inspection estimates to determine percentage of carcinoma take no more than 5 minutes per radical prostatectomy case. Also, percentage of carcinoma estimates are prognostic even for partially sampled glands.25 Currently, percentage of carcinoma in radical prostatectomy tissues provides patients and clinicians with an idea of tumor burden that is related to early death for prostate cancer. In the future, percentage of carcinoma and additional measures of tumor size in the prostate may enable pathologists and clinicians to identify high-risk patients who may benefit from adjuvant therapy.
A theme from both Vollmer1,2 articles and from the preceding discussion is that the percentage of prostate tissue involved by carcinoma, including needle biopsy tissue, TURP chips, enucleation tissue, and radical prostatectomy tissue, is significantly associated with the outcome for men with prostate cancer. Reporting of percentage of prostatic tissue involved by tumor is recommended for all prostatic tissue specimens.13 Additional measures of tumor amount should definitely be reported for needle biopsy specimens (Table 2), and consideration should be given to reporting additional measures of tumor extent for TURP chips and radical prostatectomy specimens.


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*If you missed Part 1 yesterday, check it out here…*
*** *** ***
Andrew Bynum is headed back home after the blockbuster 4-team deal sent him east to Philadelphia. He's going to be an hour outside of the Plainsboro, NJ neighborhood he grew up in, and that might make the head-scratching big man less of a question mark. It might set him at ease, so he'll finally be able to put together a consistent year. Or – like what can sometimes happen when a professional athlete is within spitting distance of home – it can exacerbate bad behaviors and attitudes. For some players, there's a reduction in responsibility as they get near their childhood buddies and revert back to an earlier, less mature time. Regardless of which category Bynum falls into in his season in Philly, it's finally time for him to come into his own. What better place, than near home?
Andrew Bynum will be entering his eighth year in the league, but his first as a team's primary offensive option. The theory is he'll put up monster numbers since he was an uncertain second or third option last year, capable of grabbing 20 rebounds and scoring 30-plus points in one game and only grabbing six rebounds and a couple buckets the next. Even though his production is still a bit unreliable, last year was the first where Bynum was healthy all season. His knees and general well-being as a massive 7-0, 285-pound monster are always tenuous, and that's part of the reason why he's headed to Germany for some Kobe-inspired, non-invasive platelet treatments. But the question mark of his health and the fact he's getting a surgery like this at only 24 years of age is a concern, and another thing for Philly fans to worry about.
With Kobe, Pau, Lamar, Metta and others during his time in L.A., Bynum was – at best – the Lakers' second or third option and wasn't expected to handle double teams, a relief for Lakers fans since Bynum handles double teams about as well as a local high school center would handle NBA double teams. He panics when he's swarmed down low and attempts to pivot away from the pressure, rather than just hold the ball above his head to look for open teammates. He's not used to being the offensive focal point of an opponent's defense, and if Philly is really going to use him in that capacity, Doug Collins needs to go over his recognition of defense rotations; it's either that, or you'll see a lot of turnovers early in the season.
The injuries and inexperience as the center of a team's offense are not the only things that could set Bynum back in his new role for Philly. Rod Thorn recently admitted the Sixers' were originally shooting for Howard in the deal with Orlando. Bynum's thinking can be as enigmatic as they come (see also: three-point shot development), and it's comments like Thorn's that can lead to a funk where Bynum doesn't play hard and pouts on the bench and in the huddle. He's gotten better in this regard over the years, but he's not far removed from another iteration of his earlier teenage petulance. It's good that Philly CEO Adam Aron is making Bynum and Jason Richardson's introductory press conference a big deal because appreciating their new big man will benefit them more on the court and also give them a better chance to re-sign him this summer when he becomes an unrestricted free agent.
Whether they'll want to sign him to the max contract he'll likely receive from others is up to how his first year back home as the man goes. He's under a lot of pressure for a 24-year-old that's never been in a position to dictate the offense before. Let's hope he handles it wisely because Sixers coach, Doug Collins, doesn't suffer fools, and he'd rather bench the big man than have to deal with any headaches.
Remember when Chicago was a title contender and Derrick Rose was the MVP? It seems like so long ago the Bulls were looking at another mini-dynasty and the first real championship-contending team since the Jordan, Jackson and Pippen triumvirate left town. That new Chicago powerhouse led by Rose was only two years ago, and now, all of a sudden, after Derrick Rose went down with a torn ACL (usually a 1.5 year rehabilitation) in the first game against Philadelphia during the playoffs this past May, the Bulls are no longer among the elite in the East. It's Boston and Miami at this point, and possibly New York and Philly, especially after Philly added Bynum to their roster.
Chicago made some moves this offseason, but mainly it concerned people they lost (Ronnie Brewer, Omer Asik, Kyle Korver and others) and not people they picked up (Kirk Hinrich, Nate Robinson and Nazr Mohammed). Who they chose to let go is redolent of many mid-market teams adhering to the new CBA's luxury tax penalties. Let's not forget they're still stuck with Carlos Boozer's increasingly calamitous contract, but their Rose-less existence for much of last season's regular season (where they had the best record in the East) won't be as formidable for the 2012-13 campaign.
That means Derrick Rose and his surgically repaired knee will be the focal point of Chicago's season. We've already highlighted what a watershed year this has now become for Rose, and his knee is basically the only thing Chicago hoop fans are thinking about as they figure out how everything changed so quickly. The G.O.A.T himself has advised Rose to take his time coming back, but every player is different and even if Jerry Reinsdorf and the rest of the Bulls front office is convinced he should be sitting out all of next year too, they need to listen to Rose, who could very well be ready in February or March. That's enough time to increase the odds of Chicago getting into the playoffs.
C.J. Watson is in Brooklyn now, and he's been replaced with Kirk Hinrich. Marquis Teague, their selection from Kentucky, has been underwhelming during the summer at the other guard spot, and no less an authority than Jeff Van Gundy thinks the Bulls may miss the playoffs entirely. So that makes Rose necessary sooner rather than later. If the Bulls want to have any chance next season, Rose will be in the unenviable position where management wants him to rest and avoid re-aggravating the knee, but his competitive drive wants to be back on the court helping his increasingly undermanned teammates.
It's a lot of pressure for the former MVP, and you can be sure he'll be trying to get back on the court as soon as possible. Whether that's the smart play for a franchise that's built their entire identity around their point guard remains to be seen. But you can be sure Derrick Rose will bear the burden of unmet goals and the expectations he set for himself and his team after a blistering 2010-2011 campaign that saw him win the MVP and get within one hard-fought series of the Finals. Whether he can get back to that point is still up in the air – as are Chicago's fortunes as a whole.
Deron Williams is bringing a gold medal to Brooklyn, but he'll be tasked with a lot more than his intermittent guard play in London upon his return to America. The team Brooklyn just inherited from New Jersey hasn't been relevant since Jason Kidd was around. They're going through an overhaul behind the pocketbook of owner Mikhail Prokhorov and the long-term additions of Williams and Joe Johnson to the backcourt. We all know what to expect from Johnson (fleeting brilliance and an expensive contract that doesn't match up with his production), but Williams is a bit of a question mark even though he controls the team's fate more than anyone else.
Since being traded to New Jersey, Williams has shot poorly. He only hit around 40 percent of his field goals last year even though he averaged 21 points a game, and the Nets, accordingly, were awful. Sure, they're getting Brook Lopez (and his measly rebounding) back; they've re-signed Gerald Wallace (after stupidly almost losing their draft pick for nothing if he had bounced this offseason); they also re-signed Kris Humphries and took on the aforementioned Johnson's prickly contract, but it's Deron's team to lead or not. If his poor shooting continues and he doesn't make up for it with increased dimes to his now-stronger supporting cast, the inaugural year in Jay-Z's old neighborhood could be a filled with strife.
The loss of Dwight Howard to Los Angeles doesn't help matters, since the plan was to flip Humphries, Lopez and picks during next year's trade deadline for Howard's services. Howard has made it clear he'd love to be in Brooklyn, but now that he's in Hollywood, it's unlikely any trade will occur during next season. That means even more of the onus for the Nets' success falls on Williams.
Brook Lopez might be the Carlos Boozer front-court player Williams lacked with last year's team, and Joe Johnson is certainly an offensive upgrade over anyone on the Nets roster from last season (and the primary reason Williams signed an extension with Brooklyn and not his hometown Mavericks), but the team's fortunes still hinge on Williams' play, and he's not at the career apogee he reached while leading the Jazz to the Western Conference Finals in 2007. If he gets back to that level, Jay will have plenty of bombastic raps next spring, but if he continues to shoot poorly and the pieces the Nets added this offseason don't pay off, Williams and new Brooklyn fans will be forced to reconsider the decision to offer a max extension to him this offseason. There's a lot of pressure inherent in any new franchise, and turning the tide of the Nets' championship fortunes in one year's time is a tall order even for a player with as much talent as Williams. The verdict on Thorn's moves this summer remains in the air, and no player is more important to that verdict than Deron Williams.
Carmelo Anthony would have been No. 1 on this list if it weren't for the deal that went down last week. As such, he's at the two spot, but that doesn't alleviate the pressure he's brought on himself in the media capital of the world. his Knicks tenure is about to come full-circle. When he first got to town, it was like a prodigal son returning (sure he grew up in "Stop Snitching" Baltimore, but he's originally from New York), but after one so-so quarter year in 2011, and a lockout-shortened 2012 season where a coach (D'Antoni) and a fan favorite (Lin) were jettisoned elsewhere, all the pressure falls on Carmelo to produce, which is we suppose what he wanted all along.
This is a team to Carmelo's liking. He likes Mike Woodson, and even decided to play some defense for him towards the end of last year. He's got a knucklehead to make him laugh from his days in Denver, J.R. Smith, and a defensive beast down low in 2012 Defensive Player Of The Year Tyson Chandler. He's got spot-up shooters in Steve Novak and Jason Kidd. He has a point guard, Raymond Felton, that won't take the spotlight off him, like the wonderful Lin last year, and who will be more than willing to give him the ball in all his favorite spots. He's even got Marcus Camby down low to help out every time he's burned by a small forward on the wing. About the only sore spot is Amar'e Stoudemire and his continued presence clogging up the elbow spots 'Melo prefers. All of these changes were designed by Team Dolan (a subsidiary of CAA) to assuage any doubts that this was 'Melo's team. Now he just has to go out and bring a title back to New York, where it's been on an almost four-decade sabbatical that even the Hall of Famer Patrick Ewing couldn't end.
So what happens if 'Melo's Knicks again get knocked out in the opening round of the playoffs? If that happens, the Post and Daily News will train their headline talents on the ubiquitous "'Melo" nickname to show his failures. The loss of Lin especially – since he was a fan and reporter favorite – will stack the deck against 'Melo. If the Knicks come out flat, like they did after their season-opening Christmas Day win last year, then 'Melo will have no one to blame but himself. Sure, he has a tweaked hamstring from his time with the Olympic team, but he also lost 12 pounds before the Olympics. He must work hard and stay in shape if he's to have any chance of avoiding the doomed basketball pariah label he's headed towards after his mediocre first year and a half in New York.
When 'Melo was lobbying for a trade out of Denver to the basketball Mecca, he must've understood it would lead to an increased media presence, but on top of that, increased expectations. Like everyone else on this list, the Carmelo Knicks are supposed to compete for a title. That's what he was brought to New York to do: win a championship. So far, he's barely been able to make his first round opponents sweat, winning just one playoff game out of nine attempts. If that continues this year, the collective enmity of reporters and fans might give him more than just a pause. The time is now for Carmelo and more than nearly anybody, he's got a lot riding on his play in the next season. I hope for his sake and my own as a New York Knicks fan and New York resident he comes through enough to stave off the inevitable backlash. So far he's avoided New York's hungry hordes of haters, but they'll only stay away if he wins and wins right now. New York is an amazing city, but there are very few hiding spots if things go wrong. Our readers agree, he's not even really No. 2 on this list, but 1A, so we'll see how he responds to the pressure.
It was inevitable after the Lakers got Dwight they would rocket to the top of this list. In fact, I'd written some of this top 10 before the trade and basically had to trash the whole thing because so many teams were directly affected by the trade's reverberations across the league. Right now, on paper, the Los Angeles Lakers might have more talent then even the defending champion Miami Heat and their Big Three. That's because they just picked up the one guy that perfectly fits into their (feels like 2004) squad of past-their-prime All-Stars and MVPs.
Just picture walking onto the court and having to matchup against Steve Nash at the point (a two-time MVP just five years ago), Kobe Bryant (a five-time champion and MVP in 2008 who is – sorry Jerry – the best off guard not named Jordan in NBA history), Pau Gasol (a two-time champion and four-time All-Star who almost led his Spanish National Team to an upset of the Americans in the gold medal game of this year's Summer Olympics) and the most dominant big man in the game, Dwight Howard.
Sure, it would be easy to put all the pressure on Howard in this spot. Lord knows he deserves to be under the microscope after the way he treated the fans, coaches and executives in Orlando. Some of the comments when Dime asked readers about who has the most pressure on them entering the 2012-13 season rightfully designated Howard as either No. 1 or No. 2 behind 'Melo, but since Howard is surrounded by other All-Stars, the pressure falls on the team. They either win the 2013 NBA title or they don't and they're a failure. It's an either/or situation. Sure, they'll still have Nash, Kobe and Pau next season and theoretically they'll be able to sign Howard to an extension next summer (adding the bedrock for future, post-Kobe, Laker championships), but let's be honest: if the Lakers fail to win the title this year, they will have under-performed and not lived up to their potential.
Such is life when you've got a dream-like NBA 2K13 All-Star roster assembled before September. Kobe Bryant was tripping all over himself for a chance to get back to the States and marvel at the squad Mitch Kupchak (and, less so, Jim Buss) put together when he was off partying with Nas over the Olympics. Steve Nash went from running a high screen-n-roll with Channing Frye and Marcin Gortat to Pau Gasol and Dwight Howard. He went from a geriatric Michael Redd and Grant Hill in his backcourt to Kobe F-ing Bryant. About the only person in this whole bizarre turn who hasn't been getting a lot of pub and doesn't have nearly the level of expectation as his more publicized teammates is Metta World Peace. Metta has been overshadowed during an offseason that saw them add one of the best point guards in the game AND the BEST center in the game. That's another indication they'll have the most pressure on their shoulders come autumn. MWP better add a couple more therapist visits before this circus season starts.
It's not like the all-star collection of Laker starters are in their primes, either. But Nash was productive enough for a crappy Suns team last season. They were on the verge of the playoffs until the last couple weeks of the season. Gasol might be older and still (unfairly) labeled as soft, but he's the best foreign-born player not named Dirk in the league (sorry, Marc) and his skill set is perfectly matched for Howard. Howard – as anyone that's read the Internet over the last week is aware – brings rebounding and shot-blocking as a near-unanimous DPOY selection over the last half-decade (the only reason he lost last year was his back injury and the media enmity engendered after that ridiculous press conference where Stan Van Gundy claimed D12 had gone to management to get him fired, only to have Howard deflect reporter's questions right after he said it). On top of all that, you have Kobe Bryant, just one of the top 10 players of all time. No big deal.
Winning an NBA Championship isn't as easy as just assembling the parts (ask the 2004 Lakers and 2011 Heat about that), so it's not a given the collection of talent will deliver a title. That's where the pressure comes in. Nash has never been a favorite like this in his entire career. Those Amar'e/Nash teams were never the favorite regardless of their offensive exploits in the "SSOL" offense. Dwight was never been expected to win a title with Orlando's three-point shooting supporting cast. Sure, Pau and Kobe have been under the magnifying glass as title favorites after capturing back-to-back titles in 2009 and 2010, but this is a whole 'nother ball game. About the only one of the Lakers stars that's relishing the new pressure is Kobe. Kobe thrives off of pressure, and it doesn't get any more pressure-packed than this.
It's on Steve Nash, Pau Gasol and Dwight Howard to match Kobe's enthusiasm for the challenge, and just as importantly, it's on Mike Brown to manage the egos of this superstar-laden team. If this Lakers team doesn't win a title, it will be a failure, and Brown will most likely be gone. Aside from the 2011 and 2012 Heat squads (who buckled under that pressure the first year), no team has been this favored (ostensibly, at least) to win a title before the season even started. And, just in case you forgot, the Lakers' burden is augmented further when you realize they'll have to go through the defending Western Conference champion, Oklahoma City Thunder, the still-strong San Antonio Spurs, the one-year stronger Los Angeles Clippers, the Grizzlies, the Mavericks, the Nuggets and whatever other challenges arise in the West. After vanquishing all those teams in the West, they would then have to face off against their doppelgängers in the East, the Heat, in a Finals showdown that's likely to set a Nielson ratings record and engorge David Stern with an uncomfortably overt tumescence in June.
If – and only if – they beat all those teams and win the 2013 Larry O'Brien trophy will their season have been a success. Anything short of a title, any slip-up along the way or dint in their armor, and the season is marked as a failure.
Pressure? What do you know about pressure?
[Notable Omissions: John Wall, Jeremy Lin, Dirk Nowitzki, Roy Hibbert, DeMarcus Cousins, Aaron Afflalo, Andrew Bogut, Stephen Curry, and Anthony Davis]
Which players do you think have the most pressure on them next season?
Follow Spencer on Twitter at @countcenci.
Follow Dime on Twitter at @DimeMag.
Become a fan of Dime Magazine on Facebook HERE.

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Over the past four days I have been receiving numerous emails from merchants and affiliates, asking how to word their texts to meet the new Federal Trade Commission rules for testimonials, reviews and endorsements.
Affiliates wonder how to put together disclosures:
As a publisher, is there generic type of blurb that I could add to my website that would cover me for the FTC guidelines you were talking about.
…while merchants want to know how to phrase their affiliate program agreements:
What do we need to do? Your help and guidance is appreciated.
Affiliates, several good examples of disclosure policies have been posted over the past few days. Below I am listing the ones that I have found to be especially well-put-together. They may provide a good starting point for crafting your own policy:
- Scott Jangro's disclosure
- Tim Carter's disclosure
- Sarah Mae's disclosure
- KitchenStewardship.com's disclosure
- Matt Cutts' disclosure
- …and see also DisclosurePolicy.org for help
Per FTC's recent interview, affiliates are not expected to include the disclosure on every page of their website. "Whether you make it outside of the text but in proximity to blog, or incorporate it into the blog discussion itself — those are the issues that bloggers will have discretion about" [source]. So a dedicated Disclosure Policy page visible from every page of the website should suffice.
Affiliate program managers and advertisers/merchants, on the other hand, may use the following text I have put together, making it a sub-clause of an Affiliate Obligations clause in their programs' Terms of Service:
We strongly advise affiliates to stay compliant with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) guidelines on testimonials and endorsements. All endorsements, reviews, testimonials on CompanyName.com's products and services, as well as relationships between other types of content websites (forums, blogs, microblogs and other Social Media channels) and CompanyName must be clearly disclosed in a separate policy on the affiliate sites. FTC points out that "when there exists a connection between the endorser and the seller of the advertised product" it is imperative that such connection is "fully disclosed". FTC deems the relationship in an endorser-sponsor light, and believes that the end user has the right to understand that one exists [full text here]. We share the undergirding idea of this approach, and strongly encourage our affiliates to adhere to the FTC's rules. We also reserve the right to terminate relationship with any non-compliant affiliates.
As always, I am open to comments and criticisms.
About Geno Prussakov
CEO & Founder of AM Navigator – an award-winning OPM agency. Founder & Chair of Affiliate Management Days conference. Author of numerous books including "Affiliate Program Management: An Hour a Day" (2011) and "Quick Start Guide to Affiliate Marketing" (2013), international speaker, marketing consultant, affiliate and influencer marketing evangelist.
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Tags: affiliate blogging, affiliate link disclosure, disclosure policy, Federal Trade Commission, FTC disclosure rules
11 Responses to "How to Word Disclosures & Agreements to Meet FTC Rules"
This is a great breakdown for not only the affiliate, but also the advertiser and/or original merchants.
The need for a disclosure statement on an affiliate site is really a no-brainer – yes, you need to have one.
The eye opening part, is that as a merchant or advertiser, you should have a disclaimer in your Terms of Service to prevent possible liability from your affiliates or partners (in case they mess up).
All of this is still pretty new, so hopefully the FTC will actually come out and specify what each party is required to show as proper disclosure. At this time, it seems to be more of a guessing game.
I'm amazed that my disclosure is a good example – it was just written with common sense and by the seat of my pants (after the disclosure.org part, that is). Good to know it's not rocket science!
Geno, as you & one of your merchant's said, "We support compliance although this is going to be near impossible to monitor."
I do not see how a company can be expected to:
a) Find
b) Follow
c) Moderate
d) Control
a 3rd party to ensure proper disclosure – both time & monetarily (budgets don't allow for a "brand hunter" position at most companies).
What if a webmaster can't be contacted or there is no other way to severe an affiliate partner? Just way too many risks and opportunities to get into trouble.
[…] According to the FTC, "The disclosure should be clear, conspicuous and aiming to "alert the reader" that there is a "connection between the endorser and the seller." I also found great disclosure advice on Geno Prussakov's affiliate marketing blog. […]
As Geno said, an industry-wide disclosure/privacy policing should be written by the merchants for the affiliates (a one size fits all approach) with a spider to monitor compliance. Some affiliate networks already require this for each publisher(so it's nothing new just more clarified).
I know i am coming into this conversation late, but do these guidelines you think have anything to do with paid links, natural or tracked? If it's not an "endorsement" does any of that apply?
Any feedback of course is appreciated


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A trend toward minimal packaging benefits companies that save money by using fewer materials, while also providing environmental advantages. "The best eco friendly packaging solutions are those that are appealing to the company or consumer using them and also make economic sense," writes Dennis Salazar of Salazar Packaging.
Full Story:Environmental Leader


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Are you looking for Pigs in IOWA? Hotfrog showcases more than 70 popular businesses related to Pigs in IOWA! Find a specific region or suburb using the left navigation.
Baxter, IA
Conover Show Pigs breeding purebred berkshires and crossbreds, with a handful of purebred Hampshires and Yorkshires. I expect the purebreds to compete nationally and also breed on and be able to function in a purebred or…
Show PigsSwine GeneticsClub PigsPork Producers
Chariton, IA
CAIN SUPER SIRES Earl Cain showpigs swine hogs pigs boars gilts cainfarms cainfarm To provide our customers with the highest quality semen, breeding stock, and show pigs in both the club pig and commercial swin…
Des Moines, IA
Today's pork checkoff is at work for pork producers. U.S. pork producers and importers pay $0.40 per $100 of value when pigs are sold and when pigs or pork products are brought into the United States
Pork ProducersPork Products
Williamsburg, IA
pigs, show barrows, gilts, hogs, boars, sows, hampshire, corssbred genetics, swine facilities, club pigs
Club PigsHogs
Glidden, IA
Mohr Pork, LLC is a company out of Glidden Iowa that helps Iowa farmers buy and sell their pigs
State Center, IA
Eggers Show Pigs consists of approximately 40 Crossbred; Duroc; Yorkshire sows focused on the production of show hogs that can "get it done.
Show Pigs
Ames, IA
Our annual private treaty pig sale will be held at Clint's showpig barn near Ames
Show PigsPig
le mars, ia
We have finally realized Grandpa Beeler's Old World method of raising pork was not so bad after all
Cleghorn, IA
Hurd Showpigs provides quality genetics for the show pig industry, located in Cleghorn, Iowa
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Harlan, IA
Our mission is to consistently provide high quality veterinary services to each and every pet we see, so that he or she can then live healthier, happier and longer
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Boone, IA
We are a smaller operation located in Central Iowa focusing on the production of successful show pigs for youth across the country
Swine Genetics
Murray, IA
Let Little Farms put you in the winners' circle We are a family owned seedstock operation offering breeding stock & winning show pigs
West Des Moines, IA
Our unique selection platform currently includes measurement for feed efficiency, individually and in family groups, whole genome selection, selection for disease tolerance, and indexes that maximize margin
Waukon, IA
Larsh was an award-winning photographer for over twenty years. He specialized in the following areas: Nature, Agriculture, Commercial Fishing on the Upper Mississippi River, People, Animals
A leader in swine genetics, Newsham Choice Genetics partners with pork producers in meeting the needs of packers, retailers and customers. The most comprehensive map of the pig genome, proprietary indexing and selection …
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We are involved in turnkey construction of confinement type and hog and poultry units, the manufacture and distribution of hog and poultry equipment, and the production of live hogs Our sister company, Georgia …
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Center Point, IA
We started off in March with Champion Heavyweight Barrow at the Houston Stock Show and Ended with the Reserve Champion Dark Cross at the Texas State Fair
Riverside, IA
As we near completion of our 3rd year in business, our goals remain the same as the day our doors opened: use predictable pedigrees that produce problem free offspring, that are built correctly, and have the look an…
Fairfield, IA
This home page begins your search for information and natural products related to our small homestead farm, such as goats, sheep, meat, soaps, lotions and wool, as well as classes offered
CowsRaw WoolGoatsSheep
Nevada, IA
Iowa Pond Guy was established to provide pond and nuisance wildlife services in the state of Iowa. Ask the Pond Guy about pond services and nuisance wildlife services in the Iowa area
Hull, IA
Te Slaa Manufacturing is a provider of heavy-duty livestock equipment, located in northwest Iowa. Products include Livestock gates, livestock chutes, hay bunks and more
Farms.com can be accessed through our internationally recognized agriculture information portal, which has business services and resources for more than 25,000 agribusiness professionals and livestock and crop produ…
Feeder PigsHogsCattle AuctionsAnimal Healthcare
orange city, ia
Van Beek Natural Science provides effective natural alternatives for your livestock or pet needs. We are committed to quality and certified to prove it
Indianola, IA
Waldo Farms was the first US herd to have an extension agent probe the entire herd for backfat and then use the results in a selection program designed to reduce carcass fat levels in the entire population
Show PigsSwine GeneticsHogsPig
Harcourt, IA
Many of our Livestock Producer clients over the years have grabbed the opportunity to better promote their sales and events with a banner ad on our specie directories
Mount Vernon, IA
Kroul Farms is a place for all to enjoy. Whether you're here for the fresh produce and the potted plants, or to experience a working farm with your family, there is always something going on. Iowa City, Coralville, Cedar…
Dakota City, IA
We have a broad range of experience servicing military, industrial and consumer electronics These pictures represent just a sampling of the many brands and models we service at PMT
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Webster City, IA
The HANOR Family of Companies is one of the nation's premier pork producers. With operations in 7 states and over 500 employees, HANOR has grown to be a world-class leader in pork production by creating and sustaining su…
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Sioux Center, IA
LoneStar Laboratory Swine is grounded in the pursuit of technical excellence and is moving forward with a new, direct commitment to be our industry's leader in customer service and satisfaction
Lewis, IA
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Fruitland, IA
Wax dipped bears and soy wax dipped stuffed animals from CJs Candle Creations. Soy wax dipped teddy bears, animals, smelly jellies, and air fresheners�
Diagonal, IA
Okelley Wind Diverter Manufactures equipment that is helping farmers and other businesses control the environment and cutting overhead costs through effective humidity and temperature equipment
Ankeny, IA
Engler Land & Livestock, located in Ankeny, Iowa, has club lambs available for 4-H and FFA projects
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Keota, IA
Product lines include Vittetoe Hog Equipment, EPS Buildings, Turn Key EPS Hog Buildings, Vittetoe Chaff Spreader, Show Stopper Equipment and Friesen Seed Tenders Livestock equipment, Show Stopper Equipment and V…
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Waterloo, IA
Maurice Telleen, past manager of the Waterloo show, stated that the National Dairy Cattle Congress was not "National" anymore, but regional
Stanwood, IA
Ionia, IA
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With his latest film, "I Love You, Man†having now taken in the region of $50 million at the U.S Box Office, writer/director John Hamburg says he's ready for more of a challenge.
"I'm working on the sequel to The Readerâ€, jokes the filmmaker. "In fact, I tried to do a little bit of punch-up on the script for the first. It was a good film, but it's like this – Winslet was good, but if I'd done it, then they would've taken the box office tooâ€.
Hamburg is, of course, teasing. He's got no plans to venture outside of his comfort zone. For now, he'll stick to laffers.
"I have no ability to do like a Revolutionary Roadâ€, says the writer/director of 2004's "Along Came Polly†and the writer of "Meet the Parents†and "Zoolanderâ€.
"I Love You, Man†has done wonders for Hamburg's career though, so you never know what he'll be offered next.
A comedy starring Paul Rudd and Jason Segel as a friendless groom who essentially hires someone to be his best man, "Love You†is something that'd been in the works for quite a while.
Producer Donald De Line says, "It's based on a story that we'd been developing for many years. We had a great premise, but we never cracked the right screenplay or the right storyâ€.
Enter Hamburg, who injected his real-life experiences into the libretto.
"I had friends growing up, but wasn't really in a clique. There's really no way for you to meet a close male friend when you're an adult – it felt like an interesting idea for a movieâ€, he says.
"I think any guy can relate to itâ€, adds De Line. "It's a very real phenomenon. Friendship is such an important element in one's lifeâ€.
Segel and Rudd weren't attached to the project when Hamburg was commissioned to put pen to paper on it.
"When I write, I try not to think of actors. As long as the characters feel real to me, it's workingâ€, says the scribe. "When I finished it, Donald and I just had a couple of conversations and the only guys we really talked about for the parts of Peter and Sydney were Paul Rudd and Jason Segel.â€
Rudd and Segel, probably best known for their roles in Judd Apatow hits like "The 40 Year-Old Virgin†and "Knocked Upâ€, bought a lot to their roles.
''There was a good combination of scripted and improv dialogueâ€, explains Hamburg. "They were always super respective of the script but all of the cast were amazing improvisers so we'd start with the script and then go off from there. We'd go on tangents and then maybe come back to the script… or maybe not.â€
Needless to say, there are a lot of deleted scenes to look forward to on the DVD.
"There's a lotâ€, says Hamburg. "There's a bunch of takes of Paul Rudd trying to get out the word 'Later on, City Slicker'. Paul has his own language in the film there are plenty of scenes of him doing his thing; he's a linguist. There's also a scene at Venice Beach where Paul and Jason argue over different topics whilst Paul cruises Jason around on his Vesper. There's a segment called 'Barry and Denise American Sweethearts' with [Jon] Favreau and [Jamie] Pressly – some really funny stuff they did that didn't make the movie. We just had too many characters and too many stories to tell. People unfortunately don't like sitting through a five-hour comedyâ€.
There's no sequel to this one, but there will be one to one of Hamburg's earlier films.
"I'm writing a draft of Little Fockers, which is a follow-up to two films I co-wrote, Meet the Parents and Meet the Fockers. Larry Stuckey wrote the first draft of it, and I'm taking that basis and putting my own spin on it. Production will begin on that movie this Summer. It's going to be Ben [Stiller], [Robert] De Niro, and Owen Wilson. In fact, I think a lot of the people from the first two movies are going to be back. It wouldn't be the same movie with Rob Schneider in the leadâ€, he laughs.
De Line's just as busy as his colleague.
He's currently in Australia prepping "Green Lantern. Martin Campbell is directing; He's such a great director for us. It starts up mid September. I think we're going to shoot in Sydney… or Melbourne.â€
And sometime after that De Line hopes to put his stamp on a feature film version of Hanna-Barbera's "The Jetson'sâ€.
"[Robert] Rodriguez has done a great job of the scriptâ€, says the producer of such films as "The Italian Jobâ€, "Fools Gold†and "Body of Liesâ€. ''We will see what happens with that – we're still trying to get that off the ground. It quite possibly could film in Austin – and Orbit City, of course.
"And there's other projects in various stages of developmentâ€, adds the producer. "Hamburg may end up directing one or more of them; he just doesn't know it yet.â€
Hamburg, currently attached to direct Uni's "Secret Agent Manâ€, says he'd be pleased to work with De Line again.
"[I Love You, Man] was a really enjoyable experience to work on together. Donald and I are always on the same page – and the actors were as well – and it was just one of those projects that you just couldn't believe you were getting paid to show up to work and do.â€


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It uses a twist-lock extension with a special quick-release attachment clamp mounted to the wheel. It installs in seconds and can be easily deployed or removed with the simple push of a button. For more information visit our website: http://www.deckhardware.com.au/store/products/wheel_mounted_steering_control_arm/
For more information on DeckHardware visit their website www.deckhardware.com.au or call them on 02 9905 9400.


text:
Interior design
This project was awarded to Maxvisualization for €750 EUR.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project Budget€750 - €1500 EUR
Total Bids11
Project Description
Interior Designer is a creative, artistic and imaginative person.
I am an Interior Designer and I enjoy every second in front of my computer to try to get the best idea for my project therefore my favourite quote is... Design your life!
Can't wait to start a new project!
Awarded to:
Skills Required
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- Set your budget and the timeframe
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Website Seo Content Writer Needed
This project received 18 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $74 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project BudgetN/A
Total Bids18
Project Description
Website Seo Content Writer Needed
Fixed Price Project - Est. Budget $[url removed, login to view] - Posted 29 minutes ago
Job Description
We are looking for someone to write/rewrite/spin Seo content for new website. There will be around 20 articles with paragraphs with a minimum of 700 words in each.
The articles will have the following characteristics:
1. These paragraphs should be in a positive conversational tone. They should not look like something you would find in a textbook.
2. Before each paragraph, there will be a small descriptive title with the "keyword" in it. Each word in the title must be capitalized.
As an example: "Computers" is the keyword - Title: "Computers Aid in Predicting Storms"
3. You should deliver the finished file in a text file, using Notepad. You do not need to number the paragraphs.
Contractor requirements
We are seeking the following qualities in the contractor:
2. Excellent English writing skills and a familiarity with educational/animal training topics
3. Creative and engaging style that will appeal to broad groups of people
How to apply
Along with your cover letter, please submit writing samples that highlight your writing style. Please let us know about your availability to complete this work.
Thanks and good luck.
Skills Required
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- Set your budget and the timeframe
- Outline your proposal
- Get paid for your work
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- Time
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- Times Online


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Do yuo see Beast Boy?
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This Gif entitled Do yuo see Beast Boy? was created from the youtube video 3 years ago. It uses 12 frames per second and is displayed at 360px resolution. This animated image plays for 7 seconds, was built with high quality and an estimated weight of 4.56 MB for download. This animation was originally created from the Animated Short - New Teen Titans - Kids Korner 4 Kids | DC Nation | Cartoon Network video from 00:38 to 00:45.
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A Dawson County landowner has withdrawn his request to annex property near the site of a controversial motorsports park into Dawsonville.
While last week's arctic blast cut into the state's legislative activities, the new District 51 state senator said to expect great things to happen when the Senate reconvenes Jan. 24.
The group charged with pushing a new 1-cent sales tax for regional transportation projects met for the first time last week as it aims to put the vote on a ballot in 2012.
A vote by the Dawson County Board of Commissioners last week allows a modular building that will be used as a surgical center to be placed next to the local animal shelter.
Dawson County's newest commissioner selected familiar faces as his appointments to the county's planning commission.
The start of 2011 will usher in several new state laws.
6 p.m. Jan. 6 at city hall
Dawsonville plans to submit a downtown resurfacing project to a group tasked with influencing the direction of a proposed regional transportation tax, though the mayor is skeptical of its chances.
Northeast Georgia could be without a representative on the State Transportation Board for a couple of months.
A property owner across from the future site of a controversial motorsports park is looking to annex his land into the city of Dawsonville.
Gary Black is the state's new face of agriculture for the first time in 40 years.
A Dawson County Sheriff's deputy who collapsed while en route to a call last week has been released from the hospital after undergoing emergency surgery.
The Dawsonville City Council approved an outdoor water use ordinance during a called meeting last week to keep in line with new Georgia codes.
Dawson County Emergency Services recently paid tribute to five individuals who made significant contributions to their profession and the department over the last three decades.
Page 48 of 74
This week, the Senate passed one of the most important pieces of legislation that we will see all year: The Amended 2017 Fiscal Year (FY ...
The city council voted on Monday to move forward with the engineering phase of the park planned behind the Dawsonville Municipal Complex and the Food ...
The board of commissioners could vote tomorrow to select new legal representation after a special called meeting in the morning.
The new year has brought new members to the county planning commission. All four planning board members, as well as the chair, had terms that ...
The Georgia House of Representatives' Committee on Assignments recently named Rep. Kevin Tanner, R-Dawsonville, the chairman of the House Transportation Committee.
Citizens of Dawsonville are invited to attend a joint community connections workshop next week.
David Ralston, R-Blue Ridge, has again been re-elected as Speaker of the Georgia House of Representatives. Ralston was first elected as speaker in January 2010 ...
Before the first session of the 154th general assembly began Monday local lawmakers discussed what they think will be the biggest and most important issues ...
The Dawson County Board of Commissioners have announced that there will be a special called meeting at 9 a.m. Thursday with the purpose of ...
Dawson County's long-serving sheriff, Billy Carlisle, officially ended his last term of service on Friday with a party and farewell ceremony at the sheriff ...
A committee headed up by Sen. Steve Gooch, R-Dahlonega, that is focused on obtaining high-speed broadband internet access for all Georgians held its final meeting ...
Dawson County's newest elected officials pledged their allegiance to Dawson County and were sworn in Thursday morning at the Dawson County Government Center by ...
Page 1 of 1
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HCA, Hospital Corporation of America PACU RN in Pearland, Texas
The Registered Nurse performs direct patient care within the scope of the Registered Nurse Practice Act. Utilizes therapeutic communication in daily practice. Maintains a safe a therapeutic environment. Identifies nursing problems as they relate to the individual needs of the patient. Plans individualized patient care utilizing an interdisciplinary approach. Participates in performance improvement activities. Provides care and coordinates participation that fosters the goals of the hospital's mission and vision statement.When acting in charge nurse role, registered nurses are responsible for day-to-day activities to ensure the delivery of quality patient care in a therapeutic environment. Make staff assignments based on patient need and the skill of the staff. Serve as role models and clinical resource for the staff. Respond in a timely manner to requests for information or follow-up with physician, staff or patient issues. · Graduate of an AccreditedSchoolofNursing · Current TX RN licensure · BCLS required · PACU: ACLS required · PACU: PALS required · 2 years of previous critical care experience
Title: PACU RN
Location: Texas-Pearland-Pearland Medical Center
Requisition ID: 26516-70019


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The Holistic healing of Ayurveda and Ayurveda tours to attain spiritual peace
June 20, 2014 in Ayurveda Tour Packages by admin
Ayurveda is an ancient medical science which has its roots in India and the origins of which are traced back to the Vedas, that are the world's oldest classics available. The Vedas are the Indian ancient books of science and knowledge. They consist of scientific as well as practical information on various different subjects that are beneficial to humanity, such as philosophy, engineering, astrology, health and so on.
It can be said that Ayurveda is the only independent ancient scientific organization of medicines. However, in the medieval period, this system was faced by sheer neglect in the possession of the foreign rulers. Some of the authentic scriptures were destroyed in these times. Even in these turbulent times, Ayurveda continued its contribution towards the health of people because of its safe and effective herbal remedies as well as easy available ingredients in nature. Ayurveda is endowed with soundness, sufficiency and sustenance so it could survive through the ages.
The term Ayurveda consists of two words, that is Ayu and Veda. Of which, Ayu means life and the term Veda means science or knowledge. It is a science which provides holistic healing. So the word Ayurveda literally means the science of living or the science of life. According to these scripts, life is a combination of mind, body, senses and soul. So the definition of which does not just limit itself with the physical aspect of health, but also the mental, and spiritual health.
Following are the basic principles of Ayurveda: according to which, in this universe, everything is composed of five basic elements. Not just the universe, but also the human body and soul is made up of these five basic elements. And those five basic elements are as follows:
The earth is also known as Prithvi, Water is also known as alpha, Fire also known as Tejas, Air also known as Vayu, and Space also known as Akash.
There are many Ayurvedic destinations in the county, a lot of Ayurveda tours are organized to these places, where holistic healing are performed, Kerala is the most popular of all. People visit these centres to take a break from the materialistic world and to get in touch with their spiritual side as well as to get benefits of the holistic and completely natural healing of mind, body and soul. Words like spirituality and soul may sound outdated in the modern materialistic world, but it's a fact that this same modern world is the reason behind all the mental tension, anxiety and unrest that is being created in all of us. That is also because somewhere down the line, some parts of our body don't get properly nourished, and those parts are our soul and inner self. A balance needs to be maintained between spiritualism as well as materialism. In this situation Ayurveda comes into the picture, as it has been practising the theory of balance since ages, and according to which disease is a state of imbalance whereas, health is a state of balance.


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This article will be useful for those who study the structure of hard disk drives, develop utilities for changing this structure, or for people who deal with other questions related to the structure of hard disk drives such as backup, data recovery, or information extraction.
First of all, we will observe the basis: what a dynamic disk is and how it differs from a common disk. In addition, we will explore the types of dynamic volumes, their pros and cons.
The next section deals with the inner structure of dynamic disks: what disks and volumes consist of, how they are connected with each other, where this structure is stored and how to process it properly.
Based on knowledge of the structure of dynamic disks, a parser is implemented. The third section describes this parser. The implemented parser is cross-platform.
Let's start from the terminology.
Disk — a hard disk drive connected to the system. Each disk can contain one, several, or no partitions.
Partition — a hard disk drive's unit, which is interpreted by the operating system as a single whole for usability.
Volume —a set of partitions, which is interpreted by the system as a single logic disk with a file system. A volume can consist of one or several partitions.
Disks can be basic and dynamic.
Basic disks have a simple logic structure: a hard disk drive is divided into several partitions with the help of the partition table. Each partition is a logic disk, in other words, a volume always consists of one partition. This means that one volume can be physically located only on one disk. In order to increase or decrease the size of a volume, the size of a partition related to this volume has to be changed.
Dynamic disks have a more complicated logic structure: a volume can consist of one or several partitions located on one or several disks. In order to increase or decrease the size of a volume, one can change the size of a partition related to this volume or add new or delete existing partition.
In comparison with basic volumes, dynamic volumes have the following specifics of usage (depending on the type of a volume):
Let's find out more about types of dynamic volumes and their characteristics. There are the following types of dynamic volumes:
All information about the structure of dynamic disks is stored in the LDM database. The LDM database has one copy for each hard disk drive. In order to find the database, we must consider the used table of disk partitions.
In case of MBR, the dynamic disk will have only one partition with the size of the whole disk. The type of this partition has to be 0х42, meaning the logical disk manager partition. And the LDM database is stored in the last megabyte of the hard disk drive.
First of all, it should be mentioned that all data of the LDM database is stored in the big-endian format that is why while using the LDM data, the ByteReverse function is applied.
The first LDM structure that we see is a private head (PRIVHEAD). It is located by the 0xC00 offset , not the 0x200 one, despite the statements in references. ([1], [2]).
PRIVHEAD has the following appearance:
struct PrivHead
uint8_t magic[8];
uint32_t checksum;
uint16_t major;
uint16_t minor;
uint64_t timestamp;
uint64_t sequenceNumber;
uint64_t primaryPrivateHeaderLBA;
uint64_t secondaryPrivateHeaderLBA;
uint8_t diskId[64];
uint8_t hostId[64];
uint8_t diskGroupId[64];
uint8_t diskGroupName[31];
uint32_t bytesPerBlock;
uint32_t privateHeaderFlags;
uint16_t publicRegionSliceNumber;
uint16_t privateRegionSliceNumber;
uint64_t publicRegionStart;
uint64_t publicRegionSize;
uint64_t privateRegionStart;
uint64_t privateRegionSize;
uint64_t primaryTocLba;
uint64_t secondaryTocLba;
uint32_t numberOfConfigs;
uint32_t numberOfLogs;
uint64_t configSize;
uint64_t logSize;
uint8_t diskSignature[4];
Guid diskSetGuid;
Guid diskSetGuidDupicate;
As we can see, PRIVHEAD includes the general information about database. We are particularly interested in these two fields:
uint64_t TocOffset(const PrivHead* privhead, PhysicalDisk& drive)
uint64_t privateRegion = ByteReverse(privhead->privateRegionStart);
uint64_t tocOffset = ByteReverse(privhead->primaryTocLba);
return (privateRegion + tocOffset) * drive.SectorSize();
TOCBLOCK contains information about the LDM features. It has the following structure:
struct TocRegion
uint8_t name[8];
uint16_t flags;
uint64_t start;
uint64_t size;
uint16_t unk1;
uint16_t copyNumber;
uint8_t zeroes[4];
struct TocBlock
uint8_t magic[8];
uint32_t checksum;
uint64_t updateSequenceNumber;
uint8_t zeroes[16];
TocRegion config;
TocRegion log;
As we can see, TOCBLOCK includes description of two sections - config and log. The first section contains the part of the database we need.
uint64_t VmdbOffset(const PrivHead* privhead, const TocBlock* tocblock, PhysicalDisk& drive)
uint64_t privateRegion = ByteReverse(privhead->privateRegionStart);
uint64_t configOffset = ByteReverse(tocblock->config.start);
return (privateRegion + configOffset) * drive.SectorSize();
If we jump by the offset mentioned in the config section (relative to the private region), the next LDM structure, VMDB, appears. VMDB is the header of the VBLK list.
struct Vmdb
uint8_t magic[4];
uint32_t sequenceNumberOfLastVblk;
uint32_t sizeOfVblk;
uint32_t firstVblkOffset;
uint16_t updateStatus;
uint16_t major;
uint16_t minor;
uint8_t diskGroupName[31];
uint8_t diskGroupGuid[64];
uint64_t committedSequence;
uint64_t pendingSequence;
uint32_t numberofCommittedVolumeBlocks;
uint32_t numberOfCommittedComponentBlocks;
uint32_t numberOfCommittedPartitionBlocks;
uint32_t numberOfCommittedDiskBlocks;
uint32_t numberOfCommittedDiskAccessRecords;
uint32_t unused1;
uint32_t unused2;
uint32_t numberOfPendingVolumeBlocks;
uint32_t numberOfPendingComponentBlocks;
uint32_t numberOfPendingPartitionBlocks;
uint32_t numberOfPendingDiskBlocks;
uint32_t numberOfPendingDiskAccessRecords;
uint32_t unused3;
uint32_t unused4;
//uint8_t zeroes[16]; VSFW 4.0 adds this field upon installation, and removes it during unsinstall, it is unclear how to detect if this field will appear or not, other than checking 0xCD to see if it's in use.
uint64_t lastAccessTime;
We are interested in the offset of the first element, element size and the number of the last element. VBLK are numbered starting from 4, that's why as a rule the offset of the first element is 512 and the size is 128. VMDB occupies VBLK numbers from 0 to 3.
uint64_t FirstVblkOffset(
const PrivHead* privhead, const TocBlock* tocblock, const Vmdb* vmdb, PhysicalDisk& drive)
return VmdbOffset(privhead, tocblock, drive) + ByteReverse(vmdb->firstVblkOffset);
VBLK is an element of the database that represents one of the objects (volume, component, partition, disk, disk group). In order to understand the purpose of each object, let's explore the structure of each one.
As we can see, in theory such architecture of volumes could support more complicated volume types. For instance, the mirrored-spanned volume would have the following appearance:
But in practice, such types of volumes are not supported: neither Windows Disk Management nor 3rd party utilities for work with disks are able to create such volume. After an attempt to create such volume manually, Windows refused to work with group of disks and marked them with the Invalid status.
The VBLK content differs depending on the type of the component it represents. But all VBLKs have a common standard header that determines the number of VBLK, the group number, the quantity of fragments, and the number of a fragment.
If data are too large to be stored in a single VBLK, the rest of data is recorded to another VBLK structure. Such structures are connected with a single group number.
In all types of VBLK, cell status, flags, cell type, and content length are stored after the standard header.
struct VblkHeader
uint8_t magic[4];
uint32_t sequenceNumber;
uint32_t groupNumber;
uint16_t recordNumber;
uint16_t numberOfRecords;
struct ExtendedVblk
VblkHeader header;
uint16_t updateStatus;
uint8_t flags;
uint8_t type;
uint32_t length;
uint8_t otherData;
Let's explore each type of the VBLK cell. It should be mentioned that to each object has unique ID. Connections inside the LDM base are created using Object IDs.
Many fields in VBLK have a variable size. The first byte of such field stores the size of data, and then data of specified size is located. Such fields are marked with the var prefix.
struct VolumeVblk //pseudocode
var_uint64_t objectId;
var_string name;
var_string type;
var_string disableDriveLetterAssignment;
int8_t state[14];
int8_t readPolicy;
var_uint64_t volumeNumber;
uint32_t flags;
var_uint64_t numberOfComponents;
uint64_t commitTransactionId;
uint64_t unknownTransactionId;
var_uint64_t size;
uint8_t zeroes[4];
uint8_t partitionType;
Guid guid;
var_uint64_t id1; //exists if vblk flags contain 0x08
var_uint64_t id2; //exists if vblk flags contain 0x20
var_uint64_t columnSizeLba; //exists if vblk flags contain 0x80
var_string mountHint; //exists if vblk flags contain 0x02
We can get the following information from this: a disk letter (if it is assigned), a volume size, and used file system.
The field type can have two values, gen and raid5. This field only shows us whether it is RAID-5 volume or not.
struct ComponentVblk //pseudocode
var_uint64_t objectId;
var_string name;
var_string state;
uint8_t layout;
uint32_t flags;
var_uint64_t numberOfPartitions;
uint64_t commitTransactionId;
uint64_t zero;
var_uint64_t volumeId;
var_uint64_t logsd;
var_uint64_t stripeSizeLba; //exists if vblk flags contain 0x10
var_uint64_t numberOfColumns; //exists if vblk flags contain 0x10
We can get the following information from this: volume type from the partitionLayout field (stripe, concatenated, RAID-5), partitions quantity, volume id to which the component belongs. For the stripe and raid volumes we can also get the size of the stripe.
struct PartitionVblk //pseudocode
var_uint64_t objectId;
var_string name;
uint32_t flags;
uint64_t commitTransactionId;
uint64_t diskOffsetLba;
uint64_t partitionOffsetInColumnLba;
var_uint64_t sizeLba;
var_uint64_t componentId;
var_uint64_t diskId;
var_uint64_t columnIndex; //exists if vblk flags contain 0x08
var_uint64_t hiddenSectorsCount; //exists if vblk flags contain 0x02
We can get the following information from this: offset on the disk (relative to the public region), offset in the volume (if the volume is simple or spanned), the size of partition, component ID and disk ID, to which partition belongs.
struct Disk1Vblk //pseudocode
var_uint64_t objectId;
var_string name;
var_string guid;
var_string lastDeviceName;
uint32_t flags;
uint64_t commitTransactionId;
struct Disk2Vblk //pseudocode
var_uint64_t objectId;
var_string name;
Guid guid;
Guid diskSetGuid;
var_string lastDeviceName;
uint32_t flags;
uint64_t commitTransactionId;
From this structure we can get GUID of the disk, which is also stored in the PRIVHEAD structure. It can be also used to associate a disk, described by the VBLK structure, with a physical disk.
struct DiskGroup1Vblk //pseudocode
var_uint64_t objectId;
var_string name;
var_string guid;
uint8_t zeroes[4];
uint64_t commitTransactionId;
var_uint64_t numberOfConfigs; //exists if vblk flags contain 0x08
var_uint64_t numberOfLogs; //exists if vblk flags contain 0x08
var_uint64_t minors; //exists if vblk flags contain 0x10
struct DiskGroup2Vblk //pseudocode
var_uint64_t objectId;
var_string name;
Guid guid;
Guid lastDiskSetGuid
uint8_t zeroes[4];
uint64_t commitTransactionId;
var_uint64_t numberOfConfigs; //exists if vblk flags contain 0x08
var_uint64_t numberOfLogs; //exists if vblk flags contain 0x08
var_uint64_t minors; //exists if vblk flags contain 0x10
The structure describes the group of disks entirely. We can get a name and GUID of the group from it.
Now let's move to the most interesting part – implementation of a parser. The source code of dynamic disks parser is attached to this article.
In order to simplify an example, I made several assumptions during realization. That is why while using a parser we have to take into consideration the following aspects:
Parser consists of two main classes:
Here how the work with the parser goes:
Parser parser;
for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i)
const VolumeContainer& volumes = parser.GetVolumes();
const DiskContainer& disks = parser.GetDisks();
//use volumes and disks
We create a parser object, call the parsing function for each dynamic disk, establish connections between them, and the output is the list of the volumes and disks.
Some people may be confused of the BuildRelations function call. It's a matter of fact that the VBLK structures are stored in the database in unordered way. That is why we cannot establish connections between the components at once neither with direct method (for example, connect the volume with its components in the moment the volume has been read), nor with reverse one (for example, connect the component with the volume in the moment the component has been read) because all the necessary structures for connection could have been not read yet, or not all of them could have been read.
The disk is parsed in the way described in the previous section: read PRIVHEAD, find out the TOCBLOCK offset from it, after that we find VMDB and read all VBLK, extracting all the needed information.
The VBLK parsing is performed quite easy too: by the field "type", we determine which object of the base represents the given VBLK. After that we read the fields related to this object one by one, and put the objects into containers.
Now let's find out what kind of information the parser saves.
For the partition the structure stores ID, offset on the disk, partition size, offset in the volume (it is relevant only for the simple and spanned volumes, for the rest it is 0) and disk ID, to which the partition is related. Offset on the disk is absolute (in other words, the public LDM region offset is already included) but it is shown in sectors not in bytes. Offsets and sizes in all structures are shown in sectors.
struct Partition
uint64_t id;
uint64_t diskOffsetLba;
uint64_t sizeLba;
uint64_t volumeOffsetLba;
uint64_t diskId;
The following information is stored for the component: ID, component type, and the list of partitions.
struct Component
uint64_t id;
ComponentLayout layout;
PartitionContainer partitions;
We store the volume ID, volume type, used file system, size, and components.
struct Volume
uint64_t id;
VolumeType type;
FsType fileSystem;
uint64_t sizeLba;
ComponentContainer components;
The stored information for the disk is ID, GUID, path to the disk (this path is taken from the command line parameters), the size of the sector for partition size calculation, public region offset and partitions.
struct Disk
uint64_t id;
std::string guid;
std::string path;
uint32_t sectorSize;
uint64_t logicalStartLba;
PartitionContainer partitions;
Now let's see in detail how connections are established. During the VBLK parsing connections are read and recorded to the following containers.
typedef std::set<uint64_t> ObjectIdContainer;
typedef std::map<uint64_t, ObjectIdContainer> ObjectToObjectContainer;
ObjectToObjectContainer m_volumeToComponent;
ObjectToObjectContainer m_componentToPartition;
ObjectToObjectContainer m_diskToPartition;
It means that a list of components is associated with each volume, a list of partitions is associated with each component and with each disk. And these lists are used for connections establishment.
We should also mention the algorithm for determining the volume type. As there is no field in the LDM that would definitely identify the volume type, the following algorithm is applied:
After parsing and connections establishment, we can get all the necessary information: volume types, volumes and partitions sizes, location on disk, etc.
Additional utility classes:
Parser includes a Visual Studio 2010 solution and makefile to build the project using gcc.
An application receives paths to the dynamic disks for the input, and outputs information about dynamic volumes, located on these disks. If some disk is absent in the list, the message "Missing" will be displayed instead of it.
When starting the parser on Windows, paths to disks must be in the following format: \\.\PhysicalDriveX, where X is the dynamic disk number. For example,
LdmParser.exe \\.\PhysicalDrive1 \\.\PhysicalDrive2 \\.\PhysicalDrive3
When starting the parser on Linux, paths to disks must be in the following format: /dev/sdX, where X is an assigned disk letter. For example:
./LdmParser /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd
In this article, we explored the structure of dynamic disks based on the LDM technology. The knowledge of the LDM database structure helps not only in obtaining information about dynamic disks, but also in changing and restoring it.
The code, attached to the article, can be used both on Windows and Linux, which makes it more universal. The result can be used in utilities for work with hard disk drives or in backup systems. In addition, it can be used as a supportive tool for the data restore.
You can download project sources at our Dev Blog
This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL)


text:
Publication Name: Athens News Courier
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Athens News Courier (Newspaper) - May 20, 2009, Athens, Alabama Fun things to do this summer PAGE 1CThe News CourierServing Athens and Limestone County: A Community of t radition and Future 50 centsWednesday, May 20, 2009 Planners turn down request to annex large warehouse By Karen Middleton karen^athensnews-courier.com The Athens Planning Commission turned down recommending to the City Council that a 5.5 acre tract of land belonging to Gary Page be brought into the city. Page had requested that the property, which includes a structure in excess of 5,000 square feet, on U.S. 31 South, across from Ingram Road, be annexed and zoned M-l Light Industrial. Community Development and Engineering Services Director Brent Meadows said the property located approximately one mile south of Nuclear Plant Road could be considered contiguous to the city, but if lies outside of the 5-mile radius for tire protection. "There are several issues with the fire code and signage," said Meadows. "It is not in compliance with city code and I recommend we deny the request." Page said he hoped to make a "boating center" out of the property and building. "I would also want to possibly add a seafood restaurant," said Page. "It would also be used for storage, so that is the reason for the M-l request. That would allow for opportunities down the See Warehouse, page 5A Man receives fake check as a part of scam By Kelly Kazek kclly n ¿tthensnews-courit "r. com A local resident who received notification that he'd won $150,000, along with a check for more than $4,000, wants to warn others to beware this is a scam. A letter sent on official-looking letterhead with a logo that says New York Lottery states that the recipient has an unclaimed prize from a recent sweepstakes drawing. The letter also has a Better Business Bureau logo on it. An enclosed check claims to be an advance for processing and insurance fees that will be deducted from the total won. The Athens man who received such a check this week, and asked not to be named, said See Scam, page 5A Tennessee fugitive captured By K\ren Middleton [email protected] hensnews-courier.com A Harvest man, who spent more than two days on the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation's Top Ten Most Wanted List after he broke out of the Montgomery County, Tenn., jail Friday, led three area law enforcement agencies on a chase that ended with his capture late Monday in Athens. Robert Anthony Fusco, 27, of 219 Sarasista Circle, Harvest, is being held in Limestone County jail on charges of being a fugitive from justice, reckless driving and resisting arrest. Fusco was one of two inmates who escaped from the Montgomery County, Tenn., jail in Clarksville Friday. The other inmate was recaptured. Fusco was awaiting trial on Clarksville Police Department charges of especially aggravated kidnapping, especially aggravated robbery and attempted murder stemming from a home invasion. Authorities say after Fusco broke out of jail he stole a 1996 Chevrolet GEO from a Clarksville car dealership and led officers on a chase down Interstate 65. Ardmore Police Officer Michael Cook was unaware of See Fugitive, page 5A Blast from the past Hubble departs shuttle A rejuvenated Hubble Space Telescope, more powerful than ever, departed the space shuttle Tuesday and sailed off for new discoveries. PAGE 2A Inside Today Shedding light on evolution The nearly complete skeleton of a small 47-million-year-old creature found in Germany was displayed Tuesday by scientists who said it could help illuminate the early evolution of monkeys, apes and humans. PAGE 2A Index Classifieds 3B Comics.........10A Health..........8 A Ledger..........9A Lifestyles........1C Lottery..........3A Obituaries 2A Alvin Earnest Moss Arnold Thomas Sports ..........IB Weather.........2 A 7 69847 00001 Visit us www.enewscourier.com Club at Athens State hosting The Flashbacks reunion concert Heavy rains may have postponed a reunion of the original members of The Flashbacks but fans cap rejoice: The event was reset for May 29. The concert, initially set for April 10, is a benefit for the Health and Physical Education Club at Athens State University. The original members of the group were recently recognized by the Alabama Music Hall of Fame. "This will bring together the original five Flashbacks — vocalists Andy Coffield, Carlos Hall, Tim Lambert, Stan Leopard, and Gordon Franklin," said Yvette Bolen, chair of the Physical Education Department and sponsor of the Health and Physical Education Club. "We are very excited to have them on campus to support our wonderful organization." The Yesterdays will perform as the opening act. The Yesterdays, the Flashbacks' accompa- How to go The Flashbacks perform at 7 p.m. on Beasley Field at Athens State. Tickets are available at Railroad Bazaar (256) 232-5800 or by calling Athens State Student Activities at (256) 216-3319. Admission price is $15 per ticket, $20 at the gate. nying band, will feature award-winning Athens native Mike Chapman along with Justin Miller, David Higginbotham, Dustin Coffield, Byron Jamerson, Wayne Walker and Garrett Dean. The concert will be at 7 p.m. on Beasley Field on the Athens State campus. I'ickets are available at Railroad Bazaar (256) 232-5800 or by calling Athens State Student Activities at (256) 216-3319. Admission price is $15 per ticket, $20 at the gate. Sheriff searching for owner of found horse The Limestone County Sheriff s Department wants to find the owner of a horse picked up Friday on Shipley Hollow Road. Someone called the department :o report the wandering horse but 10 one knew who the owner is. The horse is a black-and-white oaint stud, said Sheriff Mike Blakely. It is being kept at Limestone Sheriff s Rodeo Arena on Ala-99 until the owner can be ound. Anyone with information about he horse is asked to call the Sher-ff's Department at (256) 232-0111. NEWS COURIER/KIM RYNDERS Breakfast Cooked to Order Great Plate Lunches Served from 1 1 :OOam-2:OOpm Open 6:0Qam till 2:00pm Mon.-Fri. • 6:OQam till 12:OOpm Sat. Take Out Orders - Call 232-0203 Check out our Daily Blue Plate Special $4.63 ;


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