text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 8, 1997
|Filing date
|Oct 6, 1995
|Priority date
|Feb 23, 1995
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Rita Erilli, Barbara Thomas
|Original Assignee
|Colgate-Palmolive Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (19), Classifications (33), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation in part application of U.S. Ser. No. 8/392,569 filed Feb. 23, 1995 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,523,025.
This invention relates to an improved light duty liquid cleaner in the form of a microemulsion designed in particular for cleaning dishware and which is effective in removing grease soil and/or bath soil and in leaving unrinsed surfaces with a shiny appearance.
In recent years; liquid detergents have become widely accepted for cleaning hard surfaces, e.g., dishware painted woodwork and panels, tiled walls, wash bowls, bathtubs, linoleum or tile floors, washable wall paper, etc. Such liquids comprise clear and opaque aqueous mixtures of water-soluble organic detergents and water-soluble detergent builder salts. In order to achieve comparable cleaning efficiency with granular or powdered cleaning compositions, use of water-soluble inorganic phosphate builder salts was favored in the prior art all-purpose liquids. For example, such early phosphate-containing compositions are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,560,839; 3,234,138; 3,350,319; and British Patent No. 1,223,739.
In view of the environmentalist's efforts to reduce phosphate levels in ground water, improved liquid cleaners containing reduced concentrations of inorganic phosphate builder salts or non-phosphate builder salts have appeared. A particularly useful self-opacified liquid of the latter type is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,244,840.
However, these prior art liquid detergents containing detergent builder salts or other equivalent tend to leave films, spots or streaks on cleaned unrinsed surfaces, particularly shiny surfaces. Thus, such liquids require thorough rinsing of the cleaned surfaces which is a lime-consuming chore for the user.
In order to overcome the foregoing disadvantage of the prior art liquid, U.S. Pat. No. 4,017,409 teaches that a mixture of paraffin sulfonate and a reduced concentration of inorganic phosphate builder salt should be employed. However, such compositions are not completely acceptable from an environmental point of view based upon the phosphate content. On the other hand, another alternative to achieving phosphate-free all-purpose liquids has been to use a major proportion of a mixture of anionic and nonionic detergents with minor amounts of glycol ether solvent and organic amine as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,935,130. Again, this approach has not been completely satisfactory and the high levels of organic detergents necessary to achieve cleaning cause foaming which, in turn, leads to the need for thorough rinsing which has been found to be undesirable to today's consumers.
Another approach to formulating liquid detergent composition where product homogeneity and clarity are important considerations involves the formation of oil-in-water (o/w) microemulsions which contain one or more surface-active detergent compounds, a water-immiscible solvent (typically a hydrocarbon solvent), water and a "cosurfactant" compound which provides product stability. By definition, an o/w microemulsion is a spontaneously forming colloidal dispersion of "oil" phase particles having a particle size in the range of about 25 to about 800 Å in a continuous aqueous phase. In view of the extremely fine particle size of the dispersed oil phase particles, microemulsions are transparent to light and are clear and usually highly stable against phase separation.
Patent disclosures relating to use of grease-removal solvents in o/w microemulsions include, for example, European Patent Applications EP 0137615 and EP 0137616--Herbots et al; European Patent Application EP 0160762--Johnston et al; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,561,991--Herbots et al. Each of these patent disclosures also teaches using at least 5% by weight of grease-removal solvent.
It also is known from British Patent Application GB 2144763A to Herbots et al, published Mar. 13, 1985, that magnesium salts enhance grease-removal performance of organic grease-removal solvents, such as the terpenes, in o/w microemulsion liquid detergent compositions. The compositions of this invention described by Herbots et al. require at least 5% of the mixture of grease-removal solvent and magnesium salt and preferably at least 5% of solvent (which may be a mixture of water-immiscible non-polar solvent with a sparingly soluble slightly polar solvent) and at least 0.1% magnesium salt.
However, since the amount of water immiscible and sparingly soluble components which can be present in an o/w microemulsion, with low total active ingredients without impairing the stability of the microemulsion is rather limited (for example, up to about 18% by weight of the aqueous phase), the presence of such high quantities of grease-removal solvent tend to reduce the total amount of greasy or oily soils which can be taken up by and into the microemulsion without causing phase separation. The following representative prior art patents also relate to liquid detergent cleaning compositions in the form of o/w microemulsions: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,472,291--Rosario; 4,540,448--Gauteer et al; 3,723,330--Sheflin; etc.
Liquid detergent compositions which include terpenes, such as d-limonene, or other grease-removal solvent, although not disclosed to be in the form of o/w microemulsions, are the subject matter of the following representative patent documents: European Patent Application 0080749; British Patent Specification 1,603,047; 4,414,128; and 4,540,505. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,414,128 broadly discloses an aqueous liquid detergent composition characterized by, by weight:
(a) from about 1% to about 20% of a synthetic anionic, nonionic, amphoteric or zwitterionic surfactant or mixture thereof;
(b) from about 0.5% to about 10% of a mono- or sesquiterpene or mixture thereof, at a weight ratio of (a):(b) being in the range of 5:1 to 1:3; and
(c) from about 0.5% about 10% of a polar solvent having a solubility in water at 15� C. in the range of from about 0.2% to about 10%. Other ingredients present in the formulations disclosed in this patent include from about 0.05% to about 2% by weight of an alkali metal, ammonium or alkanolammonium soap of a C13 -C24 fatty acid; a calcium sequestrant from about 0.5% to about 13% by weight; non-aqueous solvent, e.g., alcohols and glycol ethers, up to about 10% by weight; and hydrotropes, e.g., urea, ethanolamines, salts of lower alkylaryl sulfonates, up to about 10% by weight. All of the formulations shown in the Examples of this patent include relatively large amounts of detergent builder salts which are detrimental to surface shine.
A number of patents teach esterified ethoxylated glycerol compounds for various applications. These patents are Great Britain 1,453,385; Japan 59-1600 and Japan 58-206693 U.S. Pat. 5,403,509 and European Patent Application 0586,323A1. These publications fail to appreciate that a mixture of esterified ethoxylated glycerol and nonesterified ethoxylated glycerol, when used in a light duty liquid cleaning composition, functions as a grease release agent thereby improving plate cleaning.
The present invention provides an improved, clear, light duty liquid cleaning composition having improved interfacial tension which improves cleaning plates in the form of a microemulsion which is suitable for cleaning hard surfaces such as dishes, plastic, vitreous and metal surfaces having a shiny finish. The instant compositions also exhibit superior foaming properties.
The compositions of the instant invention use an esterified ethoxylated polyhydric alcohol have an ecotoxicity value as measured by the LC50 test as deferred by The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (of which the United States is a member) in OECD Test No. 202 of at least 0.18 ml/L measured on Daphniae microorganisms as well as reduced ecotoxicity.
The light duty liquid microemulsion compositions of the instant invention can be generally described as comprising approximately by weight:
(a) 1% to 26%, more preferably 3% to 18% of at least one anionic surfactant selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal, ammonium or alkali metal salt of a sulfonate surfactant, an alkyl sulfate surfactant or an ethoxylated alkyl ether sulfate surfactant and mixtures thereof;
(b) 0 to 25%, more preferably 1% to 20% of a zwitterionic surfactant;
(c) about 0.5% to 29%, more preferably 8% to 24% of a mixture of a fully esterified ethoxylated polyhydric alcohol, a nonesterified ethoxylated polyhydric alcohol and a partially esterified ethoxylated polyhydric alcohol;
(d) 0.4% to 10%, more preferably 2.0% to 7.0%, of a perfume, an essential oil or a water insoluble hydrocarbon;
(e) 0 to 25% of a cosurfactant, more preferably 1 to 20% of a cosurfactant; and
(f) the balance being water, wherein the composition has a Brookfield LVT viscosity at 25� C. at 30 rpms using a #2 spindle of about 20 to 500 cps, more preferably about 200 to 450 cps, a pH of about 5 to about 7, and a light transmission of at least about 95%, more preferably at least about 98%.
The present invention relates to a stable microemulsion composition approximately by weight: 1% to 26% of at least one anionic surfactant selected from the group consisting of sulfonate surfactants, alkyl sulfate surfactants and ethoxylated alkyl ether sulfate surfactants and mixtures thereof, 0% to 25% of a cosurfactant, 0.5% to 29% of a biodegradable compound which functions as a solubilizing agent, 0 to 25% of a zwitterionic surfactant, 0.4% to 10% of a water insoluble hydrocarbon, essential oil, or a perfume and the balance being water, said composition having a light transmission of at least about 95%.
According to the present invention, the role of the hydrocarbon can be provided by a non-water-soluble perfume. Typically, in aqueous based compositions the presence of a solubilizers, such as alkali metal lower alkyl aryl sulfonate hydrotrope, triethanolamine, urea, etc., is required for perfume dissolution, especially at perfume levels of about 1% and higher, since perfumes are generally a mixture of fragrant essential oils and aromatic compounds which are generally not water-soluble. Therefore, by incorporating the perfume into the aqueous cleaning composition as the oil (hydrocarbon) phase of the ultimate o/w microemulsion composition, several different important advantages are achieved.
First, the cosmetic properties of the ultimate cleaning composition are improved: the compositions are both clear (as a consequence of the formation of a microemulsion) and highly fragranced (as a consequence of the perfume level).
Second, the need for use of solubilizers, which do not contribute to cleaning performance, is eliminated.
As used herein and in the appended claims the term "perfume" is used in its ordinary sense to refer to and include any non-water soluble fragrant substance or mixture of substances including natural (i.e., obtained by extraction of flower, herb, blossom or plant), artificial (i.e., mixture of natural oils or oil constituents) and synthetically produced substance) odoriferous substances. Typically, perfumes are complex mixtures of blends of various organic compounds such as alcohols, aldehydes, ethers, aromatic compounds and varying amounts of essential oils (e.g., terpenes) such as from about 0% to about 80%, usually from about 10% to 70% by weight, the essential oils themselves being volatile odoriferous compounds and also serving to dissolve the other components of the perfume.
In the present invention the precise composition of the perfume is of no particular consequence to cleaning performance so long as it meets the criteria of water immiscibility and having a pleasing odor. Naturally, of course, especially for cleaning compositions intended for use in the home, the perfume, as well as all other ingredients, should be cosmetically acceptable, i.e., non-toxic, hypoallergenic, etc.
The hydrocarbon such as a perfume is present in the dilute o/w microemulsion in an amount of from about 0.4% to about 10% by weight, preferably from about 0.4% to about 3.0% by weight, especially preferably from about 0.5% to about 2.0% by weight. If the amount of hydrocarbon (perfume) is less than about 0.4% by weight it becomes difficult to form the o/w microemulsion. If the hydrocarbon (perfume) is added in amounts more than about 10% by weight, the cost is increased without any additional cleaning benefit and, in fact, with some diminishing of cleaning performance insofar as the total amount of greasy or oily soil which can be taken up in the oil phase of the microemulsion will decrease proportionately.
Furthermore, although superior grease removal performance will be achieved for perfume compositions not containing any terpene solvents, it is apparently difficult for perfumers to formulate sufficiently inexpensive perfume compositions for products of this type (i.e., very cost sensitive consumer-type products) which includes less than about 20%, usually less than about 30%, of such terpene solvents.
Thus, merely as a practical matter, based on economic consideration, the dilute o/w microemulsion detergent cleaning compositions of the present invention may often include as much as about 0.2% to about 7% by weight, based on the total composition, of terpene solvents introduced thereunto via the perfume component. However, even when the amount of terpene solvent in the cleaning formulation is less than 1.5% by weight, such as up to about 0.6% by weight or 0.4% by weight or less, satisfactory grease removal and oil removal capacity is provided by the inventive diluted o/w microemulsions.
In place of the perfume one can employ an essential oil, such as D-limonene dipentene, I-limonene, or alpha-Terpineol or a water insoluble paraffin or isoparaffin having about 6 to about 18 carbon at a concentration of about 0.4 to about 10 wt. percent, more preferably 0.4 to 6.0 wt. %.
Suitable essential oils are selected from the group consisting of: Anethole 20/21 natural, Aniseed oil china star, Aniseed oil globe brand, Balsam (Peru), Basil oil (India), Black pepper oil, Black pepper oleoresin 40/20, Bois de Rose (Brazil) FOB, Borneol Flakes (China), Camphor oil, White, Camphor powder synthetic technical, Cananga oil (Java), Cardamom oil, Cassia oil (China), Cedarwood oil (China) BP, Cinnamon bark oil, Cinnamon leaf oil, Citronella oil, Clove bud oil, Clove leaf, Coriander (Russia), Coumarin 69� C. (China), Cyclamen Aldehyde, Diphenyl oxide, Ethyl vanilin, Eucalyptol, Eucalyptus oil, Eucalyptus citriodora, Fennel oil, Geranium oil, Ginger oil, Ginger oleoresin (India), White grapefruit oil, Guaiacwood oil, Gurjun balsam, Heliotropin, Isobornyl acetate, Isolongifolene, Juniper berry oil, L-methyl acetate, Lavender oil, Lemon oil, Lemongrass oil, Lime oil distilled, Litsea Cubeba oil, Longifolene, Menthol crystals, Methyl cedryl ketone, Methyl chavicol, Methyl salicylate, Musk ambrette, Musk ketone, Musk xylol, Nutmeg oil, Orange oil, Patchouli oil, Peppermint oil, Phenyl ethyl alcohol, Pimento berry oil, Pimento leaf oil, Rosalin, Sandalwood oil, Sandenol, Sage oil, Clary sage, Sassafras oil, Spearmint oil, Spike lavender, Tagetes, Tea tree oil, Vanilin, Vetyver oil (Java), Wintergreen.
Suitable water-soluble non-soap, anionic surfactants used in the instant compositions include those surface-active or detergent compounds which contain an organic hydrophobic group containing generally 8 to 26 carbon atoms and preferably 10 to 18 carbon atoms in their molecular structure and at least one water-solubilizing group selected from the group of sulfonate, sulfate and carboxylate so as to form a water-soluble surfactant. Usually, the hydrophobic group will include or comprise a C8 -C22 alkyl, aryl or acyl group. The anionic surfactants used in the instant compositions of this invention are water soluble such as triethanolamine, sodium, potassium, ammonium and ethanolammonium salts of: C8 -C18 alkyl sulfates such as lauryl sulfate, myristyl sulfate and the like; ethoxylated C8 -C18 alkyl ether sulfates; linear C8 -C16 alkyl benzene sulfonates and C10 -C20 paraffin sulfonates. Preferred anionic surfactants are the water soluble salts of: C12 -C16 alkyl sulfates, C10 -C15 alkylbenzene sulfonates, C13 -C17 paraffin sulfonates and alpha C8 -C18 ethoxylated alkyl ether sulfates. Especially preferred anionic sulfate surfactants are ammonium lauryl sulfate and sodium laury sulfate.
Examples of suitable sulfonated anionic surfactants are the well known higher alkyl mononuclear aromatic sulfonates such as the higher alkyl benzene sulfonates containing from 10 to 16 carbon atoms in the higher alkyl group in a straight or branched chain, C8 -C15 alkyl toluene sulfonates and C8 -C15 alkyl phenol sulfonates.
A preferred sulfonate is linear alkyl benzene sulfonate having a high content of 3-(or higher) phenyl isomers and a correspondingly low content (well below 50%) of 2- (or lower) phenyl isomers, that is, wherein the benzene ring is preferably attached in large part at the 3 or higher (for example, 4, 5, 6 or 7) position of the alkyl group and the content of the isomers in which the benzene ring is attached in the 2 or 1 position is correspondingly low. Particularly preferred materials are set forth in U.S. Pat. 3,320,174.
Other suitable anionic surfactants are the olefin sulfonates, including long-chain alkene sulfonates, long-chain hydroxyalkane sulfonates or mixtures of alkene sulfonates and hydroxyalkane sulfonates. These olefin sulfonate surfactants may be prepared in a known manner by the reaction of sulfur trioxide (SO3) with long-chain olefins containing 8 to 25, preferably 12 to 21 carbon atoms and having the formula RCH═CHR1 where R is a higher alkyl group of 6 to 23 carbons and R1 is an alkyl group of 1 to 17 carbons or hydrogen to form a mixture of sultones and alkene sulfonic acids which is then treated to convert the sultones to sulfonates. Preferred olefin sulfonates contain from 14 to 16 carbon atoms in the R alkyl group and are obtained by sulfonating an 2 olefin.
Other examples of suitable anionic sulfonate surfactants are the paraffin sulfonates containing about 10 to 20, preferably about 13 to 17, carbon atoms. Primary paraffin sulfonates are made by reacting long-chain alpha olefins and bisulfites and paraffin sulfonates having the sulfonate group distributed along the paraffin chain are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,503,280; 2,507,088; 3,260,744; 3,372,188; and German Patent 735,096.
The ethoxylated C8 -C18 alkyl ether sulfate salts have the formula R(OC2 H4)n OSO3 M wherein n is 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 5, and M is a solubilizing cation selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, ammonium, magnesium and mono-, di- and triethanol ammonium ions. The ethoxylated alkyl ether sulfates are obtained by sulfating the condensation product of ethylene oxide with a C8 -C18 alkanol and neutralizing the resultant product. The ethoxylated alkyl ether sulfates differ from one another in the number of moles of ethylene oxide reacted with one mole of alkanol. Preferred ethoxylated alkyl ether sulfates contain 10 to 16 carbon atoms in the alkyl group.
The biodegradable compounds used in the instant compositions (herein after referred to as ethoxylated glycerol type compound) is a mixture of a fully esterified ethoxylated polyhydric alcohol, a partially esterified ethoxylated polyhydric alcohol and a nonesterified ethoxylated polyhydric alcohol, wherein the preferred polyhydric alcohol is glycerol, and the compound is a mixture of: ##STR1## wherein w equals one to four, most preferably one. B is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen or a group represented by: ##STR2## wherein R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl group having about 6 to 22 carbon atoms, more preferably about 11 to about 15 carbon atoms and alkenyl groups having about 6 to 22 carbon atoms, more preferably about 11 to 15 carbon atoms, wherein a hydrogenated tallow alkyl chain or a coco alkyl chain is most preferred, wherein at least one of the B groups is represented by said ##STR3## and R' is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl groups; x, y and z have a value between 0 and 60, more preferably 0 to 40, provided that (x+y+z) equals about 2 to about 100, preferably 4 to about 24 and most preferably about 4 to 19, wherein in Formula (I) the ratio of monoester/diester/triester is 45 to 90/5 to 40/1 to 20, more preferably 50 to 90/9 to 32/1 to 12, wherein the ratio of Formula (I) to Formula (II) is a value between about 3 to about 0.02, preferably 3 to about 0.1, most preferably about 1.5 to about 0.2, wherein it is most preferred that there is more of Formula (II) than Formula (I) in the mixture that forms the compound.
The ethoxylated glycerol type compound used in the instant composition is manufactured by the Kao Corporation and sold under the trade name Levenol such as Levenol F-200 which has an average EO of 6 and a molar ratio of coco fatty acid to glycerol of 0.55 or Levenol V501/2 which has an average EO of 17 and a molar ratio of tallow fatty acid to glycerol of 1.0. It is preferred that the molar ratio of the fatty acid to glycerol is less than about 1.7, more preferably less than about 1.5 and most preferably less than about 1.0. The ethoxylated glycerol type compound has a molecular weight of about 400 to about 1600, and a pH (50 grams/liter of water) of about 5-7. The Levenol compounds are substantially non irritant to human skin and have a primary biodegradability higher than 90% as measured by the Wickbold method Bias-7d.
Two examples of the Levenol compounds are Levenol V-501/2 which has 17 ethoxylated groups and is derived from tallow fatty acid with a fatty acid to glycerol ratio of 1.0 and a molecular weight of about 1465 and Levenol F-200 has 6 ethoxylated groups and is derived from coco fatty acid with a fatty acid to glycerol ratio of 0.55. Both Levenol F-200 and Levenol V-501/2 are composed of a mixture of Formula (I) and Formula (II). The Levenol compounds has ecoxicity values of algae growth inhibition>100 mg/liter; acute toxicity for Daphniae>100 mg/liter and acute fish toxicity>100 mg/liter. The Levenol compounds have a biodegradability higher than 60% which is the minimum required value according to OECD 301B measurement to be acceptably biodegradable.
The water soluble zwitterionic surfactant, can be present in the liquid detergent composition, in an amount of 0 to 25 wt. %, more preferably 1 wt. % to 20 wt. %, most preferably 3 wt. % to 20 wt. %, and provides good foaming properties and mildness to the liquid detergent composition. The zwitterionic surfactant is a water soluble betaine or sultaine having the general formula: ##STR4## wherein X is selected from the group consisting of CO2 - and SO3 - wherein R1 is an alkyl group having 10 to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably 12 to 16 carbon atoms, or the amido radical: ##STR5## wherein R is an alkyl group having about 9 to 19 carbon atoms and a is the integer 1 to 4; R2 and R3 are each alkyl groups having 1 to 3 carbons and preferably 1 carbon; R4 is an alkylene or hydroxyalkylene group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and, optionally, one hydroxyl group. Typical alkyldimethyl betaines include decyl dimethyl betaine or 2-(N-decyl-N, N-dimethyl-ammonia) acetate, coco dimethyl betaine or 2-(N-coco N,N-dimethylammonia) acetate, myristyl dimethyl betaine, palmityl dimethyl betaine, lauryl dimethyl betaine, cetyl dimethyl betaine, stearyl dimethyl betaine, etc. A preferred alkyl betaine is genagen LAB ex Hoechst. The amidobetaines similarly include cocoamidoethylbetaine, cocoamidopropyl betaine and the like. A preferred betaine is coco (C8 -C18) amidopropyl dimethyl betaine. Two preferred betaine surfactants are Rewoteric AMB 13 and Golmschmidt Betaine L7.
The cosurfactant may play an essential role in the formation of the microemulsion compositions. Very briefly, in the absence of the cosurfactant the water, detergent(s) and hydrocarbon (e.g., perfume) will, when mixed in appropriate proportions form either a micellar solution (low concentration) or form an oil-in-water emulsion in the first aspect of the invention. With the cosurfactant added to this system, the interfacial tension at the interface between the emulsion droplets and aqueous phase is reduced to a very low value (never negative). This reduction of the interfacial tension results in spontaneous break-up of the emulsion droplets to consecutively smaller aggregates until the state of a transparent colloidal sized emulsion e.g., a microemulsion, is formed. In the state of a microemulsion, thermodynamic factors come into balance with varying degrees of stability related to the total free energy of the microemulsion. Some of the thermodynamic factors involved in determining the total free energy of the system are (1) particle-particle potential; (2) interfacial tension or free energy (stretching and bending); (3) droplet dispersion entropy; and (4) chemical potential changes upon formation. A thermodynamically stable system is achieved when (2) interfacial tension or free energy is minimized and (3) droplet dispersion entropy is maximized. Thus, the role of cosurfactant in formation of a stable o/w microemulsion is to (a) decrease interfacial tension (2); and (b) modify the microemulsion structure and increase the number of possible configurations (3). Also, the cosurfactant will (c) decrease the rigidity.
The major class of compounds found to provide highly suitable cosurfactants for the microemulsion over temperature ranges extending from 5� C. to 43� C. for instance are glycerol, ethylene glycol, water-soluble polyethylene glycols having a molecular weight of 300 to 1000, polypropylene glycol of the formula HO(CH3 CHCH2 O)n H wherein n is a number from 2 to 18, mixtures of polyethylene glycol and polypropyl glycol (Synalox) and mono C1 -C6 alkyl ethers and esters of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol having the structural formulas R(X)n OH and R1 (X)n OH wherein R is C1 -C6 alkyl group, R1 is C2 -C4 acyl group, X is (OCH2 CH2) or (OCH2 (CH3)CH) and n is a number from 1 to 4, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, an alkyl lactate, wherein the alkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms, 1 methoxy-2-propanol, 1methoxy-3-propanol, and 1methoxy 2-, 3- or 4-butanol.
Representative members of the polypropylene glycol include dipropylene glycol and polypropylene glycol having a molecular weight of 200 to 1000, e.g., polypropylene glycol 400. Other satisfactory glycol ethers are ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (butyl cellosolve), diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (butyl carbitol), triethylene glycol monobutyl ether, mono, di, tri propylene glycol monobutyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monobutyl ether, mono, di, tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monohexyl ether, diethylene glycol monohexyl ether, propylene glycol tertiary butyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monopropyl ether, ethylene glycol monopentyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monopropyl ether, diethylene glycol monopentyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monoethyl ether, triethylene glycol monopropyl ether, triethylene glycol monopentyl ether, triethylene glycol monohexyl ether, mono, di, tripropylene glycol monoethyl ether, mono, di tripropylene glycol monopropyl ether, mono, di, tripropylene glycol monopentyl ether, mono, di, tripropylene glycol monohexyl ether, mono, di, tributylene glycol mono methyl ether, mono, di, tributylene glycol monoethyl ether, mono, di, tributylene glycol monopropyl ether, mono, di, tributylene glycol monobutyl ether, mono, di, tributylene glycol monopentyl ether and mono, di, tributylene glycol monohexyl ether, ethylene glycol monoacetate and dipropylene glycol propionate. When these glycol type cosurfactants are at a concentration of about 1.0 to about 14 weight %, more preferably about 2.0 weight % to about 10 weight % in combination with a water insoluble hydrocarbon at a concentration of at least 0.5 weight more preferably 1.5 weight % one can form a microemulsion composition.
The amount of cosurfactant required to stabilize the microemulsion compositions will, of course, depend on such factors as the surface tension characteristics of the cosurfactant, the type and amounts of the primary surfactants and perfumes, and the type and amounts of any other additional ingredients which may be present in the composition and which have an influence on the thermodynamic factors enumerated above. Generally, amounts of cosurfactant in the range of from 0% to 25%, preferably from about 1% to 20%, especially preferably from about 2% to 15%, by weight provide stable dilute o/w microemulsions for the above-described levels of primary surfactants and perfume and any other additional ingredients as described below. The final essential ingredient in the inventive light duty liquid microemulsion compositions having improved interfacial tension properties is water. In addition to the above-described essential ingredients required for the formation of the microemulsion composition, the compositions of this invention may possibly contain one or more additional ingredients which serve to improve overall product performance.
One such ingredient is an inorganic or organic salt of oxide of a multivalent metal cation, particularly Mg++. The metal salt or oxide provides several benefits including improved cleaning performance in dilute usage, particularly in soft water areas, and minimized amounts of perfume required to obtain the microemulsion state. Magnesium sulfate, either anhydrous or hydrated (e.g., heptahydrate), is especially preferred as the magnesium salt. Good results also have been obtained with magnesium oxide, magnesium chloride, magnesium acetate, magnesium propionate and magnesium hydroxide. These magnesium salts can be used with formulations at neutral or acidic pH since magnesium hydroxide will not precipitate at these pH levels.
Although magnesium is the preferred multivalent metal from which the salts (inclusive of the oxide and hydroxide) are formed, other polyvalent metal ions also can be used provided that their salts are nontoxic and are soluble in the aqueous phase of the system at the desired pH level. Thus, depending on such factors as the nature of the primary surfactants and cosurfactant, and so on, as well as the availability and cost factors, other suitable polyvalent metal ions include aluminum, copper, nickel, iron, calcium, etc. It should be noted, for example, that with the preferred paraffin sulfonate anionic detergent calcium salts will precipitate and should not be used. It has also been found that the aluminum salts work best at pH below 5 or when a low level, for example about 1 weight percent, of citric acid is added to the composition which is designed to have a neutral pH. Alternatively, the aluminum salt can be directly added as the citrate in such case. As the salt, the same general classes of anions as mentioned for the magnesium salts can be used, such as halide (e.g., bromide, chloride), sulfate, nitrate, hydroxide, oxide, acetate, propionate, etc.
Preferably, in the dilute compositions the metal compound is added to the composition in an amount sufficient to provide at least a stoichiometric equivalent between the anionic surfactant and the multivalent metal cation. For example, for each gram-ion of Mg++ there will be 2 gram moles of paraffin sulfonate, alkylbenzene sulfonate, etc., while for each gram-ion of A1+ there will be 3 gram moles of anionic surfactant. Thus, the proportion of the multivalent salt generally will be selected so that one equivalent of compound will neutralize from 0.1 to 1.5 equivalents, preferably 0.9 to 1.4 equivalents, of the acid form of the anionic detergent. At higher concentrations of anionic detergent, the amount of multivalent salt will be in range of 0.5 to 1 equivalents per equivalent of anionic detergent.
The light duty liquid microemulsion composition of this invention may, if desired, also contain other components either to provide additional effect or to make the product more attractive to the consumer. The following are mentioned by way of example: Colors or dyes in amounts up to 0.5% by weight; bactericides in amounts up to 1% by weight; preservatives or antioxidizing agents, such as formalin, 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothaliazolin-3-one, 2,6-di-tert.butyl-p-cresol, etc., in amounts up to 2% by weight; and pH adjusting agents, such as sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide, as needed.
The instant compositions can contain 0 to about 2.5 wt. %, more preferably about 0.025 to about 2.0 wt. %, most preferably about 0.05 to about 1.0 wt. % of an antibacterial agent. A preferred antibacterial agent is trichlorohydroxydiphenyl ether.
Because the compositions as prepared are aqueous liquid formulations and since no particular mixing is required to form the o/w microemulsion, the compositions are easily prepared simply by combining all the ingredients in a suitable vessel or container. The order of mixing the ingredients is not particularly important and generally the various ingredients can be added sequentially or all at once or in the form of aqueous solutions of each or all of the primary detergents and cosurfactants can be separately prepared and combined with each other and with the perfume. The magnesium salt, or other multivalent metal compound, when present, can be added as an aqueous solution thereof or can be added directly. It is not necessary to use elevated temperatures in the formation step and room temperature is sufficient.
The instant microemulsion formulas explicitly excludes fatty acids, alkali metal silicates and alkali metal builders such as alkali metal polyphosphates, alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal phosphonates and alkali metal citrates because these materials, if used in the instant composition, would cause the composition to have a high pH as well as leaving residue on the surface being cleaned.
The instant liquid compositions have a light transmission of at least 95% and a minimum foam profile of at least about 25 ml, more preferably at least about 50 ml as measured by the foam profile test set forth in footnote 1 to the Table in Example I herein.
The following examples illustrate liquid cleaning compositions of the described invention. Unless otherwise specified, all percentages are by weight. The exemplified compositions are illustrative only and do not limit the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise specified, the proportions in the examples and elsewhere in the specification are by weight.
The following compositions in wt. % were prepared:
__________________________________________________________________________ A B C D E F G H__________________________________________________________________________Sodium C13 -C17 Paraffin Sulfonate 8,7 7,4 7,5 6,1 -- -- -- --Sodium ethoxylated C12 -C14 alkyl 2,9 2,5 2,5 2,0 1,30 12,5 2,5 12,5ether sulfate (2EO)C12 -C14 dimethyl betaine 12,2 1,0 11 1,0D-Limonene 6 6 6 6 6 6 6Alpha-Terpinol 6Glycerol 5Propylene glycol 5 5 5Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether 5 10 5 5Levenol F200 18,7 20,4 20,4 20,4 11,9 11,9 11,9 11,9Light transmission % >98 >98 >98 >98 >98 >98 >98 >98Brookfield viscosity, 25� C. #2 spindle, 300 250 150 150 150 150 200 30030 rpms (cps)Miniplate test 10 13 10 11 30 13 30 --Foam Vol (ml) Foam profile.sup.(1) 50 25 50 25 265 300 195 250Static degreasing + ++ ++ ++ + ++ +++ +++(vs mrkt product)__________________________________________________________________________ I J K L M N O P__________________________________________________________________________Sodium C13 -C17 Paraffin Sulfonate 4,75 17,6 -- -- 16,3 -- --Sodium ethoxylated C12-14 alkyl 2,5 7,5 5,85 18,7 11,3 5,4 17,5 11,2ether sulfate (2EO)C12 -C14 dimethyl betaine 17,2 1,5 1,0 2,25 1,0D-Limonene 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6Alpha-TerpinolGlycerolPropylene glycol 5 5 5 5Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether 5 10 5 5Levenol F200 3,4 13,6 6,8 3,4 13,6 3,4 13,6Light transmission % >98 >98 >98 >98 >98 >98 >98 >98Brookfield viscosity, 25� C. #2 spindle, 150 150 125 150 125 125 100 13030 rpms (cps)__________________________________________________________________________ Q R S T U V W X Y__________________________________________________________________________Levenol V-501/2 1.0 7 3 8 3 7 2 4 3Mg Lauryl Sulfate 9.0 3 7 3 8 10 7Na Lauryl Sulfate 7 21-Pentanol 8 4 4 2Dodecane 0.68 2,3 9 6 7 8.5 7.4 10 8Ethylene glycol monohexyl ether 4 4 4Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether 4 4 5Water Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal.__________________________________________________________________________ (1) A solution of 75 grams of the composition to be tested, 1 gram of cor oil and 1000 ml of water is prepared. The solution at 47� C. is placed in a 500 ml graduated cylinder and rotated for 55 revolutions at 3 rpms and then left at rest for 2 minutes. The height of the generated foa in the 500 ml graduated cylinder is measured and recorded in ml.
In summary, the described invention broadly relates to an improvement in a light duty liquid microemulsion compositions containing a mixture of a paraffin sulfonate surfactant and an ethoxylated alkyl ether sulfate, optionally a zwitterionic surfactant, a biodegradable compound, one of the specified cosurfactants, a hydrocarbon ingredient and water.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 31, 1984
|Nov 11, 1986
|Colgate-Palmolive Co.
|Non-aqueous liquid laundry detergents containing three surfactants including a polycarboxylic acid ester of a non-ionic
|Aug 14, 1987
|Jan 21, 1992
|Colgate-Palmolive Company
|Microemulsion all purpose liquid cleaning composition
|Sep 23, 1988
|Jan 21, 1992
|Janulis Eugene P
|Achiral fluorine-containing liquid crystals
|Nov 7, 1988
|Apr 28, 1992
|Colgate-Palmolive Company
|Stable microemulsion cleaning composition
|Sep 25, 1990
|Aug 17, 1993
|Colgate-Palmolive Company
|Stable microemulsion disinfecting detergent composition
|Jul 9, 1993
|Feb 7, 1995
|Colgate Palmolive Co.
|High foaming nonionic surfactant based liquid detergent
|Jul 20, 1993
|Apr 4, 1995
|Kao Corporation, S.A.
|Detergent composition comprising a mono-, di- and tri-ester mixture and method of manufacturing same
|Nov 22, 1993
|May 16, 1995
|Colgate-Palmolive Company
|Liquid hard surface cleaning composition with grease release agent
|Apr 19, 1994
|Jun 20, 1995
|Kao Corporation
|Detergent composition containing an antifoaming mixture of a soap and a glycerine oxide adduct
|Jan 17, 1995
|Dec 19, 1995
|Colgate Palmolive Co.
|High foaming nonionic surfactant based liquid detergent
|Nov 15, 1994
|Aug 27, 1996
|Colgate-Palmolive Co.
|Cleaning composition in microemulsion, liquid crystal or aqueous solution form comprising mixture of partially esterified, full esterified and non-esterified ethoxylated polyhydric alcohols
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 18, 1995
|Feb 10, 1998
|Colgate Palmolive Co.
|Microemulsion all purpose liquid cleaning compositions comprising partially esterified, fully esterified and non-esterified polyhydric alcohol and grease release agent
|Sep 26, 1997
|Nov 10, 1998
|Colgate-Palmolive Co.
|Liquid cleaning compositions
|Aug 20, 1997
|Dec 29, 1998
|Colgate Palmolive Company
|Microemulsion/all purpose liquid cleaning composition based on EO-PO nonionic surfactant
|Sep 27, 1996
|Jan 19, 1999
|Colgate Palmolive Company
|Cleaning and disinfecting composition in microemulsion/liquid crystal form comprising aldehyde and mixture of partially esterified, fully esterified and non-esterified polyhydric alcohols
|Jan 8, 1998
|May 18, 1999
|Colgate-Palmolive Co.
|Microemulsion cleaning compositions
|Dec 1, 1998
|Nov 30, 1999
|Colgate Palmolive Company
|Liquid cleaning compositions comprising a negatively charged complex of an anionic and zwitterionic surfactant
|Mar 1, 1999
|Jan 25, 2000
|Colgate Palmolive Company
|Microemulsion all purpose liquid cleaning composition based on EO-PO nonionic surfactant
|Jul 11, 1997
|Mar 7, 2000
|Colgate-Palmolive Co.
|Microemulsion light duty liquid cleaning compositions
|Jul 6, 2000
|Sep 11, 2001
|Colgate-Palmolive Co.
|Microemulsion liquid cleaning composition containing a short chain amphiphile
|Feb 11, 2000
|Feb 12, 2002
|Colgate-Palmolive Company
|Acidic all purpose liquid cleaning compositions
|Mar 29, 1999
|May 14, 2002
|Ecolab Inc.
|Solid pot and pan detergent
|Feb 6, 2002
|Aug 19, 2003
|Ecolab Inc.
|Solid pot and pan detergent
|Oct 29, 2002
|Apr 26, 2005
|Permatex, Inc.
|Waterless hand cleaner containing plant derived natural essential oil
|Aug 18, 2003
|Jun 24, 2004
|Ecolab Inc.
|Solid pot and pan detergent
|Jun 27, 2014
|May 12, 2016
|Kao Corporation, S.A.
|Liquid detergent composition
|Sep 10, 1999
|Mar 23, 2000
|Colgate-Palmolive Company
|Liquid cleaning compositions
|Sep 10, 1999
|Sep 21, 2000
|Colgate Palmolive Co
|Liquid cleaning compositions
|May 29, 2003
|Dec 11, 2003
|Aprion Digital Ltd.
|Inkjet imaging on an offset printing master
|May 29, 2003
|Aug 19, 2004
|Aprion Digital Ltd
|Inkjet imaging on an offset printing master
|U.S. Classification
|510/365, 510/355, 510/101, 510/356
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 14, 1997
Owner name: COLGATE-PALMOLIVE COMPANY, NEW JERSEY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ERILLI, RITA;THOMAS, BARBARA;REEL/FRAME:008456/0236;SIGNING DATES FROM 19951106 TO 19960209
|Jan 30, 2001
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 8, 2001
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Sep 11, 2001
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20010708


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subset: commoncrawl


text:
MU expecting another slugfest with West Virginia
New York -- It's late, and with a bigger, more important game now looming against the sixth-seeded West Virginia Mountaineers on Wednesday night at Madison Square Garden, I'll limit my comments on tonight's 87-66 win over the Providence Friars.
First, another big performance by Jimmy Butler. Even though Darius Johnson-Odom put in a game-high 23 points, the senior forward was as efficient as always -- 19 points on just eight shots, 8 for 10 from the free-throw linem 10 rebounds, eight assists and a steal in an abnormally low 31 minutes.
Throw in another solid defensive performance on the Big East's leading scorer, Marshon Brooks (20 points on 7-for-16 shooting), and it's clear Butler is doing everything he possibly can to insure his college career lasts as long as he can possibly make it last.
Defensively, the 11th-seeded Golden Eagles put on a clinic early in jumping out to a 17-0 lead. They were swarming the ball, closing out on shooters -- in short, everything they weren't doing last week.
Then, for a period of about 8 minutes bridging the end of the first half and the start of the second, MU started falling back into old habits. It let Vincent Council get open time and time again for open threes, which he knocked down, and Brooks started to heat up a bit.
The letup was so big, in fact, that I went from looking up the biggest blowouts in Big East Tournament history midway through the first half to wondering if we'd see the 16-point halftime deficit South Florida rallied from to beat Villanova beaten by the Friars.
The Friars got to within seven at 50-43 with 16:56 left in the second half when Butler and Johnson-Odom combined to score eight straight points to get MU back on track.
"We can't have that happen," Butler said. "If we can fix that, we can be very dangerous. We've got to learn to finish out games. We can't have those lulls. Every team goes on their little run, but we've got to cut it and get back to guarding and things like that."
Also key, even though he didn't have a great shooting night, was Jae Crowder staying out of foul trouble.
Coach Buzz Williams started him out on the bench again, using Erik Williams as the starter at the 4, and Crowder responded with 27 strong minutes, putting up 10 points, four rebounds, two assists and a steal.
Looking at the numbers, Providence's horrid shooting (35.3%) paved the way to 53 rebounds for MU -- a high in Williams' three seasons at the helm, he said afterward -- with six players grabbing at least five apiece.
Davante Gardner tied a career high with seven boards to go along with nine points, and Vander Blue continues to find ways to be productive with his offense still a major question mark as he grabbed seven.
Other numbers that stuck out were 20 assists, the most since dishing out 20 in beating DePaul on Jan. 18, 30 points off the bench and 38 points in the paint.
Every player that saw action scored except for walk-on Rob Frozena, who checked in with a minute to go.
The only player not to play was Joe Fulce, who Williams said had to have fluid drained from his troublesome left knee after practice on Monday. He remains day-to-day.
Looking ahead to West Virginia, it was the Mountaineers who the Golden Eagles beat at the Bradley Center way back on New Year's Day, 79-74, to capture their first "quality" victory of the season.
Crowder had a coming-out party in that one, putting up a career-high 29 points to go along with eight rebounds and five assists in 29 minutes. He hit 12 of 14 shots overall while the Golden Eagles hit 52.6% of their shots as a team.
MU won the rebounding battle, 34-24, and hit 14 of 21 free throws compared to West Virginia's 7-for-7 effort. The Golden Eagles also posted 22 assists on 30 baskets.
The Mountaineers were led by Darryl "Truck" Bryant's 25 points, while Kevin Jones had 17 and Casey Mitchell and Deniz Kilicli 14 apiece.
Since that game, West Virginia has beaten Georgetown, Purdue, Cincinnati, Notre Dame, UConn and Louisville. Mitchell, Jones and Bryant rank 1-2-3 in scoring on a team that hasn't really shot lights out (42.8% overall, 33.0% from three).
Defensively the Mountaineers have been solid, which is exactly what you'd expect from a Bob Huggins team. They're holding opponents to 40.7% shooting and just 28.8% from beyond the arc.
Here's what Butler, Johnson-Odom and Williams had to say about the matchup afterward:
Butler: "They're a good team. They switch almost every ball screen, down screen. They're a great offensive-rebounding team. They have plenty of good players, so we've got to rest up. We've got to be ready to compete. That thing is going to be a fight. The toughest team is going to win. They're just like us in many ways, so we have to prepare like we prepare for any other game, and go out and make it a dogfight."
Johnson-Odom: "It's going to be a fight, going to come down to a one-possessioni game. They're long, athletic and versatile, so they can do a lot of things at a lot of different positions. I think it's going to take a lot of fight, a lot of hard work, a lot mentally for us to come out and win that game. And we've got to be mentally prepared. I think we've got to come out and fight."
Williams: "Jimmy is the smartest player I've ever coached, and if you guys would have directed that question to me I would have said the same thing Jimmy said. They're coached by a Hall of Fame coach. They have switchables on their team. I think they play incredibly hard. They're the hardest-playing team in the country, you could argue. They won't beat themselves -- you're going to have to beat them.
"They minimize turnovers -- Cincinnati, West Virginia and Marquette are the best in the country annually in turnovers per game. It's hard to score on them in transition. They're just so fundamentally sound, and they want to turn it into a slugfest. I just think that's how Coach Huggins coaches and that's how he recruits, and I think his players take on the personality of him."
- Power forward Ikechukwu Eke commits to Marquette's 2017 recruiting class
- Markus Howard makes U.S. U17 World Championship team
- Marquette ranks 21st in 2015-'16 men's basketball attendance
- Golden Eagles Alumni on track for automatic TBT berth
- Marquette to host 2017 Big East women's basketball tournament
- Wojciechowski not eager to fill roster spot
- Marquette to start home-and-home series at Georgia
- Kalif Young to visit Marquette this week
- Marquette will have one visitor this weekend and it's L.G. Gill
- Luke Fischer out with left arm injury
Men's Basketball
- 2015-'16 schedule
- Roster
- Statistics
- Scoreboard
- Standings
- Power rankings
- Injuries
- Odds
- Official site
- Season reviews
Women's Basketball


text:
AACR Monteolivos
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TripAdvisor Reviews AACR Monteolivos Seville
Travel Blogs from Seville
Sightseeing in Seville and Football
After another late night we manage to be up and into breakfast early enough to finish, get ready and be downstairs for the free walking tour at 1015. We join the group when a lady comes and rounds us up, walks us through the streets of Seville quite quickly before arriving at the meeting point about 25 minutes later. There is stacks of people and we are split up into English, Spanish and French linguists. Our guide Roberto introduces himself and we set off towards the main cathedral ...
Hola Spain...back over the border.
... to Seville. Still lots storks making their nests on the pylons all the way through on the motorway. Funny creatures !!!!! Must be a real curse for the pylon men. Arriving in Seville it was 33 degrees at 8.00 and into our apartment in the old town ... A warren of gorgeous cobbled streets. Beautiful little place and yahoo ... Aircon. A quick shower and off to dinner at 9.30.... Perfect ...
Ole, Sevilla
... in it! The bullfight was phenomenal. There were three different Matadors and we were told the one who was obviously the best was n�mero uno. The tradition and the pageantry were spectacular to watch, and the skill and fearlessness of the Matadors something to admire. One of the other matadors was from Sevilla so he opened and closed the show even though he wasn't the best by far. I can't imagine facing down one of those animals.
Sevilla, Andalucía, Spain
... font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: normal;">
It crossed my mind that this trip was over, did we really only make it to Granada?! No, praise God this adventure continues. This health scare really opened our eyes to the medical care in Europe. They provided Eric with medical attention NO QUESTIONS ...
Winter in Sevilla
... read the preceding paragraph. But don't worry, the grossest part is over.
Mark Twain is credited with saying "The coldest winter I ever spent was summer in San Francisco", but I'd wager he never spent a winter in Sevilla. When I was reading about Sevilla before coming here, I thought how nice it would be to be in a place where the winters are mild--average highs around 60, lows around 40. It never freezes. ...


text:
Meet Kyle Martinez! At the base of Lake Tahoe, Nevada, lies the small, rural town of Gardnerville, a close-knit farming community. Kyle Martinez was raised in this small town, and was greatly influenced by the sense of community that existed in Gardnerville. Growing up, Kyle was very involved in volunteering and community outreach. It was only natural that Kyle would pursue an education that would allow him to continue to be a role model and positive agent of change within his community and chosen profession... (see more)
Click here to view our student advocates for FY16!
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Whether you're interested in presenting your poster to your colleagues or singing your heart out in front of a live audience to help the Foundation raise funds, we have you covered. Attending our events is a great way to meet other SRNAs and get more involved. Please consider joining us:
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Chris Reed, Student Trustee 2013 - 2015Monica Masemer, Student Trustee 2011 - 2013


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Catherine Waite Phelan
Catherine Waite Phelan studies how the human and technological interface alters the social domain.
You will explore the principles of communication across contexts — interpersonal, social, political, economic, cultural and beyond place and time — and by means of various technologies. Through theory and practice, you will prepare for civic engagement beyond the classroom, in our highly mediated environment.
Students will investigate the diverse ways in which information technologies can alter the human communication environment. They'll study the complex ways in which concerns with communication cannot be separated from ethical concerns. They'll discern how interpersonal communication is fundamentally different from the varied forms of mediated communication.
The things that stand out the most from my time on the Hill are the relationships I built with both my professors and my peers. I think the fact that Hamilton is such a small community compared to other universities makes it extra special.
Meredith Kennedy '09
Communication has always been complex, and today's mediated environment makes the complexity more obvious by creating the potential for confusion. For example, text messages omit context by eliminating intonation and gesture. When a society introduces new technologies such as the printing press, broadcast, or digital devices, communication's norms and conventions inevitably will be altered.
Catherine Waite Phelan studies how the human and technological interface alters the social domain.
Tom Phelan teaches about risk and crisis emergency preparedness, public information and outreach.
Timothy Recuber's research explores the mass mediation of disasters, suffering and death.
Penelope G. Dane's research focuses on mass-mediated representations of queer-lesbian caregiving and representations of women's "madness."
An introduction to the fundamental questions of the discipline. Investigates the role of symbolic communication, the essential features of interpersonal communication and group process, as well as the ways in which mediated communication alters perceptions of community and identity. Communication theories are supported by case studies that illustrate the relevance of communication for everyday life.View All Courses
Focuses on speech, privacy, and advocacy in order to explore the liberties and constraints of living in community with others. Instantaneous access to information via social media contributes to emerging questions regarding privacy and challenging new experiences of community. The course focuses on four related questions: Why do our communities require privacy? What does the American tradition teach us about privacy? How can advocacy weaken – or strengthen – community? What new forms of advocacy challenge our understanding of privacy? Writing-intensive. Oral Presentations.View All Courses
Theories of environmental, health, safety, agricultural, and corporate risks and crises will be addressed. Focusing on the public, private and not-for-profit sectors, this course examines how communication policies and procedures provide a framework for social change in vulnerable communities. Based on real scenarios, students study risk assessment, risk perception, message design, crisis management, media relations, and barriers to effective risk and crisis communication.View All Courses
How do rapid changes in the process of news-making alter the political process? Does democracy require accurate news reporting? Is objectivity possible? What is the role of the press (print, broadcast, digital, and social media) in the twenty-first century? How do historical precedents help us to understand the impact of digital media on the political process? What theories do communication scholars offer to clarify the interplay of media and politics? Oral Presentations.View All Courses
Though conventional wisdom suggests that the internet is a force for freedom and tolerance, it is also a place where existing biases and inequalities get replicated and at times magnified. This course explores the way social categories such as race, class, and gender persist online and the way various biases and prejudices are both combatted and enflamed in online spaces.View All Courses
Theoretical analysis of how communication technology alters social construction of time, space, community and identity. Readings detail historical precedents in order to address future implications of emerging technologies.View All Courses
Communication, Psychology and the TV Industry
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Google will most likely unveil its latest slate of gadgets on Tuesday, and already there are rumblings of what to expect from the tech giant.
The company hasn't said what its event in San Francisco will entail, but fall is when tech companies usually start peddling their new wares, and Google is no exception. Last year, Google unveiled its Nexus 6P and 5X smartphones on Sept. 29. The year before, it announced its Nexus 6 smartphone and Nexus 9 tablet on Oct. 15.
New phones are likely on the table again, as well as devices that make use of 4K, virtual reality, and voice recognition technology.
Pixel phones
It has been widely reported that Google will drop its new smartphones on Tuesday, and thanks to some eager beavers in Canada and the U.K., we already have a pretty good idea what they'll look like.
Bell in Canada and Carphone Warehouse in the U.K. both briefly posted pre-order pages for the new Google Pixel phones before the planned announcement, TechCrunch reports. Those listings have since been removed, but not before tech blogs swooped in and soaked up all the details.
Pixel will be made by HTC and is expected to replace the Nexus as the company's flagship phone. It will come in two sizes: A five-inch display for the regular version and 5.5 for the XL, and is expected to sell for $649 US, according to Android Police.
"Other specs include a Snapdragon 821 chip, 4GB of RAM, 1080p and 1440 x 2560 displays depending on the size, 32GB or 128GB of internal storage," TechCrunch reports.
There's good news for anyone who was grumpy about Apple's move to wireless earphones — Pixel is expected to have a traditional headphone jack.
4K Chromecast
Speaking of pixels, Android Police reports the next iteration of Google's popular streaming device Chromebook will be 4K compatible.
The Chromecast is a tiny little dongle that plugs into your TV and lets you stream media directly from your phone, tablet or computer, offering a cheap and compact alternative to video game consoles or dedicated streamers like Roku and Apple TV.
Until now, Chromecast has been limited to 1080p, but insiders say the new version to be unveiled Tuesday will stream in 3,840 x 2,160 resolution, better known as 4K.
It's rumoured to be called the Chromecast Ultra and, according to Android police, will retail at a starting point of $69 US.
Google Home
Google Home is the company's answer to Amazon's popular Echo — a voice-activated personal assistant for the home, accessed through a Wi-Fi connected speaker.
The idea is to turn your abode into a smart-home of sorts with an internet-connected speaker that listens for your voice commands to do things like play music or control lights and thermostats.
Google first announced Home at a developer conference in May, but did not set a release date, so it's possible we'll get our first look at it Tuesday.
Android Police estimates a price point of $129 US, which falls below Echo's $179.
Both Home and Echo have prompted privacy concerns about having tech in your home that's always listening and gathering data.
Daydream VR
At the same conference it unveiled Home, Google also announced it was working on a virtual reality platform called Daydream.
- VR an eye-popping new canvas for artists using Tilt Brush
- Virtual reality: Future of filmmaking or cinema's latest gimmick?
The device, a VR headset with a small remote, is scheduled for release in fall of 2016, so it's possible it will launch at Tuesday's events.
Google has already announced a number of games and apps for Daydream and, according to Bloomberg, has been busy recruiting creators to make exclusive content for the platform.
Article source: http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/google-pixel-home-chromecast-daydream-1.3788921?cmp=rss


text:
Avery® Blue Permanent File Folder Labels with TrueBlock, 1,500/Pack (5766)
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Avery® Permanent file folder label in blue color measures 2/3" x 3 7/16" and is ideal for multiple lines of text, larger font sizes, graphics and logos. Avery® Permanent file folder label in blue color measures 2/3" x 3 7/16" and is easy to use with free Avery® templates and software. Label is suitable for ID objects and documents, sold as 1500 per box.
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If you are a blogger and want to share your Freebie deals or Giveaways use Mr. Linky and give us the link to your best Freebies! (Not required but highly encouraged to link back here encouraging people to participate in my Freebie Friday!)
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Introspection is the automatic process that analyzes the design pattern of a bean in order to reveal bean's properties, events, and methods. This process is used to control publishing and discovery of bean operations and properties.
Java object repository sites existing on the Internet are continuously growing in numbers to answer the demand for centralized deployment of applets, classes, and source code in general. Any developer who has spent time hunting through these sites for licensable Java code to incorporate into a program has undoubtedly struggled with issues of how to quickly and cleanly integrate code from one particular source into an application.
The way of implementing introspection provides great advantages, including:
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The last year i've mostly been working on aTV app and websites. This is just a personal design project I thought i would do just to keep app design fresh in my mind.
Feel free to use elements. Or make suggestions as to what could be added to make a complete UI kit.
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Pocket Astro
by: Manav Singhal • 17
All Android applications categories
All Android games categories
by: Manav Singhal • 17
Pocket Astro is Android based mobile application that would forecast the Horoscopes and Astrology based on the Numerology. This app would help to know oneself, personality traits and relationships with loved ones, predicts Career Forecasts and tells about gem stones.
Tags: personality based off horoscopes , astropocket , astro pocket , astropoket
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Backstrom and the S.C.U. investigate when a participant in a performance-art festival is found dead, and the suspects are all creative artists involved with the event.
The S.C.U. investigates the death of a young female sex surrogate in Portland's Rose Garden. Meanwhile, Backstrom hears unsettling news about his mother.
Evidence in the investigation into a hit-and-run that left a wealthy woman dead points to vehicular homicide and uncovers a controversy involving her charitable work. Meanwhile, Backstrom's unhealthy habits disturb his doctor and his ex-fiancée.moreless
An oil-pipeline explosion in Backstrom's childhood hometown looks to be the work of ecoterrorists, and brings back his estranged father, Sheriff Blue Backstrom, to assist in the investigation. The father-son reunion reopens old wounds, and a late-night visit from Everett's former fiancée further complicates his personal life.moreless
The investigation into the murder of a Chinese fortune teller in Portland's Chinatown leads the unit to a laundry service that appears to be a front for illegal gambling activities.
The unit is under the gun and has only three days to rescue a teenage girl abducted by an online predator, and the case hits close to home for Backstrom, who is jarred by the girl's resemblance to a victim of an unsolved case that dogged him seven years ago. Meanwhile, Det. Sgt. John Almond's church stares down eviction after he missed the last three rent payments.moreless
Backstrom considers the murder of a drag queen and blogger, who's a prominent member of Portland's LGBT community, a hate crime, and the case takes a surprise turn when Backstrom's gay tenant becomes a suspect. Meanwhile, Backstrom is pulled before the Civilian Oversight Committee as the result of his shooting a suspect in a previous case. To complicate matters, his former fiancée is in charge of the group.moreless
The unit investigate when a youth pastor is murdered in the church, and there is suspicion the killing could be the work of a cult. Meanwhile, the Chief of Police recruits Backstrom's former fiancée to run a newly formed Civilian Oversight Committee tasked with investigating questionable conduct within the bureau.moreless
An arson investigator enlists the S.C.U.'s help after a firebug's latest crime gets escalated to attempted murder when it involves a family. Although evidence points to a local, Backstrom believes it may be someone who's the least likely suspect. Meanwhile, Valentine tries to help helps Niedermayer recover stolen evidence.moreless
Crime series about the troubled but brilliant Det. Lt. Everett Backstrom, who returns from exile to run a special-crimes unit in Portland, begins with the investigation into a college student's suicide, which may actually have been a homicide. Later, Backstrom bangs head with his doctor, who promises to fail him on his physical if he doesn't start making better dietary choices.moreless
As the office staff gets ready for the premier of their documentary, Jim and Dwight fill the position for the Assistant to the Assistant Regional Manager. Andy auditions for the reality TV show "The Next Great A Cappella Sensation." Jim expresses his love for Pam and Dwight expresses his love for Angela; Darryl dances with the office staff.moreless
Andy tells David Wallace that he is leaving Dunder Mifflin to pursue acting. Dwight has his black belt ceremony with his new sensei at the office during lunch.
Dwight and Angela compete in an office-wide paper airplane contest where the winner gets a prize. A talent agent named Carla Fern helps Andy with his first acting role. Jim and Pam's new couples counseling skills are unleashed.moreless
The elevators are under maintenance and the office workers have to walk up the stairs, a situation everyone deems the "Stairmageddon". Exhausted after climbing the stairs, Stanley refuses to go back down in order to close a sale with one of their bigger clients. Dwight is forced to shoot Stanley with a few bull tranquillizer darts to knock him out. Dwight and Clark then take a drugged Stanley on the sales call. Pam and Jim spend time talking with Nellie and Toby respectively about their marital troubles and couples counselling. Angela attends a press conference with the senator who outs himself as gay on television, and shocking both her and Oscar, reveals his relationship to his press secretary. Andy meets with talent agent Carla Fern.moreless
Oscar attends the funeral of Dwight's Aunt Shirley at Schrute Farms. Dwight's sister Fannie and brother Jeb also attend and Shirley stipulates in her will that they are set to inherit her farm only if they choose to live and work it themselves. Todd Packer returns to the office to make amends as part of an alcoholic and narcotics recovery process but instead hands out cupcakes laced with laxatives and drugs.moreless
Pam interviews for a job in Philadelphia, but her potential manager reminds her of her former boss, Michael Scott. Dwight acquires the help of Angela in order to give his elderly Aunt Shirley a bath. Meanwhile, Andy attempts to make Pete and Erin feel uncomfortable.moreless
The office pairs into couples so that they may all be able to take advantage of a Valentine's Day discount at a mini-mall. After Andy returns from his boat trip, Erin decides that she is going to break up with him so that she can be with Pete, but Pete begins to doubt her. Pam and Jim share lunch with Brian, the documentary's sound man.moreless
Larry speaks with actor Rainn Wilson.
Angela goes to Dwight for help when she learns that her husband is having an affair with Oscar. Stanley and Phyllis take advantage of Jim when he needs a favor, and Pete distracts Pam as she begins painting her mural.moreless
In order to land the Scranton White Pages as a client, Dwight must confront his inability to speak to women; Jim's teleconference with his business partners is subject to distraction; Angela and Oscar follow Senator Lipton to the gym; the office stages a mustache contest.moreless
Andy must help his family when his dad loses all of their money. Meanwhile, Dwight is a guest on a radio show, and his co-workers call in to bother him. Kevin learns a secret about Oscar. This episode features the return of Andy's brother Walter Jr. who is now a drunk.moreless
After inviting his former college a cappella group, Here Comes Treble, to perform for the office during Halloween, Andy gets angry when he hears that his college friend Broccoli Rob is telling a different story about the group. Dwight tries to track down a madman in the office; Jim and Pam fight over his new job.moreless
Dwight rents a bus for the office staff to temporarily work in.
The office has two new faces, Clark and Pete. When Clark gets the nickname "the New Dwight" and Peter becomes "the New Jim," it causes existential crises on the part of both Dwight and Jim. The two older workers have to figure out their future plans at the Scranton branch.moreless
Dwight gives the Scranton branch workers free family portraits. Robert gets a great new opportunity. Andy poses as a janitor in his attempt to rejoin Dunder Mifflin.
A drunken Robert shutters a close by Dunder Mifflin branch, leading to Dwight and Jim teaming up to get their clients. Meanwhile, Andy plots his return to the Scranton branch.
Andy makes a huge mistake when he shows up at a fundraising auction for Robert Lipton. Nellie needs Darryl to show her how a taco is eaten.
Andy returns to Scranton to find his manager's position usurped by Nellie. Kelly is surprised to learn she finds another man to be more perfect than Ryan.


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Bacon Wrapped, Cream Cheese Stuffed Chicken Breasts
Total Time
Prep 10 mins
Cook 35 mins
Quick and Easy. Low fat, almost carb free.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 boneless skinless chicken breast
- 2 tablespoons cream cheese
- 1 tablespoon green onion, Chopped
- 2 pieces bacon, Partially Cooked
- Pound out Chicken breast so it is about 1/4" thick, and season with salt on both sides.
- Mix together cream cheese and green onions. Spread cheese mixture over 1 side of chicken breast.
- Roll Chicken breast up to conceal cream cheese.
- Wrap partially cooked bacon around chicken breast and secure with toothpick.
- Place on baking sheet and back for about 30 minutes at 375.
- Broil for about 5 minute to crisp bacon.


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Seeing the dentist twice a year for a checkup might be too infrequent for some people with periodontal disease, while those with few risk factors might safely go longer between checkups, a study published in the Journal of Dental Research found. About 17% of high-risk patients who received twice-a-year care eventually needed a tooth extracted, compared with 22% of high-risk patients who visited a dentist only once a year. Researchers found no statistical difference in extraction rates between low-risk patients who saw a dentist once a year and those who went twice.
Full Story:The New York Times (tiered subscription model)


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Although today's planned declaration by Ariel Sharon and Mahmoud Abbas was still being negotiated last night, the deal will be an advance for the new Palestinian president.
Mohammed Dahlan, the former minister who has been closely involved in security talks with Israeli officials, backed up an earlier prediction by the cabinet minister Saeb Erekat. "We have agreed to announce a neutral ceasefire,'' he said.
A senior Israeli official confirmed that Mr Abbas would announce a "cessation" of armed action against Israel while Israel would itself declare that it would "cease all pro-active military activity".
However, Mr Sharon is expected to make clear that continuation of the ceasefire will depend on a series of steps that the Palestinians will have to undertake to prevent factions from being able to resume hostilities.
After meeting Condoleezza Rice, the US Secretary of State, yesterday, Mr Abbas said he was hoping for a reciprocal announcement from Israel in response to the period of "quiet" he had negotiated with the armed factions. But Israel had hitherto been reluctant to make a formal ceasefire declaration of the sort sought by Mr Abbas.
Instead it has taken a series of steps designed to maintain the so far undeclared truce. Israel has largely handed over control of Gaza - scene of the worst conflict during the past year - to Palestinian security forces and has agreed not to pursue wanted militants other than in cases where it suspects they are planning an attack on Israel.
News of the imminent ceasefire announcement last night came as Ms Rice announced that President George Bush was sending a US general as a "security co-ordinator", marking the US's most serious engagement in the Middle East peace process for three years.
Ms Rice again went out of her way to demonstrate US support for Mr Abbas after the meeting yesterday on the eve of today's summit with Ariel Sharon in Egypt, the first top level meeting between Palestinian and Israeli leaders since the uprising began four-and-a-half years ago.
General William Ward, a decorated former commander of the NATO stabilisation force in post-war Bosnia, will report directly to Ms Rice and will have an important role in reforming, reorganising and training Palestinian security forces, as well seeking to ensure coordination between Israel and the Palestinians to prevent the ceasefire from breaking down, as an earlier one did in 2003 after less than three months.
Raanan Gissin, the spokesman for Ariel Sharon, said yesterday: "This is someone who will be like a referee, if there is a need ... to mediate and prevent a crisis. The American involvement will increase as progress is made."
Ms Rice emphasised US support for the "historic decision" to withdraw the settlements from Gaza later this year.
But she also confirmed that she had told Israel that it, as well as the Palestinians, must live up to its obligations under the road map, including those to dismantle dozens of illegal settlement outposts in the West Bank and to halt settlement expansion, which it has not fulfilled.
Ms Rice said that the Palestinians should be "very proud" of their recent presidential elections. She underlined the contrast with the US's virtual boycott of relations with Yasser Arafat during the past four years by praising Mr Abbas for standing on a platform of ending the armed intifada and of political reform and for the steps he had taken since then to secure a halt to armed conflict.
- More about:
- Ariel Sharon
- Israeli Politics
- Middle East
- Palestine


text: Listen to All 45 Now That's What I Call Music Albums in One Glorious PlaylistLeslie Horn4/04/13 3:16pmFiled to: playlistsnow that's what I call musicspotify542EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink Believe it or not, we're on the 45th album of the Now That's What I Call Music canon. Allow us to inject some nostalgia into your day—here's a Spotify playlist of every song in the Now library in order. That's 856 tracks, starting with Janet Jackson, ending with Florida Georgia Line, with a smattering of boy bands, pop princesses, and early 2000s R&B in between. Feel old. But mostly, just enjoy. [Spotify]Reply54 repliesLeave a reply


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Vientiane Eat in and Take Out Articles — Things To Know Before You Go
Photo by Jerome Paz / Flickr Thai food is a takeout classic, and as American palates become more adventurous, we're lucky enough to see more authentic versions of our favorite Thai dishes popping... read more
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Aston Martin has taken its ultimate grand tourer, the Aston Martin Vanquish, and chopped the top off for this latest Volante model from the British marque. The car's WH architecture mixes bonded aluminum with carbon fiber to maintain rigidity in the absence of a roof. The designers of the Vanquish Volante have opted for a soft top which folds away in just 14 seconds. Powering this beauty is a V12 engine good for 565 hp and 457 lb-ft of torque and capable of pushing the Volante to 187 mph. All this doesn't come cheap as the Vanquish Volante starts at $297,995 USD.


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This is a list of names in which the meaning contains the keyword green.
There are 26 names matching your criteria.
AINA (3) f Japanese
From Japanese 愛 (ai) meaning "love, affection" and 菜 (na) meaning "vegetables, greens", as well as other character combinations.
AOI f & m Japanese
From Japanese 葵 (aoi) meaning "hollyhock, althea" or an adjectival form of 碧 (ao) meaning "green, blue"... [more]
BÍCH f Vietnamese
From Sino-Vietnamese 碧 (bích) meaning "bluish green".
CHLOE f English, Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek, Ancient Greek, Greek Mythology
Means "green shoot" in Greek. This was an epithet of the Greek goddess Demeter. The name is also mentioned by Paul in one of his epistles in the New Testament... [more]
CHLORIS f Greek Mythology
Derived from Greek χλωρος (chloros) meaning "green"... [more]
CYAN f & m English (Rare)
From the English word meaning "greenish blue", ultimately derived from Greek κυανος (kyanos).
HARUNA f Japanese
From Japanese 晴 (haru) meaning "clear weather", 遥 (haru) meaning "distant, remote" or 春 (haru) meaning "spring" combined with 菜 (na) meaning "vegetables, greens"... [more]
HINA f Japanese
From Japanese 陽 (hi) meaning "light, sun, male" or 日 (hi) meaning "sun, day" combined with 菜 (na) meaning "vegetables, greens"... [more]
IRVING m English, Scottish, Jewish
From a Scottish surname which was in turn derived from a Scottish place name meaning "green water". Historically this name has been relatively common among Jews, who have used it as an American-sounding form of Hebrew names beginning with I such as Isaac, Israel and Isaiah... [more]
LEGOLAS m Literature
Means "green leaves" in Sindarin, from laeg "green" combined with go-lass "collection of leaves". In 'The Lord of the Rings' (1954) by J. R. R. Tolkien, Legolas is the son of the elf lord Thranduil and a member of the Fellowship of the Ring.
MIDORI f Japanese
From Japanese 緑 (midori) meaning "green", as well as other kanji or kanji combinations which have the same pronunciation.
NANA (2) f Japanese
From Japanese 菜 (na) meaning "vegetables, greens" and/or 奈 (na), a phonetic character... [more]
NANAKO f Japanese
From Japanese 菜 (na) meaning "vegetables, greens" duplicated and 子 (ko) meaning "child"... [more]
NATSUKI f Japanese
From Japanese 菜 (na) meaning "vegetables, greens" and 月 (tsuki) meaning "moon"... [more]
ODHARNAIT f Irish
Means "little pale green one", derived from Irish odhra "pale green, sallow" combined with a diminutive suffix.
ODHRÁN m Irish
Means "little pale green one", derived from Irish odhra "pale green, sallow" combined with a diminutive suffix. This was the name of a saint who travelled with Saint Columba through Scotland.
QING f & m Chinese
From Chinese 青 (qīng) meaning "blue, green, young", as well as other characters pronounced in a similar way.
RINA (4) f Japanese
From Japanese 莉 (ri) meaning "white jasmine" or 里 (ri) meaning "village" combined with 奈 (na), a phonetic character, or 菜 (na) meaning "vegetables, greens"... [more]
THANH f & m Vietnamese
From Sino-Vietnamese 青 (thanh) meaning "blue, green, young" or 聲 (thanh) meaning "sound, voice, tone".
YUINA f Japanese
From Japanese 結 (yui) meaning "tie, bind" and 菜 (na) meaning "vegetables, greens"... [more]


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- Home>
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If pop culture and music has inspired your clothing look and style Hot Topic is where you can find all new merchandise. When they opened in 1988, they chose to bring the pop clothing for men and women into the everyone's homes. The t-shirts, tops, bottoms, dresses, hoodies, jackets, sleepwear, jeans, and shorts are inspired by brands such as, Lip Service, Morbid Threads, Social Collision, Disney, Nintendo, Hopeless Records, Harry Potter and many more. Not to be left out are their accessories which range from hair pieces, to sunglasses, body jewelry, make-up, hosiery, and stickers. Just when you think they can't carry anything else, they also have all of the shoes to match your outfits. From head to toe, you will be a complete package when you leave, and you can do it for less with gift cards from GiftCards.com. With all of these apparel options at your fingertips, it is hard to decide what you want now, and what you will get later. And if you just can't say no to all the bargains, GiftCards.com is here to help. At GiftCards.com, you can find gift cards to your favorite merchants at up to 20% off! When you purchase gift cards from us, you get more bang for your buck! Now when you want to get all your favorite apparel, stop by for your cheap gift cards from GiftCards.com first, and keep more cash in your pocket.
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Our Air / Gas compressor spare parts are of the supreme quality and, have wide range of features.
HMC AUTOMATION & ELECTRONICS is one of the oldest and reputed in the market with its expertise and diverse experience. IT IS INDIAN MANAGED COMPANY WITH HEAD OFFICE AT KERALA AND BRANCHES IN MIDDLE EAST , With its value added products and customer service the company achieved a good reputation in MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY MATERIAL exporting, wholesaling and retailing. Now we are one of the biggest importers, exporters stockiest and wholesalers of All Type of INDUSTRIAL MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL PRODUCTS LIKE AIR COMPRESSOR SPARES, ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC COMPONETS, HYDROLIC AND PNEUMATIC ITEMS, BOILER SPARES MEASURING INSTRUMENTS, PACKING MACHINERIES AND CONVEYORS AND MORE.......... in the Middle Eastern and African markets, promoting a diverse range of quality and affordable product according to the market demands.
Our Air / Gas compressor spare parts are of the supreme quality and, have wide range of features.
HMC Automation have a wide range of electrical & electronic spare parts.
Our pneumatic and hydraulic brands power tools help you get the job done right the first time.
We offer peerless quality of mechanical Spare Parts that are designed using latest production techniques.
We have been supplying gas & oil boiler spares & parts to our satisfied customers for many years.
The company's major strengths originate from building positive relations with its customers and suppliers. The company is operating with credibility, punctuality, and professionalism to meet high standards of service and performance on a real win-win basis.


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Entertainment within 15km of The Georgian House Hotel, Glasgow, G12 8ED
Glasgow, G3 6NG
In Glasgow. Scotlands only purpose built comedy clubs offering top comedy, food and drink at hard to beat prices.
Glasgow, G11 5PX
Located in heart of Glasgow's West End, the complex of theatre, restaurant and bar provides a valuable entertainment and...
Charing Cross, Glasgow, G3 7DR
The theatre presents a wide range of work from variety shows to concerts, as well as providing a show case to Scotland's...
Glasgow, G2 3LW
Busy Nightclub and live music venue in Glasgow open 7 nights a week, 365 days per year. Students & Non Students welcome!
Glasgow, G2 4JN
The Kings is one of Scotland's most historic theatres. Open all year, it has a first class programme including musicals and...
Exhibition Way, Glasgow, G3 8WY
The SSE Hydro aims to be one of the top 5 busiest indoor music arenas in the world.
Glasgow, G3 6RB
GFT is an educational charity and aims to encourage public engagement with the moving image through screening new and…
Govan, Glasgow, G51 1EA
The IMAX Cinema, part of the Glasgow Science Centre is the first in Scotland and one of only eight in Britain.
Glasgow, G2 3QA
One of Scotland's principle performing venues, and home of Scottish Opera and Scottish Ballet.
|Oran Mor
|Glasgow, G12 8QX
|Grosvenor Cinema
|Hillhead, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
|Stand Comedy Club (Glasgow)
|Glasgow, G3 6NG
|Cottier Theatre
|Glasgow, G11 5PX
|Henry Wood Hall
|Glasgow, G3 7JB
|The Finnieston
|Glasgow, G3 8ND
|City of Glasgow, G3 8QG
|The Mitchell Theatre
|Charing Cross, Glasgow, G3 7DR
|The Garage
|Glasgow, G2 3LW
|King's Theatre (Glasgow)
|Glasgow, G2 4JN
|Centre for Contemporary Arts
|Glasgow, G2 3JD
|The SSE Hydro
|Exhibition Way, Glasgow, G3 8WY
|Glasgow Film Theatre
|Glasgow, G3 6RB
|IMAX Cinema
|Govan, Glasgow, G51 1EA
|Theatre Royal
|Glasgow, G2 3QA
Click the map pins to view more information.


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I don't know if Norway is the ideal candidate to look to. Norway saves a lot of the oil money, but it taxes people on income and consumption to absurd levels. A $20 000 Volkswagen Golf ends up costing over $50 000 with taxes. What the hell? Where does the money even go?
I much prefer Alberta's system where the industry is entirely private, and for various reasons Alberta is a world leader in the industry especially in the production of extra-heavy crudes. The royalties are relatively low, but income taxes, etc keep the balance right, and the government has a savings fund to keep revenues for the future. That said, in recent years, they haven't been investing very well nor contributing to their savings funds and this is something they should address.
When you look at the ineptitude of PEMEX or PDVSA or basically all of the nationalized oil companies and the wasted oil, the environmental disasters, the bad production techniques, the wasted money, the political influence, the corruption - it is just a terrifically bad way to do things. Petrobras is probably the best of a terrible lot.


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New Movies: 'The Internship,' 'The Purge'
The summer movie season keeps chugging right along. (Yes, we realize it isn't technically summer yet, but as far as movies are concerned, it is.) This weekend we get a dose of comedy and a dash of the spooks, so take your pick, moviegoers.
84-Year-Old Winner of $590 Million Powerball Lottery Finally Claims Prize
The winner of the largest Powerball prize ever, $590 million, is Gloria C. Mackenzie, 84, of Zephyrhills, Florida. Lottery officials made the announcement in a news conference Wednesday afternoon.
Building Collapses in Philadelphia, Trapping and Injuring Multiple People
On Wednesday morning, a four-story building in Philadelphia collapsed unexpectedly, trapping some people under the rubble and injuring others.
Massive Tornado Destroys Area Near Oklahoma City; At Least 51 Killed [UPDATED]
An enormous tornado with a debris cloud two miles wide tore through the metropolitan area just south of Oklahoma City on Monday afternoon.
UPDATE 9:28 p.m. EST: At least 51 people were killed in the storm, including seven children from Plaza Towers Elementary School in Moore, according to KFOR in Oklahoma City. The news station reported that 75 student and staff were inside the school when the storm struck. Officials said Monday night that the search of the rubble remaining of the school had turned to a recovery mission.
Three New Suspects in Boston Marathon Bombing Taken Into Custody [UPDATED]
UPDATE 2:25 p.m. EST: The suspects' names are Azamat Tazhayakov, Dias Kadyrbayev and Robel Phillipos. From The Boston Globe:
Azamat Tazhayakov and Dias Kadyrbayev, both 19 and of New Bedford, were charged with conspiracy to obstruct justice by plotting to dispose of a laptop computer and a backpack containing fireworks belonging to bombing suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, the US attorney's office said in a statement.
Robel Phillipos, 19, of Cambridge was charged with making false statements to law enforcement officials in a terorism investigation, prosecutors said.
12:10 p.m. EST: According to Boston.com, the three suspects went to school at UMass-Dartmouth with Dzhokar Tsarnaev and may have helped him in the days immediately following the bombing, which was on April 15. Two of the suspects have been charged with overstaying their student visas.
The Boston Police Department announced that it has taken into custody three new suspects as a result of its ongoing investigation into the Boston Marathon bombing.
Huge Fires on Oil Barges in Alabama Finally Out; Three People in Critical Condition
On Wednesday night, an enormous fire exploded on two oil barges docked on the Mobile River in Alabama, badly injuring three people. After burning for hours, the flames are now out.
Boston Marathon Bombers: One Suspect Captured; One Dead [UPDATED]
The second suspect in the Boston Marathon bombing has been captured. Dzokhar Tsarnaev was taken into police custody Friday night -- five days after the bombing that left three dead and left more than 100 injured, police said. The 19-year-old was apprehended after a manhunt that began Thursday night with the fatal shooting of an MIT officer and extended into the evening hours on Friday.
FBI Releases Images, Video of Boston Marathon Bombing Suspects
Special Agent Rick DesLauriers of the FBI, who is leading the investigation of the Boston Marathon bombings, just held a press conference in which he revealed that there are two suspects. The FBI released photographs and video of two men believed to be responsible for the attacks.
Conflicting Reports Regarding a Possible Arrest in Boston Bombings [UPDATED]
2:45 p.m. (EST): The Boston Police Department has announced that "there has not been an arrest in the Marathon attack." Investigations are ongoing.
2:35 p.m.: CNN is retracting their previous report that an arrest has been made in the Boston Marathon bombings. Other sources are reporting that officials are close to identifying a suspect after reviewing area surveillance video, but no arrests have been made.
Letters Containing Ricin Sent to President, Two Senators [UPDATED]
1:10 p.m. (EST): A third letter, this one sent to Senator Joe Manchin (D.-W.V.), has been found to contain ricin.
12:45 p.m. (EST): FBI spokesman Paul Bresson has confirmed that the substance found in the letter to the president was ricin.
The Secret Service says that a letter containing a suspicious substance and addressed to President Obama was received on Tuesday at a White House mail facility. This comes just after a letter sent to Senator Roger Wicker (R.-Miss.) was found to contain the poison ricin.
Twin Explosions at Boston Marathon Finish Line [UPDATED]
9 p.m. (EST): The final press conference of the day with Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick, Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis and various other officials just concluded. The FBI is now leading investigations of the events. Davis confirmed that three people were killed in today's blasts.
CNN is reporting that one of the victims killed was an 8-year-old boy. The Wall Street Journal had reported that as many as five other unexploded devices were found around Boston, but investigators now doubt that they were actually bombs.
IRS Warning — 12 Scams to Watch Out For This Tax Season
The IRS has issued its annual warning about the "Dirty Dozen" schemes out there—ways that certain disreputable folks will try to steal your money or methods people use to hide financial information from the tax agency.


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The Government has ruled out challenging European environmental legislation that has forced the closure of many of Britain's biggest coal plants and left the country at risk of blackouts within two years.
Michael Fallon, the Energy Minister, said that the Government was not planning to make the case to Brussels for bringing mothballed coal plants back online in order to keep the lights on and to stop electricity prices spiralling.
"We are not planning to break the rules on that," he told The Times.
Officials believe that the fine levied by Brussels for allowing mothballed coal plants to operate again