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Country-specific travel advice
Select the country you will be travelling in to see motoring information and advice, including any accessories you may need to purchase. Don't forget the RAC provides European breakdown cover while you're driving in Europe.
Driving in Lithuania
Top 10 popular attractions:
Driving licence:
Visitors riding or driving in Lithuania must have reached the minimum age required to drive/ride a vehicle of equivalent category even if they are qualified to drive at a lower age in their country of residence. You must be 18 or over to drive a private motor vehicle in Lithuania.
All foreign driving licences are recognised; however, any licence which does not bear a photograph must be supplemented by a document with a photo, preferably a passport.
Important documents:
Vehicles from the UK may be imported into Lithuania for up to 6 months in any period of 12 months. When driving in Lithuania the following documents should be carried:
- Full, valid driving licence*
- Proof of Insurance (third party or above)
- Proof of ID (passport)
- Proof of ownership (V5C certificate)
While driving in Lithuania you are required by law to carry the following items. Hefty on-the-spot fines can be issued for failing to carry specific items:
- Headlamp beam deflectors (depending on your car, you will either need deflector stickers or have to adjust the beam manually)
- A first-aid kit & fire extinguisher is compulsory aboard all motor vehicles
- Warning triangle (any motor vehicle travelling in Lithuania, regardless of country of registration, must carry a warning triangles)
- All vehicles must have their lights on day and night
- Reflective jacket (it is compulsory to have a reflective jacket on board a vehicle)
- Motorcyclists (Safety helmets are compulsory for drivers and passengers of mopeds and motorcycles)
Rules of the road & regulations:
Rules of the road:
- Overtaking & passing
The regulations conform with the 1968 Road Traffic Convention.
Many roads have a hard shoulder, slower vehicles pull into these to allow faster vehicles to pass.
- Priority
The regulations conform with the 1968 Road Traffic Convention.
There are no special regulations concerning the temporary importation of caravans or camper vans. No inventory is required.
Snow chains:
Winter tyres are compulsory on cars from 10 November to 1 April.
Spiked tyres may be used from 1 November to 9 April. Vehicles with spiked tyres must have a sticker at the rear. This is also strongly recommended for foreign-registered vehicles.
Seat belts:
It is compulsory to wear seat belts on all seats equipped with a belt.
Travelling with children:
Children under 12 years are not allowed in the front seats of cars unless there is a child restraint adapted to their size.
Children under 3 must be seated in a special seat of an approved design adapted to their size . If the car is equipped with airbags at the front, it is prohibited to place a child in a rear facing seat on the front passenger seat.
Speed limits:
|Dual carriageways
|Asphalted roads
|Other roads
|Built-up areas
|Motorcycle/ lorry up to 3.5 t
* Summer: from 1 April to 31 Oct
** Winter: from 1 Nov. to 31 March
- On-the-spot fines
The police can issue a fine on-the-spot and demand immediate payment of fines.
- Parking regulations
In towns motorists must take care not to park on tram lines.
Theft of cars and visible valuable articles left in cars is common. It is therefore advisable to use guarded car parks whenever possible.
Parking is forbidden within 15 metres of a bus stop and within 5 metres of a cross roads or intersection.
- Enforcement of parking regulations
Cars that have been illegally parked will be clamped by the police.
- Disabled parking access
There are reserved parking spaces for the disabled which are sign posted. These may also be used by foreign disabled motorists provided they are in possession of the blue badge.
Traffic lights:
- Traffic lights
The international three-colour system of traffic lights is used in Lithuania.
Drink/drug driving:
- Legal limit
The legal limit for drivers is 0.04% alcohol in the blood. For novice drivers (less than 2 years experience) the limit is 0.02%.
- Alcohol
Breath tests are frequent in Lithuania.
Roads & fuel
Availability of fuel
The 3 main petrol station networks are operated by Lukoil (Russia), Statoil (Norway) and Neste. Some stations are automated and operate 24 hours a day.
A special winter diesel fuel with a very high congealing point is available in winter.
Means of payment
Most service stations accept Visa, Mastercard and Diner's Club.
Useful guides and maps
Michelin Motoring Atlas: Europe
Download a copy of our full Driving Abroad report.
What RAC can do for you
RAC offers great-value, flexible RAC European breakdown cover tailored to meet your needs. We also offer comprehensive travel insurance, including cover for medical expenses, baggage, personal money and belongings. Whilst away, use our Route Planner for all your driving directions.
RAC can cover you against vehicle break down in Europe, with options available to suit your travelling requirements.
RAC European breakdown cover Basic and Comprehensive cover provides you with a wide range of benefits.
- Still current at:
- 27th Feb 2017
- Updated at:
- 20th Dec 2016
- Latest update:
- Latest update: minor editorial amendments
Information and advice for British nationals travelling and living in Europe, following the result of the EU referendum.
Petty crime is common. See Crime
Call 112 if you need to contact the emergency services.
Most visits to Lithuania are trouble free.
If you're abroad and you need emergency help from the UK government, contact the nearest British embassy, consulate or high commission.
The Overseas Business Risk service offers information and advice for British companies operating overseas on how to manage political, economic, and business security-related risks.
Take out comprehensive travel and medical insurance before you travel.
Office: British Embassy Vilnius
Street Address: 2 Antakalnio
ZIP Code: 10308
City: Vilnius
Country: Lithuania
Telephone: +370-5 2462900
Fax: +370-5 2462901
Email: email@example.com
Website: http://www.britain.lt/


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Highlights - Hepatitis B Community Education, Hep B treatment uptake in SA, Celebrations with the Big Issue, LiveR Life comes to SA, AMA calls for needle exchange program in prisons
As Australians with hepatitis C are being cured at unprecedented rates, those living with hepatitis B are looking forward to a new treatment which promises the same efficacy as current drugs but with less toxic side effects.
The Australian Medical Association (AMA) has called for clean needle programs to be introduced in prisons to protect both staff and inmates and reduce the spread of blood borne viruses.
Another hepatitis C treatment option has been added to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS).
The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) has warned that direct-acting antiviral (DAA) medicines for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have been associated with reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in people with a current or previous HBV infection.
Guide to South Australian community pharmacies which dispense the new hepatitis C medicines.
Hepatitis SA's Singing O'livers send greetings in 40 degree heat...
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. It can be brought on by alcohol, drugs, viruses and other toxins. Viral hepatitis refers to hepatitis resulting from infection of the liver by viruses like the hepatitis A, B, C, D and E viruses.
Hepatitis SA is a non-profit, community-based organisation that provides information, education and support services to South Australians affected by hepatitis B and hepatitis C. This includes people with hepatitis B or C, their family and friends, and professionals who support them. We also provide hepatitis C and clean needle program (CNP) peer education and support services, and operate a CNP secondary site.


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Mysql Date Input is used to give the input date and convert the input into the required format.
Understand with Example
The Tutorial helps you to understand an example from 'Mysql Date Input'. To understand and grasp this example we use PHP tag that include the input date '3-Jan-2008' and further convert the input date into the required format date("Y-m-d|").
In this example give input the date and convert into the required format.
$input = "3-Jan-2008";
$date = date("Y-m-d",strtotime($input));
The input : <? echo $input; ?><br>
The output : <? echo $date; ?>
Output :
|The input : 3-Jan-2008
The output : 2008-01-03
Posted on: January 20, 2009 If you enjoyed this post then why not add us on Google+? Add us to your Circles
Share this Tutorial Follow us on Twitter, or add us on Facebook or Google Plus to keep you updated with the recent trends of Java and other open source platforms. Connect Me on Google+


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Today the web is a crucial channel for engaging with your stakeholders. Consistency of message and the way you communicate with your users are key to your success.
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Travel back in time to the simplicity of 1880s America, and enjoy the best in Branson entertainment plus a host of festivals and events:
- The Culinary and Craft School featuring cooking and craft classes.
- 30 thrilling attractions and rides.
- 60 unique craft shops.
- Live entertainment featuring more than 40 shows daily.
- Branson Craftsmen demonstrating skills in pioneer crafts.
- A dozen family friendly restaurants offering breakfast, lunch, and dinner.
Visit the Silver Dollar City Mom's Blog for more inside scoop:
http://www.silverdollarcityblog.com/Second only to Disney I absolutely fell in love with Silver Dollar City. It reminded me of Knott's Berry Farm, the theme park I grew up with in California, before it became corporate and lost all of its charm. The park's setting is beautiful, with plenty of shade and green scenery in the Ozarks. The park offers rides, shows, and even a cave which will entertain all ages but my favorite part of this park was visiting all of the craftspeople who have tremendous talent. Many parks have people dressed up like artisans but these folks are the real deal. Where else can you watch a knife worker hand-hammer a blade, a fiber artist weave a masterpiece, and a woodworker hand carve a mantel in between roller coaster rides? Nowhere! Another thing that should be noted is that this theme park has some really good food. Everything we tried including rootbeer-basted barbeque ribs, double-battered fried chicken, cinnamon ice cream, and that world famous succotash tasted great. You can tell that the people that work at this park take great pride in what they do. Festivals run at this park all season long, featuring all sort of special themes and entertainment. the Harlem Globe Trotters are new on the docket for this year. As you can imagine, even with the ample shade the park gets quite during the middle of the summer so try to visit on the shoulder seasons or during the Christmas holiday if you can't take the heat. If you do come in the summer, there are plenty of water rides and the cave is always a great place to cool off. Bottom Line: I absolutely fell in love with this park. It is beautiful, the rides are well-rounded, the theme is fun, the food is ample and tasty, and the craftsmen and women really do make this park someplace special. Definitely make time for this park if you are in Branson. Disclosure: I visited Silver Dollar CIty as part of a media tour for the Society of American Travel Writers. I appreciated the hospitality but all opinions are my own. I really did fall in love with this park.


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COGNITIVE APPRENTICESHIP: MAKING THINKING VISIBLE - CiteSeerXBook 2.77 MB | Ebook Pages: 205
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Integrating cognitive apprenticeship methods in a Web-basedBook 7.06 MB | Ebook Pages: 140
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Monopoly Tycoon (PC) – After learning basic real estate vocabulary, concepts and strategies, players can experiment with more advanced and less explicit strategies
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Related quotes
"I've learned that people will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them feel."
"People who lack enthusiasm and motivation should really stop blaming life, and start believing in themselves."
"When fire burns the enthusiasm is worth seeing. People, who are enthusiastic and happy, lethargy and boredom never plague them. "
"Once there will be an agreement, if and when there will be an agreement, the enthusiasm within the people to accept it, even if it is a painful one, once it puts an end to the conflict I believe the Knesset will be with us and if not we will know what to do,"
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Septic shock is correlated with asymmetrical dimethyl arginine levels, which may be influenced by a polymorphism in the dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase II gene: a prospective observational study
DOI: 10.1186/cc5053
© O'Dwyer et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2006
Received: 10 July 2006
Accepted: 26 September 2006
Published: 26 September 2006
Asymmetrical dimethyl arginine (ADMA) is an endogenous non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase that may influence the severity of organ failure and the occurrence of shock secondary to an infectious insult. Levels may be genetically determined by a promoter polymorphism in a regulatory gene encoding dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase II (DDAH II), which functions by metabolising ADMA to citrulline. The aim of this study was to examine the association between ADMA levels and the severity of organ failure and shock in severe sepsis and also to assess the influence of a promoter polymorphism in DDAH II on ADMA levels.
A prospective observational study was designed, and 47 intensive care unit (ICU) patients with severe sepsis and 10 healthy controls were enrolled. Serum ADMA and IL-6 were assayed on admission to the ICU and seven days later. Allelic variation for a polymorphism at position -449 in the DDAH II gene was assessed in each patient. Clinical and demographic details were also collected.
On day 1 more ADMA was detectable in the ICU group than in the control group (p = 0.005). Levels subsequently increased during the first week in ICU (p = 0.001). ADMA levels were associated with vasopressor requirements on day one (p = 0.001). ADMA levels and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores were directly associated on day one (p = 0.0001) and day seven (p = 0.002). The degree of acidaemia and lactaemia was directly correlated with ADMA levels at both time points (p < 0.01). On day seven, IL-6 was directly correlated with ADMA levels (p = 0.006). The variant allele with G at position -449 in the DDAH II gene was associated with increased ADMA concentrations at both time points (p < 0.05).
Severity of organ failure, inflammation and presence of early shock in severe sepsis are associated with increased ADMA levels. ADMA concentrations may be influenced by a polymorphism in the DDAH II gene.
Overwhelming infection with resultant multiple organ failure, which has been termed the 'sepsis syndrome' [1], is a devastating illness, and a common intensive care unit (ICU) admission diagnosis, with an incidence of 3 per 1,000 population per annum [2]. The sepsis syndrome has been characterised as a dysregulation of inflammation in response to infection, with life-threatening organ failure attributable to a combination of excessive inflammation, disseminated coagulopathy and disruption of the integrity of microvascular endothelium [3].
Endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator that antagonises the effects of endogenous vasopressors [4]. NO is produced from L-arginine by an enzyme, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which exists in constitutive, inducible, endothelial and neuronal isoforms. The endothelial isoform (eNOS) regulates vascular tone and interactions between leukocytes and endothelium [5]. Consequently, NO has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the hypotension and organ failure attributable to severe sepsis [6]. However, although non-selective pharmacological inhibition of NOS briefly attenuates the haemodynamic anomalies seen in these patients with severe sepsis, the overall effect of such inhibition is to increase mortality [7].
This conundrum may be explained in part either by selective inhibition of the various isoforms of NOS or by an ancillary non-vascular function of NOS. Specifically, inhibition of the constitutively expressed isoform of NOS, which is essential to maintain organ perfusion, may be detrimental [8]. However, and of considerably greater importance in the context of sepsis, NO has an ancillary yet critical protective function, possessing potent antimicrobial properties, antagonism of which may account for the excess mortality observed with NOS inhibition in patients with sepsis [9].
Asymmetrical dimethyl arginine (ADMA) is a naturally occurring non-selective inhibitor of NOS, derived from protein catabolism, and is metabolised to citrulline by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) [10]. The co-localisation of DDAH and NOS at several sites supports the hypothesis that DDAH may regulate NOS activity by controlling the metabolism of ADMA [10]. DDAH exists as two distinct isoforms, with DDAH I present in tissues expressing neuronal NOS, whereas DDAH II has an expression pattern similar to that of eNOS [11], thus making DDAH II characteristic of vascular tissue such as the heart and endothelium. Variation in DDAH II expression or activity might therefore be an important mechanism in the haemodynamic alterations and end-organ damage observed in sepsis. Notably, DDAH displays decreased activity when operating in an inflammatory milieu [12]. Depletion of NO by ADMA has biological significance, because elevated ADMA levels are seen in patients with vascular disease, hepatic failure and renal failure, and are linked with greater severity of organ failure in ICU patients with sepsis [5, 13]. Furthermore, it has recently been postulated that the beneficial effects of the administration of exogenous insulin may be associated with fluctuations in ADMA levels in patients with sepsis [13]. However, variation in ADMA levels may also have a genetic basis. Gene polymorphism, observed in the promoter region of the DDAH II gene, may have functional significance [14] but has not previously been studied in a human population with sepsis. However, an association between gene polymorphism in the promoter region of the DDAH II gene and systemic arterial vasodilation after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass suggests a link between pathological vasodilation, such as that occurging with severe sepsis, and ADMA metabolism [15].
We undertook a study to assess the relationship between ADMA levels and organ failure in ICU patients with severe sepsis and also to assess the possible functionality of a polymorphism in the DDAH II promoter, designated DDAH II -449 (single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) ID rs805305).
Materials and methods
This study was conducted in the ICU of St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland, and was approved by the local research ethics committee. Informed written consent was obtained from each patient or a first-degree relative. A total of 47 consecutive patients with severe sepsis or septic shock, as defined by the American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference [1] were enrolled. Ten healthy staff members served as a control group.
Severity of illness was characterised with the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scoring system [16] and the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS2) [17] on admission to ICU, and with the SOFA score again on day seven. Individual clinical and laboratory variables relating to inflammation were collected on days one and seven of ICU stay. The recorded variables represented the most significant derangements from normal values recorded over each 24-hour period. The requirement for vasoactive or vasopressor medications to maintain a mean arterial pressure greater than 60 mmHg was recorded. These medications consisted of either adrenaline or noradrenaline infusions. Death in ICU or survival to ICU discharge was recorded.
Blood sampling was performed within the first 24 hours of ICU admission and again seven days later through an indwelling central venous line. Serum was obtained from whole blood clotted for 30 minutes at room temperature and spun at 2,500 rev./minute for 10 minutes.
ADMA was measured with a microtitre plate assay (DLD Diagnostika Ltd, Hamburg, Germany) as described previously [18].
Serum IL-6 concentrations were measured by ELISA (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. The lower limit of detection for IL-6 was 9.4 pg/ml. All samples were tested in duplicate.
Allele 1
Allele 2
Statistical analysis was performed with the JMP software package (SAS, Cary, NC, USA). Between-group comparisons for continuous variables were analysed by Wilcoxon rank sum test, Wilcoxon sign rank test and Kruskal-Wallis test where appropriate. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to analyse the relationship between continuous variables. For all comparisons, p < 0.05 was considered significant.
Demographics and asymmetrical dimethyl arginine (ADMA) levels by group
Total patients
33 (70)
14 (30)
Male sex
17 (52)
9 (64)
SOFA score, day 1
7 (4–10)
9 (8.75–12.5)
SOFA score, day 7
4 (2.75–7.25)
10.5 (8.5–11.75)
SAPS2 score
39 (30.5–51.5)
47.5 (39.5–60.75)
Lactate, day 1
2.1 (1.5–5)
3.6 (2.25–5.75)
Lactate, day 7
1.5 (1–1.9)
2 (1.1–4)
Vasoactive agents, day 1
18 (55)
13 (93)
Vasoactive agents, day 7
5 (15)
5 (63)
ADMA, day 1
0.88 (0.52–1.09)
0.91 (0.64–1.23)
ADMA, day 7
1.05 (0.66–1.21)
1.24 (0.77–1.53)
pH, day 1
7.31 (7.26–7.38)
7.33 (7.27–7.37)
pH, day 7
7.44 (7.40–7.45)
7.32 (7.24–7.40)
WCC, day 1
18 (10.7–23)
9.1 (2.3–17.8)
WCC, day 7
11.6 (8.6–17.4)
13.9 (8.5–19.3)
Base excess, day 1
-2.9 (-6.45 to 1.75)
-4.1 (-9.3 to 1.75)
Base excess, day 7
2.9 (1.1–5.6)
0.1 (-3 to 1.33)
IL-6, day 1
277 (107–499)
782 (566–1,060)
IL-6, day 7
22 (0–651)
130 (68–425)
Use of vasoactive infusions on day 7
Vasoactive infusions
No vasoactive infusions
Total patients
10 (24)
31 (76)
5 (50)
3 (10)
299 (20–784)
23 (0–117)
7.36 (7.23–7.41)
7.44 (7.40–7.45)
2.35 (1.48–3.73)
1.2 (1–1.8)
Base excess
0.05 (4.7–3.8)
2.9 (1.1–4.8)
11 (10–15)
4 (2.3–5.8)
1.21 (0.88–1.57)
1 (0.66–1.18)
18.2 (13.3–22.2)
10 (8.2–13.8)
70 (69–76)
82 (80–90)
Heart rate
100 (85–111)
78 (70–90)
11 (10–12)
10 (9–14)
12 (4–21)
Day one comparisons
Requirement for vasoactive infusions on day 1
Vasoactive infusions
No vasoactive infusions
Total patients
31 (66)
16 (34)
13 (42)
1 (6)
354 (189–768)
293 (87–657)
7.31 (7.26–7.35)
7.32 (7.29–7.40)
3.5 (1.9–6.02)
1.8 (1.05–3.75)
Base excess
-3.5 (-9 to 3.4)
-2 (-4.95 to 0.55)
9 (8–12)
4 (3.25–4.75)
47 (38–63)
33.5 (21–41.75)
0.96 (0.82–1.29)
0.54 (0.48–0.78)
14 (8–22)
17 (8–24)
65 (60–70)
79 (66–80)
Heart rate
110 (90–120)
103 (96–118)
13 (10–16)
11 (7–12)
13 (5–26)
Plasma lactate levels were directly correlated with ADMA levels on day 1 (r2 = 0.28, n = 40, p = 0.0003). In addition, SOFA score and ADMA levels were directly correlated on day 1 (r2 = 0.31, n = 40, p < 0.0001).
To elucidate whether the relationship between ADMA levels and SOFA score was entirely attributable to cardiovascular failure, a non-cardiac organ failure score was obtained by excluding the cardiovascular component from the total SOFA score. There was a positive correlation between this score and ADMA levels on day 1 (r2 = 0.23, n = 40, p = 0.002).
ADMA levels on day 1 were not related to survival, nor were the highest producers of ADMA (highest quartile) more likely to have a higher mortality. However, SOFA scores and IL-6 levels on day one did distinguish between survivors and non-survivors on day 1 (p = 0.02 and p = 0.001, respectively) (Table 2).
Day seven comparisons
On day seven, 10 patients (24%) required infusion with vasoactive medication to maintain a normal blood pressure. Although there was a trend towards increasing ADMA levels in those patients requiring vasoactive infusions to maintain blood pressure, this did not reach significance (p = 0.07; Table 4).
Plasma lactate levels were directly correlated with ADMA levels on day 7 (r2 = 0.18, n = 31, p = 0.01). In addition, SOFA score and ADMA levels were directly correlated on day 7 (r2 = 0.23, n = 35, p = 0.002). The non-cardiac organ failure score was calculated as above from the day 7 SOFA score. This score was positively correlated with ADMA levels on day 7 (r2 = 0.22, n = 35, p = 0.005).
ADMA levels on day 7 were not related to survival, nor were the highest producers of ADMA (highest quartile) more likely to have a higher mortality. However, increased SOFA scores, acidosis and requirement for infusion of vasoactive medications on day 7 were associated with increased risk of death (Table 2).
ADMA levels by group
Asymmetrical dimethyl arginine (ADMA) levels by group
Day 1 ICUa
Day 7 ICUb
0.63 (0.57–0.71)
0.89 (0.57–1.09)
1.05 (0.71–1.32)
Correlation between ADMA levels and inflammatory markers
Correlation matrix of asymmetrical dimethyl arginine (ADMA) and inflammatory markers
ADMA day 1 data
ADMA day 7 data
0.31 (0.0002)
0.32 (0.001)
Base excess
0.13 (0.02)
0.24 (0.005)
0.29 (0.0003)
0.20 (0.01)
0.25 (0.006)
Correlation between severity of organ failure and ADMA and IL-6 levels
Multivariate linear regression between SOFA scores and ADMA and IL-6 levels
F ratio
Day 1 (n = 36, r2 = 0.35)
Day 7 (n = 30, r2 = 0.32)
Allelic variations
Variation in asymmetrical dimethyl arginine (ADMA) levels with carriage of specific alleles at DDAH II -449
ADMA (μmol/l)
GC/GG genotype
CC genotype
0.91 (0.63–1.16)
0.51 (0.45–0.70)
1.06 (0.77–1.35)
0.835 (0.67–1.03)
There are limited data on the role of ADMA and DDAH II in systemic inflammation, with two studies of critically ill patients observing a relationship between the highest producers of ADMA and fatal outcome [5, 13]. Although our study may not have been adequately powered to detect outcome variations, we have demonstrated both an increase in ADMA levels in critically ill patients in comparison with healthy controls and described an association between increasing ADMA levels, the occurrence of septic shock and greater severity of organ failure.
Given the ubiquitous involvement of NO in vascular regulation and leukocyte function, the consequences of excess ADMA in inflammatory and septic states are likely to be manifold. Raised ADMA levels may lead to pathogenic changes in the microvasculature by inhibiting constitutively expressed NOS [8]. The consequent loss of basal NO production may lead to impaired blood flow with platelet aggregation, causing endothelial damage, interstitial oedema and resultant organ failure [19].
However, ADMA mediated inhibition of inducible NOS (iNOS) in patients with sepsis may interfere with macrophage bactericidal properties, because NO is an essential component in the phagocytic response to bacterial infection. Interferon-γ, released in response to an infective insult, acts on macrophages to increase the expression of iNOS [9]. This activates the cells to a heightened microbicidal state, mediated by NO and adducts of the nitrogenous products of nitric oxide synthases. As a consequence mice with a non-functional iNOS gene are susceptible to infection [20]. Furthermore, in clinical trials of NOS inhibition in patients with sepsis, although NOS inhibition ameliorates pathogenic vasodilation and lessens vasopressor requirement, the overall effect is to compromise survival [7]. This suggests, in the context of severe sepsis, that NO-linked immune mechanisms are of greater importance than NO-meditated vascular regulation.
We observed that elevated ADMA levels are correlated with vasopressor support in early septic shock. Although this may seem counterintuitive because previous evidence implicated NO in the pathogenesis of the hypotension observed in septic shock [21], it is plausible that inappropriately increased ADMA levels may impair macrophage function by means of NOS inhibition. The associated inflammatory response to an unresolved infection may be partly responsible for the observed hypotension and organ failure operating through an alternative mechanism. This persistent inflammatory response is reflected in the linkages between IL-6, ADMA and the severity of organ failure (Tables 6 and 7). The association with IL-6 is noteworthy because this is a well-recognised marker of generalised inflammation, consistently elevated in patients with sepsis [22].
About 90% of ADMA is metabolised by the enzyme DDAH [10]. It is possible that variation in ADMA levels in patients with sepsis is reactive and represents an epiphenomenon. However, we observed that carriage of a G at position -449 in the promoter region of the DDAH II gene is associated with increased ADMA levels, which suggests that the DDAH II gene with a G at this position is less active than that with a C. The more active isoform results in lower ADMA levels, less iNOS inhibition and consequently an appropriate bactericidal phagocytic response. It is noteworthy that DDAH II maps to 6p21.3, a region of DNA that is particularly rich in genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses. It has been hypothesised that this location and wide expression in immune cells make it a candidate as a disease susceptibility gene in sepsis [10].
We have previously described an association between the presence of a G at position -449 in the DDAH II gene and the requirement for vasopressors after cardiopulmonary bypass during cardiac surgery [15]. Although this is the opposite of what we observed in septic patients, it is noteworthy that the two insults are also quite different. The cardiopulmonary bypass circuit invokes a sterile inflammatory response, whereas the ICU patients with sepsis received an infective inflammatory insult. Consequently, the role of ADMA in manipulating NO levels may be context sensitive. NO may have pivotal beneficial bactericidal properties necessary for the resolution of a septic insult while contributing to an undesirable vasodilatory state in the setting of a sterile inflammatory insult.
This potential genetic component to the fluctuations observed in ADMA levels secondary to a septic insult may help to explain some of the residual variability observed in a previous study attempting to link exogenous insulin administration to ADMA levels [13]. Thus, interindividual variability in ADMA production is likely to be multifactorial, with contributions from genetic and environmental factors.
We have confirmed the association between ADMA levels and the extent of multiple organ failure in sepsis. We have also demonstrated that ADMA levels are upregulated in response to an infective insult and are also associated with hypotension in this setting. We hypothesise that this may be due to ineffective bactericidal activity of macrophages and persistent inflammation. Finally, we suggest that ADMA levels may be regulated via a genetic component. We propose that a polymorphism at position -449 in the DDAH II may be functional and has the potential to be used as a marker for the susceptibility to and severity of an inflammatory response secondary to an infective insult. A larger study will be required to confirm these findings.
Key messages
ADMA, an endogenous non-selective inhibitor of NOS, may have a key role in vascular regulation.
Compromised NO production may influence morbidity by disrupting microcirculatory blood flow and also could potentially compromise key bactericidal functions in the host.
Increased ADMA levels are associated with multiple organ failure and shock in the setting of a septic insult.
ADMA may be regulated by means of host genetic mechanisms, which influence the efficiency of the enzymatic breakdown of ADMA by DDAH II.
ADMA = asymmetrical dimethyl arginine
DDAH = dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase
ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- eNOS:
eNOS = endothelial NO synthase
- iNOS:
iNOS = inducible NO synthase
ICU = intensive care unit
IL = interleukin
NO = nitric oxide
NOS = nitric oxide synthase
SOFA = Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.
RM is a Wellcome Trust and Health Research Board lecturer.
Authors' Affiliations
- American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference: Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Crit Care Med 1992, 20: 864-874.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Angus DC, Wax RS: Epidemiology of sepsis: an update. Crit Care Med 2001, 29: 1303-1310. 10.1097/00003246-200107000-00002View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cohen J: The immunopathogenesis of sepsis. Nature 2002, 420: 885-891. 10.1038/nature01326View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cooke JP, Dzau VJ: Nitric oxide synthase: role in the genesis of vascular disease. Annu Rev Med 1997, 48: 489-509. 10.1146/annurev.med.48.1.489View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Nijveldt RJ, Teerlink T, Van Der Hoven B, Siroen MP, Kuik DJ, Rauwerda RJ, van Leeuwen PA: Asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA) in critically ill patients: high plasma ADMA concentration is an independent risk factor of ICU mortality. Clin Nutr 2003, 22: 23-30. 10.1054/clnu.2002.0613View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Landry DW, Oliver JA: The pathogenesis of vasodilatory shock. N Engl J Med 2001, 345: 588-595. 10.1056/NEJMra002709View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lopez A, Lorente JA, Steingrub J, Bakker J, McLuckie J, Willatts S, Brockway M, Anzueto A, Holzapfel L, Breen D, et al.: Multiple-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 546C88: effect on survival in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med 2004, 32: 21-30. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000105581.01815.C6View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Nijveldt RJ, Teerlink T, van Leeuwen PA: The asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA)-multiple organ failure hypothesis. Clin Nutr 2003, 22: 99-104. 10.1054/clnu.2002.0614View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Boehm U, Klamp T, Groot M, Howard JC: Cellular responses to interferon-γ. Annu Rev Immunol 1997, 15: 749-795. 10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.749View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Tran CT, Leiper JM, Vallance P: The DDAH/ADMA/NOS pathway. Atheroscler Suppl 2003, 4: 33-40. 10.1016/S1567-5688(03)00032-1View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Leiper JM, Santa Maria J, Chubb A, MacAllister RJ, Charles IG, Whitley GS, Vallance P: Identification of two human dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolases with distinct tissue distributions and homology with microbial arginine deiminases. Biochem J 1999, 106: 987-992.Google Scholar
- Ito A, Tsao PS, Adimoolam S, Kimoto M, Tadashi O, Cooke JP: Novel mechanism for endothelial dysfunction: dysregulation of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase. Circulation 1999, 99: 3029-3095.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Siroen MP, van Leeuwen PA, Nijveldt RJ, Teerlink T, Wouters PJ, Van den Berghe G: Modulation of asymmetric dimethylarginine in critically ill patients receiving intensive insulin treatment: a possible explanation of reduced morbidity and mortality? Crit Care Med 2005, 33: 504-510. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000155784.59297.50View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jones LC, Tran CT, Leiper JM, Hingorani AD, Vallance P: Common genetic variation in a basal promoter element alters DDAH2 expression in endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003, 310: 836-843. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.097View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ryan R, Thorton J, Duggan E, McGovern E, O'Dwyer MJ, Ryan AW, Kelleher D, Mc Manus R, Ryan T: Gene polymorphism and requirement for vasopressor infusion after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2006, 82: 895-901. 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.04.029View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J, Willatts S, De Mendonca A, Bruining H, Reinhart CK, Suter PM, Thijs LG: The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. On behalf of the Working Group on Sepsis-Related Problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 1996, 22: 707-710.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Le Gall JR, Lemeshow S, Saulnier F: A new Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) based on a European/North American multicenter study. JAMA 1993, 270: 2957-2963. 10.1001/jama.270.24.2957View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Schulze F, Wesemann R, Schwedhelm E, Sydow K, Albsmeier J, Cooke JP, Boger RH: Determination of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) using a novel ELISA assay. Clin Chem Lab Med 2004, 42: 1377-1383. 10.1515/CCLM.2004.257View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Vallance P: Importance of asymmetrical dimethylarginine in cardiovascular risk. Lancet 2001, 358: 2096-2097. 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)07229-4View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wei XQ, Charles IG, Smith A, Ure J, Feng GJ, Huang FP, Xu D, Muller W, Moncada S, Liew FY: Altered immune responses in mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase. Nature 1995, 375: 408-411. 10.1038/375408a0View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Brady AJ, Poole-Wilson PA: Circulatory failure in septic shock. Nitric oxide: too much of a good thing? Br Heart J 1993, 70: 103-105.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wantanabe E, Hirasawa H, Oda S, Matsuda K, Hatano M, Tokuhisa T: Extremely high interleukin-6 blood levels and outcome in the critically ill are associated with tumor necrosis factor- and interleukin-1-related gene polymorphisms. Crit Care Med 2005, 33: 89-97. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000150025.79100.7DView ArticleGoogle Scholar
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Tropical Fish Keeping - Aquarium fish care and resources (http://www.tropicalfishkeeping.com/forum.php)
- Invertebrates (http://www.tropicalfishkeeping.com/invertebrates/)
- - Were can I order some assasin snails? (http://www.tropicalfishkeeping.com/invertebrates/were-can-i-order-some-assasin-28796/)
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I have been searching online all day and can not find any where that has them.:-(
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Thanks Twistersmom. I looked on Auqabid but the only ones on there were in Canada and they don't ship to the US.
Lupin I will regester and look at the site you suggested. Thank you both for the help.
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Educators Say ... More Rapidly Closes the Gap in Skills That Are Difficult to Remediate
"Students who used BrainWare Safari in 3rd grade and returned in 4th grade reduced the gap between their performance and expectation by at least half on reading tests. Students who used the program in 4th grade and returned in 5th grade reduced the gap by 75%. We currently focus on using the program with Title I students because it helps them more rapidly close the gap by developing skills they lack and that are difficult to remediate in any other way. We wish funding permitted us to use the program with all of our students."


text: The service in the restaurant is average, but the food is good. If you don't know ethiopian food, I advice the "Menu découverte" which enables you to discover this kind of food for a faire price. The decoration of the place is nice and traditional. Note that, like in Ethiopia, you will have to eat with you hands!


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|"Doug Cutting (JIRA)" <j...@apache.org>
|[jira] Commented: (HADOOP-2916) Refactor src structure, but leave package structure alone
|Mon, 19 May 2008 19:55:55 GMT
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HADOOP-2916?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel&focusedCommentId=12598067#action_12598067 ] Doug Cutting commented on HADOOP-2916: -------------------------------------- Sorry, I got confused and said '17' above when I meant '18'. What I meant to say was: "If we want it in 0.18, then we should do it now, not at the last minute, no?" In general, we want changes in trunk longer, so more folks have a chance to work with them and identify problems. This may require documentation changes, script changes, etc., which will not be caught by unit testing but only by use. > Refactor src structure, but leave package structure alone > --------------------------------------------------------- > > Key: HADOOP-2916 > URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HADOOP-2916 > Project: Hadoop Core > Issue Type: Sub-task > Components: dfs > Reporter: Sanjay Radia > Assignee: Raghu Angadi > Attachments: convert-patch.sed, convert-patch.sed, HADOOP-2916.patch, svn-commands.sh, svn-commands.sh > > > This Jira proposes that the src structure be split as below. > The package structure remains the same for this Jira. (Package renaming is part of other JIras such as HADOOP-2885). > The idea is that the src will be split BEFORE the package restructuring > The new proposed src structure is > src/test - unchanged > src/java - will no longer exit , its content will be move to one of core, hdfs, or mapred > src/core - this will contain the core classes that hadoop applications need to link against. > It will contain client side libraries of all fs file systems: local, hdfs, kfs, etc > jar name hadoop_core.jar > src/core/org.apache.hadoop.{conf, fs, filechache, io, ipc, log, metrics, net, record, security, tools, util) > src/core/org.apache.hadoop.dfs - this will contain only the client side parts of dfs. > HADOOP-2885 will rename package dfs to package fs.hdfs > src/hdfs/org.apache.hadoop.dfs - this will contain only the server side of hdfs. > HADOOP-2885 will rename package dfs to package fs.hdfs later; a compatible dfs.DistributedFileSystem will be left for compatibility/ > jar name hadoop_hdfs.jar - this jar can be used to launce NNs and DNs etc. > src/mapred/org.apache.hadoop.mapred.* > Initially one jar: hadoop_mapred.jar > Later this may be split into client-side and server-side jars. -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. - You can reply to this email to add a comment to the issue online.
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Sunday Morning Coffee Cake
|All purpose flour
|2 Tablespoon
|3 Tablespoon
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Soft butter
|2 Tablespoon
|Chopped nuts
|2 Tablespoon
|Orange muffin mix
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|Apricot pineapple preserves
|2 Tablespoon
Combine flour, sugar, and cinnamon.
Cut in butter; stir in nuts.
Prepare muffin mix according to package directions.
Spoon batter into greased 8 inch round teke pan (or use foil pan).
Sprinkle crumbtopping over; dot with preserves.
Cover tightly with foil; freeze.
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size: Complete recipe
Calories 930 Calories from Fat 378
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 42 g65.4%
Saturated Fat 18.1 g90.6%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 64.5 mg21.5%
Sodium 359.3 mg15%
Total Carbohydrates 129 g42.9%
Dietary Fiber 4.3 g17%
Sugars 76.7 g
Protein 12 g24.8%
Vitamin A 15.1% Vitamin C 0.16%
Calcium 34% Iron 8.9%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


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Vatican City Holidays Guest House
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This apartment is in a superb location, just a fifteen minute stroll to the Vatican City where you can see St Peter's Basilica, the breathtaking Sistine Chapel, the Vatican museums and enjoy the beautiful Vatican Gardens or Castel Sant'Angelo. The nearest metro stops are close by, Cipro, Ottaviano or Valle Aurelia on line A. From here it is only few stops to the world famous Spanish Steps. This apartment is within striking distance of the Vatican Gardens and Museums and is ideal for a small group of friends or a family visit. The apartment has a very homely feel to it with a hard wood floor, an exposed brick ceiling and a beautiful lighting system. The living room combines with an open-plan kitchen and contains a double sofa-bed, a single sofa-bed, a charming dining table with seating for three guests and a wonderful small balcony. The kitchen area is in the centre of the room and comes complete with an oven, a microwave, a hob, a grill and everything else you would need to prepare a delicious meal. The bedroom is large with a comfortable double bed, a thick floor rug, a desk and chair and plenty of wardrobe space. There is access to the balcony from here. The bathroom contains a toilet, a washbasin, a mirror and a bathtub/shower combination. Linen and towels are supplied. Amenities include a washing machine, an iron and board, a computer, air-conditioning, an elevator and hi-speed Internet. In a superb location and with great facilities, this is the place for you on your trip to the "Eternal City".


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This book is written primarily for natural gas production and processing engineers and college students of senior level. It is not the authors' intention to simply duplicate general information that can be found in other books. This book also gathers the authors' experiences gained through years of teaching the course of natural gas engineering at universities. The mission of the book is to provide engineers a handy guideline to designing, analyzing, and optimizing natural gas production and processing systems. This book can also be used as a reference for college students of undergraduate and graduate levels in petroleum engineering.Author Name :Dr. Boyun Guo and Dr. AIi Ghalambor No Of Visit :658 Posted Comments :
Nanocatalysis, a subdiscipline of nanoscience, seeks to control chemical reactions by changing the size, dimensionality, chemical composition, and morphology of the reaction center and by changing the kinetics using nanopatterning of the reaction center. This book offers a detailed pedagogical and methodological overview of the field. Readers discover many examples of current research, helping them explore new and emerging applications.Author Name :Ulrich Heiz, Uzi Landman No Of Visit :812 Posted Comments :
This book contains 26 papers from the Magnetoelectric Multiferroic Thin Films and Multilayers; Dielectric Ceramic Materials and Electronic Devices; Recent Developments in High-Temperature Superconductivity; and Multifunctional Oxides symposia held during the 2010 Materials Science and Technology (MS&T'10) meeting, October 17-21, 2010, Houston, Texas. Topics include: Properties; Structures; Synthesis; Characterization; Device Applications; Multiferroics and Magnetoelectrics; YBCO Pinning Methods and Properties; YBCO Processing and Reliability Related Issues; New Superconductors and MgB2.Author Name :K. M. Nair, Quanxi Jia, Shashank Priya No Of Visit :622 Posted Comments :
Polymer science is now an active and thriving community of scientists, engineers and technologists, but there was a time, not so long ago, when there was no such community. The prehistory of polymer science helps to provide key insights into current issues and historical problems. The story will be divided into an ancient period ( from Greek times to the creation of the molecular consensus), a nascent period (from Dalton to Kekule to vant Hoff) and a period of paradigm formation and controversy (from Staudinger to Mark to Carothers). The prehistory concludes with an account of the epochal 1935 Discussion of the Faraday Society on Polymerization. After this meeting an active community engaged in trying to solve the central problems defined by the discussions.Author Name :Gary Patterson No Of Visit :851 Posted Comments :
The accessible compendium of polymers in carbon nanotubes (CNTs).Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)extremely thin tubes only a few nanometers in diameter but able to attain lengths thousands of times greaterare prime candidates for use in the development of polymer composite materials. Bringing together thousands of disparate research works, Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites: Manufacture, Properties, and Applications covers CNT-polymers from synthesis to potential applications, presenting the basic science and engineering of this dynamic and complex area in an accessible, readable way.Designed to be of use to polymer scientists, engineers, chemists, physicists, and materials scientists, the book covers carbon nanotube fundamentals to help polymer experts understand CNTs, and polymer physics to help those in the CNT field, making it an invaluable resource for anyone working with CNT-polymer composites. Detailed chapters describe the mechanical, rheological, electrical, and thermal properties of carbon nanotube-polymer composites.Author Name :Brian P. Grady No Of Visit :594 Posted Comments :
"All the papers are presented at a high scientific level, and each contains useful tables and figures. This volume is recommended to all interested in the field of fracture mechanics of polymers." D. Feldman, Polymer News, Volume 1, 2004Author Name :D. R. Moore No Of Visit :557 Posted Comments :
Providing key developments on the friction, wear and lubrication of elastomersAuthor Name :Si-wei Zhang No Of Visit :530 Posted Comments :
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are polymeric smart materials that have the ability to return from a deformed state (temporary shape) to their original (permanent) shape induced by an external stimulus (trigger), such as temperature changeAuthor Name :Jinsong Leng, Shanyi Du No Of Visit :551 Posted Comments :
Now in its sixth edition, this guide to the oil industry, written in non-technical language, is a must-read for anyone involved in or curious about the oil industry. Engineers, executives, managers and laypersons will all find this to be a valuable, entertaining and informative guide that presents a practical study of the operations involved in oil exploration, drilling and production. Since the book's original publication in 1958, this handy volume has taught thousands about this constantly evolving industry that is so important for our everyday energy needs. It is a true must have!Author Name :Robert Grace No Of Visit :773 Posted Comments :
Chromatography (from Greek ???µa chroma "color" and ???fe?? graphein "to write") is the collective term for a set of laboratory techniquesfor the separation of mixtures. It involves passing a mixture dissolved in a "mobile phase" through a stationary phase, which separates theanalyte to be measured from other molecules in the mixture based on differential partitioning between the mobile and stationary phases. Subtle differences in a compound's partition coefficient result in differential retention on the stationary phase and thus changing the separation.Chromatography may be preparative or analytical. The purpose of preparative chromatography is to separate the components of a mixture for further use (and is thus a form of purification). Analytical chromatography is done normally with smaller amounts of material and is for measuring the relative proportions of analytes in a mixture. The two are not mutually exclusive.Author Name :Danilo Corradini No Of Visit :178 Posted Comments :
Polymer thin films is an emerging area driven by their enormous technological potential and the intellectually challenging academic problems associated with them. This book contains a collection of review articles on the current topics of polymer films written by leading experts in the field. To reflect the interdisciplinary nature of this field, the contributors hail from a wide range of disciplines, including chemists, chemical engineers, materials scientists, engineers, and physicists. The goal of this book is to provide readers, whether involved in or outside of the field of polymer films, with an encompassing and informative reference.Author Name :Ophelia K. C. Tsui and Thomas P Russell No Of Visit :543 Posted Comments :
Kyle A. Grice, Margaret L. Scheuermann and Karen I. Goldberg: Five-Coordinate Platinum(IV) Complexes.- Jay A. Labinger and John E. Bercaw: The Role of Higher Oxidation State Species in Platinum-Mediated C-H Bond Activation and Functionalization.- Joy M. Racowski and Melanie S. Sanford: Carbon-Heteroatom Bond-Forming Reductive Elimination from Palladium(IV) Complexes.- Helena C. Malinakova: Palladium(IV) Complexes as Intermediates in Catalytic and Stoichiometric Cascade Sequences Providing Complex Carbocycles and Heterocycles.- Allan J. Canty and Manab Sharma: h1-Alkynyl Chemistry for the Higher Oxidation States of Palladium and Platinum.- David C. Powers and Tobias Ritter: Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis.- Marc-Etienne Moret: Organometallic Platinum(II) and Palladium(II) Complexes as Donor Ligands for Lewis-Acidic d10 and s2 Centers.Author Name :Allan J. Canty No Of Visit :509 Posted Comments :
Qi-Lin Zhou and Jian-Hua Xie: Chiral Spiro Catalysts.- Fuk Loi Lam, Fuk Yee Kwong and Albert S. C. Chan: Chiral Phosphorus Ligands with Interesting Properties and Practical Applications.- Jiang Pan, Hui-Lei Yu, Jian-He Xu, Guo-Qiang Lin: Advances in Biocatalysis: Enzymatic Reactions and Their Applications.- Mei-Xiang Wang: Enantioselective Biotransformations of Nitriles.- Man Kin Wong, Yiu Chung Yip and Dan Yang: Asymmetric Epoxidation Catalyzed by Chiral Ketones.- W. J. Liu, N. Li and L. Z. Gong: Asymmetric Organocatalysis.- Qing-Hua Fan and Kuiling Ding: Enantioselective Catalysis with Structurally Tunable Immobilized Catalysts.- Chang-Hua Ding, Xue-Long Hou: Transition Metal-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylation.- Jian Zhou and Yong Tang: Enantioselective Reactions with Trisoxazolines.- Xiang-Ping Hu, Duo-Sheng Wang, Chang-Bin Yu, Yong-Gui Zhou, and Zhuo Zheng: Adventure in Asymmetric Hydrogenation: Synthesis of Chiral Phosphorus Ligands and Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Heteroaromtics.Author Name :Shengming Ma No Of Visit :208 Posted Comments :
This book is the result of an International conference gathering the most recents results in this field. The studies on Biohydrogels have had a rapid, exponential evolution in the last decades. Starting from one of the first applications of hydrogels in surgery, polyvinylalcohol crosslinked with formaldehyde under the trade name of Ivalon, we passed through PolyHema hydrogels as contact lens materials, hydrophilic polyurethanes (HPU), biodegradable hydrogels for both reconstructive surgery and pharmaceutical delivery systems, and finally more recently, one decade old, the thermoreversible and transient network hydrogels. Of course all these classes of hydrogels have been always and continuously studied, improving their performance and field of applications. Recently, most of them have been used as scaffolds for cells, even stem ones, for regenerative applications (tissue engineering). Nevertheless hydrogels are odd materials and many studies still have to be carried out to fully understand their behaviour from mechanical, physicochemical and biological point of view.Author Name :Rolando Barbucci No Of Visit :519 Posted Comments :
Polymer engineering is generally an engineering field that designs, analyses, and/or modifies polymer materials. Polymer engineering covers aspects of petrochemical industry, polymerization, structure and characterization of polymers, properties of polymers, compounding and processing of polymers and description of major polymers, structure property relations and applications.Author Name :Hal F.Brinson, L.Catherine Brinson No Of Visit :177 Posted Comments :
The field of conjugated, electrically conducting, and electroactive polymers continues to grow. Since the publication of the second edition of the Handbook of Conducting Polymers in 1998, we have witnessed broad advances with significant developments in both fundamental understanding and applications, some of which are already reaching the marketplace. Itwas particularly rewarding to see that in 2000, theNobel Prize in chemistry was awardedto AlanHeeger, Alan MacDiarmid, and Hideki Shirakawa, recognizing their pathbreaking discovery of high conductivity in polyacetylene in 1977. This capstone to the field was celebrated by all of us as the entire community has participated in turning their initial discovery into theimportant field that itnowis, almost 30 years later.Author Name :John R.Reynolds No Of Visit :212 Posted Comments :
An Introduction to Rubber Technology is the ideal basic guide for anyone who is about to start working with rubber. This handbook has information about every aspect of using rubber from the initial selection of the rubber compound to the measurement of its physical properties. A brief history of the uses of natural and synthetic rubber is included but the bulk of the book concentrates on the compounding and processing of rubber to produce rubber products. The different types of rubbers and their properties are described and a detailed description of how to formulate rubber compounds including the use of additives, fillers, antioxidants and plasticizers is given. There are also chapters on how to process rubber and how to test both cured and uncured rubber. The chemistry, physics and engineering properties of rubber are described and how they relate to the final rubber compound is explained. The final chapter covers the preparation and use of castable polyurethanes. Each chapter is fully referenced and also includes an extensive bibliography.Author Name :Andrew Ciesielski No Of Visit :204 Posted Comments :
The secret of the nitriding process is that it does not require a phase change from ferrite to austenite, nor does it require a further change from austenite to martensite. In other words, the steel remains in the ferrite phase (or cementite, depending on alloy composition) during the complete procedure. This means that the molecular structure of the ferrite (body-centered cubic, or bcc, lattice) does not change its configuration or grow into the face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice characteristic of austenite, as occurs in more conventional methods such as carburizing.Author Name :David Pye No Of Visit :530 Posted Comments :
Inorganic, Polymeric and Composite Membranes: Structure-Function and Other Correlations covers the latest technical advances in topics such as structure-function relationships for polymeric, inorganic, and composite membranes. Leading scientists provide in depth reviews and disseminate cutting-edge research results on correlations but also discuss new materials, characterization, modelling, computational simulation, process concepts, and spectroscopy. * Unified by fundamental general correlations theme * Many graphical examples * Covers all major membrane typesAuthor Name :S. Ted Oyama, Susan M. Stagg Williams No Of Visit :197 Posted Comments :
A biosensor is an analytical device which converts a biological response into an electrical signal (Figure 6.1). The term 'biosensor' is often used to cover sensor devices used in order to determine the concentration of substances and other parameters of biological interest even where they do not utilise a biological system directly.Author Name :Ajit Sadana, Neeti Sadana No Of Visit :502 Posted Comments :
This book considers the uses of membrane technology in the chloralkali, water, food and biotechnology industries where the major effect of the technology is an improvement in product quality often allied to a saving in energy consumption. It also covers the implications for the power generation, oil and gas industries.Author Name :J.A. Howell No Of Visit :501 Posted Comments :
This timely overview of the syntheses for functional pi-systems focuses on target molecules that have shown interesting properties as materials or models in physics, biology and chemistry. The unique concept allows readers to select the right synthetic strategy for success, making it invaluable for a number of industrial applications.Author Name :Thomas J.J.Muller, Uwe H.F.Bunz No Of Visit :504 Posted Comments :
Methane Gas Hydrate is a useful reference on an increasingly popular energy source. It contains valuable information for chemical engineers and researchers, as well as for postgraduate students.Author Name :Ayhan Demirbas No Of Visit :181 Posted Comments :
Hydrate research has expanded substantially over the past decade, resulting in more than 4,000 hydrate-related publications. Collating this vast amount of information into one source, Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases, Third Edition presents a thoroughly updated, authoritative, and comprehensive description of all major aspects of natural gas clathrate hydrates.Author Name :Jr., E. Dendy Sloan, Carolyn Koh No Of Visit :570 Posted Comments :
During the last decade, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes have attracted special interest as new nanocarbons with novel properties. Because of their hollow caged structure, they can be used as containers for atoms and molecules, and nanotubes can be used as miniature test-tubes.Author Name :Takeshi Akasaka, Fred Wudl, Shigeru Nagase No Of Visit :193 Posted Comments :
Self-organization of inorganic nanocrystals opens a new and challenging area in nanotechnology [1, 2]. We already know that nanomaterials are a new generation of advanced materials that are expected to exhibit unusual chemical and physical properties, different from those of either the bulk materials or isolated nanocrystals [35]. Engineering of nanophase materials and devices is of great interest in several domains such as electronics, semiconductors, optics, catalysis, and magnetism. During the past decade, nanocrystal research has been focused on two major properties of finite-size materials: quantum size effects and surface/interface effects [6, 7]. A new trend, however, has emerged in the past few years: the arrangement of the nanocrystals into two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) superlattices.Author Name :Marie-Paule Pileni No Of Visit :152 Posted Comments :
Chemical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the application of physical science (e.g., chemistry and physics), and life sciences (e.g., biology, microbiology and biochemistry) with mathematics, to the process of converting raw materials orchemicals into more useful or valuable forms. In addition to producing useful materials, modern chemical engineering is also concerned with pioneering valuable new materials and techniques - such as nanotechnology, fuel cells and biomedical engineering.[1] Chemical engineering largely involves the design, improvement and maintenance of processes involving chemical or biological transformations for large-scale manufacture. Chemical engineers ensure the processes are operated safely, sustainably and economically. Chemical engineers in this branch are usually employed under the title of process engineer. A related term with a wider definition is chemical technology. A person employed in this field is called a chemical engineer.Author Name :Gregory Yablonsky No Of Visit :511 Posted Comments :
Soft matter science is nowadays an acronym for an increasingly important class of materials, which encompasses polymers, liquid crystals, molecular assemblies building hierarchical structures, and the whole area of colloidal sciences. Common to all of them is that fluctuations and thus the thermal energy kBT and the entropy play an important role. Soft thenmeans that these materials are in a state ofmatter that are neither simple liquids nor hard solids of the type studied in hard condensed matter, hence sometimes soft matter firms also under the name complex fluids.Author Name :Christian Holm and Kurt Kremer No Of Visit :178 Posted Comments :
Clear evidence of increasing demands in the processing industry prompted the editors and authors to publish a new book about High Pressure Process Technology: Fundamentals and Applications.This book presents the latest knowledge regarding the high pressure processing aspects combined with that about the modeling, the design and the operation of safe and reliable high pressure plants and equipment. This treatment and selection of the subjects is stimulating and unique. Consisting of nine chapters, each subdivided into several sections, the book addresses the high pressure aspects, providing well selected correlated information connected with a comprehensive overview together with a large number of references.The main body of the first eight chapters refers to subjects like high pressure in general, the thermodynamics and kinetics of the fluids involved, the design of high pressure equipment, the modeling and design of reactors, separation and fractionation units, the safety aspects, the control and economics.In the extended last chapter, examples of promising high pressure applications are explained, such as chemical and enzymatic reactions in supercritical solvents, hydrogenation under supercritical conditions, supercritical water oxidation, polymerization with metallocene catalysts, supercritical extraction, fractionation and precipitation, supercritical pharma processing, ultra-high pressure sterilization and supercritical dry-cleaning.Author Name :A. Bertucco, G.Vetter No Of Visit :175 Posted Comments :
Oilfield chemical demand has risen 4.3 percent annually through 2011. Gains will be driven by a rise in rig counts, more use of well stimulation and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods and more deepwater drilling and production. Working Guide to Oil Field Chemicals is a guide to the benefits and trade-offs of numerous oil field chemicals used in the petroleum and natural gas industry today.Oil field chemicals are gaining increasing importance, as the resources of crude oil are decreasing. An increasing demand of more sophisticated methods in the exploitation of the natural resources emerges for this reason. Working Guide to Oil Field Chemicals reviews the progress in the area of oil field chemicals and additives of the last decade from a rather chemical view. The material presented is a compilation from the literature by screening critically approximately 20,000 references. The book is ordered according to applications, just in the way how the jobs are emerging in practice. It starts with drilling, goes to productions and ends with oil spill. Several chemicals are used in multiple disciplines, and to those separate chapters are devoted. Two index registers are available, an index of chemical substances and a general index.Author Name :Johannes Fink No Of Visit :485 Posted Comments :
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Reviews for Hoa Binh HotelAddress: 696 Hai Ba Trung Street, Cam Pho Ward, Hoi An, Vietnam
Rooms from: US$ 16.00
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The following reviews were submitted by customers who booked through our sister site, Hostelworld.com, in the last 12 months.
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Hi everyone. I'm really happy to let you know that Prison Architect is coming to PS4 on June 28! Not only that, it's also available to pre-order today through select retailers and as a special offer we're including the "All Day and a Night" DLC for free!
The support for Frozen Synapse Prime has been awesome so far; we are less than a week away from launch and looking forward to getting Prime onto PS Vita! We'd like to share a more in-depth look at the gameplay, focusing on some of the more advanced strategies and touch controls.
We're getting very close to the release of Frozen Synapse Prime, and I wanted to go over what is really the biggest aspect of the game – the online multiplayer.
Hey folks. To better help you understand what Frozen Synapse Prime is all about, we've created a video that runs through the basics of combat.
Earlier this month we announced the impending arrival of Frozen Synapse Prime on PS Vita, and now I'm back to tell you exactly when to expect it on PlayStation Store!
We're delighted to let you all know that Nom Nom Galaxy is coming to PS4 and PS Vita! Our relationship with Q-Games has previously brought PixelJunk Monsters Ultimate, and more recently Shooter Ultimate to PlayStation Store, building on some great titles from the past. Nom Nom Galaxy, however, is a new title that we are developing together with Q-Games in Japan as a co-development.
Originally, PixelJunk Shooter and Shooter 2 were made by our friends at Q-Games. As Q-Games are a very tech savvy developer (like us), Shooter was born from gameplay experimentations, using a very clever fluid simulation technology they had written. As the gameplay evolved, so did the story. Four years after Shooter's first launch, we met the guys at Q-Games and — as fans — started talking about what this edition would be.
All of us here at Double Eleven are excited to announce that PixelJunk Shooter Ultimate is coming to PS4 and PS Vita this Summer, and we can finally start to talk about it! PixelJunk Shooter Ultimate is a twin-stick shooter that's as much about blasting things as it is about exploration, puzzle solving, and collecting things. Within Shooter Ultimate, players interact with environments that run an advanced fluid dynamics simulation.
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