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How will Google's new 'Ad' label impact marketers?
Google started testing a new 'Ad' label in January this year, and late last week it was confirmed that this will now be rolled out globally.
How to get started with 360-degree content for VR
Once a time and resource-heavy exercise, creating and embedding 360 degree imagery has become much cheaper and easier over the past couple of years.
So what is growth hacking, really?
In 2010 Sean Ellis, entrepreneur, angel investor, startup advisor and now CEO of GrowthHackers, coined the term "growth hacker" as someone whose every strategy, every tactic, and every initiative is attempted in the hopes of growing. But that's pretty vague, right?
Five most interesting search marketing news stories of the week
Welcome to our weekly round-up of all the latest news and research from the world of search marketing and beyond.
Hotel SEO: Five steps to optimizing hotel deals and listings
To improve the traffic to your hotel website, leading to more revenue for your business, every hotel must ensure that they are properly set up to be visible on search engine results pages (SERPs).
Google brings emoji back to the SERPs 😍🙌💯
Google has revealed that emoji will once again show up in search results snippets, reversing a decision taken in 2015 to remove the characters from its results. 👌
Brand TLDs vs .com (part two): How can brands benefit from a .brand domain?
In part one a few weeks ago, we discussed what brand TLDs (top level domains) are, which brands have applied for them, and why they might be important. Today, we'll take an in-depth look at the potential benefits for brands, and explore the challenges brand TLDs could help solve.
Six stats on the importance of trust in influencer marketing
Consumers are inundated with media competing for their attention, and consumers' trust for brands is lower than it's ever been. This makes establishing trust with your audience harder and more important than ever.
How marketers can dive into growth marketing
Growth marketing enables marketers to explore how sales and customer success can still be part of their marketing strategy. Here's how a business can benefit from the latest tactics in growth marketing.
Five most interesting search marketing news stories of the week
This week, Pinterest's acquisition of Google's former image search lead, Randy Keller, as Head of Search shows how serious the social network is about visual search; and Twitter's Q4 earnings have raised questions about the company's long-term prospects.
Older Posts
Can Pinterest crack (and monetise) visual search?
Pinterest made a clear declaration of intent last week with the announcement that Randy Keller, Google's former head of image search, has joined the photo sharing site as Head of Search.
Does your website suffer from one of these five content gaps?
In 2016, Google rolled Panda into its core algorithm. What this means for webmasters is that a website can be hit by ... read more
The psychology of search intent: Converting moments that matter
Nineteen years ago, the company that is now called Alphabet Inc. launched Google Web Search, which would quickly become the most widely used internet search engine in the world.
What we can learn from the latest trends in voice search
Voice search is already a fast-rising trend in the search industry, and its latest developments indicate that it's starting to win ground in daily use.
How to target high-income consumers with AdWords
Today I am going to be showing you a deeply hidden gem within AdWords that allows you to target people based on their household income.
How can you successfully set up an efficient business blog on a very tight budget?
Setting up online presence for your business can be overwhelming. So much to plan and so much to invest (in terms of both time and money).
How do the recent updates to Google Data Studio benefit marketers?
In a slew of recent posts on their Analytics blog, Google has announced a number of important updates for its Data Studio tool. So what is Google Data Studio, why has Google focused so much attention on improving it, and what benefits does it provide for marketers?
What is influencer marketing, and why should it be part of your digital strategy?
If I tell you I have the secret formula for any entrepreneur to succeed, you may not believe me. But if Neil Patel, New York Times best selling author and a person The Wall Street Journal calls 'the web's top influencer' tells you, "My secret formula is the greatest", you will probably believe him.


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The Senate on Wednesday confirmed Sen. Jeff Sessions to be attorney general in the Trump administration despite fierce Democratic opposition to the Alabama Republican over his record on civil rights and immigration.
The 52-47 nearly party-line vote capped weeks of divisive battles over Sessions, an early supporter of President Donald Trump and one of the Senate's most conservative lawmakers. After the vote was announced, Sessions' Republican colleagues applauded the outcome while barely a handful of Democrats did the same.
In a post-vote valedictory speech, Sessions alluded to the bitter partisanship and wished for more collegiality.
"Denigrating people who disagree...

subset: commoncrawl


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No Information About Jailed Artist Mehraneh Atashi
"The arrest and detention of Mehraneh Atashi and her husband are, unfortunately, typical of hundreds of other arrests where Iranian citizens have been snatched by authorities and held without information or explanation, which are tactics of a terror state" said Aaron Rhodes, a spokesperson for the Campaign.
Mehraneh Atashi (30) is a prominent and internationally acclaimed photo artist whose work has appeared in major exhibitions around the world. She has worked for numerous newspapers, magazines, and TV programs. However, in the past few years, she discontinued her job as a photojournalist and concentrated on her artistic photography.
As reported by the Campaign previously, a standing, blanket arrest warrant is being used by Iranian security agents to massively detain Iranian citizens in the absence of evidence of criminal activity and analysis of specific cases by independent judicial authorities.
"Mehraneth Atashi and all who have been arbitrarily arrested are being denied their basic right to liberty, as protected by Article 9 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, to which Iran is a state party," Rhodes said.
The United Nations General Assembly passed a Resolution in December 2009, which called for engagement by the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detentions with regard to detained persons in the Islamic Republic.
The Campaign calls for the immediate release of Mehraneth Atashi, her husband Madjid Ghaffari, and of all who are being detained arbitrarily.
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I want freedom for all especially for those who capture the moment by picture or a paragraph,and let's the world know about important issues that facing humanities. We are united for freedom and Democracy.
What can we do collectively, so that we could have a chance to get our country back from those barbarians?
Panic reactions when you realise your time has come?
However, i wish more European and 'Western' citizens would realize that something very comparable is happening at their very own borders, and, in my opinion for very comparable reasons: people who want to enter a country (EU, US, …) can and increasingly detained in special centers, arbitrarily, on suspicions of illegal migration. Threir treatment there is anything but dignified. I hope to see the abolishment of both and the release of the prisoners. Until then, more sorrow …
This Beautiful Couple is my old friendz,Its a shame,Its terrible… I just find it today!…and its unbelieveable… Mehraneh jaan is a fine photographer shes well-known in Iran and Europe,And Majid is just a nice guy,into Arts,music…And i wonder why the mad goverment do such terrible thing to them.I wish Them patience and Health. Mehranehs Father is a well-known SportMan..I wish him Patience too…


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I just opened the Feb issue of Horticulture and read Tom Fischer's
opening rmemarks. He mentions that he likes the garden of no green in
Jan and goes on to discuss why. He talks about reading "Weeds of the
Northeast" and realizes he has many of those listed in the book. He
finally comes to his two questions he rhetorically asks the reader (and
the reason I brought this up here at chat because it gave me a good
"First, how do those of you who live in parts of the country with a
12-month growing season keep from going nuts? And second, wouldn't you
love to have 5 minutes alone with the idiot who said 'A weed is just a
plant growing in the wrong place.'?"
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Leviton Structured Media™ Enclosures
Protect and Organize your Home Network, Telephone, and Cable Systems
Panels, Brackets, Accessories
What's special about these Structured Media™ centers?
- Designed to be used with Leviton's full line of preconfigured or stand alone Structured Media™ panels and Gateways, these serve as central distribution point for all of your home or small office technologies
- Enclosures may be surface- or recess-mounted to meet installation needs or personal preferences
- Each enclosure is preconfigured with multiple knockouts on the top and bottom to accommodate conduit up to 2" in diameter, cable routing and entry, or power receptacles
- Click for More Features
Leviton's Structured Media™ enclosures (SMC) simplify running cable and managing media equipment, and provide a more cost-effective means to protecting your Datacom/Telecom network. Designed to be a central distribution point for all your home or small office systems, the enclosure accommodates networking, fax, Internet, DSL and cable.
|Series 140 Enclosures
|Series 140 Enclosure with Flush Mount Cover
|14.3" H x 14.3" W x 3.63" D
|10.99 lbs
|Series 140 Enclosure ONLY, 1 Pack
|14.3" H x 14.38" W x 3.63" D
|6.7 lbs
|Series 140 Enclosure ONLY, 6 Pack
|14.3" H x 14.38" W x 3.60" D
|32 lbs
|Series 140 Covers
|Series 140 Economy Hinged Cover
|15.32" H x 15.62" W x 0.25" D
|4.7 lbs
|Series 140 Flush Mount Cover - 1 Pack
|15.32" H x 15.62" W x 0.20" D
|4.4 lbs
|Series 140 Flush Mount Cover - 6 Pack Box
|15.32" H x 15.62" W x 0.20" D
|23.25 lbs
|Series 280 Enclosures
|Series 280 Enclosure with Flush Mount Cover
|28.16" H x 14.38" W x 3.63" D
|18.25 lbs
|Series 280 Enclosure ONLY
|28.16" H x 14.38" W x 3.63" D
|6.7 lbs
|Series 280 Covers
|Series 280 Hinged Cover
|29.32 "H x 15.62" W x 0.25" D
|5 lbs
|Series 280 Flush Mount Cover
|29.32 "H x 15.62" W x 0.25" D
|4.4 lbs
|Series 420 Enclosures
|Series 420 Enclosure with Flush Mount Cover
|42.16" H x 14.3" W x 3.63" D
|24.125 lbs
|Series 420 Enclosure ONLY
|42" H x 14" W x 3.6" D
|14 lbs
|Series 420 Covers
|Series 420 Hinged Cover
|43.33" H x 15.62" W x 0.25" D
|12.5 lbs
|Series 420 Flush Mount Cover
|43.25" H x 15.62" W
|14 lbs
|Media & Video Panels
|18 Port Structured Media Panel
View more info
|13.30" L x 6.13" W x 2.01" D
|2.22 lbs
|24-Port Structured Media Panel
View more info
|13.30" L x 6.13" W x 2.01" D
|2.55 lbs
|Telephone and 6-Way Video Panel
|6.55" L x 6.55" W x 3.01" D
|1.19 lbs
|Advanced Home Telephone and Video Panel
View more info
|13.30" L x 6.13" W x 2.28" D
|2.10 lbs
|Basic Telephone and Video Panel
View more info
|13.30" L x 6.13" W x 2.28" D
|1.65 lbs
|Covers & Brackets
|Leviton Lock & Key for Series 140,280,420 Hinged Covers
|0.14 lb
|28" Extender Bracket for 280 Series (white)
|29.25" H x 15.62" W x 2" D
|2 lbs
|42" Extender Bracket for 420 Series
|43.25" H x 16.10" W X 2" D
|6.9 lbs
|Data Plastic Bracket for mounting switches, routers and modems in a Leviton Series 140, 280, or 420 Structured Media Center
|6.5" H x 3" W
|0.2 lb
|Category 5 Voice & Data Module 6-Port, with bracket
View more info
|6" L x 2.132" W x 2.225" D
|0.50 lb
|Category 5e Voice & Data Expansion Board
View more info
|5.75" L x 1.75" W x 0.685" D
|0.33 lb
|1x9 Bridged Telephone Expansion Module
View more info
|5.75" L x 1.75" W x 0.685" D
|0.33 lb
|1x6 Passive Video Splitter Module (2.05 GHz)
View more info
|8.58" L x 3" W x 1.4" D
|0.83 lb
|J-Box Surge Protective Kit (one duplex blue receptacle)
View more info
|1.07 lbs
|J-Box Kit (one duplex gray receptacle)
View more info
|0.90 lb
- Constructed from durable 18-gauge, white powder-coated steel that protects delicate and expensive equipment without sacrificing your home's style and beauty
- Flush mount cover overlaps the enclosure by ¾" to hide possible unsightly and uneven drywall cuts around the Structured Media Center when recessed
- Mounting hook on the cover aligns screw holes for easy and stress free installation
- Grommets are made from self-healing foam to protect electrical and ethernet cable bundles
- Mounting slots on the enclosure simplify adjustment for different sheetrock depths
- Complies with all TIA/EIA 568-A and 570-B requirements
- Meets FCC part 68
- UL Listed for fire and alarm systems
- ACA listed N11173
- cULus listed E109712
- 2-year limited manufacturer's warranty
- Series 140 Leviton Structured Media™ Enclosure Drawing Specifications (PDF)
- Series 280 and 420 Leviton Structured Media™ Center Drawing Specifications (PDF)
|20-gauge, white powder-coated steel
|20-gauge, white powder-coated steel
|20-gauge, white powder-coated steel
|Max. 2 Full-Sized Distribution Panels
|Up to 12 Modules
|Up to 18 Modules
|14.30" H x 14.3" W x 3.63" D
|28.16" H x 14.3" W x 3.63" D
|42.16" H x 14.3" W x 3.63" D
|10.99 lbs
|18.25 lbs
|24.125 lbs
- Leviton Structured Media Center Enclosure Instructions (PDF)
- Series 140 Structured Media™ Enclosure (PDF)
- Series 280 & 420 Structured Media™ Enclosures (PDF)
- Plastic Mounting Brackets for series 140, 280 & 420 (PDF)
- Coaxial Cable FAQs
- Cable Quality Counts in Home Theater Systems
- How to Choose the Right Cable Ties
- Which Firestop Product Should I Use for My Application?
Did you know that we can give you a quote for most of our products, including shipping?
You can also call us toll free 866.222.0030
Questions & Answers
Do you have any questions about this product?
Let our experts and customers resolve all your doubts
Reviewed by 2 customers
- Rugged
- Versatile
Best Uses
Comments about Leviton-Structured Media Center, Series 140 Enclosure And Flush-Mount Cover:
I'm a big fan of Leviton and didn't have trouble choosing this box for my mom's 800 square foot retirement home (she wanted a small place, loves it). I wired her brand new home with CAT6 and used the 140 box for the patching. Because of how the home was built, I was unable to get in before the place was finished but I did get some conduit stubbed out to each drop location and a couple of runs to the master bedroom closet where I mounted this box as a surface mount. I would have strongly preferred to have it flush but decided against it since the location we selected had only exterior walls and I didn't want to mess with a recessed box in an exterior wall ... we need the insulation there.
Box is great, good size, holds every thing we need and maybe just a tiny bit more. Got the hinged cover without a lock -- latch works fine to keep it closed. Clean professional look.
Would do it again the same way in a heart beat.
- Primary use:
- Personal
- Was this a gift?:
- Yes
Comments about Leviton-Structured Media Center, Series 140 Enclosure And Flush-Mount Cover:
Would be nice if a lock (or at least latch) and hinges were standard for this item -- they're add-ons, without which only only friction and gravity hold the cover over the enclosure.
Other than that, this is a sturdy, well-engineered enclosure that's just right for the typical single-family home's data/phone/coax-terminating needs.


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Here, we have freeze-dried coconut water so you can enjoy the flavor and the health benefits of drinking it—just add water. With only 30 calories per serving and 4 times the potassium of bananas, coconut water is rich in electrolytes, iron, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and manganese. Maintains flavor and taste. Certified Organic.
Not to be confused with coconut milk, coconut water is the clear liquid extracted from young coconuts. In recent years, coconut water has been marketed as a "natural sports drink" because of its substantial amount of potassium it contains and by the advocating of athletes. Coconut water has even been use for many years by native islander tribes as a kind of folk medicine meant to treat stomach and bowel issues.
Handy pantry freeze dried coconut water powder provides 36 servings (1 tablespoon per serving) of delicious, organic goodness. Only 30 calories per serving. Rich in electrolytes, potassium, iron, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus and manganese. Popular in smoothies, juice additive or mixed in water as a delicious natural alternative to sports drinks.
Instructions: Add
1 tablespoon to 8 ounces of water or mix into smoothies, juices, yogurts, and


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There's A Storm Rising – Data Center Consolidation
The Federal Government has recently embarked on an initiative to consolidate its 1,100 data centers – the advertised primary objective being cost reduction, primarily through energy savings.
While a simplistic approach to consolidation (virtualize everything and use lots of Clouds) may be tempting, changes taking place in the IT industry argue for careful consideration of the technology suites now coming to market.
The storm that I see rising is the war between Oracle-Sun, HP, Cisco, Dell and IBM over the data center of the future: Infrastructure 2.0. There are fundamental differences among these major players' visions, and those managers implementing data center consolidation projects need to clearly understand these differences and choose sides for the battles to come.
The Field of Battle or How we got to where we are today
Current data centers are a hodge-podge of transient fixes to problems arising as a result of the evolutionary mainframe/client-server/Internet-access decisions over the past thirty years.
PCs of the 1980s gave users the freedom to use innovative applications on their own machines rather than through dumb terminals connected to a mainframe. In the 1990s small and medium-sized enterprises recognized the value proposition of PCs over mainframes but needed to have everyone working off the same database, leading to client-server architectures and Local Area Networks to link everyone together.
Servers became more robust to handle larger numbers of end-users and, with the adoption of the Internet for customer interaction in the late 1990s, became more specialized to support both local and Internet-based access. Networks grew more complex as local traffic and Internet traffic was intermixed. Storage requirements grew with the drift from paper to digital documents distributed by email.
In the last ten years distributed compute resources, databases, and the data storage needed to support complex applications for growing enterprises resulted in ever more complex architectures and large, energy-intensive 'farms' of hardware.
The Order of Battle or The data center players and their allies
Mainframe skills are limited or non-existent in most IT organizations, so a transition to simpler mainframe architectures to address many of the problems resulting from the evolution discussed above is not practical. A fundamental rethinking of the data center is required in order to transition to a more efficient and lower cost model that can be maintained and operated by the workforce that is available.
Oracle – With its recent acquisition of Sun Microsystems, Oracle is evolving from the most successful enterprise software company in the market to a company with a dual focus on both software and hardware. The Sun Oracle Database Machine product with its Oracle Exadata Storage Server represents a revolutionary approach to improving enterprise applications by tightly integrating and packaging Oracle software with Sun hardware.
HP – The acquisition of 3COM strengthens HP's network hardware product line and its acquisition of EDS two years ago gives HP a global consulting and technical services capability to deliver HP solutions. HP and Microsoft recently funded an alliance to bring jointly developed Hardware-Software Appliances to market, similar in concept to the Sun Oracle Database Machine.
Dell – Dell can deliver Storage Area Network solutions with its acquisition of EqualLogic and a capability to provide consulting and technical services is now available with its acquisition of Perot Systems a few months ago. Dell and Microsoft launched an alliance in March to bring Cloud services to market on the Microsoft Azure platform.
Cisco – Cisco acquired WebEx and Tandberg, heavy users of network traffic, and still has $35 Billion in its war chest for additional acquisitions. Cisco, EMC (storage), and VMWare (virtualization) developed a strategic alliance last year to market the Cisco Unified Computing System – Cisco's vision of the future data center.
Microsoft – Besides its data center alliances with HP and Dell, Microsoft is going head-to-head with Google to deliver productivity applications through cloud-based services.
Strategies to Capture the Data Center
Oracle, Cisco, HP, and Dell have all developed unique strategies to take server market share from IBM – #1 in the worldwide server market.
Infrastructure 2.0, sometimes referred to as a 'dynamic data center', 'Converged Infrastructure', or 'Unified Computing' is analogous to virtualization of servers, desktops and storage above the processor. The difference is that Infrastructure 2.0 operates below this layer and virtualizes processors, as well as network and storage connections.
HP is currently marketing what it describes as a Converged Infrastructure of servers, storage and networking.
Cisco is seeking to sell its network-centric vision of the data center as the convergence of networking, computing, storage, and software (both physical and virtual) through its offering – the Cisco Unified Computing System.
Dell, with market strength primarily in the commodity server market, has attacked the Cisco and HP approach outright : "Today's announcement by Cisco demonstrates the bifurcation in the market with some vendors pushing a closed and propriety approach to the data center and Dell's differentiated approach of delivering choice and solutions that are open, capable and affordable."
Data center consolidation projects that buy in to either the Cisco or HP architecture visions may well be induced to vendor lock-in to realize the benefits of consolidation.
Oracle, on the other hand, offers next generation performance and energy savings for enterprise database applications delivered at the loading dock – no configuration required, and easily integrated into an open data center architecture.
Let the battles begin.


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Results 1 to 4 of 4
- 06-03-2014, 11:09 PM Thread Author #1
LG G2 D802 Trouble. Black Screen. No Recovery/Download Mode
Hello together!
I just got my new LG G2 D802 32gb today and wanted cyanogen on it. Well it was already rooted by the pre-owner so i just installed TWRP BUT I made the mistake to install it for D801 instead of D802. (Too hasty )
Well when the phone rebooted after the installation it stucked in fastboot and I was starting to freak out. I was searching for a solution but I just came from Apple to Android so its all kind of new. I saw this post and tried it.
I erased the data as described. Worked just fine. Then I tried to flash the new data but it didnt work and after a while I restarted the phone (Why not I thought, usually always helps)
Well now the screen is, and stays, black. And it wont Turn on. No matter how long I press the Power Button. Also I cant access the Download nor the recovery mode. So I cant restock. When I connect the phone to my laptop it shows a crapload of drives on my laptop. From E to S everything. 15 Local Disks overall. Well just one of them is accessable. E:. On the drive is one single folder: Images. But its secured so I cant add anything to it (I hoped I could add the Images I just erased eralier manually). 63.9MB is its capacity.
Neither fastboot nor ADB can access the the phone now.
Pressing the Power Button of the phone while connected reconnects it to the computer.
I dont know what to do I am completely helpless
I appreciate every help!
The Linux terminal fix did NOT work
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Re: LG G2 D802 Trouble. Black Screen. No Recovery/Download Mode
[FIX] NO Recovery mode, No download mode, after OTA on rooted LG G2 - XDA Forum
Adjust the file set for the variant you own.
Re: LG G2 D802 Trouble. Black Screen. No Recovery/Download Mode
Same here bro im Also getting that Bug , I tried everything , Just a straight black screen , I was once on boot loop , Then i found a tool that can help me wich was Flashtool , That helped me flash a new stock rom , Then i decided to add another , i tried a different method by using a .KDZ file instead of .TOT , the installation failed , Now i have this problem , I also get the BULK thingy on device manager , All those disk Images come up , Still no hope
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Samuel Coleridge-Taylor
|Samuel Coleridge-Taylor
Samuel Coleridge-Taylor in 1905
|Samuel Coleridge Taylor
15 August 1875
Holborn, London, England
|1 September 1912
(aged 37)
Croydon, Surrey, England
|Classical composer and musician
Samuel Coleridge-Taylor (15 August 1875 – 1 September 1912) was an English composer of part Creole descent who achieved such success that he was once called the "African Mahler".[1]
Early life and education[edit]
Samuel Coleridge-Taylor was born in 1875 in Holborn, London, to Alice Hare Martin (1856–1953),[2] an English woman, and Dr. Daniel Peter Hughes Taylor, a Creole from Sierra Leone, of mixed European and African descent. They were not married, Alice Hare Martin herself being an illegitimate child.[3] Daniel Taylor returned to Africa by February 1875 and did not know that he had a son born in London. Alice Martin named her son Samuel Coleridge Taylor[4] after the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge[4] and his mother and grandfather called the boy Coleridge Taylor.[5]
Taylor was brought up in Croydon, Surrey by his mother and her father Benjamin Holmans. Martin's brother was a professional musician. Taylor studied the violin at the Royal College of Music and composition under Charles Villiers Stanford. He also taught, soon being appointed a professor at the Crystal Palace School of Music; and conducted the orchestra at the Croydon Conservatoire.
The young man later used the name "Samuel Coleridge-Taylor", with a hyphen, said to be following a printer's typographical error.[6] His father Daniel Taylor was later appointed as coroner for the British Empire in the Gambia in the late 1890s.
Marriage and family[edit]
In 1899 Coleridge-Taylor married Jessie Walmisley, whom he had met as a fellow student at the RCM. Jessie had left the college in 1893. Her parents objected to the marriage because Taylor was of mixed-race parentage, but relented and attended the wedding. The couple had a son, named Hiawatha (1900–1980) after a Native American immortalised in poetry, and a daughter Gwendolyn (1903–1998). Later their daughter took the name Avril and became a conductor-composer in her own right.
By 1896, Coleridge-Taylor was already earning a reputation as a composer. He was later helped by Edward Elgar, who recommended him to the Three Choirs Festival. His Ballade in A minor was premiered there. His early work was also guided by the influential music editor and critic August Jaeger of music publisher Novello; he told Elgar that Taylor was "a genius".
On the strength of Hiawatha's Wedding Feast, which was conducted by Stanford at its 1898 premiere and proved to be highly popular, Coleridge-Taylor made three tours of the United States.[7] He became increasingly interested in his paternal racial heritage (he was the youngest delegate at the 1900 First Pan-African Conference held in London),[7] as his father was descended from African-American slaves freed by the British after the American Revolutionary War; the Black Loyalists were resettled in Nova Scotia, and then 1200 moved to Sierra Leone in 1792, establishing the colony of Freetown. At one stage Coleridge-Taylor seriously considered emigrating to the US.
In 1904, he was received by President Theodore Roosevelt at the White House, a rare event in those days for a man of African descent. Coleridge-Taylor sought to do for traditional African music what Johannes Brahms did for Hungarian music and Antonín Dvořák for Bohemian music. Having met the African-American poet Paul Laurence Dunbar in London, Taylor set some of his poems to music. A joint recital between Taylor and Dunbar was arranged in London, under the patronage of US Ambassador John Milton Hay. It was organised by Henry Francis Downing, an African-American playwright and London resident.[8] Dunbar and other black people encouraged Coleridge-Taylor to draw from his Sierra Leonean ancestry and the music of the African continent.
Due to his success, Coleridge-Taylor was invited to be one of the judges at music festivals. He was said to be personally shy but was effective as a conductor as well.
Composers were not handsomely paid for their music, and they often sold the rights to works outright to make immediate income. This caused them to lose the royalties earned by the publishers who had invested in the music distribution through publication. The popular Hiawatha's Wedding Feast sold hundreds of thousands of copies, but Coleridge-Taylor had already sold the music outright for the sum of 15 guineas, so did not benefit directly.[9][10][11] He learnt to retain his rights and earned royalties for other compositions after achieving wide renown.
Coleridge-Taylor was 37 when he died of pneumonia, and his death is often attributed to the stress of his financial situation.[12] He was buried in Bandon Hill Cemetery, Wallington, Surrey (today in the London Borough of Sutton).
Legacy and honours[edit]
- The inscription on the carved headstone includes a quotation from the composition Hiawatha, in words written by his close friend, poet Alfred Noyes:
Too young to die
his great simplicity
his happy courage
in an alien world
his gentleness
made all that knew him
love him.[13]
- King George V granted Jessie Coleridge-Taylor, the young widow, an annual pension of £100, evidence of the high regard in which the composer was held.[13]
- In 1912 a memorial concert was held at the Royal Albert Hall and garnered £300 for the composer's family.
- After Coleridge-Taylor's death in 1912, musicians were concerned that he and his family had received no royalties from what was one of the most successful and popular works written in the previous 50 years. His case contributed to their formation of the Performing Rights Society, an effort to gain revenues for musicians through performance as well as publication and distribution of music.[14]
Coleridge-Taylor's work continued to be popular. He was later championed by conductor Malcolm Sargent. Between 1928 and 1939, he conducted ten seasons of a costumed ballet version of The Song of Hiawatha at the Royal Albert Hall, performed by the Royal Choral Society (600 to 800 singers) and 200 dancers.
Coleridge-Taylor's greatest success was undoubtedly his cantata Hiawatha's Wedding Feast, which was widely performed by choral groups in England during Coleridge-Taylor's lifetime and in the decades after his death. Its popularity was rivalled only by the choral standards Handel's Messiah and Mendelssohn's Elijah.[15] The composer soon followed Hiawatha's Wedding Feast with two other cantatas about Hiawatha, The Death of Minnehaha and Hiawatha's Departure; all three were published together, along with an Overture, as The Song of Hiawatha, Op. 30. The tremendously popular Hiawatha seasons at the Royal Albert Hall, which continued till 1939, were conducted by Sargent and involved hundreds of choristers, and scenery covering the organ loft. Hiawatha's Wedding Feast is still occasionally revived.
Coleridge-Taylor also composed chamber music, anthems, and the African Dances for violin, among other works. The Petite Suite de Concert is still regularly played. He set one poem by his near-namesake Samuel Taylor Coleridge, The Legend of Kubla Khan.
Coleridge-Taylor was greatly admired by African Americans; in 1901, a 200-voice African-American chorus was founded in Washington, D.C., named the Samuel Coleridge-Taylor Society. He visited the USA three times, receiving great acclaim, and earned the title "the African Mahler" from the white orchestral musicians in New York in 1910.[1] There are schools named after him in Louisville, Kentucky and Baltimore, Maryland: Samuel Coleridge-Taylor Elementary School
Coleridge-Taylor composed a violin concerto for the American violinist Maud Powell, the American performance of which was subject to rewriting because the parts were lost en route – not, as legend has it, on the RMS Titanic but on another ship. The concerto has been recorded by Philippe Graffin and the Johannesburg Philharmonic Orchestra under Michael Hankinson (nominated "Editor's Choice" in Gramophone magazine), Anthony Marwood and the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra under Martyn Brabbins (on Hyperion Records) and Lorraine McAslan and the London Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Nicholas Braithwaite (on the Lyrita label). It was also performed at Harvard University's Sanders Theatre in the autumn of 1998 by John McLaughlin Williams and William Thomas as part of the 100th anniversary celebration of the composition of Hiawatha's Wedding Feast.
Lists of Coleridge-Taylor's compositions and recordings of his work and of the many articles, papers and books about Coleridge-Taylor's life and legacy are available through the Samuel Coleridge-Taylor Foundation and the Samuel Coleridge-Taylor Network.[16]
There are two blue plaques in his memory, one in Dagnall Park, South Norwood,[17] and the other in St Leonards Road, Croydon, at the house where he died. A metal figure in the likeness of Coleridge-Taylor has been installed in Charles Street, Croydon.[18]
Posthumous publishing[edit]
In 1999, freelance music editor Patrick Meadows identified three important chamber works by Coleridge-Taylor that had never been printed or made widely available to musicians. A handwritten performing parts edition of the Piano Quintet, from the original in the Royal College of Music (RCM) Library, had been prepared earlier by violinist Martin Anthony Burrage of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra. The first modern performance of the Piano Quintet was given on 7 November 2001 by Burrage's chamber music group, Ensemble Liverpool / Live-A-Music in Liverpool Philharmonic Hall. The lunchtime recital included the Fantasiestücke. Live recordings of this performance are lodged with the RCM and the British Library.[19] The artists were Andrew Berridge (violin), Martin Anthony (Tony) Burrage (violin), Joanna Lacey (viola), Michael Parrott (cello) and John Peace (piano).
After receiving copies of the work from the RCM in London, Patrick Meadows made printed playing editions of the Nonet, Piano Quintet, and Piano Trio. The works were performed in Meadows's regular chamber music festival on the island of Majorca, and were well received by the public as well as the performers. The first modern performances of some of these works were done in the early 1990s by the Boston, Massachusetts-based Coleridge Ensemble, led by William Thomas of Phillips Academy, Andover. This group subsequently made world premiere recordings of the Nonet, Fantasiestücke for string quartet and Six Negro Folksongs for piano trio, which were released in 1998 by Afka Records. Thomas, a champion of lost works by black composers, also revived Coleridge's Hiawatha's Wedding Feast in a performance commemorating the composition's 100th anniversary with the Cambridge Community Chorus at Harvard's Sanders Theatre in the spring of 1998.[20]
The Nash Ensemble's recording of the Piano Quintet was released in 2007.
In 2006, Meadows finished engraving the first edition of Coleridge-Taylor's Symphony in A minor. Meadows has also transcribed from the RCM manuscript the Haytian Dances, a work virtually identical to the Noveletten but with a fifth movement inserted by Coleridge-Taylor, based on the Scherzo of the symphony. This work is for string orchestra, tambourine, and triangle.
Thelma, the missing opera[edit]
Coleridge-Taylor's only large-scale operatic work, Thelma, was long believed to have been lost; as recently as 1995, Geoffrey Self in his biography of Coleridge-Taylor, The Hiawatha Man, stated that the manuscript of Thelma had not been located, and that the piece may have been destroyed by its creator. While researching for a PhD on the life and music of Samuel Coleridge-Taylor, Catherine Carr unearthed the manuscripts of Thelma in the British Library. She assembled a libretto and catalogued the opera in her thesis, presenting a first critical examination of the work by a thorough investigation of the discovered manuscripts (including copious typeset examples).[21][page needed] The work subsequently appeared as such on the catalogue of the British Library.
Thelma is a saga of deceit, magic, retribution and the triumph of love over wickedness. The composer has followed Richard Wagner's manner in eschewing the established "numbers" opera format, preferring to blend recitative, aria and ensemble into a seamless whole. It is possible that he had read Marie Corelli's 1887 "Nordic" novel Thelma (it appears that the name "Thelma" may have been created by Corelli for her heroine). Coleridge-Taylor composed Thelma between 1907 and 1909; it is alternatively entitled The Amulet.
The full score and vocal score in the British Library are both in the composer's hand – the full score is unbound but complete (save that the vocal parts do not have the words after the first few folios) but the vocal score is bound (in three volumes) and complete with words. Patrick Meadows and Lionel Harrison have prepared a type-set full score, vocal score and libretto (the librettist is uncredited and may be Coleridge-Taylor himself). As to the heroine of the title, the composer changed her name to "Freda" in both full and vocal scores (although in the full score he occasionally forgets himself and writes "Thelma" instead of "Freda"). Perhaps Coleridge-Taylor changed the name of his heroine (and might have changed the name of the opera, had it been produced) to avoid creating the assumption that his work was a treatment of Corelli's then very popular novel. Since that precaution is scarcely necessary today, Meadows and Harrison decided to revert to the original Thelma.
There are minor discrepancies between the full score and the vocal score (the occasional passage occurring in different keys in the two, for example), but nothing that would inhibit the production of a complete, staged performance.
Thelma received its world première in Croydon's Ashcroft Theatre in February 2012, the centenary year of the composer's death, performed by Surrey Opera in a new transcription by Stephen Anthony Brown.[22] It was conducted by Jonathan Butcher, directed by Christopher Cowell and designed by Bridget Kimak. Joanna Weeks sang the title role with Alberto Sousa as Eric and Håkan Vramsmo as Carl.
List of compositions[edit]
With opus number[edit]
- Piano Quintet in G minor, Op. 1 – 1893
- Nonet in F minor for oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn, violin, viola, cello, contrabass and piano, Op. 2 – 1894
- Suite for Violin and Organ (or piano), Op. 3 (Suite de Piêces)- 1893
- Ballade in D minor, Op. 4 – 1895
- Five Fantasiestücke, Op. 5 – 1896
- Little Songs for Little Folks, Op. 6 – 1898
- Zara's Earrings, Op. 7 – 1895
- Symphony in A minor, Op. 8 – 1896
- Two Romantic Pieces, Op. 9 – 1896
- Quintet in F sharp minor for clarinet and strings, Op. 10 – 1895
- Southern Love Songs, Op. 12 – 1896
- String Quartet in D minor, Op. 13 – 1896 (lost)
- Legend (Concertstück), Op. 14
- Land of the Sun, Op. 15 – 1897
- Three Hiawatha Sketches for violin and piano, Op. 16 – 1897
- African Romances (P. L. Dunbar) Op. 17 – 1897
- Morning and Evening Service in F, Op. 18 – 1899
- Two Moorish Tone-Pictures, Op. 19 – 1897
- Gypsy Suite, Op. 20 – 1898
- Part Songs, Op. 21 – 1898
- Four Characteristic Waltzes, Op. 22 – 1899
- Valse-Caprice, Op. 23 – 1898
- In Memoriam, three rhapsodies for low voice and piano, Op. 24 – 1898
- Dream Lovers, Operatic Romance, Op. 25 – 1898
- The Gitanos, canata-operetta, Op. 26 – 1898
- Violin Sonata in D minor, Op. 28 – ?1898 (pub. 1917)
- Three Songs, Op. 29 – 1898
- The Song of Hiawatha, Op. 30 ("Overture to The Song of Hiawatha", 1899; "Hiawatha's Wedding Feast", 1898; "The Death of Minnehaha", 1899; "Hiawatha's Departure", 1900)
- Three Humoresques, Op. 31 – 1898
- Ballade in A minor, Op. 33 – 1898
- African Suite, Op. 35 – 1899
- Six Songs, Op. 37
- Three Silhouettes, Op. 38 – 1904
- Romance in G, Op. 39 – 1900
- Solemn Prelude, Op. 40 – 1899
- Scenes From An Everyday Romance, Op. 41 – 1900
- The Soul's Expression, four sonnets, Op. 42 – 1900
- The Blind Girl of Castél-Cuillé, Op. 43
- Idyll, Op. 44 – 1901
- Six American Lyrics, Op. 45 – 1903
- Concert Overture, Toussaint L'Ouverture, Op. 46 – 1901
- Hemo Dance, scherzo, Op. 47(1) – 1902
- Herod, incidental music, Op. 47(2) – 1901
- Meg Blane, Rhapsody of the Sea, Op. 48 – 1902
- Ullyses, incidental music, Op. 49 – 1902
- Three Song Poems, Op. 50 – 1904
- Four Novelletten, Op. 51(1?) – 1903
- Ethiopia Saluting the Colours, march, Op. 51(2?) – 1902
- The Atonement, sacred cantata, Op. 53 – 1903
- Five Choral Ballads, Op. 54 – 1904
- Moorish Dance, Op. 55 – 1904
- Three Cameos for Piano, Op. 56 – 1904
- Six Sorrow Songs, Op. 57 – 1904
- Four African Dances, Op. 58 – 1904
- Twenty-Four Negro Melodies, Op. 59(1) – 1905
- Romance, Op. 59(2) – 1904
- Kubla Khan, rhapsody, Op. 61 – 1905
- Nero, incidental music, Op. 62 – 1906
- Symphonic Variations on an African Air, Op. 63 – 1906
- Scenes de Ballet, Op. 64 – 1906
- Endymion's Dream, one-act opera, Op. 65 – 1910
- Forest Scenes, Op. 66 – 1907
- Part Songs, Op. 67 – 1905
- Bon-Bon Suite, Op. 68 – 1908
- Sea Drift, Op. 69 – 1908
- Faust, incidental music, Op. 70 – 1908
- Valse Suite: "Three fours", Op. 71- 1909
- Thelma, opera in three acts, Op. 72 – 1907-09
- Ballade in C minor, Op. 73 – 1909
- Forest of Wild Thyme, incidental music, Op. 74 (five numbers) – 1911–25
- Rhapsodic Dance, The Bamboula, Op. 75 – 1911
- A Tale of Old Japan, Op. 76 – 1911
- Petite Suite de Concert, Op. 77 – 1911
- Three Impromptus, Op. 78 – 1911
- Othello, incidental music, Op. 79 – 1911
- Violin Concerto in G minor, Op. 80 – 1912
- Two Songs for Baritone Voice, Op. 81 – 1913
- Hiawatha Ballet in five scenes, Op. 82 – 1920[23]
Without opus number[edit]
- The Lee Shore
- Eulalie
- Variations for Cello and Piano
- Samuel Coleridge-Taylor: Special Limited First Recording, November 2001, Liverpool Philharmonic Hall: inc. first performance in more than a century of the Quintet for Piano & Strings in G min. Op. 1 [realised for performance from the original score by Martin Anthony Burrage, and performed by him and RLPO colleagues], plus Fantasiestucke for String Quartet Op.5
- Ballade in A minor, op. 33, Symphonic Variations on an African Air, op. 63 - Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, Grant Llewellyn, Argo Records 436 401-2
- Samuel Coleridge-Taylor: Chamber Music – Hawthorne String Quartet. Label: Koch International 3-7056-2
- Hiawatha – Welsh National Opera, – conductor Kenneth Alwyn, soloist Bryn Terfel. Label: Decca 458 591–2
- Piano & Clarinet Quintets – Nash Ensemble. Label: Hyperion CDA67590
- Violin Sonata; African Dances; Hiawathan Sketches; Petite Suite de Concert – David Juritz (violin), Michael Dussek (piano). Label: Epoch CDLX 7127
- Sir Malcolm Sargent conducts British Music includes "Othello Suite" – New Symphony Orchestra. Label: Beulah 1PD13
- The Romantic Violin Concerto Volume 5 includes "Violin Concerto in G minor, Op. 80" – Anthony Marwood (violin), BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra, Martyn Brabbins (conductor). Label: Hyperion CDA67420
- Symphony, Op. 8, Aarhus Symphony Orchestra, Douglas Bostock (conductor), in The British Symphonic Collection, Vol. 15. Classico label by Olufsen Records
- 2nd of the Three Impromptus, Op. 78 for organ, on Now Let Us Sing!, 2013 recording by the Choir of Worcester Cathedral, played by Christopher Allsop.
- ^ a b Earl Stewart and Jane Duran, "Coleridge-Taylor: Concatenationism and Essentialism in an Anglo-African Composer", American Philosophical Association, Newsletter on Philosophy and the Black Experience, Vol. 99, No. 1, 1999, accessed 24 February 2011.[dead link]
- ^ Mike Phillips, "Samuel Coleridge-Taylor (1875-1912)". Black Europeans: A British Library Online Gallery feature.
- ^ Lost Lives: Coleridge Taylor
- ^ a b "Samuel Coleridge-Taylor (1875-1912), Britain's Foremost Black Classical Composer: The Centenary Legacy". 1 September 2012.
- ^ "Samuel Coleridge-Taylor, at Jeffrey Green website.
- ^ "Militant Eclecticism: African Romances - Samuel Coleridge Taylor".
- ^ a b Green, Jeffrey, "Do we really know Samuel Coleridge-Taylor?" Talk for the Black & Asian Studies Association (BASA) Conference, London, 27 June 2009.
- ^ Roberts, Brian (2012). "A London Legacy of Ira Aldridge: Henry Francis Downing and the Paratheatrical Poetics of Plot and Cast(e)". Modern Drama. 55 (3): 396–397. doi:10.3138/md.55.3.386.
- ^ Elford, Charles, "Black Mahler: The Samuel Coleridge-Taylor Story". Black Mahler website.
- ^ "Hiawatha's Wedding Feast".
- ^ LLC, Classical Archives. "Samuel Coleridge-Taylor - Classical Archives".
- ^ "Samuel Coleridge-Taylor", BBC Music.
- ^ a b Inc, The Crisis Publishing Company (10 February 2017). "The Crisis". The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc. – via Google Books.
- ^ "Samuel Coleridge-Taylor", Black Europeans website
- ^ De Lerma, Dominique-Rene. "African Heritage Symphonic Series". Liner note essay. Cedille Records CDR055.
- ^ Samuel Coleridge-Taylor Foundation website. The lists were donated to the SCTF website by Dominique-Rene de Lerma.
- ^ "Samuel Coleridge-Taylor blue plaque".
- ^ Hannah Williamson, "Ronnie Corbett, Samuel Coleridge Taylor and Peggy Ashcroft immortalised on bench in Charles Street, Croydon", Croydon Guardian, 18 June 2013.
- ^ "A Tribute to Samuel Coleridge-Taylor", Hilary Burrage.
- ^ "Concert to Feature Centennial Performance of Work by Composer Samuel Coleridge-Taylor". Harvard University Gazette. 15 October 1998. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
- ^ Carr, Catherine (2005). The Music of Samuel Coleridge-Taylor (1875–1912): A Critical and Analytical Study (PDF) (Thesis). University of Durham.
- ^ "Thelma by Samuel Coleridge-Taylor - www.surreyopera.org".
- ^ Coleridge-Taylor, Avril, The Heritage of Samuel Coleridge-Taylor, London: Dobson, 1979, pp. 145–154.
Sources and further reading[edit]
- Jeffrey Green Samuel Coleridge-Taylor, a Musical Life. Pickering & Chatto, 2011. ISBN 978-1848931619.
- Reid, Charles (1968). Malcolm Sargent: a biography. London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd. ISBN 0-241-91316-0.
- Self, Geoffrey (1995). The Hiawatha Man: the Life & Work of Samuel Coleridge-Taylor. Aldershot, England: Scolar Press. ISBN 0-85967-983-7.
- Coleridge-Taylor, Avril (1979). The Heritage of Samuel Coleridge-Taylor. London: Dennis Dobson. ISBN 0-234-77089-9.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Samuel Coleridge-Taylor.
- Samuel Coleridge-Taylor Foundation Coleridge-Taylor Foundation
- Mike Phillips, "Samuel Coleridge-Taylor (1875-1912)". BLACK EUROPEANS: A British Library Online Gallery feature. Retrieved 2010-10-19
- Samuel Coleridge-Taylor resources
- Coleridge-Taylor biography, Elford, Charles (2008). Black Mahler: The Samuel Coleridge-Taylor Story. London, England: Grosvenor House Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-906210-78-6.
- Photos of Coleridge-Taylor's grave at Findagrave
- Songs by Samuel Coleridge-Taylor at The Art Song Project
- "Samuel Coleridge-Taylor (1875-1912)", AfriClassical.com
- "Samuel Coleridge-Taylor (1875-1912)", Composer of the Week, BBC Radio 3.
- Scores
- "Piano Quintet Op. 1" – Scores transcribed by Patrick Meadows and Lionel Harrison at soundpost.org
- The Samuel Coleridge-Taylor Collection at the Irving S. Gilmore Music Library, Yale University
- Four characteristic waltzes. Op. 22 at the Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection
- "Five and twenty sailormen" at the Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection
- Concerto in G minor for violin & orchestra, op. 80 at the Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection
- Organ music, Selections at the Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection
- Sonata in D minor for violin and piano, op. 28 at the Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection
- Variations in B minor for violoncello & piano at the Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection
- Liner Notes for the Hyperion recording of the Violin Concerto Op. 80
- Free scores by Samuel Coleridge-Taylor at the International Music Score Library Project
- Free scores by Samuel Coleridge-Taylor in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
- 1875 births
- 1912 deaths
- 19th-century classical composers
- 19th-century English musicians
- 20th-century classical composers
- 20th-century English musicians
- Alumni of the Royal College of Music
- Black British classical musicians
- English classical composers
- English male classical composers
- English people of African-American descent
- English people of Sierra Leonean descent
- English Romantic composers
- Light music composers
- People from Croydon
- People from Holborn
- Pupils of Charles Villiers Stanford
- Sierra Leone Creole people


text:
Shotton Colliery triple-fatal crash: Man charged
- 17 March 2014
- From the section Tees
A 23-year-old man has been charged with causing death by dangerous driving after three women were killed in a car crash in County Durham.
Rebecca Learoyd, 18, the driver of a Fiat 500, died at the scene at Front Street, Shotton Colliery, on 23 June. Her passenger, Megan Robinson, 19, died two days later in hospital.
Anne Peachey, 60, driving a Citroen Xsara, also died at the scene.
The man from Wingate will appear before Peterlee magistrates on 3 April.


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text:
Serum C-X-C motif chemokine 13 is elevated in early and established rheumatoid arthritis and correlates with rheumatoid factor levels
DOI: 10.1186/ar4552
© Jones et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014
Received: 26 November 2013
Accepted: 11 April 2014
Published: 25 April 2014
We hypothesized that serum levels of C-X-C motif chemokine 13 (CXCL13), a B-cell chemokine, would delineate a subset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients characterized by increased humoral immunity.
Serum from patients with established RA (the Dartmouth RA Cohort) was analyzed for CXCL13, rheumatoid factor (RF) levels, anticitrullinated peptide/protein antibody (ACPA) and total immunoglobulin G (IgG); other parameters were obtained by chart review. A confirmatory analysis was performed using samples from the Sherbrooke Early Undifferentiated PolyArthritis (EUPA) Cohort. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test, a t-test and Spearman's correlation analysis were utilized to determine relationships between variables.
In both the Dartmouth and Sherbrooke cohorts, CXCL13 levels were selectively increased in seropositive relative to seronegative RA patients (P = 0.0002 and P < 0.0001 for the respective cohorts), with a strong correlation to both immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgA RF levels (P < 0.0001). There was a weaker relationship to ACPA titers (P = 0.03 and P = 0.006, respectively) and total IgG (P = 0.02 and P = 0.14, respectively). No relationship was seen with regard to age, sex, shared epitope status or inclusion high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in either cohort or regarding the presence of baseline erosions in the Sherbrooke Cohort, whereas a modest relationship with Disease Activity Score in 28 joints CRP (DAS28-CRP) was seen in the Dartmouth cohort but not the Sherbrooke cohort.
Using both established and early RA cohorts, marked elevations of serum CXCL13 levels resided nearly completely within the seropositive population. CXCL13 levels exhibited a strong relationship with RF, whereas the association with clinical parameters (age, sex, DAS28-CRP and erosions) or other serologic markers (ACPA and IgG) was either much weaker or absent. Elevated serum CXCL13 levels may identify a subset of seropositive RA patients whose disease is shaped by or responsive to RF production.
Seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disease characterized by autoantibodies (immunoglobulin G (IgG) anticitrullinated peptide/protein antibodies (ACPAs) and rheumatoid factor (RF)). These autoantibodies can appear years before the onset of clinical disease and are strongly linked to the human leukocyte antigen major histocompatibility complex class II DR β1 (HLA-DRB1) alleles containing the shared epitope [1]. The presence of IgG ACPAs and IgA-RF indicates that antibody heavy-chain class-switching has occurred, which is typically associated with T-cell–dependent B-cell maturation and differentiation [2, 3].
An important element of T-cell–dependent B cell maturation and differentiation is the formation of lymphoid follicles and germinal centers. Murine studies indicate the interaction of the C-X-C motif chemokine 13 (CXCL13) with C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) promotes this process through the recruitment of naïve B cells and follicular T cells to the lymphoid follicle [4–6]. Thus, it seems reasonable to posit that CXCL13 plays a role in the development of both IgG ACPAs and IgA-RF prior to the development of clinical signs and symptoms.
In addition to the development of autoantibodies in the preclinical phase, CXCL13 has been associated with synovial inflammation in RA. A series of observations has established its production by multiple cell types in rheumatoid synovium, frequently in association with the formation of lymphoid follicular structures, including synovial T cells (but not T follicular cells) [7], monocytes/macrophages [8] and follicular dendritic cells, endothelial cells and synovial fibroblasts [9].
In addition to its synovial production in RA, elevated serum levels of CXCL13 have been observed and were reported to be 1.7× higher in one small study of patients with active relative to quiescent disease [10]. Rosengren et al. subsequently established the presence of a strong relationship between synovial CXCL13 mRNA expression and serum CXCL13 level in a cohort of patients with long-standing RA [11]. Thus, synovial production appears to account for increased serum CXCL13 levels rather than serum CXCL13 elevation arising from a systemic reaction to joint inflammation.
Given those data, we hypothesized that serum CXCL13 levels would reflect the impact of CXCL13 on synovial inflammation and the shaping of the clinical and serologic phenotype. We specifically wished to determine if CXCL13 levels identify a subset of RA patients, perhaps indicating a greater role of humoral immunity in disease pathogenesis. We undertook a cross-sectional analysis of circulating serum CXCL13 levels in RA patients followed at the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. In this cohort, we observed that CXCL13 expression was much higher in seropositive than seronegative RA patients. In addition, we observed that this relationship correlated most strongly with RF and not with ACPA. Subsequently, we saw identical relationships in an early RA cohort. We performed genetic, serologic and clinical analyses, which indicated that serum CXCL13 levels may identify a novel (and abundant) subpopulation of seropositive RA. Additional studies are required to assess the utility of this biomarker.
Patient samples
Patients in the Dartmouth RA Cohort a
Patient demographics (N= 193)
Number of patients (%)
30 (16%)
163 (84%)
Average age, yr (range)
55.6 (29 to 72)
57.9 (19 to 92)
Females, n (%)
24 (80%)
115 (71%)
RA duration <2 yr
10 (33%)
41 (25%)
SE status, n
SE alleles = 0
SE alleles = 1
SE alleles = 2
C4 status, n
C4 copies <4
C4 copies ≥4
Medication history, n
No DMARDs
Nonbiologic DMARDs
TNF inhibitors
Other biologics
Recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis patients in the Sherbrooke Early Undifferentiated PolyArthritis Cohort a
Patient demographics (N= 339)
Number of patients (%)
166 (49%)
173 (51%)
Average age, yr (range)
54.2 (21 to 92)
65.6 (19 to 87)
Females, n (%)
107 (64)
105 (61)
Symptom duration, yr
SE status, n
SE alleles = 0
SE alleles = 1
SE alleles = 2
Mean DAS28-CRP (±SD)
5.10 (1.47)
5.04 (1.44)
Mean CRP mg/L (±SD)
24.4 (33.9)
26.6 (35.6)
Mean Sharp score erosions (±SD)
2.9 (6.1)
3.8 (7.0)
Mean Sharp score narrowing (±SD)
3.4 (6.1)
2.2 (4.1)
Tender joints
Swollen joints
Patient VAS score (100-mm scale)
Serum analysis
Patient serum was stored at −80°C (Dartmouth RA Cohort) or −20°C (Sherbrooke EUPA Cohort) until analysis. CXCL13 levels were measured by ELISA according to the manufacturer's instructions (Human CXCL13/BLC/BCA-1 DuoSet; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). Several samples were kept and repetitively measured over the course of 3 weeks at 4°C, with no change in CXCL13 levels compared to freshly thawed serum. Serum samples were diluted 1:100, but the ELISA was repeated at a serum dilution of 1:10 in cases where low values were obtained. In six RF-positive patient samples, HeteroBlock reagent (Omega Biologicals, Bozeman, MT, USA) was titrated into the assay to eradicate the potential for false-positive CXCL13 results due to the heterophilic activity of RF. We noticed that our range of CXCL13 levels was greater than levels reported elsewhere in the literature, so we confirmed the results in the Dartmouth RA Cohort using a premade ELISA kit from the same company (R&D Systems), which showed minimal variation from the original values we obtained (r = 0.95).
Total levels of IgG were measured by ELISA (Immunology Consultants Laboratory, Portland, OR, USA), as were IgM RF levels (TheraTest Laboratories, Lombard, IL, USA) and IgA RF levels (Inova Diagnostics). In the Dartmouth RA Cohort, we additionally measured serum levels of IgG ACPA using a human QUANTA Lite CCP3 IgG ELISA kit (Inova Diagnostics). All analyses were done on the same sample or with samples from an aliquot identical to the sample used to measure CXCL13. The one exception was the measurement of anti-CCP2 levels (Inova Diagnostics/EUROIMMUN US, Morris Plains, NJ, USA) in the Sherbrooke EUPA Cohort, as it was measured either simultaneously with or within a few weeks after the serum collection used for the CXCL13 assay.
DNA analysis
In the Dartmouth RA Cohort, HLA-DRB1 status (shared epitope) was obtained previously [13] through the American Red Cross Penn-Jersey Blood Services Region. Complement 4 (C4) allele copy number was also obtained as described previously [13] by Southern blot analysis, with confirmation by RT-PCR. HLA-DRB1 typing in the Sherbrooke EUPA Cohort was determined using sequence-specific primer PCR techniques as previously described [14].
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using STATA software version 12.1 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). CXCL13, hsCRP and IgA RF levels were log-transformed because of the wide range and non-normal distribution of the data. Comparisons of two means were carried out by independent Student's t-test or by Wilcoxon rank-sum test for non-normal distributions. Pearson correlation or Spearman correlation (in non-normal distributions) were used for analysis of log-transformed CXCL13 and other measures, such as IgM RF, ACPA, total IgG, age, hsCRP, DAS28-CRP, CDAI and erosions. For additional analysis of CXCL13 relationships to RF and ACPA, CXCL13 values from seropositive patients were divided into tertiles. The lower and upper cutoffs for the Dartmouth RA Cohort were 160 and 400 pg/ml, respectively. For the Sherbrooke EUPA Cohort, the lower and upper cutoffs were 150 and 1100 pg/ml, respectively. Because of clear overlap of RF values of the lower two CXCL13 tertiles, these values were combined for comparison to the highest tertile. Two-tailed P values <0.05 were considered significant.
CXCL13 is elevated in seropositive rheumatoid arthritis patients and correlates with immunoglobulin M rheumatoid factor
Serum IgM RF and IgG ACPA levels were measured in the seropositive patients and evaluated by Spearman correlation in relation to log CXCL13 levels. We found a highly significant relationship to IgM RF (r = 0.45, P < 0.0001) (Figure 1B), with a much weaker relationship to IgG ACPA (r = 0.17, P = 0.03) (Figure 1D). Of the 163 seropositive patients, 7 patients (4.3%) were positive for IgG ACPA but negative for IgM RF, and 8 patients (4.9%) were negative for IgG ACPA but positive for IgM RF. Evaluation of the CXCL13 values of these single-positive samples did not differ from the remaining double-positive samples (data not shown). Tertile analysis of CXCL13 values confirmed that IgM RF was higher in the third than in the first and second tertiles (mean = 182 ± 59 vs 113 ± 74 U/ml; P < 0.0001) (Figure 1C) but that IgG ACPA was not (mean = 511 ± 319 vs. 419 ± 339 U/ml; P = 0.09) (data not shown), as determined by Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Evaluation of log CXCL13 levels in relation to total IgG levels showed a weak but statistically significant relationship (r = 0.18, P = 0.02) (data not shown).
We examined the potential relationship of log CXCL13 levels to genetic markers (shared epitope status and complement C4B gene copy number deficiency) associated with autoantibody positivity in RA [13, 15]. We saw no relationship between log CXCL13 levels in seropositive RA patients (n = 115 patients with HLA-DRB1 determination) in the presence or absence of the shared epitope (P = 0.91) (data not shown). Similarly, no relationship was seen (n = 111 patients with C4 (please italicize) gene copy number determination) with C4B gene copy number deficiency (P = 0.69), C4A deficiency (P = 0.56), or total C4 deficiency, defined as C4 gene copy number <4 (P = 0.35) (data not shown).
CXCL13 relationships to other serologic and clinical features
Relationships between CXCL13 and antibody levels in an early rheumatoid arthritis cohort
Relationships between CXCL13 and disease activity measures in an early rheumatoid arthritis cohort
The recent-onset RA patients drawn from the Sherbrooke EUPA Cohort showed no association between log CXCL13 serum levels and either age or sex (P = 0.77 and P = 0.43 respectively) (data not shown). A correlation between log CXCL13 and log CRP values were identified when seropositive and seronegative patients were combined (n = 339; r = 0.14, P = 0.01) (data not shown). This association dissipated when evaluated only in the seropositives (n = 173; r = 0.13, P = 0.08) (Figure 2C). A similar relationship of serum CXCL13 to DAS28-CRP levels was shown in all patients (n = 335; r = 0.12, P = 0.02), but this association also went away when the analysis was limited to seropositives (n = 170; r = 0.08, P = 0.28) (Figure 2D). There was no relationship between log CXCL13 levels and the presence of erosions at baseline in seropositive patients, regardless of whether it was evaluated by Spearman correlation according to number of erosions (n = 123; r = −0.12, P = 0.17) (data not shown) or by t-test to compare the presence or absence of erosions (0 vs ≥1 erosions, P = 0.34; <5 vs ≥5 erosions; P = 0.95).
Relationships between serum CXCL13 and immunoglobulin A rheumatoid factor
Despite a strong relationship of serum CXCL13 with IgM RF seropositivity, both established and recent-onset RA cohorts exhibited weaker correlations between CXCL13 and serum IgG and IgG ACPA levels. These data suggest that elevated serum CXCL13 levels might correspond to a process in which non-class-switched B cells producing IgM RF were promoted independently of follicle and germinal center formation that leads to immunoglobulin heavy-chain class switching and IgG ACPA. To begin to address this model, we analyzed the relationship between serum CXCL13 levels and IgA RF.
We report a strong relationship between elevated serum CXCL13 levels and seropositive RA that was seen in an established disease cohort and confirmed in a mostly untreated early RA cohort. Modest associations were seen with disease activity measures in established RA, but no associations were present in patients with early disease. We did not find any evidence to support a relationship between CXCL13 and HLA-DRB1 alleles containing the shared epitope or complement C4B deficiency. The most striking finding was the strength of the relationship between serum CXCL13 with IgM and IgA RF relative to that seen with ACPA titers (Figures 1, 3 and 4), an observation not due to the heterophilic effects of RF. Although an association between CXCL13 and ACPA was observed, it was not as strong a relationship as that seen with RF (IgM RF: r = 0.45 and r = 0.54 in the established and early RA cohorts, respectively; IgG ACPA: r = 0.17 and r = 0.21, respectively). These observations suggest interesting and potentially specific associations of CXCL13 with both RF autoantibody formation and the pathogenesis of RA.
We evaluated patients with very high CXCL13 values (top decile) and did not observe any significant variation in RF or ACPA values compared with the remaining patients in the highest tertile (data not shown). Further, we did not identify any competing diagnosis (for example, lymphoma or cryoglobulinemia) or therapy to account for the very high levels of CXCL13.
The presence of elevated CXCL13 levels in seropositive patients from two distinct cohorts composed of patients with established and recent-onset RA suggests that this abnormality may be maintained over the course of the disease and may not be extensively influenced by disease duration or prior therapy. Supporting this notion is our observation that the mean CXCL13 levels in the two cohorts were nearly identical (330 vs 323 pg/ml). By extension, this result would predict the absence of a correlation between serum CXCL13 and disease activity measures. Indeed, only a modest relationship with DAS28-CRP, and no relationship with hsCRP or CDAI, was seen in the Dartmouth RA Cohort. In addition, no relationship was observed with baseline hsCRP, DAS28-CRP or radiographic erosions in the recent-onset RA patients from the Sherbrooke EUPA Cohort (Figure 2A to 2D). Similar findings (modest correlation with DAS28-CRP and no correlation with erosive disease) were recently reported in a French cross-sectional cohort [16]. Thus, elevated serum CXCL13 levels did not simply reflect quantitative differences in synovial or systemic inflammation between patients; rather, these data suggest the presence of a qualitatively distinct subset of seropositive RA manifested by specific increases in both IgM and IgA RF.
This interpretation is further supported by the findings reported in a small study (n = 20) demonstrating that serum CXCL13 levels did not correlate with DAS28 measures [11]. Perhaps more important, the same study identified a strong relationship between serum CXCL13 protein and synovial CXCL13 mRNA expression [11]. Thus, serum CXCL13 levels appear to derive from a synovial inflammation process characterized by the production of CXCL13. Although this interpretation differs somewhat from prior reports, these latter studies may have been confounded by inclusion of seronegative patients or the inappropriate use of RF level as a criterion for disease activity [11, 17, 18]. Clearly, additional studies are needed to clarify this issue.
Murine models indicate that the function of CXCL13–CXCR5 interactions promotes recruitment of B cells and follicular T helper cells to the follicle and germinal centers in secondary lymphoid organs [19]. In humans, the precise role of CXCL13, let alone rheumatoid synovium, is less clear. Synovial expression of CXCL13 has been associated with diffuse lymphoid infiltration as well as the presence of lymphoid aggregates that resemble germinal centers [7, 9, 20]. However, the relationship of synovial histology to either inflammation or autoantibody production remains controversial [3, 21, 22].
The surprisingly strong correlation between serum CXCL13 levels and RF (IgM and IgA) titers, relative to that seen with either serum IgG or IgG-ACPA levels, in both an established RA cohort and a recent-onset, mostly untreated RA cohort may clarify the role of CXCL13 in autoantibody production. A similar but lesser relationship was observed in a recent cross-sectional analysis [16]. The most straightforward interpretation is that a greater proportion of circulating RF derives from synovial production relative to IgG-ACPA and IgG, which are presumably produced at other sites, including the bone marrow. Despite its simplicity, this model must account for why both IgM RF and its class-switched counterpart, IgA RF, are affected. Alternatively, high levels of CXCL13 production may reflect a pathologic process in which synovial plasma cell production of RF is selectively enhanced relative to ACPA or other IgGs. Indeed, a strong CXCL13–RF relationship does not establish causality; therefore, another possibility is that elevated RF levels somehow drive increased production of CXCL13.
In our present report, we demonstrate that serum levels of the B-cell chemokine CXCL13 exhibit a strong relationship with seropositive RA. The nature of this correlation appears to be particularly strong for both IgM and IgA RF, whereas there is a weaker relationship with IgG-ACPA. A particular strength of this finding is its presence to nearly identical degrees in both an early RA cohort and an established RA cohort. Elevations of serum CXCL13 did not consistently associate with disease duration, sex or measures of disease activity in seropositive RA patients. Moreover, CXCL13 levels did not appear to associate with other features of seropositivity, such as the shared epitope. These results suggest that elevated CXCL13 levels may possibly be used to identify a distinct subset of seropositive RA patients that may either promote or result from the expansion of RF-producing B cells.
Anticitrullinated peptide/protein antibody
Clinical Disease Activity Index
C-X-C motif chemokine 13
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5
Disease Activity Score in 28 joints–C-reactive protein
Early Undifferentiated Polyarthritis Cohort
- hsCRP:
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein
- Log CXCL13:
Log-transformed C-X-C motif chemokine 13
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid factor.
This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grant R21 AR-061643 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (to WFCR), by Arthritis Foundation Clinical to Research Transition award 5918 (to JDJ) and by grants 00/201 and RG06/108 from The Arthritis Society and Canadian Institutes for Health Research grant MOP-110959 (to GB). AJF, PL, AM and GB are members of the Centre de Recherche Clinique Etienne-LeBel at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, which received a team grant from the Health Research Funds of Quebec. Since 2007, the Sherbrooke EUPA cohort has received financial support from the Canadian ArTHritis CoHort (CATCH) study, designed and implemented by investigators and financially supported initially by Amgen Canada and Pfizer Canada via an unrestricted research grant. As of 2011, further support was provided by Hoffmann-La Roche, Chemicals of Belgium (UCB) Canada, Bristol-Myers Squibb Canada, Abbott Laboratories and Janssen Biotech (a wholly owned subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson).
Authors' Affiliations
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Bargeman Louveau finds an abandoned boy, Victor, and with the authorities permission takes him back to his own family where he raises him. 10 years later Victor and Louveau's daughter Clara have fallen in love, and it is then that Louveau is called to Paris, where it has been discovered that Victor is really the son of Maugendré, a charcoal shipper on the Nivernaise canal. Meanwhile, Victor protects Clara when a jealous bargehand attacks her and he manages to save the family barge from crashing into the lock. Returned to his real father, Victor is sent away to be educated but misses Clara and his life on the barges. When Maugendré realizes this he lets him return and when they are married he gives Victor and Clara a barge of their own.
标签: 默片 / 爱情 / 法国 / Jean_Epstein / 1920s / 印象派 / n-法国 / romance
标签: 默片 / 爱情 / 法国 / Jean_Epstein / 1920s / 印象派 / n-法国 / romance
- 九只苍蝇撞墙 2012-12-15
- 矫情啰嗦冗长苍白
- stknight 2011-11-24
- 总算碰到一部有字幕的。"The Beauty from Nivernais"指的是那艘驳船的名字。船员捡到的弃儿和自己的女儿的爱情故事。
- Orpheus 2009-12-21
- 再烂的画质也无法掩盖住诗意,即使连配乐也没有,Epstein所有的作品都想给满分


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Kata kunci:
Indonesia, Jasa travel dan pariwisata, Tour
Borobudur Sunrise Tour 2 Days 1 Night DAY 01 ARRIVAL YOGYA - PRAMBANAN TOUR Upon
arrival in Yogya, meet and greet by your guide and then visit Prambanan
temple,the most beautiful Hindu temple in Central Java. Lunchat Local
restaurant, Continue drive to Hotel. DAY 02 BOROBUDUR SUNRISE - CITY TOUR Morning,
climbing up the Borobudur temple for welcoming the beautiful sunrise.
Then, exploring the story of the Buddha Gautama story on the relief (on
walk). then Back to your hotel for breakfast. After take a rest and
breakfast, check out time and drive to Yogyakarta to explore the city
with visit Kraton Yogyakarta, Taman Sari, Batik Home Industry and
Silversmith Industry with their processing and collection. Drive to
local restaurant for having Indonesian Buffet Lunch. After that, drive
to Wayang Gallery to see Leather Puppet with its processing and
collection. Then, terminated the tour to airport.
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Get home before the winter storm begins! You were working late when Pinedale Mall closed, and now you are locked in. Explore different stores and vending machines to find useful items. There are special puzzles in each area. You must escape the shopping mall!
Must Escape the Shopping Mall is one of our selected Escape Games. Also very popular on this website right now are Homer Simpson Saw Game, Fleeing the Complex, Monkey Go Happy Valentines and Monkey Go Happy Madness.
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text:
Excellent Naruto Writer
- Status Closed
- Budget $30 - $250 USD
- Total Bids 6
Project Description
I need an excellent Naruto writer, who has watched all the Naruto episodes and has quite a lot of information about Naruto. Please bid only if you have great English writing skills, and think you can do justice with the job.
Any questions, please message me.Get free quotes for a project like this
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