text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 20, 1979
|Filing date
|Feb 25, 1975
|Priority date
|Feb 5, 1975
|Publication number
|Harry V. Samuelson, Dean H. Smiley
|Original Assignee
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (33), Classifications (21)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to antistatic synthetic filaments and more particularly to synthetic filaments having an antistatic core.
Polymeric sheath-core antistatic filaments are known. In most instances, such prior art filaments comprise conductive sheaths and nonconductive cores. Where the core component is the conductive element, relatively high melting fiber-forming polymers either with or without dispersed conductive material have been employed. At the level usually used or needed to obtain adequate static protection with a dispersed antistat, the physical properties of tenacity, modulus, recovery or shrinkage, the optical properties of luster, dye yield or dye washfastness, or the end use properties of wear durability and newness retention are adversely affected.
The polymeric core antistats used in the present invention are not suitable for fiber production by themselves because of their fluidlike character, but surprisingly these nonfiber-forming materials can be employed as very small cores in fiber-forming polymeric sheaths to provide filaments having outstanding antistatic properties. As compared to larger cores, the presence of these very small cores has little or no adverse effect on the physical, optical or end use properties of the sheath core filaments.
The present invention is directed to an antistatic filament which comprises a sheath of a fiber-forming synthetic polymer and a core consisting essentially of an organic polymer having a log Rs (as defined below) of less than 10 and a glass transition temperature as measured by nuclear magnetic resonance peak ratio, Tg (NMR), of less than 25� C. The conductive polymeric core is preferably selected from the group consisting of N-alkyl polycarbonamides, aliphatic polyesters and polyether esters and may contain ionic modifiers either dissolved in or copolymerized with the core polymer. The core should constitute from about 0.1% to about 10% of the cross-sectional area of the filament.
The present invention concerns antistatic filaments comprising a sheath of a fiber-forming polymer and a core of a polymeric antistat which provide excellent static protection without a significant change in the inherent behavior or properties of the fiber.
The polymeric antistat core should constitute less than about 10%, preferably from about 0.1% to about 10%, more preferably from 2 to 6%, of the cross-sectional area of the filament. Cores greater than about 10%, usually introduce problems with spinning where fiber cross-sections are not round, and of fiber-property dilution due to physical displacement of the fiber polymer by the antistat. Anti-static filaments may be mixed with unmodified filaments to give antistatic yarns.
The synthetic polymers used for the sheath of the sheath-core bicomponent filaments of the present invention are high-melting, fiber-forming polymers such as polyamides, polyesters and polyolefins. As suitable polyamides for the sheath there may be mentioned poly-ω-butyramide, poly-ω-caproamide, poly-ω-dodecanoamide, poly(hexamethylene adipamide), poly(hexamethylene sebacamide), poly(hexamethylene dodecanedioamide), the polyamide from bis(4-aminocyclohexyl methane or bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)ethane and dodecanedioic acid, poly(p-xylene adipamide), poly(p-xylene dodecanedioamide) as well as copolymers from appropriately chosen lactams, or corresponding ω-aminoacids, diamines and dibasic acids of the above homopolymers. As other dibasic acids useful for preparing copolyamides, there may be mentioned isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid and hexahydroterephthalic acid.
Polyesters useful in the sheath include poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(trimethylene terephthalate), poly(tetramethylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene terephthalate/isophthalate) (85/15), poly(ethylene terephthalate/hexahydroterephthalate) (90/10), poly(hexahydro-p-xylylene terephthalate), terephthalate copolyesters containing an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid constituent (especially terephthalate/adipate and terephthalate/glutarate copolyesters) and terephthalate copolyesters containing a branched-chain glycol constituent (especially ethylene/2,2-dimethylpropylene terephthalate copolyesters). Salts of 5-sulfoisophthalic acid, dimethyl ester, such as the sodium and potassium salts may also be used in preparing suitable copolyesters. Preferably the polyester will be a terephthalate polyester comprising at least 85 mole percent ethylene terephthalate polymer units.
Polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene also may be employed as the sheath.
The polymeric antistats useful as the core of the fiber of the present invention are conductive, amorphous, fluid-like organic polymers.
The conductive polymers used in this invention have a log Rs as defined below, of less than 10 and have a fluid-like mobility at normal ambient temperatures as reflected by having a glass transition temperature as measured by nuclear magnetic resonance peak ratio, herein called Tg (NMR), less than 25� C. Such glass transition temperatures can be approximated by using less complicated techniques such as differential thermal analysis for convenience. Such materials are readily and permanently deformable when stressed and vary in their physical nature from rubbery compositions to low melting solids and liquids. They are not suitable for forming useful textile filaments by themselves.
N-alkyl polycarbonamides and polyether-esters are suitable polymeric antistats and may contain ionic modifiers such as organic phosphonium salts either dissolved or copolymerized therewith. Aliphatic polyesters with the ionic modifiers are also suitable.
The N-alkyl polycarbonamide core material contains tertiary amide groups as an integral part of the polymer chain. These materials are described in Br. No. 1,237,589. They may be homopolymers or copolymers from N-alkyl and N,N'-dialkyl-substituted diamines or N-alkyl amino-carboxylic acids. The copolymers may contain minor amounts of unsubstituted amines. At least 35%, preferably 50%, of the polymer-chain amide linkages should be N-substituted with an alkyl group. Suitable alkyl groups are those containing from 1 to 18, preferably 2 to 10 carbon atoms, and cycloalkyl groups containing 3 to 8, preferably 5 or 6, carbon atoms. Normally, the N-alkyl polycarbonamide copolymer should contain no more than about 15 mole percent of amide groups from a nonsubstituted, diprimary diamine. Higher concentrations of such diamines tend to reduce to an unsatisfactory degree the antistatic effectiveness of the polymer. Suitable N-substituted diamines are the N-mono- and N,N'-disubstituted diamines containing from about 2 to 18 and preferably, 2 to 12 carbon atoms in the alkylene group. Suitable aliphatic dicarboxylic acids are those containing from about 1 to 18, preferably, 4 to 12 carbon atoms in the alkylene group.
Some suitable N-alkylated diamines for use in the preparation of the N-alkyl polycarbonamides are N,N'-diethyl-, -diisobutyl-, -di-n-butyl-, -dihexyl-, -diheptyl-, -didecyl- and -distearyl- ethylene, propylene, tetramethylene, hexamethylene, nonamethylene and decamethylene diamines as well as the mono-N-alkyl derivatives of these diamines.
Some suitable dicarboxylic acids for use in the preparation of the N-alkyl polycarbonamides are succinic, glutaric, adipic, pimelic, suberic, azelaic, sebacic, dodecanedioic and higher dicarboxylic acids and also such acids as N-N'-bis(ω-carboxyalkyl)piperazine.
Some suitable N-alkyl amino-carboxylic acids, or their amide-forming derivatives, which can be used to prepare suitable N-alkyl polycarbonamides for this invention are N-methyl-, -ethyl-, -isobutyl-, -n-butyl-, -hexyl-, -decyl-, etc., 11-aminostearic and ω-amino-stearic acids.
Some suitable N-alkyl polycarbonamides are those prepared using N,N'-diethyl-hexamethylene, N,N'-diisobutylhexamethylene or N,N'-di-n-butyl-hexamethylene diamine and adipic, azelaic or dodecanedioic acid.
The N-alkyl polycarbonamides may contain other substituents, functional groups, copolymeric linkages or end-groups than those mentioned herein provided such modifications do not interfere with the required properties thereof as specified.
The N-alkyl polycarbonamides should have a molecular weight as determined by vapor pressure osmometry of greater than about 1500 corresponding to an inherent viscosity in meta-cresol of greater than about 0.1.
The molecular weight is regulated to the desired degree by polymerization conditions and by the use of viscosity stabilizers. Particularly suitable stabilizers are monofunctional carboxylic acids containing from 2 to 26 carbon atoms and monofunctional primary and secondary amines containing alkyl groups with from 1 to 18 carbon atoms. Suitable stabilizers are acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric, pivalic, enanthic, pelargonic, decanoic, myristic, palmitic, benzoic, cyclohexanecarboxylic acids and so forth.
Suitable polyether-esters are disclosed in Br. Pat. No. 1,176,648 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,655,821 and additional polyether-ester compositions are disclosed in the examples of this invention. Preferably the polyether-ester will be prepared from a polyether glycol having a molecular weight from about 200 to about 2000 and at least one dibasic acid that is a saturated aliphatic dibasic acid having at least 9, preferably 9 to 12, carbon atoms or an aromatic diacid such as terephthalic or isophthalic acid or ester-forming derivative.
The polyesters which may be employed are prepared from aliphatic glycols having 2 to 12 carbon atoms and aliphatic dibasic acids, or their ester-forming derivatives, having 4 to 36 carbon atoms or from hydroxycarboxylic acids of from 5 to 12 carbon atoms or equivalent such as caprolactone. dibasic acids, or their ester-forming derivatives, may be used in conjunction with the aliphatic dibasic acids. It should be noted, however, that excessive aromatic character in the polymer will be reflected in an increase in log Rs. As suitable reactants for preparing these polyesters there may be mentioned ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,2-diethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,2,4-trimethylhexanediol, 2,4,4-trimethylhexanediol, glutaric acid, succinic acid, adipic acid, dodecanedioic acid, azelaic acid, terephthalic acid, dimer acid and their ester-forming derivatives.
The polymeric antistats can be made more conductive by the addition of a phosphonium salt. The phosphonium salt may be present as a separate material in the polymeric anti-stat or, by the choice of appropriate substituents on the anion of the salt, it may be reacted with a component of the polymeric antistat to become a part of the polymer molecule. When present as a separate material, the phosphonium salt must be dissolved in the polymeric antistat if the desired results are to be obtained. Preferably the alkyl groups attached to the phosphorous atom will have a total of at least 16 carbon atoms to increase their hydrophobicity and thus reduce their tendency to be extracted when in contact with an aqueous medium. For this reason salts such as those containing tetrabutylphosphonium and butyltrioctylphosphonium cations are preferred.
For a significant improvement in conductivity the phosphonium salt reactant should be copolymerized in the polymeric antistat to give a concentration of phosphonium sulfonium groups of 0.01 to 50 mole percent based on the moles of dicarboxylic acid units and/or aminocarboxylic acid units and/or hydroxycarboxylic acid units (i.e., residue of dicarboxylic reactants or functional equivalents) in the polymer chain. In the case of phosphonium salt additives, the amount used should be 0.2 to 35 weight percent based on total weight.
The phosphonium salt may be incorporated into the polymers by any convenient means such as by mixing either from solution or directly with the polymer in a fluid state, or it may conveniently be incorporated during the polymerization of the polymer.
For optimum antistatic effect, it is preferred that the phosphonium salt be present in a sufficient concentration to provide the core composition with a log Rs of less than 8.
As suitable phosphonium salts (additives) for use in this invention there may be mentioned in addition to those of the examples below, methyltributylphosphonium tosylate, di(methyltricyclohexylphosphonium) naphthalenedisulfonate, benzyltriphenylphosphonium toluenesulfonate, trioctylbutylphosphonium xylenesulfonate, tetraoctylphosphonium phenylphosphinate, tetrabutylphosphonium dimethylphosphate, di(methyltribenzylphosphonium) phenylphosphonate, methyltritolylphosphonium benzoate, and ethyltriphenylphosphonium stearate. When the phosphonium salt is used in an N-alkylpolycarbonamide, the carbon atoms attached to the phosphorus atom of the phosphonium group must be aliphatic.
As suitable phosphonium salt reactants (or additives) there may be mentioned in addition to those of the examples below, methyltriphenylphosphonium, 3,5-dicarboethoxybenzenesulfonate, tetraphenylphosphonium 3,5-dicarbomethoxybenzenesulfonate, methyltrioctylphosphonium 3,5-dicarbomethoxybenzenesulfonate, and the corresponding 5- 4-(phosphonium sulfo)phenoxy!isophthalates and 5- 4-(phosphonium sulfo)propoxy!isophthalates.
Branching agents, i.e., polymer reactants having more than two functional groups may be added when it is desired to increase the viscosity of the antistatic polymers. As suitable branching agents there may be mentioned pyromellitic dianhydride, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol and bis-(hexamethylene)triamine.
In the preparation of the above described antistatic filaments, the core polymer is metered as a continuous stream into the core region of a stream of the fiber-forming polymer immediately prior to spinning to provide a volume of 10 percent or less of the total filament stream. The extruded filaments having a continuous core consisting essentially of the conductive polymer are then quenched and collected. Spinning of the core is especially facilitated if the polymer has a viscosity of at least 10 preferably at least 100 centipoises at the filament spinning temperatures to be employed. Because of their low Tg and noncrystalline nature, the core polymers are much more fluid at normal fiber spinning temperatures, for example 225� to 340� C., than the fiber-forming polymers. Because of the large disparity between the melt viscosities of the fiber-forming and the core polymers, care should be taken in spinning filaments of this invention to meter accurately such a low viscosity component at such a low relative volume uniformly to a plurality of filaments.
A spinneret-pack-assembly designed to produce sufficient pressure drop in the distribution and meter plate zones should be used. Capillary tubing inserts (in place of drilled holes) or thin narrow channels formed in very thin sandwiched meter plates can be used to distribute the core polymer uniformly to the spinneret capillaries. Capillary tubing inserts with 0.08 � 2 and 0.2 � 10 mm. inside diameters and lengths are useful. The meter plates may be as thin as from 0.025 to 0.25 mm. These techniques for metering the core polymer, coupled with the plateau spinneret technique as described in the Kilian patent, U.S. Pat. No. 2,936,482 can be used successfully to control the flow and location of the core polymer to produce filaments of the invention. Special care must also be taken to machine pack parts sufficiently precisely to prevent leakage of the low viscosity core polymer.
The low temperatures suitable for handling the low Tg core polymer avoid the need for a screw-melter commonly used in bicomponent spinning. A heated hopper pressurized with an inert gas such as nitrogen can be connected to a meter pump for forwarding the polymer to the spinning machine.
The amount of antistatic activity provided by the antistatic filaments may be determined by a number of measurements.
The filaments may be converted to fabric, and the static propensity of the filaments determined by measuring the amount of direct current that passes through the filling of the fabric at a temperature of 22� C. and 26% relative humidity (see Magat et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,475,898). The ohms per square unit of area of fabric surface is determined according to the AATCC Method, 76-59 ("Technical Manual of the AATCC", Volume 41, 1965, pages B-188). This value, given as log R, is the logarithm to the base 10 of the fabric resistance. Higher values indicate a greater tendency to acquire and retain an electrostatic charge. This method provides an approximate measure of static propensity. However, to compare filaments one should determine the log rho of the filaments, which takes into account differences in total yarn cross-section. Log rho is obtained from the expression: log rho (filament) = log R (fabric) - log (9 � 105 D) + log (Pd) where D is the density of the polymer, P is the number of picks (filling yarn ends) per centimeter in the fabric and d is the total denier of each pick. When the pick yarns contain filaments that have cores of a polymeric antistat (conductive filaments) in combination with filaments without the polymeric core antistat (nonconductive filaments), the (Pd) value is multiplied by the portion of conductive filaments in the pick to obtain the log rho reported for the conductive filaments. In the examples, the following values of D are used: 1.15 for 66 polyamide; 1.0 for 612 polyamide; 1.0 for the polyamide from bis(4-aminocyclohexyl) methane and 12-acid; 1.4 for polyethylene terephthalate; and 0.9 for polypropylene.
Filaments having a log rho value not greater than 11 are considered to have acceptable antistatic properties. It will be understood that filament denier, sheath and core proportions and composition affect the log rho. These parameters should be so selected to yield filaments with log rho ≦ 11 and preferably less than 9.5.
For carpets, the static propensity of the antistatic filaments can be determined by using the filaments to make a carpet and measuring the electrostatic voltage built up on a person walking upon a section of the carpet at 21� C. and 20% relative humidity. The procedure for this measurement referred to as the Shuffle Test is described in AATCC Test Method 134-1964 with changes adopted by the Carpet & Rug Institute, September, 1971.
Static propensity of the filaments also can be determined by a measurement of decling time in a procedure referred to as the Sail Test. The Sail Test used herein measures the severity and duration of garment cling due to static under simulated use conditions. In this test, static is induced in a garment, which may be, for example, a slip, a skirt or a dress, worn over cotton briefs by a technician, by rubbing against a fabric held between two vertical poles. A polyethylene terephthalate fabric is used with a polyamide garment and a poly(hexamethylene adipamide) fabric is used with a polyester garment. The time taken for the garments to uncling (or decling) while being worn during walking around the room is determined. The room is maintained at 21� C. and 20% relative humidity. The decling time is the time in minutes required for the garment to be judged comfortable with no detectable cling from static charges. The results commonly are reported after a number of "C" washes. The garments containing the antistatic filaments have decling times less than 10 minutes and preferably less than 2 minutes.
Fabrics which are given a number of "home" wash-dry cycles in a tumble washing machine with a synthetic detergent in water at 38� C., spun-dried and tumble-dried at 77� C., are referred to as being "C" washed.
The specific resistance, Rs, of the polymeric anti-stat is determined in a conventional manner at room temperature on a dry composition. The composition is dried at 100� C. in an oven at a pressure less than 50 torr for at least 12 hours. The cell used for the measurements consists of a "Pyrex" glass tube of 2 � 0.25 mm. inside diameter and 8 mm. outside diameter and is filled with antistat by sucking up from a molten pool of polymer. Copper electrodes are inserted through rubber end-caps at each end of the tube with 33 cm. electrode separation and the current transmitted through the sample at a potential difference of 220 volts DC is recorded using a Beckman Vibrating Reed Model 1051 microammeter. Specific resistance is calculated from the equation:
Rs (ohms) = Kc /I (amps)
The cell constant Kc is determined by using a liquid of known specific resistance. The values reported herein used 7.63 � 10-2 as the cell constant. For convenience, the Rs value is reported as its log10 value. The lower the Rs value, the higher is the conductivity of the sample.
The % core in the filament is the % of the cross-sectional area of the filament occupied by the core material. The core may be centrally located, off center and of any shape. The cross-sectional area is conveniently determined by photographing a cross-section of the filament under a microscope at 50 to 1500� and determining the % core from measurement of the photograph. In the case of irregularities, the average of 5 to 10 determinations is used.
For round filaments with round cores, the % core can also be determined by photographing the filament in a longitudinal view, immersed in a medium having a refractive index closely matching the refractive index of the filament, and measuring the filament and the core diameters and calculating the % core.
The Tg (NMR) is the temperature above which there is a rapid rise in the NMR peak ratio with an increase in temperature. The NMR peak ratio is determined from the NMR broadline spectrum measured at a given temperature on the dry polymer (e.g., dried at 125� C. for 15 minutes in dry nitrogen) in an atmosphere of dry nitrogen using a radio frequency of 56.4 megacycles at an attenuation setting of 17 decibels with a sweep modulation amplitude of one gauss. The NMR spectrum is measured using the nuclear magnetic resonance equipment of Varian Associates, Model V - 4302 Dual Purpose Spectrometer and their high temperature probe insert, Model No. V - 4331 TWL. The NMR spectrogram at a given temperature shows a broad absorption "hump" upon which is superimposed a vary narrow peak. The derivative curve of the spectrogram is recorded by the spectrometer; "peak ratio" measurements are made on this curve. The height of the narrow peak divided by the height of the "hump" gives the "peak ratio," as described in J. Polymer Science Part C, Polymer Symposia, No. 3, pp. 3-8 (1963).
The relative viscosity of the polyamides is determined by measuring the ratio of the flow time in a viscometer of a polymer solution relative to the flow time of the solvent by itself measured in the same units at 25� C. Unless otherwise specified the relative viscosity is determined using an 8.4%, by weight, based on total weight, solution in a 90%, by weight, based on total weight, aqueous formic acid solution.
Inherent viscosity, ηinh, is determined from the expression:
ηinh = Loge η/C
where η is the viscosity of a dilute solution of the polymer in m-cresol divided by the viscosity of m-cresol in the same units and at the same temperature and C is the concentration of the dilute solution in grams of polymer per 100 ml. of solution. In the examples, the temperature used is 25� C. and the value of C used is 0.5.
The relative viscosity of the polyesters is determined (unless indicated otherwise) by measuring the ratio of the viscosity of a solution containing 4.75% by weight of the polymer, in hexafluoroisopropanol containing 100 parts per million, by volume, of concentrated sulfuric acid, to the viscosity of the hexafluoroisopropanol sulfuric acid solvent measured in the same units at 25� � 0.05� C.
In the procedures and examples that follow, all percentages are by weight, based on total weight, unless indicated otherwise and percent core is percent by volume.
A solution of 147.5 grams of tetra-n-butylphosphonium chloride in 1 liter of ethyl alcohol is stirred in a 3-liter round-bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser and a heating mantle. To it is added a solution of 90 grams of potassium phenylphosphinate in 500 ml. ethyl alcohol. A white precipitate separates immediately. The mixture is refluxed for 2 hours and is then cooled to room temperature, and is filtered. Solvent is removed from the filtrate with a rotary evaporator. The phosphonium salt remains behind as an oil.
To a suspension of 43.6 grams of diphenylphosphinic acid in 300 milliliters of distilled water is added a solution of 8.0 grams of sodium hydroxide in 200 milliliters of water and the mixture stirred. The acid dissolves slowly. To the resulting solution is added a solution of 59 grams of tetra-n-butylphosphonium chloride in about 200 milliliters of distilled water. The reaction mixture is stirred for half an hour and is then extracted with about 500-milliliter portion of chloroform. The extract is dried over anhydrous Na2 SO4 and the chloroform is then distilled. A light-brown viscous liquid remains. It is dried overnight at 80� C. On cooling, tetra-n-butylphosphonium diphenylphosphinate separates as white crystals.
A solution of 295 grams of tetra-n-butylphosphonium chloride and 296 grams of sodium 3,5-dicarbomethoxybenzenesulfonate in 1.5 liters of water is stirred 1 hour at 60� C. The phosphonium salt separates as a clear liquid at the bottom. It is separated and dried overnight at 100� C. at a pressure less than 50 torr. On cooling to room temperature it solidifies to a white solid which melts at 73� C.
Tri-n-octyl-n-butylphosphonium bromide is prepared by slowly dripping tri-(n-octyl)phosphine (740 grams) into refluxing 1-bromobutane (500 grams) in a nitrogen atmosphere. Reflux is continued one hour after final addition then the solution is cooled with stirring for about 18 hours, followed by vacuum removal of excess 1-bromobutane at 60� C. This product, 1210 grams from two successive preparations, is added to 880 grams of sodium 3,5-dicarbomethoxybenzenesulfonate in 2500 milliliters of water and stirred for at least 1 hour at 85� C. then the heat is removed and the oil in water mixture is allowed to stir and cool for about 18 hours. The oil layer is separated from the water, rinsed with 1000 milliliters of water and dried at about 80� C. at a pressure less than 2 torr for 18 hours. This product, an oil, is tri-n-octyl-n-butylphosphonium 3,5-dicarbomethoxybenzenesulfonate with 4.2% phosphorous and 4.7% sulfur by analysis.
A mixture of 370 grams sodium xylenesulfonate in 1000 ml water is stirred and heated until complete dissolution of the sulfonate, then 500 grams tetra-n-butylphosphonium chloride is added. After complete dissolution of the chloride, the reaction mixture is cooled and the phosphonium sulfonate separates as a light yellow viscous liquid. It is dried at 60� C. overnight.
The procedure for the preparation of the N-alkyl polycarbonamide antistats is described below for the polyamides of Table I and the polymer properties are given in Table II. An autoclave is charged with the number of grams of the ingredients specified in Table I, purged with nitrogen and heated to 215� C. for three hours at a pressure not greater than 21.1 kilograms per square centimeter gauge. The autoclave is provided with an agitator which operates at a speed of 6 to 8 rpm. The pressure is reduced to atmospheric over a period of 60 minutes while the temperature is raised to 295� C. The pressure is then reduced to less than 10 torr over a 30-minute period and is held there for 3 hours at 300� � 5� C. The pressure is brought to atmospheric with nitrogen, and the polymer extruded at 200� C.-295� C. under a blanket of nitrogen.
Polyamide A has a Tg (NMR) of -15� C. Polyamides D and G contain dissolved phosphonium salt. For example, in the case of polyamide G, the phosphonium salt, (Salt B), was in the charge to the autoclave. It is also possible to mix the phosphonium salt with molten polymer.
Polyamides E and F are copolyamides formed from Salt C and the reactants used to form the N-alkylpolyamide.
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________ Excess Formic Boric Potassium Phenyl- PhosphoniumPolyamide Salt1 Diamine2 Acid Acid phosphinate BHMT3 Salt__________________________________________________________________________A 3200 80 20 7 4.5 -- --B 3200 93 20 7 4.5 -- --C 4000 74 21 7.5 10 -- --D 3200 78 20 7 4.5 -- 300 (Salt A)E 3200 180 20 7 4.5 23 65.7 (Salt C)F 3200 140 20 7 4.5 18.5 65.7 (Salt C)G 3200 78 20 7 4.5 30 320 (Slt B)__________________________________________________________________________ 1 The salt for Polyamide C is N,N'-diethylhexamethylene diammonium azelate, all other salts are N,N'-diethylhexamethylene diammonium dodecanedioate. 2 Diamine is N,N'-diethylhexamethylene diamine. 3 Bis-(hexamethylene)triamine.
TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________ Relative Inherent Amine End Carboxyl Molecular AmorphousPolyamide Log Rs Viscosity Viscosity Groups1 End Groups Weight Character__________________________________________________________________________A 8.8 -- -- 36 52 26,400 RubberyB -- -- -- 44 45 28,800 RubberyC 8.8 -- 1.19 37 22 -- GummyD 7.0 -- 0.72 28 132 13,700 GummyE 7.5 69 -- 80 2 48,600 RubberyF 7.5 40 -- 51 44 -- RubberyG 6.7 12 -- 166 147 -- Syrupy__________________________________________________________________________ 1 Microgramequivalents per gram of polymer
The procedure for the preparation of the phosphonium salt-modified polyester antistats is described below for the polyesters whose properties are shown in Table III. A still is charged with 11,700 grams of dimethyl azelate, 2250 grams of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, 1360 grams of Salt C, 100 grams of 2-ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol, 4 grams of sodium acetate trihydrate, 11.2 grams of manganese acetate tetrahydrate, 7.7 grams of antimony oxide, and 6200 grams of ethylene glycol. The temperature of the still is raised to 230� C. and about 2700 grams of methanol and about 1600 grams of ethylene glycol are removed by distillation. The batch is then transferred to an autoclave at 230� C. which has been purged with nitrogen and 8.3 ml. of 85%, by weight, phosphoric acid is added. The autoclave is equipped with an agitator which is operated at 30 rpm. The pressure is reduced to less than 2 torr for 4-5 hours. The pressure is then brought to 3.9 kilograms per square centimeter gage with helium and the polymer extruded under a blanket of nitrogen. Three separate batches, Polyesters A, B and C are prepared. A fourth batch, Polyester D, is prepared as above with the same amounts of ingredients except that the phosphonium salt is Salt D. Polyester F is prepared similarly except that Salt E is employed.
Polyester E is prepared by charging an autoclave with 2480 grams of di(2-hydroxyethyl)azelate, 680 grams of the di(2-hydroxyethyl) ester of dimer acid, 270 grams of Salt C, 700 grams of ethylene glycol, 5 grams of 2-ethyl-2-hydroxy-methyl-1,3-propanediol and 1 ml. of tetrabutyl titanate. Dimer acid is a 36-carbon, long-chain, aliphatic dibasic acid containing alkyl groups near the center of the molecule. The autoclave is purged with nitrogen and heated. The agitator is turned on at 8 rpm when the autoclave temperature is 150� C. Nitrogen is passed through the bottom of the clave to increase agitation of the contents. When the temperature reaches 180� C. the agitator speed is increased to about 24 rpm. The pressure is reduced to less than 50 torr. The batch is held at 240� C. for 2 hours and then at 260� C. for 4 hours at a pressure of less than 50 torr. At the end of this period the nitrogen and the agitator are turned off. The polymer is extruded at 260� C. under nitrogen.
TABLE III______________________________________ InherentPolyester Viscosity Log Rs Amorphous Character______________________________________A 1.4 6.4 Gummy Tg (NMR) of -22� C.!B 1.1 6.4 GummyC 1.2 6.4 GummyD 1.4 6.3 GummyE 1.03 6.7 GummyF 0.87 5.8 Gummy______________________________________
The procedure for the preparation of the polyether-ester antistats is described below for the polyether-esters whose properties are shown in Table V.
Polyether-ester A is prepared by charging an autoclave with 5550 grams of dodecanedioic acid, 4640 grams of polyethylene glycol of 200 average molecular weight, 1160 grams of Salt C, 375 grams of 2-ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol (branching agent), 11 grams of p-toluenesulfonic acid, and 11 grams of manganese acetate. The autoclave is purged with nitrogen. The reactants are then heated at 200� C. and the agitator is started at 15 rpm. The batch is held at 200� C. for 3 hours under a gentle bleed of nitrogen. The pressure is then reduced to less than 5 torr and the temperature is raised to 240� C. over a period of about 60 minutes. It is held at 240� C. for 6 hours at a pressure less than 5 torr. The batch is then brought to atmospheric pressure with nitrogen and extruded at 120� C. under a blanket of nitrogen. The yield is about 11.8 kilograms.
Polyether-esters B and C are prepared in a vacuum autoclave which has a still attached to it for the initial transesterification reactions.
Polyether-ester B is prepared by charging the still with 3500 grams of polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of 400, 4500 grams of polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of 600, 250 grams of Salt C, 3880 grams of dimethylterephthalate, 2480 grams of ethylene glycol, and 14.0 grams of tetrabutyl titanate. The temperature of the still is raised to 210� C. and about 1300 grams of methanol is removed by distillation. The batch is then transferred to an autoclave at 220� C. which has been purged with nitrogen. An agitator is operated at 15-30 rpm. The pressure is reduced to less than 2 torr in 45 minutes as the temperature is raised to 260� C. during this period. The batch is held at a pressure of less than 2 torr for 4 to 6 hours. The pressure is then brought to atmospheric with nitrogen and the batch is cooled to 220� C. and extruded under a blanket of nitrogen.
Polyether-ester C is similar to Polyether-ester B but without the phosphonium salt, and is prepared by the procedure used for Polyether-ester A using the following ingredients: 2950 grams of polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of 400, 4450 grams of polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of 600, 4000 grams of dimethylterephthalate, 2480 grams of ethylene glycol, 300 grams of 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tri-(3,5-di-tertiarybutyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene, and 14.0 grams of tetrabutyl titanate.
Polyether-esters D, E, F and G are prepared using the number of grams of the ingredients specified in Table IV, along with 1 ml. of tetrabutyl titanate which are charged to a stainless steel, agitated autoclave. The autoclave is heated to 180� C. under nitrogen then evacuated to less than 10 torr and heated to 240� C. The agitator is set at 8 rpm. while 51 cc./sec. nitrogen is bubbled through the mixture for added agitation. After 2 hours at 240� C., the temperature is raised to 260� C. for a 4-hour period and the nitrogen bubble flow reduced to 8 cc./sec. The batch is then extruded under nitrogen pressure after cooling to 220� C.
Polyether-ester H is made by the following procedure: Two hundred grams of polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of 200, 214 grams of dodecanedioic acid, 6.6 grams of pyromellitic dianhydride, 0.2 gram p-toluene sulfonic acid and 1 gram 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tertiary butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene are placed in a 500 ml. flask fitted with a steam-jacketed reflux condenser and a take-off condenser. After purging with nitrogen the materials are heated to approximately 130� C. and then raised to 225� C. at about 40� C. per hour. Vacuum is then applied at 0.2-0.5 torr and the temperature increased to 265� C. and held for about 2 hours until the polymer viscosity is 100 poise as measured in the flask with a rotating spindle viscometer.
Polyether-ester J is prepared by essentially the same procedure as Polyether-ester H except for the starting ingredients. Polyether-ester J ingredients are 200 grams of polyethylene oxide glycol having a molecular weight of 200, 206 grams dodecanedioic acid, 19.3 grams of phosphonium Salt C, 6.6 grams pyromellitic dianhydride and 0.2 gram p-toluene sulfonic acid.
TABLE IV__________________________________________________________________________Polyether- Polyethylene Glycol, Mol. Wt.ester DHET1 400 600 1000 EHP2 2G4 Phosphonium Salt Antioxidant3__________________________________________________________________________D 2540 1850 2780 -- 100 -- -- 11E 847 -- -- 3333 100 -- -- 50F 2480 3700 -- -- 100 -- 110 (Salt C) --G 1580 3700 -- -- 100 600 2015 (Salt C) --__________________________________________________________________________ 1 Di (2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate 2 2-Ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol 3 1,3,5-Trimethyl-2,4,6-tri-(3,5-di-tertiaryburyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) benzene 4 Ethylene glycol
TABLE V______________________________________Polyether- Inherentester Viscosity Log Rs Amorphous Character______________________________________A 1.0 5.7 GummyB 1.2 6.8 GummyC 1.04 9.6 RubberyD 0.86 8.6 Gummy Tg (NMR) of 31 26� C.!E 0.93 8.8 Rubbery (Semi- crystalline) Tg (NMR) of -45� C.!F 1.07 7.9 GummyG 0.70 5.6 RubberyH -- 8.1 Gummy Tg (NMR) of -25� C.!J -- 6.1 Gummy______________________________________
This example illustrates antistatic filaments having a polyamide sheath and an N-alkyl polyamide core.
a. A yarn of concentric sheath-core filaments is melt spun using poly(hexamethylene adipamide) for the sheath and 10% Polyamide A for the core and drawn to yield a 13-filament yarn having a denier of 40. Two such yarns are plied and woven into a fabric. The fabric log R is measured after the fabric is boiled-off for 60 minutes in distilled water and the filament log rho calculated to be 9.5. Another portion of the yarn is used in making tricot half-slips which are found to have a decling time of 0.3 minute in the sail test. Slips of unmodified poly(hexamethylene adipamide) had a decling time of 10 minutes.
b. A carpet yarn of concentric sheath-core filaments is prepared using poly(hexamethylene adipamide) for the sheath and 9% Polyamide C for the core. The yarn contains 26 filaments and is drawn to a denier of about 500. The filaments have a log rho of 9.9. In the shuffle test, the charge build-up is found to be 7 kilovolts compared to 20 kilovolts for an unmodified poly(hexamethylene adipamide) yarn.
c. A series of 60-denier, 34-filament trilobal sheath-core yarns is prepared using the polyamide from the salt of bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane (containing about 70% of the trans-trans stereoisomer) and dodecanedioic acid for the sheath and various amounts of Polyamides B and D as the core. The yarns are woven as the filling in fabrics. The log R values of the fabrics are then determined after the fabrics are scoured, bleached and "C" washed. The % core and filament log rho values are shown in Table VI.
TABLE VI______________________________________% Core Log Rho______________________________________Polyamide B5 9.710 9.5Polyamide D2.5 9.410 9.2______________________________________
d. Polyamide E is spun as 2.3% core in poly(hexamethylene adipamide) filaments. The 10-filament yarn is drawn to a denier of 30 and 2-plied. The 2-plied yarn is woven as the filling in a fabric. After boiling the fabric in water for 3 hours and drying, the filaments have a log rho of 9.9.
e. Hosiery yarn having a sheath of poly(hexamethylene dodecanediamide) with a 9% core of Polyamide F can reduce apparel clinging due to static.
This example illustrates antistatic filaments having a polyamide sheath and a polyether-ester core.
a. Polyether-ester B is spun as a 2% core in poly(hexamethylene adipamide) which contains 2% TiO2 to give a 10-filament yarn. The yarn is drawn 3.2X to a denier of 30, is two-plied and woven to a fabric. After being washed 30 times in a home laundry, the filament log rho is found to be 9.9. Tricot half-slips of this yarn have a decling time of 0.8 minute in the sail test. Control half-slips have a decling time greater than 10 minutes.
b. A yarn of concentric sheath-core filaments is prepared using poly(hexamethylene adipamide) for the sheath and 1.9% Polyether-ester H for the core. The yarn contains 10 filaments and is drawn to a denier of 30. Two of the yarns are plied and the plied yarns are woven into a fabric which is given a water boil-off. The filaments have a log rho of 10.0.
c. A yarn of concentric sheath-core filaments is prepared having a sheath of poly(hexamethylene adipamide) and a core of Polyether-ester J (5% core). The yarn is prepared and converted to fabric as described above. The log rho of the filaments is 8.9.
This example illustrates antistatic filaments having a polyamide sheath and a phosphonium salt-modified polyester core.
a. Polyester E is spun as 8% core in five filaments of a 10-filament, trilobal yarn. The polymer of the sheath is prepared from the salt of bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane (containing about 70% of the trans-trans stereoisomer) and dodecanedioic acid. The yarn is drawn to a denier of 30. The yarn is 2-plied and woven as the filling in a fabric and the log rho determined. The yarn is also used to knit a tricot fabric for preparing half-slips for sail testing. The fabric log rho and sail test results are given in Table VII.
TABLE VII______________________________________antistatic Log Rho After Fabric Decling Time, Min.,Yarn 30 "C" Washes After 30 "C" Washes______________________________________Sheath-Core 9.7 1.4FilamentsControl >13.1 10______________________________________
b. Polyester A is spun as 4% core in five filaments of a 10-filament trilobal yarn as above. The polymer of the sheath is the same as that above. Half-slips made from tricot fabric of this yarn after 30 "C" washes given an average decling time of 3.9 minutes in the sail test. Without the antistat in the yarns, the decling time is greater than 10 minutes.
c. Polyester D is spun as a 2% core in a round-filament yarn having a denier of 102 and 34 filaments. Three runs are made using poly(caprolactam), poly(hexamethylene adipamide) and poly(hexamethylene dodecanedioamide) as the sheath polymers. These yarns are woven as the filling in a fabric and all are found to have a log rho of 8.5 after a 1-hour scour at 100� C. in a solution containing 0.25 gram Na3 PO4. 12H2 O per liter.
d. Polyester D is also spun as the core of filaments in a 60-denier, 20-filament yarn. The antistat core in the yarn is 2.5%. The sheath polymer is the same as that used with Polyester E and seven filaments are spun with a core while the other filaments were unmodified. The yarn is woven as the filling in a fabric and the sheath/core filaments found to have a log rho of 9.1 after 30 "C" washes.
All of the above fabrics are painted in the area of electrode contact with an electrically conductive paint prior to the conductivity measurement.
e. Polyester F is spun as a 4% core in a round filament yarn with a denier of 150 (34 filaments). The sheath polymer is that used in section a. of this example.
This example illustrates antistatic filaments having a polyester sheath and a polyether-ester core.
a. Polyether-esters B, C and E are separately spun as 2% core in poly(ethylene terephthalate) yarn filaments. The polyethylene terephthalate polymer has a relative viscosity of 30 and contains 0.3% TiO2. The relative viscosity is determined using a 10% by weight, based on total weight, solution of polymer in a mixture of 10 parts, by weight, of phenol and 7 parts of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. The spun yarns have 34 filaments and are drawn to a denier of 150. A portion of each drawn yarn is woven as a filling in a fabric for log rho determination. Another portion is textured and used to provide double-knit fabrics which are dyed. The double-knit, dyed fabrics weighed 0.7 gram per square centimeter and are used for making skirts that are tested in the sail test. Log rho values and decling times are shown in Table VIII.
TABLE VIII______________________________________ Declining Log Rho Time, Min. After 10 After 30Core "C" Washes "C" WAshes______________________________________Polyether-ester B 9.7 0.5Polyether-ester C 11.0 1.7Polyether-ester E 10.2 1.6None >13.1 >10______________________________________
b. Polyether-ester D is spun as 2% core in polyethylene terephthalate yarn filaments. The poly(ethylene terephthalate) polymer has a relative viscosity of about 22 and contains 0.3% TiO2. The spun yarn has 34 filaments and is drawn to a denier of 150, and Polyether-ester D is present in substantially all of the filaments.
Fabrics and skirts are prepared as described above in part a. of this example with both the fabrics and skirts being given 30 "C" washes before testing. The fabric is painted with electrically conductive paint in the area of electrode contact, to assure complete electrical contact with each filament, and is found to have a log rho of 10.4. The skirts are found to have a decling time of 0.7 minute.
c. Polyether-ester G is spun as 0.5% core in one filament of a 34 continuous filament yarn of poly(ethylene terephthalate) which contains 0.2% TiO2. The yarn is drawn to a denier of 150. After being woven as the filling in a fabric and after 10 "C" washes, the filament has a log rho of 9.6 whereas without the core the log rho is >13.1. Electrically conductive paint is used as above.
This example illustrates antistatic filaments having a polyester sheath and a polyester core.
Polyester B is spun as 4% core in polyethylene terephthalate yarn filaments. The yarn contains 34 filaments and is drawn to a denier of 150. The yarn is woven as the filling of a fabric which is given 30 "C" washes. Silver paint is applied to the washed fabric in the area of electrode contact to assure complete electrical contact with every filament. The log rho is then measured and found to be 8.6.
This example illustrates antistatic filaments having a polyolefin sheath and a polyester core.
Polyester C is spun as a 2% core with a polypropylene sheath. The yarn has a drawn denier of 102 and 34 filaments. The yarn is woven as a filling in a fabric and boiled 60 minutes in a solution containing 50 grams per liter of Na3 PO4. 12H2 O, rinsed and dried. The filaments are found to have a log rho of 8.9.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 10, 1966
|Oct 13, 1970
|Kanebo Ltd
|Composite filaments having an improved crimpability
|Jan 2, 1968
|Dec 29, 1970
|Kanebo Ltd
|Method of producing improved self-crimpable conjugate filaments,from polyamides and polyether-esters
|May 27, 1968
|Jan 26, 1971
|Toyo Rayon Co Ltd
|Composite filaments and fibers
|Mar 17, 1969
|Oct 26, 1971
|Ici Ltd
|Polyester sheath-core conjugate filaments
|Feb 13, 1970
|Mar 28, 1972
|Toray Industries
|Polyester composition having improved antistatic properties and process for the preparation thereof
|Jun 19, 1973
|Apr 9, 1974
|Du Pont
|Synthetic filament having antistatic properties
|Aug 14, 1973
|Aug 19, 1975
|Du Pont
|Antistatic filaments
|Sep 17, 1975
|Jan 25, 1977
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Antistatic composition containing an N-alkyl polycarbonamide and a phosphonium salt
|Feb 25, 1975
|Feb 1, 1977
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Conductive aliphatic polyester or polyetherester having units containing phosphonium sulfonate groups
|Oct 22, 1976
|Jul 12, 1977
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Co.
|Conductive N-alkyl polyamide having units containing phosphonium sulfonate groups
|Oct 22, 1976
|Jul 26, 1977
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Antistatic composition containing an aliphatic polyester or polyether ester and a phosphonium salt
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 27, 1981
|Oct 12, 1982
|Kureha Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Composite and conjugate filaments
|Apr 24, 1981
|Mar 8, 1983
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Composite sewing thread of ceramic fibers
|Apr 9, 1982
|Feb 21, 1984
|Lion Corporation
|Process for producing an electrically conductive monofilament
|Jul 26, 1982
|Aug 28, 1984
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Antistatic composition and polyester fiber containing same
|Jul 25, 1983
|Aug 19, 1986
|Stern And Stern Textiles, Inc.
|Electrostatic dissipating fabric
|Aug 5, 1988
|Aug 8, 1989
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Polyesters containing covalently bound quaternary phosphonium salts
|May 3, 1991
|Apr 13, 1993
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Sheath-core spinning of multilobal conductive core filaments
|Aug 31, 1992
|Apr 26, 1994
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Process for making spun yarn
|Jun 20, 1994
|Aug 29, 1995
|Basf Corporation
|Multi-lobal composite filaments with reduced stainability
|Oct 31, 1997
|Dec 19, 2000
|Solutia Inc.
|Implantable fibers and medical articles
|Dec 28, 1999
|Sep 11, 2001
|Solutia Inc.
|Low surface energy fibers
|Apr 30, 2001
|Mar 11, 2003
|Basf Corporation
|Dyed sheath/core fibers and methods of making same
|Nov 8, 2000
|Jun 10, 2003
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Acid dyeable polyester compositions
|Oct 18, 2001
|Jul 8, 2003
|Shakespeare Company Llc
|Multicomponent monofilament for papermaking forming fabric
|Dec 5, 2000
|Sep 23, 2003
|Solutia Inc.
|Implantable fibers and medical articles
|Nov 16, 2001
|Oct 7, 2003
|Solutia Inc.
|Process of making low surface energy fibers
|Aug 24, 2001
|Mar 30, 2004
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Polyamines and polymers made therewith
|Aug 24, 2001
|Apr 20, 2004
|E I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Acid-dyeable polymer compositions
|Jun 6, 2003
|Nov 2, 2004
|Invista North America S.Ar.L.
|Polyamines and polymers made therewith
|Mar 7, 2002
|Feb 22, 2005
|Invista North America S.�.r.l.
|Polyamide compounds
|Aug 24, 2004
|Apr 25, 2006
|Invista North Americal S.Ar.L.
|Polyamide compounds
|Jan 16, 2002
|Jul 25, 2002
|Basf Corporation
|Dyed sheath/core fibers and methods of making same
|Jan 31, 2002
|Aug 15, 2002
|Basf Corporation
|Dyed sheath/core fibers and methods of making same
|Mar 7, 2002
|Oct 10, 2002
|Yanhui Sun
|Polyamide compounds
|Aug 20, 2002
|Mar 6, 2003
|Yanhui Sun
|Acid-dyed polyester compositions
|Jun 20, 2002
|Jun 5, 2003
|Basf Corporation, Inc.
|Colored fibers having resistance to ozone fading
|Jun 6, 2003
|Nov 6, 2003
|E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Polyamines and polymers made therewith
|Feb 28, 2002
|Jun 3, 2004
|Roberstson Allan James
|Novel phosphonium phosphinate compounds and their methods of preparation
|Nov 7, 2003
|Jul 8, 2004
|Toyotaka Fukuhara
|Thermal insulating material for housing use and method of using the same
|Aug 24, 2004
|Feb 3, 2005
|E. I. Dupont De Nemours And Company
|Polyamide compounds
|Sep 29, 2006
|Apr 19, 2007
|Trevor Arthurs
|Anti-static woven flexible bulk container
|Jul 26, 1983
|Feb 8, 1984
|E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Antistatic composition and polyester fiber containing same
|Oct 10, 2002
|Apr 24, 2003
|Shakespeare Company, Llc
|Multicomponent monofilament for papermaking forming fabric
|U.S. Classification
|428/373, 264/172.15, 264/172.12, 57/901, 264/172.18, 428/374, 428/397, 57/905, 57/244, 264/172.17
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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|Named Person:
|Dyer family.; Gould family.; Johnson family.; Slocum family.; Stoddard family.; Hannah Wright Gould; John Stanton; Sébastien Rasles; Joseph Baxter; Stephen Hopkins, Governor.; John Townsend; Charles Bowler; Gideon Wanton; William Dodd, Rev.; Daniel Holloway; Julia E Sanford Stoddard; Mary B Lewis; Elizabeth Wright Gould Berry; Anna Speck Thomson; Sanford Stoddard; George P McLean; Romeyn Berry; Hendrik Willem Van Loon; Peter Parker, Sir
|Document Type:
|Archival Material
|All Authors / Contributors:
Hannah Gould Johnson Stoddard
|OCLC Number:
|2.3 cubic ft.
Also, extensive correspondence and other papers (1824-1943) of the Goulds, Stoddards, and related families, including religious correspondence of Sarah Sherman (1832); letters to Julia E. Sanford (later Mrs. Goodwin Stoddard, Hannah Gould's mother-in-law) while she was a student at the Brooklyn Heights Seminary; and notes (1902) to Hannah on her engagement to Sanford; many travel letters, including those written (1901) by Hannah when she accompanied her parents, Benoni and Annie Gould Johnson, and her sister Hilda to Switzerland, England, and Scotland, one (ca.1901) from an American art student describing her living quarters, studies, and companions in Paris, and two (1902) from a college friend, Mary B. Lewis, on a tour of Japan and China, giving details of her excursion by mule litter to the Great Wall, others from Hannah and Sanford Stoddard from the British Isles (1911), from Hannah's aunt, Elizabeth Wright Gould Berry, and her cousin Harriet, written chiefly from Florence, Lausanne, and Munich (1913); approximately 100 "round robin" letters (1908-1920) written by former members of the White Lodge at Smith College, telling of their activities following graduation and presenting a cross section of opinions on such issues as woman suffrage and the position of women, the League of Nations, and progressive education and a record of their involvement in Red Cross work and food conservation during World War I and in social betterment groups.
"Round robin" letters include some from Anna Speck Thomson concerning her teaching at the Settlement School in Hindman, Kentucky, and at Oklahoma College for Women, Chickasha. Also, scattered estate settlement papers (1847-1906); correspondence (1919) between Sanford Stoddard and George P. McLean, Senator from Connecticut; bylaws, minutes, and memoranda (1925-1925) of the Bridgeport Committee for Mental Hygiene, the constitution and bylaws of the College Club of Bridgeport; and other typescript and printed items pertaining to Mrs. Stoddard's devotion to child training and welfare, literary studies, and other educational and civic matters; also, one letter (1943) from her cousin, Romyn Berry, concerning family history and current news, genealogical notes, and obituary clippings; and one box of photographs of friends and family members. Also, a series of pen and ink drawings by Hendrik Willem van Loon, in which he caricatures literary and historical figures.
Similar Items
Related Subjects:(46)
- Dyer family.
- Gould family.
- Johnson family.
- Slocum family.
- Stoddard family.
- Gould, Hannah Wright.
- Stanton, John.
- Rasles, Sébastien, -- 1657-1724.
- Baxter, Joseph.
- Hopkins, Stephen, -- Governor.
- Townsend, John.
- Bowler, Charles.
- Wanton, Gideon.
- Dodd, William, -- Rev.
- Holloway, Daniel.
- Stoddard, Julia E. Sanford.
- Lewis, Mary B.
- Berry, Elizabeth Wright Gould.
- Thomson, Anna Speck.
- Stoddard, Sanford.
- McLean, George P.
- Berry, Romeyn, -- 1881-1957.
- Van Loon, Hendrik Willem, -- 1882-1944.
- Parker, Peter, -- Sir, -- 1924-2002.
- Bridgeport Committee for Mental Hygiene.
- Brooklyn Heights Seminary.
- Oklahoma College for Women.
- Settlement School (Hindman, Ky.)
- United Fire Club of Newport.
- Abenaki Indians
- League of Nations.
- Missionaries.
- Real property, Exchange of.
- Religion.
- Women -- Education.
- Women -- Suffrage.
- World War, 1914-1918.
- United States -- History.
- China -- Description and travel.
- Switzerland -- Description and travel.
- Scotland -- Description and travel.
- England -- Description and travel.
- Japan -- Description and travel.
- Lausanne (Switzerland)
- Florence (Italy)
- Munich (Germany)

subset: commoncrawl


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Udumalaipet to Madurai Bus Service
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Udumalaipettai also known as Udumalai or (UDT) is a picturesque town located in the Tirupur district of the state of Tamil Nadu. It is often referred to as the 'poor man's Ooty' owing to the similarity in weather. Nestled amidst the mountains, Udumalaipettai is one the three popular summer resorts of Tamil Nadu. The region attracts quite a few tourists from all corners of the country. The main draws of the region are the varied natural wonders like the mountains of the Western Ghats that engulf the town from three sides, waterfalls and much more. Having a pleasant climate throughout the year, Udumalaipettai can be visited throughout the year.
Often referred to as the 'Temple City', Madurai lies on the banks of the beautiful Vagai River. It is the second largest city of Tamil Nadu and is surrounded by two main hills of the region- Nagamalai Hills and Sirumalai Hills. Madurai interestingly has the shape of a lotus which is the reason why the region is called 'Lotus City'. Its 24x7 working culture has added another nickname to its list- "Sleepless City". Madurai is quite well-known as a pilgrimage destination and sees many visitors during important festivals. Some of the most popular attractions in the city are Sri Meenakshi Temple, Gandhi Museum, Samanar Hills, Thirumalai Nayakar Mahal and Aayiram Kaal Mandapam.


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Internal migration in Spain
Internal migration rates in Spain, in particular interregional ones, are relatively low in comparison with those in other developed countries, in spite of persistent sizeable differences in per capita income and unemployment rates across its regions. In this paper I describe the evolution of Spanish internal migration rates, both inter- and intra- regional, in the last forty years, I survey the demographic, institutional, and economic factors which help to explain such evolution, I list their economic effects, and I discuss the sorts of economic policies which could be adopted so as to affect them, linking those policies to foreign immigration flows.
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The Israeli Barack Obama
(JTA) — Israel is getting crowded with big-name residents.
In February a Jordanian named Yitzhak Rabin enlisted in the Israel Defense Forces. Now, an African American convert to Judaism in Jerusalem has officially changed his name to Barack Obama, the Times of Israel reports.
A special committee at the Interior Ministry approved Mark Hardie's request to change his name, and Hardie/Obama's lawyer is working to have the name legally changed in the United States as well. The newly minted Obama has decided to skip the president's middle name "Hussein," however, since it's not so Jewish.
Hardie moved to Israel in 2000, three years after undergoing an Orthodox conversion, has served in the IDF as well as the U.S. military, and is hoping to become the first African-American Knesset member.
"I decided to go with Barack Obama. I respect the president and I felt like it could be good for Israel to have a Jewish Barack Obama," he told the Times of Israel.
Who knows what name will turn up next in Israel — Vladimir Putin? Angela Merkel? King Abdullah? (Saddam Hussein is taken.)
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Welcome to the website of the Vancouver Hearing Aid Center.
The Value of Hearing Health
If you are looking for hearing health services, which include free hearing tests from a licensed audiologist, hearing aid repair and hearing aid sales of the latest digital technology, you've come to the right place. After 17 years in Portland, we have relocated our hearing aid repair laboratory to the Orchards area and purchased Vancouver Hearing Aid Center. We can offer you on the spot repair services along with a wide selection of the finest hearing aids available in today's marketplace. Good service and fair pricing are what makes us a good place to get information and a price quote before you buy!
Hearing Evaluation and Audiogram by a Hearing Aid Specialist
Helps you determine if you need a hearing aid and which type of hearing aid will best suit your unique needs, preferences and lifestyle.
Hearing Aid Sales & Service
We sell & service most major brands and can help you select the right style and technology. We also provide custom hearing aids built in our lab, ask us! We provide fair pricing and quality service, so all for a price quote and compare!
Hearing Aid Repair in our on site Laboratory
Makes quick service possible.


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By clicking 'Join for free' you are agreeing to our Terms of use.
By clicking 'Join for free' you are agreeing to our Terms of use.
Welcome to KissingGates.com.au – a great place to start your countryside dating in Australia and to start Farmer Wants a Wife searching.
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TOPS Legal PadLetter, Legal & Jr. Pads
8.50" x 11.75" - Legal Ruled - Perforated - 3-Hole Punched - 100 Sheets/ Pad - 1 Pad - Canary - View Complete Details
Product Number: TOP63378
In Stock - Hurry, only 877 left.
Estimated Delivery - 1 business day(s) - Mon 2/27 2 business days - Tue 2/28
Shipping - This item is eligible for Free Shipping on orders over $45
Note: Must buy in quantities of 24 starting at 72.
Estimated Delivery 10 business day(s) - Fri 3/10 - The products will be shipped directly from the Manufacturer and will require additional time for delivery. 10 business days - Fri 3/10 - The products will be shipped directly from the Manufacturer and will require additional time for delivery.
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Made in America
This product was manufactured in the United States.
TOPS Legal Pad - Double Docket Legal Pad offers twice the sheets of standard writing pads. Letr-Trim perforation at the top delivers a clean tear-out every time. Binding at the top is double-stitched for added strength. Extra-rigid, 80 point, chipboard back provides superior stability. Each pad contains 100 sheets of heavyweight, 16 lb. paper that resists bleed-through. Each sheet is three-hole punched and legal/wide-ruled with 11/32 line spacings and a 1-1/4" left margin."
- Rigid 80-pt. backboard for writing support.
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- Three-hole punched.
- 16-lb. paper.
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With a net worth of $6 million, singer and songwriter Sinead O'Connor also has seen her fair share of controversy. Her net worth hasn't been to blame for this, however, instead it's been her controversial views and outspoken demeanor that O'Connor is associated with in the minds of much of the public. Her career in music began in the early 1980s, with Sinead eventually joining up with a band called Ton Ton Macoute, named for the zombies of Haitian folklore. Her work with the band eventually earned her a record deal with Ensign Records, where her first important project wound up being recording a song with legendary guitarist The Edge of U2 for the movie Captive. O'Connor continued to record music, even being allowed to produce her first album despite only being 20 years old and pregnant! But it wasn't until her second album, I Don't Want What I Haven't Got, that her breakout song was latched onto by audiences. The song, "Nothing Compares 2 U," was written by Prince and was famous for its austere music video, which featured a close-up of O'Connor sadly singing the ballad before crying a single tear. Sinead O'Connor became a big star after that, but her career descended into controversy after she infamously tore up a picture of the Pope on Saturday Night Live, an action that still carries consequences for her career to this day.
Sinead OConnor Net Worth
Sinéad O'Connor
Date of Birth
Dec 8, 1966 (50 years old)
Singer, Musician, Singer-songwriter, Priest, Clergy, Record producer, Actor
Republic of Ireland
5 ft 4 in (1.626 m)
More Singers
All net worths are calculated by applying a proprietary algorithm. The results are then fact checked and confirmed by a team of editors. We scan all publicly available data and resources and work diligently to ensure that our numbers are the most accurate and up to date net worth data you will find anywhere on the internet.


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If you've never listened to Dogg before, or you just haven't heard him in long time, now's the time - you won't ever forget the experience. Read More »
Home / Tag Archives: The Mescaleros
Music Review: Joe Strummer & The Mescaleros – Joe Strummer & The Mescaleros: The Hellcat Years
This collection will convince you Joe Strummer's work with The Mescaleros is as important as his work with The Clash. Read More »


text: Vanity Fair's Comedy Issue Covers Have Equal Numbers of Men and WomenDodai Stewart12/04/12 11:00amFiled to: Mag HagComedywomen in HollywoodJudd ApatowCelebrityVanity Fairtweetmaya rudolphAmy PoehlerJim CarreyKristen WiigBen StillerChris Rockjerry seinfeldLeslie MannMelissa mccarthyPaul Rudd134EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink The January edition of Vanity Fair is the "first ever comedy issue," guest-edited by Judd Apatow. There are three different covers, featuring groups of comedians. Unlike the April 2009 issue of VF — "Comedy's New Legends" — there are actual women on these covers. In fact, the editors chose six men and six women to shoot. From the website: Advertisement Advertisement Included are the stars of Apatow's This Is 40, dressed as famous figures of 60s- and 70s-era variety shows like Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In, with Leslie Mann in a bikini and body paint à la Goldie Hawn and Melissa McCarthy dressed as Lily Tomlin's Edith Ann; Paul Rudd plays your oily show host, and Megan Fox is an alluring bellhop. A second cover features Jim Carrey dressed up as Evel Knievel, Maya Rudolph doing an ancient Egyptian like Steve Martin in his King Tut days, Will Ferrell as a corny cowboy, and Amy Poehler as a 60s go-go girl. Finally, Kristen Wiig plays Cher to Ben Stiller's Sonny on a final cover alongside Chris Rock, doing a Nipsey Russell thing, and Jerry Seinfeld, decked out in a Nehru jacket. If only one of the dudes had been given as skimpy a wardrobe as Leslie Mann was! But as we know, naked women are more VF-friendly than naked men. Anyway, these are fun. Click 'em to enlarge. Vanity Fair's First-Ever Comedy Issue Guest-Edited by Judd Apatow [Vanity Fair]Reply134 repliesLeave a reply


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Dental clinic seeking more volunteers
A Lawrence dental clinic that provides care for the uninsured is seeking help from more volunteer dentists. The wait for an appointment has grown to six weeks.
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– Russian Bank Halts All Cash Withdrawals (ZeroHedge, Jan 28, 2014):
It would appear the fears of a global bank run are spreading. From HSBC's limiting large cash withdrawals (for your own good) to Lloyds ATMs going down, Bloomberg reports that 'My Bank' – one of Russia's top 200 lenders by assets – has introduced a complete ban on cash withdrawals until next week. While the Ruble has been losing ground rapidly recently, we suspect few have been expecting bank runs in Russia. Russia sovereign CDS had recently weakned to 4-month wides at 192bps.
Via Bloomberg, Continue reading »
Tags: Banking, cds, Derivatives, Derivatives market, Economy, Global News, Russia


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On A Scale of 1 to 10 My Obsession Is 48 - Jimmie Johnson
Jimmie Johnson Official Apparel - this licensed gear is the perfect clothing for fans. Makes a fun gift!
$24.95 $30.00
Each design is custom-made and printed when the countdown ends. Popular designs may be available on our site after the campaign.


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STARmeterSEE RANK
Up 154,719 this week
Martin Horsey (I)
Martin Horsey was born on December 12, 1945 in London, England. He is an actor and producer, known for Too Late the Hero (1970), The President's Analyst (1967) and No Experience Needed (2005). See full bio »
Born:in London, England, UK


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Services & Players
PC Magazine provides up-to-date coverage and product reviews of services & players
Bottom Line: iHeartRadio brings custom-built channels, podcasts, thousands of live radio stations, and (finally!) premium features to Android devices. However, it trails the field's major players in some areas.
Tidal 01.06.2017
Bottom Line: Boasting excellent sound quality and exclusive content, Tidal continues to close the gap between it and competing streaming music services.
Bottom Line: Slacker Radio for Android brings excellent streaming music, news, and talk to Google-powered smartphones and tablets. It remains a top service in an increasingly crowded field.
Bottom Line: Any Android user interested in pop music history, trivia, and discovery should download WhoSampled, an excellent app that tells you everything you could ever want to know about samples and covers.
Pandora 10.26.2016
Bottom Line: The once-pioneering streaming music platform has made strides on the mobile side toward catching up with the industry upstarts that have surpassed it, but it still has a long way to go on the desktop.
Bottom Line: Amazon's fully realized streaming music service provides an intriguing alternative to the many, many competing products on the market—especially for owners of Echo devices.
Bottom Line: Apple's media player and store offers a wealth of entertainment options that make it unmatched in its class. The latest update brings a redesigned streaming music service and music social network.
Bottom Line: Apple Music boasts exclusive albums and Siri and Apple Watch compatibility, but this well-rounded streaming music service falls short of toppling Slacker Radio and Spotify.
Bottom Line: Freshly birthed from a lengthy beta, the Android version of Apple Music brings millions of songs and ESPN Radio to your ears. It lacks the Apple ecosystem that gives the iOS version extra kick, however.
Bottom Line: Spotify's excellent Android app delivers on nearly all fronts, with excellent audio, gapless playback, collaborative playlists, and new features for runners.


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Would this be a good sunny day activity?
Would this be a good hot day activity?
Would this be a good cold day activity?
Is this an outdoor attraction or activity?
Does this attraction provide visitors with a taste of the local culture?
Does this attraction require above average amounts of physical activity (long walks, climbs, stairs or hikes)?
Is this attraction good for couples?
Is this attraction good for big groups (greater than 5)?
Is this attraction suitable for all ages?
Is this attraction pet friendly?
Thanks for helping!
My most recent visit was for a Travel Expo. The facility offers plenty of space for many events and it was just right for this relatively small expo. Rest rooms are just outside...
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My most recent visit was for a Travel Expo. The facility offers plenty of space for many events and it was just right for this relatively small expo. Rest rooms are just outside the hall. Parking is plentiful and free so you can't beat that combination.
There is also a Wildlife Museum in the building so you might as well...
Was here for a convention. Its a good place for a convention with multiple workshops. Everything is close by and the rooms are comfortable. The wifi struggled with so many people using it.
We have had a booth for 2 years now at the Dickens Festival. It is alive with excitement, performances, period decor and costumes for all vendors, and everything from A-Z for sale for Christmas buying. This is a great location, right off the freeway at exit 6. Parking is plentiful for most venues but since this Dickens Festival is such...
Go if you have a chance to see the Dickens Festival at the Dixie Center in St George UT. We went on the first day and it was great! Set up like a village with all the different shops and places to get goodies. Near the main stage where programs are playing all the time are full places to eat....
This is a very nice local convention center, with a small museum and visitor's center. The visitor's center is worth the stop, just for the UTAH state map that features all the national parks, the state parks, cities, and highway system. Yes, we all have GPSes, but it's WAY easier to plan the next day's events on an old-school paper...
I've been to the "Games" 10 times since 1994. It's been going on for 30 years, hosting nearly 11,000 athletes over the age of 50, who participate in their choice of 30 different sports. The events last two weeks. Spouses and families are welcome. I participate in racquetball and pickleball
Played in the Huntsman Games volleyball tournament at the convention center. Registration for all of the Huntsman Games events was held at the convention center and there was plenty of space for the registration area, a gift shop, players lounge, and a first aid room within the various rooms at the convention center. The large hall where we played was...
attended a conference. the venue itself is beautiful and spacious. I would have a liked a nearby walking path to use at lunch, but other than that, it was great. food was good.
Depending on the week there are a variety of activities at this convention center. I really enjoyed the Dickens Christmas Fair and feel this center lends itself to a number of possible events. It is easy to find and has ample parking. The Wildlife Museum is adjacent to this center and is an interesting collection of taxidermy animals from around...
The convention center is right off the highway and there are plenty of restaurants and hotels within walking distance. The staff was friendly and the setting was cozy and comfortable. There is also a kids museum right next to it. Lastly, there was plenty of parking. Overall, I would recommend this facility.
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Oil, Gas and Consumable Fuels
Company Overview of Englefield Oil Company, Inc.
Company Overview
Englefield Oil Company, Inc. supplies fuel and lubricants and provides related services to wholesale and retail markets in Ohio. It operates convenient stores, commercial unattended fueling locations, and bulk/packaged lubricant warehouses. The company also delivers automotive motor oils and industrial lubricants. In addition, it offers commercial fueling services to municipal fleets, school buses, delivery trucks, taxi fleets, ambulances, construction fleets, plumbing fleets, and electrical fleets. Englefield Oil Company, Inc. was founded in 1961 and is based in Heath, Ohio.
447 James Parkway
Mid Ohio Industrial Park
Heath, OH 43056
United States
Founded in 1961
Key Executives for Englefield Oil Company, Inc.
Englefield Oil Company, Inc. Key Developments
IGS CNG Services, in conjunction with Englefield Oil, announced the opening of their compressed natural gas (CNG) fueling station at the existing Duchess convenience store, a BP fueling station at 3909 Alum Creek Drive in Obetz, OH. The station will service a growing number of Ohio businesses and citizens who are converting to natural gas vehicles (NGVs) as a way to save money and use a clean, Ohio fuel. The Obetz station is the newest in the IGS CNG Services' family of stations that serves the public, and the first CNG station at a Duchess location. Of the stations, IGS CNG Services has six active locations in Ohio (including Obetz) and three in West Virginia. The other Ohio CNG stations are located in Dayton, Dublin (owned by the City of Dublin), Findlay, Orrville, and Girard. The West Virginia CNG stations are located in Charleston, Bridgeport, and Jane Lew. At the station, there are two CNG dispensers with four hoses, including two high flow and two 'fleet' style. These dispensers would allow users to fuel their CNG vehicle in the same amount of time it would take to refuel traditional gasoline or diesel vehicles. Overall, CNG is a cleaner burning alternative fuel to traditional fuels, emitting up to 30% less carbon dioxide, up to 75% less carbon monoxide and up to 95% less particulate matter than gasoline or diesel. The fuel also costs substantially less than the price of gasoline, is approximately 30% to 40% below current diesel prices, and is produced domestically in states including Ohio. Currently, there is more than a 100-year natural gas supply in the United States alone. This station marks the continuation of the infrastructure necessary to support Ohio's conversion to natural gas fueled vehicles. It will support light-, medium- and heavy-duty CNG fueled vehicles. Commercial CNG vehicles can range from light-duty trucks and sedans to medium-duty trucks (such as delivery vans and postal vehicles), to heavy-duty vehicles (such as tractor trailers).
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Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
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This review is from: SAPPHIRE Radeon HD 6850 2GB 256-bit GDDR5 PCI Express 2.1 x16 HDCP Ready CrossFireX Support Video Card (100315-2GL )
Pros: Sleek, well cooled, easily overclocked, and easy to adjust settings, not sure why some people have said it has trouble playing LOTRO (Lord of The Rings Online), must have really low bandwidth lol
Cons: None as of yet
Other Thoughts: Best card I have ever owned, never over heats even with long gaming session with power hungry games with maxed out settings!READ FULL REVIEW


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Introduction to Early Childhood Education
I. Course Prefix/Number: ECE 104
Course Name: Introduction to Early Childhood Education
Credits: 4 (3 lecture; 2 lab)
II. Prerequisite
III. Course (Catalog) Description
IV. Learning Objectives
A. Observe, discuss, assess and evaluate a variety of early childhood programs and models.
B. Demonstrate professional observation skills and developmentally appropriate strategies for working with young children.
C. Discuss the complex role and responsibilities of a teacher in an early childhood center.
D. Elaborate on the different career opportunities in the field of early childhood education and child care.
E. Discuss program schedules, curriculum and classroom environment based on developmentally appropriate practices for infant/toddlers, preschool and after school centers.
F. Demonstrate a working knowledge of the various principles, theories of history and philosophy of early childhood education.
G. Demonstrate evidence of understanding the impact of significant adults on infants/toddlers, preschoolers and school age children.
H. Discuss the major issues facing early childhood education today and their impact on early childhood programs. Identify the state and federal rules and regulations governing early childhood programs.
In addition to the objectives listed above, this course also meets the following Illinois Professional Teaching Standards and the Early Childhood Content Standards as put forth by the Illinois State Board of Education.
STANDARD 1 – Content Knowledge
The competent teacher understands the central concepts, methods of inquiry, and structures of the disciplines and creates learning experiences t hat make the content meaningful to all students.
Knowledge indicators – The competent teacher:
1A. understands major concepts, assumptions, debates, principles, and theories that are central to the discipline(s) in which certification is sought.
1C. understands how students' conceptual frameworks and their misconceptions for an area of knowledge can influence their learning.
1D. understands the relationship of knowledge within the discipline to other content areas and to life and career applications.
Performance indicators – The competent teacher:
1F. evaluates teaching resources and curriculum materials for their comprehensiveness, accuracy, and usefulness for representing particular ideas and concepts.
1I. designs learning experiences to promote student skills in the use of technologies appropriate to the discipline.
1J. anticipates and adjusts for common misunderstandings of the discipline(s) that impede learning.
1K. uses a variety of explanations and multiple representations of concepts that capture key ideas to help students develop conceptual understanding.
STANDARD 3 – Diversity
The competent teacher understands how students differ in their approaches to learning and creates instructional opportunities that are adapted to diverse learners.
Knowledge indicators – The competent teacher:
3C. understands how students' learning is influenced by individual experiences, talents, and prior learning, as well as language, culture, family, and community values.
3D. understands and identifies differences in approaches to learning and performance, including different learning styles, multiple intelligences, and performance modes.
3E. understands cultural and community diversity through a well-grounded framework and understands how to learn about and incorporate students' experiences, cultures, and community resources into instruction.
Performance indicators – The competent teacher:
3G. facilities a learning community in which individual differences are respected.
3H. Makes appropriate provisions (in terms of time and circumstances for work, tasks assigned, communication, and response modes) for individual students who have particular learning differences or needs.
3I. uses information about students' families, cultures, and communities as a basis for connecting instruction to students' experiences.
3J. uses cultural diversity and individual student experiences to enrich instruction.
3K. uses a wide range of instructional strategies and technologies to meet and enhance diverse student needs.
STANDARD 4 – Planning for Instruction
The competent teacher understands instructional planning and designs instruction based upon knowledge of the discipline, students, the community, and curriculum goals.
Knowledge indicators – The competent teacher:
4B. understands how to develop short and long-range plans consistent with curriculum goals, learner diversity, and learning theory.
4C. understands how to take the contextual considerations of instructional materials, individual student interests, and career needs into account in planning instruction that creates an effective bridge between students' experiences and career and educational goals.
4D. understands w hen and how to adjust plans based on students' responses and other contingencies.
Performance indicators – The competent teacher:
4I. establishes expectations for students' learning.
4J. applies principles of scope and sequence when planning curriculum and instructions.
4K. creates short-range and long-term plans to achieve the expectations for students' learning.
STANDARD 5 – Learning Environment
The competent teacher uses an understanding of individual and group motivation and behavior to create a learning environment that encourages positive social interaction, active engagement in learning, and self-motivation.
Knowledge indicators – The competent teacher:
5A. understands principles of and strategies for effective classroom management.
5B. understands how individuals influence groups and how groups function in society.
5C. understands how to help students work cooperatively and productively in groups.
5D. understands factors t hat influence motivation and engagement and how to help students become self-motivated.
STANDARD 6 – Instructional Delivery
The competent teacher understands and uses a variety of instructional strategies to encourage students' development of critical thinking, problem-solving, and performance skills.
Performance indicators – The competent teacher:
6F. evaluates how to achieve learning goals, choosing alternative teaching strategies and materials to achieve different instructional purposes and to meet students' needs.
6K. uses a wide range of instructional technologies to enhance students' learning.
STANDARD 9 – Collaborative Relationships
The competent teacher understands t he role of the community in education and develops and maintains collaborative relationships with colleagues, parents/guardians, and the community to support students' learning and well-being.
Performance indicators – The competent teacher:
9K. develops relationships with parents and guardians to acquire an understanding of the students' lives outside the school in a professional manner that is fair and equitable
STANDARD 11 – Professional Conduct and Leadership
The competent teacher understands education as a profession, maintains standards of professional conduct, and provides leadership to improve students' learning and well-being.
Knowledge indicators – The competent teacher:
11 F. is familiar with the rights of students with disabilities.
11G. knows the roles and responsibilities of teachers, parents, students, and other professionals related to special education.
11H. knows identification and referral procedures for students with disabilities.
STANDARD 1 – Curriculum
The competent early childhood teacher understands and demonstrates the central concepts, tools of inquiry, and structures of the content areas and creates and integrates meaningful learning experiences that develop children's competence across all developmental areas and content areas.
Knowledge Indicators – The competent early childhood teacher
1A. Demonstrates current knowledge of integrated learning experiences for children from birth through grade three and understands the central concepts and tools of inquiry in each of the following content areas: Language and Literacy (English Language Arts); Mathematics; Science; Health, Safety, Nutrition, and Movement (Physical Development and Health); Art, Music, Drama (Fine Arts); and Social Science.
1B. Understands conceptually sound and meaningful curriculum for children from birth through grade three.
1C. Demonstrates an understanding of current research, best practice and professional standards
Performance Indicators – The competent early childhood teacher
1D. Plans, implements and evaluates integrated, conceptually sound, meaningful learning experiences for children from birth through grade three.
STANDARD 2 – Curriculum: English Language Arts
The competent early childhood teacher demonstrates, proficiency in the use of oral and written English; understands and communicates ideas, information, and perspective in reading writing, speaking, and listening; and promotes the abilities of children from birth through grade three as they apply language and thinking skills to many different genres, concepts, and situations.
Knowledge indicators – The competent early childhood teacher
2C. Demonstrates knowledge of a variety of materials from promoting literacy, which include various genres and authors of children's literature, trade books (fiction and nonfiction) , books designed for beginning readers, big books, anthologies, newspapers, and magazines.
2D. Understands a variety of age appropriate strategies that promote reading and listening comprehension and foster development within and among the four language arts (listening, speaking, reading, and writing), including shared, guided, and interactive reading and writing.
2F. Understands the appropriate use of writing conventions involved in various written documents such as stories, letters, journals, and poetry.
2G. Understands skills and strategies, which promote listening and speaking for various purposes, discussion and comprehension, the ability to ask and respond to questions, and the ability to understand different literary and social contexts.
V. Academic Integrity and Student Conduct
• cheating,
• plagiarism (turning in work not written by you, or lacking proper citation),
• falsification and fabrication (lying or distorting the truth),
• helping others to cheat,
• unauthorized changes on official documents,
• pretending to be someone else or having someone else pretend to be you,
• making or accepting bribes, special favors, or threats, and
• any other behavior that violates academic integrity.
There are serious consequences to violations of the academic integrity policy. Oakton's policies and procedures provide students a fair hearing if a complaint is made against you. If you are found to have violated the policy, the minimum penalty is failure on the assignment and, a disciplinary record will be established and kept on file in the office of the Vice President for Student Affairs for a period of 3 years.
Please review the Code of Academic Conduct and the Code of Student Conduct, both located online at
VI. Sequence of Topics
Topic: The People in the Center
Topic: Programs and Types of Centers
The Children and the Teaching Staff
The Parent/Teacher Partnership
The Early Childhood Professional
VII. Methods of Instruction
Course may be taught as face-to-face, hybrid or online course.
VIII. Course Practices Required
Except in unusual circumstances, students must notify the instructor prior to an absence.
Make-up Exam:
A student who is absent may take a make-up exam, if he or she calls prior to the test, and then re-schedules the exam in the Testing Center. The instructor may administer a different test for the make-up exam.
IX. Instructional Materials
Varies by instructor.
X. Methods of Evaluating Student Progress
100 points: 4 Program observations
150 points: 8 Affiliation Assignments
100 points: Mid-Term Exam
100 points: Final Exam
Grades will be based on content, spelling, grammar, thoughtfulness, integration of material, and presentation.
XI. Other Course Information
B. Plagiarism/cheating policies are covered under the Academic Dishonesty section of the current catalog.
If you have a documented learning, psychological, or physical disability you may be entitled to reasonable academic accommodations or services. To request accommodations or services, contact the Access and Disability Resource Center at the Des Plaines or Skokie campus. All students are expected to fulfill essential course requirements. The College will not waive any essential skill or requirement of a course or degree program.
Oakton Community College is committed to maintaining a campus environment emphasizing the dignity and worth of all members of the community, and complies with all federal and state Title IX requirements.
Resources and support for
- pregnancy-related and parenting accommodations; and
Resources and support for LGBTQ+ students can be found at www.oakton.edu/lgbtq.


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