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- Worldwide Rank #118,048
- Follower/Following Ratio 497.69
- Daily New Followers 18
Ted Ligety Twitter Stats
@tedligety - Tracking Ted Ligety Twitter profile since February 11, 2010
skier, @shredoptics + @slytechprotect co-founder, 2x olympic gold medalist, 5x world champion, 5x GS world cup champion.
park city, ut
Ted Ligety's story
Ted Ligety, also known as @tedligety has a reasonably significant presence on Twitter and is ranked by us in the 30% percentile for account strength. Active on Twitter since April 2009, Ted Ligety made it to having an enviable 87,096 Twitter followers and to being ranked 118,048 for number of followers among all Twitter users.
Uh-oh... seems like someone has fallen asleep while on duty and is dropping in social relevance. The plot thickens when considering Ted Ligety's follower-to-following ratio, which is 497.69. Clearly, this is an strong ratio.
@tedligety doesn't tweet all that much, with an average of 1 tweet(s) per day in the past 30 days. However this seems to be a big change from a total of 1,687 since @tedligety joined Twitter.
It seems like Ted Ligety on Twitter, with an audience attentiveness score of 25%, which stems from being tracked on 1,381 Twitter lists and normalized to their 87,096 followers.
This account is tracked by us for quite some time now, actually since February 2010. As of February 26 2017 we track 271.152.322 Twitter accounts, so feel free to search for other accounts you're interested in and reveal their Twitter story!
Ted Ligety Tweets
@tedligety has posted 3 tweets in the last 30 days, which translates to an average of 0.1 tweets per day.
Ted Ligety Twitter Followers
@tedligety has 87,096 followers on Twitter.
This account is #118,048 in the worldwide rank of the most popular Twitter users.
Ted Ligety Following on Twitter
@tedligety is following 175 Twitter accounts.
Last month this account followed 2 users.
Ted Ligety Predictions & Milestones
@tedligety will hit 88,681 followers in the next 3 months, and 93,523 in one year.
You are on Ted Ligety's Twitter stats page
We track these Twitter stats since February 11, 2010 . You can see how many followers Ted Ligety lost or gained and what the prediction is for tomorrow or the next 15 days, together with all kinds of other stats like rank compared to all Twitter users, tweets etc.
Why don't you give it a try and compare Ted Ligety to yourself ? Or if you are Ted Ligety get even more feature rich & up-to-date stats with our premium Twitter Stats.
Twitter Counter is the #1 Twitter stats site powered by Twitter. It all started in June 12, 2008 and we grew rather rapidly because of our Twitter Counter badge. The button is a nice small image that shows your visitors how many followers you have on Twitter. Within a year the button was on many many blogs around the world and we displayed more than 100 million buttons in one month. We track follower stats for over 271.152.322 users now.


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Byers & Associates is an experienced, full-service family law and divorce firm handling cases throughout the State of Oklahoma, with an office in downtown Oklahoma City. We concentrate our practice exclusively in the areas of family and divorce law in Okl ... more
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8 Servings
Cost per Serving:
More from MyRecipes
Nutritional Information
Calories 178
Fat 9 g
Satfat 4 g
Protein 15 g
Carbohydrate 8 g
Fiber 2 g
Cholesterol 145 mg
Sodium 830 mg
3/4 cup low-fat buttermilk
1/2 cup sour cream
2 teaspoons apple cider vinegar
3 tablespoons fresh parsley, chopped
2 teaspoons chives, chopped
1 1/2 teaspoons garlic, minced
Salt and pepper
1 head iceberg lettuce, torn into pieces (4 cups)
2 cups carrots, grated
2 cups celery, sliced
1/2 cup scallions, sliced
2 tablespoons vegetable oil
2 tablespoons unsalted butter
2 pounds medium shrimp, peeled and deveined
1/4 cup bottled buffalo-wing sauce or hot sauce
Combine buttermilk, sour cream, apple cider vinegar, parsley, chives and garlic in a bowl; stir well and season with salt and pepper. Chill for 30 minutes.
Toss lettuce, carrots, celery and scallions with buttermilk dressing in a large bowl. Place in serving bowl.
Warm a large skillet over medium-high heat. Add oil and butter. When butter sizzles, add shrimp and cook, stirring, until opaque, about 4 minutes. Add buffalo-wing sauce, stir to coat shrimp and cook 1 minute longer. Pour shrimp and sauce over salad.
January 2008


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Roasted Pepper Ratatouille With Grilled Polenta
|Red bell peppers
|1 Pound, roasted and peeled (About 2 Large)
|Green bell peppers
|1 Pound, roasted and peeled (About 2 Large)
|2 Pound, peeled and cubed (2 Whole, 1 Pound Each)
|Vegetable cooking spray
|Olive oil
|1 Tablespoon
|Chopped onion
|2 Cup (32 tbs)
|Cubed zucchini
|2 Cup (32 tbs) (1/2 Inch)
|Garlic cloves
|2 Large, minced
|Chopped fresh parsley
|2 Tablespoon
|Dried basil
|1 1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Dried oregano
|1 1⁄2 Teaspoon
|1 1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Freshly ground pepper
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|Canned plum tomatoes
|28 Ounce, undrained and chopped (1 Can)
|Canned no salt added tomato sauce
|8 Ounce (1 Can)
|Canned tomato paste
|6 Ounce (1 Can)
|Grilled polenta
|2 Cup (32 tbs) (Adjust Quantity As Needed)
Preheat oven to 375°.
Chop roasted peppers; set aside.
Place eggplant in a 13 x 9-inch baking dish coated with cooking spray; lightly coat eggplant with cooking spray, tossing to coat.
Bake at 375° for 40 minutes.
Heat oil in a large Dutch oven over medium-high heat until hot.
Add bell pepper, onion, zucchini, and garlic; saute for 15 minutes.
Stir in parsley and next 7 ingredients; bring to a boil.
Reduce heat; simmer, uncovered, 10 minutes, stirring often.
Stir in eggplant; cook an additional 15 minutes.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size: Complete recipe
Calories 1730 Calories from Fat 451
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 51 g77.9%
Saturated Fat 8.5 g42.5%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 6 mg2%
Sodium 3946.2 mg164.4%
Total Carbohydrates 298 g99.3%
Dietary Fiber 89.4 g357.5%
Sugars 131.3 g
Protein 56 g111.2%
Vitamin A 565.3% Vitamin C 2343.7%
Calcium 97.9% Iron 136.3%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


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What are Essential Oils? An essential oil , also known as ethereal oil, artherolea or volatile oil,...Read More
Home Remedies for Minor Burns
Minor burns [ 1 ] are the damage which is incurred by the outer layer of skin and they are often pa...Read More
How To Strengthen Knees
Knee is a very important part of your body as it can help you to perform most of daily actions. A fl...Read More
How To Get Rid Of Puffy Eyes
Puffy eye can be the most embarrassing thing can happen to anyone. Puffy eyes are caused by many rea...Read More
Best Dark Spot Remover You Should Try
Dark spots, blemishes or the like are nightmare of skin. they are usually harmless but if they stay ...Read More
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Dark circles are the defect of your face as they make you look tired and stressful. There are many w...Read More
Natural Treatment For Blisters Work Wonders
Blisters are small dots carrying water happen to your feet caused by bacteria and dead skin cells bu...Read More
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All Entries Tagged With: "lolapp"
FAILApp and LOLApp 2.0 – Highest Rated Humor Apps Now Available For iPad
Posted by Press Releases | Mar 16, 2011 | Comments 0Overland Park, Kansas – Announcing that Rade | Eccles, the developer of FAILApp and LOLApp, has released universal updates for both popular humor apps. The universal updates make full use of the larger iPad screen and advanced hardware to give you access to the internet's funniest pictures on the world's most popular mobile tablet. The new updates also offer many new feeds for more viewing pleasure.
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Hotels in Katwe
Hotel reservation
Hotel rooms in Katwe
There are not so many hotel rooms in Katwe, just 3, still everyone can find an offer to suit his choice. The most common offers in this city are lodges, they count 2 out of 3, and their prevalent location is central district. According to our practice, it is the most profitable to book a hotel in the east of Katwe, as it is the location of the hotels with optimal cost and quality offers along with the cheap hotels. Taking into account the small size of the city, there is no need to dwell hotel reservation on the location: the road to the city center would take less then half an hour, so one can book a hotel in any district of Katwe. The most populated with hotels district of Katwe is the south, 66% of cheap hotel rooms are concentrated here. Katwe is a truly multifaceted city, here everyone can find a hotel of his choice: a business person, a young couple or a family with little children. Apart from all these, hotels in Katwe offer their customers laundry service, gym, business centre and restaurant/cafe. Take a look at our selection of the cheap hotel rooms in Katwe to make a well-informed choice for your reservation!
Katwe cheap hotels
Guest Houses
All cheap hotels in Katwe
Best hotels in Katwe
Hotels in Katwe are spread around the city within the distance of 10.7 kilometers. The most popular accommodations in Katwe is
Mweya Safari Lodge
, 4 stars hotel located in a 10.7 kilometers from the city center.
The best hotels are here and now. Try them!
All cities in Uganda


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|Top 200
The economy, explained, with stories and surprises. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, "Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy." Now imagine that's actually a fun evening. That's what we're going for at Planet Money. People seem to like it.
December 12th, 2012
Episode 541 of 928 episodes
On our show today, we tell you everything you need to know about the filibuster, including:What Schoolhouse Rock didn't tell usWhy Aaron Burr and Jimmy Stewart are the two great villains in filibuster historyHow Senators can now filibuster bills without having to talk for hours on end
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La Posta is a hostel with deep Argentinean roots and customs. In the old days, the "postas" were located two or... Maggiori informazioni »
Torre al Sur is a place to share. This implies that all agencies of the hostel will be shared with other travelers,... Maggiori informazioni »
Hostel in Ushuaia Cruz Del Sur is in the very centre of Ushuaia (just 1 block from main street, 2 from the tourist... Maggiori informazioni »
As our guest you will enjoy almost all the comforts of modern living at affordable rates and a friendly warm... Maggiori informazioni »
Il nostro albergo è in un quartieri quieti ma solo 5 minuti da centro (1 miglia) e vicino Afforestare & Ghiacciaio... Maggiori informazioni »
Haush is a warm and friendy property that welcomes travelers from all over the world. We have living room with comfy... Maggiori informazioni »
Located at barely 200 meters from downtown and built on a steep slope, La Casa is but a wide window always facing the... Maggiori informazioni »
Ushuaia in pure ... ... The fierceness of the sea and the mountains provide strong joy in the eyes and peace for... Maggiori informazioni »
This is a family house located 500m from downtown Ushuaia in a quiet neighbourhood. Private rooms and cabins for... Maggiori informazioni »
Better B&B in town, amazing tango show included with three nights of stay. All new, three bolcks to the old city and... Maggiori informazioni »


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Enjoy chatting online with your long-distance love but wish the experience was more tactile? You may be in luck.
Researchers in Japan have created a device that, potentially, could let you tongue-kiss someone over the Internet. Or at least manipulate a plastic straw with your tongue and have the movements replicated by a similar machine at the other end. We know: Hot.
A video of University of Electro-Communications grad student Nobuhiro Takahashi demonstrating the device — which currently only runs through a single PC, but could be modified to work over distance — has gone viral. In it, Takahashi explains that kiss data can be stored and replayed, so you can experience the same smooch over and over.
"For example, if you have a popular entertainer use this device and record it, that could be hugely popular if you offer it to fans," he says.
Of course, having a straw move around in circles isn't exactly the same as the touch of a loved one's lips — a fact Takahashi understands and is working to replicate: "The elements of a kiss include the sense of taste, the manner of breathing and the moistness of the tongue," he says. "If we can re-create all of those, I think it will be a really powerful device."
True. And we expect the Internet porn industry to be making millions from it within minutes of its coming on the market.
Here's the video:


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The University of Wisconsin Press
African Studies / History / Anthropology
Soldiers, Traders, and Slaves
State Formation and Economic Transformation in the Greater Nile Valley, 17001885
Janet J. Ewald
On the frontiers of the Islamic Sudan . . .
In the Nuba Hills, on the frontiers of the Islamic Sudan, a dynasty of Muslim warrior kings arose in the eighteenth century. Their kingdom, Taqali, survived as an independent state, resisting conquest by larger empires, and coming under external control only during the twentieth century. Janet Ewald has written the first comprehensive account of the origins and development of the Taqali kingdom.
Ewald shows how events originating far beyond the Taqali massif allowed local Muslim soldiers to become kings of the Taqali in the eighteenth century and then to hold on to their power. But the nature of that power was shaped by the highland farmers who stubbornly and largely successfully resisted the efforts of the kings to parlay their control over the means of production. In this struggle religion became an ideological weapon on both sides, as the Taqali farmers asserted their local beliefs against their Muslim rulers. Political confrontations also bore unintended economic consequences. Ewald's account of Taqali challenges current views on the impact of Islam, merchant capitalism, and Egyptian military administration in nineteenth-century Sudan.
Janet J. Ewald is Associate Professor of History at Duke University. Her articles on African history have appeared in a variety of scholarly journals.
Media & bookseller inquiries regarding review copies, events, and interviews can be directed to the publicity department at email@example.com or (608) 263-0734. (If you want to examine a book for possible course use, please see our Course Books page. If you want to examine a book for possible rights licensing, please see Rights & Permissions.)
February 1990
270 pp., 5 maps, 2 charts
The cloth edition, ISBN 978-0-299-12600-1, is out of print, but the paperback is still available.
Paper $19.95 x
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Updated October 27, 2011© 2011, The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System


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Is Real Property Innovative Solutions incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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Hotfrog Philippines provides information regarding Real Property Innovative Solutions in Taguig Metro Manila. Real Property Innovative Solutions is located at Unit 10-3, Net One Center, 3rd Avenue, Corner 26th Street, Taguig Metro Manila and provides Real Estate services. Contact them on (02) 818 9006.
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Banat, IM, Singh - Nee Nigam, Poonam, Kelly, B and Marchant, R. (1992) Salicylate hydroxylase synthesis in continuous culture using a strain of Pseudomonas putida. Proceedings of First Egyptian-Italian Symposium on Biotechnology, ASSIUT. Nov 21 23, 1 . pp. 335-342. [Journal article]
Full text not available from this repository.
|Item Type:
|Journal article
|Faculties and Schools:
|Faculty of Life and Health Sciences > School of Biomedical Sciences
Faculty of Life and Health Sciences
|Research Institutes and Groups:
|Biomedical Sciences Research Institute > Infection and Immunity/Microbiology
Biomedical Sciences Research Institute
|ID Code:
|Deposited By:
|Dr Poonam Singh - Nee Nigam
|Deposited On:
|25 Jul 2011 10:45
|Last Modified:
|25 Jul 2011 10:45
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GEICO's Mobile App
Bring GEICO along for the ride.
GEICO Mobile has many additional features above and beyond what you've come to expect from your insurance provider. Whether you need a Lyft, you're looking to save on gas, or just want to pay your bill—we've got your back. See why GEICO Mobile received #1 rankings according to Keynote's Mobile 2016 Mobile Insurance Scorecard and check out the app today.
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The quick and paper-cut free way to access your insurance ID cards on the go. View, email, and print your ID cards when you need them, right from your phone.
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Do I need an account to use the GEICO Mobile app?
You do not need to set up a separate account to service your policy through GEICO Mobile; you can login using the same User ID/password you use online. However, you do not need an account to get a quote, file a claim or access extra features!
Will I stay permanently logged into the app?
You can select "Keep Me Logged In" which will save your User ID and password to your device making logging into your policy effortless.
How do I login with my fingerprint?
If you have a device with a fingerprint sensor enabled and have a fingerprint stored on your device, you will receive a prompt asking if you'd like to use your fingerprint on your next login.
How do I save my ID card for offline access?
Once you have logged into the app and viewed your ID Cards, they will be automatically saved to your device. Next time you're logged out, you can easily access your ID Cards from the login screen.
What about security/privacy in GEICO Mobile?
GEICO cares about your security and privacy. All of your personal information is encrypted for any communication with GEICO servers.
iPhone, iPad, iTunes, and App Store are trademarks of Apple Inc. Android and Google Play are trademarks of Google Inc.


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Is undergraduate physiotherapy study a risk factor for low back pain? A prevalence study of LBP in physiotherapy students
- Leah Jane Nyland1 and
- Karen Anne Grimmer1Email author
© Nyland and Grimmer; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2003
Received: 19 March 2003
Accepted: 09 October 2003
Published: 09 October 2003
Following reports of high prevalence of low back pain (LBP) in young physiotherapists [17–22], we investigated whether LBP was a problem for undergraduate physiotherapy students.
Physiotherapy students enrolled in one Australian tertiary institution completed a validated self-administered questionnaire in April 2001, seeking information on LBP prevalence (lifetime, 12 month, one-month, one-week), and its risk factors. The survey incorporated the Nordic back questionnaire, questions on common risks for LBP, and purpose-built questions regarding educational exposures. Univariate logistic regression models were applied to test associations.
Results and Discussion
72% students responded. LBP prevalence was 69% (lifetime), 63% (12-month), 44% (one-month), 28% (one-week). The risk of LBP increased significantly for students once they completed first year. Being aged 20 or 21 years (final year students) was significantly associated with all measures of LBP, compared with the youngest students. Exposure to tertiary study of greater than two years was associated with lifetime, 12 month and one-month LBP prevalence. Spending more than 20 hours in the past month 'sitting looking down' was significantly associated with one-month LBP prevalence. Similar exposure to 'treating patients' was significantly associated with one-month and one-week LBP prevalence.
Physiotherapy students should be alerted to the likelihood of LBP and is potential causes during their training, so that they enter the workforce with reduced risk of LBP. The potential for other undergraduate students to suffer LBP should also be considered.
KeywordsLow back pain physiotherapy students risk factors
World-wide estimates of lifetime prevalence of low back pain (LBP) vary from 50 to 84 percent [1–7]. Occupational LBP relates to exposure to workplace hazards [8] and incurs high costs to society in terms of health care, loss of productivity, workplace and family stress, as well as individual pain and suffering [9–11]. Thus prevention of occupational LBP is a key research concern.
Factors associated with occupational LBP are commonly cited as physical (workplace) and personal (individual) [8, 9]. Physical factors are proposed as heavy physical work, lifting, bending, twisting and static postures [8, 12–14], whilst personal factors are described as non-modifiable (age, gender, anthropometry etc) and potentially modifiable (physical fitness, motor control, strength etc) [13–15].
Comparison with other authors of prevalence estimates
Nyland and Grimmer
• First year
• Second year
• Third year
• Fourth year
• Overall
West and Gardner [20]
Graduate physiotherapists
Cromie et al [21]
Graduate physiotherapists
Scholey and Hair[18]
Graduate physiotherapists
Scholey and Hair [19]
Graduate physiotherapists
Mierzejewski and Kumar [17]
Graduate physiotherapists
Student physiotherapists are potentially exposed to the same LBP occupational risks as graduates, such as poor working postures and frequent manual handling activities, often undertaken in difficult environments and with variable training regarding personal safety [23, 24]. As an example of the risks associated with the physiotherapy occupation, 27% physiotherapy students were reported in one study to have experienced LBP as a direct result of handling patients [23]. In the Australian context, Cromie et al [22] reported from their retrospective survey of physiotherapists' work-related musculoskeletal disorders, that approximately 16% respondents reported LBP commencing during their physiotherapy training, with a further 5.6% physiotherapists reporting LBP that was present prior to training. In light of these reports of student and early career onset of LBP for physiotherapists [17, 20–22], and the potential long term costs associated with ongoing LBP [9–11], it seems timely to understand physiotherapy student experiences of LBP and the factors that may be associated with its onset. This paper reports on four measures of the prevalence of LBP in student physiotherapists in one Australian university, and considers the association of LBP prevalence with a number of potential risk factors for LBP.
Ethics Approval
Ethics approval for this study was provided by Human Research Ethics Committee of the researchers' academic institution.
Subject Selection
All students who were enrolled by March 2001 in the four year Bachelor of Physiotherapy program at one Australian university were eligible to participate. There were no exclusion criteria.
Instrument (Questionnaire) Development and Testing
Volunteers from all four student year levels were recruited via notices in the student common room, to assist in the construction, content and construct validity testing of the study instrument (see section on Instrument (Questionnaire) Development and Testing). This group specifically had the responsibility of developing questions on educational exposures that they considered were relevant to their training program. There were 15 participants (3–4 from each year level) (eight males, seven females). A separate set of volunteers was also recruited from the fourth-year physiotherapy students to establish the reliability of responses to items in the final instrument (six females, four males randomly selected from 28 respondents).
Cross-sectional prevalence study
All students enrolled in the physiotherapy undergraduate program at this tertiary institution (N = 346) were invited to participate in a cross-sectional prevalence study using the resultant study instrument.
The study instrument
Self-administered written questionnaires are the most common method for establishing the prevalence of back pain [25]. Our study instrument sought standard information on gender, age, height, weight, amount and type of all occupational and sporting activities, and current levels of fitness were self assessed as poor, moderate or good. It also included purpose-built questions on exposure to perceived workplace hazards for physiotherapy students. The time frame of 'the past month' for educational exposure was determined by the students who constructed the questionnaire as being relevant to their training program. The educational exposure questions were derived directly from the student focus group deliberations (i.e. educational risks perceived by students themselves) (see previous, and next section). LBP prevalence questions were taken directly from an established instrument (Nordic Back Pain Questionnaire)[26, 27] that captured information retrospectively on lifetime, 12-month, one-month and one-week prevalence.
Low back pain definition
LBP was defined as in the Nordic Back Pain Questionnaire [26, 27] as an 'ache, pain or discomfort in the shaded area whether or not it extends from there to one or both legs (sciatica)'. The shaded area is outlined on a body diagram (see page 3 Appendix 1) representing the area between the 12th ribs and gluteal folds. Information on intensity or frequency of individual LBP episodes was not collected.
Instrument (Questionnaire) Development and Testing
Focus groups were conducted to develop and validate questions about educational exposures specific to physiotherapy students. Iterative procedures were used to reach agreement on content, wording and response construction [28–32]. The study instrument was then subjected to reliability testing.
Reliability study
Subjects completed the written instrument and handed it to the investigator. They were interviewed within 24 hours by the principal researcher (LN), providing verbal responses to every questionnaire item (asked out of sequence to minimise recall bias). The two sets of responses were in at least 80% agreement (Kappa scores > 0.77) for all but one item. This was the question about educational exposures. Subsequent revision of its wording, and the way in which responses were captured, produced evidence of improved agreement (90%) (Kappa = 0.87) from two telephone interviews on consecutive days with the reliability subjects (see Question 10, Appendix 1). The study instrument is in Appendix 1.
Cross-sectional prevalence study
Participation in data collection was voluntary and anonymous, and occurred in early April 2001. To collect data from students in program years 1–3, the principal researcher (LN) attended a nominated lecture at which all students could be expected to be present. Students returned the completed questionnaire before leaving the lecture. The fourth year students however, were all absent from campus on clinical placements, thus the questionnaire was posted to the clinical placement address and returned via reply-paid envelope.
Statistical Methods
Data was analysed using SAS Version 8.2.
Sample sensitivity analysis
Sample sensitivity analysis was conducted post-hoc [32, 33] to determine the adequacy of the sample to provide robust estimates of differences in LBP prevalence (lifetime, 12 month and one-month) across the four year levels with at least 80% power [34].
Prevalence study
Lifetime prevalence is a general measure of LBP as it takes account of all other measures of prevalence. For instance a student reporting having experienced back pain in the previous week (but not ever before), would also have reported experiencing lifetime LBP, but would not have reported LBP in the past 12 months, or the past month. Conversely, a student who experienced LBP prior to entering university, but not since, would also indicate having a lifetime measure of LBP, but not LBP in the past 12-months, one-month or one-week. Students who reported LBP as a regular feature of their lives may well report lifetime, 12-month, one-month and one-week LBP. This paper reports on all measures of LBP prevalence because of the differential nature of exposure to the range of variables tested.
Approach to data analysis
Recall period
12 month
1 month
1 week
Disease information
Age at initial onset
Initial incident
Putative associated factors
Year level of study
Year level of study
Year level of study
Year level of study
Occupational exposure
Sport exposure
Length of study
Length of study
Length of study
Length of study
Level of fitness
Level of fitness
Level of fitness
Educational exposures
Educational exposures
LBP prevalence data was described by year level (overall and in gender strata), using percentages, risk ratios and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI). Linear analysis for trend in proportions was calculated across the four university year levels, and reported as chi-square for trend statistics and associated p values.
Interpretation and application of predictive variables
Associations between potential exposure variables and the four measures of LBP prevalence were tested using univariate logistic regression models, reporting the associations as odds ratios and 95%CI. Significance of association was detected when confidence intervals did not span 1, and where confidence intervals skimmed 1, these are noted as trends towards significance. Gender, university year level and self-reported fitness were tested as independent categories using the classifications of data collection (See Appendix 1). Being male, being in first year of the physiotherapy program, and having poor fitness were the relevant comparison categories. The effect of age was tested in independent year categories relevant to the sample distribution (18 years and younger [the comparison level], 19 through to 22 years as separate categories, and 23+ years). Preliminary testing of the association with LBP of the educational exposure questions indicated that the data could be dichotomised for each question at 20 hours or less (comparison category) (comprising categories 1–3), and more than 20 hours in the past month (exposure category) (the last four categories). Preliminary analysis indicated that the risk of LBP in the categories of 0, 1–10, 11–20 hours was similar (approximating 1) for all the educational exposure questions. The risk of LBP in the last four categories was elevated compared with the first three, with similar risk estimates across the last four categories. All continuous variables were dichotomised at the median value:
Occupational exposure was calculated as an index, taking account of the total amount of time (hours) estimated by subjects as being spent in each reported occupation, multiplied by an action category of the occupation [35, 36] (assigned using a modification of the Ovako Working Posture Analysis System [36]). This provided a cumulative index per subject of action category occupation hours, which was then categorised into tertiles for analysis purposes. Sport was calculated as the cumulative total reported time ever (hours) spent playing each nominated sport, with no difference in ranking given to competition or recreational level of sport. This index was also divided into tertiles for analysis purposes. Dividing index exposure data into tertiles provides a mechanism for assigning individuals into risk categories of high, medium and low, where no other exposure classifications are plausible, logical or commonly used [33, 34].
Response rates in the prevalence study
Characteristics of the sample
Year level
Response rate (%)
Gender (%)
• Male
• Female
Mean age in years (SD)
19.1 (2.2)
20.8 (3.1)
19.9 (1.6)
21.6 (1.9)
20.3 (2.6)
Mean length of study in years (Range)
0 (-)
1.1 (1–3)
2 (-)
3.2 (3–5)
1.4 (0–5)
N available subjects
Sample sensitivity analysis
Considering year level differences in lifetime prevalence over the four years of study, Cohen's tables [34] suggest that at p<0.05, this effect size (0.18) was powered at 89%. Smaller effect sizes were found for differences in 12 month and one-month prevalence over the year levels (0.14 and 0.16 respectively). Cohen's tables [34] indicate that at p < 0.05 the power of this study sample to estimate these differences was 65% and 70% respectively. To produce these same effect sizes with over 80% power would have required a sample of approximately 300. Thus this study sample was appropriately powered to provide robust estimates of differences over the year levels in lifetime prevalence, but less well powered to detect differences in the more recent measures of LBP.
Prevalence of LBP (95%CI) as a percentage of the total number of respondents (overall, per year level and gender), and evidence of linearity for trend over the year levels (overall and per gender).
First year
47.6 (29.8–69.4)
33.3 (12.7–53.9)
19.0 (1.9–36.1)
61.0 (48.5–73.4)
54.2 (41.5–76.9)
30.5 (18.7–42.4)
13.6 (4.8–22.3)
57.5 (46.4–68.5)
31.3 (20.9–41.7)
15 (7.0–22.9)
Second year
78.4 (64.9–91.8)
70.3 (57.6–83.0)
48.6 (32.3–64.9)
35.1 (21.2–48.9)
66.7 (52.1–81.3)
61.5 (46.4–76.6)
51.3 (35.8–66.8)
35.9 (21.0–50.8)
72.4 (62.3–82.4)
65.8 (55.1–76.5)
50.0 (38.7–61.2)
Third year
85.7 (39.4–100)
85.7 (30.6–100)
71.4 (12.9–87.0)
57.1 (0.1–70.9)
63.0 (44.7–81.2)
55.6 (36.8–74.3)
33.4 (15.6–51.2)
25.9 (9.4–42.4)
67.6 (51.9–83.3)
61.8 (45.5–83.9)
41.2 (24.6–57.7)
32.4 (48.1–16.7)
Fourth year
75.0 (57.7–92.3)
66.7 (47.8–85.5)
45.8 (25.9–65.7)
16.7 (1.8–31.6)
86.1 (74.7–97.4)
83.3 (71.1–95.5)
63.9 (48.2–79.5)
41.7 (25.6–57.8)
81.7 (71.9–91.5)
76.7 (66.0–77.4)
56.7 (44.2–69.2)
31.7 (19.9–43.5)
Total sample
69.2 (63.4–75.0)
63.2 (57.1–69.3)
44.4 (38.1–50.7)
27.6 (21.9–33.2)
Chi Square (p value) describing linearity of trend
• Overall
7.9 (0.005)
8.2 (0.004)
7.1 (0.008)
4.1 (0.04)
• Females
5.1 (0.02)
6.2 (0.01)
7.1 (0.007)
7.4 (0.006)
• Males
2.7 (0.09)
2.0 (0.15)
0.7 (0.4)
0.1 (0.7)
Considering subjects' responses to all categories of LBP prevalence (LBP ever, LBP in the previous 12 months, LBP in the previous month and LBP in the previous week) we found that 30.8% subjects reported never having experienced LBP, 5.2% students reported experiencing LBP earlier in their life, but not in the last 12 months, 19.6% students reported LBP within the past 12 months (but not in the last month), 17.6% students reported experiencing LBP in the past month (but not the past week), and 27.2% students experienced LBP in the past month as well as the past week.
Year level and gender exposure
Risk ratio of LBP occurring in each year level compared with the first year students (RR = 1)
Year Level
Overall Risk Ratio (95%CI)
Gender-specific Risk Ratios (95%CI)
Fourth Year Students
1.4 (1.1–1.8)++
1.4 (1.1–1.8)++
1.6 (0.9–2.6)
1.5 (1.2–1.9)++
2.1 (1.3–3.3)++
1.6 (0.9–2.7)
1.8 (1.2–2.7)++
1.5 (1.2–2.0)++
1.4 (0.6–2.9)
2.1 (1.1–4.0)++
1.4 (1.1–1.8)++
0.9 (0.2–3.1)
Third Year Students
1.2 (0.9–1.6)
1.0 (0.7–1.5)
1.8 (1.0–3.1)*
1.2 (0.9–1.7)
1.0 (0.7–1.5)
2.0 (1.1–3.6)++
1.3 (0.8–2.2)
1.1 (0.6–2.1)
2.1 (1.0–4.6)*
2.2 (1.1–4.4)++
1.1 (0.8–4.7)
3.0 (1.0–8.9)*
Second Year Students
1.3 (1.0–1.6)*
1.1 (0.8–1.5)
1.6 (1.0–2.7)*
1.3 (1.0–1.7)*
1.1 (0.8–1.6)
1.6 (1.0–2.8)*
1.6 (1.0–2.4)*
1.7 (1.0–2.7)*
1.5 (0.7–2.9)
3.1 (1.4–7.3)++
2.6 (1.2–5.7)++
1.8 (0.7–4.9)
There were differences in gender-specific risk of LBP. Females in fourth year sustained a significantly elevated risk of all measures of LBP compared with first year females, whilst there was no difference in risk of any measure of LBP for males in these year levels. In contrast, males in second and third year showed a consistent increase in risk in most measures of LBP compared with first year males, whilst females in second and third year levels generally showed no difference in LBP risk. The significant increase in one-week prevalence in second year females compared with first year females may reflect a chance finding, or an artifact of the data.
The significance of the overall, and gender-specific findings needs to be interpreted with caution due to the low number of third year students overall, and the low number of males in the second and third year levels. Moreover, whilst these analyses suggest a significantly increased LBP risk once students complete first year, the general overlap in confidence intervals in years 2–4 of the physiotherapy program for all measures of LBP (overall, and in gender-strata) suggests a non-significant year-by-year increase in risk after first year.
Putative exposures
Risk estimates of putative exposures (OR and 95%CI)
Lifetime LBP
12 month LBP
1 month LBP
1 week LBP
18 or less years
19 years
1.6 (0.7–3.4)
1.7 (0.8–3.5)
2.2 (0.9–5.0)
2.0 (0.8–5.1)
20 years
2.9 (1.2–7.2)
3.6 (1.5–8.7)
4.5 (1.9–10.8)
3.4 (1.3–9.0_
21 years
3.0 (1.2–7.6)
3.2 (1.3–7.6)
3.5 (1.5–8.5)
2.4 (1.0–6.5)
22 years
2.0 (0.6–7.4)
1.5 (0.4–4.9)
0.5 (0.1–2.5)
0.9 (0.7–4.8)
23+ years
2.0 (0.8–5.1)
2.1 (0.9–5.2)
3.1 (1.2–7.7)
2.5 (0.9–6.9)
0.9 (0.5–1.6)
0.9 (0.5–1.6)
0.9 (0.5–1.5)
1.0 (0.5–1.7)
Occupational exposure
1.4 (0.5–3.9)
1.3 (0.8–1.6)
Sports Exposure
0.9 (0.4–1.8)
1.2 (0.9–1.5)
Length of study >1
2.4 (1.2–5.0)
2.3 (1.4–2.6)
2.0 (1.1–3.6)
1.2 (0.7–2.4)
Height >171 cm
1.1 (0.3–4.2)
Weight >63 kgs
1.1 (0.5–2.2)
1.3 (0.7–2.2)
1.8 (0.8–4.1)
1.7 (0.6–3.7)
2.2 (0.8–6.1)
1.6 (0.7–3.7)
1.3 (0.6–3.2)
1.7 (0.6–4.9)
Educational exposures
>20 hrs sitting looking straight ahead
0.8 (0.5–1.4)
0.7 (0.4–1.3)
>20 hrs sitting looking down most of the time
2.4 (1.4–4.1)
1.7 (0.9–3.1)
>20 hrs practicing techniques on someone else
1.5 (0.9–2.7)
1.3 (0.7–2.4)
>20 hrs having techniques practiced on you
1.9 (0.9–3.6)
1.7 (0.8–3.4)
>20 hrs treating patients
1.9 (1.1–3.6)
2.1 (1.1–4.1)
Students aged 20 and 21 years demonstrated significantly higher risk of all measures of LBP compared with the youngest students (18 years or younger). Gender-specific analysis confirmed the elevated risk for males in both age groups across all measures of LBP prevalence, but females aged 20 and 21 years demonstrated elevated risk of LBP prevalence only in the prevalence categories of one-month and one-week. Further exploring this finding, overall, and in gender-strata, we found no significant difference in age for males or females for any of the prevalence measures of LBP. The overall age of students without pain was 19.8 years (95%CI 19.3–20.3), compared with students with any pain (average age 20.2 years (95%CI 19.5–23.6). Males with, and without any measure of LBP were aged respectively 21.0 years (95%CI 20.2–21.8) and 20.3 years (95%CI 19.3–21.4). Females without LBP were aged 19.6 years (95%CI 19.0–20.1) whilst females with LBP were aged 20.1 (95% 19.5–20.6).
Length of study
Length of university study was significantly associated with lifetime, 12-month and one-month prevalence of LBP, with students reporting LBP being involved in tertiary study for significantly longer. Analysis of the 12-month prevalence data is most meaningful in this instance. Overall, students reporting LBP in the previous twelve months had been studying at university on average for 1.5 years (SD 1.3), which was significantly longer than those without LBP in the previous 12 months (1.0 years (SD 1.1)) (independent Student t-test p-value 0.001). The importance of this finding continued in gender-specific analysis, where for females, the length of total study for students with 12-month LBP prevalence was 1.4 years (SD 1.3) compared with non-LBP sufferers (0.9 years (SD 1.1) (independent Student t-test p = 0.02)). For males, the length of university study for 12-month LBP sufferers was 1.8 years (SD 1.3) compared with non-LBP sufferers (1.2 years (SD 1.2) (independent Student t-test p = 0.03)). This concurs with the previous findings of LBP risk in the university year levels.
Exposure to educational activities
Exposure to the educational activity of 'sitting looking down' for more than 20 hours in the past month was significantly associated with reports of one-month prevalence of LBP. 'Treating patients' for more than 20 hours in the past month was associated with reports of one-month, as well as one-week prevalence of LBP. When considered in gender-specific strata:
This is the first known study that reports on LBP prevalence and associated exposures in undergraduate physiotherapy students in one Australian tertiary institution. The findings of this study suggest LBP is a reality for many physiotherapy students, and it could be proposed that new graduates from this sample may now be entering the workplace with existing LBP.
Response rates
The response to this survey was reasonable, with the third year student response being attenuated by poor attendance at the data-collection lecture (although over 90% of the third year students who attended the lecture completed the questionnaire). The non-responding students were unable to attend the data collection class because of delays in earlier classes. There was no reason to suspect that the non-responders in any year level would have completed the survey differently than the responders. There is high academic criteria for entering this program, and the highly competitive nature of assessment suggests that all students are similarly committed to the study requirements of their program year. Moreover, the response rate gender-proportions were no different from the gender-proportions of enrolled students in each year level, suggesting no systematic bias in respondents.
Although there were differences in data collection methodology, we do not believe that this influenced the results, as the study instrument, instructions and time frame were the same for all students. The response rates by the fourth year students to the mailed survey did not differ from the response rates of the other students who completed the questionnaire at the end of a lecture. Sensitivity analysis [32, 33] indicated that the sample was sufficiently powered to provide robust estimates of difference in lifetime prevalence across the year levels, although it was less well powered to detect differences in more recent estimates of LBP prevalence.
LBP prevalence
The lifetime prevalence of LBP for student physiotherapists in this study is generally higher than that reported in studies on graduate physiotherapists in Australia or internationally (see Table 6). These differences may well relate to the focus of comparison studies on work-related LBP only (using different descriptions of LBP), and collecting LBP experiences from older physiotherapists, which may attenuate the high prevalence of LBP reported by students or young graduates. However, the reported 12-month prevalence in our study is similar to that reported by Cromie et al [22], an Australian study using a similar definition of LBP, and measuring 12 month prevalence of LBP in binary terms. This suggests that once LBP is first experienced, it is a common feature of life for many physiotherapy students and graduates.
In our sample, being aged 20 or 21 years was a significant contributor to LBP prevalence. Considering those students who progressed through the physiotherapy program immediately after leaving high school (aged 17–23 years), the relationship between age and length of study was linear (r2 = 0.21). Thus, the 20–21 year old students would generally be in the final year of the physiotherapy program, and these findings concur with the elevated risk of LBP for the fourth year students compared with the first year students. However, the association with length of study for all subjects in the sample (from 17 to 35 years) is less convincing (r2 = 0.09), as eight percent of students aged 22 and over years commenced study after a number of years in the workforce (on average 6.7 working years (SD 2.4)). The average length of tertiary study for these mature aged students was 1.8 years (SD 1.6). Thus, we contend that while the older students may have been exposed to greater occupational and sport lifetime hazards than their younger counterparts, they may consequently have developed an enhanced ability to withstand workplace injury risk [21–24].
Occupational, sports and educational exposures
Our study found no association with any prevalence of LBP of lifetime recalled cumulative sporting and occupational exposures. Although these exposures were significantly and positively associated with age (r2 values of 0.56 and 0.61 respectively), the method of capturing and calculating exposure may well have attenuated potential associations. Physiotherapy students are believed to be involved in a variety of employment whilst studying, and many of the mature aged students worked at a range of occupations prior to entering the physiotherapy program.
The significance of the association of the educational exposure 'treating patients' at one-month and one-week LBP prevalence is related to increasing years of study only in the sense that none of the first or second year students reported this exposure. This concurs with the structure of the undergraduate physiotherapy program in the participating institution. There was also no increase in risk related to 'sitting looking down' across the years of study, as the students' year of exposure to the physiotherapy program was not significantly related to the association between this educational exposure and LBP in the previous month. Despite being reported to be an important element in undergraduate physiotherapy education [23], manual handling was not specifically measured in this study as an educational exposure. The survey questions related to educational exposures were generated by the students themselves (during the focus groups that developed and validated the questionnaire). The educational questions were based on student perceptions of their common educational activities. Only one educational category, 'treating patients', potentially contained elements of the variable working postures and manual handling activities that are associated with patient care [23, 24]. Question construction in this survey potentially highlights students' limited knowledge of workplace exposures.
The strong association between educational posture of 'sitting looking down' and one-month prevalence of LBP suggests that exposure to general undergraduate university student experiences could contribute to student physiotherapist LBP. Thus, further studies are required to test the prevalence of LBP in other undergraduate student groups. Important educational exposures could well incorporate aspects of university life that were not measured in this study, such as repeated exposure to (for instance) poor sitting and standing postures, stress, frequency and severity of injury, eating and recreational habits. It seems important therefore to further test in controlled comparison studies, whether physiotherapy students are more at risk of LBP than any other group of university students when undertaking educational activities.
Potential measurement error
Quantification of exposure, and measurement error in estimating exposures to educational activities, occupation and sport and fitness levels needs to be considered, as the associations with LBP may have occurred by chance, and may reflect artefacts in our estimation of risk. Further research is required to develop better measures of undergraduate physiotherapy training exposures, lifetime occupational and sports exposures, and a better understanding of the forces on the spine resulting from these exposures related to LBP. This study may also have been improved had we been able to quantify exposure to recognised physical risk factors for adult LBP in the undergraduate educational setting (such as twisting, lifting, manual handling etc), and to determine intra- and inter-individual variability in these activities [22, 24, 41]. The characterisation of exposure to workplace factors is however, frequently constrained by the multiple physical demands of many workplace tasks, whose inter-relationships are not well understood [26, 35, 36]. Moreover, comparisons of self-reported questionnaire assessments with observational data have shown poor agreement for factors such as the average duration of time spent standing, sitting, lifting and bending and/or rotating the trunk [35–37, 42]. Thus it appears that questions on duration of time spent in particular occupational positions may be difficult to answer accurately using any current data collection approach.
Commencement of LBP
It is of note that most LBP in our sample was reported as commencing in mid-teens, with the most common onset related to sport. As the teenage years are often a time of intense physical growth [39, 40], the potential for lifetime experiences of LBP to commence at this time needs to be carefully considered with a view to reducing adulthood LBP incidence. Thus, a better understanding is required of how age-related experiences, environmental factors, physical activity and individual physical growth relate to LBP, before the effect of 'age' alone can be understood. In retrospect, we should have asked for more recent information about sport and occupational exposures that could have allowed us to calculate not only lifetime exposure for both measures (for association with the lifetime LBP measure), but more recent exposures to correlate with the relevant LBP prevalence measures. In this way we may have gained a more robust understanding of LBP related to sport and occupation.
Time frame of data collection
Ideally in studies such as this, data should be collected at the one point in time, and in the same manner, to ensure the same length of exposure to the demands of each physiotherapy student year, and the same potential for error (or bias) in response. This was not possible for this study due to timetable constraints. We recommend that future surveys of this nature should be conducted at the end of the student year, possibly in examination week. This would ensure a full year of educational exposures for each year level and recognition by students of all likely workplace occupational exposures, thus enabling all students to have the opportunity to participate in data collection in the same manner at the same time.
LBP was experienced regularly by a significant number of physiotherapy students in each year level of one university undergraduate training program. The risk of LBP for students in years 2–4 of the program was significantly greater compared with that for students in the first year of the program. Students aged 20 and 21 were more at risk of LBP than younger or older students. Students aged 20–21 mostly reflected those students who had entered the physiotherapy program straight from high school, and were in the final year of the program. They had thus been enrolled in the undergraduate program for the longest. Concurring with this was that students with more than two years of tertiary education were significantly more likely to experience LBP in the previous 12 months than students with less exposure. Educational exposures of 'sitting looking down' and 'treating patients' were related to recent occurrence of LBP.
It thus seems sensible that training is offered at the commencement of the first year of the physiotherapy program on profession-specific and personal aspects of occupational health and safety. On the basis of the data presented in this paper, the high frequency of LBP reportedly suffered by young graduate physiotherapists, and the high personal, medical and societal costs of workplace injury, every effort should be made to ensure that graduates enter the physiotherapy profession not only with minimum experience of LBP, but also being aware of the risks entailed in working in the physiotherapy profession. Given that 'sitting looking down' could also be a risk factor for LBP for other university students, further investigation of LBP causes in university students is required. It may well be found that all undergraduate students require similar instruction related to their chosen profession.
Authors Contributions
Both authors contributed equally in the conception and design of this study, the analysis of data, reporting and preparation of the paper.
List of Abbreviations
low back pain
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- Hildebrandt VH: Back pain in the working population: prevalence rates in Dutch trades and professions. Ergonomics. 1995, 38: 1283-1298.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Malina RM: Growth and Development: the first twenty years. Minnesota, Burgess Publishing Company. 1975Google Scholar
- Tanner JM, Whitehouse RH, Marubini E, Resele LF: Adolescent growth in boys and girls. Annals of Human Biology. 1976, 3: 109-126.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Burdorf A: Exposure assessment of risk factors for disorders of the back in occupational epidemiology. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health. 1992, 18: 1-9.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Rossignol M, Baetz J: Task-related risk factors for spinal injury: validation of a self-administered questionnaire on hospital employees. Ergonomics. 1987, 30: 1531-1540.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/4/22/prepub
Pre-publication history
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original URL.


text:
Endogenous Distortions in Product and Labour Markets
This paper uses the common agency approach to analyse the joint determination of product and labour market distortions in a small (developing) open economy. Capital owners and union members lobby the government on both tariffs and minimum wages, while other factors of production are not organized. The paper shows that product and labour market distortions move in the same direction in response to changes in economic and political parameters, and that their level is not modified by social pacts between capital and labour. It also shows that conditionality by foreign agencies should target product market distortions, not labour market distortions.
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
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|Date of creation:
|Feb 1995
|Contact details of provider:
| Postal: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 77 Bastwick Street, London EC1V 3PZ.
Phone: 44 - 20 - 7183 8801
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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Grossman, Gene M & Helpman, Elhanan, 1994.
"Protection for Sale,"
American Economic Review,
American Economic Association, vol. 84(4), pages 833-850, September.
- Grossman, G.M. & Helpman, E., 1992. "Protection for Sale," Papers 162, Princeton, Woodrow Wilson School - Public and International Affairs.
- Grossman, G.M. & Helpman, E., 1992. "Protection for Sale," Papers 21-92, Tel Aviv.
- Gene M. Grossman & Elhanan Helpman, 1992. "Protection For Sale," NBER Working Papers 4149, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Grossman, Gene & Helpman, Elhanan, 1993. "Protection for Sale," CEPR Discussion Papers 827, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Bernheim, B Douglas & Whinston, Michael D, 1986. "Common Agency," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 54(4), pages 923-942, July.
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We got some rain this morning and mid-afternoon. All the birds are active
as the weather is like early spring...no need for coats...just long sleeved
winter shirts. I'm beginning to see buds on everything that usually blooms
in March or April. I pruned my raspberries...the canes are swollen and new
leaves about to come out. It is amazing to have such warm weather.
Fortunately, we did not get that storm that raged across the lower southern
states. One of my sisters felt its wrath but had little damage. I'm
hoping that everyone else weathered through it.
Bonnie Zone 7/7 ETN
Remember: The River Raisin, The Alamo, The Maine, Pearl Harbor, 9/11
> [Original Message]
> From: james singer <email@example.com>
> To: Garden Chat <email@example.com>
> Date: 1/5/2007 6:19:39 PM
> Subject: [CHAT] Pleasant PM
> Nice today. In the high 70s. Squinty and I sat outside most of the
> afternoon and watched as a bunch of guys with a crane truck removed a
> Canary Island date palm from a neighbor's front lawn. It is a nice
> palm--one that will likely retail for $2,500 or so--and removing it was
> quite an operation. First they dug all around it by hand to remove the
> sod and first foot or so of soil. Then they used a mechanical shovel to
> root-prune it all around. Next, they lifted it out of the ground and
> held it aloft while they wrapped the root ball with something like
> heavy-duty saran wrap, then they laid the palm over at about a
> 30-degree to-the-ground angle while they chain-sawed off all but a few
> fronds around the crownshaft. Finally, they tied the crownshaft fronds
> together into a bundle and tied the bundle to a long 2-by-6 laid
> parallel to the palm's trunk to keep the crown from drooping, and
> loaded it onto a trailer with a padded cradle.
> I don't know why the neighbor sold the palm. He's a snowbird and has
> been trying to sell his house for 2 years, whenever he and his wife are
> here, but without success. Maybe he's decided to sell the place one
> piece at a time.
> Island Jim
> Southwest Florida
> Hardiness Zone 10
> Heat Zone 10
> Minimum 30 F [-1 C]
> Maximum 100 F [38 C]
> ---------------------------------------------------------------------
> To sign-off this list, send email to email@example.com with the
> message text UNSUBSCRIBE GARDENCHAT
To sign-off this list, send email to firstname.lastname@example.com with the
message text UNSUBSCRIBE GARDENCHAT


text:
You don't want to hear my comment when I walked in and found the
mess.... not to mention Dh was sitting reading the paper the entire time
and didn't notice :(
Actually, it hasn't rained here in the few days I have been here. Did
notice that the ground is still moist, but not extremely soggy, when I
planted those last few this am... I debated about planting them, cause
if it doesn't rain the big question is will DH water them?!?
> My, my, you do have water problems don't you? ;+) Didn't mean to be
> callous, it just seems that you have water, water, everywhere.
> Kitty
To sign-off this list, send email to email@example.com with the
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Virtual Tours
This site leads you to virutal tours that include a tour of the seven wonders of the world, mt. st. helens, and many other interesting things.
Material Type: Simulation
Technical Format: HTML/Text
Date Added to MERLOT: June 23, 2012
Date Modified in MERLOT: June 29, 2012
Submitter: tristan schmit
Reviewed by members of Editorial board for inclusion in MERLOT.Editor Review (not reviewed)
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Pick a Bookmark Collection or Course ePortfolio to put this material in or scroll to the bottom to create a new Bookmark CollectionName the Bookmark Collection to represent the materials you will addDescribe the Bookmark Collection so other MERLOT users will know what it contains and if it has value for their work or teaching. Other users can copy your Bookmark Collection to their own profile and modify it to save time.Edit the information about the material in this {0}Submitting Bookmarks...Select this link to open drop down to add material Virtual Tours to your Bookmark Collection or Course ePortfolioSelect this link to close drop down of your Bookmark Collection or Course ePortfolio for material Virtual ToursSelect this link to open drop down to add material Virtual Tours to your Bookmark Collection or Course ePortfolio
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Villages Golf Panoramica, San Jorge
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Main amenities
- 35 guestrooms
- Golf course
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- Daily housekeeping
- Meeting room
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- Panoramica Golf (0.5 mi / 0.8 km)
- Alcanar Church (6.9 mi / 11.2 km)
- Port of Les Cases d'Alcanar (10.4 mi / 16.8 km)
- Port of Vinaros (10.9 mi / 17.6 km)
- Placa Constitucio (14.7 mi / 23.7 km)
Villages Golf Panoramica, San Jorgefrom $67
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At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
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- Check-in time 2 PM-8 PM
- Check-out time is 11 AM
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
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- Pets not allowed (service animals welcome)
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Free self parking
Nearby Three Star San Jorge hotels
In the hotel
- Continental breakfast daily (surcharge)
- Restaurant
- Barbecue grills
- Outdoor pool
- Fitness facilities
- Golf course on site
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- Golfing on site
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- Conference space size (feet) - 1614
- Conference space size (meters) - 150
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- Year Built 2000
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Top San Jorge hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in San Jorge
- Delta HotelFrom
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Nearby hotels
Also popular with travelers from the USA
Special features
DiningOnsite venue - Overlooking the golf course, this restaurant specializes in Mediterranean cuisine and serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar.
Villages Golf Panoramica, San Jorge's small print
Also known as
- Villages Golf Panoramica
- Villages Golf Panoramica Hotel
- Villages Golf Panoramica Hotel San Jorge
- Villages Golf Panoramica San Jorge
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 2500, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.
Optional extras
Rollaway beds are available for EUR 15 per night
Continental breakfast is offered for an extra charge of EUR 5.50 per person (approximately)
Cribs/Infant beds are available for EUR 7 per night
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Recent reviews
Good 3.9 /5 from 21 reviews
Not that easy to find, sat nav couldn't find it, had to check in at pro shop but staff very helpful. Apartment overlooking 10th green, however towel rail fell off the wall when touched, socket the fridgevwas plugged into was hanging off the wall and the place was a little grubby. Beds very comfortable and AC worked well,limited choice for continental breakfast.
Breakfast could be better. Far off from highway is good or bad depending on your preference. Nice to get an apartment for the price of a room in ordinary hotels.
Excellent resort atmosphere! Breakfast was really excellent too!
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us


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Stuck in the kitchen on the biggest turkey-and-football day of the year, a long-suffering housewife takes a new look at sacred family traditions.
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all have a distinctly fishy flavour.
The Whole She-Bang 2
November 2014 saw the start of my life of crime, when my short story "Poetic Justice" was published in The Whole She-Bang 2, an anthology from Canadian crime writers.
Following the 2011 success of the first book,
The Whole She-Bang
, the Canadian members of
Sisters in Crime
decided to publish a second anthology of crime stories by Canadian writers, from first offenders to hardened veterans.
I had a ton of fun writing "Poetic Justice" and couldn't resist basing it on recent, crazy events in Toronto.
Where to buy
The Whole She-Bang 2
Editor Janet Costello and her crew have pulled together 24 stories ranging from cosy to noir, from deadly serious to dying laughing. I'm thrilled to be included among such a talented crew of sisters and brothers.
What other writers are saying....
The Whole She-Bang 2 is wonderful! With accomplished short stories that range from hilarious to gruesome to downright unsettling, this is a collection sure to appeal to any taste. It does Canada's female crime writers proud.
Louise Penny,
New York Times Bestselling author
Thoughtful, well-written and above all, entertaining, this collection of short stories by established and up-and-coming crime writers is as Canadian as a polite little murder on a winter's afternoon.
Elizabeth J. Duncan,
award-winning author of the Penny Brannigan series.
Are the stories in this new collection by Sisters in Crime ingenious? Check. Well written? Check. A delight, a surprise, and unputdownable, story after story? Check, check, and check. If ever there was an anthology worth checking out, this is it.
Scott Mackay,
Arthur Ellis Award winner for best short mystery fiction
Libraries will get you through times without money
better than banks will get you through times without books