text:
Tablas are harmonically complex and tonally rich sets of drums used in a variety of musical genres ranging from the devotional music of Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims to film, folk, and fusion. They are perhaps most famous for their role as accompaniment and also as a solo instrument in Hindustani classical music. The drums' unique design has developed through close interactions between performers and instrument makers since the drums began to be widely circulated approximately 200 years ago[i].
While South Asian music grows in international popularity, tablas are also increasingly incorporated in musical genres unrelated to South Asia creating a further rise in the demand for the instrument and consequently changes in local tabla economies.[i] As Appadurai (1990) noted, globalization results in neither the "triumphantly universal" nor the "resiliently particular," but rather the movement of people, money, and objects through various flows he refers to as "scapes."[ii] As the tabla moves through these various and increasingly global flows over the course of its "social life," it changes from specialized item to commodity and back,[iii] constantly forging and influencing new relationships with and between humans.[iv]
Tabla Technology and the Role of Maker/Player Interaction
All tablas are not created equal and variations in materials and craftsmanship can have important impacts on the sounds they are capable of making. Banarasi tablas are famous for having thicker skins and thicker tuning paste, which helps to give them their signature sound—usually described as being "full" and "resonant" in contrast with tablas made on thinner hides, whose sound is often called "bright".[i]
Patron/client relationships vary, with some players being extremely loyal to a particular tabla maker while others think of them as inconsistent, fraudulent, and deceitful. Whether friendly or strained, the relationship between maker and player involves an intimacy that comes from close listening to the instrument, intense discussions of sound, and negotiations of price and quality.
Wholesale Karna
Wholesaling has played the primary role in facilitating the drastic increase in tabla makers employed in Banaras. In the last twenty-five years, Banaras tabla makers have grown from about seven or eight makers in a few shops, to seventy-five or more makers today, with not enough sons born to meet the growing demand for the instruments.[i]
Two cousins who worked together in the same shop twenty-five years ago now have a total of twelve sons who each have their own tabla shops staffed primarily with family members, but also hired help.[ii] Two grandchildren of those same cousins are now going to college to get business degrees and are shifting away from artisanal craftsmanship towards import/export management, because their family's wholesale business has grown so much that they do not need to make tablas themselves.[iii]
Whether they are oversimplifying the past or lamenting the current state of affairs, two tabla makers with whom I worked closely suggested that in previous generations, success depended on the quality of the drums one produced rather than the quantity.[iv] This transition can be seen as part of a larger pattern of "detraditionalization" as outlined by Beck, Lash, and Giddens in which new opportunities lead individuals away from traditional modes of production.[v] When I asked one wholesaler, Niyaz Ahmed, about that choice, he told me that he would rather make drums than spend the afternoon haggling with a customer. While the profit margin per drum is less, he argued that he can make more drums/day because he is free from having to deal with customers.[vi]On separate occasions, four different Banarasi tabla makers accused wholesalers of "making jalebis"which is applying tuning paste in concentric rings to make the drum head look attractive without putting any effort into balancing the drum's harmonics, opening up its voice, or otherwise trying to improve its sound quality.[i]
Artisanal Craftsmen and International Markets
Foreign visitors and students passing through town offer tabla makers a different kind of opportunity than local customers. Since they know that these customers are unlikely to return to the shop, there is little incentive for them to spend exorbitant amounts of time tuning their drums. Furthermore, the students themselves often do not have the skills or experience to evaluate drums for sound quality. Those who have ever tried to learn to play tabla will know that it takes weeks if not months of training before new students can even make some of the basic tabla sounds, and even then they would not be consistent enough in their hands to know whether variations in sound were related to the drum or to their playing. As Anwar told me, "If the customer is happy, I am happy" implying that the customer was the ultimate arbiter as to whether or not the instrument was "finished" and that there was no need to work towards improving the sound of an instrument if the customer was satisfied.[i] This rubric is the same for advanced players as it is for novices; however, with novices it seems to take on a different meaning because it is presumed that they won't know what to listen for or how to do it.[ii] New markets mean new opportunities and many tabla makers learn to adjust their business practices in order to benefit from these new markets as much as possible.
Of course not all foreign customers are tourists just passing through. Many students in Banaras return year after year to further their musical training and often buy multiple drums with each visit. Some stay for weeks, others, months.[iii] I met two such students who are now teachers in their home countries and import tablas for themselves and their students with some regularity. In situations like these, the players prefer to check their drums during the fine-tuning process just like serious local performers do, but often they do not have the opportunity.[iv]
While relatively few artisanal tabla makers regularly ship drums overseas, doing so has forced them to adjust their business practices to include various electronic media for communication and to account for bureaucracies surrounding international shipments, money transfers, and customs. One such tabla maker is Mohammed Anwar, whose attempts to ship drums to a customer, I will refer to as John Smith, in Australia have also led to changes in the instrument's design and ultimately the creation of an "Australia Model Tabla" with synthetic component parts that can pass through the Australian Quarantine without irradiation. While globalization has affected tabla technology obliquely through the growth of the wholesale market and changing dynamics between tabla makers and visiting foreign musicians, the intervention of the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service impacts tabla technology directly through forced incorporation of new materials and structural changes to the instrument.
The Quarantine has very strict, yet vague, rules about the types of animal products that can be allowed into the country and whether or not these products must be subjected to gamma irradiation treatment before they can enter.[i] Irradiation ruins tabla heads. They can no longer hold tension, the straps often disintegrate, and the heads may simply fall apart or crumble to dust. Since 1998, Smith has tried a variety of methods to get around irradiation. When he accompanied his luggage, he could occasionally talk his way into getting them through customs, though it was always a risk and he has been denied entry on multiple occasions. He began sending the metal and wooden shells separately and hiding the leather goods in bed sheets and other textiles so that they might pass unnoticed. One tabla player on an online forum deliberately ordered his drums from Canada because he thought that shipments from Canada would be less scrutinized (even though the drums were still made in India).[ii] Similarly, Smith would sometimes ship his drum heads from Japan.[iii]
Based on his experiences of some tablas passing inspection and others not, through the years, Smith surmised that tablas were more likely to pass through customs if the heads were white, clean looking, and devoid of any hairs. For a brief period, Anwar tried painting the top layer of the drum head with white nail polish to see if it would help. It didn't. Since the Australian Quarantine's website did not specify what criteria would allow untanned animal skins to pass, Smith researched a report that outlined the types of diseases which concerned the Quarantine and discovered that these diseases would only travel on thick pieces of rawhide rather than thin ones. Subsequently, the main goat-hide heads were safe; it was the woven ring of buffalo hide and the straps that were the primary problem. It took several incarnations of "Australia Model" drum heads made with various types of synthetic materials before Anwar finally found a combination that would both pass through the Quarantine without irradiation and produce satisfactory sounds.
Anwar used plastic straps from shipping large appliances and imitation-wood window-frame molding, drastically altering the tabla's design. He also developed new manufacturing methods in order to incorporate these materials that deviate from traditional practices in significant ways. The "Australia Model Tabla" is a unique invention by Mohammed Anwar driven exclusively by the increased international market for tablas and Australia's trade and quarantine relations with other countries. There are no intellectual property laws that he would be able to enforce should someone copy his design, and his primary protection is the fact that these drums do not circulate in Banaras – only in Australia. Consequently, he has asked me not to publish the details of the techniques involved in producing these instruments.
While Smith is now relatively satisfied with the performance of Anwar's latest "Australia Model," he still prefers the look, feel, and sound of traditional Banarasi tablas.[i] As you can see, there are thin wisps of plastic that stick out from the top ring of the drum that is the primary intervention of the Australia Model. Some of Smith's customers have complained that the plastic sheds and can cause splinters when you play for extended periods of time. Smith advises them to be careful not to touch the outer ring while practicing, which consequently affects the way they approach the instrument, as most beginners and even many advanced players are likely to rest their palms on this part of the instrument during performance.[ii]
Smith is actively looking for a long-term solution that will allow him to import traditional Banarasi tablas on a regular basis without subjecting them to irradiation. From his research, he believes that he can convince the quarantine that the drum heads are safe for import if he can prove that the hides have been treated with calcium hydroxide (lime water) at a ph level of 12.5 or higher. After several failed trips to government offices in Kanpur and Lucknow to meet various export authorities in Uttar Pradesh, he was finally put in contact with someone on the veterinary board in Banaras who should be able to certify the safety of the products. As of October 2012, he has received two small test parcels with the new certification; however, neither was inspected by the quarantine, which only performs random searches. It remains to be seen if the veterinary board seal will prove sufficient. It could mean the end of the partially plastic tabla; which would then become a rare entity known only to Australian tabla players of the last few years.
Tabla making has always followed the needs of tabla players and the market. Regional variations in design reflect similar variations in performance practice.[iii] As the world of tabla performance grows beyond India's borders, makers continue to innovate and adjust to the specific needs of their customers taking advantage of new business opportunities whenever possible. It is difficult to say what these trends portend for the future. The demand for increasingly cheaper drum sets shipped all over the world is growing, while the number of players who wish to participate in the construction of their instruments and maintain a personal relationship with their makers stays steady. Tabla makers like Anwar and Ekhlak complain that their customers want them to spend extra time fine-tuning their instruments, but then pay a wholesale rate.[iv] If they are unable to raise rates sufficiently to compensate for the extra effort it takes to fine-tune their instruments, they may be forced to work towards producing a higher quantity of lesser quality drums in order to earn a living wage.
Increasing direct engagement between tabla makers and foreign customers may help them maintain a sufficient client base at high enough rates to stay in business; however, doing so complicates business practices drastically. Anwar, for example, depends heavily upon his seventeen-year-old son, Salman, who has learned some English in school and (through interactions with the author and Smith) has a working knowledge of computers and the internet. While communication technologies now enable the long-term personal relationship between players and makers to extend beyond local customers, there are still limitations. Computer-aided telecommunication services, like Skype or Google Hangouts, cannot replace the multi-sensory experience of listening to a new drum being played by one's own hands.
Appadurai, Arjun. "Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy." Public Culture, 2(2) (March 1990): 1–24.
——-. "Introduction: Commodities and the Politics of Value" in The Social Life of Things: Commodities in a Cultural Perspective. Arjun Appadurai, ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service. "Import Case Details – Public Listing." http://www.theQuarantine.gov.au/icon32/asp/ex_casecontent.asp?intNodeId=8198614&intCommodityId=13334&Types=none&WhichQuery=Go+to+full+text&intSearch=1&LogSessionID=0(accessed on April 3, 2012)
Bates, Eliot. "The Social Life of Musical Instruments" Ethnomusicology 56(3) pp. 363-395, 2012
Beck, Urlich, Scott Lash, and Anthony Giddens. Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press
Bennett, Jane. Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things. Duke University Press 2009.
Bushberg, Jerold T. "Radiation Exposure and Contamination" Merck Manuals. http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries_poisoning/radiation_exposure_and_contamination/radiation_exposure_and_contamination.html?qt=&sc=&alt= Last modified June 2009 (accessed 3 April 2012)
El-Ojeili, Chamsy, and Patrick Hayden. Critical Theories of Globalization: An Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
Khan, Salman "Anwar Tabla Maker" http://www.anwartablamaker.blogspot.com (accessed 17 October 2012)
Kippen, James. "The History of Tabla" In Hindustani Music: Thirteen to Twentieth Centuries. Joep Bor, ed. Manohar Publishers and Distributors, 2010.
Kopytoff, Igor. "Cultural Biography of Things: Commoditization as Process." In Social Life of Things, Arjun Appadurai, ed. 64–91, 1986.
Latour, Bruno. Reassembling the Social: Introduction to Actor Network Theory. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
——-. We Have Never Been Modern. Trans. Catherine Porter. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1993
Myers, Fred. "Wizards of Oz: Nation, State, and Production of Aboriginal Art," In Empire of Things: Regimes of Value and Material Culture, ed. Fred Myers pp. 165-204. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 2001
"Reemixx" Anonymous user on the popular tabla forum: chandrakantha.com http://forums.chandrakantha.com/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=6306&hilit=Reemix#p37296 Posted on 11 August 2009 (accessed 14 October 2012)
Ritzer, George. The Globalization of Nothing 2. Pine Forge Press, 2007
Roda, Allen. Resounding Objects: Musical Materialities and the Making of Banarasi Tablas. Ph.D. diss., New York University, New York. (forthcoming)
World-of-Tabla.com. "Tabla Teachers in USA" http://world-of-tabla.com/tabla_teacher_usa.php (accessed 17 October 2012)
[i] Banarasi tablas are famous for the use of thicker, heavier tuning paste to get their characteristically full, resonant tone. The synthetic ring around the drum head is not as strong as the traditional buffalo hide ring, and consequently Anwar must apply less tuning paste and adjust his tuning methods to compensate. As a professional performer and tabla teacher, Smith is very sensitive to these changes.
[ii] Smith Personal Communication June, 2012
[iii] Regional designs also influence performance practice as players adjust their techniques according to the needs of the instrument as well as request instruments that suit their performance needs. For example, Banarasi tabla players are well known for hitting their drums harder and playing more energetically than players from other traditions, and Banarasi tablas are similarly known for having thicker, more durable heads with heavy amounts of tuning paste that facilitate this style. The instrument design and performance style reinforce each other as beginners learn to strike harder while playing Banarasi tablas and then later require Banarasi tablas in order to strike harder.
[iv] In my dissertation, Resounding Objects, I discuss at length an episode at Ekhlak's shop where a customer refused to pay him his standard rate and literally shoved a lesser amount of money into Ekhlak's shirt pocket before grabbing his instrument and running away.
[i] According to permits issued Smith and Anwar under the Australian Quarantine Act Section 13 2AA, and Important Case Details – Public Listing by the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, gamma irradiation treatment for untanned hides and skins (all species excluding crocodile skins) is at a minimum of 50 kilogray (kGy). Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service. "Import Case Details – Public Listing." http://www.the Quarantine.gov.au/icon32/asp/ex_casecontent.asp?intNodeId=8198614&intCommodityId=13334&Types=none&WhichQuery=Go+to+full+text&intSearch=1&LogSessionID=0 (accessed on April 3, 2012)
Merck Pharmaceuticals suggests that human exposure to 30 gray (30Gy) gamma radiation results in 100% chance of death within 48 hours. Jerold T Bushberg, "Radiation Exposure and Contamination" Merck Manuals. Last modified June 2009 http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries_poisoning/radiation_exposure_and_contamination/radiation_exposure_and_contamination.html?qt=&sc=&alt= (accessed 3 April 2012)
[ii] Username "reemixx" on the popular tabla forum: chandrakantha.com (posted on 11 August 2009) http://forums.chandrakantha.com/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=6306&hilit=Reemix#p37296 (accessed 14 October 2012) His drums ultimately traveled three-fourths of the earth's circumference before reaching him in Perth.
[iii] Multiple interviews with Smith (February and March 2011) and ongoing electronic communication via email, skype, and facebook (April, June, September, and October 2012)
[i] Mohammed Anwar (March 2011)
[ii] One tabla player recounted tales of watching his tabla maker deliberately hide the defections of a particular tabla in order to sell it more quickly to less knowledgeable customers. (Interview March 13, 2011)
[iii] Having spoken with ten international tabla students, both at Banaras Hindu University and undertaking private tutelage, I learned that there is actually a rather vibrant ex-pat community of primarily music students who return each year for the "season," which is roughly from September to April. Many of them know each other, practice together, and often live in the same guesthouses. One sitar student told me that he can earn enough picking fruit in France each summer to pay for his accommodation and lessons for nine months in Banaras.
[iv] I met one foreign tabla player in the United States who usually orders several tablas at once, chooses the one that suits him the best and then passes the others on to students. He has even asked me to help him adjust the instruments he receives to see if they can be made more suitable, because he is frustrated by the unpredictability of the shipments. He will remain anonymous, because I would not want his students to get the impression that they are playing inferior drums.
[i] These two retailers will remain anonymous because I would not want to publicize that they periodically receive inferior quality products, and potentially harm their business.
[ii] George Ritzer, The Globalization of Nothing 2. Pine Forge Press, 2007
[iii] Igor Kopytoff, "The Cultural Biography of Things"
[iv] Fred Myers, "Wizards of Oz"
[i] Fred Myers, "Wizards of Oz: Nation, State, and Production of Aboriginal Art," In Empire of Things: Regimes of Value and Material Culture, ed. Fred Myers pp. 165-204. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 2001
[i] Anwar, Ekhlak, Mumtaz, and Imtiyaz all specifically referred to these concentric rings derogatorily as jalebis, which is the name of a ubiquitous spiral shaped sweet in North India. Imtiyaz said, "Here we don't make jalebis, we make the lov (the center of the drum head) and the chati (the edge of the drum head) balanced. Take jalebis if you want beauty. If you want voice, don't take jalebis." (March 4, 2011) Whether or not a drum head has concentric rings is not a reliable indicator of its sound quality, as there are well known tabla makers outside of Banaras who do so while also balancing and opening the drum's voice. Banarasi tabla makers, however, suggest that this is also a technique that tabla makers use to sell drums that have not been tuned. For more detail on the structure of tabla sound as it relates to construction practices, see chapters four and five of my forthcoming dissertation.
[i] The oral history I have gathered surrounding tabla making in Banaras comes from multiple formal and informal interviews conducted between 2010 and 2011 with six tabla makers (Anwar, Ekhlak, Munna, Shamshuddin, Waseem, and Mumtaz) representing Banaras' well-established tabla making families. I cannot confirm for fact; however, I would suggest that with very few potential exceptions, nearly all of Banarasi tabla makers today are related to members of these families through marriage, kinship, or mentorship. I have cross referenced their statements about previous generations to put together a genealogy of tabla making that demonstrates the interrelatedness of the industry in Banaras. As khandāni kām, or "family work," tabla making is traditionally passed from father to son, with tabla makers only reluctantly contracting laborers from outside the family. While women do contribute substantially to tabla making, they do so from their homes, as many maintain pardah and avoid encounters with men to whom they are unrelated. Consequently there are no female tabla shopkeepers in Banaras. For more information about the relationships between Banarasi tabla makers see chapter six in my forthcoming dissertation, Resounding Objects.
[ii] Bashir-ud-Din and Shams-ud-Din
[iii] Interview with Iqbal and his two sons Arif and Arshad (March 13, 2011)
[iv] Mohammed Anwar and his brother Mumtaz on separate occasions expressed frustration that the practice of wholesale was keeping both the quality and the price of tabla down and making it difficult to raise their rates. They suggested that this practice is relatively new and that in their father's generation no one could make a living by shipping large orders to Delhi. (Interviews conducted in March, 2011)
[v] Urlich Beck, Scott Lash, and Anthony Giddens. Reflexive Modernization
[vi] Niyaz Ahmed, personal communication February 2011
[i] In local parlance, wholesale karna has become a verb which refers to working towards mass production for large clients, rather than small scale production for individuals. Consequently, wholesale karnewala is the expression used to describe someone who works in this way. The experience of Banarasi wholesalers can be compared to those in other cities; however, there are no cities in India that have as many tabla makers per capita as Banaras. Consequently, the Banarasi situation is also unique in many ways.
[i] These observations come from apprenticeships with Mohammed Anwar and Ekhlak Ahmed from 2010 to 2011, during which time I learned to make my own instruments and also closely monitored interactions between customer and client while working at the tabla shop. I provide an extensive discussion of the fine-tuning of tablas in chapter five of my dissertation. This relationship is also the focus of an article which is currently under review in the journal Asian Music.
[ii] Of the eighteen Banarasi tabla players I interviewed during my fieldwork, all of them owned multiple sets of drums and all but one of them had at least one drum currently in a shop somewhere for repair.
[i] In chapters four and five of my forthcoming dissertation, Resounding Objects, I detail each of the processes involved in tabla making, the pitfalls caused by inconsistent materials that tabla makers must frequently overcome, and the creativity, dexterity, and musicality of tabla makers to improvise solutions to problems that almost invariably emerge in tabla making. I also analyze the craftsmanship of different makers through recordings and spectral analysis to try and articulate quantifiable differences between instruments. Every tabla player and maker I encountered confirmed the notion that all tablas are not made the same and that the materials and craftsmanship involved in tabla making played an important role in the sounds the instrument was capable of producing. For detailed description of these encounters and the processes involved in traditional tabla manufacture, please refer to my dissertation.
[i] Interviews conducted with DMS, BINA, and Lahore Musical Instruments (April 2011).
[i] There are many explanations for why tabla makers themselves have not emigrated overseas, including but not limited to access to travel documents and the financial capacity to travel internationally, subsequent difficulty acquiring the raw materials for tabla manufacture outside of India and competing with Indian tabla makers. Although the shipping costs would go down, the other costs of business, such as rent, would make it nearly impossible for a tabla maker to survive economically in the United States or Europe.
[i] Urlich Beck, Scott Lash, and Anthony Giddens. Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press; and Chamsy El-Ojeili and Patrick Hayden. Critical Theories of Globalization: An Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan, 2006
[ii] World-of-tabla.com lists 222 tabla teachers in the United States alone. http://world-of-tabla.com/tabla_teacher_usa.php (accessed 17 October 2012)
[i] Fusion music was once limited to jazz ensembles like Zakir Hussain and John McGloughlin's group Shakti and Karsch Kale. However, artists such as Harry Manx and Hindugrass, are increasingly fusing Indian music styles with American folk, country, and bluegrass traditions; Talvin Singh, Buddha Bar, and Thievery Corporation, are excellent examples of performers who incorporate tabla into electronic dance music genres. In 2010, El Repertorio Espanol distributed an advertisement in New York City for an evening of flamenco music, "Amores Quebrados," in which an image of tabla was featured as "percussion" without any reference to its Indian origins or of its unproblematic inclusion into a proto-typically Spanish musical genre suggesting that beyond "fusion" tabla is simply becoming a standard percussion instrument to be freely incorporated into any musical genre. None of this is surprising, because it was precisely the tabla's ability to mimic the repertoire of several other percussive traditions that led to its rise in popularity in the mid-eighteenth century. (Kippen 2010)
[ii] Arjun Appadurai, "Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy." Public Culture, 2(2) (March 1990): 24
[iii] Here I refer not only to Arjun Appadurai and Igor Kopytoff's articles in the edited volume Social Life of Things, but also to Eliot Bates' recent article The Social Life of Musical Instruments. Bates incorporates more recent theories of material culture (such as actor-network theory and Jane Bennet's notion of "thing power") into a concept of "social life" that places greater emphasis on what the objects do to the humans they engage with rather than simply drawing attention to the myriad relationships humans have with objects. For further discussion, see Arjun Appadurai "Introduction: Commodities and the Politics of Value" and Igor Kopytoff "Cultural Biography of Things: Commoditization as Process" in The Social Life of Things: Commodities in a Cultural Perspective. Edited by Arjun Appadurai. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986. For further insight into the connection between musical instrument studies and theories of material culture, see Eliot Bates, "The Social Life of Musical Instruments" Ethnomusicology 56(3) pp. 363-395 2012; and for an excellent discussion of the "vital materiality" of objects and their ability to influence outcomes see Jane Bennet, Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things, Duke University Press Books, 2009.
[iv] Following the example of Bruno Latour in We Have Never Been Modern and Reassembling the Social, and Jane Bennet in Vibrant Matter, I shift my focus on the study of musical instruments away from what the objects "are" and focus rather on what they "do" and subsequently treat them as non-human actors rather than passive recipients of human agency. Bruno Latour, We Have Never Been Modern. Trans. Catherine Porter. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1993; Reassembling the Social: Introduction to Actor Network Theory. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
[i] Kippen points out that the extensive iconographic references to other types of drums prior to 1745 and the absolute lack of any iconography of tabla prior to that date suggests that if tablas existed prior to 1745, they certainly were not popular in the courts at that time. James Kippen, "The History of Tabla" In Hindustani Music: Thirteenth to Twentieth Centuries. Joep Bor, ed. Manohar Publishers and Distributors, 2010.


text:
Some discarded leaf gleaming.
"For why do our thoughts turn to some gesture of a hand, the fall of a sleeve, some corner of a room on a particular anonymous afternoon, even when we are asleep, and even when we are so old that our thoughts have abandoned other business? What are all these fragments for, if not to be knit up finally?"
Housekeeping, Marilynne Robinson
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From OpenWetWare
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X-Gal is the common short name for 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside. It is a substrate for beta-galactosidase (lacZ) and turns blue upon being cleaved. It is commonly used for blue-white screening.
A stock solution of X-gal is commonly made with 20 mg/ml X-gal in DMF (dimethylformamide). When pouring agar plates, a typical final concentration is 20 μg/ml.


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I brought this to train, so far so good. Great idea.
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myExperiment – A Web 2.0 Virtual Research Environment
De Roure, David and Goble, Carole (2007) myExperiment – A Web 2.0 Virtual Research Environment. In, International Workshop on Virtual Research Environments and Collaborative Work Environments, Edinburgh, UK,
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e-Science has given rise to new forms of digital object in the Virtual Research Environment which can usefully be shared amongst collaborating scientists to assist in generating new scientific results. In particular, descriptions of Scientific Workflows capture pieces of scientific knowledge which may transcend their immediate application and can be shared and reused in other experiments. We are building the myExperiment Virtual Research Environment to support scientists in sharing and collaboration with workflows and other objects. Rather than adopting traditional methods prevalent in the e-Science developer community, our approach draws upon the social software techniques characterised as Web 2.0. In this paper we report on the preliminary design work of myExperiment.
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- Configuration: Box
- Width / Tube O.D.: 8 inch
- Length (Chamber / Tube): 14 inch
- Height: 5 inch
Supplier: Isotech North America
Description: The Annealing Furnace, model 414, is designed to heat, anneal and cool SPRT's (Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometers) prior to calibration. The temperature range of the Furnace - from ambient to 1000°C enables all types of SPRT's to be annealed. One of the duties of a calibration
Show More
- Configuration: Top Loading
- Process Temperature: 86 to 1832 F
- Width / Tube O.D.: 15.75 inch
- Length (Chamber / Tube): 24.41 inch
Supplier: ULVAC Technologies, Inc.
Description: No Description Provided
Show More
- Configuration: Tube
- Width / Tube O.D.: 0.7874 inch
- Length (Chamber / Tube): 1.18 inch
- Tube Furnace Features: Hinged
Supplier: Abbott Furnace Company
Description: Abbott Furnace Company offers primarily two different types of lab furnaces. One is a small two or three inch wide continuous belt furnace and the other is a manual pusher furnace. Features: Standard Model for Both Pusher and Belt Furnaces Alloy Muffle High Temperature Model for Both Pusher
Show More
- Process Temperature: 3812 to 4352 F
Supplier: Aremco Products, Inc.
Description: Aremco offers a complete line of electric box furnaces from .1 to 7.5 cubic feet for applications to 2350 °F. All furnaces are ruggedly constructed and energy efficient, and a wide range of temperature controls are offered for every type of use. Custom features and sizes are also available
Show More
- Configuration: Box
- Process Temperature: 2350 F
- Width / Tube O.D.: 13 inch
- Length (Chamber / Tube): 13.5 inch
Supplier: ULVAC Technologies, Inc.
Description: Versatile heating system consisting of an infrared gold image furnace and a quartz glass including a sample holder at moderate price. A gas flow type or a vacuum type quartz chamber can be selected for the atmosphere for heating test. A specialized temperature controller combining with SSA-series
Show More
- Configuration: Tube
- Width / Tube O.D.: 1.57 inch
- Length (Chamber / Tube): 3.15 inch
- Tube Furnace Features: Hinged
Supplier: Claisse, Inc.
Description: Peroxide Fluxer The best results call for the best solution Prepares : Solutions for AA, ICP and wet chemistry analysis Specially designed for: Fusing samples in sodium peroxide, sodium carbonate and potassium pyrosulfate Processes : Highly refractory compounds such as chromite, magnetite,Show More
Supplier: MTS Systems Corporation
Description: The family of Model 653 MTS furnaces is designed to cover a wide range of temperatures for materials ranging from metals to composites to ceramics. They are ideal for tension, compression, bend and cyclic fatigue testing. Their center split design allows for simple specimen and fixture access
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- Configuration: Box
- Process Temperature: 212 to 2552 F
- Width / Tube O.D.: 2.46 inch
- Length (Chamber / Tube): 0.2461 inch
Supplier: Zwick USA
Description: , 1-zone or 3-zone furnaces with air or vacuum environment are available. Zwick will provide the optimum combination of furnace (including temperature controller), suitable grips for tensile and flexure tests, plus the appropriate extensometers. The high-temperature furnaces and extensometersShow More
Description: Maximum operating temperatures of 1500°C. Furnaces incorporate low thermal mass ceramic fiber insulation for improved heat-up rates. Long-life free radiating silicon carbide heating elements provide excellent radial and linear chamber uniformity. Power may be easily increased to heating
Show More
- Configuration: Tube, Other
- Process Temperature: 32 to 2732 F
- Width / Tube O.D.: 3.54 inch
- Length (Chamber / Tube): 24.02 inch
Description: Maximum operating temperature of 900°C. Rapid heat-up to operating temperature. Integral ceramic work tube with external element winding creates furnace chamber. Integral ceramic work tube is convenient and suitable for processing in air. Easily slide a separate tube through work tube
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- Configuration: Tube, Other
- Process Temperature: 32 to 1652 F
- Width / Tube O.D.: 0.5906 inch
- Length (Chamber / Tube): 5.12 inch
Description: Maximum operating temperatures of 1500ºC. Carbolite HVT vacuum tube furnaces provide vacuum levels better than 1 x 10-5 mbar. These turn-key systems include two stage sliding vane rotary pump, water cooled oil diffusion pump, high vacuum baffle valve, roughing/backing valves, and Pirani
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- Configuration: Tube, Other
- Process Temperature: 32 to 2732 F
- Width / Tube O.D.: 2.95 inch
- Length (Chamber / Tube): 17.72 inch
Supplier: Despatch Industries
Description: critical applications. The RAF is available in cabinet and benchtop models. The cabinet furnace is suited for volume production while the benchtop model, with its small footprint, is ideal for high temperature process development in a laboratory
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- Process Temperature: 104 to 1000 F
- Height: 36.5 inch
- Width / Tube O.D.: 25 inch
- Length (Chamber / Tube): 37 inch
Supplier: EFD Induction a.s.
Description: Our LAB range is specially designed for laboratory and research applications. Available with rammed linings or prefabricated crucibles, LAB is perfect for precious metals melting/ refining, art molding and investment casting, quick melting for qualifying alloys, sample castings for spectro analysesShow More
Supplier: Gilson Company, Inc.
Description: Laboratory furnaces from Thermolyne are used for ashing, ignition tests, gravimetric analyses, and volatile matter determinations. For construction materials, furnaces are used for tests of soils, aggregates, and cement. All have rugged components and top quality materials to assure longest serviceShow More
Supplier: L&L Special Furnace Co., Inc.
Description: The TBU SERIES Bench Mounted Electric Three Zone Tube Furnaces utilize three separate heating zones to achieve +/-5°F (+/-2.7°C) or better within the center zone over a wide temperature range. The two end zones compensate for end heat losses. They are ideally suited for laboratory
Show More
- Process Temperature: 2102 F
- Width / Tube O.D.: 106 inch
- Length (Chamber / Tube): 96 inch
- Configuration: Tube
Supplier: International Thermal Systems LLC.
Description: Drop Bottom Solution Heat Treat Furnaces with quench meet AMS, BAC, and client specifications. The function of a Solution Heat Treat Furnace is to bring component parts to an elevated temperature and then rapidly transfer them to a quench (liquid or air) system. The transfer mechanism locates
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- Configuration: Other
- Atmosphere: Air / Oxidizing, Inert, Salt Bath
- Controller Type: Programmable
- Heat Source / Transfer: Combustion, Electric / Resistance, Natural Gas
Supplier: IHS Product Design
Description: FURNACE, DENTAL LABORATORY, ELECTRICShow More
Standards and Technical Documents - Gas Temperature Measurement by Spontaneous Raman Spectroscopy (SRS) and Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS) - 47th IIS 2001
Description: of these techniques in a laboratory furnace and a flame for rocket engine application. They are spontaneous Raman Spectroscopy (SRS) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS). The results of various measurements from SRS and CARS were presented and compared.Show More
Supplier: igus® inc.
Description: furnaces, laboratories, dentistry, medical kilns
Show More
- Axis Configuration: X Axis Only
- Stroke or X-Axis Travel: 29.53 to 39.37 inch
- Drive Specifications: Lead Screw/ACME Screw
Supplier: Pyromation, Inc.
Description: The multiple purpose thermocouples listed below are constructed with insulated thermocouple wire and provided with twisted and TIG welded hot junctions. A variety of insulations and overbraids are offered to satisfy many industrial processes, furnace certification, load checking, and laboratory
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- Base Metal Type: K
- Style: Full Length 2-hole Insulator, Flexible Style
- Gauge: 20
- Insulation / Sheath Material: Fiberglass, Other
Supplier: RS Components, Ltd.
Description: For controlling the temperature of heating plates, heating coils, tempering baths and heating furnaces in laboratories and production. Operation, parameterisation and configuration via four keys on the spray-protected front panel. Self-optimisation. Ramp function. Programme function with four
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- Number of Control Outputs: 3 outputs
- Control Signal Output: Switch / Relay Output, Other
Supplier: American Water Works Association (AWWA)
Description: problems in As analysis and speciation, because there appear to be several unresolved problems with routine analytical approaches. In true split drinking water samples As was quantified by three accepted analytical methods in three laboratories. The techniques used were graphite furnace atomic absorptionShow More
Supplier: ASTM International
Description: was used in an investigation of the feasibility of using subscale fire testing as an aid in predetermining the thermal performance of materials exposed to a full scale E 119 fire environment. Environmental incident heat flux histories were obtained during an Underwriter's Laboratory developmentShow More
Supplier: Weldaloy Products Company
Description: ; the method of heating' the furnace design and the furnace atmosphere contribute to the success of achieving the desired properties. For each combination of desired properties' a different "recipe" must be used. For each heat treatable alloy' numerous tests have to be conducted
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- Heat Treating Processes: Annealing, Precipitation Hardening / Aging, Solution Treating, Stress Relieving, Other
- Equipment Capability: Furnace
- Services Offered: Development Assistance, Grinding / Machining, Laboratory Testing & Inspection, Packaging
- Regional Preference: North America, United States Only, Midwest US Only
Supplier: Fredericks Company - Televac
Description: Applications Freeze drying and food packaging Cryogenics Load-lock Semiconductor Heat treating and vacuum furnaces Thin film deposition and coating processes Research and development Laboratories Leak detection Pharmaceutical product processes
Show More
- Operating Temperature: 32 to 122 F
- Media: Gas
- Type: Digital
- Signal Output: Analog Voltage, Switch / Alarm
Description: ., became an independent New York Stock Exchange-listed company in 1992. The production facility of The Pyrogenics Group is in Easton, Pennsylvania. The multi-building complex houses a variety of sophisticated equipment including two large high-temperature furnaces capable of producing Pyrolytic
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- Heat Treating Processes: Annealing
- Equipment Capability: Furnace, Induction, Protective Atmosphere, Vacuum Heat Treating
- Services Offered: Development Assistance, Finishing / Coating, Grinding / Machining, Laboratory Testing & Inspection
- Regional Preference: North America, United States Only, Northeast US Only
Vacuum Controllers - Televac Dual Display, Half-rack, Microprocessor-based Modular Vacuum Gauge -- MM200Supplier: Fredericks Company - Televac
Description: , pascal, millibar) Digital interface One analog output per sensor Excellent customer support Designed and manufactured in the United States of America Applications Freeze drying and food packaging Cryogenics Load-lock Semiconductor Heat treating and vacuum furnaces Thin film deposition
Show More
- Control Technique: Limit / Set Point Control, Linear Control, Advanced / Nonlinear Control
- Number of Control Outputs: 8 outputs
- Control Signal Output: Switch / Relay Output
- Form Factor: Panel / Chassis Mount, Rack Mount
Supplier: AMETEK Land
Description: , giving ±1°C/2°F resolution. The R1200P can be used for both on-site or in-laboratory calibration of LAND fixed system and Fibroptic short wavelength radiation thermometers. A calibration certificate can also be supplied as an optional extra where traceability is required. An angle
Show More
- Calibrator Style: Portable
- Process, Environmental, Thermodynamic Properties: Temperature
- Display Type: Digital Readouts
- Local Interface: Analog Front Panel
Standards and Technical Documents - EVALUATION OF THE CARBURIZATION OF ALLOY TUBES USED FOR ETHYLENE MANUFACTURE -- NACE TM0498Supplier: NACE International
Description: General This standard was developed to address a need for a standardized method to test the relative carburization of various furnace tube alloys used for ethylene manufacture. MTI(1) Publication No. 521 provides definitive guidelines for developing standard carburization testing methodsShow More
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Despatch Industries
LFC2-12 Class A Laboratory Oven
Despatch Introduces LFC2-12 Class A Laboratory Oven. Despatch Industries is expanding its line of Class A Laboratory ovens with the introduction of the 12 cubic foot LFC2-12. The new larger capacity will be added to a line that includes a 3.8 cubic foot model with proven reliability in demanding production and laboratory applications such as curing, drying, sterilizing, aging and other process-critical procedures. The LFC Class A oven is specially designed to meet NFPA 86 requirements... (read more)
Browse Laboratory Ovens Datasheets for Despatch Industries
Video: Nanoparticle Heating Solutions from Ambrell
Induction heating is a convenient and flexible method of delivering high-strength magnetic fields to nanoparticles, resulting in a focused and targeted treatment. It is gaining considerable interest in the medical research community. Induction heating systems are used in thermotherapy to generate alternating magnetic fields in the laboratory to elevate and manage the temperature of a solution of nanoparticles in vitro or (in animal studies) in vivo. Ambrell has considerable experience helping... (read more)
Browse Laboratory Furnaces Datasheets for Ambrell
Heating Nanoparticles with Induction
Induction heating is a popular solution for nanoparticle and hyperthermia research. Induction heating systems generate alternating magnetic fields to elevate and manage the temperature of a solution of nanoparticles. With induction, magnetic nanoparticles can be heated to selectively heat tumor cells. Benefits of induction with Ambrell include: Non-contact selective heating. Process repeatability. Portability of systems -- small footprint. Interchangeable coils. Technology and a system with a... (read more)
Browse Laboratory Furnaces Datasheets for Ambrell
Pyromation, Inc.
Calibration Services
Pyromation's laboratory managerial and technical team have documented education, training, technical knowledge and experience to precisely perform their assigned functions. The laboratory's test environment is constantly monitored and controlled to maintain all required conditions, while access is strictly defined and controlled. Our Laboratory equipment includes fluidized baths and tube furnaces, standard platinum resistance thermometers, and type "B" and "S" thermocouples. All standards... (read more)
Browse Predictive Maintenance and Condition Monitoring Systems Datasheets for Pyromation, Inc.
Edgetech Instruments Inc.
Chemical Resistant Chilled Mirror DewPoint Sensor
Edgetech Instruments Inc. New X3 Chilled Mirror Dew Point Sensor is designed for use within a variety of our precision hygrometers. The X3 uses a specially designed Chilled Mirror sensor to accurately measure Dew Point/ moisture concentration within aggressive process, semiconductor, and laboratory background gas species including Ammonia, HCl, Cl2, HBr, SOX, NOX, HF, Phosphine, ... The Primary Standard Chilled Mirror technique directly measures dew point and provides absolute knowledge... (read more)
Browse Gas Sensors Datasheets for Edgetech Instruments Inc.
Live From THE LAB: Material Testing
Induction heating can be applied to all sorts of applications. One of them is material testing. The objective is to assure the validity and reliability of laboratory experiments. Right now, Frank Kuster - who leads THE LAB in the Netherlands - is testing steel particles in the best-in-class Applications Lab. To achieve significant advances in aircraft, automobile and power generation efficiency, materials researchers are developing lighter, stronger materials that withstand higher temperatures... (read more)
Browse Furnaces (industrial) Datasheets for Ambrell
Despatch Industries
LBB Forced Convection Benchtop Oven
The Despatch LBB Forced convection benchtop oven features a combination of horizontal and vertical airflow that offers excellent temperature uniformity at a moderate price. It is recommended for a variety of laboratory and production applications including drying, curing, annealing and materials testing. Fast heat-up rates - Powerful open coil heating elements and a forward curved fan deliver faster heat-up rates and short processing times. Precise digital controls - Digital controls regulate... (read more)
Browse Ovens (industrial) Datasheets for Despatch Industries
Despatch Industries
In Stock and Ready to Ship
years and is actively using this technical expertise to provide innovative solutions to critical applications in a broad range of markets and cutting edge technology worldwide. Thermal processing of materials is a critical step in manufacturing quality products. The world 's top manufacturers rely on Despatch for annealing, curing, bonding, drying, aging and heat treating of electronics, polymers, composites, rubber, textiles, ceramics and aluminum. Despatch manufactures small laboratory ovens... (read more)
Browse Laboratory Ovens Datasheets for Despatch Industries
Despatch Industries
in manufacturing quality products. The world 's top manufacturers rely on Despatch for annealing, curing, bonding, drying, aging and heat treating of electronics, polymers, composites, rubber, textiles, ceramics and aluminum. Despatch manufactures small laboratory ovens as well as large batch ovens and conveyor ovens for complex, high-volume production - ovens that deliver consistent, reliable results. For more than 40 years, carbon fiber manufacturers have utilized our world-leading oxidation technology... (read more)
Browse Ovens (industrial) Datasheets for Despatch Industries
Quantachrome Instruments
Confirm or predict catalyst activity
of analysis, including pulse titration. Fully automated analysis sequences are programmed using the new TPRWin PC software. Titrations for metal area and dispersion determination use a new automatic loop injector and automatic gas switching. Furnace temperature ramping provides for temperature programmed methods (TPR, TPD, TPO, TPSR-known collectively as TPX) and sample preparation, both including rapid furnace cooling using forced air for higher throughput. New multiple TPX measurements can be automated... (read more)
Browse Property Testing Equipment Datasheets for Quantachrome Instruments
Conduct Research Top
Case Study - Development of a Novel Rotary / Mesh Belt Combo Furnace System
Learn about Harper's cutting edge furnace system with dual functionality for a leading national laboratory is supporting their research, development and commercialization of a wide range of carbon materials from renewable resources.
More Information Top
Manganese in Powder Metallurgy Steels
For this purpose, the tube of the Mars laboratory furnace in the hot zone was filled with pieces of electrolytic or ferromanganese (5–10 mm) and heated to 800°C.
Development and Demonstration of a High Efficiency, Rapid Heating, Low NOx Alternative to Conventional Heating of Round Steel Shapes, Steel Substrate (Strip) a...
Because the application involved heating the ends of the bundles in the open air instead of an enclosed furnace, commercial nozzles were incorporated into the design instead of the custom made, extremely high velocity nozzles used in the GTI laboratory furnace .
Comparison of iron ore reduction in experimental blast furnace and laboratory scale simulation of blast furnace process
Therefore, it was concluded fairly costly it would also be useful to carry out tests in athat simulation of the reduction occurring in the small laboratory furnace to determine the trials that areblast furnace can be conducteded on a laboratory worthwhile conducting …
Next Generation Metallic Iron Nodule Technology in Electric Arc Steelmaking - Phase II
The laboratory furnaces allow very precise manipulation of key variables under very controlled experimental conditions.
Testing of cement bonded briquettes under laboratory and blast furnace conditions Part 2 – Swelling of briquettes
To understand the reactions, the briquettes were reduced isothermally in a laboratory furnace and using an experimental blast furnace.
131 111 330 lb (150 kg) laboratory furnace .
Muffle Furnace - Muffle Furnace Manufacturers, Suppliers
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A Novel High-Heat Transfer Low-NO{sub x} Natural Gas Combustion System. Final Technical Report
The large test chamber used for the pilot testing was not as well insulated as the laboratory furnace and was not as easy to hold at a constant temperature.
1700°C Hotspot Laboratory Furnaces from Zircar Zirconia
▪ Laboratory Furnaces and Kilns .


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text:
Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.7.3) Gecko/20041018 Firefox/1.0
textarea.select() steals focus from other tabs. (textbox.select() and
textarea.focus() do not.) This is a security hole because it can cause typed
information to go to a tab other than the selected one.
Created attachment 162574 [details]
Created attachment 162732 [details] [diff] [review]
Comment on attachment 162732 [details] [diff] [review]
This is not quite the same code as what's in nsHTMLInputElement::Select()...
that code calls nsTextControlFrame::SetFocus even if the event was discarded.
We probably want to change that code to be like this code, we don't want a
partial focus.
Comment on attachment 162732 [details] [diff] [review]
a=chofmann for the branch
Fixed on the aviary branch, leaving bug open to track the issue the bryner
pointed out as this gets merged onto the trunk...
using the demo test here, this looks fixed with 2004102109-0.9+ on linux fc2.
also vrfy'd fixed on mac os x 10.3.5, 2004102107-0.9+ bits.
fixed on Windows too; FF build 2004-10-21-07-0.9
Making public because this bug has the same impact as bug 124750 and because
there hasn't been a hotfix or release since 124750 was fixed.
Will this be checked in to the 1.7.x branch, too?
You might want to take a look at bug 265456. It describes a method in which you
can still focus a textarea in a background tab, by using createEvent.
Is this the same bug as in bug 138646 only for a different function
(textarea.select not textbox.blur)?
Can we get a 1.7 fix for this please?
Not a firefox specific bug.
Comment on attachment 162732 [details] [diff] [review]
This patch fixes this for SeaMonkey as well. Requesting 1.7.5 approval.
Comment on attachment 162732 [details] [diff] [review]
a=mkaply for 1.7.5 checkin
Has this landed on the trunk? If so why is it still open?
This was checked into the trunk 2004-11-04


text:
Facebook Game – Medicinal Mayhem Review
ULTIMA is one of a few computer fantasy roleplaying games. It is likewise amongst the few games that allow 2 use disk drives. One one of a kind feature of ULTIMA is that the technology improves as the game goes on. At the end, the player is in outer space, in an extremely well done


text:
Find your new home in Newark, ILYou are viewing homes 1 to 2 of 2 homes for sale
{"ListingID":"0xF20A780C1975C29E4758BE21A06F7A9A","StreetAddress":"16094 S. Stonewall Drive","StreetAddressFull":"16094 S. Stonewall Drive, Newark, IL","Price":"$399,000","PriceDisplay":"$399,000","PriceForMap":"$399,000","Bedrooms":"4","Bathrooms":"3","Prop_BedsBaths":"4 beds 3 baths ","HalfBathrooms":"1","PropertyType":"Single Family","Latitude":null,"Longitude":null,"Distance":0,"Thumbnail":"http:\/\/propertyimage.leadingre.com\/11872\/0xF20A780C1975C29E4758BE21A06F7A9A\/1_thumb.jpg","Href":"\/listingdetails\/usa\/il\/newark\/16094-s-stonewall-drive-60541_0xf20a780c1975c29e4758be21a06f7a9a\/"}
{"ListingID":"0x07D6549F9A6FFF69557E9399D371D3B8","StreetAddress":"Lot 3 North 4459th Road","StreetAddressFull":"Lot 3 North 4459th Road, Newark, IL","Price":"$39,900","PriceDisplay":"$39,900","PriceForMap":"$39,900","Bedrooms":"0","Bathrooms":"0","Prop_BedsBaths":"","HalfBathrooms":"0","PropertyType":"Land\/lot","Latitude":"41.581724","Longitude":"-88.605245","Distance":6146.0221990202,"Thumbnail":"http:\/\/propertyimage.leadingre.com\/1251\/0x07D6549F9A6FFF69557E9399D371D3B8\/1_thumb.jpg","Href":"\/listingdetails\/usa\/il\/newark\/lot-3-north-4459th-road-60541_0x07d6549f9a6fff69557e9399d371d3b8\/"}
Learn more about homes in Newark, IL
Newark Home inventory breakdown by property type
Of the 2 homes for sale in Newark, the breakdown of property types
is as follows:
50% Single Family and 50% Land/lot.
50% Single Family
50% Land/lot
Area details, home facts and figures
Homes for sale 2
Average Home Size 23,501 ft² / 2,183 m²
Price Range ($39,900 - $399,000)
Information from in and around Newark...
You are Viewing 1 to 2 of 2 homes for sale in Newark. These homes are comprised of Single Family and Land/lot. The average list price of these property results is 219,450. Prices are displayed as US Dollar. For more information on these homes for sale in Newark please contact our member brokerages to schedule a showing or view an open house.
The 2 homes for sale in Newark, IL are represented by 2 member brokerages serving the Newark area. Member brokerages representing the 2 homes include john greene Realtor and Baird & Warner.


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We used an expressed sequence tag and 454 pyrosequencing approach to initiate a study of the genome of the screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Two normalized cDNA libraries were constructed from RNA isolated from embryos and second instar larvae from the Panama 95 strain. Approximately 5,400 clones from each library were sequenced from both the 5′ and 3′ directions using the Sanger method. In addition, double-stranded cDNA was prepared from random-primed polyA RNA purified from embryos, second-instar larvae, adult males, and adult females. These four cDNA samples were used for 454 pyrosequencing that produced ≈300,000 independent sequences. Sequences were assembled into a database of assembled contigs and singletons and used to search public protein databases and annotate the sequences. The full database consists of 6,076 contigs and 58,221 singletons assembled from both the traditional expressed sequence tag (EST) and 454 sequences. Annotation of the data led to the identification of several gene coding regions with possible roles in sex determination in the screwworm. This database will facilitate the design of microarray and other experiments to study screwworm gene expression on a larger scale than previously possible.
The screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), is a severe pest of livestock and other warm-blooded animals, including humans, in parts of Central and South America. The female fly deposits its eggs at a wound site and, upon hatching, the larvae feed on the host's living tissue. During seasons of heavy screwworm fly infestation, death of the host animal will often ensue if protective measures are not taken. The screwworm has been eradicated from North America and reinfestation is prevented by maintenance of a biological barrier zone formed by the ongoing mass release of sterilized male flies in Panama (Vargas-Teran 1991; http://www.nal.usda.gov/speccoll/collect/screwworm/Start.htm). Before the eradication of the screwworm from the United States, annual losses to the U.S. livestock industry topped $120 million in the 1950s (Graham and Hourrigan 1977). The benefits of the eradication program to the United States were estimated to be >$1 billion in 1974 (Goodwin 1974). Annual costs of maintaining the USDA-Regional Screwworm Program are approximately $31 million, and several avenues of increasing program efficiency are being explored. One of these areas of research involves the potential use of transgenic female-conditional lethal strains of screwworm. The development of this type of fly strain has been successfully demonstrated in Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) (Thomas et al. 2000) and Ceratitus capitata (Wiedemann) (Fu et al. 2007), and their use in control programs is being actively explored. However, these two fly species have a wealth of molecular and genetic information in public databases, whereas molecular and gene sequence data for screwworm is lacking, with only 29 sequence records available in GenBank and no expressed sequence tag (EST) entries (queried 28 October 2008).
Genome sequencing and focused EST acquisition projects have greatly advanced the study of a wide range of biological organisms and can provide new opportunities to solve agricultural problems and guide searches for novel control technologies. The size of the screwworm genome has not been reported and the likelihood of obtaining whole genome sequence in the near future is low. EST-based projects will accelerate the development of new approaches to study the genome and molecular biology of this fly. As a component of a project directed toward development of female-conditional lethal strains of transgenic screwworm, we have developed a database of genes expressed in the screwworm. We used a traditional cloned cDNA library EST-based approach to identify genes expressed in the embryonic and larval stages of the screwworm life cycle. Subsequently, a 454 pyrosequencing approach was used to obtain sequences from expressed transcripts in screwworm embryos, larvae, adult males and adult females. Bioinformatics tools were used to assemble all the sequences into a single expressed transcript database and analyze the data for sequences related to sex determination genes of other organisms which might prove useful for developing the female-conditional lethal strains.
Materials and Methods
Insect Stocks.
All egg and larval materials were from the Panama 95 screwworm strain reared at the Pacora screwworm production plant in Panama according to established protocols (Chaudhury and Skoda 2007). Adult flies were obtained from the Panama 95 screwworm strain reared similarly at the screwworm production plant in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, Mexico. One gram of eggs, second-instar larvae, and 10 g of adults of mixed sex were collected and immediately frozen on dry ice and maintained at –80°C. Adult flies were separated by sex on dry ice and kept frozen until pulverized during the nucleic acid isolation procedure.
Nucleic Acid Manipulations.
Two grams each of adult males and adult females, 0.5 g of eggs, and 1 g of second-instar larvae were used for isolation of total and poly(A)+ RNA. Ten milliliters of RNAlater-ICE (Ambion, Austin, TX) was added to each sample according to manufacturer's instructions. Total RNA was isolated using the Totally RNA kit reagents with a lithium chloride precipitation step (Ambion). RNA integrity was verified by formaldehyde gel electrophoresis and staining in GelStar Nucleic Acid Gel Stain (Lonza Rockland, Inc., Rockland, ME). Total RNA was used to construct a standard normalized cDNA library under contract by Express Genomics, Inc. (Frederick, MD), by using proprietary protocols. In brief, cDNA synthesis was primed using an oligo-dTVN primer and double-stranded cDNA directionally cloned into the EcoRV-NotI site of pExpress1 after size selection on an agarose gel. cDNA normalization was carried out using biotinylated RNA driver transcribed from the cloned cDNA and hybridization with single-stranded cDNA circles generated by phagemid production. After hybrid removal using streptavidin, single-stranded circles were converted into double-stranded DNA and then electroporated into T1 phage resistant DH10b Escherichia coli cells.
Sequencing of ESTs from the two normalized libraries was performed at the J. Craig Venter Institute (Rockville, MD). Bacterial colonies were picked for template preparation using colony-picking robots (Genetix, Boston, MA), inoculated into 384-well plates containing liquid medium and grown overnight. A robotic work station was used to prepare sequencing grade plasmid DNA by using the alkaline lysis method (Sambrook et al. 1989) modified for high-throughput processing. Beckman Multimek 96 or Biomek FX automated pipetting robot work stations (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA) were used to combine prealiquoted templates and reaction mixes consisting of deoxy- and fluorescently labeled dideoxynucleotides, TaqDNA polymerase, sequencing primers, and sequencing reaction buffer. Linear amplification steps were performed on Tetrads PTC-225 (MJ Research, Watertown, MA), and sequencing reaction products were purified by ethanol precipitation and resolved on ABI 3730xl sequencing machines (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). The unassembled EST sequences were submitted to GenBank dbEST with the accession numbers FG282693-FG291953 (eggs) and FG291954–FG301340 (larvae).
PolyA RNA was isolated from two 400-μg aliquots of total RNA from egg, second-instar larvae, adult males and adult females using the MicroPoly(A) Purist kit (Ambion). Five micrograms of polyA RNA was used to synthesize blunt-ended double-stranded cDNA by using the Just cDNA Double-Stranded cDNA Synthesis kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) and the supplied random primers. DNA sample preparation for sequencing on the 454/Roche GS-FLX was performed as described by the manufacturer (Margulies et al. 2005). In brief, this entailed shearing the DNA via nebulization, end repairing as described by Roe (2004), followed by ligation of adapter sequences and a second round of end repair to yield a blunt-ended DNA library that was quantified and diluted before amplification via emulsion polymerase chain reaction (emPCR) (Margulies et al. 2005). After emPCR enrichment, the DNAs were loaded onto a 454/Roche GE-FLX for massively parallel pyrosequencing. The resulting sequence data in Standard Flowgram Format (sff) were assembled using a beta version of SeqMan NGen (DNAstar, Madison, WI) at 97% homology, match size 15, match spacing 24, and minimum sequence length of 100 bp. Assemblies were evaluated for false joins visually using SeqManPro (DNAstar). The raw 454 sequence data were submitted to GenBank's Short Trace Archive (accession no. SRA001820).
Bioinformatic Analysis of ESTs.
In the database of assembled ESTs, sequences were mapped to functional classifications schemes such as gene ontology (GO) terms (Ashburner et al. 2000), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways (Ogata et al. 1999), Swiss Prot Protein Keywords (Bairoch et al. 2005), and the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (Dennis et al. 2003). For the GO term comparisons with the C. hominivorax developmental stage data sets, the Flybase D. melanogaster 2008_09 Release GO term annotations was used in conjunction with Fisher exact test for determination of GO term distribution differences.
Results and Discussion
To facilitate gene discovery and gene expression studies in embryonic and early larval stages of the screwworm, we constructed two normalized cDNA libraries from total RNA isolated from eggs and second-instar larvae. The initial nonnormalized cDNA libraries consisted of a total of 2.16 × 106 and 3.00 × 106 colony-forming units (cfu) for the egg and larval libraries, respectively. After normalization, a total of 9.6 ×107 cfu, 87% recombinants with average insert size of 1.8 kb, were recovered from the egg library. A total of 8.40 × 107 cfu, 87% recombinants with average insert size of 1.7 kb, were recovered from the larval library. Normalization resulted in a 40- and 50-fold reduction in clones from the egg and larval libraries, respectively, which hybridized to an actin probe when compared with the number hybridizing from the primary libraries (quality control tests performed by Express Genomics Inc.; data not shown). The pUC/M13Reverse and pUC/M13Forward primers flank the pExpress1 multiple cloning site so as to generate 5′ and 3′ end sequence data from the cDNA clone's insert, respectively. We sequenced 14 384-well plates from each library in both the 5′ and 3′ directions, obtaining 9,261 and 9,387 sequences from the egg and larval libraries, respectively (Table 1). Sequencing of the egg cDNA library resulted in 4,212 and 5,049 successful forward and reverse direction sequence reactions, respectively. Sequencing of the larval cDNA library resulted in 4,503 and 4,884 successful forward and reverse direction sequence reactions, respectively. The sequencing success rate, mean read length, and % G + C values were similar in both libraries, although all three parameters were lower in both forward (3′ end) direction data sets than the corresponding reverse direction data sets (Table 1). The lower sequencing reaction success rates and mean read lengths for the forward reactions is probably due to problems presenting from polyA tracts at or near the 3′ end of the ESTs. In addition, 3′ ends of gene coding regions tend to be more A-T rich, thus lowering the % G + C for the forward data sets.
The 454 sequencing approach on the random-primed egg, larval, adult male, and adult female cDNAs yielded a total of 46,695, 64,686, 62,853, and 49,650 sequences, respectively, that assembled into 3,091, 2,255, 3,801, and 2,432 contigs, respectively. Comparing the data from the egg and larval ESTs, which were obtained by traditional Sanger sequencing, with the data obtained from the egg and larval 454 sequencing contigs, there is an obvious difference in mean length (Table 1). The average length of the forward and reverse direction EST sequencing reads from the egg and larval normalized libraries is ≈970 bp, whereas the mean length of the assembled contigs from the egg and larval 454 data are ≈350 bp. The average length from the individual 454 sequencing reads was ≈230 bp (data not shown). However, the % G + C from the two sequencing methodologies was essentially the same. The average % G + C when combining the forward and reverse direction reads from the egg ESTs was 33.8%, whereas the 454 contig data had 32% G + C. The average % G + C from the forward and reverse direction reads of the larval ESTs was 35.6%, whereas the 454 contig data had 36% G + C.
Finally, the 18,648 EST and 223,884 individual 454 sequences also were assembled into a combined screwworm database of 6,076 assembled contigs and 58,221 singletons (Table 1 and Supplemental Data) and used to search public protein databases and annotate the sequences. The mean length of the contigs and singletons in the combined data set were 1,194 and 237 bp, respectively. The % G+C of the contigs and singletons was 34 and 30%, respectively. There were 4,059 and 3,423 BlastX hits to the 15 February 2008 UniProt database (The UniProt Consortium 2008) using cut-off e-values of 0.001 and 1 × e-25, respectively. See Supplemental Data for the annotations accompanying the assembled contigs with UniProt hits. The latest release of the annotated D. melanogaster genome indicates 15,140 genes located to the genome sequence (release 5.12; http://flybase.org/static_pages/docs/release_notes.html). Assuming a similar number of genes exist in screwworm, it is possible the combined database of 6,076 contigs represents up to 40% of the protein coding genes of the screwworm. Of course, it is possible that some of the screwworm contigs represent different transcripts from the same gene coding region or that some contigs are incorrectly maintained as separate entries in the database when they rightfully should be assembled into a single contig. Database inaccuracies arising from these problems are correctable by manual curation and will be brought to light as the database is used. Of the 4,059 contigs with BlastX hits to UniProt entries (e-value <0.001), 1,792 are to D. melanogaster (see Supplemental Data), not surprisingly the species with the most UniProt BlastX hits to the combined screwworm database contigs. The next two most frequently matched organisms were mouse and human with 472 and 461 BlastX hits to UniProt, respectively. Because C. hominivorax and D. melanogaster are both dipterans, we performed a BlastX analysis of the egg, larval, adult male, and adult female databases, by using the latest annotation of the D. melanogaster genome as the reference database. For this analysis, we assembled the combined 454- and Sanger-derived data from the individual life stages to produce combined egg, combined larval, combined adult male, and combined adult female data sets. The annotations and contigs are presented as Supplemental Data.
As an overall characterization of the combined data set, we determined the frequency of occurrence of the GO terms. In the combined data set, 2,831, 3,272, and 3,546 contigs had GO terms from the cellular component, biological process, and molecular function ontologies, respectively. Table 2 lists the top 20 most commonly found GO terms in each of the three ontologies, whereas a list of the top 100 GO terms is found in the Supplemental Data. It is striking that eight of the top 20 cellular component GO terms relate to organelle, presumably the mitochondrion complement of genes as mitochondrion is noted in 23% of the genes with cellular component GO terms. Five GO terms that relate to membranes are in the cellular component top 20. The biological process GO terms top 20 list has eight terms that relate to metabolism, probably reflecting that larval-expressed genes are a significant part of the data set. Larval stages of the screwworm are voracious feeders and metabolism of the meal for energy generation and growth processes is expected to be a significant activity of that life stage. Half of the top 20 molecular function GO terms are related to binding, including protein, nucleic acid, nucleotide, purine nucleotide, ion, metal ion, cation, and adenyl nucleotide and ATP binding. Seventy percent of the combined data set genes with molecular function GO terms contained the term "binding."
Because a significant portion of the data set is derived from the egg and larval cDNA libraries that were normalized to increase the relative abundance of rare transcripts, the distribution of GO terms might be different from the distribution which would be found in a data set containing the entire set of expressed genes. To examine how the screwworm's combined data set GO terms might differ from that of two dipterans, D. melanogaster and Aedes aegypti (L.) and one hymenopteran, Apis mellifera L., we determined the top 10 GO terms from each of the three ontologies and noted where each of these GO terms ranked in the screwworm combined data set (Table 3). The GO terms for D. melanogaster release 11.0 (14 June 2006), A. aegypti release 5.0 (25 April 2008), and A. mellifera release 5.0 (3 May 2008) were obtained from The Gene Index Project (http://compbio.dfci.harvard.edu/tgi/cgi-bin/tgi/). The identity and order of the top 10 Cellular Component GO Terms of A. aegypti and A. mellifera are identical, whereas the identity of the top 10 biological process and molecular function GO terms are identical in the two species, although some terms have slightly different rankings in the top 10 list. Surprisingly, the top 10 GO term list of D. melanogaster has several differences compared with Ae. aegypti and A. mellifera. Protein complex, cellular component unknown, extracellular matrix, and obsolete cellular component are D. melanogaster cellular component GO terms that are not in the top 10 list of the other two insects. Physiological process, regulation of biological process, biological process unknown, interaction between organisms, and pigmentation are D. melanogaster biological process GO terms that are not in the top 10 list of the other two insects. Molecular function unknown, signal transducer activity, and obsolete molecular function are D. melanogaster molecular function GO terms that are not in the top 10 list of the other two insects. Table 3 shows where each of the top 10 GO terms from D. melanogaster, Ae. aegypti, and A. mellifera would rank in the listing of the GO terms from the screwworm combined data set annotations. Many of the most common GO terms of Table 3 have greatly different rankings in the screwworm data set. For example, the biological process GO term reproduction ranks in the top seven for all three species of Table 3, whereas it ranks 56 in the screwworm data set. The molecular function GO term transcriptional regulator activity ranks five in all three species of Table 3, yet ranks 35 in the screwworm data set. Other examples can be seen in Table 3. In fact, only the top two or three ranking GO Terms from Table 3 have similar rankings in the screwworm data set. These major differences probably reflect that two of the prime sources of the screwworm data set are assembled contigs and unassembled singletons derived from two normalized cDNA libraries prepared from egg and larval life stages. These egg and larval contigs probably served as seed sequences to the collection of 454-derived sequences, allowing more contigs to be assembled from egg and larval 454 sequences, skewing the GO terms and rankings toward ontological classifications from egg- and larval-expressed transcripts. The assembled contigs from The Gene Index Project that were used to obtain the D. melanogaster, Ae. aegypti, and A. mellifera GO terms were almost all derived from adult cDNAs.
We also used the GO annotations to estimate how comprehensive the screwworm combined data set might be as compared with the well-annotated D. melanogaster genome. The GO consortium shows a total of 15,601, 8,424, and 2,230 biological process, molecular function, and cellular component GO Terms as of 30 October 2008 (http://www.geneontology.org/GO.downloads.ontology.shtml). The FlyBase 2008_09 D. melanogaster release was used to determine that the most recent annotation of the D. melanogaster genome makes use of 2,401, 1,759, and 532 of the total biological process, molecular function, and cellular component GO terms, respectively. Assuming the screwworm and D. melanogaster have a similar complement of genes and gene number, comparing the GO term use of our screwworm database to that of the D. melanogaster genome annotations could give an indication of what percentage of the screwworm gene count is present in our combined database. Our database annotations of the 6,076 contigs uses 1,658, 1,054, and 453 of the total biological process, molecular function, and cellular component GO terms, respectively, yielding respective percentages of the total GO terms used as 69, 60, and 85%. Although we would not contend the screwworm combined data set contains these percentages of the total gene count expected from the genome, these data indicate that our data set contains a significant fraction of the expressed genes of the screwworm. As noted, direct GO term comparisons of the D. melanogaster and screwworm combined data set are likely affected by the significant number of transcripts in the screwworm data set that are derived from embryos and larvae.
To evaluate how the different life stages of C. hominivorax varied from each other and from D. melanogaster, we used the GO annotations associated with the four developmental stage sequence data sets and D. melanogaster. The number of times each GO term occurred in the D. melanogaster, combined egg, combined larval, combined adult male, and combined adult female data sets was tallied. The tallies were compared between D. melanogaster and each of the combined egg, combined larval, combined adult male, and combined adult female data sets to identify GO terms that were more abundant in each C. hominivorax data set compared with D. melanogaster. The entire analytical results, including P values from Fisher exact test, are presented in Supplemental Data. Figure 1 depicts the 20 most overrepresented molecular function GO terms from the combined adult female data set and noting their occurrence in the other three C. hominivorax data sets. The results from the four data sets are very consistent for 15- of the 20-most overrepresented molecular function GO terms, indicating the four life stages vary from D. melanogaster in a similar manner for these molecular functions. However, catalytic activity, cation binding, transmembrane transporter activity, and molecular transducer activity were not overrepresented in the combined egg data set. In addition, catalytic activity and transferase activity were not overrepresented in the combined larval data set. Thus, from this type of GO term analysis, the egg stage of C. hominivorax seems to differ least from D. melanogaster.
A major objective of this DNA sequence acquisition project was to identify screwworm orthologs to insect sex determination pathway genes. By a search of the combined data set annotations, we identified several sequences that had similarity to UniProt entries that are involved in arthropod sex determination pathways. Some of the best characterized sex determination genes from D. melanogaster are transformer, doublesex, and sex-lethal (Saccone et al. 2002), and we searched the gene names list from the combined data set contigs (see Supplemental Data) for these specific names. Of particular interest is contig 17682 identified as sex-lethal and possessing high similarity to the sex-lethal ortholog in Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart), a member of the blowfly family (Müller-Holtkamp 1995). A directed search of GenBank also found a sex-lethal ortholog from Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) and a ClustalX alignment (Thompson et al. 1997) of the translated screwworm sequence and the L. cuprina and C. rufifacies sequences demonstrated the region of high amino acid identity extends over most of the protein sequence (Fig. 2). Because contig 17682 is from an assembly of ESTs that originated from single-pass sequencing, it is possible there are errors in the contig's sequence that can affect the reading frame of the sequence. In deriving the alignment for Fig. 1, we manually adjusted the sequence of contig 17682 to optimize the alignment with the other two blowfly sequences. This was done by reverse complementing and translating contig 17682 in frame two followed by deleting the resulting nucleotides 968 (T), 1003 (A), and 1017 (T).
Using the GO term annotations (see Supplemental Data), we identified entries in the screwworm combined data set that had biological process GO term classifications containing male sex determination (GO:0030238), somatic sex determination (GO:0018993), or female sex differentiation (GO:0046660), and these are listed in Table 4. Contig 59623 has moderate similarity (e value = 1.78e–6) to a testis-determining gene responsible for male development in mice sry (Gubbay et al. 1990; GenBank accession no. Q05738). Contig 9469 has high similarity (e value = 3.21e–63) to a D. melanogaster protein Achaete-Scute complex protein T4 that interacts with the D. melanogaster sex-determination protein sex-lethal (Torres and Sanchez 1989; GenBank accession no. P10084). Contigs 11235, 7414, 9796, and 6976 have high similarity to hyperplastics discs, a gene involved in germ cell development (Mansfield et al. 1994). Unfortunately, sequences with similarity to doublesex or transformer were not found in our database and isolation of these orthologs will require either deeper sequencing of our cDNAs or use of PCR in conjunction with degenerate primers designed from orthologs from other species.
We thank Steve Skoda and Pamela Phillips for collection of screwworm material, Susan Tweedie for help with our questions on FlyBase data, David Hill for help from the GO Consortium's help desk, and the sequencing core personnel at the J. Craig Venter Institute Joint Technology Center.


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Specs summary
The ZTE Valet's screen is 3.5 inches with 320 x 480 pixels resolution.
There is a Qualcomm MSM7625A 1 GHz processor (CPU).
The phone runs on the Android 4.1 Jelly Bean operating system (OS).
Internal memory is No. An external, MicroSD, MicroSDHC (up to 32 GB) expansion slot is available for increased storage capacity.
The phone is powered by a Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion), 1500 mAh battery. ZTE's performance ratings are 15 days standby time, 360 minutes (2G).
Reviews (4.1/10 Avg. rating)
Darn, there are no reviews yet for this phone.
Very slow to download mail and other functions, and not sensitive to touch, really have to poke an app or any other function such as phone or menu for it to respond. Has problem picking up wi-fi . Has a flash lite but not able to find out how to use it. Get a doorbell sound every 15 minutes that can't be explained. Have to turn sound off every nite. You get what you pay for.Less
Stay away
20 ft and wifi drops. GPS is accurate to +/- 20 miles. CPU is slow.Less
Stay Away
Had this for 3 weeks now and it is almost un-useable. Have to repeatedly remove and re-insert the battery for it to work.Less
First Smart Phone
Even though this is my first smart phone and I am still learning big time, this phone kinda grows on you. It has so many features and amazing things to explore. But the thing that convinced me to like it is that my grandson, who is an Apple I-phone fanatic, loved it and was amazed by all the features. This kid is a techie and a genius with phones and computers and yet he said that the ZTE is comparable to his expensive I-phone which cost five times as much as the ZTE. I may change my mind later and hate this phone, but for now, it's fascinating .Less
Android for almost nothing $$$..
Responding to others problems 1st. On Windows 8 you get these prompts when you first connect via USB, to install this or that driver. You MUST choose a mode (file access or something) on the phone's screen, or it will just sit and wait, and yes there are some drivers.. but I don't think you have to install those, just click on the phone screen to choose file transfer mode. The WiFi range is weak, but its still 40 feet for me, which is about the same as one laptop of mine. THE PROBLEM IS BT! With Bluetooth on, the wifi signal really drops off on mine. Looks like as long as I have this phone, I will be toggling BT off to use WiFi. There is some complex radio science in using Cell/LTE, Wi-Fi, and BT at the same time. For those who don't know android, the on/off switches are on the home screen to left of the main one. Really easy to find in 2 secs. I have NOT yet switched my number over to this phone. Verizon is rock-solid here, so I assume that will work. This is my first android phone, so I am taking a week or two with it getting apps on, including the important magicjack app! That means I already use this as a phone wherever I have WIFI. And I am saving on data while all my apps get updated. It looks like many android phones use 1-3 GB of data PER MONTH! this would mean a $50 card, or adding 2000 minutes to the phone (and I don't call that much). So there are some very important settings that all Tracfoney peeps need to learn. Search google for articles on saving data. The NUMBER ONE thing to do is install an app like "DATA ON-OFF," and create the widget, which then appears under the switches, on the LEFT screen. This app, when greyed, will cut off data service, even if an app has permission to turn it on (some do). By data here I mean 4G(charged), not your Wifi(free). There are several other tweaks I am learning, but having great fun and using my new Android phone. Again, I recommend you BUY and start using this phone on WiFi, preferably with Skype or MagicJack app installed, get some apps, get the data locks set, and THEN activate it. Bluetooth was "off" by default on mine, but it seemed to hurt my WiFi range if enabled. If you don't have wifi, Internet or a PC, Android is probably not for you, unless you get an "unlimited" plan. I don't often rate things, but this phone is MUCH better than the other raters are saying. Call quality sounds great (mic and speaker) and screen is a nice size.Less
Ok phone
As noted by other reviewers does have weak Wi-Fi reception. Seems to be the best option for TracFone. I had tried a Samsung Centura but it would not activate properly. Sent it back to HSN and ordered the valet. It's certainly not an Apple iPhone or a Samsung galaxy four but it is a good option for a smart phone on the tracfone network. It's fairly fast, has a good display and works like any android phone.Less
Phone is garbage
I got the ZTE Valet and expected a good phone. The phone looses a Wi-Fi signal at 20 feet and my other cellphones worked at over 100 feet. The phone signal is also weak. When I had 3 or 4 bars on my old phone I had 1 to no bars on the ZTE Valet. I went by 2 different towers and the ZTE only had 3 bars and my old phone had the maximum signal bars. Evidently another cheep worthless product from China. As a trackfone it does not give you any info to track the time used as all the other trackfones do. To find out how much time you have used or have left you have to go the Trackfone web site and click on Check Your Balance.Less
This one is a real turkey
just got my ZTE Valet and am returning it. It's a total turkey. After turning it on I was able to get it to connect to the wifi in my home but it took a few tries because the on screen kbd keys are so small it was hard to enter the WPA key without making mistakes. My first inclination was so far so good. But then I tried to connect it to my PC to move over contacts from my old phone (an LG800) and that's where I ran into problems doing something that should be a no brainer. When I connect my LG to my PC with the usb to mini usb cable the PC (running win XP) recognizes the SD drive right off the bat. When I did the same with the ZTE Valet it wanted me to install some drivers. OK, so I install the drivers. 2 drives show up in Windows Explorer. The first is a tiny 12MB partition that has the driver install on it. When I go to click on the 2nd windows says "please insert a disc". For some reason the ZTE supplied driver is looking to windows like a CD-ROM. Not good. Restarting the machine yields no better results. Next I try going in to the settings on the Android phone and changing the PC connection settings so it won't automatically install the driver. Options are to make it look like a media device or a camera. Either way the SD card won't show up as a drive and the system wants a media application I don't have and don't want to bother installing. Next attempt was to pull the SD card from my LG and just put it in the ZTE directly. No better luck here because although it did see the mp3s on the SD it would only recognize some of them. So much for wanting to customize my ringtones like I have on the LG. Then I took a crack at downloading a SW tool from ZTE called "JoinMe". Initially this tool wouldn't even see the phone was there. But then I recalled I'd uninstalled the drivers that the phone had installed. So I went back and changed the setting PC connection setting from Media to Auto Install and once the drivers installed the JoinMe app on Win XP started to recognize there was a phone there but couldn't get the device info. The app had some tips in very broken English that I eventually figured out wanted me to go to the settings, developer options, and activate the developer options and then enable USB debugging mode. Once I did that it started to recognize the device info and it then wanted to push some driver up onto the phone so I let it. However even after it did that, while the JoinMe tool was able to get the device info that was all it was able to do. All of the tool icons at the top of the JoinMe win XP app stayed greyed out. It was like ZTE's own app for talking to the phone couldn't even communicate with it. And just to get it that far required putting the phone in developer mode and turning on debugging, all of which I'm sure is not very conducive to phone security. So I never even bothered to have TracFone move my phone number to it. Instead I called the 800 number on the 30 day no hassle warranty and got a return authorization because after trying for 3 hours to do something the LG can do in 30 seconds (even though it's not a "smart" phone) and seeing the meager, miserable documentation in broken English that ZTE has for the Valet I was real sure this phone would be nothing but trouble if I kept it. If your really want an Android phone from TracFone then spring the extra for the Samsung since it is probably not half baked like this ZTE Valet is. I myself am going to wait a little longer and hope TracFone picks some better models to offer than this turkey...Less
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