text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 8, 2009
|Filing date
|Nov 17, 2000
|Priority date
|Apr 3, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Peter A. Barany, Chandra S. Bontu
|Original Assignee
|Nortel Networks Limited
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (63), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (19), Classifications (6), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. �119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/194,310, entitled "GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN) Real-Time Fast Associated Control Channel (RTFACCH): Conversational Traffic Class—Half-Rate," filed Apr. 3, 2000.
This invention relates generally to communicating data over a wireless channel.
Mobile communications systems, such as cellular or personal communications services (PCS) systems, are made up of a plurality of cells. Each cell provides a radio communications center in which a mobile station establishes a call with another mobile station or wireline unit connected to a public switched telephone network (PSTN). Each cell includes a radio base station, with each base station connected to a base station controller or mobile switching center that controls processing of calls between or among mobile stations or mobile stations and PSTN units.
Various wireless protocols exist for defining communications in a mobile network. One such protocol is a time-division multiple access (TDMA) protocol, such as the TIA/EIA-136 standard provided by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA). With TIA/EIA-136 TDMA, each channel carries a frame that is divided into six time slots to support multiple (3 or 6) mobile stations per channel. Other TDMA-based systems include Global System for Mobile (GSM) communications systems, which use a TDMA frame divided into eight time slots (or burst periods).
Traditional speech-oriented wireless systems, such as the TIA/EIA-136 and GSM TDMA systems, utilize circuit-switched connection paths in which a line is occupied for the duration of the connection between a mobile station and the mobile switching center. Such a connection is optimum for communications that are relatively continuous, such as speech. However, data networks such as local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and the Internet use packet-switched connections, in which communication between nodes on a communications link is by data packets. Each node occupies the communications link only for as long as the node needs to send or receive data packets. Popular forms of communications over packet-switched networks include electronic mail, web browsing, text chat sessions, file downloads, and other types of data transfers.
Several packet-switched wireless connection protocols have been proposed to provide more efficient connections between a mobile station and a data network. One such protocol is the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) protocol, which complements existing GSM systems. Another technology that builds upon GPRS is the Enhanced Data Rate for Global Evolution (EDGE) technology, which offers even higher data rates. The enhancement of GPRS by EDGE is referred to as Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS). Another variation of EGPRS is the COMPACT technology. GPRS, EGPRS, and COMPACT are established by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).
The packet-switched wireless connection protocols provide efficient access to data networks, such as the Internet, LANs, WANs, and the like. A growing use of such data networks is for voice and other forms of real-time or streaming communications (such as video, audio and video, multimedia, and so forth). Various protocols have been defined to enable such real-time or streaming communications over the data networks, with one popular type of packet-switched network being the Internet Protocol (IP) network.
In some wireless communication systems, mobile stations are able to enter into a discontinuous transmission (DTX) mode. When a mobile station is not transmitting, such as when a user is not talking, and there is no other traffic to communicate, the mobile station can enter into DTX mode to save power and also to reduce interference with other mobile stations. During DTX, a channel between the mobile station and the base station is idle (that is, no traffic is being communicated). However, other mobile stations do not have access to the idle channel, since the channel is dedicated to the voice user. This is to ensure that the voice user can quickly start communicating over the channel once the user resumes talking. As a result, available bandwidth is wasted in some mobile communications systems.
In general, according to one embodiment, a system for use in a mobile communications network comprises a wireless interface adapted to receive traffic over a wireless channel portion from a first mobile station involved in half-rate communications. A controller is adapted to receive an indication that the first mobile station has entered discontinuous transmission mode and to multiplex traffic from a second mobile station onto the wireless channel portion while the first mobile station is in discontinuous transmission mode.
In general, according to another embodiment, a method of interleaving data over a plurality of frames comprises interleaving the data according to a first algorithm over plural frames communicated over a wireless channel for a first set of data; and interleaving the data according to a second algorithm over plural frames communicated over the wireless channel for a second set of data.
Some embodiments of the invention may include one or more of the following advantages. Bandwidth of channel portions in a wireless communications system is increased by multiplexing traffic from another mobile station when a first mobile station has stopped transmitting real-time, interactive traffic (e.g., voice), such as during discontinuous transmission (DTX) mode. A reliable mechanism is provided to ensure that the first mobile station can quickly gain access back to the channel portion if the first mobile station starts transmitting again. This may be particularly useful when the traffic communicated by the first mobile station includes voice or other forms of real-time, interactive data. An interleaving scheme of data from half-rate mobile stations enable an efficient multiplexing of data from another mobile station while the half-rate mobile station is in DTX mode.
Other features and advantages will become apparent from the following description, from the drawings, and from the claims.
In the following description, numerous details are set forth to provide an understanding of the present invention. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these details and that numerous variations or modifications from the described embodiments may be possible.
Referring to
In one embodiment, the radio access network 11 is an EGPRS (Enhanced GPRS or General Packet Radio Service) network that is able to support packet-switched data services. Alternatively, the radio access network may be a GPRS or an COMPACT network, or other types of wireless networks that are capable of supporting packet-switched data services, including a code-division multiple access (CDMA) network. The GPRS, EGPRS, and COMPACT protocols are set by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). As used here, reference to a "GPRS system" or "GPRS network," refers to any one of the GPRS, EGPRS, and COMPACT systems or networks.
In the GPRS network 11, the system controller 50 is a serving GPRS support node (SGSN), which is connected to the base station 12 over a Iu-ps interface. The SGSN 50 is also coupled to a gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) 52 over a Gn interface, which forms the gateway between the radio access network 11 and a packet-based data network 54, such as the Internet. Various network devices (not shown), such as a network telephone, a computer system, an Internet appliance, and so forth, are coupled to the packet data network 54. Some of the network devices are capable in participating in a real-time, interactive call session (e.g., a voice session, video conferencing session) with a mobile station through the radio access network 11. In addition, the packet data network 54 may be coupled through a gateway system 56 to a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 58, which is coupled to wireline telephones. Each mobile station is also capable of participating in a voice call session with the wireline telephone through the radio access network 11, packet data network 54, gateway system 56, and PSTN 58.
A "real-time, interactive" communications session refers to an exchange of data, such as audio and/or video data, on a substantially real-time basis between two terminals. A session is substantially real-time if interaction is occurring between two endpoints or parties, with a communication from one end point followed relatively quickly by a response or another communication from the other endpoint, typically within seconds, for example. Any substantial delay in the transmission of frames or packets carrying information associated with real-time, interactive communications may result in perceived degradation of the quality of the communications or in the reliability of the communications.
One type of packet-switched communications includes communications according to the Internet Protocol (IP). One version of IP is described in Request for Comments (RFC) 791, entitled "Internet Protocol," dated September 1981; and another version of IP is described in RFC 2460, entitled "Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IP v6 Specification)", dated December 1998. Packet-switched networks such as IP networks communicate with packets, datagrams, or other units of data over networks. Unlike circuit-switched networks, which provide a dedicated end-to-end connection or physical path for the duration of a communications session, a packet-switched network is based on a connectionless, internetwork layer. Routing of packets is based on destination addresses carried in the packets. The packets may be transmitted along different paths, and thus, may arrive at a destination in an order that is different than the transmission order. The destination terminal reassembles the received packets.
As shown in
The mobile stations 34 and 40 associated with voice or other real-time, interactive users, communicate with the radio access network 11 over wireless channels 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, and 32. The other mobile stations in the illustrated example include mobile stations 36 that are receiving electronic mail, mobile stations 38 that are transmitting electronic mail, and mobile stations 42 that are performing web browsing communications. Channels 14 and 16 are indicated as being available for other users.
As used here, a "channel portion" or "wireless channel portion" refers to a time slot of a frame transmitted on a given channel having a predetermined frequency. In a TDMA system such as an EGPRS system, each frame is divided into multiple time slots (e.g., 8 in the EGPRS system). For full-rate users, each time slot is allocated to carry bearer traffic of a mobile station. For half-rate users, each time slot is allocated to carry bearer traffic of two mobile stations. In other embodiments, the channel portion can be a portion of another type of channel, such as a channel in a code-divisional multiple access (CDMA) system.
To enhance the bandwidth for communications with the various mobile stations in the radio access network 11, multiplexing of traffic is performed when the mobile stations 34 and 40 (associated with voice or other real-time, interactive data users) are in discontinuous transmission (DTX) mode and thus not transmitting traffic. When that occurs, the radio access network 11 allocates the channel portion that is used by the voice user mobile station (currently in DTX mode) to another mobile station, such as one of mobile stations 36, 38, and 42 (which are communicating packet traffic) or to another mobile station that is communicating real-time, interactive data or streaming data.
On the downlink path, multiplexing of plural mobile stations, even if one is a voice user, is relatively simple to implement since the base station is aware of the traffic that needs to be transmitted downlink. However, in the uplink path, to provide adequate performance, a mechanism in accordance with some embodiments is provided to enable the voice user mobile station to request the channel portion that has been relinquished to another mobile station while the voice user mobile station is in DTX mode. The time between the request and the re-allocation of the channel portion is relatively small to ensure that voice traffic is not substantially delayed. The mechanism to enable the request and assignment of a channel portion for a mobile station exiting DTX mode includes a Real-Time Fast Access Associated Control Channel (RTFACCH), as further described below.
Thus, using the RTFACCH mechanism, an on-demand feature is provided to the voice user mobile station for requesting re-allocation of a channel portion (e.g., time slot) that has been allocated to another mobile station during DTX mode of the voice user mobile station. The request for re-allocation can be transmitted in any frame (with certain exceptions) after the voice user mobile station detects that it has exited DTX mode. Thus, the voice user mobile station does not need to wait for a pre-assigned frame or block before it can send some indication that it has exited DTX mode and is ready to start communicating traffic again. Typically, allocation of blocks for communication of traffic is performed using either USF (Uplink State Flag), which is transmitted on the downlink path, or in an RRBP (Relative Reserved Block Period) field, also transmitted on the downlink path. In fact, the voice user mobile station can transmit the request for re-allocation of the time slot during a period in which the other mobile station is transmitting traffic. As a result, mechanisms according to some embodiments are provided to detect the request despite the collision with traffic from the other mobile station on the same time slot (or channel portion).
In one embodiment, the radio access bearers of the GPRS network 11 include four different traffic classes (e.g., quality of service or QoS classes), including conversational traffic class, streaming traffic class, interactive traffic class, and background traffic class. The main factor that distinguishes these traffic classes from each other is how sensitive to delay they are. For example, the conversational traffic class includes traffic that is the most sensitive to delay, while the background traffic class includes traffic that is least sensitive to delay. Conversational and streaming traffic classes are primarily intended to be used for real-time traffic flows. The conversational traffic class includes real-time, interactive traffic, such as Internet telephony, while the streaming traffic class includes real-time traffic, such as transmissions of audio, video, or multimedia files that are being downloaded from a website to a terminal. Interactive and background traffic classes are primarily intended for use with non-real-time traffic flows, and include traffic flows associated with electronic mail, web browsing, file transfers, and so forth.
In the example of
Referring to
As shown in
As noted above, in an EGPRS system, each channel portion that is used to carry traffic from a mobile station includes one of eight time slots in a frame. In the case of the full-rate voice user (or other conversational traffic class user), the time slot is a dedicated time slot that is typically not shared with other mobile stations. This is because conversational traffic class users are more sensitive to delays. For half-rate users, each time slot is allocated to two mobile stations, but again, sharing is typically not performed during the allocated portions of the time slot for each mobile station. However, a substantial portion of the time slot allocated to a conversational class traffic mobile station is not used during DTX mode. To take advantage of this unused bandwidth, traffic from other mobile stations, such as the mobile station 102, can be multiplexed into the silent periods 104, 106, and 108. For optimal performance, the traffic that is multiplexed into the DTX periods includes traffic that is not sensitive to delays, such as traffic in the background or interactive traffic class. However, if delays associated with the multiplexing are not too excessive, multiplexing of voice traffic data between two conversational traffic class users may also be performed, in some embodiments.
Referring to
During DTX mode, mobile station A keeps its uplink TFI (temporary flow identifier) of a THF (temporary block flow). Normally, the TFI is used to identify one of multiple users on the same channel portion (for interactive or background class traffic, for example). Under EGPRS, the TFI is a 5-bit value, thus enabling up to 32 users on the same channel portion. Although mobile station A maintains its TFI value, radio resources of channel portion Y can be allocated to another mobile station. Also, the packet timing advance control channel (PTCCH) that is assigned to mobile station A can be relinquished to the other user.
However, although radio resources have generally been relinquished to mobile station B during DTX mode of mobile station A, control messages for maintenance purposes are still needed for mobile station A. For that reason, such control messages are communicated at set periods in the uplink path. The control messages include the SID_UPDATE message, which is used to communicate comfort noise parameters. Also, during the set periods, mobile station A can transmit PTCCH (packet timing advance control channel) to maintain time alignment; PACCH (packet associated control channel) to transmit control messages such as a channel quality message that includes parameters for link adaptation; RTCP (Real-Time Protocol Control Protocol) messages to provide feedback on the quality of real-time data communicated in the downlink path; and RSVP (Resource ReserVation Protocol) Time Values objects to refresh the QoS path in the network. RTP is described in RFC 1889, entitled "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications," dated January 1996; and RSVP is described in RFC 2205, entitled "Resource ReSerVation Protocol: Version 1 Functional Specification," dated September 1997.
At a later point in time, mobile station A detects (at 312) that user A has started talking again. As a result, mobile station A sends (at 314) an indication to the base station 12 that mobile station A again needs channel portion Y. In one embodiment, the message is in the form of an RTFACCH resource request message (RTRRM) sent by mobile station A to the base station 12. RTFACCH can also be used to carry an uplink assignment message (RTUAM), which is transmitted by the base station 12 (at 316) in response to RTRRM to assign uplink radio resources to mobile station A. Upon receipt of the RTUAM, mobile station A enters into talkspurt mode and again transmits (at 318) speech frames on channel portion Y.
In one embodiment, a speech traffic frame (or another type of real-time, interactive data frame) of a full-rate mobile station is interleaved over bursts in eight frames (or eight bursts). However, a speech traffic frame of a half-rate mobile station is interleaved over four bursts.
Referring to
The first and second interleaving algorithms are designed to enable statistical multiplexing of traffic from a half-rate mobile station and traffic from another mobile station (which can be a full-rate mobile station that is transmitting best effort data such as interactive or background class data). The best effort data is typically interleaved over four bursts, while speech data for a half-rate mobile station is interleaved over four bursts of two blocks.
Each multiframe 700 or 702 includes plural blocks, with each block containing four frames.
Similarly, speech frame SF#k (with k being an odd number) for mobile station B is interleaved over four bursts in frames FN5-7 in block B1 (including frames FN4-7) and frame FN13 in block B3 (including frames FN13-16). Speech frame SF#k+1 (with k+1 being an odd number) is interleaved over four bursts in frame FN7 in block B1 and frames FN13-15 in block B3.
Thus, generally, when a speech frame starts on block B(x), the ith speech frame is interleaved over B(x+2k) and B(x+2k+2), where k is equal to INT(i/2). The operation INT(y) involves taking the integer value of y. If the value of i is even, then speech frame SF#i is interleaved over bursts in the last three frames in block B(x+2k) and the first frame in block B(x+2k+2). If the value of i is odd, then speech frame SF#i is interleaved over bursts in the last frame of block B(x+2k) and the first three frames in block B(x+2k+2).
The interleaving scheme discussed above for half-rate mobile stations enables statistical multiplexing in a channel portion (in this example time slot TN0 of each frame) of traffic from a half-rate mobile station and traffic from another mobile station. This is accomplished by ensuring that each SID_FIRST frame (which is interleaved over four bursts) is contained in the same block that carries the last speech traffic frame.
In the example of
Once mobile station A has entered into DTX mode, time slot TN0 in the subsequent block that would have been allocated to mobile station A (block B5) is allocated to another mobile station C to carry traffic of mobile station C. The frames carrying traffic of mobile station C are marked with "U3: DATA". The next block B6 is used to carry the speech traffic for mobile station B.
After the idle frame FN25, frames FN26-29 (block B7) are used to carry traffic transmitted by mobile station C. Next, in frames FN30-33 (block B8), the speech traffic for mobile station B is communicated.
In accordance with some embodiments, even though mobile station A is in DTX mode, it continues to transmit SID_UPDATE messages to convey comfort noise parameters. The SID_UPDATE message is interleaved over bursts in frame numbers FN34-37 (block B9). In one embodiment, the SID_UPDATE message is communicated by the mobile station in DTX mode every (N+1)th radio block, where N is set to some arbitrary value, e.g., N greater than or equal to 1. In the example illustrated in
After block B9, the next frame FN38 carries PTCCH information, followed by traffic from the mobile station B in frames FN39-42 (block B10). The next block B11 is used to carry traffic for mobile station C. Also, at this time, mobile station A has detected user voice traffic again and wishes to begin re-transmitting. To do so, mobile station A transmits RTRRM (represented by R) in frame FN45 (which is also carrying traffic from the mobile station C).
Generally, according to one embodiment, RTRRM can be transmitted on any frame number of a multiframe except the following: FN mod 52=12 (which carries PTCCH), 25 (which is idle), 38 (which carries PTCCH), or 51 (which is idle).
In response to RTRRM in frame FN41, the base station transmits RTUAM (represented as A) in frame FN46 of multiframe 702 (on the downlink). With RTUAM, the base station allocates time slot TN0 in the multiframe 700 back to mobile station A. After being allocated back time slot TN0, mobile station A transmits the ONSET frame (not shown in
On the downlink path, statistical multiplexing of traffic destined for two different mobile stations can also be performed. However, since the base station is aware of when it has entered DTX mode with one mobile station, it can easily multiplex the traffic from another mobile station during its silence period with the first mobile station. The RTFACCH mechanism discussed for the uplink path is not required to perform statistical multiplexing on the downlink path. Thus, while mobile stations A and B are transmitting speech frames on the uplink path in bursts in frames FN0-7 (blocks B0 and B1), the base station is not transmitting data on the downlink path, and thus the base station enters DTX mode on the downlink path to mobile stations A and B. During this downlink DTX period, frames FN0-1 can be used to communicate traffic to another mobile station (e.g., mobile station C or U3). Although the example shows traffic of mobile station C being carried during DTX periods of the base station on the downlink path to mobile stations A and B, it should be noted that the traffic can be from another mobile station.
SID_UPDATE frames are communicated on the downlink path from the base station to mobile station A on frames FN8-11 (block B3) of the multiframe 702. Next, the base station transmits downlink traffic to mobile station C in frames FN13-16. After the base station allocates time slot TN0 back to mobile station A, the base station transmits the ONSET frame in frames FN17-19 in block B5, along with a portion of speech frame 0 (SF#0) in frames FN18-20. Pursuant to the interleaving scheme discussed above, the remainder of speech frame SF#0 to mobile station A is communicated in block B7 (in frame FN26). Since the downlink path to mobile station B is still in DTX mode, that portion of time slot TN0 can be used to carry traffic to mobile station C. For mobile station A, subsequent speech frames SF#1, SF#2, and SF#3 are interleaved over bursts in frames of blocks B7 and B9. In addition, SF#3 is the last traffic frame, so a SID_FIRST frame is also interleaved over bursts in block B9 to indicate the start of DTX mode.
Next, blocks B10-B12, are used to carry traffic targeted for mobile station C since the downlink paths from the base station to both mobile stations A and B are now silent. However, the base station also detects transmission of the RTRRM message in block B11 at this time (transmitted by mobile station A in frame FN45). In response to detection of RTRRM, the base station preempts the transmission of traffic for mobile station C in frame FN46 and transmits RTUAM instead.
As shown in
Thus, generally, the SID_FIRST frame has the following interleaving scheme. When the last speech frame interleaved is even (that is, i is even) and sent on block B(x), then SID_FIRST is interleaved over the last burst of block B(x) and the first two bursts of block B(x+2). Subsequently, the SID_FIRST frame is repeated in the last two frames of block B(x+2). When the last speech frame is odd, the SID_FIRST frame is interleaved over the last three bursts of block B(x).
The downlink multiframe 702 shown in
Since the first mobile station (mobile station A) has entered into DTX mode, time slot TN0 in the subsequent frames of the multiframe can be allocated to a second mobile station (mobile station B), also a full-rate mobile station, to carry traffic transmitted by mobile station B. As shown, traffic associated with mobile station B is carried in frames FN13-20 (blocks B4 and B5). The frames carrying traffic of mobile station B are marked with "MB".
In accordance with some embodiments, even though the first mobile station is in DTX mode, it continues to transmit SID_UPDATE messages to convey comfort noise parameters. The SID_UPDATE message is interleaved over frame numbers FN21-24 (block B6). In one embodiment, the SID_UPDATE message is communicated by the mobile station in DTX mode every (N+1)th radio block, where N is set to some arbitrary value, e.g., N greater than or equal to 1. In the example illustrated in
After the idle frame FN25, frames FN26-33 (blocks B7 and B8) are used to carry traffic transmitted by mobile station B. Next, in frames FN34-37 (block B9), the SID_UPDATE frame is transmitted by the mobile station A. The next frame FN38 carries PTCCH information, followed by traffic from the mobile station B in frames FN39-42 (block B10). In addition, at this time, mobile station A has detected user voice traffic again and wishes to begin re-transmitting. To do so, mobile station A transmits RTRRM (represented by R) in frame FN41 (which is also carrying traffic from the mobile station B).
As in the case with half-rate mobile stations in the examples of
In response to RTRRM in frame FN41, the base station transmits RTUAM (represented as A) in frame FN42 of multiframe 712 (on the downlink). With RTUAM, the base station has allocated time slot TN0 in the multiframe 710 back to mobile station A. After being allocated back time slot TN0, mobile station A transmits the ONSET frame in frames FN43-46 (block B11). Mobile station A also starts transmitting speech frame 0 (SF#0) after exiting DTX mode. SF#0 is interleaved over eight frames FN43-50 (blocks B11 and B12). Mobile station A continues to transmit further speech frames.
On the downlink path, statistical multiplexing of traffic destined for two different mobile stations can also be performed. However, since the base station is aware of when it has entered DTX mode with one mobile station, it can easily multiplex the traffic from another mobile station during its silence period with the first mobile station. The RTFACCH mechanism discussed for the uplink path is not required to perform statistical multiplexing on the downlink path. Thus, while mobile station A is transmitting speech frames on the uplink path in frames FN0-7 (blocks B0 and B1), the base station is not transmitting data on the downlink path, and thus the base station enters DTX mode on the downlink path to mobile station A. However, the same frames can be used to communicate traffic to another mobile station (e.g., mobile station B). SID_UPDATE frames are communicated on the downlink path from the base station to mobile station A on frames FN8-11 (block B3) of the multiframe 712. After the base station allocates time slot TN0 back to mobile station A, the base station transmits the ONSET frame in bursts FN13-16 (B4), along with speech frame 0 (SF#0). Further speech frames are communicated in subsequent frames of the multiframe 712, until the speech has stopped. At that point, in frames FN34-37 (block B9), the SID_FIRST frame is transmitted downlink in bursts in frames FN34-37.
Next, the block (B10) starting at frame FN39 is used to carry traffic targeted for mobile station B since the downlink path from the base station to the first mobile station is now silent. However, the base station also detects transmission of the RTRRM message at this time (transmitted by the first mobile station in frame FN41). In response to detection of RTRRM, the base station preempts the transmission of traffic for mobile station B in frame FN42 and transmits RTUAM instead.
Referring to
Referring to
The RLC/MAC layer 225 also includes a transmit DTX (TX DTX) handler 220 that passes traffic frames to a TX RSS (transmit radio subsystem) 222 in the transceiver 227. Each frame passed to the TX RSS 222 includes bit fields containing the information bits, the audio coder/decoder (CODEC) mode indication, and a TX_TYPE identifier to identify the content of the frame. The TX_TYPE identifier can specify that the frame contains speech; SID_FIRST to mark the end of speech; SID_UPDATE to provide comfort noise parameters; ONSET to indicate that the beginning of a speech frame is about to begin; NO DATA to indicate that the frame contains no useful data and should not be transmitted over the air interface; and other information. The transceiver 227 also includes an RRM generator 223 for generating RTRRM messages. As will be discussed further below, an RTRRM message is a coded version of the TFI associated with the mobile station. The RRM generator 223 performs the coding in accordance with some embodiments.
The TX DTX handler 220 includes a voice activity detector to assess whether input signals contain speech or not. If there is no speech, then the TX DTX handler 220 sends an indication to the TX RSS 222 to enter DTX mode by setting the flag TX_TYPE to the value corresponding to SID_FIRST. When the TX RSS 222 receives a SID_FIRST frame, radio transmission from the TX RSS 222 is cut off. The TX DTX handler 220 receives audio data from an audio CODEC 270, which is coupled to an analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) converter 272 that outputs audio data to a speaker 274 and receives input audio from a microphone 276.
During DTX mode, the TX RSS 222 is resumed at regular intervals for transmission of SID_UPDATE frames to communicate comfort noise parameters calculated in the TX DTX handler 220. The TX RSS 222 includes a channel encoder to encode information to be communicated over the air link.
Frames received over the air are passed by the transceiver 227 up through the RLC/MAC layer 225 and upper layers (not shown). Received control messages are processed by the upper layers or by one or more software routines 212. Received speech messages are passed to the audio CODEC 270 for output on the speaker 274.
The statistical multiplexer 116 (
In one configuration, radio access bearer 0 (RAB0) is used, in which the RTP/UDP/IP (Real-Time Protocol/User Datagram Protocol/Internet Protocol) header of each speech frame is removed in the radio access network 11 on the downlink path before transmission to the mobile station. The RTP/UDP/IP header is then reconstructed by the mobile station. On the uplink path, the RTP/UDP/IP header is removed by the mobile station and then reconstructed in the radio access network 11. For the radio access bearer 1 and 2 (RAB1 and RAB2) configurations, the RTP/UDP/IP header (compressed or uncompressed) is communicated to/from by the mobile station and radio access network 11. To do so, appropriate RTP, UDP, and IP stacks (not shown) are provided in the mobile station.
The various software layers, routines or modules in the mobile station 200 are executable on a control unit 208, which is connected to a storage unit 210. The mobile station 200 also includes an input/output (I/O) interface 218, which is connected to a keyboard 214 and a display 216.
The base station 202 also includes a transceiver 253 that is coupled to an antenna tower 251 and an RLC/MAC layer 255. The transceiver 253 includes a receive radio subsystem (RX RSS) 252 for receiving frames over the air link. The RX RSS 252 is connected to a receive DTX (RX DTX) handler 250 in the RLC/MAC layer 255. The RX DTX handler 250 is responsible for the overall DTX operation on the receive side. The RX RSS 252 continuously passes received traffic frames to the RX DTX handler 250. A flag RX_TYPE is set by the RX RSS 252 to indicate how the frame is to be handled by the RX DTX handler 250. For example, the RX_TYPE flag can indicate that the received frame includes speech or that the received frame includes a SID_FIRST, SID_UPDATE, or ONSET message.
The base station 202 includes a radio resource management (RRM) module 237 that receives indications (SID_FIRST) that radio resources are available for statistical multiplexing because a mobile station has gone idle (e.g., DTX mode). When that occurs, the radio resources, in the form of a channel portion, are allocated to another mobile station for the uplink.
The base station 202 also includes a fast access module 242 to control the RTFACCH operation. The fast access module 242 detects for receipt of the RTRRM message, and in response to the RTRRM message, the fast access module 242 sends an RTUAM message to the mobile station 200 to re-assign a channel portion to the mobile station 200. The fast access module cooperates with one or more base station routines 234 to determine allocation of the channel portion. The fast access module 242 and the software routines 234 are executable on a control unit 230, which is coupled to a storage unit 234.
In accordance with some embodiments, decoding for presence of RTRRM on the channel portion is performed by an RTRRM detector 238 in the transceiver 253. RTRRM is transmitted by the mobile station 200 during transmission of actual data traffic by another mobile station on the same channel portion. The RTRRM detector 238 is discussed in greater detail below in connection with
Referring to
In accordance with some embodiments, the RTRRM frame 408 includes the 5-bit TFI of the mobile station 200A. Normally, the TFI is used to identify one of multiple users on the same channel portion. In one embodiment, up to 32 users may be placed on the same channel portion, with the 5-bit TFI identifying one of the 32 users. In one embodiment, the 5 TFI bits are coded into 148 bits and sent over the entire burst 408, which in one embodiment is 156.25 symbols long (which corresponds to about 577 microseconds). Each information bit in the burst 408 has an information rate fb of about 8.667 kilobits per second (kb/s). In one example, the 5 TFI bits are coded by using a maximal length sequence at a chip rate fc equal to the EGPRS symbol rate of about 270.855 symbols per second, which results in a coding gain (CG) of 15 dB.
Each of the TFI bits is converted to one of two codes based on the state of the TFI bit. This coding is performed by the RRM generator 223 (
Code-0=11110 11100 01010 11010 00011 00100 1.
If the TFI bit has state 1, then the bit is converted to the following ML sequence:
Code-1=11110 11001 11000 01101 01001 00010 1.
Since the TFI after coding results in a total of 155 bits (31�5), not 148, 7 bits are "punctured" or truncated. The punctured bits correspond to TFI bits 0 and 4; as a result, TFI bits 0 and 4 get less coding gain compared to the remaining TFI bits. In other embodiments, other coding schemes may be selected to achieve a more uniform coding gain for all five bits of TFI. In alternative embodiments, other codes can be used. Also, alternatively, instead of two codes, a single code can be used, with the states of the bits flipped to represent "0" and "1" states.
By using an RTRRM that is one burst in length, a relatively fast mechanism is enabled for re-assignment of the requested time slot back to the mobile station 200A. Also, to ensure reliable detection, RTRRM is transmitted at relatively high power, up to the maximum power permitted for the mobile station 200A. The transmission of the RTRRM burst 408 overlaps and coincides with the data traffic bursts 406 transmitted by the mobile station 402. To detect the presence of RTRRM despite this collision, the RTRRM detector 238 in the base station 202 uses joint detection or successive cancellation techniques, as further described below. Optionally, RTRRM may also be independently detected.
Collision between the RTRRM burst 408 and the traffic burst 406 may or may not cause the traffic burst 406 to be corrupted. If the traffic burst 406 is corrupted, then the base station 202 may request retransmission of the traffic burst 406 from the mobile station 200B. If the traffic burst 406 from the mobile station 200B contains speech data, then a speech frame substitution technique may be used to recover corrupted speech data. In one example, the speech frame substitution technique involves substituting a previously received speech frame in place of the present frame if the present frame is corrupted.
Referring to
The RTUAM burst 500 is one burst in length to decrease the delay in re-assigning a time slot back to a mobile station exiting DTX mode. This is particularly important for mobile stations communicating conversational class traffic, which are the most sensitive to delay of the four possible traffic classes. To prevent collision between the RTUAM burst 500 and other data on the downlink, the base station will preempt transmission of any other data on the downlink. To improve reliability in detection of RTUAM, repetition diversity may be employed, as explained below. Also, in further embodiments, an RTUAM burst having a larger length may be employed to improve reliability.
Referring to
If the base station detects (at 606) receipt of a SID_FIRST frame, the frame is passed to the RX DTX handler 250 as the SID_FIRST frame (at 608). In addition, the radio resource management (RRM) module 237 is notified that uplink radio resource is now available for statistical multiplexing. The base station also begins looking for an RTRRM burst, and if an RTRRM burst is received, a responsive RTUAM burst is transmitted to the mobile station.
The base station can also detect a SID_UPDATE frame (at 610). In response, the frame is decoded and passed (at 612) to the RX DTX handler 250 as SID_UPDATE, SID_BAD or NO_DATA frame depending on the CRC (cyclic redundancy check) and the content of information bits along with comfort noise parameters. Also, the base station checks to determine if the received message is a PACCH burst, PTCCH burst, or a PDTCH (packet data traffic channel) burst (containing RTCP or RSVP signaling). The purposes of these messages are discussed above. The base station continues to monitor for the RTRRM message, and if the RTRRM burst is detected, a responsive RTUAM burst is transmitted.
The base station can also detect (at 614) an ONSET frame, which is passed (at 616) to the RX DTX handler 250 as an ONSET frame. This indicates that an RTRRM burst has been detected, that the RTUAM has been transmitted in response to the RTRRM, and the RRM module 237 has been notified that the uplink radio resource is no longer available for statistical multiplexing.
If none of the RATSCCH, SID_FIRST, SID_UPDATE, and ONSET frames are detected, then the base station decodes (at 618) the received frame as a speech frame. If the SID_FIRST frame has been previously detected with no subsequent detection of the ONSET frame, then the base station continues to monitor for the RTRRM message.
In an EGPRS system, multiframes are used to communicate control and traffic signaling between mobile stations and base stations. The multiframes can include 52 frames, with each frame containing eight time slots. A multiframe starts with frame FN0 and ends with frame FN51. Four frames make up a block. Generally, conversational traffic is interleaved over eight frames, while traffic in the other traffic classes is interleaved over four frames.
Referring to
With RTRRM transmitted in the uplink path at 904 (the last burst of block Bx), the responsive RTUAM message is communicated in the first burst of the next block Bx+1 (as indicated by 912). However, for transmissions of RTRRM in the first, second and third bursts of block Bx+1 (906, 908, and 910, respectively), the RTUAM is communicated in the last burst of block Bx+1 (as indicated by 914) so that the base station has at least two or more bursts to detect the presence/absence of RTRRM on the uplink. In response to communication of RTUAM at 912 or 914, uplink traffic transmission from the first mobile station can resume in the first burst of the next block (Bx+2), as indicated by 916.
For improved reliability in detection of RTRRM, repetition diversity may be used, in which RTRRM is transmitted multiple times. This is possible when RTRRM is transmitted in the first or second bursts of a block (such as at 906 and 908 in
Repetition diversity can also be used for RTUAM by sending it at different times. For example, if RTUAM is sent in the first burst of a block, then RTUAM may be repeated three more times. The plural RTUAM bursts are independent of each other (each is self-sufficient), and they may employ different parity protection to enhance error protection. However, if RTUAM is sent on the third or fourth burst of a block, then the base station may not be able to perform repetition diversity for RTUAM.
In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, the joint 238 detector (
However, when RTRRM is present, rk is expressed as follows:
In Eqs. 1 and 2 above, the value sk is the kth sample of the information signal from the mobile station B. The value pk is the kth sample of the RTRRM signal from the mobile station A, and nk is the kth sample of the receiver noise. Also, Ik (i) represents the kth sample of the ith interferer, {ci} and {di} represent the channel impulse responses associated with mobile stations A and B, respectively. L is the length (in symbols) of the channel impulse response, and N represents the number of cochannel interferers. {ei} is the channel weight associated with the ith interferer. Here, it is assumed that the interferer is passed through a flat fading channel.
In a given maximum likelihood sequence estimator (MLSE), the jth branch metric, γk (j), at time instant k, is calculated in the absence of RTRRM as follows:
where F(I(i→j)) represents the symbol vector of traffic from mobile station A resulting from the transition from the ith state at time (k−1) to the jth state at time k. {ĉj} represents the estimated channel impulse response.
The branch metric is modified to jointly decode the RTRRM from mobile station A and data from mobile station B as follows:
where the third term on the right-hand side of Eq. 4 corresponds to RTRRM and has two possible states (m=0 or 1) corresponding to each of the two code waveforms (code-0 and code-1). Additionally, operations performed in decoding RTRRM include channel estimation during training sequence, {{circumflex over (d)}i}, calculation of the branch metric corresponding to RTRRM for each of the two code waveforms (m=0 and 1), and determination of the downlink TFI of the MS THF.
In one arrangement, the third term on the right-hand side of Eq. 4 can be calculated on a continuous basis to check for the presence of RTRRM. However, in another arrangement, the third term of the right-hand side of Eq. 4 does not need to be continuously calculated to reduce processing load. In this other arrangement, the third term on the right-hand side of Eq. 4 is calculated only when it has been determined that RTRRM is present. One example of the detector 238 configured according to the latter arrangement is illustrated in
The operations, tasks, and functions discussed herein that are performed in stations or systems in the mobile communications network 10 may be controlled by software applications, routines, or modules executable on control units, such as those shown in
The storage units referred to herein include one or more machine-readable storage media for storing data and instructions. The storage media include different forms of memory including semiconductor memory devices such as dynamic or static random access memories (DRAMs or SRAMs), erasable and programmable read-only memories (EPROMs), electrically erasable and programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs), and flash memories; magnetic disks such as fixed, floppy and removable disks; other magnetic media including tape; and optical media such as compact disks (CDs) or digital video disks (DVDs). Instructions that make up the various software routines or modules in a station or system and stored in a respective storage unit when executed by a control unit cause the corresponding station or system to perform programmed acts.
The instructions of the software routines or modules are loaded or transported into the station or system in one of many different ways. For example, code segments including instructions stored on floppy disks, CD or DVD media, a hard disk, or transported through a network interface card, modem, or other interface device are loaded into the station or system and executed as corresponding software routines or modules. In the loading or transport process, data signals that are embodied in carrier waves (transmitted over telephone lines, network lines, wireless links, cables, and the like) communicate the code segments, including instructions, to the station or system. Such carrier waves are in the form of electrical, optical, acoustical, electromagnetic, or other types of signals.
While the invention has been disclosed with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate numerous modifications and variations therefrom. It is intended that the appended claims cover such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 23, 1990
|Feb 25, 1992
|Ericsson Ge Mobile Communications Holding, Inc.
|Authentication system for digital cellular communications
|Jun 15, 1992
|Jan 26, 1993
|Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson
|Method of transmitting signaling messages in a mobile radio communication system
|Dec 17, 1992
|Jul 5, 1994
|Telefonakitebolaget L M Ericsson
|Handoff of a mobile station between half rate and full rate channels
|Mar 15, 1995
|Apr 29, 1997
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Wireless variable bandwidth air-link system
|Jul 12, 1995
|Sep 2, 1997
|Ericsson Inc.
|Dual mode satellite/cellular terminal
|Mar 11, 1997
|Mar 17, 1998
|Ericsson Inc.
|Dual mode satellite/cellular terminal
|Oct 25, 1995
|May 12, 1998
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Access method for broadband and narrowband networks
|Mar 8, 1996
|May 19, 1998
|Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson (Publ)
|Method and system for transmitting background noise data
|Jan 23, 1996
|Sep 22, 1998
|Orion Atlantic, L.P.
|Full mesh satellite-based multimedia networking system
|Oct 18, 1996
|Nov 3, 1998
|Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson Publ.
|Method for multiplexing of parallel information streams in a CDMA system
|Oct 18, 1995
|Jun 8, 1999
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson
|Packet channel feedback
|Dec 27, 1996
|Jun 29, 1999
|Nec Corporation
|Speech frame disabling circuitry for protection against burst errors of interleaved TDMA frames
|Mar 4, 1997
|Jul 27, 1999
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson
|Radio communication system selectively using multicast with variable offset time
|Jan 21, 1997
|Oct 5, 1999
|Nokia Mobile Phones Limited
|Apparatus and method for configuring a data channel for symmetric/asymmetric data transmission
|Oct 2, 1996
|Oct 12, 1999
|Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd.
|Method, device and communication network for avoiding collisions in radio communication
|Aug 2, 1996
|Dec 21, 1999
|Lsi Logic Corporation
|Multi-frequency multi-protocol wireless communication device
|Aug 19, 1997
|Feb 1, 2000
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson
|Multi-channel automatic retransmission query (ARQ) method
|Nov 27, 1996
|Feb 29, 2000
|Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson (Publ)
|Method and apparatus for improving performance of a packet communications system
|Jun 12, 1997
|Mar 7, 2000
|Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
|System and method for bit interleaving of half-rate speech data
|Sep 22, 1997
|May 16, 2000
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Base-band interleaver for code division multiple access mobile telecommunication system
|Jul 5, 1996
|Jun 6, 2000
|Nokia Telecommunications Oy
|High-speed data transmission in a digital mobile communication system
|Jul 23, 1997
|Jul 4, 2000
|Ericsson Inc.
|Dual mode satellite/cellular terminal
|Jun 12, 1997
|Aug 8, 2000
|Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
|System and method for bit interleaving of full-rate speech data
|Jun 12, 1998
|Aug 22, 2000
|Telefonaktienbolaget Lm Ericsson
|Reuse of a physical control channel in a distributed cellular radio communication system
|Aug 29, 1997
|Oct 17, 2000
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson
|Method for selecting a link protocol for a transparent data service in a digital communications system
|Jul 23, 1997
|Feb 6, 2001
|Qualcomm Inc.
|Method and apparatus for data transmission using time gated frequency division duplexing
|Dec 24, 1997
|Mar 13, 2001
|Sony Corporation
|Communication method transmitting apparatus and receiving apparatus
|Jun 8, 1999
|May 1, 2001
|Nokia Telecommunications Oy
|Authentication between communicating parties in a telecommunications network
|Apr 24, 1996
|May 29, 2001
|Nokia Telecommunications Oy
|Asymmetric high-speed data transmission apparatus and method in a mobile communications network
|Apr 16, 1998
|Sep 4, 2001
|Nokia Mobile Phones Limited
|Method and apparatus for transmitting DTX—low state information from mobile station to base station
|Feb 6, 1998
|Sep 18, 2001
|Telefon Aktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
|Channel quality in wireless communications
|May 28, 1999
|Dec 4, 2001
|Nokia Mobile Phones Limited
|Apparatus, and associated method, for communicating packet data in a radio communication system
|Mar 25, 1998
|Apr 16, 2002
|Nortel Networks Ltd.
|Systems and methods of channel coding and inverse-multiplexing for multi-carrier CDMA systems
|Sep 4, 1998
|Jun 11, 2002
|At&T Corp.
|Method and apparatus for controlling access to a communication channel
|Oct 4, 1999
|Jul 30, 2002
|Motorola, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for communicating a call
|Jan 14, 1998
|Sep 10, 2002
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
|Method and arrangement in a radio communications system
|Mar 11, 1999
|Oct 29, 2002
|Flarion Technologies, Inc.
|Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing based spread spectrum multiple access
|Aug 25, 2000
|Nov 26, 2002
|Motorola, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for supporting radio acknowledgement information for a uni-directional user data channel
|Aug 3, 1998
|Dec 3, 2002
|Samsung Electronics, Co., Ltd.
|Transmitter with increased traffic throughput in digital mobile telecommunication system and method for operating the same
|Jul 27, 1999
|Mar 11, 2003
|At&T Corp
|Medium access control layer for packetized wireless systems
|May 15, 1998
|Mar 18, 2003
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
|Methods and systems for multiplexing of multiple users for enhanced capacity radiocommunications
|Mar 17, 1999
|May 13, 2003
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
|Communication system having a limited number of communication channels
|Jul 14, 1999
|Jun 3, 2003
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Method for interleaving information conveyed in a wireless communication system
|Feb 22, 1999
|Jun 24, 2003
|Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd.
|Method for scheduling packet data transmission
|Nov 16, 1998
|Jul 22, 2003
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
|Packet traffic channel reassignment
|Feb 1, 1999
|Aug 19, 2003
|Bellsouth Intellectual Property Corporation
|Method for increasing the communication capacity of a cellular telephone system
|Jan 27, 2000
|Dec 2, 2003
|At&T Corp.
|Method and apparatus for providing high speed services using a wireless communications system
|Aug 31, 1999
|Dec 2, 2003
|Nokia Mobile Phones Limited
|Method for transmitting background noise information in data transmission in data frames
|Mar 5, 1999
|Dec 30, 2003
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Spread spectrum communication device and spread spectrum communication method
|Aug 14, 2000
|Mar 16, 2004
|Nokia Corporation
|Reception method and receiver using several different transport formats
|Oct 14, 1998
|Apr 20, 2004
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
|Implicit resource allocation in a communication system
|Jun 14, 2001
|Aug 31, 2004
|Nokia Corporation
|Device and method for controlling the amplitude of signals
|Feb 23, 2000
|Mar 15, 2005
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
|Method and apparatus for compressed mode communications over a radio interface
|Jan 30, 2003
|Mar 22, 2005
|Nokia Corporation
|Flexible layer overlay for seamless handovers between full rate and half rate channels
|Apr 23, 1999
|Aug 2, 2005
|Qualcomm, Incorporated
|Configuration of overhead channels in a mixed bandwidth system
|Oct 16, 2002
|Jun 5, 2007
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Rate control device and method for CDMA communication system
|May 8, 2001
|Sep 27, 2001
|Qualcomm, Incorporated
|Method and apparatus for providing variable rate data in a communications system using non-orthogonal overflow channels
|Dec 15, 2000
|Nov 15, 2001
|Chang Kirk K.
|Method and system for interleaving of full rate channels suitable for half duplex operation and statistical multiplexing
|Jun 11, 2001
|Nov 29, 2001
|Nokia Mobile Phones Limited
|Transmission of comfort noise parameters during discontinuous transmission
|Oct 1, 2003
|Apr 1, 2004
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
|Efficient in-band signaling for discontinuous transmission and configuration changes in adaptive multi-rate communications systems
|Dec 2, 2003
|Jul 15, 2004
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Device and method for exchanging frame messages of different lengths in CDMA communication system
|Jan 3, 2003
|Aug 11, 2005
|Denis Fauconnier
|Method for controlling communication channels and base station and terminal therefor
|May 5, 2006
|Sep 14, 2006
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Spread spectrum communication device and spread spectrum communication method
|European Telecommunications Standards Institute, "Digital Cellular Telecommunication System (Phase 2+); Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) for Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) speech Traffic CHannels (GSM) 06.93 version 7.3.0 Release 1998)," Draft ETSI EN 301 707 V7.3.0 (Dec. 1999), pp. 1-15 (1999).
|European Telecommunications Standards Institute, Digital Cellular Telecommunication System (Phase 2+); GEneral Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Mobile Station (MS)-Base Station (BSS) interface; Radio Link Control/Medium Access Control (RLC/MAC) protocol (GSM 04.60 version 8.5.0 Release 1999), pp. 1-278 (1999).
|Nokia, "Geran Radio Access Bearers." pp. 1-16 (Feb. 2000).
|U.S. Appl. No. 09/716,136, Peter A. Barany et al., filed Nov. 17, 2000.
|U.S. Appl. No. 09/716,150, Peter A. Barany et al., filed Nov. 17, 2000.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 28, 2007
|Apr 6, 2010
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Apparatus for bidirectional communication using auxiliary band in wireless communication system
|Nov 17, 2004
|Dec 13, 2011
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Method and apparatus for offset interleaving of vocoder frames
|Aug 29, 2005
|Feb 14, 2012
|Intel Corporation
|Method and apparatus of multiple entity wireless communication adapter
|Dec 8, 2009
|May 15, 2012
|Universal Electronics Inc.
|System and method for managing communication links
|Nov 5, 2007
|Oct 9, 2012
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Hybrid power-saving mechanism for VoIP services
|Aug 11, 2006
|Jun 25, 2013
|Universal Electronics Inc.
|System and method for managing communication links
|Aug 12, 2011
|Sep 23, 2014
|Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson (Publ)
|RAKE resource multiplexing for enhanced uplink data services
|Aug 20, 2007
|Sep 30, 2014
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Semi-persistent scheduling for traffic spurts in wireless communication
|Nov 17, 2004
|Mar 30, 2006
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Method and apparatus for offset interleaving of vocoder frames
|Aug 11, 2006
|Dec 28, 2006
|Universal Electronics Inc.
|System and method for managing communication links
|Aug 29, 2005
|Mar 1, 2007
|Amit Barak
|Method and apparatus of multiple entity wireless communication adapter
|Apr 20, 2007
|Mar 20, 2008
|Fujitsu Limited
|Mobile communication terminal, mobile communication system, base station, and communication method
|Sep 28, 2007
|Apr 3, 2008
|Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.
|Apparatus for bidirectional communication using auxiliary band in wireless communication system
|Nov 5, 2007
|May 8, 2008
|Telecis Wireless, Inc.
|Hybrid power-saving mechanism for VoIP services
|Aug 20, 2007
|May 22, 2008
|Aleksandar Damnjanovic
|Semi-Persistent Scheduling For Traffic Spurts in Wireless Communication
|Dec 8, 2009
|Jun 3, 2010
|Universal Electronics, Inc.
|System and method for managing communication links
|Nov 30, 2009
|Jun 2, 2011
|Nokia Corporation
|Method and Apparatus for Power Saving Operations in Wireless Network Elements
|Aug 12, 2011
|Feb 14, 2013
|Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericcson (Publ)
|RAKE Resource Multiplexing for Enhanced Uplink Data Services
|Nov 17, 2010
|Jun 3, 2011
|Nokia Corporation
|Method and apparatus for power saving operations in wireless network elements
|U.S. Classification
|370/474, 455/450, 370/335
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 21, 2010
|Certificate of correction
|Oct 28, 2011
Owner name: ROCKSTAR BIDCO, LP, NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NORTEL NETWORKS LIMITED;REEL/FRAME:027164/0356
Effective date: 20110729
|Aug 10, 2012
Owner name: APPLE INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ROCKSTAR BIDCO, LP;REEL/FRAME:028766/0252
Effective date: 20120511
|Feb 6, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


text:
At the World Retail Congress 2010, retailers shared stories of lessons learned during the economic downturn as well as the ongoing recovery. The effect of the downturn was understandably different across various sectors and economies. Other factors, including advancements in technology, also played a role. The global entertainment retail chain HMV, for example, had to shift gears to battle the digital revolution.
Full Story:The Economic Times (India)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Welcome to my mind pardon the clutter and the memories.
I'm looking for a beta...if you're intrested, contact me please! I'm into writing song-fics, one-shots, short stories, in the J/L, Hr/R, H/G catagories primarly.
Im a 15 year old girl who loves writing songs and stories. I play trumpet in my schools concert, jazz and marching bands. The name 'Dear Irony' is from a song that I wrote. I love lyrics- writting and listening-and music is pretty much my life outside of writing. I can also be found playing video games (Guitar Hero 1 and 2 and Kingdom Hearts), and reading lots of books. My favorite bands include The Academy Is..., Underoath, Anberlin, The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus, and many others. I also like jazz in addition to screamo/indie/alternative. The greatest musical ever is The Producers. Didn't you know that It's Bad Luck To Say Good Luck On Op'ning Night? I also work at a bookstore and get paid mostly in books. Tis a sweet job for a bookworm like me.
Story info
To Never Forget You posted. Thanks to those who reviewed and favoritized and sorry if it made you cry....
Chapter 2 of With Love From The Frontlines should be coming soon...sorry but I've been sooo busy...
The Runaways accepted! Thanks to those who have reviewed!
Holding The Door, the sequel to The Runaways accepted. This time it's Ginny's POV, set to Anberlin's "The Unwinding Cable Car"
Working on some new stuff to be sent out in the month of April!!!
Sequel to More than a Feeling
*Chapter 10 is 'A Wedding and a Funeral'*
It's Seventh Year, and the new Headmaster has decreed that students must take some sort of course to fulfill the new Art Requirement. Our favourite characters have decided to take Drama. What kind of hilarity will ensue when the night of the first dress rehearsal arrives? Expect Hagrid as a Tree, Ron as Godric Gryffindor and Malfoy as the Amazing "Dancing" Ferret.
Ron/Luna, Prof. Pat/Hermione, Blaise/Himself


text:
You are here
Division of Nursing and Health Science
Department of Nursing
The mission of the Kansas Wesleyan University Department of Nursing Education is to offer a baccalaureate degree in Nursing, preparing students to become compassionate registered professional nurses by incorporating the areas of biopsychosocial, behavioral, and spiritual development into the delivery of nursing education. This educational and practical foundation in the classroom and in the field enables students to provide client-centered care, pursue graduate studies and continue lifelong learning.
Nursing Major Options
Department of Sport & Exercise Science
The Department of Sport and Exercise Science (SPES) provides a hands-on approach to prepare graduates for positions in professional and university athletic programs, community sports organizations, private and public fitness, recreation programs, as well as health and physical education.
Sport & Exercise Science Major Options
- Exercise Science - with concentration in: Fitness & Wellness, Personal Training
- Health and Physical Education (PreK-12)
- Sports Management
- Health Science (Pre-Professional Program Options include: Pre-Athletic Training and Pre-Physical Therapy)
Nursing Student Handbook 2016-2017
Practical Experience
Students gain hands-on experience in a wide variety of clinical practice sites, such as Salina Regional Health Center, Presbyterian Manor, medical offices, and throughout the school districts.
Scholarships and Employment
The Salina community and surrounding areas continue to benefit from an agreement between KWU and Salina Regional Health Center that was developed to expand opportunities for KWU student nurses by providing additional financial support for their education and then employ many of our graduates once they receive their Registered Nurse license.
Community Support
Salina Regional Health Foundation has given its vote of confidence in the KWU Nursing degree by providing a $1,000,000 gift to the Kansas Wesleyan University Foundation to establish the Salina Regional Health Center Chair in Nursing Education.
Nursing Success Coordinator
As Kansas Wesleyan's Nursing Success Coordinator, Jerri Zweygardt, M.S.N., R.N., offers support to nursing faculty by providing the tools and techniques to enhance courses. She focuses on improving student success by working with the faculty to build an exceptional and exemplary nursing curriculum.


text:
Your #1 farm building, commercial building post frame / pole building company
We specialize in the construction of highly efficient post frame buildings across Western Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan, parts of Manitoba and B.C.). Our leading edge technology-including the most durable post in the industry-ensures you get a strong post frame building with longevity. Our buildings meet or exceed the most demanding engineering specifications for strength and durability at a reasonable price.
Turnkey Construction Services
Integrity's Turnkey Construction Services is the perfect solution for people who need a new post-frame building but don't have the time or resources to manage the project themselves. Integrity will supervise the site and trades and make sure that the new post frame building is built on time and within budget. From building design, obtaining permits, site preparation, pouring of concrete floors to the installation of the electrical, plumbing, and interiors – Integrity will take care of it all. Find out more about Integrity's complete Turnkey solution.


text:
Rates in SGD (taxes & fees included), shown as:
Nightly Average
S$171 Avg. price/night
Bellevue Country House
Greenhill Road, 43, Other, Londonderry BT51 4EU, United Kingdom
Find Hotel Rates
Recent Searches
Wego searches multiple travel sites so you can find and compare the best rates.
Bellevue Country House Hotel Reviews
Based on reviews from across the web.
Bellevue Country House Hotel Details
Check-in: 15:00
Check-out: 11:00
Located in Aghdowey near Coleraine, and enjoys beautiful views of the blue hills of County Antrim. Home away from home family run B&B.
Greenhill Road, 43 Other, Londonderry BT51 4EU, United Kingdom


text:
Live Chat
Track Your Order
You have no items in your shopping cart.
In stock
This alluring Crystal Opal Hen on Nest Glass Figurine is sure to make it an eye-snappy expansion to your home style. It will make a beautiful present for somebody in your life, or an extraordinary home decor addition. Match this with our other mosser glass pieces to have a completed decorated house. This glass figurine will without a doubt improve the bid of any festival.
Please wait...


text:
In the early 1970s, Gilah Yelin Hirsch was an artist whose paintings were widely recognized, but it was a time when art by women was rarely in major museums and exhibits around the world. In 1971, to draw attention to the sexism in the art scene, particularly in Los Angeles, Hirsch … [Read more...]
CSU Dominguez Hills Professor Gilah Hirsch's Documents Archived in Smithsonian
Thomas Philo Honored with '2016 Excellence in Service Award'
For Thomas Philo, an archivist in California State University, Dominguez Hills' (CSUDH) University Library, an "exceptional sense of service" requires one to persistently look for ways to serve on campus and for "opportunities to serve that were not there before." For his eagerness and skill in … [Read more...]
Faculty Share 'Heartfelt Memories and Gratitude' at Faculty Awards Reception
Most of the five award winners shed a tear or two at California State University, Dominguez Hills' (CSUDH) 2016 Annual Faculty Awards Reception as they shared heartfelt memories and gratitude for the colleagues, students and family members who have helped contributed to their success as … [Read more...]
Professor Terry McGlynn and students discover 'thieving ants' are specialized
A professional, an expert—no matter what title one assigns a member of the most specialized group in an Ectatomma ruidum ant colony – a "Jack of all trades" should definitely not be one of them. In fact, a "cunning thief" might be the most fitting, according to Terry McGlynn, professor of biology … [Read more...]
CSUDH campus community welcomes 36 new faculty members
California State University, Dominguez Hills welcomed 36 faculty members this fall semester. While some are familiar faces, many of them are new to campus. Join Dateline Dominguez in congratulating them on their new appointments! College of Arts and Humanities Keunyeong … [Read more...]
CSUDH physics faculty help search for 'Theory of Everything'
In physics today, adding anything to the "Theory of Everything" (ToEs) would really be something. That possibility may come true for Ken Ganezer and Jim Hill, professors of physics at California State University, Dominguez Hills (CSUDH), and physics lecturers Brandon Hartfiel and William Keig, … [Read more...]
Book Signing, April 29: 'Demonic to Divine: The Double Life of Shulamis Yelin'
When Gilah Yelin Hirsch first read her mother's 70 diaries and discovered the extent of the physical and psychological abuse she had endured from infancy to the age of 16, rather than loathing her, she felt "love, empathy and compassion for her mother," the celebrated Canadian author Shulamis … [Read more...]
Terri Ares presented Clinical Nurse Specialist Educator of the Year Award
Terri Ares, lecturer and Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) program adviser at California State University, Dominguez Hills (CSUDH), means a lot to her students. Entrenched last fall while finishing their clinical hours, studying for final exams and preparing for graduation, her students somehow … [Read more...]
Faculty scholar Sharrell Luckett employs a 'collective' approach to teaching
Sharrell D. Luckett, assistant professor of theatre at California State University, Dominguez Hills (CSUDH), is helping her students in the Performance Studies and Arts Research Collective "harness their artistic ingenuity" while discovering their true selves through the study of … [Read more...]
Professor Larry Press chimes in on U.S.-Cuba digital relations
Larry Press, a professor of information systems at California State University, Dominguez Hills (CSUDH), is encouraged by the thawing of poor relations between the United States and Cuba. He has worked for years to understand and improve the state of the Internet in Cuba and is "hopeful that this … [Read more...]


text:
Italian Peppers And Onions
|Olive oil
|3 Tablespoon
|Sweet red pepper/Sweet green peppers / 8 italian sweet green peppers
|3 Large, washed, cored, seeded, and cut in long, thin strips
|Spanish onion
|1 Medium, peeled and sliced thin
|1 Clove (5 gm), peeled and crushed
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|1 Pinch
1. In a large skillet or wok, heat oil over a moderate high flame.
2. Add peppers, onion, and garlic and sauté for 8 minutes until onion is golden.
3. Reduce the flame and cover and simmer for 5 minutes, shaking pan to toss occasionally.
4. Uncover, and heat for 1-2 minutes until all moisture has evaporated.
5. Season with salt and pepper
6. Serve as a side to veal or chicken or use as a filling for subs and sandwiches.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size
Calories 151 Calories from Fat 103
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 12 g17.8%
Saturated Fat 1.6 g8%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 0 mg
Sodium 250 mg10.4%
Total Carbohydrates 11 g3.7%
Dietary Fiber 2.9 g11.6%
Sugars 6.2 g
Protein 2 g3.2%
Vitamin A 59.4% Vitamin C 208.8%
Calcium 2.1% Iron 3.3%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


text:
Four Points by Sheraton Bakersfield is on seven acres of lush manicured grounds and is in the heart of the main business district of Bakersfield. Cool waters, babbling creeks, and a beautiful interior courtyard make relaxation effortless. Plus, we're close to exciting local attractions. View our Bakersfield hotel deals below, and enjoy exclusive savings and our best available rate.
Register for SPG® Double Take by March 15, 2017 and your stays through April 15, 2017 will earn double Starpoints, then thousands more:
Book your winter getaway now and make every day more rewarding with extra Starpoints. Register Now >>Terms & Conditions
Start your morning off right with one full American breakfast for just $1.
Offer includes breakfast for one; additional meals can be purchased at menu prices.
Book online, or call 866-716-8133 and mention rate plan FPBKPKG.Terms & Conditions
Spend an intimate weekend with that someone special at Four Points Bakersfield and receive:
Book online or call 866-716-8133 and mention ROMANCE to book this offer.Terms & Conditions
Choose your way to save. Enjoy exclusive AAA discounts off our best available rates.
Book now, or call 866-716-8133 and ask about our AAA rates.Terms & Conditions
Make your weekend last longer and include Sunday night for just $60 when you stay two nights or more.
Offer valid for Thursday - Saturday arrivals. Special rate of $60 for Sunday night will be adjusted at checkout. Book now, or call 866-716-8133 and mention rate plan BAR60.Terms & Conditions
Special perks for Starwood Preferred Guest® members:
Book online, or call 866-716-8133 and ask for rate plan SPG35B. Blackout dates apply.
Not a SPG® Member? Join today and discover just how rewarding membership can be.Terms & Conditions
Government employees can take advantage of special rates or rates plus a breakfast credit. A valid government employee ID is required at check-in.
Book now, or call 866-716-8133 and ask about our Government rates.Terms & Conditions
Book your next trip with Four Points and save up to 15% on our best available rates.
Book online, or call 866-716-8133 and mention rate plan DAILY.Terms & Conditions


text:
Urban League receives grant from bank
|Photo courtesy of Akron Urban League
Akron Urban League's Vice President of Programs Donna Sadler and Director of Development and Marketing Andreas Ellis were at the Cleveland Headquarters of Bank of America to receive the grant from Jeneen Marziani, Ohio market president of Bank of America.
"Bank of America recognizes that preparing individuals for success in the job market through training and skill building is a critical piece of advancing economic development," said Marziani. "Supporting job readiness programs is part of our ongoing commitment to improve our local economies."
Shown above are Sadler, Marziani and Ellis.
The grant is part of Bank of America's ongoing investments to help connect the unemployed, underemployed, veterans, youth and those with disabilities to employment opportunities and success.
More Business News
Calendar of Events
- Verb Ballets: Works Reimagined: Continuing the Legacy of Heinz Poll; Carnival of the Animals - 2/19/2017
- Akron Baroque and Singers Companye - 2/19/2017
- Pinterest Projects: Succulents - 2/19/2017
- Petes Dragon - 2/20/2017
- Friends of the Maltz Museums Presidents Day Celebration - 2/20/2017
...More Events


text:
- 1 [countable, uncountable] a hot dish made with meat, vegetables, etc. that are cooked slowly in liquid in an oven a chicken casserole Is there any casserole left? See related entries: Savoury dishes
- 2 [countable] (also casserole dish) a container with a lid used for cooking meat, etc. in liquid in an oven Place the chicken pieces in the bottom of a large casserole. Word Origin early 18th cent.: from French, diminutive of casse
BrE BrE//ˈkæsərəʊl//; NAmE NAmE//ˈkæsəroʊl//Savoury dishes
Check pronunciation: casserole


text:
San Francisco State University (SFSU), the University of California, Davis (UCD) and the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) called "PhD Partners" hereafter, have developed a cooperative graduate program to increase the number of underrepresented minorities (URM) that pursue biomedical research careers. Our program goals are to provide URM students with a quality and focused master's degree education at SFSU that prepares them to be competitive for acceptance and successful in top-ranked biomedical science doctoral programs. The objectives are to ensure that the master's degree Bridge students: 1) pursue a critical and exhaustive examination of discipline subject matter graduate courses that lead to an MA/MS degree in a biomedical science (i.e. biology, biochemistry or chemistry) in two-three years;2) achieve competitive scores on their GRE exams to ensure acceptance into a high quality biomedical PhD programs;3) receive intense advising and the support necessary to become confident and successful graduate students;4) participate in significant research experiences and acquire the skills required to communicate the results of those experiences in the form of theses, presentations at national scientific conferences and in peer-reviewed journals;5) develop strong skills in science writing, and 6) receive continual exposure to successful minority scientists to build the confidence they will need to become outstanding scientists. These objectives will be successfully met through the combination of an excellent curriculum, close and careful advising, workshops designed to provide the students with a well-rounded and in-depth knowledge of all aspects of biomedical sciences, and a nurturing and productive research experience with Bridge mentors. These activities will prepare URM students for entry into high quality PhD degree programs, and/or biomedical research careers. Forty-three of our past MS/PhD Bridge to the Doctorate masters'students are currently enrolled in or have completed PhD programs at UC Partner campuses or other outstanding doctoral institutions. Five MS/PhD Bridge students who entered PhD programs withdrew for various reasons. Thus, 89.6% (43/48) of SFSU Bridge students have persisted in pursuit of a doctoral degree. Twenty-one have completed doctoral programs (17 PhD, 3 PharmD and 1 DVM). All 23 Bridge students since 2001 have entered competitive PhD programs. In addition to the students already in PhD programs, four of the current MS candidates in the Bridge program applied in 2007 for admission into PhD programs for fall 2008 admission and four will continue a second year. The SFSU/UC MS/PhD Bridge Collaborative Doctoral Program prepares master's graduates who continue into biomedical PhD degree programs in route to careers as research scientists. The partnership between the Minority Serving Master's I institution and two pre-eminent PhD granting institutions addresses workforce needs prepare researchers prepared to address health disparity issues.
|Martinez, Criseyda; Marzec, Timothy; Smith, Christopher D et al. (2013) Identification and expression of maebl, an erythrocyte-binding gene, in Plasmodium gallinaceum. Parasitol Res 112:945-54
|Arcinas, Arthur; Yen, Ten-Yang; Kebebew, Electron et al. (2009) Cell surface and secreted protein profiles of human thyroid cancer cell lines reveal distinct glycoprotein patterns. J Proteome Res 8:3958-68
|Augustin, D K; Song, Y; Baek, M S et al. (2007) Presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide O antigens affects type III secretion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 189:2203-9
|Drexler, Anna L; Harris, Christina C; dela Pena, Myra G et al. (2007) Molecular characterization and cell-specific expression of an ion transport peptide in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Cell Tissue Res 329:391-408
|Kiewietdejonge, Annette; Pitts, Matthew; Cabuhat, Lee et al. (2006) Hypersaline stress induces the turnover of phosphatidylcholine and results in the synthesis of the renal osmoprotectant glycerophosphocholine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 6:205-17
|Afonin, Bonnie; Ho, Minh; Gustin, Jean K et al. (2006) Cell behaviors associated with somite segmentation and rotation in Xenopus laevis. Dev Dyn 235:3268-79
|Century, K S; Lagman, R A; Adkisson, M et al. (1999) Short communication: developmental control of Xa21-mediated disease resistance in rice. Plant J 20:231-6
|Estacio, W; Anna-Arriola, S S; Adedipe, M et al. (1998) Dual promoters are responsible for transcription initiation of the fla/che operon in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 180:3548-55
|Davis, R E; Singh, H; Botka, C et al. (1994) RNA trans-splicing in Fasciola hepatica. Identification of a spliced leader (SL) RNA and SL sequences on mRNAs. J Biol Chem 269:20026-30


text: Spin by Wildlife Control published on 2012-03-26T13:39:20Z This is track 9 from our upcoming LP, releasing on July 31, 2012. This is track originally debuted as the title track on the Spin EP in March 2012. The EP: http://soundcloud.com/wildlifecontrol/sets/spin Genre Indie Rock Comment by catfishsoup666 Sweet piano solo 2013/12/19 16:56:07 +0000 Comment by Nick Godridge This riff... holy shit 2012/10/10 17:08:59 +0000 Comment by kharlos50 run, dance, smile...Up!!! 2012/10/01 23:25:16 +0000 Comment by DJLoveNoise Nice I got this one on repeat!! Check out my profile thanks 2012/09/26 04:53:47 +0000 Comment by Joel Janikowski how is this the least listen to track? WTF! 2012/04/26 00:02:05 +0000 Comment by Shteevie Liked the other tracks, but this one doesn't work for me. the piano solos and the droning guitar both feel jarring and out of place. I do like the message and the sentiment behind it, though. 2012/04/17 18:48:01 +0000 Comment by alpqla follow the sound of the piano. 2012/04/12 18:31:01 +0000 Comment by Benjamin Rocca ahhhh this is so happy I love it 2012/04/09 01:42:40 +0000 Comment by Harshith Aron D'mello The most chill chorus in the world.... 2012/03/31 22:06:30 +0000 Comment by Wildlife Control That flute player simply annihilated that fall. 2012/03/27 16:09:37 +0000 Comment by Jason OMara Hot track. This hook is so catchy! And listen to that flute. I love it. 2012/03/26 20:51:07 +0000


text: Here's A Reds Fan Sucking On Some Rando's Toes, Just BecauseBarry Petchesky7/05/11 12:45pm30EditPromoteGo to permalinkWhat's going on here? Do you know what's going on here? I don't know what's going on here, and neither does the person who took the picture. It's just some visiting Reds fan, going to town on some guy's toes. [Cards Diaspora]


text: professor Professors' Panel Criticizes Reported U of I Dismissal Of Salaita By Jim Meadows • Aug 7, 2014 A committee of university professors says the University of Illinois is violating academic freedom and standards of free speech, if it has withdrawn its pending appointment of Steven Salaita. Former Bradley professor dies in Peoria crash By Alex Rusciano • Mar 19, 2013 Bradley University's first female African-American faculty member died in a car accident Monday in Peoria. Bradley President Joanne Glasser says Doctor Barbara Penelton joined the college of Education and Health Sciences in 1969. She also chaired the Department of Teacher Education and served as the University Ombudsman. Penelton also received recognition including the Putnam Award for Teaching Excellence and the YWCA Leadership Award.


text: Rockers Galore Rockers Glory PHILADELPHIA "If you're not familiar with the elastic rhythms and ecstatic melodies of Haitian kompa music, Blayer Pointdujour will school you." - City Paper After establishing himself as a supporting player in the Philadelphia music scene, playing with artists such as Phil Moore Browne and Miss Argentina, multi-instrumentalist and lead vocalist Blayer Pointdujour stepped out on his own in 2008. Bringing together Dan Peterson (drums), Charles Duquesne (percussion), Tyler Hayduk (keyboards), Ian Nauroth (guitar) and Camico (vocal stylist), Pointdujour created The Rockers Galore. After a few years spent making booties shake in Philadelphia clubs, Blayer Pointdujour and The Rockers Galore released their debut EP, Port Au Prince, on Philebrity records in the summer of 2011. That effort got them noticed by media outlets such as XPN, who crowned them with a best new music award and also profiled the band on The Key. Now, the band is gearing up to release their first full length album, The Bull, on September 4th, 2012. As with his previous releases, Pointdujour oscilates from nightclub anthems to social treatises with his signature mix of reggae and hip-hop. Influenced by 1970's sounds, as well as classics like Buddy Rich and Buddy guy, with some modern flavors such as Kanye West, Pointdujour strives for big, quality sounds in the studio. He says, "I'm trying to bring back old music but make it bang like it's 2012." This fusion of old-school funk and brand new spunk, rooted in Hatian kompa music, reggae and punk create a sound impossible to resist. Rockers Galore's tracks El Hermano Ft. Leo Mintek by Rockers Galore published on 2016/07/28 13:50:43 +0000 Good Morning Ft. Paul 'HR' Hudson, Candice Mills, Joe Reno, Summer Rice by Rockers Galore published on 2016/07/05 19:01:49 +0000 HOTEL PALOMAR ft. Candice Mills Unmastered by Rockers Galore published on 2016/03/26 23:17:05 +0000 Rockers Galore - Hands Up Dont Shoot (Mike Brown Dedication)Sample Calle 13 Perseguidos Mutiviral by Rockers Galore published on 2014/09/01 00:20:36 +0000 Bloody Crown by Rockers Galore published on 2014/06/19 22:51:48 +0000 Visions by Rockers Galore published on 2014/06/19 22:51:46 +0000 Zombie Ft. Candice Mills by Rockers Galore published on 2014/06/19 22:51:44 +0000 Nikki Ft, Candice mills, Yinka Oyewole by Rockers Galore published on 2014/06/19 22:51:43 +0000 Dirty Kompa Party (Party Dub) by Rockers Galore published on 2014/06/19 22:51:43 +0000


text:
Lent begins today! Sign up for one of our Easter devotions.
7:26 the law of your God and the law of the king. The two are not identical. The distinction between religious and civil law was more important for the Jews in exile under a foreign civil power, than during the monarchy, when the state was of the same religion as the people. The second Aramaic section of Ezra ends with this verse.
let judgment be strictly executed. Ezra himself is not given the authority to punish in this verse; the "officials and the elders" exercise it in 10:8.
Starting your free trial of Bible Gateway Plus is easy. You're already logged in with your Bible Gateway account. The next step is to enter your payment information. Your credit card won't be charged until the trial period is over. You can cancel anytime during the trial period.
Click the button below to continue.
You've already claimed your free trial of Bible Gateway Plus. To subscribe at our regular subscription rate of $3.99/month, click the button below.
It looks like you're already subscribed to Bible Gateway Plus! To manage your subscription, visit your Bible Gateway account settings.
Try Bible Gateway Plus, a brand-new service that lets you experience Bible Gateway free of banner ads! It also gives you instant access to over 40 Bible study and inspirational devotional books, including the NIV Study Bible. With Bible Gateway Plus, you can experience and understand God's Word in life-changing new ways, without the distraction of ads. Try it free for 30 days—you can cancel at any time. Following your 30-day free trial, Bible Gateway Plus is only $3.99/month.
Three easy steps to start your free trial subscription to Bible Gateway Plus.


text:
This Is Us Mega Buzz: Why Does Kevin Hate Miguel So Much?
Dec 12, 2016 7:28 PM EST
One of the biggest looming mysteries on This Is Us: Why does Kevin (Justin Hartley) hate his stepfather Miguel (Jon Huertas) so much? "The sheer idea of having your deceased father's best friend marry your mother is a little bit 'ehhhhh,'" Hartley te… Read more


text:
Call (888) 651-9785
Certified photos by travelers like you. What's this?
January 2016
Interesting collection of handmade chairs
January 2016
Village with wooden houses about 30 minutes from Zakopane
August 2014
Día de relax contemplando la ciudad de Zacopane desde la montaña del funicular.
Hasnah A Singapore
March 2014
Visited the village to see their traditional houses
Hasnah A Singapore
March 2014
After the funicular ride, view was not too good due to the weather but we had good experience though.
May 2011
Tatra mountains
Page: 1
Some content licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
© 1997–Tue Feb 21 02:15:38 PST 2017 Viator, Inc. CUR015 - 330208 All rights reserved. Viator is a registered trademark of Viator, Inc.
is a Service Mark of Viator, Inc. Travel with an Insider is a Service Mark of Viator, Inc.
Use of this website constitutes acceptance of Viator's Terms & Conditions.
Viator uses cookies to improve your experience on our website. Learn more about how we use cookies and how to change your cookie settings | Close message


text:
You missed it This great deal for Rodina Elite Gymnastics Academy is over. But don't despair, we've got more great deals every day.
Related Deals That You May Like
MetaBody Yoga and Fitness
30 Class Pass
Flawless Boxing & Fitness
4 Weeks of Unlimited Boxing Classes for One Person
Mama Bootcamp - El Dorado Hills
4 Weeks of Unlimited Boot Camp Classes
P2O Hot Pilates and Fitness
Hot Yoga or Pilates Fitness Class Package
back by popular demand:
Rodina Elite Gymnastics Academy
One Month of Once-Weekly Kids' Gymnastics Classes
91% recommendedin LivingSocial customer ratings
At this elite, family-owned academy, instructors with more than 30 years of combined experience help your youngsters develop coordination, flexibility, strength, self-confidence, and more during the once-a-week sessions:
• $27 ($55 value) for a month of 45-minute parent-child classes for age 3
• $27 ($55 value) for a month of 45-minute classes for 3-year-olds
• $32 ($65 value) for a month of 60-minute classes for 4- and 5-year-olds
• $27 ($55 value) for a month of 45-minute parent-child classes for age 2
"My daughter loved her first class, and the employees I have met were friendly and professional." - LivingSocial Member
Rodina Elite Gymnastics Academy's Website
PAID VALUE EXPIRES ON February 27, 2022
PROMOTIONAL VALUE EXPIRES ON December 14, 2013


text:
Van Reenens Pass Accommodation
If you are looking for Van Reenens Pass holiday accommodation , SafariNow has a selection of Self-catering, Bed and Breakfast, Hotel holiday accommodation in Van Reenens Pass and surrounds. With 6 listings in Van Reenens Pass, our handy Van Reenens Pass map search and great low prices, it's easy to book the perfect holiday accommodation for your Van Reenens Pass visit.)
Did you know? Van Reenens Pass Accommodation is often misspelt. Here are some variations:
VanReenensPass Accommodation, Van Reenen's Pass Accommodation,


text:
bookmark + share
Estrace order online
Our Wedding
April 1, 2017
39 days to go!
Estrace Pharmacy chosen by thousands!
Buy ESTRACE 1Mg Online
Fast Shipping of Your Order
No Hidden Fees - Quick and Easy, 10% Discount for All Reorders
Brand and Generic RX Drugs
Best Online Pharmacy to Buy ESTRACE
where to buy estrace medication
estrace cheap pharmacy
estrace buy in ireland
estradiol buy online uk legal
buying estrace walmart
estrace purchase no prescriptions
estrace online purchase australia
where to buy estradiol pro
buy estrace privately
buy fda estrace
best sites to buy estrace from
buy estrace canada no prescription
buy estradiol prescribing information
estrace buy switzerland
estrace online ordering reviews
buy estrace compare
buy generic estradiol 2 mg uk
buy estrace for ladies
buying generic estrace legal in uk
generic estrace buy
estrace to buy from india cheap
estrace cheap uk buy purchase
buy estrace online 2 mg
estrace at coupon 2015 uk
estrace order for samples
buy estrace without prescriptions
buy estrace meds online
how much do people buy estrace for
buy estrace 1 1 canada
estrace 2 purchase
estrace at buy
estradiol buy without rx
purchase estrace 1mg netherlands
how to buy estrace tescos
buy online estrace
estrace buyers in netherlands
where buy estrace online uk
how to buy estrace for cheap online uk
buy estrace the uk for women
cheap estrace canada buy
order estrace online canada no script
order estrace super
cheap estrace for women
cheap generic estrace usa
how buy estrace uk
order estrace 2 mg au
online estrace purchases
where to purchase estrace us
buy estrace no prescription cheap
cheap estrace online generic
where can i buy estradiol over the counter in spain
buy estrace online with no prescription cheap
buy estradiol online canada pharmacy
buy cheap estrace au
cheap estrace next day
estrace buy bahamas
buy estrace quick
estrace buy where to
pharmacy estrace buy online In Scarring Alopecia the infected zone looks like a scar and the hair follicles are dead. Estradiol estrace places to buy estrace A healthy diet can mean a healthy sex life. and permanent scarring can occur very easily. Microorganisms 3 5 6 7 8 9 Strep Tetra How effective are prescriptive drugs in treating or controlling your Crohn's Disease? The vaginal ring can benefit a patient in various ways: Estrace It is also used for estrogen replacement therapy after failure of the ovaries and to relieve the symptoms of breast cancer.


text:
Our diverse student body creates a laboratory of multilateral diplomacy in and out of the classroom.
Seton Hall's active campus provides entertainment, recreation, social, cultural, and learning activities for the University's close knit community of student residents and commuters. The University Center houses student lounges and the Pirate's Cove Cafe; Richie Recreation and Athletic Center for its Olympic-size pool, fitness center, and a variety of intramural sports, club sports, aerobics classes and open recreation.
Connecting with Students from Around the World
Hailing from nearly 20 countries, Seton Hall's diverse student body creates a laboratory of multilateral diplomacy both inside and out of the classroom. Within the University community, the School of Diplomacy's 500 students, divided between its graduate and undergraduate programs, maintain a family-like atmosphere based upon the relationships that are formed between students, faculty and administrators.


text:
Home | Join | Login
Add Pictures
Latest Pictures*
Favourite Pictures
Top Towns & Villages
Top Attractions
English Countryside
The Cotswolds
The Lake District
England Picture Tours
Latest Comments
England Articles
England Forums
Place Search:
Explore England..
Picture Tours:
The Barbican - Okehampton Castle
This is the remains of the Barbican area of Okehampton Castle. Not a great deal of the original, even the tree looks past it's best.
A picture of Okehampton - in the county of Devon
Photographer: © Vince Hawthorn (Gallery)(15th May 2013)
A picture of: Okehampton Castle, Okehampton ( More pictures of Okehampton by Vince Hawthorn )
This picture also appears in the following picture tours:
Canon Canon EOS 550D Focal length: 18 mm, Aperture: f 8, ISO: 100 Exposure time: 1/200 sec
ImageID:1174879, Image size: 890 x 1280 pixels
More pictures by this user user contact user profile restricted free use
Comment by Bernd Fischer(16th May 2013)
A graphic description of "old" !
Comment by rustyruth(16th May 2013)
Great set of pictures Vince, it's a few years since I was at Okehampton castle.
Comment by Zbigniew Siwik(16th May 2013)
Nice set of pictures
Comment by cathyml(16th May 2013)
Very nicely captured. Not sure I would want to sit on that bench though I can't see what's holding up the wall :)
Comment by Dave John(17th May 2013)
Interesting couple of old relics......not too dissimilar to the couple that met in the Kings Arms Hawkshead last year!!
Please add a comment..
Please login to make a comment on this picture
Random England fact:
The 'Inklings' were a group of 19 men who frequented the Eagle and Child Public House in St Giles, Oxford to discuss each others literary works, which included C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien.
Add Pictures
Explore England
Picturesque Villages
Please like us on Facebook to get all the latest pictures each day - Thank you!
© 2001-2017 Pictures of England.com - All rights reserved
PestControl-Supermarket.com - Worldwide Pest Control Supermarket Price Comparisons including England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Northern Ireland and the Channel Islands.