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Mawlana Sayyid Abul A'la Mawdudi was a reformer and not a professional economist. He should not, therefore, be expected to be focused on the theoretical discussions in Economics. His main concern was the well-being of mankind in keeping with the central objective of the Shari'ah. Accordingly, he tried to analyze the problems of mankind and to offer solutions in the light of Islamic teachings. His immediate concern, however, was the Muslim ummah which had become engulfed in a number of difficult problems as a result of several centuries of degeneration followed by exploitative foreign occupation.
These problems encompassed all walks of life and included moral laxity, political illegitimacy, stagnation of fiqh, poverty, illiteracy and lack of education, overall economic decline, inequalities of income and wealth, social tensions, and anomie. Since all these problems were in utter conflict with the ethos of Islam, they were extremely disturbing for someone like him who was concerned with the well-being of his society. Nevertheless, little could be done during the period of foreign occupation. The independence of most Muslim countries in the middle of the 20th century offered the long-awaited opportunity to mend the affairs.
The most crucial task that needed to be performed was to find a proper strategy that would help solve the problems of these countries. The strategy cannot, however, be laid down without first specifying the society's vision, which indicates its dream of what it would like to be in the future and the goals that it aspires to achieve. It is the vision which enables a society to channel its resources and energies in the desired direction and thereby prevents their ineffective and wasteful use. The vision may be difficult to realize. It, nevertheless, serves to inspire the society to persist in the struggle for its realization and keeps the faith in the future perennially kindled. The vision is, however, itself a reflection of the society's worldview, which answers questions about how the universe came into existence, the meaning and purpose of human life, the ultimate ownership and objective of the limited resources at the disposal of human beings, and the relationship of human beings to each other (including their rights and responsibilities) and to their environment.
The worldview, the vision and the strategy are all, therefore, closely interlinked and together determine the economic system of a society. The vision may be realized only if the strategy is in harmony with the vision. This indicates that if the function of Economics is to help a society realize its vision, then there is no escape from discussing also the worldview of which this vision is the outcome, and then indicating the kind of strategy that is needed to make the vision a reality. One of Mawdudi's major contributions was to discuss, in his usually clear and forceful style, the worldview, the vision and the strategy of Islam and also to show how these differed from those of the prevailing economic systems.
Two economic systems with similar worldviews but different visions and strategies were dominant at the time when Muslims were struggling for independence from foreign domination. These were Capitalism and Communism. Since the countries following these systems were materially more prosperous than Muslim countries in general, the crucial question which the newly-independent Muslim countries, including Pakistan, were faced with was whether they should adopt the worldview, vision and strategy of either one of these two systems or opt for a different system that would be more conducive to the realization of the Islamic vision.
The point that gave prominence to the above question was the absence of a moral foundation in the strategies of both Capitalist and the Communist systems. This does not mean that people in these societies were devoid of moral values or that justice was not one of their goals. All it means is that the system's paradigm did not assign a crucial role to moral values in the allocation and distribution of resources and the actualization of socio-economic goals. The primary emphasis in Capitalism was on the market, while that in Communism was on central planning. The goals were to be realized in the former through the interaction of market forces in a competitive environment, and in the latter, through central planning in a totalitarian system where means of production were collectivized. Moral values had little direct role to play.
This disregard of the role of moral values in the efficient and equitable allocation and distribution of scarce resources may be the reason why a preponderant attention was given to just the operation of the market or central planning and very little emphasis was placed on the reform of the individual who operated in the market as consumer, producer, manager or worker, or performed different roles in the collectivized system. His tastes, preferences and behaviour were taken as given in Capitalism. Suggesting any changes in these to enhance social well-being would involve value judgements which were not allowed because this would infringe upon individual freedom. Market forces would by themselves lead to the serving of social interest. Similarly in Communism, the human being was considered to be just a pawn on the chessboard of history and, therefore, his reform was of hardly any significance in resolving the power struggle between different economic classes. The only way to serve social interest was to abolish private ownership of all means of production which was arbitrarily assumed to be the primary source of all exploitation. The family which was the source of the most important input of the market as well as the state, received little attention in both the systems.
The vision that Islam projects is, in sharp contrast, that of a society where the imperative is to ensure spiritual as well as material well-being of all; where the individual is free to earn his livelihood provided that he does this within the constraints of values and goals laid down by Islam; where all members of society are tied to each other through strong bonds of human brotherhood; where justice prevails, the basic needs of all individuals are fulfilled, and an equitable distribution of wealth has been attained; where the family continues to be strong and the children receive the love, affection and care of both parents; and where crime, tensions and anomie are minimized and social harmony prevails. The vision has, thus, moral as well material dimensions which are interdependent. Emphasis needs to be placed on both if justice, brotherhood and the well-being of all, which occupy a predominant place in this vision, are to be realized. The strategy lies in reforming the individual and all those institutions that affect his or her behaviour. The strategy cannot and does not thus rely predominantly on any one mechanism, like the market or the state to realize the vision. It rather relies on a number of spiritual as well as material mechanisms.
In an environment where the Muslim countries were weak and poor and the capitalist and communist countries were far stronger and richer, it would be extremely daring for anyone to talk of a different system which had not been tested in modern times. Not only this, there was inadequate understanding of the worldview, vision and strategy of the Islamic economic system even among Muslims, in spite of their emotional attachment to Islam and their intense desire for its revival. Moreover, it was also necessary to counter, in a rational and convincing manner, the opposition to the Islamic system from those, both inside and outside, who had a vested interest in the continuation of the prevailing unjust system. The task was rather difficult and the crucial question was about who was going to bell the cat?
Mawdudi was one of those daring souls who took up the challenge. A favourable intellectual climate had already been created to some extent by the writings of a number of scholars, the inspiring poetry of Iqbal in the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent, and the movements for the revival of Islam in other Muslim countries. Even the struggle for the creation of Pakistan, along with the speeches of Mr. Muhammad Ali Jinnah during the independence struggle, had prepared a helpful basis for the revival of Islam and raised a hope that Pakistan would try to realize the Islamic vision. It was this vision, as distinct from the secularist and socialist worldview of the Indian National Congress leadership, which provided the rationale for Pakistan. Without projecting this vision, the call for the creation of Pakistan would have had no meaning and, might have, hence, received little popular support.
Mawdudi started earnestly the mission of anchoring Islam in all aspects of the Muslim society of undivided India. He wrote and lectured extensively on the Islamic vision, different aspects of the Islamic way of life, and the strategy required for making the Islamic vision a reality. The economic system of Islam was naturally an inseparable adjunct of the Islamic way of life. He indicated the essential principles of the Islamic paradigm and also defined the contours of the Islamic economic system as early as 1941, long before the creation of Pakistan, in a lecture he delivered at the Aligarh Muslim University.
In this and other lectures and writings, Mawdudi argued that, since the worldview and vision of Islam had a moral foundation with an overwhelming emphasis on brotherhood and justice and reform of the individual, they were entirely different from those of both Capitalism and Communism. He, therefore, concluded that the strategy of neither of these two systems could help Muslims actualize the Islamic vision. Accordingly, he stood for the revival of Islam in a way that would ensure material prosperity along with spiritual uplift. The egalitarian tilt of Islamic values made him lay considerable emphasis on need fulfillment, redistribution, and availability of equal opportunities to all individuals to help them develop their personalities in accordance with the full-potential of their aptitudes and innate abilities.
He considered the optimum use of all human and material resources necessary for realizing the Islamic vision. Such an optimum use would not be realized unless justice was ensured through satisfaction of the basic needs of the poor and the needy, and education was imparted to them to enable them to stand on their own feet. To make resources available for this purpose, it is necessary to adopt a simple life-style, which may not be possible without kindling a moral flame in the human being. Protecting the rights of property acquired rightfully is also indispensable.
Reform of the Individual Mawdudi realized fully well from the very outset that opting for the Islamic economic system would require a profound change in the individual himself. Accordingly, he emphasized that "maximum attention should be given to the reform of the individual's attitude and character so that the root cause of evils in the human personality is uprooted." This was, however, not something new or unexpected. All the Prophets of God had given maximum priority to the reform of the individual who was the end as well as the means of all reform and development. Moral reform of the individual was, thus, the most crucial task that lay ahead.
He classified moral values into two categories. One of these was referred to by him as basic human values and the other as Islamic values. He considered both of these to be indispensable for human development and well-being. In the former category he included a number of character traits, some of which are: strong will- and decision-making power, courage, diligence, self-control, discipline, truthfulness and integrity. The general presence of these qualities in the individuals in Western societies was one of the causes of their rise. Some of the traits which he included in the second category are: kindness, mercy, scrupulous fairness, and purification of the self from greed, self-centredness, egotism, tyranny, wantonness and indiscipline so that the individual becomes, in the words of the Prophet, peace and blessings of God be on him, "the key to good and the barrier against evil." He acknowledged frankly that both these sets of qualities were missing from a substantial proportion of the Muslim population and that this was the "crucial reason" for their decline.
Socioeconomic and Political Reform
However, he realized at the same time in several of his other writings that there were so many different social, economic, political and historical forces influencing individual behaviour that placing reliance on merely sermons to create these qualities would not be helpful. Muslims had been listening to sermons for centuries without any transformation in their personalities. There was, therefore, need for comprehensive socio-economic and political reform. Thus, in step with the spirit of Islam and the writings of other great Muslim thinkers of the past, like Abu Yusuf (d.182H/798G), al-Mawardi (d. 450/1058), Ibn Taymiyyah (d.728/1328), Ibn Khaldun (d.808/1406) and Shah Waliyullah (d.1176/1762), he did not concentrate merely on economic variables in his economic writings. Unlike Conventional Economics, he considered all aspects of an individual's life as well as his society to be interrelated, and concentrating only on economic variables to solve even economic problems would not take the Muslim society very far in its goal of realizing the Islamic vision.
In his 1941 Aligarh University address referred to above, he emphasized this clearly by saying, "the primary reason for the difficulty to understand and solve the economic problem of man is that some people look at it purely form an economic point of view." Khurshid Ahmad has rightly reflected this idea of Mawdudi in his "Introduction" to Mawdudi's Islamic Law and Constitution by saying: "Life is a unity. It cannot be divided into watertight compartments."
The crucial problem, however, was how to bring about such a comprehensive reform. The task was bound to be extremely difficult in an environment where the governments were insensitive to the need for such reform and were doing little to restructure the educational system for this purpose, and where most of the 'ulama' were engrossed in bickering over trivial issues which had little bearing on the revival of Islam and the uplift of Muslims. In such an environment the odds were too great against an individual scholar, no matter how hard he tried. This did not, however, shake Mawdudi's determination or his faith in the future. He established a well-disciplined organization, the Jama'at-e-Islami, with sincere, hardworking, and motivated members to help him in the task.
The Role of the Family
Since, the human-being is the most important input for any economy, and the family is the primary source of this input, he attached a great deal of importance to the role of the family in the realization of human well-being. This role of the family has, however, not received worthwhile attention in both Conventional and Socialist Economics. The state, the society and the economy as well as the individual would all suffer if the family disintegrates. It is the family which creates the right environment for the proper moral upbringing and character uplift of the new generation. It is also the family which provides love and affection to the individual and thereby creates a proper climate for the promotion of not only peace of mind and emotional stability in the individual but also cooperation and harmony in the society. Disintegration of the family promotes bitterness and ill-will and creates an environment in which the new generation does not get the kind of attention that it needs. The quality of the individual deteriorates and with him the quality of all aspects of his society, including the economic. It becomes difficult to sustain the economic as well as spiritual well-being of the society in the long-term.
Mawdudi enumerated a number of measures that were necessary for ensuring the stability and integrity of the family. While most of what he wrote in this connection is valuable, it would be difficult to agree with his emphasis on the necessity of the veil and the confining of women's role to the fulfillment of primarily household responsibilities. This would not only limit her contribution to the development of society but also make her dependent on her husband for the fulfillment of practically all her needs, and thereby prevent her from asserting herself and obtaining the rights that Islam has given her. It is highly unrealistic to aspire for human well-being, but simultaneously confine half of the population to a limited role in life. A number of eminent Muslim scholars do not consider the veil or female segregation to be a part of the Islamic values prescribed for preserving the solidarity of the family.
Political Reform
In step with what Ibn Khaldun wrote 600 years ago, Mawdudi also realized that directly or indirectly, the political authority exercised a tremendous influence on the individual and that one of the major causes of Muslim decline was political illegitimacy. It vitiated all those factors which promote development. It led to wars of succession, authoritarianism, and end of the institution of Shura. It impaired the independence of the judiciary and curbed freedom of expression. It promoted luxury of the royal court, corruption, misuse of power and resources, inequalities of income and wealth, and social unrest. So, political reform was, according to Mawdudi, as indispensable as individual and social reform for even economic development.
This led Mawdudi to the question of how to reform the political system? Unlike the leftists in Pakistan and elsewhere, he did not stand for the overthrow of the government. The use of force and violence has only led to destruction and misery and he, therefore, believed in gradual change through the democratic process. It was necessary to win over the hearts of people in the same way as the Prophet, peace and blessings of God be on him, did. Mawdudi "threw his weight in favour of the establishment and maintenance of a truly democratic order in Pakistan." For this purpose, he laid maximum emphasis on "education," "resort to public pressure to prevent people from being subject to injustice", "change of leadership in the broader sense of the term", and "ultimately also political leadership." He thus made individual, social and political reform an important adjunct of economic reform.
Economic Reform
Economic reform was also to be attained, like political reform, in a gradual democratic framework. He argued for a careful examination of the existing system "with a view to finding out what is malignant and hence deserves to be changed, and what is healthy and as such deserves to be preserved."
Mawdudi did not, unlike Communism, blame private ownership of property for all the ills of human society. He argued that Islam allows private ownership of property and means of production and makes it an obligation of the Muslim society to protect the life, honour and property of all individuals. Nationalization of all means of production was, thus, in conflict with the basic principles of Islam. "The control of businesses, factories and farms by the same people who control the army, the police, the courts and the parliaments would give rise to a viciously repressive system the like of which the devil has not been able to conceive so far." Means of production must in principle remain in private hands. There is no justification for concentrating all decision-making in a few hands and then allowing the imposition of these decisions on the populace by all means, fair or foul. Economic freedom to enable a person to earn his livelihood freely in keeping with the dictates of his conscience was as indispensable as political and social freedom. He was, however, not against state ownership of some enterprises which cannot be managed effectively by the private sector or which it is not in the larger public interest to allow the private sector to manage.
This raised the question of whether it was possible for the private sector to manage property in a way that would help realize general well-being. The answer of Communism was no, but that of both capitalism and Islam is yes. However, while capitalism generally believes that competition is by itself sufficient to rein self-interest and serve social interest, Mawdudi asserted that competition, though necessary, was not sufficient for this purpose. He took pains to emphasize that even the competition that fitted well into the ethos of Islam was one that was fair and humane, based on the spirit of brotherhood and cooperation rather than on the concept of survival of the fittest. A number of measures were needed to make competition fair and humane for the purpose of safeguarding social interest. Two of these were: the injection of a moral dimension into the economy, and the playing of a positive role by the government in the economy. Problems created by private ownership of property need to be resolved, not by wholesale nationalization and regimentation, but rather by moral and institutional reform and a positive government role.
The injection of a moral dimension into the economic system would help create a sense of responsibility in the individual and make him realize that he is accountable before the Almighty. This implies that, while individuals are allowed to own and manage private property, they are not its real owners. They are rather only trustees. They must acquire and use the property in accordance with the terms of the trust, which are defined by moral values. They must submit themselves to these values, which are meant to safeguard the rights of all members of society. The instilling of the concept of accountability before the Almighty in the sub-conscious of all agents operating in the market can help moderate their pursuit of self-interest, induce them to fulfill their social obligations, and, thereby, help in establishing a just equilibrium between the interests of the individual as well as the society. In other words his emphasis was on bringing about "a happy integration of the economic and the moral." Thus the economic problem cannot be solved by relying merely on the interaction of market forces in a competitive environment. The 'economic' must be integrated with the "overall scheme of life based on the ethical concepts of Islam."
The problem, however, is that moral norms may not always be practiced fully. While it is the moral obligation of the individual to be just and honest, to fulfill his obligations conscienciously, and to abstain from doing something that would hurt others, he may not necessarily do so. He or she needs proper upbringing (in which the family plays a crucial role) and education (in which religious education needs to receive emphasis along with the mundane). Such upbringing and education will help make all participants in the economy understand their responsibilities clearly.
Experience, however, shows that such upbringing and education, even when accompanied by the role model of the pious elite as well as social pressures, may not be sufficient to eliminate the excessive greed and self-centredness of some people. There is need for incentives and deterrents. There is, thus, no escape from the playing of an important role by the state. It would have to ensure that moral values were reflected in the laws of the country and that these laws were truly observed by the high and the low through the effective operation of the legislative, judicial, and executive wings of the government. Mawdudi was fully aware of this need. Therefore, in step with the great Muslim thinkers of the past like Abu Yusuf, al-Mawardi, Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn Khaldun and Shah Waliyullah, he considered it the duty of the state to provide such incentives and deterrents.
He, however, took special care to emphasize that the state should not exceed the limit set by the Shari'ah. It should use its coercive power only where it is absolutely necessary, by placing greater reliance on moral reform. This is because it is also the obligation of the Islamic state to safeguard the rights of the individual and not just the rights of the society. The function of the state is not to become an industrialist or a trader or landlord, but rather to establish justice and to use its powers and resources for the well-being of the people by promoting all that is good and eradicating all that is evil. Thus, within the framework of Mawdudi's thought, the state is neither laissez faire, as it is in Classical Economics, nor totalitarian, as it is in Communism.
Redistribution, Abolition of Interest and Economic Development
In keeping with the analysis of a number of 'ulama', Mawdudi's emphasis was primarily on the transfer of resources from the rich to the poor for realizing the goal of need fulfillment and rapid improvement in the economic condition of the poor. For this purpose, he originally (1941) went to the extent of indicating that the immediate solution lay in motivating the rich to adopt the simple life-style of the early Muslim society and to distribute the surplus income (not wealth) to the poor after fulfilling their own genuine needs (al-'afw in the Qur'anic terminology). However, he seems to have realized later on the difficulties that lay in the adoption of this approach in modern societies where the altruistic spirit of the early Muslim society did not exist. He, therefore, adopted the more moderate position of allowing a person to save and invest the amount left after taking care of his or her own genuine needs and fulfilling the social obligations (zakat, 'ushr and sadaqat) enunciated by Islam. He, however, continued to lay emphasis on simplicity of life-styles and the giving to the poor as much of the surplus as possible. He also laid emphasis on the establishment of cooperative societies and the equitable distribution of a deceased person's estate in keeping with the Shari'ah.
His stress on the role of zakat, 'ushr and sadaqat and the equitable distribution of a deceased person's estate, was undoubtedly well-deserved for realizing the goals of need fulfillment and equitable distribution of income and wealth. This would help avoid the mistake that the welfare state committed by putting the entire responsibility for this purpose on the public exchanger. However, he did not give worthwhile attention to the various techniques adopted by the Western welfare state to remove poverty, improve wages and working conditions, promote redistribution, and provide relief to the unemployed, the old, and the sick. This may perhaps have been because he believed in the need for adopting the good things that the West had to offer and to reject its vices. Accordingly, he may not have felt the need to specify in detail all the different ways in which Muslims could benefit from the West.
He also argued strongly in favour of the role that the prohibition of interest can play in the establishment of a just social order. He, therefore, tried to show how an interest-free financial system could be successfully established. His primary stress in this, as of most other scholars writing on the subject in the initial phase, was on profit-and-loss sharing (mudarabah and musharakah) modes of finance. The way the Islamic financial system is evolving is , however, somewhat different from this. It also includes a substantial proportion of sales-based modes of financing (murabahah, ijarah, salam and istisna'), which create debt but only through the purchase and sale of real goods and services, and thereby link the expansion of credit to the growth of the real economy. This is in sharp contract with the excessive credit expansion that the interest-based financial system tends to promote by the absence of a direct link between lending and the real economy. The difference in cash and credit prices which some modes of sales-based financing involve (particularly murabahah) was considered by Mawdudi to be equivalent to ribah (doubtful income) even though it was not riba (interest).
While there is a great deal of the traditional emphasis in his writings on redistribution, there is near total absence of a discussion of the ways of accelerating growth in Muslim countries. Primary reliance on redistributive methods for alleviating poverty, fulfilling needs, and reducing inequalities may not lead the Muslim world very far. It is also important to enlarge the national income pie through economic development. Crosland rightly pointed out in the light of socialist experience that "any substantial transfer involves not merely a relative but also an absolute decline in the real incomes of the better-off half of the population …and this they will frustrate." The experience of Muslim societies may not tend to be significantly different even when moral transformation has taken place if excessive reliance is placed on redistribution. Therefore, while capitalism lays greater stress on growth than on redistribution, Muslims cannot afford to ignore the role of economic development in reducing poverty and inequalities. When they do this, they will have to promote a cultural transformation in favour of hard and conscientious work, punctuality, efficiency, research, orderliness, team work, and a number of other individual and social characteristics which Islam emphasizes but which do not get much importance in the mosque sermons or the 'ulama' lectures. They will also have to get into a discussion of how development could be accelerated in Muslim countries, the kind of monetary, fiscal and commercial policies that are needed, and to draw upon the experience of other countries to the extent to which the methods used by them are Shari'ah compatible. In step with the general attitude of most 'ulama', Mawdudi did not get into a discussion of these.
Taxation, Insurance, External Borrowing, Family Planning
To enable the state to play its welfare role truly, he was, unlike some Muslim scholars, realistic enough to accept the need for income tax, provided that it was imposed with moderation and justice, and the proceeds were used efficiently and honestly for the well-being of the people. He also accepted the institution of insurance, provided that the elements in it which were objectionable from the Islamic point of view were reformed. He also allowed external borrowing on interest to the extent to which it was absolutely unavoidable. He was also in favour of flexibility in the application of Islamic laws. However, he took an extreme position on the question of birth control. He considered it to be unacceptable except when it was considered medically indispensable. Here he was out of step with a number of other scholars who allow it within certain constraints.
We may, thus, conclude that Mawdudi's horizon was far wider than that of Conventional Economics. He was a reformer who wanted to help mankind solve the problems it was facing, and in particular his own society, which had fallen into an abyss during the centuries of degeneration and foreign occupation. This would not be possible by holding on to the extremely narrow role assigned to an economist in Conventional Economics. He visualized the need for "carrying out a total reconstruction of human life and establishing a new social order and state and thereby ushering a new era in human society." Such a transformation could not be brought about by concentrating only on economic variables. Even economic development, which was not Mawdudi's main concern, but which receives great emphasis in Conventional Economics, cannot be accelerated by such a limited approach.
Therefore, in conformity with the comprehensive reform programme pursued by the Prophet himself and emphasized by Muslim scholars, he stressed the interdependence of all aspects of society, including the moral, the social, the political and the economic. In the economic field, his major contribution was to specify clearly the vision, the worldview and the strategy of the Islamic economic system. At a time when it was fashionable to pay allegiance to 'Islamic socialism', he did not only abstain from using this term in his writings, but was also bold enough to indicate that socialism was not in harmony with Islam because of its false worldview and strategy. He discussed how moral values, closely-knit families and societies along with the market and the state could together help in the realization of the Islamic vision in spite of private property. He also argued how the abolition of interest would promote social justice and how an interest-free financial system could be established successfully. Thus, in spite of not being a professional economist, his contribution to Islamic Economics was significant. He will, therefore, go down in history as one of the few great scholars of the day who laid down the foundation for the development of this discipline in modern times. Nearly all those writing on it in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent as well as other Muslim countries have been influenced by, and owe a gratitude to, him.
The question that, therefore, arises is why, in spite of being a powerful writer and speaker and in spite of being successful in rallying around himself a team of dedicated and selfless workers, he could not make a significant headway during his lifetime in bringing about economic reforms that would have helped solve the economic problems of Pakistan and also improve the condition of the underprivileged. In fact, Pakistan seems to have moved farther and farther away from the Islamic vision. It has suffered from high budgetary and balance of payments deficits and is consequently engulfed in a heavy debt and debt-serving burden. The rate of economic growth is low, poverty, unemployment and illiteracy are all high, and some of the basic necessities of life (education, housing, transport and health facilities, clean water, electricity, sewage, etc.) remain inadequately supplied, particularly in areas inhabited by the poor. Even the exploitative landlord system continues unabated. The Jama'at cannot in any way be held responsible for these problems. It could have, nevertheless, helped reduce their magnitude. Its failure to do so could be due to a number of reasons, some of which are indicated below.
Firstly, as rightly indicated by Mawdudi himself in his writings, Pakistan is dominated by illegitimate governments, with hardly any accountability of the corrupt generals, feudal lords, aristocrats and bureaucrats who have tried to serve their own vested interest at the expense of the people and the country. The Jama'at, hoped to reform this state of affairs by taking part in elections. It misjudged its vote-getting ability in an environment where the feudal lords and aristocrats have the power and resources to swing the elections in their favour. It, therefore, failed to win the elections in a significant way. However, in the process it came into confrontation with practically all political, and even some religious, parties. This has proved to be one of the most serious obstacles in the political acceptance of its programme. This does not necessarily mean that taking part in elections directly is not proper for a religio-political party. All it means is that the decision would necessarily depend on circumstances. Given the conditions prevailing in Pakistan, the better route for a small party like the Jama'at might have been to avoid conflict and confrontation as much as possible and to concentrate on creating consensus through confidence-building dialogue (al-Qur'an: 16:125) on issues which are of greater importance for moral, educational, social, economic and political reform. The adoption of this route might have in the long-run proved to be less costly in terms of human and material resources and more productive in terms of revival of Islam and realization of the Islamic vision.
Secondly, economic reform and uplift have not enjoyed a priority in the Jama'at's programme. While it has carried out several campaigns for "Islamic Constitution", it has hardly ever carried out a campaign for reducing corruption and promoting land reforms, slum clearance, and reconstruction of fiscal policy to redress the condition of the poor. These are of greater importance to the poor than the constitution which has been set aside and amended several times by illegitimate governments to suit their vested interest. Such social-service-oriented campaigns might have helped reduce resistance to its reform programme, increased the support for its agenda, and ultimately helped enlarge its vote bank.
Thirdly, his views on a number of controversial issues brought him into conflict with a number of 'ulama' and religious groups in Pakistan. The major political parties exploited this to their advantage. While opinions on these issues by a non-political scholar might not have raised eyebrows, they created antagonism when they came from him as a political leader. Consequently, he could not get the kind of support he needed to win elections. If he had abided by the Qur'anic advice of first calling towards commonly agreed principles (al-Qur'an, 3:64), and the Jama'at had translated his writings into concrete policy proposals for economic reform and uplift of the poor, it might have met with greater success in winning the support of political parties as well as religious groups.
Fourthly, as Mawdudi himself pointed out in his analysis of the causes of failure of Sayyid Ahmad Sirhindi (d. 1034/1624) and Shah Isma'il Shahid (d.1246/1831), they wanted to establish an Islamic state in a society which was not mentally and morally prepared for this and thus not capable of shouldering the responsibilities associated with it. There is great need to educate the people about the high moral standards that Islam expects from its followers. This is time-consuming. Even though the Jama'at has made some progress, it has not been able to make the kind of headway that is needed to bring about the moral, cultural and social revolution that Mawdudi considered to be a prerequisite for establishing an Islamic state. Consequently, even if the Jama'at had won elections, the feudalistic power structures and the corrupt administrative machinery around it might have frustrated its efforts to fulfill the promises that it had made to the electorate. Such failure would have become an obstacle in the way of realizing its ultimate goal and may even have hurt the cause of Islam.
Even though Mawdudi was unable to make a significant headway during his lifetime in realizing the Islamic vision in the economic field, he helped pave the way for its realization in the future. Along with a number of other scholars and reformers, he did succeed in bringing about an Islamic awakening among the masses and in creating a better understanding of the kind of individual, society, economy and polity that Islam wishes to create. This is itself a great achievement considering the difficulties that lay in bringing about such a change in a society where an adequate understanding of Islam did not exist and where a number of ills had become locked-in through the operation of path dependence and self-reinforcing mechanisms over centuries of degeneration and decline in an environment of feudalism and political illegitimacy. However, he might have been more successful if he had avoided political confrontation as much as possible and tried to build consensus by rallying together all reform-oriented parties for improving the moral and socio-economic condition of the people. It should still be possible for a well-knit and disciplined organization like the Jama'at to develop and effectively implement such a strategy. If this is done, it might be able to accelerate its progress towards the Islamic vision that has been clearly laid down by Mawdudi in his writings.
1.Abul A'la Mawdudi, Islam awr Jadid Ma'ashi Nazariyye (Lahore: Islamic Publications, 5th ed. 1968, 1st ed., 1959), p.89.
2.For a discussion of this role of Economics, which is not generally recognized by Conventional Economists, see M. Umer Chapra, The Future of Economics: An Islamic Perspective (Leicester, UK: The Islamic Foundation, 2000). There is a difference of opinion among economists on the goal of Economics. Positivists and operationalists, like Samuelson, emphasize that the role of Economics is only to describe. Logical empiricists, however, insist that explanation is the goal of Economics. By contrast instrumentalists, like Friedman, emphasize that prediction is the primary function of Economics (see Bruce Caldwell, Beyond Positivism: Economic Methodology in the Twentieth Century (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1982). There is another goal, persuasion, which has also been emphasized (D.N. McCloskey, The Rhetoric of Economics (Brighton, UK: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1986). This, however, does not differ from explaining and predicting because it is generally not possible to persuade without convincing explanation and reliable prediction.
3.Abul A'la Mawdudi, Islami Nizam-e-Zindagi awr us ke Bunyadi Tasawwurat, (Lahore: Islamic Publications, 3rd ed., 1968; 1st ed., 1962), pp.403-4
4.Moral values did play an indirect role to the extent to which they influenced the behaviour and preferences of individuals. Moral values did not, however, get integrated into conventional economic analysis on the assumption that their influence was not measurable. It was also not considered desirable to educate individuals in a way that would change their tastes and preferences in conformity with moral values to realize the humanitarian goals of society. This is because such a move would infringe on individual freedom. Nevertheless, it was not considered wrong for corporations to influence individual tastes and preferences through advertising for raising their sales and profits.
5.Moral values essentially indicate the way in which individuals are expected to behave if the humanitarian goals of brotherhood, justice, equitable distribution, strong families and freedom from crime and anomie are to be realized.
6.Discussion of the Islamic vision is spread all over the different writings of Mawdudi. It is not, therefore, possible to give a complete citation (see Muhammad Akram Khan, Mawlana Mawdudi ke Ma'ashi Tasawwurat (Lahore: Maktabah Ta'mir-e-Insaniyat, 1990), pp.28-39.
7.Mawdudi, Ma'ashiyat-e-Islam, ed, Khurshid Ahmad (Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1969), pp.379-400.
8.Mawdudi, Islami Nizam-e-Zindagi, awr us ke Bunyadi Tasawwurat, op. cit., pp.402-6.
9.Ibid., p.403.
10.Ibid., p.404.
11.See Khurshid Ahmad and Zafar Ishaq Ansari, "Mawlana Sayyid Abul A'la Mawdudi: An Introduction to His Vision of Islam and Islamic Revival" in Khurshid Ahmad and Zafar Ishaq Ansari. Islamic Perspectives: Studies in Honour of Mawlana Sayyid Abul A'la Mawdudi (Leicester, UK: The Islamic Foundation, 1979), pp.365-73.
12.Some of these lectures have been collected in Islami Nizam-e-Zindagi awr us ke Bunyadi Tasawwurat, 1968, op. cit. See also, Mawdudi,. Let Us be Muslims tr. and ed. Khurram Murad (Leicester, UK: The Islamic Foundation, 1985); and The Islamic Movement: The Dynamics of Values, Power and Change, tr. and ed. Khurram Murad (Leicester, UK: The Islamic Foundation, 1984).
13.This lecture was delivered in October 1941 at a function organized by the Islamic History and Culture Society, Aligarh University. The lecture was published under the title "Insan ka Ma'ashi Mas'alah awr uska Islami hall, and has so far gone through numerous editions. The one referred to in this paper is the 1983 edition. English translation: The Economic Problem of Man and its Islamic Solution (Lahore: Islamic Publications, 18th ed. 1983; 1st ed., 1941).
14.Mawdudi, Insan ka Ma'ashi Mas'alah awr uska Islami hall, op.cit., p.453. See also Mawdufdi, Islami Nizam-e-Zindagi awr us ke Bunyadi Tasawwurat, op.cit., p.453,
15.Mawdudi, Khilafat-o-Mulukiyyat, (Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1966), p.48.
16.See Ahmad and Ansari, op.cit., p.379.
17.Mawdudi, Insan ka Ma'ashi Mas'alah awr uska Islami hall , op.cit., p.17.
18.Mawdudi, Islami Nizam-e-Zindagi awr us ke Bunyadi Tasawwurat, op.cit., p.452.
19.Mawdudi, Islami Nizam-e-Zindagi awr us ke Bunyadi Tasawwurat, op.cit., pp.407-8.
20.Mawdudi, Insan ka Ma'ashi Mas'alah awr uska Islami hall, op.cit., pp.31-32, see also Ahmad and Ansari, op.cit., p.380.
21.See his Islamic Movement: Dynamics of Values, Power and Change, op.cit. This booklet essentially consists of Mawdudi's address in August 1941 at the time of formation of the Jama'at-e-Islami. See in particular pp.94-99.
22.Myrdal includes some of these qualities in what he called the "modernization ideals" which he considered necessary for development but which were "alien" to developing countries because they "stem from foreign influences "Gunnar Myrdal, Asian Drama (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1968), Vol. 2, p.73; see, also Chapra, 1992, footnote 9 on p.189)
23.Mawdudi, Islamic Movement: Dynamics of Values, Power and Change, op.cit. See in particular, pp. 94-9.
24.Ibid, p.105.
25.Mawdudi, Islami Nizam-e-Zindagi awr us ke Bunyadi Tasawwurat, op.cit., pp.400-2.
26.Wherever two years are given together hereafter, the first one refers to the Hijri year and the following to the Gregorian year.
27.Mawdudi, "Economic and Political Teachings of the Qur'an", in M.M. Sharif, ed., A History of Muslim Philosophy (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrasowitz, 1963, 2 Volumes), Vol.1, p.9.
28.Mawdudi, Islamic Law and Constitution, tr., Khurshid Ahmad (Lahore Islamic Publications, 3rd ed., 1967; 1st ed., 1955), p.3.
29.Mawdudi, Islami Nizam-e-Zindagi awr us ke Bunyadi Tasawwurat, op.cit., pp.387-402.
30.Mawdudi, Pardah (Lahore: Islamic Publications, 19th ed., 1987; 1st ed.,1359/ 1940),pp.92-3.
32.See, for example, 'Abd al-Halim Abu Shuqqah, Tahrir al-Mar'ah fi 'Asr al-Risalah (Kuwait: Dar al-Qalam, 1990), 6 Volumes.
33.For Ibn Khaldun's analysis of the rise and fall of societies and its application to Muslim history, see Chapra, 2000, pp.145-172 and 173-252
34.Mawdudi, Tajdid-o-Ihya-e-Din(Lahore: Islamic Publications, 25th ed., 1992, 1st ed. 1940), pp.36-40.
35..See, Khilafat-o-Mulukiyyat, (Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1966), particularly pp.157-205.
36.This idea has now become a part of even Conventional Economics. The World Bank has, accordingly, emphasized that: "Development requires an effective state, one that plays a catalytic, facilitating role, encouraging and complementing the activities of private businesses and individuals. Certainly, state -dominated development has failed. But so has stateless development. History has repeatedly shown that good government is not a luxury but a vital necessity. Without an effective state, sustainable development, both economic and social, is impossible" (World Bank, World Development Report, 1997, p.111).
37.Mawdudi, Islami Nizam-e-Zindagi awr us ke Bunyadi Tasawwurat, op.cit, p.412.
38.Mawdudi, Khilafat-o-Mulukiyyat, op.cit., p.55; and Ahmad and Ansari, op.cit., p.381.
39.Ahmad and Ansari, op.cit., p.380.
40.Ibid., pp.379-80.
41.Islami Nizam-e-Zindagi awr us ke Bunyadi Tasawwurat, op.cit., p.402.
42.Ahmad and Ansari, op.cit., p. 381.
43.Mawdudi, Islam awr Jadid Ma'ashi Nazariyyat, op.cit., p.127.
44.Mawdudi, Khilafat-o-Mulukiyyat, op.cit., p.45.
45.Mawdudi, Mas'alah Milkiyyat-e-Zamin (Lahore: Islamic Publications, 3rd ed. 1969, 1st ed., 1950), 1969, p.105
46.Ibid., p.106
47.Ibid., p.106. Also Mawdudi, Rasa'il-o-Masa'il (Lahore: Islamic Publications), Vol. 4, 1983, pp.149-50.
48.Mawdudi, Mas'alah Milkiyyat-e-Zamin, op.cit, p.108.
49.Mawdudi, Islami Nizam-e-Zindagi awr us ke Bunyadi Tasawwurat, op.cit., p.456.
50.Mawdudi, Rasa'il-o-Masa'il, op.cit., Vol. 4, 1983, pp.149-50.
51.Mawdudi, Islami Nizam-e-Zindagi awr us ke Bunyadi Tasawwurat, op.cit., pp.454-5.
52.Mawdudi, Khilafat-o-Mulukiyyat, op.cit., p.33.
53.Mawdudi, Islami Nizam-e-Zindagi awr us ke Bunyadi Tasawwurat, op. cit., pp.454-8
54.Ibid., p.89.
55.Ibid., p.456.
56.Mawdudi, "Economic and Political Teachings of the Qur'an", op.cit, Vol.1, p.189.
57.Ibid., p, 189.
58.Mawdudi, Islami Nizam-e-Zindagi awr us ke Bunyadi Tasawwurat, op.cit.,p.459, and Mawdudi, Rasa'il-o-Masa'il, op.cit., Vol. 4, p.151.
59.Mawdudi, "Economic and Political Teachings of the Qur'an", op. cit., Vol.1, 1963, pp.189-90.
60.Mawdudi, Insan ka Ma'ashi Mas'alah awr uska Islami hall, op.cit., .p. 35.
61.Mawdudi, "Economic and Political Teachings of the Qur'an", op.cit., p.182; and Insan ka Ma'ashi Mas'alah awr uska Islami Hall, op.cit. p.35.
62.Mawdudi, "Economic and Political Teachings of the Qur'an", op. cit., p.185; also Khilafat-o-Mulukiyyat, op.cit., pp.43-4 and pp.66-9.
63.Mawdudi, Islami Nizam-e-Zindagi awr us ke Bunyadi Tasawwurat, op.cit., p.411.
64.Mawdudi, "Economic and Political Teachings of the Qur'an", op.cit., Vol.1, p.190.
65.Mawdudi, Insan ka Ma'ashi Mas'alah awr uska Islami hall, op.cit., p.32.
66.Mawdudi, Islami Nizam-e-Zindagi awr us ke Bunyadi Tasawwurat, op.cit, p.456; and Islami Nazim-e-Ma'ishat ke usul-o-MaqasId, op.cit., pp.6-7.
67.Mawdudi, "Economic and Political Teachings of the Qur'an" (1963), op.cit. pp.178-98 and 195; and Islam awr Jadid Ma'ashi Nazariyyat, op.cit., p.173, Other scholars of the past held the same view. For example, while Ibn Khaldun considered the state to be the greatest market, as a result of its large spending for the well-being of the people, he considered it undesirable for the state to get directly involved in economic activities (Ibn Khaldun, Muqaddimah, Cairo: Al-Maktabah al-Tijariyyah al-Kubra, n.d., pp. 286, 403, and 281). This would not only reduce opportunities for the people, but also ultimately hurt the state (ibid., pp.281-3). Al-Dimashqi(d.570/1175) also argued against the direct involvement of the state in business, saying that if the ruler participates with the subjects in their businesses, they are ruined (Abu al-Fadl Ja'far ibn 'Ali al-Dimashqi, , Al-Isharah ila Mahasin al-Tijarah, ed., al-Bushra al-Shurbaji, (Cairo: Maktabah al-Kulliyyat Al-Azhar, 1977, p.61).
68.Mawdudi, Islami Nizam-e-Zindagi awr us ke Bunyadi Tasawwurat, op.cit., p.456.
69.Mawdudi, Insan ka Ma'ashi Mas'alah awr uska Islami hall, op.cit., pp.34-6.
70.Mawdudi, Islami Nizam-e-Zindagi awr us ke Bunyadi Tasawwurat, op.cit., pp. 455 and 458.
71.Mawdudi, Islam awr Jadid Ma'ashi Nazariyyat, op.cit., p.130..
72.Mawdudi, Islami Nizam-e-Zindagi awr us ke Bunyadi Tasawwurat, op.cit., pp.397-402 and 406.
73.Mawdudi, Sud (Interest) (Lahore: Islami Publications, 1st ed. 1951, 4th ed. 1968).
74.See M. Umer Chapra and Tariqullahullah Khan (2000), Regulation and Supervision of Islamic Banks, (Jeddah: IRTI/IDB),for some details on how the system has actually evolved.
75.For a brief explanation of these terms, see Ibid, pp.xiii-xv.
76.Mawdudi, Rasa'il-o-Masa'il, op.cit., Vol. 5 (Delhi: Markazi Maktaba, Jama 'at-e-Islami, 1st ed. 1983). p.321. While a preponderant majority of the fuqaha' allow the difference in cash and credit prices, some fuqaha' like Abu Zahrah argued against it (Abu Zahrah (1970), Buhuth fi al-Riba (Kuwait: Dar al-Buhuth al-'Ilmiyyah, pp.58-60).
77.My attention was drawn towards this point by M. Nejatullah Siddiqi in his comments on the draft of my paper.
78.Crosland, C.A.R., Socialism Now (London, Jonathan Cape, 1974).
79.Mawdudi, Rasa'il-o-Masa'il, op.cit. Vol. 3, 1965, pp.30-78, Vol. 4, 1983, pp.155-6; and Qur'an ki Ma'ashi Ta'limat, op.cit., p.64.
80.Mawdudi, Rasa'il-o-Masa'il, Vol. 3, 1965, op.cit., pp.312-4; Vol. 5 (Delhi: Markazi Maktaba, Jama 'at-e-Islami, 1st ed. 1983), pp.195-8; and Ma'ashiyat-e-Islam, op.cit., pp.408-9.
81.Mawdudi, Rasa'il-o-Masa'il, op.cit., Vol. 4, pp.172-5.
82.Mawdudi, Ma'ashiyat-e-Islam, op.cit., pp.422-36.
83.Mawdudi, Rasa'il-o-Masa'il, Vol. 3, 1965, pp.288-93; Islam awr Dabt-e-Wiladat (Lahore: Islamic Publications ), op.cit., p.135.
84.The Fiqh Committee of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) allows family planning if parents consider it necessary through their mutual consent, provided that it does not cause any harm, and the methods used for this purpose do not violate the rulings of the Shari'ah (Majama' al-Fiqh al-Islami, Qararat wa Tawsiyat li al-Dawrat: 1-10 (Jeddah: Majma' al-Fiqh al-Islami, 1st ed. 1988, Qarar (Resolution) No. 29, p.89). Shaykh Mustafa al-Zarqa, one of the prominent jurists of this century and a Faysal Laureate, also expressed a similar opinion (Al-Zarqa, Fatawa, ed. Majd Ahmad Makki, Damascus, Dar al-Qalam, 1999), pp.287-8.
85.Ahmad and Ansari, op.cit., p.369.
86.His writings have been translated into nearly 39 languages (see Khurshid Ahmad's introduction in Khan, op.cit., p.s).
87.Certain views expressed by him in his book, Khilafat-o-Mulukiyyat, op.cit., raised a great deal of controversy and severely hurt his standing in the country among the 'ulama'.
88.Mawdudi, Tajdid-o-Ihya-e-Din , op.cit., pp.122-3.


text:
Radian Prices Equity, Debt Sales
Radian Group Inc. priced its 34 million share common stock offering at $8 per share before the markets opened on Wednesday morning. The stock closed Tuesday at $8.43 per share and as of 11:20 a.m. Wednesday was at $8.50 per share.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Sausage-Bean Soup
|Fully cooked smoked kielbasa
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|Green pepper
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|1 1⁄2 Cup (24 tbs)
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|Condensed beef broth
|10 1⁄2 Ounce
|Dried oregano
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|20 Ounce, drained
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Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size: Complete recipe
Calories 3944 Calories from Fat 796
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 89 g137.1%
Saturated Fat 29.8 g148.8%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 317.5 mg105.8%
Sodium 9181.2 mg382.6%
Total Carbohydrates 586 g195.4%
Dietary Fiber 113.1 g452.5%
Sugars 27.5 g
Protein 228 g455.7%
Vitamin A 129.1% Vitamin C 506.7%
Calcium 95.4% Iron 336.9%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


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of New Orleans. It is a success story that has blossomed from one
man's dream of music education into a consortium of teachers and
students who strive for excellence and value the importance of the
preservation of the arts in today's New Orleans.
When asked about his Post Katrina experience, Hymel relied, "It was
scary to reopen the school and it was like starting over, but I felt
the community needed something to use as an outlet for the emotions
caused by Katrina. We weren't just rebuilding a music school; we were
rebuilding the minds and souls of our students and their families."
Andy Hymel earned a degree in Jazz Performance from Loyola
University in New Orleans, LA. At a young age, his musical talents
developed from "jamming" with neighborhood musicians in the Algiers
area, notably Frank Saucier, a regular solo artist at Kerry's Irish Pub
in the French Quarter. In the 80's, he honed his guitar skills at the
World's Fair with the vocal group "Celebration" and is to this day
appreciative of that opportunity.
While his music accomplishments were self-developed, his community
involvement and business acumen were mostly inspired by his dad.
His father, Lloyd Hymel, is a pillar of the Algiers community and an
elder of Saint Andrews the Apostle Church. He was Chairman of the
West Bank Chamber of Commerce, President of the Petroleum Club and
the West Bank Rotary Club, and Vice President of AMF Tuboscope in Harvey,
One of his brothers, Philip Hymel, is a Chief Financial Manager
at Entergy, and recently served as President of the University
of New Orleans Alumni Association. Another brother, David Hymel, is in
the oil and gas business and for years organized the oil field "Chili
Cook Off"; recently at Boomtown Casino and previously at Alvin Andrew
Callender Naval Air Force Base in Belle Chasse, Louisiana.
Another brother, Greg, owned and operated a Zack's Frozen Yogurt
franchise and is a Ginger Baker "Cream" style drummer. His is also an
artist/painter and is displayed in several restaurants in the New Orleans
area. Obviously, the senior Mr. Hymel set a solid foundation for his
children to excel in business and community development.
With that said, it is apparent that Andy Hymel has parlayed his strong
family values and love of music instruction from a work at home business
into a full blown, reputable, school of music.
Branching off from the security of working from home, Hymel first opened
his school at 601 Terry Parkway in Gretna, LA, in an area commonly known
as Terrytown. What started as a handful of students quickly blossomed into
a full school of music with 280 students strong. Predominantly a guitar
teacher, he also teaches piano and bass. His drum instructor, Jumpin' Joe
Gelini, graduated from Berklee School of Music in Boston, a great accomplishment
considering only 2% of those who attend Berklee actually graduate. The school
has a wide variety of teachers, including band directors and vocal coaches,
covering several instruments and genres. Even Hymel's high school guitar
teacher from Holy Cross is on the payroll!
Mr. Hymel (not his dad Lloyd) believes that music education can start at
the Pre-K level and has programs and original songs in place for the youngest
of students. He also has courses geared for "Baby Boomers" as well.
In between those age groups, one of his most amazing accomplishments is that
5 of his students have received full scholarships to various schools of music
and EVERY one of his 10 students who have applied to NOCCA was accepted on
their first audition!
One former student, Claire Maloney, begins as an understudy in the fall of 2007 with the
Metropolitan Opera Association. Another, Alex Zander, is a published
singer/songwriter. His nephew Dustin Hymel recently earned a degree in Music Education from Loyola University in New Orleans. Dustin is now the band director at Belle Chasse High School.
Andy has studied with world class musicians such as Steve Masakowski on guitar, saxophonist Tony Dagradi, and the premier New Orleans drummer Johnny Vidacovich. After completing his studies at Loyola University, Andy studied Jazz improvisation with world renowned guitarist Warren Batiste. The above mentioned teachers have performed with the likes of Sarah Vaughn, Lionel Hampton, Diana Reeves, Frank Sinatra, Fats Domino, Ray Charles and many other famous musicians. Their ideas and views on music has ingrained itself into Andy's style and teaching methods.
In addition to his accomplishments as a teacher and entrepreneur, he has
written and recorded hundreds of original songs and his efforts are starting
to be recognized. Many of Hymel's songs are in the process of being recorded for his soon to be released CD. He has six other recording projects that have already been published.
For Andrew James Hymel this is only the start. As an unabashed Beatles fan,
an admitted student of New Orleans music, and an unwavering ambassador of music
education, the sky is the limit!


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An email:
Do you know anyone that looks like Jesus? Maybe they don't now, but they would if they had a beard and a wig on. Think about your friends with Jesus beards and Jesus wigs. We are shooting a short film and are on the hunt for Jesus. Jesus would not need to know how to act, and he would only have to be on set for about two hours. Get back to me ASAP.
My response:
If you've got the beard and the wig I've got the woman for you. She's my best friend, and I think she would look exactly like Jesus once you bearded/wigged her. She's an atheist so I don't know how she feels about playing Jesus, but maybe she would do it for ironic laughs. She certainly doesn't know how to act, she's an accountant. I'll be her agent/manager/bodyguard.
You Look Like Jesus
Posted by Kerri Wood Thomson at 2:19 PM
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Louise Tickle explores the impact and ethics behind the very successful Pause project for women whose children have been...
Searching for answers about adoption?
"We just wanted to say thank you for the wonderful opportunity you have given to our children. They certainly gained much from being with other adopted children."
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After Adoption is pleased to announce our working partnership with Intelligent Conversation.Their award-winning team deliver targeted PR and communications that support business objectives and make a measurable difference.


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Submit articles and sites that focus on the chemo drug, cyclophosphamide, also known as Cytoxan.
The element calcium is an essential nutrient. Supplements are used to increase calcium intake, particularly to promote bone density. Calcium is supplied in several forms, including calcium carbonate.
Candesartan is an angiotension II receptor blocker used in the treatment of hypertension. One of the brands it is marketed under is Atacand.
Capecitabine is an orally administered chemotherapeutic tumor-shrinking agent for patients with metastatic breast cancer or metastatic colorectal cancer.
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Broad-spectrum antibacterial (antibiotic), sold as Fortaz in the US and Fortum in the UK.
Only informational sites about celebrex.
Drug removed from US market.
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Information on clomiphene, which is sold under the brand names Clomid, Serophene, and Milophene. It is a prescription drug typically used to treat infertility by inducing ovulation in women. Clomiphene may also be prescribed to treat infertility in men, if a pituitary imbalance hinders production of testosterone.
Brand name Klonopin. A benzodiazepine drug, used as an anticonvulsant and for treatment of anxiety and related conditions.
Antipsychotic drug used to treat schizophrenia patients who do not respond to other drugs. Brand name Clozaril.
Belongs to a class of drugs known as alkylating agents; it slows or stops the growth of cancer cells in the body. To be more effective it is sometimes used in combination with other chemotherapy medications. Used to treat lymphomas, multiple myeloma, leukemias, mycosis fungoides, neuroblastoma, ovarian carcinoma, retinoblastoma, breast cancer, Ewing's sarcoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, and other types of cancer. Also known as Cytoxan.
Submit articles and sites that focus on the chemo drug, cyclophosphamide, also known as Cytoxan.
Cyproterone acetate is an antiandrogen drug used in the treatment of symptoms associated with an excess of androgens, including hirsutism, ovulation problems, and male pattern baldness in women. It is also used in the treatment of prostate cancer. It may increase the risk of thromboembolic events so the use of oral contraceptives which use this drug in combination with estrogen can bring an increased risk of blood clots.
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Turkey dominated the headlines of daily news channels this summer, especially after the tumultuous coup attempt between 15 and 16 July and the purges that followed. But even before, at the end of June, news from Turkey had taken the solar thermal industry by surprise: Ezinç Metal had stopped producing at short notice. Without any prior announcement, management had laid off almost all workers and had closed down the collector and system production within just a few days in June, former employees reported.
District heating has a long history in Scandinavia: The international symposium on district heating was launched there in 1987. In the meantime, the technology has reached the global stage and the 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling was the first one supported by the IEA District Heating and Cooling programme (IEA DHC). Dr Ralf Roman Schmidt had been invited to speak at this two-day conference held in South Korea in September and attended by more than 200 people. The research engineer from the AIT, Austrian Institute of Technology, is about to become Austria's alternate country representative within the IEA DHC.
Approved and successful policies should be promoted – which is why the Southern African Solar Thermal Training and Demonstration Initiative (SOLTRAIN) should be implemented in West Africa as well. Since 2009, the programme has helped train about 2,150 people during 80 courses and install 187 solar thermal systems in the five partner countries Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe. The coordinator, Austrian organisation AEE INTEC, and the implementing body, ECREEE – ECOWAS Regional Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency based in Cabo Verde, have now launched a similar four-year training and demonstration programme, SOLtrain West Africa, to increase SWH numbers in five additional countries: Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Ghana, Nigeria and Senegal.
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|"William A. Rowe Jr." <wr...@rowe-clan.net>
|Adoption of recent 1.3 releases
|Wed, 13 Jan 2010 07:20:33 GMT
The attached chart, generated by the SecuritySpace Web Server Survey from the following query; http://www.securityspace.com/s_survey/server_graph.html?type=http&domaindir=&month=200912&servbase=YTo1OntpOjA7czoxMzoiQXBhY2hlLzEuMy4zNyI7aToxO3M6MTM6IkFwYWNoZS8xLjMuNDEiO2k6MjtzOjEzOiJBcGFjaGUvMS4zLjM5IjtpOjM7czoxMzoiQXBhY2hlLzEuMy4zNiI7aTo0O3M6MTM6IkFwYWNoZS8xLjMuMzQiO30=&serv1=QXBhY2hlLzEuMy4zMw== does an interesting job of highlighting the adoption patterns of 1.3 users, in light of phasing out 1.3. What this doesn't call out is how many of these users are simply a side-effect of using their vendor's default component. I would expect that within 6 mos of this release, the vast majority would be on that new release (typical ramp-up time), or have migrated across to 2.2 knowing that 1.3 is at end of life. This seems consistent with the list discussion of phasing out 1.3. It's a shame their "Theft and Upgrades" breakdown is now premium content, since that report was very useful for identifying a 'broken' release with respect to users 'downgrading' to a previous, more reliable version :)
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Group Since March 21, 2010
Rantz March 17, 2011
Next Plurk worldwide sunrise and sunset is Wednesday, 23 March 2011 - join us and share your beauty.
Group DescriptionOn March 23rd of 2011 all Plurkers and Plurkettes will take a photo of sunrise and/or sunset in your town.
Thanks muchly for participating.
Additional Info
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Our 2016 Green Guide is now available!
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ACT 148: VT Universal Recycling Law
Vermont's solid waste legislation, Act 148, focuses on recyclables and organics. READ MORE...
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As of January 1, 2016 you can give new life to your "single-use", alkaline batteries by recycling them through Call2Recycle® at convenient locations across Vermont. Participating collection sites include local businesses, retailers and solid waste/recycling transfer stations. READ MORE...
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The law will require the paint industry to be responsible for collecting and managing leftover architectural paint in Vermont, reducing the role of government and taxpayers.
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One of the Key provisions of Act 148 that affects municipalities is the adoption of a Variable Rate Pricing (VRP) Ordinance. READ MORE...


text: What the ISO Settings On Your Camera Mean, and the Best Way to Tweak ThemAlan Henry2/22/16 12:00pm188EditPromoteGo to permalinkIf you're shooting with all of your camera's settings on automatic, you're missing out. Your ISO setting—among others—can drastically improve your shots when used properly. This video guide from TechQuickie explains what you need to know.


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Since details of a horrific New Delhi gang rape galvanized India in December 2012, women's safety has been a central topic of national conversation.
As a result, a lot of people have taken to examining cultural factors that contribute to the region-wide misogyny and to the ubiquity of gender-related violence.
As India's largest driver of mainstream popular culture, Bollywood has received a lot of this scrutiny.
Bollywood, churning out films at a rate of a thousand per year, is far and away the largest film industry in the world. More pertinently, at a viewership around 50 million, the industry reaches more Indians than any other cultural phenomenon.
This 14-minute video called "No Country for Women" explores common Bollywood tropes, and ties them to incidents of rape and gang rape in India. [WARNING: The video is at times graphic and disturbing.]
A Forbes article published earlier this month points to those same tropes and their harmful effect on Indian culture, asking if Bollywood is failing Indian women.
Claiming that Bollywood causes rapes is a tempting conclusion to draw. However, it is also inaccurate.
With a few damning exceptions, mentions and depictions of rape in Bollywood movies are anti-rape, featuring a man protecting a woman, or characters condemning the act. Bollywood does not condone nor glorify rape.
That said, Bollywood does condone a culture of misogyny and sexual harassment that contextualizes and allows rape.
Deepanjana Pal, a senior editor at FirstPost, spoke on this distinction in an email to BuzzFeed:
Rape is not about sex. It's about power and notions of masculinity. It's a performance that establishes in the rapist's mind his supremacy. I don't think the depiction of women in Bollywood has that much to do with it. In case of rape, we've got to look at the way society has understood and depicted masculinity as well as male-female relationships across generations. We're socialised into accepting violence upon women mutely. Bollywood didn't start this. If anything, it reflects that value system and often exaggerates. What attracts the audiences to Bollywood is its resonance with socialization that's been drummed into mainstream society.
It's tempting to say yes, but the fact is that Bollywood heroes often do good as well, but we don't see a mass movement against corruption or an increase in philanthropy even though characters in films establish their goodness through actions like that. Many Bollywood heroes have loved their raped sisters, but that doesn't seem to have done anything to lessen the stigma associated with being raped. Our films have consistently shown the rapists as the scum of the earth, but that hasn't meant that society has been any less forgiving of such men. Most of the time, the woman who is raped is not 'asking for it'. She's a good, innocent little thing who gets trapped by the villain. Yet, we continue to place the stigma of rape upon women.
Below are seven ways in which Bollywood contributes to that wider culture of misogyny and gender violence in India.
1. Bollywood's male protagonists (arguably the closest thing Indian boys and men have to role models) are all characterized by machismo and violence.
The ubiquity of Bollywood in every aspect of Indian culture has left the country devoid of conventional role models, apart from film celebrities and cricket superstars. Therefore, it is common for Indian men to idolize the male leads of Bollywood movies, many of whom condone a mindset of violence and glorify dominance.
As with many commercial film industries, Bollywood too establishes what is cool. Deepanjana Pal told BuzzFeed that Bollywood has chosen to market strong men who can dominate women as an ideal just as women who submit to men and find fulfillment in life when they are claimed by a man are the feminine role models.
Pal said, "The ideas propagated by films and their characters aren't counterbalanced by a celebrity with a contrarian view. For example, I suspect if you went out and asked people from different social sections to name an Indian feminist, they'd be hard-pressed to come up with an example. Mention actor, on the other hand, and an array of names and their roles pop up without any difficulty."
2. Compounded with its presentation of masculinity is the fact that Bollywood does not typically showcase strong female characters.
On the contrary, nearly every Bollywood movie ever made would miserably fail the Bechdel test. Women in Bollywood are primarily mothers, wives, girlfriends, and sex objects whose actions and conversations are primarily driven by their male counterparts. Even when young women are portrayed as ambitious and independent, they serve as challenging romantic prospects for the men to woo and win over.
While the last few years have seen a promising trend of successful woman-centric films such as Queen, English Vinglish, and Kahaani, women are primarily glorified props in big-budget "mass entertainers," proving testosterone still drives the box office.
For instance, one of Bollywood's most successful franchises, Dhoom, "is inherently misogynistic and has failed to produce a female character that isn't at least part floozy," according to film critic Suprateek Chatterjee.
3. With few exceptions, every Bollywood movie is punctuated by one hypersexualized off-plot song and dance routine called an "item number."
The dance is performed by a beautiful actress in revealing clothing, and the lyrics often paint the woman as an unattainable tease.
The songs, which generally serve no plot-furthering purpose, are included purely for entertainment.
Since Bollywood movies tend to be long – always longer than two hours, and often inching over four – five minutes of loud, catchy, and colorful song and dance are a welcome break to audiences.
The most obvious issue with the tradition is that it glorifies the objectification of women.
Above: Bollywood director Kunal Kohli.
More often than not, a Bollywood film's commercial success relies on item numbers, which make for tantalizing trailer snippets and eye-catching billboards.
Item numbers are a surefire way of appealing to audiences that are both educated and uneducated, rural and urban. These songs' videos give filmmakers an opportunity to slip sexiness – a universally compelling aesthetic – into their trailers. The goal is for the songs to be catchy and upbeat enough that, far before its release, the movie in question becomes associated with a guaranteed radio hit.
4. Despite mainstream news and media outlets seriously discussing issues of gender-related violence and sexual assault, Bollywood hasn't seriously engaged those issues.
One scene in Shootout at Wadala, a 2013 blockbuster, depicts Munir, a male character, attempting to join a gang. In a list of his credentials, he includes this: "Main kuch bhi karne ke liya tayar hoon… Rape bhi, agar item achhi hai toh." I'm willing to do anything — even rape — if the girl is good enough.
Having the actors from such a movie then talk about rape issues as part of the movie's publicity campaign is counterproductive.
To compound its problematic treatment of rape, Shootout at Wadala also had two titilating item numbers.
Compared to movies of the '80s and '90s, today's Bollywood fare depicts considerably less rape. But on occasion, there is a callous obliviousness to the sensitivity of the issue.
In his review of 2013's R…Rajkumar (above), critic Suprateek Chatterjee describes this scene:
In a throwaway scene intended to be funny, a corrupt and inept policeman, whose character is established as some form of comic relief, is shown raping a woman in a jail cell before he gets an important call from a drug lord. As he hurries out, he's shown zipping up his trousers hastily. The nonchalance with which rape, and custodial rape no less, is casually shown and dismissed is appalling, to say the least.
5. Eve-teasing is a contentious euphemism, used in India and in parts of South Asia, for public sexual harassment of women by men.
The above GIF is from a 2013 Bollywood blockbuster named Grand Masti. Branded as an "adult comedy," the movie raked in upward of $16 million within three weeks of its release, a rare feat in Bollywood. The movie had enough "vulgar dialogue and obscene content" to warrant being banned from cinemas in certain other countries, but reached a peak number of moviegoers in India.
Bollywood films have repeatedly depicted this kind of sexual harassment as normal implying that this perverse pursuit by men will wear a woman down.
While public outcry and media attention is largely focused on rapes, Indians have been conditioned to treat eve-teasing, an act normalized by Bollywood and suffered by Indian women on a daily basis, as a harmless, minor offense.
While rape is never encouraged in movies, eve-teasing seems to have Bollywood's blessing.
The above GIF is from a popular 2013 movie called Ranjhaana in which the hero, depicted as a harmless stalker with masochistic tendencies, persistently stalks his love interest who encourages his disturbing behavior for years, save a slap or two.
Pal said that portrayals of eve-teasing impact women as much as they impact men. "That insistence that you must be demure, that a man stalking you is a good thing, that love will reveal itself with that first, forced kiss — women aren't immune to all this. If men fashion themselves upon heroes, then women fashion themselves upon heroines."
6. Although it is fair to say women are objectified in popular culture all over the world, Bollywood's methods of doing it are much more in your face.
"I think the one thing we can say for sure is that we've practically internalized the degradation of women, which is why when it appears in comedies like Grand Masti, people laugh and enjoy it without actually processing that this has an effect and/or reflection in real life," said Pal. The effect of this kind of storytelling, she added, is that it "normalized the perverse."
7. All these are exacerbated by the fact that under the pretext of entertaining the masses, some filmmakers evade accountability for how their films might be misinterpreted.
The above was said in response to the criticism that the movie Grand Masti condones behaviors that are detrimental to Indian society, by cast member and Bollywood actor Vivek Oberoi.
It should be noted, however, that education and wealth are not predictors of rates of misogyny and gender-related violence. "Statistics suggest the incidence of rape and domestic violence isn't much lower in high-income areas in comparison to low-income areas," said Pal. "So arguably, the impact of boobs, nipples, and rape scenes would be similar on both these sets of audiences."
Another factor to consider is the influence of B-grade cinema that produces hundreds of low-budget, semi-pornographic, non-Bollywood movies consumed by a large section of the Indian population. "It's entirely possible that these films are far more persuasive than Bollywood with glossy urbanity," said Pal.
These theories of Bollywood's influences – positive or negative – on its audiences are far-fetched to some. Film critic Mayank Shekhar said he believes that Bollywood doesn't influence its audiences, it mimics them.
In an email to BuzzFeed, Shekhar said that big Bollywood movies are far more gender sensitive than ever before:
Sometime around the early 2000s, with the emergence of metropolitan/city-based multiplexes in India, Bollywood's audiences split into two, what as the cliché goes, came to be called the "masses" and the "classes". There is a whole '90s/2000s genre of movies starring Sunny Deol, Ajay Devgn et al, which appealed to people from the lower socio-economic strata or smaller towns. The idea of love in most of these films was centered on obsession. The other old Bollywood cliché being "the girl and the boy can never be friends." These films largely reflected the society they were aimed at. It's clearly a chicken-egg debate, whether these movies with strong undertones of sexual harassment that get passed off as wooing or courtship inspire the audiences or merely mirror their personal beliefs. I suspect the latter. Either way, you see much less of it now in Bollywood and far more in commercial regional cinema. Big budget Bollywood movies generally are far more gender sensitive than ever before and this again reflects the target audience, which belongs to higher income groups (those who can afford multiplex tickets), live in bigger cities where there is much gender segregation.
- Kim Jong Nam, the half-brother of North Korea's leader, was killed with a chemical weapon last week at an airport in Malaysia.
- Caitlyn Jenner told President Trump his administration's rollback of protections for transgender kids was a "disaster" 😳
- Uber's CEO met with more than 100 female engineers on Thursday to discuss sexism and harassment allegations at the company.
- Beyoncé is backing out of Coachella under doctors' advice. But she plans to headline the festival again in 2018 😭🐝


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The Tudors Lady Jane Grey to Elizabeth I
€ 15,99
Lieferbar innert 2 Wochen
November 2010
BeschreibungFor the first time in decades, a fresh look at the fabled Tudor dynasty, comprising some of the most enigmatic figures ever to rule England. Acclaimed historian G. J. Meyer reveals the flesh-and-bone reality in all its wild excess.
PortraitG. J. Meyer is a former Woodrow Wilson and Harvard University Fellow with an M.A. in English literature. His other books include A WORLD UNDONE: THE STORY OF THE GREAT WAR ('Magnificent - researched to the last possible dot' THE WASHINGTON TIMES, 'Masterful - has an instructive value than can scarcely be measured' LOS ANGELES TIMES, 'A worthy counterpoint to Hew Strachan's magisterial three-volume scholarly project' PUBLISHERS WEEKLY). He lives in Goring-on-Thames.
Pressestimmen'A sweeping history of the gloriously infamous Tudor era. Unlike the somewhat ponderous biographies of the Henrys, Elizabeths and Boleyns that seem to pop up perennially, Meyer displays some flashy, fresh irreverence - Energetic and comprehensive.' KIRKUS REVIEW 'History buffs will savour Meyer's cheeky, nuanced, and authoritative perspective on an entire dynasty, and his study brims with enriching background' PUBLISHERS WEEKLY
Untertitel: The Complete Story of England's Most Notorious Dynasty. 60 Abbildungen. Sprache: Englisch.
Verlag: Amberley Publishing
Erscheinungsdatum: November 2010
Seitenanzahl: 384 Seiten
Format: kartoniert
Alle Preise inkl. MwSt., ggf. zzgl. Versandkosten