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Is this attraction a "must-see" location?
Is this attraction a hidden gem or off-the-beaten path?
Is this attraction a good picnic spot?
Does this attraction provide visitors with a taste of the local culture?
Does this attraction require above average amounts of physical activity (long walks, climbs, stairs or hikes)?
Does this attraction have good scenic or skyline views?
Is this attraction good for couples?
Is this attraction pet friendly?
Would this be a good sunny day activity?
Would this be a good hot day activity?
Thanks for helping!
Mr. Spohr collected notable old anchors which are scattered through out this enchanting salt water tidal garden. Was a notable local secret for many years but open to all and...
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Mr. Spohr collected notable old anchors which are scattered through out this enchanting salt water tidal garden. Was a notable local secret for many years but open to all and available for private garden parties or awesome wedding site!
This is such a lovely little hideaway treasure! Beautiful in March for Daffodil days and May when the Rhododendrons are out. Peaceful & tranquil little walk, very enjoyable!
Although there wasn't much blooming in August you could still get a relaxing feeling just walking around the garden pathways. Sitting by the water was very peaceful too. When I visited the gardens, I was the only one there and that increased the serenity of the location.
This was a peaceful place to visit. There was not much blooming in August, but it would really be pretty when the rhododendrons are blooming. The nautical items placed throughout the garden were interesting. I don't remember exactly how many acres it is, but it was a good size. Unlike other places we visited in the area, this one had...
Spohr Gardens is a nice place to stop if you are riding your bike or just getting a feel of there area (though I would not make a day trip out of it). There is not much to explore- you can cover the grounds in about 20 minutes. Because it is a perennial garden there may or may not be...
Just a lovely experience to visit Spohr Gradens I've been here maybe 5 or 6 times. No fee just walk right in and tour the gardens. Bring a camera as you will want to take many pictures. This place is picture perfect.
We stopped in for a nice walk. Not much was in bloom during our visit. But we enjoyed the views of the water and the few flowers that were in bloom. We only saw 3 other people during our visit. There are some paths along the water and some through the trees. Easy walking. You could spend a couple minutes...
So glad we found this little gem! Spent about 45 mins walking with our baby and our morning coffee! Great little spot, well maintained and cared for.
We have visited this spot a few times but always in June when the Spring foliage is past peak and the summer bloomers haven't peaked yet, but if you have never gone it is a peaceful respite.
Difficult to find but worth the effort. Beautiful gardens and plants. Lovely walking trails. Views of the ocean. Leisurly strolls are very relaxing. Wonderful for pictures.
Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more.

subset: commoncrawl


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KISMET is a small, eco-minded company based in Venice, California.
Our grass-roots enterprise began in 1999... working directly with artisans in rural India.
Long before Fair Trade became the popular buzzword it is today, KISMET was already busy making a difference in the global community by providing jobs, insuring fair wages and equality in the workplace, encouraging recycling and fostering sustainable business practices.
We've never made a big fuss about it...we have just always felt very strongly about doing right by everyone that we have the privilege of working with.
We are proud to have made a difference in so many lives over the years... leading by example, creating opportunity and encouraging enterpreneurship, especially with women!
While we will continue to ethically source vintage and handmade textiles directly from artisans abroad, the majority of our products will now be FAIR TRADE PRODUCED IN THE USA!!!
We appreciate your continued support as we focus our energies on this new direction for KISMET.


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I am 66 years old and I still suffer from flushes and sweats. Is this normal?
Menopause-like symptoms after all this time may be an indication of adrenal stress rather than hormonal. In this situation, it is very important to do supportive work for the adrenals such as taking a high strength multi-vitamin with extra ... Read more >


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 9, 1999
|Filing date
|Sep 15, 1997
|Priority date
|Sep 15, 1997
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Yun Zhang
|Original Assignee
|Teradyne, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (74), Classifications (16), Legal Events (9)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates generally to telephone networks and more particularly to the detection of load coils in telephone networks.
Public switched telephone networks were originally set up to carry only analog voice signals. Voice signals are analog signals with a relatively low frequency range, predominately below 10 KHz. Telephone service to provide just one channel of voice is sometimes called plain old telephone service (POTS).
The telephone network was often optimized for POTS signals. One way that the network was optimized was through the inclusion of load coils on telephone lines. The load coils improved the frequency response of the lines for analog signals.
More recently, the public switched telephone network is being called upon to carry many signals other than analog voice signals. Digital services, such as Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ASDL) and High-bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL) services are being offered by telephone companies. Where possible, telephone companies would like to use the POTS lines for these expanded services.
It is particularly important to be able to use the same lines in the portion of the telephone network known as the subscriber loop. Portions of the telephone network are switched, meaning that they can be used by different people at different times for making telephone calls. However, each user of telephone services, or subscriber, must have their own connection to the portion of the network that is shared by other users. This connection is called the subscriber loop. There are many subscriber loops and they are spread out over the entire area in which the telephone company provides service. It would therefore be very costly to replace all of the subscriber loops.
However, a problem arises in using POTS subscriber lines for advanced services. The advanced services generally operate at frequencies that are much higher than the POTS lines were optimized to carry. The load coils that were often placed on POTS lines are a particular problem. To convert a POTS line to use for advanced services, the load coils can be removed. However, there is a problem if locating which lines are free of load coils so that they can be used for advanced services. This process is known as "characterizing" the telephone lines. To be efficient, the characterization should be done from the point where subscriber lines come together and join the switched network. This point is often called the central office and measurements taken from that point are often called "near end" measurements.
One way that telephone lines have been characterized is with a time domain reflectometer, or TDR. The TDR sends a pulse down the phone line and measures reflections of that pulse that come back to the TDR. A load coil on a line will create a reflection that can be detected at the central office. However, the TDR can generally only detect one load coil on a line. If a service technician will be sent to remove the load coils on a line, it would be highly desirable to know in advance the number of load coils on the line that need to be removed.
A second way that telephone lines have been characterized is with a "frequency sweep" approach. Examples of this approach can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,486,627 to Beeman et al., 4,620,069 to Goodwin et al. and 5,404,388 to Eu. These techniques involve attaching a signal generator to the telephone line and successively applying signals of various frequencies. The current and voltage on the line are measured, and the admittance of the line is calculated. Changes in the magnitude or phase of the admittance indicate that a load coil is present on the line. Multiple load coils on a line create multiple changes, allowing multiple coils to be detected.
A drawback of this approach is that it is slow. Taking measurements at multiple frequencies requires extra time. A typical switch will have thousands of subscriber loop lines attached to it. If all of these lines are tested in a scan test, a difference of less than a second in the time it takes to run each test could literally add hours to the total time it takes to complete the test. Tying up equipment or service personnel for such a long period of time is very undesirable.
Additionally, the technique is sensitive to noise and can give a wrong answer. It would be highly undesirable for a telephone company to use a subscriber line for advanced services if it contained load coils, as the quality of the service would be very poor. It would also be undesirable for a telephone company to send a person to remove a load coil from a telephone line if there was in fact no load coil on the line.
Thus, there is a need for an improved way to accurately and rapidly detect whether and how many load coils are attached to a telephone line.
With the foregoing background in mind, it is an object of the invention to provide rapid and accurate detection of load coils on a telephone line.
It is also an object to provide a method for detection of multiple load coils on a telephone line.
The foregoing and other objects are achieved according to the technique of measuring the current and voltage at the near end of a telephone line. Frequency spectra derived from these measurements are used to compute the impedance of the line. Changes in impedance as a function of frequency are used to detect load coils.
In a preferred embodiment, the spectra represent power spectra. Also in a preferred embodiment the spectra are smooth spectra determined by taking an ensemble average.
In one embodiment, the coherence function is computed from the power spectra, giving an indication of the reliability of the results.
The invention will be better understood by reference to the following more detailed description and accompanying drawings in which
FIG. 1 is a sketch illustrating a portion of a prior art telephone network;
FIG. 2 is a sketch illustrating portions of a test unit attached to the telephone network of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a process for detecting load coils;
FIG. 4 is a graphical illustration of the magnitude of the impedance function computed according to the invention.
FIG. 1 shows a portion of a prior art switched telephone network. Switch 114 is connected over subscriber loop lines 112A and 112B to subscribers 110. Subscribers 110 might be using POTS service or might require advanced services such as ISDN. Subscriber line 112B contains load coil 120. Before subscriber line 1 12B can be used to provide advanced telephone services, load coil 120 would have to be removed. In contrast, subscriber loop lines 112A are free of load coils.
Switch 114 is connected to the remainder of the telephone network, such as trunk lines, more switches and many other subscriber loop lines. For clarity, the rest of the network is not shown.
Switch 114 is also connected to measurement unit 116. Measurement unit 116 is preferably a product, such as 4TEL sold by Teradyne of Deerfield, Ill., USA, though other measurement units are commercially available. Measurement unit 116 interfaces to switch 114 such that stimulus and measurement instruments inside measurement unit 116 can be connected to subscriber lines 112A and 112B through switch 114. Typically, measurement unit 116 will be located in the same building as switch 114 are directly wired to it.
Measurement unit 116 also interfaces to technical service center 118. Service and repair functions are usually performed from a technical service center 118. Numerous measurement units 116 throughout the network are all connected to technical service center 118. The connection is often made over a phone line or with some other form of link. Commands can be sent to measurement unit 116 from the technical service center that can initiate tests or measurements on subscriber lines 112A and 112B and the results can be sent back to technical service center 118.
FIG. 2 shows a portion 200 of measurement unit 116. It includes interface and control circuitry 212. Interface and control circuitry 212 is as in the prior art and provides an interface to technical service center 118 as well as to switch 114.
Load coil detection circuit 210 includes microprocessor circuitry 214. Microprocessor circuitry 214 might be a general purpose microprocessor in conjunction with standard support chips, such as RAM and NVRAM, that performs other functions within measurement unit 116.
Microprocessor circuitry 214 includes waveform data 216, which is a series of digital words that represent one segment of the sampled stimulus waveform used during the test. If a stimulus waveform that is longer than that segment is required, the segment is simply repeated until the test is completed. Waveform data 216 might be stored in advance in NVRAM. Alternatively, it could be generated algorithmically based on parameters and a program stored in NVRAM. In a preferred embodiment, waveform data 216 is generated algorithmically and then stored in RAM. The algorithm for generating the data will be described in greater detail below in conjunction with FIG. 3A.
During a test, waveform data 216 is passed to Digital To Analog Converter (DAC) 220. DAC 220 converts the digital data to an analog signal, which is applied to the lines TIP and RING. Lines TIP and RING run to switch 114 (FIG. 1) and are connected to one of the subscriber loop lines 112A or 112B.
The rate at which waveform data 216 is provided to DAC 220 should be at least twice the highest frequency of the signals intended to be represented in the waveform data 216. For example, if the highest frequency component in waveform data 216 is 7 kHz, the samples should be provided to DAC 220 at a rate that is at least 14 kHz. In a preferred embodiment, though, the sample rate will be higher than twice the highest frequency.
Current amplifier 224 is also coupled to the TIP and RING lines. Current amplifer 224 provides an output that is proportional to the current flowing on the TIP and RING lines. The output of current amplifier 224 is provided to Analog To Digital Converter (ADC) 222. ADC 222 converts the current signal into digital form and passes the samples to microprocessor 214 where they can be used in the process of determining whether a load coil is present on the subscriber loop line to which the measurement unit 116 is connected. In the following description, these current measurements are denoted x(t).
ADC 222 is a dual input analog to digital converter. It can sample two signals simultaneously so that the phase relationship between the two signals is preserved. The second input to ADC 222 comes from voltage amplifier 226. Voltage amplifier 226 is likewise connected to the TIP and RING lines such that second sampled signal represents the voltage on those lines. In the following description, these voltage measurements are denoted y(t). Ideally, the two inputs should be sampled exactly simultaneously. In practice, there might be some phase delay between the samples of the inputs. This phase difference might be corrected using a calibration process as described below.
The outputs of ADC 222 are provided to impedance computation and load coil detection portions 218 of microprocessor circuitry 214. The operation of impedance computation and load coil detection circuitry 218 will be described in greater detail in conjunction with FIG. 3B below.
The sampling rate of ADC 222 should be at least twice the highest frequency in the stimulus waveform provided by DAC 220. However, in a preferred embodiment, the sampling rate is even higher, though the exact sampling rate is not critical to the invention.
The components depicted in FIG. 2 are commercially available components. For example, microprocessor circuitry 214 could include a conventional microprocessor of the type found in a general purpose computer. Alternatively, it might include the sort of microprocessor sometimes called a digital signal processor that is preprogrammed to perform certain signal processing functions.
Likewise, digital to analog converters, analog to digital converters current amplifiers and voltage amplifiers are all available commercially. In addition, it is well known that such components include support chips and other supporting components, such as clock signals and power signals, which are not shown in the figures. However, it will be appreciated that standard design practices are to be employed in making the circuitry.
Load coils are detected by using the current and voltage measurements to compute the impedance at the near end of the subscriber loop line. The current is denoted x(t) and the voltage is denoted y(t). The impedance from the near end of the line is computed.
However, in contrast to the prior art, two important advances have been made. First, the current and voltage signals are processed in the frequency domain. In the preferred embodiment, a Fast Fourier Tradnsform (FFT) algorithm is used to transfer the time domain signals into the frequency domain.
Second, the signals are modeled as random processes rather than deterministic processes. Random signal processing techniques are used that make the processing noise insensitive. As an added benefit, a measure of the reliability of the result can be computed. If the result is determined to be unreliable, the measurements can be repeated or other steps taken to verify the result without incurring the expense that would normally occur if the load status of a line is incorrectly reported.
In particular, I have recognized that, if the current x(t) is treated as an input of a system and the voltage y(t) is treated as an output of a system, then the transfer function of the system is actually the impedance. Using a deterministic model, the transfer function can be expressed in the frequency domain as ##EQU1## The symbol F ! denotes that a Fourier Transform is taken.
However, rather than calculating the transfer function based on a deterministic model, the transfer function can be calculated based on the assumption that the signals x(t) and y(t) have a random component associated with them that is attributable to noise. The noise, for example, might result from noise on the line or introduced in the measurement process.
Using a random model, it is preferable to express the transfer function in terms of the auto power spectrum of the input and the cross power spectrum of the input and the output. The transfer function can be represented in the frequency domain as ##EQU2## Here, Pyx (jw) represents the Fourier Transform of the cross correlation between the input x(t) and the output y(t). Pxx (jw) represents the Fourier Transform of the auto correlation of the input x(t). These functions can be expressed in an alternative fashion that is better for computation: ##EQU3## Pyx (jw) is the estimate of cross-power spectrum, Pxx (jw) is the estimate of the power spectrum of the input. These are called "raw estimates". A technique for improving on the estimates to make a "smooth estimate" will be described below. In the preferred embodiment, the "smooth estimate" will actually be used to compute the impedance. X(jw) and Y(jw) are the linear spectra of the input and output, respectively, and * denotes the complex conjugate.
If the spectra are computed using a Fourier Transform on sample records of length T, the numerator and denominator of Equation 3 can be rewritten as given in Equations 4 and 5. ##EQU4##
These estimates, however, are statistically inconsistent; that is, the variance of the estimates does not decrease as the record length increases. In practice the random error of auto-spectrum and cross-spectrum estimates is reduced by computing an ensemble of estimates from nd different sub records, each of length T. The results are averaged to obtain final "smooth" estimates by ##EQU5## The time T will preferably be long enough to take at least 64 samples. More preferably, 512 samples will be taken. A value for nd will range from 1 to around 64, In one embodiment, a value of at least 16 is used. However, the exact value is not critical to the invention. Also, it is not necessary that each of the sub records contain distinct samples. There could be overlap in the samples so that the total time over which samples needs to be collected is reduced. For example, the first sub record could contain samples 1 to 64. The second sub record could contain samples 50 to 114. The third subrecord would contain samples 100 to 164. The sub records would be formed in this fashion with each subrecord overlapping the last 14 samples of the previous sub record.
Thus, Equations 6 and 7 can be used to calculate the values in Equation (3). Because these values are "smooth", they are insensitive to noise. Also, because the calculation are performed in the frequency domain, values at all frequencies can be computed simultaneously, without taking separate measurements at multiple frequencies.
Further, a check can be made as to whether the calculated impedance is reliable or overly influenced by noise. To check on the reliability of the result, the coherence function is computed: ##EQU6## where Pyy (jw) is the auto power spectrum of the output signal y(t). Coherence function values range between 0 and 1. A coherence value above about 0.95 indicates that noise has not unduly influenced the computation of the impedance. The coherence function is computed using the "smooth" estimates using the same ensemble averaging approach as in Equations 6 and 7. ##EQU7## Where P(jw)'s are "smooth" estimates of spectrum density subsections.
If the coherence function indicates that the computed impedance function is reliable, there are two ways that it might be used to detect load coils. The magnitude of the impedance function might be analyzed. Alternatively, the phase of the impedance function might be analyzed.
If the magnitude of the impedance function monotonically decreases over the frequency range of interest, it is highly likely that no load coils are present. If there are spikes in the impedance function, a load coil is indicated. Each spike indicates the presence of a load coil such that the number of coils can be determined by counting the number of spikes.
A phase based method can also be used to detect the presence of load coils. The driving point impedance Z(jw) is a complex value so that it can be stated as follows:
Z(jw)=Zr (w)+jZi (w) (10)
where Zr and Zi, denotes respective real and imaginary parts. The phase of the driving point impedance can be stated as shown below.
φz (w)=tan-1 (Zi /Zr) (11)
The phases measured are sorted in ascending order according to the stimulus sinusoidal frequencies. Then the sign changes (from plus to minus or from minus to plus) of the phases are determined. If there is no sign change at all (all pluses or all minuses), no load coils are expected to be present in the subscriber's loop. Otherwise the presence of load coils is expected. The number of times the signs change indicates the number of load coils on the line.
FIG. 3A illustrates the steps that are performed in preparing a measurement unit 116 to make tests. These steps might be performed when the measurement unit is being installed or reprogrammed or might be performed when the unit is designed. In general, though, these steps would not be repeated each time a test is executed.
At step 310, frequencies and amplitudes of the stimulus waveforms are selected. The stimulus waveform is generated by summing samples of sine waves at various frequencies. The frequencies of these components in the stimulus waveform should be distributed between around 200 Hz and 7KHz. The frequencies of these waveforms are preferably selected so that only an integer number of complete cycles fit in one segment of the waveform data 216. Otherwise a proper window is required. There will preferably be components of at least twelve different frequencies selected, though any number of frequencies might be used and using a higher number of frequencies can yield more accurate load status information.
The amplitudes of each sine wave is selected to be the same. However, the amplitude is selected to ensure that the sum of all the sine waves does not exceed the input range of DAC 220. The more sine waves that are summed to make the waveform, the smaller the amplitude of each individual sine wave must be.
At step 312, the phase of the sine waves is optimized. If all of the sine waves were set to start with the same phase, they would all have peaks that would reinforce at some places in the waveform. Where all the sine waves reinforce, a large peak in the stimulus waveform would result. The amplitudes of all the sine waves would then have to be reduced to make sure that the peak did not exceed the input range of DAC 220. However, the portions of the stimulus waveform in which the sine waves were not reinforcing would then also have to be reduced. Reducing the stimulus waveform overall is undesirable because it decreases the signal to noise ratio of the measurement, leading to the possibility of more errors. Thus, to avoid the need to reduce the amplitudes of the sine waves too much, the sine waves are given different phases to reduce the magnitudes of the peaks in the stimulus waveform caused by the sine waves reinforcing.
The best phases for the sine waves used to make the stimulus waveform will depend on the frequencies of those waveforms. They might be assigned randomly. They might be assigned in an iterative process. Alternatively, the phases might be assigned deterministically in an effort to prevent any sine waves from aligning.
It should be noted that the phases assigned in step 312 might influence the maximum possible amplitude of the sine waves. Thus, the amplitude assignment at step 310 might need to be repeated or checked after the initial phases are assigned at step 312.
At step 314, a measurement is made to correct for any phase difference between the two sampling inputs ADC 222. The phase correction needed is 2πftd where td is the time delay between the sampling channel and f is the frequency. This difference can be determined by connecting a resistor across the lines TIP and RING and then measuring the phase difference between the voltage and current at various frequencies. The sine waves could be generated using special waveforms programmed into waveform data 216.
For a resistor, the phase shift should be zero. Using linear regression, the measured phase shifts can be used to compute a correction factor 2πftd that can be later used to make an adjustment to the phases of the computed spectra.
Thus, at the end of the setup portion of the process, microprocessor circuitry 214 is programmed with a list of frequencies and initial phases that should be used to generate waveform data 216 along with an amplitude that is used for all of these frequencies. Microprocessor circuitry 214 is also programmed with a phase correction factor. This information is stored in nonvolatile memory such that the steps of FIG. 3A need not be repeated for every test session.
FIG. 3B shows the steps that are performed for each test session. At step 316, the stored list of frequencies and initial phases is used to generate waveform data 216. Microprocessor 214 uses known digital processing techniques to generates successive digital values for sine waves at each of the frequencies and with the initial phases selected at steps 310 and 312. These values for one segment of waveform data are summed and stored in RAM in microprocessor circuitry 214.
Once a segment of waveform data 216 is in RAM, the samples are retrieved and applied to DAC 220 periodically. If the end of the stored samples is reached before the end of a test, the segment stored in RAM is simply repeated.
At step 318, samples are taken using ADC 222. Samples of both the current and voltage are taken. The samples are stored in memory in microprocessor circuitry 214 for later processing.
Step 320 checks whether sufficient samples have been taken. As described above, nd sets of samples, each of length T are processed. The sets may have some overlap so that a lesser number of samples is required. However, the number of samples required can be simply computed from these parameters. If the required number of samples has not been taken, the sampling process continues.
Once sufficient samples have been taken, the process proceeds to step 322. At step 322, an adjustment is made for any DC offset error introduced in the conversion process. The offset is determined by averaging the samples in the time domain. Any non-zero value represents an offset. This offset is subtracted from all the sample values. A separate offset is computed and used for the current and voltage samples made by ADC 222.
At step 324, the time domain samples are windowed. Windowing is a known technique in digital signal processing in which the time domain samples is multiplied by another function to compensate for the fact that a finite length set of samples is being processed as if it were an infinite signal. The windowing is applied to each sub-record separately.
At step 326, a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is performed on each subrecord for each of the sampled signals. These calculations give the values of Xi (w,T) and Yi (w,T) needed to calculate the power spectra in Equations 6 and 7.
At step 328, the power spectra are computed as in Equation 6 and 7. The impedance is then computed as in equation 3. The computed impedance is a set of complex values, one for each frequency.
At step 330, the phase of the impedance is corrected based on the phase correction measured at step 314. The phase correction is made by subtracting the appropriate phase from each computed impedance value.
At step 332, the coherence is computed. The power spectrum of the input and the cross power spectrum computed at step 328 are used. This step requires the additional computation of the power spectrum of the output signal. Once the power spectra are computed, the coherence is computed according to Equation 9. If the coherence function is below a specified threshold, the measurements might be taken again in the hopes of getting a more reliable computation. That threshold should be above 0.75. In a preferred embodiment, the threshold should be above 0.9. In the presently preferred embodiment, that threshold will be about 0.95. In the second pass, the number of sub records might be increased or other steps might be taken to minimize the effects of noise. If repeating the measurement does not increase the coherence, other problems might be indicated.
At step 334, the computed impedance is provided as an output to TSC 118. FIG. 4 is a plot depicting the magnitude of the impedance function. Providing the impedance function allows a person to analyze how many load coils are present on the line being tested. In particular, FIG. 4 shows three peaks 410, 412, and 414 in the magnitude portion of the impedance function. These peaks indicate that three load coils are present on the line being tested. Of course, the counting of peaks could be automated by a program running on microprocessor circuitry 214, which would make step 334 unnecessary. On the other hand, the information on the impedance of the line might be used for other diagnostic functions and might therefore be desirable even if not needed for load coil detection.
At step 336, a check is made whether the computed impedance values indicate the presence of load coils on the tested line. This check might be performed either in TSC 118 or within microprocessor circuitry 214. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the 410, 412 and 414 peaks in the magnitude of the impedance function each indicate a load coil on the line. However, load coils might also be detected by analyzing the phase of the impedance function. Equation 11 defines how the phase of the impedance may be determined. Changes in the sign of the phase indicate a load coil.
Load coils might be detected by analyzing either the phase or the magnitude of the impedance function. For greater confidence in the result, both the magnitude and the phase portions of the impedance function could be analyzed. The results from both should be consistent. If they are not, the measurements might be repeated. Alternatively, inconsistency between the phase and frequency determinations of load coils might signal a problem elsewhere on the line or with the measurement equipment that would require the intervention of a technician. Once one subscriber loop is tested, further subscriber loops can be tested. To test another line, commands are sent to switch 114 to connect the next line to the TIP and RING lines from measurement unit 116. Then, the process of FIG. 3B picks up at step 318. The process can be repeated until all desired lines are tested. The same waveform data can be used for all tests.
Having described one embodiment, numerous alternative embodiments or variations might be made. For example, current amplifiers 224 and voltage amplifier 226 are optional components.
A dual input ADC circuit is shown. Separate analog to digital converters could be used, though it is preferable that the two analog to digital converters be synchronized.
It was described that samples were stored and then processed. It will be appreciated that some digital signal processing hardware can process samples as they are being taken and the need to store the samples might be eliminated. Alternatively, the samples might be processed in a pipelined fashion such that processing starts once a portion of the data is collected.
Also, FIG. 2 shows the portion of measurement unit 116 that is used for load coil detection. In a preferred embodiment, measurement unit 116 contains test and measurement hardware and software to perform many other test functions. In fact, it is contemplated that the components shown in FIG. 2 will be used for other diagnostic functions, such as checking for short circuits or breaks in the lines. Line characterization is a function that is performed when a technician enters a command at technical service center 118. In this way, line characterization can be achieved at a very low cost because it employs test equipment that would otherwise be present in a telephone network.
Of course, it is not necessary that the hardware and software needed for line characterization be incorporated into an existing test unit. It could alternatively be implemented as a separate test device that might be connected to telephone lines only when needed to characterize the line.
Moreover, it was described that spectra were computed using the FFT. While the FFT is a widely used frequency transform technique, other frequency transform techniques might be used.
In addition, it was described that the computations are designed to measure the impedance of the line. It will be appreciated that the admittance is the reciprocal of the impedance and provides the same information in a different format such that either admittance or impedance might be used interchangeably.
Also, it was described that the invention is used for characterizing subscriber loop lines. It could be used for checking for load coils on other types of lines. It also might be useful for measuring impedance for purposes other than checking for load coils.
Therefore, the invention should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
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|Dec 22, 1981
|Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated
|Testing loaded transmission lines
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|Dec 4, 1984
|Gte Automatic Electric Inc.
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|Nov 23, 1984
|Oct 28, 1986
|Itt Corporation
|Method and apparatus to determine whether a subscriber line is loaded or non-loaded
|Apr 27, 1993
|Jan 31, 1995
|Harris Corporation
|Digital impedance determination using peak detection of current and voltage samplers
|Mar 3, 1993
|Apr 4, 1995
|Northern Telecom Limited
|Digital measurement of amplitude and phase of a sinusoidal signal and detection of load coil based on said measurement
|Jan 13, 1994
|Nov 7, 1995
|Teledata Communication Ltd.
|Subscriber line impedance measurement device and method
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|Apr 29, 1997
|Northern Telecom Limited
|Method of predicting voltages in telephone line measurement
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|Audio Precision, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for communicating auxiliary information in a measurement signal
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 28, 1999
|Aug 29, 2000
|Paradyne Corporation
|Method and apparatus for automatically detecting and measuring distortion in a DSL system
|Jan 3, 1997
|Nov 7, 2000
|Communications Technology Corporation
|Apparatus and method for line pair testing and fault diagnostics
|Feb 12, 1998
|Feb 6, 2001
|Intervoice Limited Partnership
|Line impedance matching using dynamically generated transfer functions
|Jun 12, 1998
|May 1, 2001
|Legerity Inc.
|Method and apparatus for power regulation of digital data transmission
|Sep 7, 1999
|Jul 17, 2001
|Tempo Research Corporation
|Apparatus and method for characterizing the loading pattern of a telecommunications transmission line
|Sep 3, 1999
|Jul 24, 2001
|Nortel Networks Limited
|Single-ended subscriber loop qualification for xDSL service
|May 29, 1998
|Sep 18, 2001
|Verizon Laboratories Inc.
|Method and apparatus for digital subscriber loop qualification
|Dec 18, 1998
|Jan 29, 2002
|Thomson Licensing S.A.
|High impedance absolute telephone line voltage measurement circuit
|Dec 22, 1998
|Feb 19, 2002
|Lucent Technologies, Inc.
|Method to pre-qualify copper loops for ADSL service
|Apr 2, 1999
|May 7, 2002
|Teradyne, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for qualifying loops for data services
|Oct 30, 1998
|Jul 23, 2002
|Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
|Apparatus and method for calibrating a home networking station receiving network signals on a telephone line medium
|Dec 9, 1999
|Oct 15, 2002
|Harris Corporation
|Detection of bridged taps by frequency domain reflectometry
|Feb 23, 2001
|Jun 3, 2003
|Tollgrade Communications, Inc.
|Apparatus and method for detecting a bridged tap and/or an end-of-line of a conventional telephone line using delay-line time-domain reflectometry
|Jan 12, 2001
|Oct 7, 2003
|Adtran, Inc.
|System and method for transmitting data over loaded and unloaded twisted pairs
|Aug 29, 2001
|Dec 2, 2003
|Pacesetter, Inc.
|Implantable cardiac device having an impedance monitoring circuit and method
|May 9, 2001
|Dec 23, 2003
|Centillium Communications, Inc.
|Single ended line probing in DSL system
|Jan 19, 2001
|Dec 30, 2003
|Truecomm, Inc.
|Telecommunications line test method
|Jan 9, 2002
|Jun 1, 2004
|Harris Corporation
|Detection of bridge taps by frequency domain reflectometry-based signal processing with precursor signal conditioning
|Nov 6, 2000
|Jul 13, 2004
|Communications Technology Corp.
|Apparatus and method for line pair testing and fault diagnostics
|Mar 25, 2002
|Oct 5, 2004
|Centillium Communications, Inc.
|Single ended line probing in DSL system using transformerless hybrid
|Feb 1, 2002
|Nov 9, 2004
|Harris Corporation
|Single ended loop loss measurement by frequency domain reflectometry-based signal processing
|Apr 2, 2002
|Apr 5, 2005
|Centillium Communications, Inc.
|Single ended line probing in DSL system
|Apr 20, 1999
|May 17, 2005
|Teradyne, Inc.
|Predicting performance of telephone lines for data services
|Feb 1, 2002
|Jul 5, 2005
|Telcordia Technologies, Inc.
|Determining the composition of subscriber loops from frequency domain measurements
|Sep 15, 2003
|Oct 25, 2005
|Spirent Communications Of Rockville, Inc.
|System and method for locating and determining discontinuities and estimating loop loss in a communications medium using frequency domain correlation
|Jun 23, 2000
|Mar 14, 2006
|Teradyne, Inc.
|Qualifying telephone lines for data transmission
|Oct 19, 2001
|May 9, 2006
|Teradyne, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for bridged tap impact analysis
|Dec 6, 2004
|Jul 4, 2006
|Teradyne, Inc.
|Technique for estimation of a subscriber line insertion loss
|Dec 4, 2000
|Oct 3, 2006
|Acterna, L.L.C.
|System and method for single-ended line analysis for qualification and mapping
|Nov 16, 1999
|Jan 2, 2007
|Silicon Laboratories, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for monitoring subscriber loop interface circuitry power dissipation
|Feb 18, 2005
|Aug 28, 2007
|Teradyne, Inc.
|Predicting performance of telephone lines for data services
|Sep 26, 2003
|Jun 10, 2008
|Tollgrade Communications, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for identifying faults in a broadband network
|Mar 7, 2006
|Jul 1, 2008
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
|Load coil detection and localization
|Jan 14, 2005
|Dec 2, 2008
|Conexant Systems, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for single end loop testing for DSL provisioning and maintenance
|Jul 16, 2001
|May 5, 2009
|Tollgrade Communications, Inc.
|Method of performing insertion loss estimation
|Mar 26, 2007
|Aug 17, 2010
|Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
|Method and device for detecting inductive elements in a communication line
|Jul 18, 2006
|Jan 24, 2012
|Lantiq Deutschland Gmbh
|Method and apparatus for line testing
|Mar 15, 2011
|Nov 4, 2014
|Yokogawa Electric Corporation
|AC impedance measuring device
|Jan 16, 2014
|Dec 23, 2014
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Method and system for determining a number of load coils in a transmission line
|Jul 18, 2006
|May 5, 2015
|Lantiq Deutschland Gmbh
|Method and apparatus for line testing
|Oct 31, 2006
|Dec 29, 2015
|Lantiq Deutschland Gmbh
|Method and apparatus for line testing
|Dec 4, 2000
|Jun 6, 2002
|Smith David R.
|System and method for single-ended line analysis for qualification and mapping
|Dec 29, 2000
|Sep 5, 2002
|Nortel Networks Limited
|Method and system for qualifying subscriber loops for xDSL service
|Feb 1, 2002
|Oct 10, 2002
|Peoples John T.
|Determining the composition of subscriber loops from frequency domain measurements
|Apr 2, 2002
|Nov 21, 2002
|Farrokh Rashid-Farrokhi
|Single ended line probing in DSL system
|Dec 17, 2001
|Jun 19, 2003
|Gin Liu
|Communications channel performance determination for high-speed access
|Jan 8, 2003
|Aug 7, 2003
|Jalil Kamali
|Single ended line probing in DSL system using combined FDR-TDR approach
|Oct 19, 2001
|Feb 12, 2004
|Bauer Frank R.
|Method and apparatus for bridged tap impact analysis
|Oct 2, 2003
|Apr 1, 2004
|Jalil Kamali
|Single ended line probing in DSL system
|Jul 16, 2001
|Jun 17, 2004
|Roger Faulkner
|Method of performing insertion loss estimation
|Jan 28, 2004
|Oct 21, 2004
|Heinrich Schenk
|Method and switching arrangement for the identification of pupin coils
|Sep 15, 2003
|Mar 17, 2005
|Bailey George R.
|System and method for locating and determining discontinuities and estimating loop loss in a communications medium using frequency domain
|Sep 26, 2003
|Mar 31, 2005
|Teradyne, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for identifying faults in a broadband network
|Dec 6, 2004
|May 5, 2005
|Teradyne, Inc.
|Technique for estimation of a subscriber line insertion loss
|Feb 18, 2005
|Jun 23, 2005
|Teradyne, Inc.
|Predicting performance of telephone lines for data services
|Jan 14, 2005
|Jul 28, 2005
|Feng Ouyang
|Method and apparatus for single end loop testing for DSL provisioning and maintenance
|Mar 7, 2006
|Jun 21, 2007
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
|Load coil detection and localization
|Mar 26, 2007
|Sep 6, 2007
|Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
|Method and device for detecting inductive elements in a communication line
|Jul 18, 2006
|Jan 24, 2008
|Gerhard Noessing
|Method and apparatus for line testing
|Jul 18, 2006
|Jan 31, 2008
|Gerhard Noessing
|Method and apparatus for line testing
|Oct 31, 2006
|May 1, 2008
|Gerhard Noessing
|Method and apparatus for line testing
|Apr 6, 2010
|Dec 9, 2010
|Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc.
|System for Cardiac Pathology Detection and Characterization
|Mar 15, 2011
|Sep 22, 2011
|Yokogawa Electric Corporation
|Ac impedance measuring device
|May 8, 2002
|Jun 10, 2009
|Single ended line probing in DSL system
|Apr 18, 2000
|Feb 27, 2002
|Sunrise Telecom, Inc.
|Detection of bridge tap using frequency domain analysis
|Apr 18, 2000
|Aug 13, 2008
|Sunrise Telecom Inc
|Detection of bridge tap using frequency domain analysis
|Apr 18, 2000
|Oct 26, 2000
|Sunrise Telecom, Inc.
|Detection of bridge tap using frequency domain analysis
|Feb 14, 2002
|Sep 6, 2002
|Tollgrade Communications, Inc.
|Detecting a bridge tap or end-of-line of a telephone line using time-domain reflectometry
|Feb 14, 2002
|Mar 13, 2003
|Tollgrade Communications Inc
|Detecting a bridge tap or end-of-line of a telephone line using time-domain reflectometry
|May 8, 2002
|Nov 14, 2002
|Centillium Comminications, Inc.
|Single ended line probing in dsl system
|Jan 9, 2003
|Jul 24, 2003
|Harris Corporation
|Detecting bridged taps by frequency domain reflectrometry-based
|Jan 30, 2003
|Aug 14, 2003
|Harris Corporation
|Signal ended lopp loss measurement by frequency domain reflectometry-based signal processing
|Feb 13, 2003
|Aug 28, 2003
|Centillium Communications, Inc.
|Single ended line probing in dsl system using combined fdr-tdr approach
|May 21, 2003
|Dec 24, 2003
|Infineon Technologies Ag
|Method and circuit arrangement for recognising load coils
|U.S. Classification
|379/27.08, 324/527, 379/29.03, 379/30, 324/713, 379/24
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 18, 1997
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Check Out These Wonderful Before and After Deadpool Visual Effects Images
The FX Guide has a fascinating breakdown of what director Tim Miller and his team did to make the Merc with the Mouth come to life on the big screen.
The FX Guide has a fascinating breakdown of what director Tim Miller and his team did to make the Merc with the Mouth come to life on the big screen.
A quite astonishingly well-stocked film and TV auction is set to take place in the UK this September, offering for sale such one-off pieces as Leonard Nimoy's Spock costume, Christopher Reeves' Superman cape and the actual layer of prosthetic skin applied to poor old unmasked Vader in Return of the Jedi. Read more >>
Hard to believe that the green stick will be magically transformed into a killer dragon before it hits our screens.
Just like Boardwalk Empire, The Walking Dead is a fake good show. All the style and swagger, none of the substance. It had its moment during season one but this season has been a snoozefest filled with yawns, farms and not enough walkers. But you know what's still great? The special effects.
I watched Boardwalk Empire but it's not a great show. It's only fake-great. It wears the clothes, has the style and carries the swagger of a good show but it doesn't hold a candle to the old HBO greats. But you know what is great about Boardwalk Empire? The special effects. I had no idea. Watch the magic.
It's a modern filmmaking technique that's been used in big-budget Hollywood features for years now, but a Harvard comp-sci student has developed software that does digital face replacements without the need for a skilled effects artist, reducing its cost.


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SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH) is an on-going, multi-center study containing the largest and most ethnically diverse population of youth with diabetes ever studied in the US. In response to RFA-DP10-001, Component B, the SEARCH Cohort Study will utilize this unique resource by continuing the study of selected SEARCH participants to address the following Aims: 1) assess the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for selected markers of chronic microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy, and autonomic neuropathy) and macrovascular complications (hypertension, arterial stiffness) of diabetes;2) assess the incidence and risk factors for acute complications of diabetes including serious hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis;3) conduct surveillance of mortality;and 4) determine the degree to which barriers of care, quality of care, and transition to adult care impact diabetes-related health outcomes including quality of life. Overlaid across these Aims, we will focus on the impact of race/ethnicity and other socio-cultural factors, and biochemical dimensions of diabetes type, on diabetes-related health outcomes. The SEARCH Cohort Study will conduct an in-person research study visit on SEARCH participants incident in 2002 or later, with duration of diabetes >5 years and with baseline data completed (expected n=3699). During this study medical history, anthropometric, biochemical, physiologic, and survey data will be collected and analyzed. In collaboration with the other SEARCH clinical centers, the Ohio site will collect the data described in this proposal from all eligible cases. We expect approximately 646 Ohio subjects will be eligible to participate. For Incident 2002-2005 cases, 85% of the Ohio participants have returned for at least one follow-up visit, which is the highest study-wide response rate. The Ohio team also has the highest rate for completeness of laboratory core samples. For Incident 2006 cases, Ohio had 99% completeness, and 100% completeness for Incident 2008 cases. In this proposal the Ohio site will employ the same approach and techniques used in SEARCH 1 and 2 to maintain high subject retention rates. Thus, the Ohio site has a very high likelihood of meeting the recruitment goals in this proposal contributing significantly to the success of the SEARCH Cohort Study. This study will exploit the size and ethnic diversity of the study population to identify differences in both processes of care and health outcomes by traditional, clinical diabetes type;by the major race/ethnic groups in the US;and by employing a novel approach to segregate traditional clinical diabetes types by pathophysiologic dimensions. Thus, the SEARCH cohort study has a high likelihood of making a significant impact on the clinical care of youth with diabetes from all the major ethnic groups in the US and on national public health policy.
The SEARCH Cohort Study will provide important, new information regarding the frequency of acute and chronic complications of diabetes and the degree to which barriers to health care, the type and quality of health care, and moving from a pediatric to adult health care provider impact diabetes-related health outcomes. Since these data will be collected in the largest, most ethnically diverse population of youth with diabetes that is also representative of the ethnic diversity of the US, the SEARCH Cohort Study has a high likelihood of making a significant impact on the clinical care of youth with diabetes from all the major ethnic groups in the US and on national public health policy.
|Badaru, Angela; Klingensmith, Georgeanna J; Dabelea, Dana et al. (2014) Correlates of treatment patterns among youth with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 37:64-72
|Jaacks, Lindsay M; Crandell, Jamie; Liese, Angela D et al. (2014) No association of dietary fiber intake with inflammation or arterial stiffness in youth with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 28:305-10
|Crume, T L; Crandell, J; Norris, J M et al. (2014) Timing of complementary food introduction and age at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH nutrition ancillary study (SNAS). Eur J Clin Nutr 68:1258-60
|Naughton, Michelle J; Yi-Frazier, Joyce P; Morgan, Timothy M et al. (2014) Longitudinal associations between sex, diabetes self-care, and health-related quality of life among youth with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr 164:1376-83.e1
|Valenzuela, Jessica M; Seid, Michael; Waitzfelder, Beth et al. (2014) Prevalence of and disparities in barriers to care experienced by youth with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr 164:1369-75.e1
|Jaacks, Lindsay M; Bell, Ronny A; Dabelea, Dana et al. (2014) Diabetes self-management education patterns in a US population-based cohort of youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Educ 40:29-39
|Dabelea, Dana; Mayer-Davis, Elizabeth J; Saydah, Sharon et al. (2014) Prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from 2001 to 2009. JAMA 311:1778-86
|Valenzuela, Jessica M; Smith, Laura B; Stafford, Jeanette M et al. (2014) Shared decision-making among caregivers and health care providers of youth with type 1 diabetes. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 21:234-43
|The, N S; Crandell, J L; Lawrence, J M et al. (2013) VitaminýýD in youth with Typeýý1 diabetes: prevalence of insufficiency and association with insulin resistance in the SEARCH Nutrition Ancillary Study. Diabet Med 30:1324-32
|Shankar, Roopa Kanakatti; Ellard, Sian; Standiford, Debra et al. (2013) Digenic heterozygous HNF1A and HNF4A mutations in two siblings with childhood-onset diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 14:535-8
Showing the most recent 10 out of 23 publications


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- Home
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Monthly archive
November, 2015
The Joliet J-Hawks took a surprise exit from the Southern 4B District volleyball tournament last week when they were knocked-out by the Shepherd Fillies. Had they got past this obstacle the J-Hawks would have won one of the three berths to Divisionals in Huntley. The Red Lodge Rams finished 2nd in the tournament after being defeated by Huntley...
Fred Parker maybe approaching 94-years-old this Thanksgiving Day but his mind, attitude and humor belies this fact. It is not for nothing that Parker, who lives in Roberts, keeps his body and soul together each and everyday, for he fought and suffered through one of the planet's worst tragedies, World War II. American and fiercely loyal to...
Unofficial election results Bearcreek Mayor Jennifer Jessen 15 Jim Moore 31 Council Harold Jenkins 29 Linda Sommerville 21 Debbie Duncan Surwill 29 Belfry Water and Sewer Trustee Randy Black 45 Edward Christman 51 Samuel Krum 42 Kenneth Palmer 33 Bridger Mayor Scott DeRudder 134 Council George (Butch) Wilm 125 (Write Ins) Desiree Frietas 3 Kirt...
October, 2015
Pedro Juan Rodriguez passed away, peacefully, in his sleep Monday morning Oct. 19, 2015. He was born Dec. 26, 1963, in Billings, to Cecilia (Sally) and Refugio (Henry) Rodriguez. He was raised and attended school in the Laurel, Joliet and Silesia area. He was a spectacular human being. He had style, charisma, an infectious laugh and a magnetic...
Members of the Red Lodge City Council Maryvette Labrie, Martha Brown and Corey Thompson tested out the validity of the Department of Transportation's (MDOT) claims that the new ADA corners where not causing people to fall but that the amount of street furniture was the reason. To attempt this experiment the three women closed their eyes,...
The Roberts cross-country program, still in its infancy, came through at the Class C state tournament in Great Falls last weekend to finish 3rd. Roberts took third with their top 3 times coming to 52:40.32. State champs Richey-Lambert scored 51:18.64. Coach Jené Reinhardt believes it is nearly 20 years since the Roberts school excelled in...
With the Nov. 3 around the corner the biggest race by far in this municipal election season is for the Red Lodge mayoral position. Two candidates are vying for the role to carry Red Lodge forward for another two years. They are incumbent Ed Williams and candidate Bill Temple. Both candidates have outlined their plans and beliefs in recent...
Heading into their final stretch, the Roberts Boy's Cross Country team is excited with the news that they have the second best running times in Montana for the Class C Division according to website: athletic.net. The six-member team is a young team consisting of one junior—Max Romero, three sophomores-- Allexander Kosel, Gus...
Bridger came from behind against Grass Range Winnett with the narrowest of wins 42-41 and did it with the narrowest of time left. Colter Zentner's tied the game with 32 seconds left on the clock before throwing the 2-point winner to Coby Zentner. The Scouts took the first quarter 16-7 with two Austin Riddle touchdowns, totaling 135 yards....


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Homebuilder DR Horton (NYSE:DHI) has a significant competitive advantage over its smaller rivals, as the company has capital available for financing home construction, where its smaller rivals are largely dependent upon banks, which are still reluctant to give out loans at this point. The large/small financing issue as noted by DR Horton in its Q3 2012 earnings call held on July 27, 2012 was largely in agreement with Home Depot's (NYSE:HD) assessment of the situation as discussed in this article.
DR Horton is the largest U.S. based homebuilder for the 10th consecutive year and reported net sales order growth of 25% year-over-year and 3% sequentially. The company reported its average sales price increased by 5% year-over-year and 2.5% sequentially.
The company forecast stronger closing and pretax profit in Q4 for both sequential and year-over-year. DR Horton considers itself as being in its best position as compared to the last 29 years, which is a pretty strong statement, but is understandable with the carnage in the rear-view mirror.
DR Horton's stock price has gone ballistic over the last 10 months or so as shown below:
The company's stock price recently peaked around $19 and has pulled back to around the $17 range.
With the company's earnings report in the rear-view mirror, housing market in an apparent recovery and the company's strong competitive advantage, a bullish position is considered for the company. A bullish position to consider is a bull-put credit spread. A bull-put credit spread can be entered by selling on put option and purchasing a second put option further out-of-the-money.
Using PowerOptions tools a number of potential bull-put credit spread positions are available as shown below:
The 2012 Sep 13/15 bull-put credit spread is attractive, as it has a potential return of 9.9% (78.5% annualized) and a 14.2% separation between the underlying and the strike price of the short put option. The 2012 Sep 12/14 bull-put credit has a potential return of 4.2% which is kind of on fringe/low side for consideration. The 2012 Sep 14/16 has a nice potential return of 17.6% (140% annualized), but the separation between the underlying and the strike price for the short put option is 8.5% which is worthy of consideration, but might require a little too much management for me.
To enter the 2012 Sep 13/15 bull-put credit spread, the 2012 Sep 15 put option is sold for $0.24 and the 2012 Sep 13 put option is purchased for $0.06.
Bull-Put Credit Spread Trade
- Sell DHI 2012 Sep 15 Put at $0.24
- Buy DHI 2012 Sep 13 Put at $0.06
A profit/loss graph for one contract of the DR Horton bull-put credit spread is shown below:
If the price of the stock is greater than the $15 strike price of the short put option at expiration in September of 2012, the position will be fully profitable. If the price of the stock is less than the $13 strike price of the long put option at expiration in September of 2012, the position will result in a total loss of capital, however, the position should be managed prior to experiencing a complete loss.
A management point of $16 is set for the position. If the price of the stock drops below $16, the position should be managed for an exit or a roll.
Disclosure: I have no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours.


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Fancypants researchers cracked possibly the greatest mystery of all time: how to make the front page of Reddit.
According to The Verge, Stanford University researchers Himabindu Lakkaraju, Julian McAuley, and Jure Leskovec recently analyzed over 16,700 Reddit picture submissions over a period of several months. Their goal was to determine what made frontpage Reddit content so popular on the site.
After all was said and done, the team revealed its exhaustive scientific findings:
"It depends," the researchers said.
It was also discovered that "Good content 'speaks for itself' and may become popular regardless of title." Like this dude peeing on lava. Or the math teacher who gave Reddit his debut album.
OK, so while the most obvious answers may not be what we were looking for, the research team's results were not totally in vain. Rather, they did denote certain commonalities among content posted to Reddit:
- High-scoring content is generally posted at 8AM or noon UTC. Content posted at 4AM UTC tends to score the lowest.
- Content becomes less popular the more times it is submitted. Did you hear that, chronic reposters? Even Stanford proves that you're horrible.
- Content tends to score higher in such subreddits as r/gifs, r/pics, and r/gaming when its titles are similar—but not identical—to the titles of other submissions.
- High-scoring phrases include "God bless whoever makes these" and "'MURICA!" Low-scoring phrases included "No title needed."
Some redditors discussed the results, and offered their own findings, in a post about the study on r/inthenews.
"There's no math, it's just cats," real_is_better said.
"The abstract notes a strong correlation between tits and upvotes," Augustus_Trollus_III said.
Soon, maybe Harvard University will conclude what, exactly, is in that goddamn locked safe.
H/T The Verge | Photo by Rhoda Baer (remix by Jason Reed)


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If you know much about your credit score or history you will more than likely know which of the following categories you fit into. Lenders tend to view the 5 categories as mentioned:
This is a category of very low risk customers. The vast majority of them will have little to no issue with repaying credit. High levels of credit in the past and currently with no issues repaying them would be likely to give customers in this group an excellent credit rating as well as being on the electoral roll.
A Good credit rating gives lenders little reason to believe you would be a risk to lend to. Customers within this category are likely to have settled finance agreements as well as some current agreements which are running without missed payments.
A small proportion of people in this group may have missed payments or will have little traceable past history of borrowing. If you're young, not on the electoral roll or have few past credit accounts you are likely to be in the category.
This group would suggest you have issues repaying credit or the vast majority of people in this group have defaulted or missed payments in the past.
A bad credit score means that you will likely pay a high rate but can still get approved for a loan. Lenders would view this kind of credit rating as high risk but may consider lending to them on a certain tier of interest.
Offering you impartial advice to ensure we search the market for the best deal on your next car loan.
We can help you no matter what your financial circumstances or your requirements; whether you have an excellent credit history, you are self employed, or you need bad car credit finance. If you who have a less than perfect credit history, are self employed, or have been refused car credit previously, we can match your requirements to a lender who specialises in self employed car finance and car finance with bad credit.
Using our car finance calculator allows you to quickly and easily predict your monthly payments, finance rate and interest paid, no matter whether you have an excellent, fair or poor credit history. This means you can feel comfortable that the amount you want to pay for your new car is affordable to you. If not, simply change the amount you want to borrow to bring your estimated monthly payments to an amount you feel happy with.
We have long standing relationships with many well known, reputable lenders; meaning we can access some great deals on your behalf.


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The mind is everything Womens Hoodie
The mind is everything, What you think is what you become. This is an inspirational and motivational quote
We print all Hoodies using the latest DTG print technology and highest quality inks to ensure a superior print quality and a lasting finish. The double fabric hood with self-coloured drawcord and a front kangaroo pouch pocket makes this Hoodie just perfect.
Shipping is £3.99 globally on orders less than £30. Shipping is FREE for all orders over £30. Orders are delivered within 5-7 business days. If you have a query about delivery for a product which you have already ordered, please contact us.
If you don't absolutely love it, we'll take it back!
If you're not happy with your order, please contact us as soon as possible. In all cases we'll ask you to provide photographs of the item, including a close up of any tags/labels. To help us respond to you quickly, please include the order number in your message to us.
We have a money-back satisfaction guarantee, so whatever the problem, we're happy to work with you to fix it.
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Doctor Wraps WA
149 Wilding Street, DOUBLEVIEW 6018 WA
For the best anti-cellulite, draining, toning and slimming body wraps in Perth, look no further than Doctor Wraps slimming solutions. Doctor Wraps are an effective, pain free, needle free, bandage…Book Appointment
Reflection Salon
1 196 Main Street, OSBORNE PARK 6017 WA
Treat yourself to a great experience at Reflection Salon, located in Osborne Park, WA. The staff here are excited to help you feel your best, offering a variety of services.…Book Appointment
My Reiki Room
52B Grindleford Drive, BALCATTA 6021 WA
At The Reiki Room we specialize in women, and in working with the terminally ill and their families. Highly effective for Stress Anxiety, Depression, Pain Relief , Headaches Migraines, Sleeping…Book Appointment
The Perfect Barber Shop Mt Hawthorn
417 Green Street, MOUNT HAWTHORN 6016 WA
For the perfect barber shop experience, head down to the Perfect Barber Shop in Mt Hawthorn. Fades, blowouts, caesars, razorsharps and more, these guys will tailor to your needs. Founder…Book Appointment
The Perfect Hair Studio
5 17 Green Street, MOUNT HAWTHORN 6016 WA
The Perfect Hair Studio in Mount Hawthorn is truly perfect. Braids, dreads, hair extensions, wigs and cornrows, they're perfect at all of them. And they even supply the products you…Book Appointment


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Caven's Trapping Bait Salmon Oil
Article # 54403
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Product Description
Caven's Trapping Bait Salmon Oil
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Not sure if any of you saw these, but this is some pretty awesome artwork for Kid Icarus.
Edited on by Sylverstone
SK+SE on YT | Sylverstone Khandr + Sylver's Edge: The Portfolio | SK+SE on Twitch | Sylverloggery
"I always try to create new experiences that are fun to play." - Shigeru Miyamoto
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|Scholarships Available for Women with Entrepreneurial Aspirations
|Written by Shane D. Williams
|Thursday, 04 February 2010 00:00
On Thursday, January 28, the Embassy of Mexico hosted the presentation of the Goldman Sachs 10,000 Women Business Training Program. The Public Relations Officer for the Mexican Embassy, Marcellino Miranda, said that the program will provide scholarships for business studies to 100 women from Mexico and Central America. The purpose of the program is to develop and strengthen the entrepreneur abilities and potential of women around the world. A press release from the Embassy of Mexico states: "This training will empower women to generate a positive impact in their communities."
According to Miranda, "The Tecnologico de Monterrey, one of the most prestigious universities in Mexico and Latin America, joined the initiative of Goldman Sachs in Latin America and the Caribbean." The 10,000 Women Business Training Program seeks to support business ideas and established businesses owned by women.
There are two different online options in the program for women in Central America. There is the training certification program and the business incubator services. The Online Certification Program in Spanish will enable the candidates to choose from a selected variety of leadership and entrepreneurial courses. The Business Incubator Online in English or Spanish by the Tecnologico de Monterrey will provide support and individual follow-up on women's entrepreneurial projects through a wide range of services which include specialized consultancy, tutoring and business networking among others.
The presentation of the program to Belize was headed by the Ambassador of Mexico to Belize, Luis Manuel Lopez- Moreno. Miranda says that the Embassy is encouraging as many Belizean women as possible to apply for the scholarships. Anyone interested in applying for the scholarships can seek assistance at the Mexican Embassy by calling Ms. Esther Montalvo at 822-0406 or 822-2480 or visit http://ide.itesm.mx/10000women.php or call. Officials at the Embassy will assist interested individuals in the application process and help to fulfill all requirements.
Representatives of the Belize Family Life Association (BFLA), the National Committee for Families and Children, the National Women's Commission, PAHO, WIN Belize, YMCA and the Women's Department attended the opening of the program.


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Sorry! The position you're looking for is no longer available. Check out other Retail internships in Boston, MA below.
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Summer 2017 Internship - Housing & Community Investment
Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston — Boston, MA
February 12 2017
The Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston is committed to making New England a better place to live and do business, and our employees are integral to our success. As a cooperative, we are owned by more th…
Application Deadline: 5/1/2017
Part time Paid
Spring 2017 Editorial Internship (Paid): BostInno
Streetwise Media — Boston, MA
January 05 2017
BostInno is seeking editorial interns for Spring 2017. BostInno covers the innovation economy in Boston, and is part of Streetwise Media, which publishes similar outlets in three other cities: Austin,…
Application Deadline: Available Year-round
Part time Paid
Social Media Marketing
Boston Smoke Shop — Boston, MA
December 12 2016
We are a rapidly expanding retail chain, specializing in smoking equipment and accessories. We are looking for an energetic individual, with social media skills, to help increase our traffic through s…
Application Deadline: Available Year-round
Part time
Machine-learning eco-friendly digital billboard
Cuaround, LLC — Boston, MA
November 17 2016
The difficulty with passive viewership at the pedestrian level of operation however is it does not guarantee a necessarily high degree of return regarding populace to product purchase as it relies on …
Application Deadline: Available Year-round
Full time
Operations/Marketing Internship
Higherme — Boston, MA
September 22 2016
Are you looking to disrupt a stagnant industry with some cool technology? Want to work with some A-players who have real experience building a multi-million dollar business? Are you a crazy hard worke…
Application Deadline: Available Year-round
Full time Paid
Social Media Internship at ENERGYbits - Sports Nutrition Startup in Boston
ENERGYbits, Inc. — Boston, MA
March 05 2016
ENERGYbits Inc. is a rapidly growing sports nutrition startup that sells high performance, high protein algae tabs online and in running/sporting goods retail stores (www.energybits.com). Our customer…
Application Deadline: Available Year-round
Part time
Acosta — Boston, MA
March 04 2016
As a Merchandiser you will be responsible for stocking the shelves of your assigned grocery store(s), checking inventory and updating stock totals. Your day to day tasks are mainly stocking: pulling p…
Application Deadline: Available Year-round
Part time Paid
Internet Marketing Intern
Zweave, Inc. — Boston, MA
January 12 2016
We are a Boston, MA based company that reselsl a number of software products and management consulting services in the Fashion, Retail, Apparel, and Consumer Products design market. We use a proven st…
Application Deadline: Available Year-round
Part time
Instacart Personal Shopper
Instacart — Boston, MA
October 27 2015
Instacart is a startup that delivers groceries from your favorite stores in an hour. Were hiring grocery shoppers and drivers in Boston! Shoppers work in our partner stores to pick our customers groce…
Application Deadline: Available Year-round
Part time Paid
Brand Ambassador
Tessemae's All Natural — Boston, MA
September 14 2015
Tessemae's All Natural is a hand-made salad dressing and marinade company located outside of Baltimore, MD. Tessemae's is real simple sugar-free, gluten-free, paleo and vegan! All delicious and nutrit…
Application Deadline: Available Year-round
Part time Paid


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Friday, December 29th, 2006
Welcome to Home Envy, a site that is all about making your house the best it can be. There are two ways to browse this site. You can use the side menu or the navigation strip at the top.
The side menu lets you browse by columnists. Just use the drop down box to select a columnist you want to check out. Or you can browse by… Continue reading


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Fix-it-up 80s: Meet Kate's Parents
Take a trip back to the 80's in this tubular time management adventure!
Coming Soon!
Yes! Please notify me when Fix-it-up 80s: Meet Kate's Parents launches!
Take a trip back to the 80's in this totally tubular, time management adventure! Kate visits her father and he explains how the family got its start in the auto repair biz. Play as Kate's parents, Frank and Mary, to purchase, fix, paint, rent, and sell cars in seven exciting locations. Cash in on tailoring car design to customers' needs, expand the business, hire more employees to pimp the rides and make them glow. Experience the thrill of success more than ever before in Fix-it-Up 80's: Meet Kate's Parents!
- 45 Levels and 7 Free Play levels
- 7 Unique locations
- 10 Types of cars and 6 emergency vehicles to fix
- Hire employees and train them
- Upgrades, achievements and more!
Requirements: compatible with Mac OS
G5 Entertainment are registered trademarks of G5 Entertainment AB. Mac and the Mac logo are trademarks of Apple Inc. registered in the U.S. and other countries. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners.
All Rights Reserved.


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Wego.com.sg recently found 6 hotels in Viladecans, Spain. Book last minute hotel or find great hotel deals such as Airport Barcelona Apartments for S$114 per night. Save more on cheap hotels with rates from as low as S$84 per night.
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More Videos...
Flaman Trailers - Motiv Auto Hauler
Steve Whittington showcases one of our many custom featured products, the 28' Motive Auto Hauler Redline Edition. You can also see it on our website (now called the Motiv RSX Car Hauler) here: http://www.flaman.com/trailers/Enclosed-Car-Haulers/#Motiv
What to look for in a Car Trailer
http://www.bestpricetrailers.com/for-sale/enclosed-car-trailers.aspx We recently got an email from Adam in California asking what he should look for in the construction of an enclosed car trailer. So we made this video to demonstrate some basic features of car trailers.
After FX Lamborghini being unloaded from a KC Slider enclosed trailer
This is After FX's custom Lamborghini Mercielago LP640 being unloaded from a KC Slider enclosed trailer. This shows just how easy it is to get vehicles loaded and unloaded from enclosed trailers. There is not a safer or easier way out there.
Car Trailer Complaints SOLVED by JIMGLO Trailers
http://www.jimglo.com The enclosed car trailer and the open car trailer designs have been rethought by JIMGLO. From the easy exit of the Enclosed to the simple loading/unloading of the TiltBed, we offer revolutionary ideas that make your life easier.


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Last night was all about Lisa Vanderpump on the Real Housewives of Beverly Hills reunion episode, or so it seemed for a while there. Lisa's co-stars took turns bashing her for every teeny tiny thing she's ever said or done (and not done) and now she's firing back.
Lisa took to her blog this week to defend herself (again) and vent her frustrations over being held to different standards than her cast members. "This could be the biggest game of Trivial Pursuit in history, to witness the endless trivial matters that they continue to pursue is exhausting."


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Meinl ABS Pandeiro Napa Head
- Write a Review
With roots in Medieval Europe and a strong current presence in South America, this Meinl Pandeiro has a replaceable Napa head and chrome hardware. Pl...Click To Read More About This Product
6-Month* financing available.
- Free Shipping
- Top Rated
- Lowest Price
- 45 Day Returns
- Ships Internationally
Tunable timekeeper, tambourine descendant, tone-rich jingle,
With roots in Medieval Europe and a strong current presence in South America, this Meinl Pandeiro has a replaceable Napa head and chrome hardware. Played with one hand while the other alters the pitch of the drum, the frame has countersunk bolt lugs to adjust it's tone. Solid metal jingles produce a dry and cutting sound. Meinl Pandeiros are available with different jingle and head variations.
- Replaceable Napa head
- ABS Plastic
- Reduced overtones
- Chrome plated hardware
Think of it as a tambourine for the multi-instrumentalist. Order today.
ABS Pandeiro Napa Head
- 10"
Reviewed by 2 customers
- Great Sound
Best Uses
Comments about Meinl ABS Pandeiro Napa Head:
Great for nontraditional uses. But too "tall" to mute from either above or below for anyone without huge hands. Thus not at all ideal for a samba band player.
- Durable
- Great Tones
- Looks Great
- A Little Heavy
Best Uses
- Anywhere You Want
Comments about Meinl ABS Pandeiro Napa Head:
I purchased this pandeiro specifically for the head as well as the sturdy non-wood construction. I used to have a raw hide pandeiro and the temperature fluctuations would kill any tuning I did. The napa head is a dream. Adds great low end and feels nice on the hand.
I've been taking a more modern approach to playing the instrument using it moreso as a drumset. The bass tones are incredible and both the slaps and muted tones are fantastic.
This thing does have some weight to it. Eventually if you play it enough, you will get used to it.
Ultimately I feel like this is a modern pandeiro with a modern sound. Great beginning pandeiro to help you develop the muscles and technique needed to execute certain rhythmical statements. It is also a very durable pandeiro you can really take anywhere, let loose on and not worry about breaking. Definately a workhorse. It looks sexy and sounds terrific


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Distraction Free Driving.
Discover the Ultimate Connected Car Experience.
A Safer Solution for In-Car Texting and Infotainment.
Completely Voice-Powered with "Tap & Talk" Technology.
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Minimizes visible distractions, speak naturally with easy to use tap-and-talk voice-interaction so you can play music, Tweet, talk, text, email, and update your Facebook more safely while driving.
Driver-Centric Interface
Simple and intuitive interface is designed exclusively for drivers for in-car use. Keeps drivers focused and in control when accessing communications, phone calls and entertainment while driving.
Social Network for Drivers
Share your location in real-time with your family and friends or see what they're up to.
Smart Burst Technology
The best in-car solution for texting. Enables drivers to send and receive text messages the way they would naturally talk.
Internet Radio
Access your favorite Internet radio stations naturally and quickly using easy to remember voice-tag nicknames.
Smart Music Play
Navigate and play the music stored on your phone using your voice while staying connected to all other features and services.
User Testimonials from DriveSync's Infotainment Community
"I can't say there are a lot of apps out there I actually use, but this one definitely has some merit!"−
"It is amazing how well the voice commands work. The interface only takes a few minutes to figure out!"−
"Good app. 5/5, would use again."−
"I use it daily to listen to music and to interact with friends while on the road."−
"Recognizer works great! Gets even the foreign names!"−
Distraction-Free Driving with Tap and Talk Technology
Natural and Easy-to-use Voice-powered Interaction
Send and receive text messages and email, listen to Internet radio, and interact with social networks all by voice.
Please take a second to share DriveSync Infotainment with the world,
together we can enjoy a hands-free alternative for in-car texting and infotainment.
Intuitive Driver-Centric Interface
DriveSync Infotainment's simple and intuitive interface is designed exclusively for drivers for in-car use.
You will be able to clearly navigate and see only important content on your phone's screen minimizing visible distraction, additionally you can use quick touch controls to access DriveSync connected car features as a backup to voice commands.
Make Meetups Easy with the DriveSync Infotainment Social Network for Drivers
The MyDriveSync Community lets you share your location in real-time with your family and friends or see what they're up to.
Custom permissions settings keep you in control of what you share and who you share it with.
Texting Hands-free with Smart Burst Technology
Easily share your thoughts and experiences with your connections while remaining focused on the road.
No more reaching for your phone in-order to make sense of a conversation, Smart Burst Technology intuitively reads your text messages out loud in real time and in the right natural order adding real context to your conversation.
Internet Radio at It's Best
Listen to the best internet radio stations from around the world right from your phone.
Search or browse various online radio stations or hand pick your favorite! With easy to remember voice-tag nicknames specifically designed for in-vehicle use, selecting your favorite station is now safer and quicker.
Say It to Play It, Experience Smart Music Play
Scrolling through a playlists with your hands on your phone impairs driving performance and is dangerous. With DriveSync Infotainment you can easily play music you love without ever having to take your focus off the road.
Search for any song or artist stored on your smartphone using your voice while still staying connected to all other features and services.
Additional Features Include
Experience Smart Notifications
DriveSync Infotainment's smart notifications give you the right information at the right time, and removes the distraction of always having to check to see what's new. Whether you're listening to music or composing an email, DriveSync connected car technology lets you know when you get a call, a new text, a new email, and even when your friends hit the road. It's also smart enough to know whether it should interrupt you or wait until you're finished doing something.
Everything You Need In One Single Interface
You should never need to lose focus on the road trying to access information or search for a song. Flow smoothly and seamlessly between a wide variety of DriveSync Infotainment services and features, like texts, calls, real-time notifications and music – all from within a single connected car interface.


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Dunny ›
Fashion ›
Sightings ›
Check out the massive yellow 4-foot Dunny, seen here shining bright in the new Love Links ad campaign from J. Crew.
The post J. Crew Loves Kidrobot appeared first on Kidrobot Blog.
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Made with Love in Boulder, Colorado.


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Plans to reshape its presence in and around downtown.
Youth was sleeping in the backseat of a car when it was stolen.
Vandalism to 170-year-old Green Lawn Cemetery estimated at over $1M.
Police say Rita Matthews, 62, was thrown from her vehicle.
Authorities say girl stabbed in abdomen taken to Nationwide Children's Hospital.
The state average for a gallon of regular gas was $2.02.
Internal medicine resident was refused entry to the U.S.
Total beat the previous record in 2015, which was 53.4 million.
More cuts expected in Kasich's final budget as revenues falter.
Surveyed firms employ 8,637 people in the Toledo area.


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Former Penn State players show support for Joe Paterno
STATE COLLEGE, Pa. -- The storied tradition of Penn State football has never been more questioned than it is right now.
A child sex abuse scandal has shaken the nation, and daily matters in Happy Valley are anything but ordinary. There was no practice for Joe Paterno to attend Thursday afternoon and no sense of normalcy for the program.
But the players, coaches and staff know that the football alumni group, known as the Penn State Football Letterman's Club, will show its support for the program. Immediately after news of Paterno's firing was released Wednesday night, former players took to social networking sites to express their displeasure with the situation.
STORY: Victim 1 triggered Sandusky investigation
MORE: Complete coverage for Penn State scandal
BLOG: Penn State's McQueary will not coach Saturday
Many of those letters and grievances ended up in the inbox of interim head coach, Tom Bradley.
"I've been here for 35 years, you would think I would have a lot of emails right now with the former players," Bradley said. "I do not know if you know about the Penn State players, but it is a tight knit group. It is a family group and they will be here on Saturday."
Tim Sweeney, President of the Letterman's Club, read a prepared statement to the media before practice started Thursday afternoon in the parking lot outside of the Lasch Building. His message was clear: "No one person is bigger than the program," but the legacy of Paterno is something the former players are willing to stand up for.
"It's a senior day, and all of the lettermen have been through a senior day and they realize how special it is," Sweeney said after reading the statement. "What these guys, what they're about to do on Saturday is unprecedented. It's hard, it's hard what they're going through right now."
Bradley said the current players were supposed to receive a letter from members of the Letterman's Club on Thursday, and there was a "confidential meeting" to be held with the team.
As the weekend nears those close to the program expect many of Paterno's former players to come to the game and show their support for a coach they still speak highly of.
One of those players, former NFL linebacker and Penn State alum, Brandon Short, showed up at Paterno's doorstep Thursday afternoon. Several assistant coaches, many of whom played for and were recruited by Paterno, visited with their former boss Thursday morning. It remains uncertain whether current players have planned any kind of tribute for Paterno on Saturday.
"We know he's going to be watching. He's probably going to still be yelling at the TV when he sees somebody mess up," left tackle Quinn Barham said. "It's tough. I'd like to shake his hand on Senior Day, but you can't do that."


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Income Inequality
March 19, 2016 – Inequality.org
Income includes the revenue streams from wages, salaries, interest on a savings account, dividends from shares of stock, rent, and profits from selling something for more than you paid for it. Income inequality refers to the extent to which income is distributed in an uneven manner among a population. In the United States, income inequality, or the gap between the rich and everyone else, has been growing markedly, by every major statistical measure, for some 30 years. [click to continue…]


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DROP Members
Access the Advisor Service
If you need help getting the Service set up, you can call the toll-free MyFRS Financial Guidance Line at 1-866-446-9377, Option 2, and a financial planner will assist you.
Advisor Service
As an active DROP participant, you can utilize the free online Financial Engines' Advisor Service for DROP Participants. The ADVISOR SERVICE creates a picture of your current financial situation and helps you answer the following questions:
If you utilized the Advisor Service prior to joining DROP, you will need to reenter your financial information in the Advisor Service for DROP Participants.
Financial Planning
As a DROP participant, you have free access to EY financial planners, who can answer general financial planning questions you may have. For assistance, call the toll-free MyFRS Financial Guidance Line at 1-866-446-9377, Option 2.


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Williams/Amer BY TODD LUCK THE CHRONICLE A new community center and businesses will be coming to Patterson Avenue after the Winston-Salem City Council approved a rezoning request at its Monday,
Tag "rezoning"
On Monday, May 4, Winston-Salem City Council delayed a vote on the rezoning of a daycare in East Winston. That rezoning would allow The Salvation Army to purchase the property
(Above: Photo by Erin Mizelle for the Winston-Salem Chronicle- The City Council meeting on Monday, May 4, in downtown Winston-Salem draws a large crowd of the community with a vested
Local real estate professionals say they finally see some light at the end of what has been a very long tunnel. Professionals from across the Piedmont Triad attended Wharton Gladden's


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Glendale leaders will consider adding a fuel surcharge to tickets issued in the city should the cost of gasoline continue to rise.
The Common Council tonight resurrected a proposal dating back to the 2008budget discussions.
Both traffic tickets and other types of violations could be considered for the added surcharge.
Police Chief Tom Czarnyszka said he would provided statistics on the numbers and types of tickets issued in the city as well as the percentage of fees collected from the tickets. The information would help the council determine if the surcharge should be added to all tickets or traffic tickets only.
The city gets a federal tax credit each month for the fuel it purchases. That amounts to 18 cents per gallon. Mobil also provides the city with a 2 cent per gallon credit each month for each gallon purchased.
The state allows a credit for fuel for off-road vehicles such as lawn mowers but that does not add up to much because of the small amount of fuel used by those vehicles.
City Administrator Richard Maslowski said if gas exceeds $4.50 per gallon, it will have an impact on the 2012 budget which anticipated fuel rising to slight more than $4 a gallon.
Once the additional information on tickets and fees is available, the council plans to discuss the fuel surcharge again.
Most city tickets are issued to non residents, according to City Attorney John Fuchs, so the fuel surcharge is not likely to impact many residents.
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- Former legislator competing against political organizer for his old Assembly seat
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- Nicolet High School hires David Coyle as associate principal
- North Shore Police Reports, July 28, 2016
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