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No one could accept predicted that the awkward assets of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie Simpson on the account ball program, "The Tracey Ullman Show" would become an awfully accepted band hit a allotment of admirers of all ages and backgrounds. As the longest active activated alternation in the history of television, it is aswell one of the a lot of beloved. "The Simpsons" episodes are usually themed about accepted contest – even arguable capacity such as gay alliance and adoration in accessible schools. There is no such affair as anathema accountable amount on "The Simpsons." Capacity on the appearance are handled with amusement that is analogously aimed at all ages, races, genders and religions.
Creator and controlling producer, Matt Groening is accustomed with bringing the action ball aback to prime time television with the accession of "The Simpson's" alternation on Fox in 1989. Controlling ambassador James L. Brooks is an Emmy and Academy accolade acceptable biographer and ambassador of films that cover Terms of Endearment and As Good as it Gets. Al Jean is the third controlling ambassador and aswell arch biographer (Simpsons, 2006). As an absorbing little fact, agents writer, Daniel Chun is the adolescent brother of a boy this columnist anachronous in top school. Al Jean and Mike Scully are aswell two primary writers.
In accession to the hundreds of celebrity bedfellow stars who accept accurate assorted bright characters on the show, it is the choir of the capital characters that are irreplaceable and basic to the show's connected success. Best accepted for dishing out the able-bodied timed "D'oh!" as Homer Simpson, Dan Castallaneta above Tracey Ullman casting member, is aswell Mayor Quimby, Grandpa Simpson and Groundskeeper Willie a allotment of others. Aswell a Tracey Ullman alumna, Julie Kavner lends her articulation to Marge Simpson and her two bearish Homer-hating, MacGyver obsessed, alternation smoker sisters Patty and Selma. Nancy Cartwright is the articulation of 10 year old Bart Simpson, additional Ralph Wiggum, Nelson Muntz and Todd Flanders. Middle child, eight year old Lisa Simpson is portrayed by Yeardley Smith. Both Hank Azaria and Harry Shearer accommodate choir for dozens of Springfield's memorable characters (Simpsons, 2006).
The Simpsons' Lucrative Heyday
In its aboriginal to mid-'90s celebrity days, "The Simpsons" was not abandoned at the acme of acceptance and ratings, but the appearance was raking in hundreds of millions in accountant artefact sales. Audiences couldn't get abundant costly Homers that drooled "Mmmm… doughnuts" or array operated Barts exclaiming "Aye carumba!" at the advance of his belly, additional video games, apparel, home accoutrement and so abundant more. Bart's bolt phrases which included "Don't accept a cow man!" and "Eat my shorts" were heard everywhere. Along with the ratings, sales of Simpsons accountant items accept beneath in contempo years, but the writers' and producers' efforts to accumulate the appearance beginning and funny accept not gone disregarded by abounding admirers who accept remained loyal to the association of Springfield, USA.
A Window into Our Nation
The actuality that the appearance is set in an alien accompaniment indicates an accomplishment on the allotment of the writers to reflect American association all-embracing in anniversary episode. This has enabled the appearance to draw admirers from all over the country. For instance, a appearance like "Sex and the City" may accept an abnormally ample afterward of New York viewers, while "The Simpsons" with its anonymous ambience can address to all Americans. The two-story Simpson home on Evergreen Terrace carefully resembles a archetypal home in an American suburb – bare the circus-like adventurous colors.
The Capital Characters – the Simpson family
The appearance is based about the Simpson nuclear ancestors archetypal of two parents, 2.5 accouchement (Maggie could be advised the .5 because of her disability to talk) additional cats, Snowball I, II and III and rescued greyhound, Santa's Little Helper. The ancestors anatomy and appearance personalities reflect acceptable American norms. While the Simpsons are rather dysfunctional, (as credible by one of the beforehand episodes area the ancestors went through shock analysis with Dr. Marvin Monroe to get through their issues), ultimately, we all accept problems, but at the end of the day, there is abundant adulation and adherence in a lot of families. This is of course, if you avoid the common displays of adolescent corruption area Homer chokes Bart until his eyes appendage out of his arch and the actuality that babyish Maggie seems to be frequently larboard home alone.
Devoted wife and mother Marge is a accolade to harder alive American moms. She is the heart, body and cement of the Simpson family. Unlike her husband, Marge does not accept any accompany or time to be amusing as she is too active disposed to her bedmate and kids. Homer, who has affluence of also-ran friends, is the bumbling fool of a bedmate and father. What he lacks in intellect, he makes up in beer burning at his admired watering hole, Moe's Tavern. He is not consistently absolutely adherent to his ancestors and is generally egocentric and careless, but at the abutting of a lot of episodes, he does the appropriate affair – and that is area we see the spirit of the American father.
Bart is the mischievous, chargeless active oldest adolescent who stumbles on agitation everywhere, but, like his father, usually finds accretion and a activity assignment by the end of an episode. Lisa is the living, breath censor of the Simpson family. A able-bodied read, caring little babe who follows Buddhism and accepted events, Lisa can aswell beam with Bart at the abnormally abominable episodes of the cat and abrasion adversaries, Itchy and Scratchy. Babyish Maggie, while the aboriginal and quietest character, speaks volumes with the sucking of her pacifier. Writers accept consistently accustomed Maggie an accessible acumen and acquaintance that supersedes her adolescent age. She even has a uni-browed babyish nemesis.
Social Commentary
In accession to the Simpson ancestors axial characters, the appearance appearance dozens and dozens of Springfield association with different activity belief and memorable personalities, all of which represent the archetypal personalities a lot of of us will appointment in our lifetimes. For instance, our country is abounding with agee politicians and Mayor Quimby represents the ultimate base political figure. He is generally bent in compromising positions affairs out Springfield and antic with adolescent women, yet he charcoal in ability and no one in the boondocks seems to bat an eye. Once he even addresses the townspeople as "stupid hicks" and they are not phased by it.
Poking fun of the badge system, The Simpsons appearance Badge Arch Clancy Wiggum, conceivably the additional bigger antic on the appearance next to Homer. He is in allegation of Springfield's assurance and abundance with his two side-kicks who beat Wiggum in intelligence. His applesauce is allegorical and the boondocks would be bigger off angry over to agitator cannibals with admission to weapons of accumulation destruction. Any badge arch who says "Aww, can't anybody in this boondocks yield the law into their own hands?" may not be the a lot of able applicant for the job (Simpsons, 2006).
Value of the Elderly
The appearance aswell makes ablaze of the austere affair of aged neglect. Homer's father, Grandpa Simpson, lives in the Springfield Retirement Castle. A retired war hero, Grandpa was actual harder on Homer in his youth. As conceivably a affectionate of hidden revenge, Homer put Grandpa in a home area his superior of activity is poor. It is bright that Grandpa and the added association are advised badly. His carelessness is credible if in one instance, Grandpa refuses to let Homer acknowledgment the buzz so that he can "savor the rings." Yet Grandpa appears in abounding episodes as a vibrant, absorbing appearance who lends his unique, crotchety amusement to the show. Conceivably the writers are aggravating to allegorize that abounding aged still accept abundant to accord and should not be disposed of as nuisances.
Phil Hartman
The backward Phil Hartman of Saturday Night Live acclaim lent his articulation to two actual academic Simpsons characters: base advocate Lionel Hutz and advisory blur star, Troy McClure. Troy McClure would usually accomplish his access by adage something like "Hi, I'm Troy McClure! You may bethink me from such accessible account videos as 'Designated Drivers, the Lifesaving Nerds' and 'Phony Tornado Alarms Reduce Readiness'" (Troymcclurepage, 2006). Troy was an exaggeration of a appearance abounding of us saw in our adolescence in conceivably hundreds of accessible academy films that rarely captivated any educational value.
Lawyer Lionel Hutz was an unethical, ambulance chasing, charlatan who generally al of a sudden appeared in a bearings area his acknowledged "expertise" may accept helped him accumulation somehow. His acknowledged convenance was alleged "I Can't Believe it's a Law Firm!" and offered admirers incentives such as a chargeless pizza if their settlements were not handled in 30 account or beneath (Lionel Hutz, 2006). Lionel's appearance humorously embodied the average of the greedy, money acquisitive lawyer.
Many American agents are not adequately compensated for the important plan they do. Edna Krabappel represents this angle as Bart's cynical, underpaid, underappreciated, overstressed fourth brand teacher. Bart is the affliction of Edna's actuality typically, but occasionally the two adversaries see eye to eye. Janitors and aliment agents can aswell be disregarded for their plan in befitting schools active smoothly. Groundkeeper Willie is the boisterous Scotsman who is generally fabricated fun of by the kids of Springfield Elementary and accustomed the worst, a lot of abominable tasks apprehensible to do. They even accumulate him holed up in a tiny, begrimed shack. He is advised as a sub-par animal getting not aces of bigger and Willie's acerbity is obvious. Academy bus disciplinarian and citizen stoner, Otto, is amenable for the lives of the acceptance at Springfield Elementary. He represents every parent's affliction nightmare.
American Medicine and Insurance
Poking fun at the American medical and allowance system, the writers created Dr. Hibbert who brand to accomplish inappropriate jokes about his patients even if they are in actual bad shape. In a 2005 adventure he tells Homer, "The allowance aggregation says you're as able-bodied as they're gonna pay for." This is consistently followed by his brand better-you-than-me chuckle. The admirers gets the faculty that he absolutely has little to no affair about his patients, but he absolutely profits from their misery. Addition contempo adventure dealt with the medical advantage crisis if Mr. Burns cut out decree biologic allowances for his advisers and anybody was affected to get their drugs in Canada.
Corporate Greed
Springfield Nuclear Ability Plant owner, Mr. Burns represents accumulated acquisitiveness and evil. He does not affliction about his employees, the ambiance that he is antibacterial (he is amenable for the actuality of the Springfield amulet Blinky, the three-eyed fish) or even his loyal and love-struck assistant, Waylon Smithers. Utterly thoughtless, and absolutely self-involved, he never remembers Homer Simpson's name or who he is, admitting their abundant encounters. Admitting he is technically the a lot of able man in town, physically he is the weakest, a lot of breakable appearance in all of Springfield and relies on the barren efforts of Smithers to accumulate him going. So egocentric and ruthless, in one adventure he approved to block out the sun so that anybody would be abased alone on his power. This is conceivably affiliated to oil companies blocking the development and auction of a cleaner, safer activity antecedent for their own gain.
Bitter Adolescent Entertainer
Child entertainer, Krusty the Clown is admired by the accouchement of Springfield. He is the surly, blatant accurate brilliant of his own television appearance and buyer of the affection advance inducing fast aliment chain, Krusty Burger. One of his featured card items is alleged the "Whatchamacarcass" burger which pokes fun at the sub-standard abstruseness meat served at about all fast aliment chains. He is aswell the face abaft Krusty Flakes atom which boasts "It's like a altogether block for breakfast."
Though he Krusty is affluent and acknowledged as a aftereffect of peddling unhealthy, blubber announcement aliment and absorbing children, he is consistently miserable. Krusty can be compared to Pee-Wee Herman, addition adolescent amateur with adult-type issues. He acutely dislikes accouchement and puts on a affected smile in their presence. He about is not anxious about the abundance of his active followers – he is abandoned about the money, which is conceivably why he is usually so miserable. That and the actuality that his clergyman ancestor rejects him.
Ned Flanders, the Simpsons' next aperture acquaintance and best of all things Christian is inarguably the a lot of moral man in Springfield. Even Preacher Reverend Lovejoy does not analyze to Ned. Homer generally ridicules and takes advantage of Ned, yet he consistently turns the added audacity and is consistently unrealistically cheerful. In an adventure from the a lot of contempo division that addressed adoration in accessible schools, Ned and Lisa affray over whether Darwin's approach of change or "creationism" should be accomplished in school. In the end they appear to a peaceful agreement.
In ablaze of the Janet Jackson Super Bowl adventure a few years ago, The Simpsons featured a appearance area Ned and Homer teamed up to actualize their own Super Bowl halftime show. Their appearance acted out scenes from the bible. The army booed and jeered. It seemed as admitting the writers were adage that the Super Bowl admirers would not accept been annoyed with annihilation – be it Jackson' apparent breast or on the adverse end, a religious display. Moral of the story, Americans are never happy.
And All the added Issues…
One could address a atypical on the added amusing situations and accepted contest the appearance so humorously addresses: gay relationships, adolescence obesity, antic colossal SUVs, academy bullying, adolescent neglect/abuse, alcoholism and so abundant more. The ability of "The Simpsons" is it tackles austere issues with a amusement that transcends the viewer's appetite to feel offended. In added words, it helps Americans yield themselves a little beneath seriously.
It is this author's assessment that as continued as the writers abide to chaff the antic apple contest so blithely as they accept for over 18 years, again The Simpsons still has abounding years of Homer's arrested antics ahead.
Lionel Hutz. Retrieved August 1, 2006 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Hutz.
The Simpsons.com Actor/Creator/Executive Ambassador Bios. Retrieved July 30, 2006 from
Troymcclurepage. Retrieved August 1, 2006 from [http://troymcclurepage.tripod.com/troysounds.html].


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3D animation of industrial plant process
This project was awarded to SQUAREPIXEL for $2680 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project Budget$1500 - $3000 USD
Total Bids61
Project Description
My request is to have the same sample as uploaded (YouTube video) with different colors . 3D animation explainer is to be posted on my website as a flash. this vedio of 3D is to show the various stages of production or plant process. 30 sec to 40 sec of 3d animation to be delivered in high definition and optimized for the web portal
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subset: commoncrawl


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Spanish Transportation
Spanish Transportation, officially Spanish Transportation Service Corporation, and operating under the name Express Service, is a privately operated bus company, which leases minibuses to individual operators, who provide service in and between various communities in northeastern New Jersey and to Manhattan in New York City. The fleet consists mostly of jitneys that are colloquially known as dollar vans or guaguas.
The company, which was started in 1993 and carries up to 40,000 passengers per day, has several routes that parallel and thus augment and compete with New Jersey Transit bus operations.[1][2][3] In general, Spanish Transportation jitneys are slightly less expensive (for an adult buying one-way passage; but they are more expensive for children under 12, senior citizens, and some disabled passengers who qualify for reduced NJ Transit fares, they are not an option for disabled passengers in wheelchairs, and they neither offer discounts nor honor NJ Transit Monthly or Weekly Passes) and significantly more flexible with pickup and drop-off locations and payment.[1][2] The company's primary routes are: Paterson, New Jersey to Port Authority Bus Terminal (PABT), by way of Passaic, Clifton, Rutherford and Union City, and also letting off passengers on Manhattan streets nearby the PABT, identical to NJT's #190 route. Another route goes from Journal Square in Jersey City to the Port Authority. The Broadway route goes: inbound (Eastbound) primary route on Broadway from its Southwest corner with Washington Street (one block East of Main Street), Paterson; continuing on Broadway as it gains the name Martin Luther King Jr. Way and the designation at the western terminus, which turns back into Broadway; crossing the Passaic River and all of Bergen County starting at the Paramus border where Broadway loses the name, as it becomes NJ Highway Route 4 (with a small detour to and from the northern bus stop near Entrance 10 to the Westfield Garden State Plaza mall in Paramus during mall and theatre operating hours except on Sundays), losing the designation Route 4 at the eastern terminus; merging with Interstate 95 and the George Washington Bridge (over the Hudson River) and approaches in Fort Lee and Manhattan; to George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal identical to NJT's #171 route; the outbound (Westbound) return route is very similar, but its last stop is one block West, on West Broadway at its five-way corner with Broadway and Main Street in Paterson. Buses traveling the Broadway route do not stop adjacent to Eastside Park in Paterson (East of 32nd Street) because NJ Transit Bus 770 detours two blocks North on 11th Avenue from 33rd Street to 43rd Street and Paterson has not seen fit to post bus stop signs there; thus there are no bus stops at which to stop.[4]
The company rents space across Broadway from Broadway Bus Terminal in Paterson and in Port Authority Bus Terminal (PABT) on 42nd Street and George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal in Manhattan[4]
Jitneys in North Jersey[edit]
In addition to Spanish Transportation owned vehicles, numerous other jitneys provide service in North Jersey, particularly Hudson County along Bergenline Avenue, Boulevard East, and Palisade Avenue. Studies were conducted to better regulate and incorporate the jitney system, which has grown since 2000.[5][6][7][8] Legislation to regulate them has been introduced in the New Jersey Legislature.[9][10][11]
Many jitneys, including some of those owned by Spanish Transportation, use local streets in the vicinity of the PABT, namely 42nd Street, as a drop-off and pick-up point for passengers and parking, which has led to congestion and complaints.[12][13]
- ^ a b Michaels, David (May 23, 2007), "Jitneys attracting riders, rivals on Paterson-to-N.Y. commute", The Record, retrieved April 29, 2012
- ^ a b "Jitney minibuses offer a cheaper option for N.J. passengers, but ride can be risky", The Star Ledger, July 11, 2010, retrieved April 29, 2012
- ^ Tirella, Tricia (July 25, 2010), "Fierce competition surrounds jitney buses", Hudson Reporter, retrieved April 29, 2012
- ^ a b "Express Service - Bus Terminals (Where Do You Want to Go)". Spanish Transportation. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
- ^ Smith, Stephen (September 17, 2010). "North Jersey jitneys take off". Market Urbanism. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
- ^ "Hudson County Jitney Study". North Jersey Transportation Planning Authority. 2010-. Retrieved April 20, 2012. Check date values in:
- ^ Urbitran Associates (November 2007). "Final Report" (PDF). Hudson County Bus Circulation and Infrastructure Study. North Jersey Transportation Planning Authority. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ New Jersey Transit; et al. (November 2009). "Executive Summary" (PDF). Final Report Jersey City Local Bus Study. NJ Transit. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ http://legiscan.com/NJ/text/A4546/2012
- ^ http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2014/01/bill_to_make_jitney_owners_operators_more_accountable_okd_by_assembly_panel.html
- ^ http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2016/11/local_government_one_step_closer_to_jitney_bus_con.html
- ^ Knafo, Saki (October 5, 2008), "A Glut of Buses at the Crossroads of the World", The New York Times, retrieved April 30, 2012
- ^ Duane, Thomas K. (October 12, 2008), "New Bus Rules and New Yorkers Who Point the Way: Putting The Brakes On Buses That Clog Up the Streets", The New York Times, retrieved April 30, 2012
External links[edit]
- Map
- Spanish Transportation website Archived 9 December 2012; mostly in Spanish
- Drivers of Jitney buses doubt the purpose of random inspections in Hudson County YouTube NJNews12 Video in Spanish (uploaded October 7, 2011)
- Assembly panel tackles dangers of minibuses
- Jitney bus safetuy hearing held today in Hoboken
- [1]
- Jitney Buses of New Jersey


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Bambino Mio Pink Spot Swim Nappy Medium
Save 33%. Was £9, Guide price: £6
Last updated on 10th Apr 2013
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The MSR Alterra jacket is MSR's top of the line off road riding jacket. Built with every feature you'd ever want and tough enough for the abuse serious riders put their gear through. Impacts, water, heat, abrasion and more are all addressed in this durable, great looking jacket.
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Source: Doug McDermott suffers no serious damage on shoulder
Creighton senior All-American Doug McDermott is not expected to miss a game after an MRI on his left shoulder brought back negative results on any major damage, a source told CBSSports.com's Gary Parrish.
Results from Doug McDermott's MRI are back. Sprained joint. Nothing serious. Should play Sunday vs. Xavier, a source told @CBSSports.— Gary Parrish (@GaryParrishCBS) January 8, 2014
McDermott tweaked his left shoulder during the first half of Creighton's 81-62 win at DePaul Tuesday night. He continued to play, but with some discomfort. McDermott's injury was actually one of two for the Bluejays; senior guard Grant Gibbs went down with an apparent right knee injury and had to be helped off the court. The results of Gibbs' MRI are not yet known.
McDermott is a candidate for Player of the Year to this point in the season, leading the 13-2 Jays with 24.3 points and 7.3 rebounds per game.


text: Primary School History 5 points Previous question Next question In one of the incarnation, Devi Durga is said to have been born as a daughter of a sage and is therefore known by his name. Who was the sage ? 2 Ask for details Follow Report by VishnuChatterjee 02.10.2014 Log in to add a comment


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- Every Day Carry
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- Od Green
Looks like it will last me. 11/02/2013
This review is from: Every Day Carry Heavy Duty Day Pack Backpack For Mountaineer Hiking - XL
Has a lot of room for activities inside. It has a pretty thick back cushion on it also.
Smells like nylon, it has a very strong smell. You might need to air it out a bit but its not a big deal
Other Thoughts:
Overall is a pretty good backpack.
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Specialists in Southern Italy, Sicily & Sardinia
was £573
From £477 pp
Paul can't praise this enough. Really "real" Puglia, everything about it is generous, including the owners, whose kindness is boundless.
"Masseria Bosco was paradise!!! Our room was stunning – it had a huge vaulted ceiling like we were in a castle." Ben, Niamh & Lorcan, London
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"Masseria Bosco is a fab place to stay and the three resident dalmatians stopped us missing our own canine friends. I could go on forever but just wanted to say thanks for your recommendation and advice. We have already sung your praises to anyone who asks about the holiday. " Bernard & Paula, Leeds
"The friendliness and service in Masseria Bosco were superb. Excellent breakfasts and dinner. " Rex & Julia, Cheltenham
"A really good holiday at Masseria Bosco. We have had many over the years and this one will score in our top three. " Peter & Beryl, Chippenham
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"We were overwhelmed by Lucrezia's welcome and helpfulness. She took us under her wing and showed us so much - the dairy at Nardo, where the cheeses are produced for the restaurant; "pick, cook & eat ", taking us to a "weed patch " to forage for herbs; teaching us a fantastic pasta recipe (which we then had for dinner); a trip to the vineyards and plenty more besides.
"Can't recommend it enough - the people, food and wine are superb. Be warned though, the wine is extremely drinkable, but some of it is 16%!!" Malcolm & June, Isle of Wight
"What a dream –fantastic place for food, pool, cleanliness, staff – everything was perfect! We borrowed their bikes and cycled round the 110,000 olive trees, what a treat!" Derek & Sherry, Reading
"The food was delicious, the staff so welcoming and friendly, our suite with Juliet balcony felt it could belong in a fairy tale, the location was wonderful, the weather amazing & we fell in love with Puglia and the people who live there." Sarah & Mark, Haywards Heath
"We were glad we went here last as it was fabulous!" Susan & Robert, Farnham
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Tang Cheng Hotel
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Shanghai – trip to Suzhou and Tongli Water T
... No matter the Mercedes van driver and guide all
turned up on time and off we went.
In Suzhou we visited the "Humble Administrators Garden"
which is one of the best Chinese classical gardens, constructed in the Ming
dynasty with a central pond with pavilions, terraces and towers. It is 5
hectares in size and was really stunning. Everywhere you looked was beautiful.
There was a bonsai garden and large lotuses were in the ornamental pond. ...
Student Reflections
... trying to plan how I can come back. So, despite the fearful prospect of leaving, I am really and truly happy, and that's all I can ask for.
-Madelyn Kaplin
On my first day in China I was stared at by a lot of people. My family was very kind and my host student was cool. I lived with my host mom, dad, and grandmother, along with my host student Ellen. I remember my first breakfast was cereal, toast, and eggs. I also met my grandmother that day. I ...
Rest and Recharge
... toast, and noodles, Alex and I went biking through the city for an hour and a half. During the ride I saw beautiful parks, universities and a lake. The day ended with a nice vegetable filled dinner and an early bedtime of 9:30 for school the next day. Sam ...
Stepping back in time
... were made solid but the bodies were made hollow so that the clay could bake properly at the super high temperature. The head was then put on after the baking so that the steam could escape from the neck of the body in order to ensure it was a stronger statue. Regardless just looking at all of these statues leave you in a state of awe no matter who you are. The 3rd pit is perhaps the most famous as there are hundreds of statues in line all prepared for war all while waiting for ...
7,000 terra cotta warriors
... moves on around them.
From the city wall we went to visit the wild goose pagoda. Josh and i may be getting a little templed and pagodad out to have fully appreciated this one, although the story about an auspiciious flock of ducks flying overhead just as this was built and then the lead duck dying and being buried there and lending the pagoda its name was interesting.
This particular pagoda houses confucionism texts in great stone tablets. The ...


text:
The incorporation of genomic data into personal medical records poses many challenges to patient privacy. In response, various systems for preserving patient privacy in shared genomic data have been developed and deployed. Although these systems de-identify the data by removing explicit identifiers (e.g., name, address, or Social Security number) and incorporate sound security design principles, they suffer from a lack of formal modeling of inferences learnable from shared data. This report evaluates the extent to which current protection systems are capable of withstanding a range of re-identification methods, including genotype–phenotype inferences, location–visit patterns, family structures, and dictionary attacks. For a comparative re-identification analysis, the systems are mapped to a common formalism. Although there is variation in susceptibility, each system is deficient in its protection capacity. The author discovers patterns of protection failure and discusses several of the reasons why these systems are susceptible. The analyses and discussion within provide guideposts for the development of next-generation protection methods amenable to formal proofs.
The biomedical community currently finds itself in the midst of a genomics revolution. Genomic data, combined with increasing computational capabilities, provide opportunities for health care that until recently were severely limited. Beyond gross diagnostics, mounting evidence suggests genomic variation influences disease susceptibility and the ability to metabolize drugs. As a result, genomic data are increasingly collected, stored, and shared in research and clinical environments.1
The sharing and application of person-specific genomic data pose complex privacy issues and are considered the foremost challenges to the biomedical community.2,3 Many people fear knowledge gleaned from their genome will be misused, be abused, or instigate social stigma for themselves or familial relations.4,5 This fear is exacerbated by the HIPAA Privacy Rule, under which genomic data are not specified as an identifying patient attribute.6 As such, genomic data may be released for public research purposes under HIPAA's safe harbor provision.* Yet, when genomic data are not publicly available, recipients may be subject to data use agreements. Although legally binding, there is no guarantee genomic data will be used according to specification. Thus, it is best that privacy laws are complemented with technology to assist in the enforcement of protections.
Privacy protection technologies for genomic data must address the question, "How can person-specific DNA be shared, such that a recipient can not sufficiently associate the DNA to its explicit identity (i.e., name, Social Security number, etc.)?" Although genome variation uniquely characterizes an individual,7 there exists no public registrar that maps genomes to names of individuals. Over the last several years, many genomic data privacy protection systems have implicitly relied on this premise. These systems tend to separate DNA from explicit identifiers through methods ranging from simple removal of identifiers to strong cryptographic protocols.†
This report addresses the extent to which current privacy-enhancing technologies for genomic data are susceptible to compromise. Specifically, this work studies computational attacks that leverage information learned from shared genomic data and additional resources for linkage to named individuals. None of the systems analyzed is impregnable to re-identification. Rather, there exist patterns of flaws due to neglect of inferences that can be made from genomic data itself and the environments in which the data are shared.
The remainder of this report is organized as follows. In the following section, background on several published protection strategies for genomic data are provided. Each system is represented and discussed in a structured relational notation for comparative analysis. Next, computational re-identification methods for testing the protection systems are defined. With protection and re-identification methods presented, susceptibility analyses are performed and patterns of protection failures are discussed. This work concludes with a discussion on the need for research into formal anonymity protection schemas for genomic data and how such developments may proceed.
Current Privacy Protection Systems
In this section, four types of genomic data privacy protection systems are reviewed. Briefly, we introduce the following relational formalism to represent the systems. Person-specific data are organized as a table T(A1, A2, …, An) of rows and columns. Each column Ai is a semantic attribute, such as "date of birth," "DNA sequence," or "zip code." Each row is an n-tuple t[a1, a2,…, an], where ai corresponds to a specific value of the ith attribute. An identified table, T+, includes explicitly identifiable information, such as name or Social Security number. Conversely, a de-identified table, T−, is devoid of identifiable information. Figure 1 provides examples of tables and tuples. For example, the record t[Bradley Malin, 000-00-0000, BIGBM, actg] is a relevant tuple for table T(Name, Social Security Number, Pseudonym, DNA). Adversaries are never provided with DNA in an identified table, so the DNA-identity mapping is unknown prior to receiving the de-identified table.
The first type of protection system, adopted in a wide range of communities and environments, is based on de-identification (DEID).8–10 The data holder classifies attributes into three types: explicit identifiers, quasi-identifiers, and nonidentifying. Explicit identifiers consist of information that can directly reveal, or allow for contact with, an individual, such as name or Social Security number. A quasi-identifying attribute does not reveal identity by itself but, in combination with other attributes, can be used to link to other sources with explicit identifying attributes. For example, Sweeney demonstrated the values for {date of birth, gender, and five-digit zip code} uniquely characterized over 87% of the United States population.11 Advocates of de-identification claim the corresponding identity of genomic data is sufficiently protected when explicit and quasi-identifying attributes are removed or generalized.
In DEID, the original table of a data holder takes the form T(Explicit-identifiers, Quasi-identifiers, Non-identifiers). When the data holder shares information, he removes Explicit-identifiers and generalizes values in Quasi-identifiers to prevent unique combinations. Thus, the data holder shares the dataset T′(Quasi-identifiers', Non-identifiers), where every value in the set of Quasi-identifiers' is derivative of its corresponding value in the original set of Quasi-identifiers. In many situations, a unique identifier is assigned to a patient for linkage purposes. For instance, in the Utah Resource for Genetic and Epidemiologic Research (RGE) system, the unique identifier is a random number.9 As a result, RGE data are released in a table T′(Quasi-identifying Attributes', Other Attributes, Random Number). Figure 2 depicts a data release for a DEID system.
Systems based on denominalization (DENOM) are similar to DEID, except they incorporate structured coding, often for familial relationships.12 In the original model, each patient is represented by six attributes {Individual, Family, Relation, Marriage, Sibling, Multiple}. Individual is a unique random number assigned to a patient, akin to the RGE system, which is used to manage the individual's clinical and biological samples. The remaining attributes correspond to genealogical information. Family is a random number assigned to every member of the same family. Relation corresponds to the relationship of an individual to another family member, such as child or parent. Sibling denotes the birth order of a child (i.e., oldest, next oldest, etc.). Marriage specifies which marriage a child was born into. Multiple specifies which family a tuple pertains to when the individual is classified under multiple families.
The individual and family codes are managed independently. In the system description, it is claimed different levels of anonymity are achieved through the suppression, or withholding, of various attributes. For example, biological samples are considered to be sufficiently anonymous when stripped of the latter five attributes.
Trusted Third Parties
The third system (TRUST), introduced by deCode Genetics, Inc., facilitates data transfers via a trusted third party (TTP) intermediary empowered with full data encryption/decryption capability.13 The full system consists of two protocols, both based on encryption and security. The first protocol facilitates discovery of research subjects, while the second specifies how biological samples are transferred to researchers. For brevity, we concentrate on the subject discovery protocol.‡
Researchers initiate the protocol by communicating a specific disease of interest to physicians attending the patient population. The physicians create and send a population-based list L{Name, Social Security Number, Additional Demographic Features§, Disease} to the TTP. The TTP applies a reversible encryption function f to the Social Security Number (SSN) to derive an alphabet-based pseudonym f(SSN). Next, the TTP sends researchers the encrypted data, minus explicit identifiers, as a list L′{f(SSN), Disease}. Upon reception, the researchers match L′ against f-encrypted genealogies linked to patient medical information. Based on these data, the researchers send a wish list of patients for further study, N{f(SSN)}, back to the TTP. Finally, the TTP decrypts, appends the proper identifying information, and forwards the list N′{name, SSN} to the appropriate attending physicians.
Semitrusted Third Parties
A fourth, and the most recent, system (SEMITRUST) was introduced by researchers at the University of Gent and affiliates.14 Akin to TRUST, this system also employs a third party, but one with restricted access to plaintext data, or a semitrusted third party (sTTP). The third party is permitted to hold and distribute encrypted data only.
For the first step of the SEMITRUST protocol, the data holder constructs a list of identified individuals and their corresponding genomic data L{Identity, DNA}. The data holder applies public-key encryption function h to the Identity attribute and sends L′{h(Identity), DNA} to the sTTP. Next, the sTTP applies its own public-key encryption function g to h(Identity) to create L″{g(h(Identity)), DNA}. In addition, the sTTP can act as a data broker for multiple data holders and can maintain a set of lists, A{g(hA(Identity)), DNA}, B{g(hB(Identity)), DNA}, …, Z{g(hZ(Identity)), DNA} for locations A, B, …, Z. When researchers query the sTTP for data, they are supplied with doubly encrypted lists. For additional data, researchers send requests onto the sTTP with a list of encrypted identities. In turn, the sTTP decrypts and sends the single-encrypted pairs onto the appropriate locations for additional data.
Re-identification Methods
In the following sections we briefly review four different types of re-identification techniques.
Family Structure
The first re-identification method (FAMILY) employs genealogical data accompanying genomic data. Genealogies, rich in depth and structure, permit the construction of complex familial relationships. Consider a simple family structure of two parents and one child. Since the parental genders are guaranteed, there exist 2 variants of this structure, since the child's gender is either male or female. When disease status is taken into account, it is represented as a Boolean variable; either an individual afflicted or not afflicted. In this aspect, all three family members can be represented as three attributes {Father, Mother, Child}, and there exist (father's disease status)*(mother's disease status)*(child's disease status)*(child's gender) = 2*2*2*2 = 16 possible family-disease combinations. In reality, pedigrees are much more robust than a simple nuclear family. For example, a three-generation family of two children per family permits on the order of 105 distinct variants of the family-disease structure and 106 individuals that could be uniquely characterized. The number of combinations∥ is larger when supplementary information, such as living status or medical/genetic features, is considered.16
The ability to determine unique family structures is only one part of the re-identification process. These structures must be linked to identifiable information, which, in many instances, is publicly available in the form of various genealogical databases. These databases are accessible both offline and via the World Wide Web. For example, genealogical records are available in many public databases, including <Ancestry.com>, <Infospace.com>, <RootsWeb.com>, <GeneaNet.com>, <FamilySearch.org>, and <Genealogy.com>.¶ From such data, it is not difficult to construct family structures and, with such information in hand, an adversary can link disease-labeled family structures to named individuals.
Genotype–Phenotype Inference
The second method relies on phenotype inferences extracted from the genomic data (GENPHEN). Given two tables X(A1, A2, …, An) and Y(B1, B2, …, Bm) a set of relations is constructed, and, when a unique match is found between the two, a re-identification is discovered. In the base case, this model is similar to the quasi-identifier–based linkage model used in Sweeney's earlier work with health data re-identification.14,17 For example, consider Health(Name, Address, Birthdate, Gender, Zip Code, Hospital Visit Date, Diagnosis, Treatment) and Genomic(Age, Gender, Hospital Visit Date, DNA). The set of extracted attribute relationships is {<Birthdate, Age>, <Gender, Gender>, <Hospital Visit Date, Hospital Visit Date>}, but the set of relationships is expanded when relationships between clinical and genomic data are known. It has been demonstrated there exist a minimum of 40 standardized diseases (via ICD-9 codes) to which DNA mutations in the genome are directly related.18 Furthermore, pharmacogenomics continues to uncover relationships between genomic variation and the ability to process drugs and treatments.2–3,19 Given such domain knowledge, it is possible to include {<Diagnosis, DNA>, <Treatment, DNA>} relations.
Furthermore, extending Sweeney's original work, it is possible to build systems that utilize attributes not observed in clinical or genomic information for linkage. When more complete clinical information is available, nonstandard information, such as age of onset for progressive disorders, can be inferred. In previous research, we showed how this could be achieved with longitudinal clinical information and Huntington's disease. Our system was able to infer age of onset within a 3-year period and subsequently match DNA to clinical data.20 In its current implementation, this approach is applicable to any simple genetic disorder with defined clinical phenotypes.
An additional feature of the inference attack is it becomes more powerful with time. Since the goal of genomic medicine is to elicit the relationships between genomic data and clinical phenotype, the number of relations and specificity of such increase with advances in basic medical research. For example, the goal of the human genome diversity project and genomic anthropology is to pinpoint relationships between genomic variation and ethnicity. As a result, both the number and specificity of relations will expand, thus permitting an increasing capability for linkage.
The method of trail re-identification (TRAIL) utilizes location-specific information to match DNA to identity.21 Consider an environment with a set of locations, such as a set of hospitals, and a set of data subjects, such as a set of patients. Each location has the ability to collect multiple types of information, such as clinical and genomic data. To protect privacy when data are released, each hospital releases identified data and de-identified data separately. The first table released is T+(Demographic Information, Clinical Information), where Demographic Information contains identifiable data. The second table released, T−(DNA), consists of a list of genomic data samples.
An adversary retrieves data from a set of locations and creates two new tables, each one corresponding to location information for a particular data type. The first table consists of identified data, while the second consists of DNA data. The mapping of data to location is referred to as the data trail. In Figure 3, trails are depicted as Boolean vectors; either a data value is observed at a location (1) or not (0). Details on trail-matching algorithms and their application to real-world populations can be found in reference 21. In short, genomic data left behind by an individual are matched to explicitly identifiable data based on the patterns of trails between the tracks.
Dictionary Attack
The fourth re-identification method (DICTIONARY) is applicable when data are encrypted, or recoded, using nonrandom information. These methods, which obscure information, can provide the basis for further erosion of patient privacy, beyond that of a susceptibility to the re-identification methods presented above. Consider a set of hospitals H, where each hospital h∈H releases tables Th+ and Th− with attributes Ah+ = {name, date of birth, gender, zip code, clinical data} and Ah− = {pseudonymh, DNA}. The attribute pseudonymh is generated through a reversible encryption function fh, such as public-key encryption fh(Identity, keyh) = pseudonymh, where Identity is a tuple of patient information [name, date of birth, gender, zip code]. An adversary can use a trail attack to re-identify some of the patients released from a set of data-releasing locations. Through re-identification, the adversary has constructed a table with the attributes {name, date of birth, gender, zip code, pseudonym1, pseudonym2, …, pseudonymH}, where pseudonymx is the pseudonym that hospital x uses for the identity of the patient. Thus, the adversary has achieved his goal of re-identifying the protected genomic data.
System Susceptibility Analyses
In this section, the general re-identification susceptibility for each of the protection methods is evaluated. The results are presented at a meta-level, such that either a system is considered susceptible or not susceptible. In Table 1, a side-by-side comparison of protection model susceptibility is presented. Each of the protection models is susceptible to a minimum of three of the four re-identification attacks. Here, we discuss how each of the re-identification methods fares against the protection models in more detail.
|Re-identification Attack
|Privacy Protection System
|Re-identification Attack
|Privacy Protection System
Family Structure Susceptibility
The only model not susceptible to the family structure attack is the SEMITRUST system. Under this model, no familial relationships are considered in the genomic data. In specific cases, familial inferences may be possible, such as through haplotype analysis of DNA sequences. However, without more confidence regarding whether related family members are in the dataset, such analysis could create false family structures and familial relations.
It is interesting to note that the denominalization strategy behind DENOM strives to prevent the family attack almost explicitly. It provides protections by separating the individual from the family and using a local recoding of the identity. Yet, once this information is studied in a genealogical setting, the protections are minimal. Similarly, TRUST reveals genealogical information on a large scale, since this is how subject recruitment is performed.
In contrast, the RGE model of DEID is more difficult to analyze. As shown in Table 1, the RGE model is susceptible to all re-identification attacks—although this may be somewhat deceiving. Since the RGE maintains a massive repository of diverse datasets, not all re-identification attacks can be performed on every dataset released. Thus, the analysis of re-identifiability for RGE released datasets is data dependent. Since RGE does have the ability to reveal genealogical information, and the only protection afforded to such data is de-identification and pseudonymization with random IDs, this model is susceptible to the family structure attack.
Trails Susceptibility
To construct a trail attack, two criteria must be satisfied. The first requirement is an individual's data are distributed over multiple locations. The second requirement is both genomic and identified data are available in partitions of the original collection. Table 2 provides a characterization of which requirements the protection methods satisfy.
|Multiple Locations
|Partitioned Identified and DNA Data Available
|Multiple Locations
|Partitioned Identified and DNA Data Available
The TRUST model does not satisfy the multiple location criteria. No location-based information is revealed, nor is it necessary. In addition, the DENOM model is not susceptible, since under the current version, genomic data are collected at one location only. Yet, if this model is applied to a distributed environment, then the trail attack is a feasible re-identification route.
In comparison, it can be verified that the SEMITRUST model does satisfy both criteria and is susceptible. The RGE model of de-identification is susceptible as well, since genomic data could be requested from multiple sources. The health-specific information could be either supplied directly as a separate source or derived from various external resources, such as discharge information.
Genotype–Phenotype Susceptibility
This inference attack exploits relationships constructed between genomic data and known demographic or clinical information. As such, all four protection methods are susceptible to the attack, mainly due to the fact that the protection systems do not act directly on the genomic data. When considering simple versions of the inference attack, such as through direct ICD-9 linkage, with genomic data by itself, as is the case with the SEMITRUST model, this attack is dependent on the specificity of the known relationships between genomic data and clinical phenotype.
It is apparent that these methods can leak relationships that, although useful for research purposes and correlation studies, can allow for unique linkages to be constructed between identified and genomic data. This does not imply such relationships should not be inferable from shared data—rather the contrary. Yet, such inferences must be learnable or communicated in such a way that identities to which the data correspond can not be determined. The concept of revealing inferences without revealing identity will be addressed below.
Dictionary Susceptibility
The model most susceptible to DICTIONARY is a single pseudonymization function, in which pseudonyms are derived from patient-specific information. Since the RGE model uses random IDs for pseudonyms, a direct dictionary attack can not be achieved, regardless of the number of people re-identified through other means. In contrast, the other three systems are susceptible. The TRUST and SEMITRUST models are susceptible to a cryptographic dictionary attack. As an increasing number of people are re-identified, an adversary can collect a set of SSN, pseudonym pairs. Given enough pairs, the adversary may learn the key of the pseudonymizing function. In TRUST, the adversarial role can be played by any data requester. However, in the SEMITRUST model, this is not possible because the pseudonyms supplied to the researchers are doubly encrypted. Although nonrandom, it is virtually impossible to discern the effects of the originating location's pseudonymizing function from the semitrusted third party's (sTTP). Yet, in the event the sTTP is corrupt, it can leverage the fact that it receives single-encrypted pseudonyms from each of the submitting sources and attempt its own dictionary attack.
A modified version of the dictionary attack can be used to exploit familial relationship information released under the DENOM model. Given sufficient information to reconstruct and re-identify a certain amount of familial information, the recoding of familial relations can reveal additional information that may not have been learned in the family-structure attack, such as temporal information in the genealogy. For example, when a family has multiple children, the fifth cell of the family code denotes what order of birth a sibling is. Moreover, under the coding schema, this information is distinguishable for men, where the system uses even numbers, and women, where odd numbers are employed.
Compounding Re-identification
Many of the re-identification attacks presented in this report are complementary. As a result, they can be combined to assemble more robust re-identification methods. For example, FAMILY can be used in combination with GENPHEN to construct more informative family structures, or with DICTIONARY when additional information about familial relationships is known. Moreover, an iterative process of alternating re-identification methods can be employed. Since different re-identification methods exploit different types of information, an adversary could use one method to re-identify a certain number of individuals in the population, then a second method to re-identify individuals not re-identified by the first or until certain confounding entities were removed from consideration. This process can continue with as many methods as necessary, or repeat with the same methods, until no more re-identifications are possible.
To an extent, the re-identification methods used in this study can be used to evaluate privacy protection technologies beyond those specifically designed for genomic data. The sole re-identification method directly dependent on genomic data is the GENPHEN attack, yet at its foundation, this method was based on the explicit representation of inferences between data types. As such, it is adaptable for other types of data relations. However, a note of caution: before re-identification susceptibility for additional types of data can be claimed, a careful analysis of the social setting and attendant protections must be made. Although linkage of data types may be possible, it must be validated that such data are equally accessible. With respect to genomic data, the status as a lesser-protected data type allows for re-identification using the above methods.
Given the current state of privacy protection systems, there exists a need for a new type of genomic data privacy protection model. In this sense, the results of this evaluation are a call to arms. Researchers must develop privacy protection methods that incorporate guarantees about the afforded protections. New methods must account for multiple environments of data sharing as well as the type of inferences that can be gleaned from the shared data themselves. These methods must be developed in a more scientific and logical manner, with formal proofs about the protection capabilities and limitations afforded by the specific method. Although proofs may be difficult to derive in the face of uncertainties about the sharing environment, especially when the data hold latent knowledge to be learned at a later point in time, researchers can validate their approaches against known re-identification attacks in a logical manner.
Pseudonyms and Linkage
Based on the system analyses above, it is apparent the application of pseudonymization and naïve de-identification alone are not sufficient as proofs of identity protection. Mainly, this is because current systems tend to be narrow in their consideration of what is inferable from genomic data as well as what additional information is available for relating genomic data to identified data. Yet, this does not imply pseudonyms and third-party solutions are worthless in the pursuit of genomic data privacy protection. Rather, to some extent, these systems do provide a level of privacy protection and additional functionality for data sharing. First, pseudonyms serve as a first-order protector and deterrent. It is conceivable that an adversary, who approaches re-identification in a noncomputational manner, will be deterred by the simple obscuring of explicitly identifiable information. Second, datasets devoid of linkage capabilities severely limit the types of research that can be performed. It is often the case in which researchers may need to request additional information about a subject. Third, a subject may wish to remove their data from a research study or audit how their data have been accessed. Yet, if a pseudonym, or linkage value, is to be used as a primary key, it must be chosen appropriately. It should not be based on personal demographics as is currently the case with the TRUST and SEMITRUST models. A pseudonym based on this type of information is susceptible to various attacks, such as DICTIONARY. Consequently, the RGE form of DEID and the DENOM models are more secure in their protection of linkage capabilities, with respect to pseudonym usage.
Accounting for Genomic Data
A common reason for re-identification susceptibility is the uniqueness of data that permit matching. One promising direction for research is the construction and analysis of systems based on formal computational models, such as k-anonymity.22 Under the model of k-anonymity, every released record is indistinguishable from k-1 other records in the release. Within the genomics community, the k-anonymity model, under the term binning, has recently been adapted for the protection of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data.23 For example, consider the employment of the DNA generalization hierarchy in Figure 4 for purines (R) and pyrimadines (Y). If we wish to generalize the nucleotides C and G together, we only need to generalize up one level, and release R and R. To relate A and T, we must generalize to the indeterminate character N.
Although it has not been presented as a full system or for general genomic data, the binning method is a feasible solution and worthwhile area of study for genomic privacy protection. This is especially so, since such models are amenable to proofs of withstanding various re-identification attacks. However, this research is in a nascent stage, and there are several deficiencies in the current binning model that researchers can build upon for more robust protection models. First, this model is restricted to SNP data and not more general genomic data. For a privacy protection system to function in the real world, it must be able to account for complex genomic features, such as nucleotide repeat structures and complex mutations.
Second, current binning models measure the amount of information lost via protection using an information theoretic perspective. While this is one way to characterize information loss, it does not take into account what the data are to be used for. Although formal protection methods, such as k-anonymity, advocate the direct manipulation of data values, there is no guarantee it will hinder applications or data usefulness. For example, in the statistics community, there has been much research into the design of formal protection methods that influence individual records but permit the recovery of aggregate statistics.24,25 More relevant to the genomics community, however, is recent research in privacy-preserving data mining, in which the privacy-preserving methods are being validated with objective functions, such that logical rules or classifiers can be constructed with formal privacy guarantees about the data values shared.26,27 The development of genomic data privacy methods, which incorporate models of utility, is an open and fruitful direction of research.
From an opposing perspective, researchers can not remain content with their proofs and experiments. New re-identification attacks will be developed by those in the academic community as well as adversaries outside the public realm. As such, researchers must continue to innovate and develop new methods of re-identification for testing their protection techniques. These methods may be new types of inferential or location-based techniques or completely new models yet to be discovered. Without the development of new protection and re-identification methods, researchers will continue to rely upon unfounded and possibly dangerous methods of privacy protection. The development of new identity protection strategies is paramount for continued data sharing and innovative research studies.
This research provided an analysis of the re-identification susceptibility of genomic data privacy protection methods for shared data. The results prove the current set of privacy protection methods do not guarantee the protection of the identities of the data subjects. This work stresses that a new direction in the research and advancement of anonymity protection methods for genomic data must be undertaken. The next generation of privacy protection methods must account for both social and computational interactions that occur in complex data sharing environments. In addition, privacy protection methods must provide proofs about what protections can and cannot be afforded to genomic data, as well as the limits of research with protected data. The development of new identity protection strategies is paramount for continued data sharing and innovative research.


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Foundstone Finds Vulnerabilities
Foundstone 4.0 is a capable vulnerability scanner for large enterprises that must tightly control configuration weaknesses.
Version 4.0 of Foundstone Inc.s namesake vulnerability scanner and reporting tool offers refined role-based administration, new ways to handle remediation tickets and new ways to group scanned objects to create more efficient polling.
Click here to read the full review of Foundstone 4.0.
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For the past 2 days, every song from Xbox Music gives me a "media usage rights" error when trying to play it. When I try to play a song that wasn't downloaded through Xbox Music, I get a file playback error.
If I try to play a song from a file in my Skydrive, I get a playback error too.
I deleted my phone from my Xbox Music Device list tied to my account, and now the Xbox Music hub is configured as if I didn't have a music pass. I keep seeing advertisements to try the Music Pass free trial.
I've restarted my phone numerous times and nothing changes. I no longer have the option to download music from the store. And there is no way to manually sync Xbox Music accounts.
Has anyone had a problem like this before? I can't find any problems on Google that are similar to mine. I did absolutely nothing but charge my phone between the time music was last working to the time I started getting DRM issues.
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Sync your phone to your PC while signed in and it will start working again. Had this happen a few times.
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John Forté: StyleFREE
30 Nov 2009 // 3:00 PM
Forté's first release since he left prison: Not much to show for nine years in the joint, but then again, this is just the beginning.
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One of the world's most vibrant examples of ancient rock art is being denied the benefits of international protection because no one recognises the self-declared Republic of Somaliland where it is located.
The rocky outcrop of Laas Geel contains some of the best-preserved rock paintings in Africa, some believed to be up to 5,000 years old. The caves and overhangs are covered with brightly coloured representations of animals and herdsmen.
Locals always knew of the place but avoided what was believed to be the haunt of demons and evil spirits. The site was unknown to the outside world until a team of French archaeologists came across it in 2002.
Authorities have done their best to secure an area which, anywhere else in the world, would be a major tourist draw.
The rare intrepid travellers who make it to Laas Geel have to be accompanied by armed police and must leave before sundown when a tribe of baboons returns to sleep there.
The government in Hargeisa wants international assistance to preserve the site, but Somaliland is still regarded internationally as part of Somalia, from which it broke away in 1991. Somalia has yet to sign the UNESCO World Heritage Treaty, so the UN is unable to protect Laas Geel.Reuse content


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This is due to our modern logistic facilities that we are able to meet the delivery deadlines with ease. The offered lot is precisely manufactured using superior grade material and in conformity with the industry standards.
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No. 2, Kushan Appartments, Friends Colony Ambawadi, Gujarat - 380015, India
We are a recognized name catering to the customers by offering different products from Rajkot(India). Buyers can stay rest assured about the quality of our products as we check each and every product at diverse stages.
Ramesh Corporation
61, Bileshwar Industrial Estate, Part-2, Opp. Gvmm, Near Sardar Patel Ring Road, Odhav, Gujarat - 382415, India
Strong industrial base along with a wide area network, we deliver the range in the stipulated time span. Premium grade, cost-effective prices and unsurpassed standard distinguishes our cng conversion kit from others in the marketplace.
Micro Systems
No.2,shanti Tower,nr. Manek Bagh Hall.nehrunagar,ambawadi, Gujarat - 380015, India
Feel free to get to approach us for placing orders and stay assured for timely and safe deliveries! Our team of quality analysts ensures that the offered product is of unmatched standard and free from any kind of flaws.
Misra Auto Gas
Misra Auto Gas 100 Ft. Road Opp. Sojitra Bagiwala,anand Azaz-9904320048 Lpg/cng Lovato Italy Kit, Gujarat , India
We are a reckoned name, involved in offering quality-centralized products from Rajkot(India). Our entire range is value for money, as it is quality guaranteed, sold after a string of quality control tests, and is relied on by many.
Shree Gayatrikrupa Eng. Works
B/155, Pushparaj Industrial Estate, Nutan Mill Compound, Saraspur, Ahmedabad., Gujarat - 380018, India
Post your Buy Requirement
Stationed in Gujarat(India), our organization is one of the prime most providers in the industry today. With our modern transportation facility, timely deliveries of the placed orders are assured.
Vivek Motors
Shop No. 89 Near Hasubhai Park Jodhpur Gam Road Satellite Ahmedabad - 380015 Gujarat India, Gujarat , India
Offering an extensive array of gas conversion kits, we are flexible enough to deliver the best in class range. Our quality analysis system is headed by experienced quality auditors who check each and every product at different levels.
Shree Saibaba Automobiles
Bhulabhai Park , Gitamandir Road, Maninagar, Ahmedabad 380 022, Gujarat , India
Leveraging on our experience, we, as a supplier of gas conversion kits have placed ourselves in the upper echelons of the industry. Backed by a team of deft professionals, it has become easy for us to furnish divisive demands of the buyers and that too within shortest time possible.
Noor Auto Fuel System
16, Jafari School Road, Mahuva, Gujarat , India
Rated capacity: up to 20 ton per pad @ 20 lb graduations Material: High strength aluminum alloy Static Accuracy: 0.25% full scale or better Dynamic Accuracy: +- 1% of full scale with leveling track (See Weigh in Motion) Dynamic Accuracy: +- 3% of full scale without leveling track Overload Capacity: 200% full scale InputOutput Resistance: 560 ohms +- 50 ohms Output: 0.6 to 1.0 mVV
Weigh Bridge India
9-second Floor, Camps Corner, Near Prahalad Nagar Garden, 100 Feet Road, Satellite, Gujarat - 380015, India
We offer flat drive conversion kit. Features : replacement of cyclogear gear box for flat drive for rieter c-4 card. remove flat drive motor and both cyclogear. install new gear box and drive will be come on cylinder pully.
Bharat Pattern Works
C-16, Gidc Odhav, Gujarat - 382415, India
Air Suspension Conversion Kits
We are one of the famous company, who are manufacturer of Air Suspension Conversion Kits
Aline Industries
160,rupal Estate-2komal International Circle,next To Sosyo Circle, Opp. Manhar Dyeing, Udhana Magadalla Road, Gujarat - 395007, India
We conduct diverse quality tests in order to ensure that our entire range is free from defects. With due assistance and knowledge of diligent professionals, we are capable of making available auto gas conversion kit in the nationwide market.
Vijay Auto Gas
B/23-24, Haven Complex, Station Road, Gujarat - 364290, India
Deals in LPG Conversion Kits
Krish Engineers
Door No-24 Girivar Bungalows Mahemdavad Road B H M B Patel Farm House Jashoda Cross Road Vatva I, Gujarat - 380008, India
Deals in weigh scales, weigh bridges, balancing machines, fully electronic weigh bridges, Milk Weighing Systems, Jewellery Scales, conversion kit, Crane weighing systems, Platform Scales, liquid weighing systems, Weighing Systems, computerised weigh bridge
Innovative Engineers
47shree Somnath Soc.b/h.sanghvi Schoolnaranpura, Gujarat - 380013, India
Post your Buy Requirement
Deals in conversion kit
Ms Vamendu
: A-54, Electronics Estate, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, 382 010, Gujarat , India
Deals in Belt Conveyor Weighing Machines, Weighing Machines, Weighbridge Conversion Kit, Bag filling Machines, Weighbridge Conversion Kit, Railroad Wagon Weighing, Custom Built Weighing Machine, liquid filling machines, Weighbridge Conversion Kit, Electronic Weighbridge, Crane Scale, Bench Platform Floor Scale, Motion Check Weighing, Motion Check Weighing Machines, Batch Weighing, Belt Conveyor Weighing, Weigh Feeder
Systron Microsystems
B-401, Oxford Tower, Gurukul Rd, Gujarat - 380052, India
We keep an eye on every aspect and packaging of products is one of them. Staffed with professional packaging employees having experience in this domain; they use premium packing material to ensure zero damage during transportation. We are staffed with the most up to date machines and cutting-edge technology for the testing of raw material and thus, with without fail we carry out stern quality examinations of the same
International Motors
Door No-11 Thakorebaug Market Near Induben Khakharawala Opposite Sardar Patel Seva Samaj Hall Navrangpura Ahmedabad, Gujarat , India
Deals in Foundation Less Weighbridge, electronic conversion kit
Eagle Scale Manufacturing Works
302 Ashoka, Nr. Toran Dining Hall, Sardar Patel Stadium Road,navarangpura,ahmedabad, Gujarat - 380009, India
Shree Ashapura Auto Gas
206, Gajanand Appt, Makarpura Road , Vadodara, Gujarat , India
Deals in Oil Pump, Flow Control Valves
M/s Star Enterprises
332,por-g.i.d.c, Ramangamadi, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, Gujarat , India
Deals in cng conversion kit, Gas Conversion Kit Car, LPG Conversion Kit, Cng Conversion Kit Heavy Vehicle
Balaji Sales
, Gujarat , India
Cng Convertion Kit
Aksar, Ground Floor, Unic Shopping Centre, Opp. Dhanwantry Ground, Gujarat - 361008, India
Durga Auto Gas
14, Sarthi Complex ,nr Visat Petrol Pump ,sabarmati Ahmedabad 380005, Gujarat , India
Deals in CNG Conversion Kits, LPG Conversion Kits
Divine Auto Gas System
No-1 , Ground Floor, Kalidas Chambers, Mirza Pur, Gujarat - 380001, India
Deals in LPG Conversion Kit
Eagle Auto Corporation
No-43, Kalathiya Ind. Estate, Part-2, Diamond Nagar, Surat -kamrej Road, Gujarat - 395004, India
Geeta Enterprises
14,gopal Nagar Society,pandesara Housing Board,pandesara, Pandesara Housing Board Road, Pandesara, Surat - 394221, Gujarat , India
Deals in gas conversion kit
Ankit Automobiles
Gf-32, Chandragupt Complex, Opp Rupam Cinema Near Vrundavan Township, Harini Road, Gujarat - 390006, India
Khodiyar Motors
123 Green Park, Near Ashiewad Hotelunnsurat, Gujarat , India
Prince Outo
Prince Outo Paliyad Road Botad, Gujarat , India
Deals in CNG Conversion Kits, LPG Conversion Kits
Original Fuel System Ltd.
Bhavnagar, Gujarat , India
Deals in Injector
Prakash Industries
C/1, Narayan Estate, Opp. Raipurmills, Saraspur, Gujarat - 380018, India


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More Videos...
Bugatti Veyron vs Lamborghini Aventador vs Lexus LFA vs McLaren MP4-12C - Head 2 Head Episode 8
On this special episode of Head 2 Head, Automobile Magazine's Jason Cammisa pits the world's most exclusive super cars against each other in a no-holds-barred drag race battle! Do the carbon fiber-bodied Aventador, LFA, and MP4-12C have what it takes to take on the king of the super car realm - the Bugatti Veyron? Now available in full HD 1080P resolution! Head 2 Head appears every other Wednesday on the new Motor Trend channel. http://www.youtube.com/motortrend Subscribe now to make sure you're in on all the action! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=motortrend Facebook - http://facebook.com/motortrendmag & http://www.facebook.com/automobilemag Twitter - http://twitter.com/motortrend & http://twitter.com/automobilemag Google+ - https://plus.google.com/101867967859016552744/posts Website - http://www.motortrend.com & http://www.automobilemag.com
Fastest Car in The World Ever Made - Thrust SSC
'Thrust - Super Sonic Car' which is also called as 'Thrust SSC' in short, is the fastest car in the world. This jet propelled car holds the 'World's Fastest land speed record' and became the first car to break the 'Sound Barrier'. The official land-speed record (measured over one mile) is 1,227.985 km/h (763.035 mi/h) (Mach 1.020), set by Andy Green (UK) on 15 October 1997 in the Black Rock Desert, Nevada, USA. Although Thrust SSC is the first car to break the sound barrier, it is alleged that Budweiser Rocket Car, driven by Stan Barrett (US), reached a speed of 1,190.377 km/h (739.666 mi/h) at Edwards Air Force Base, California, USA, on 17 December 17 1979. However, the published speed of Mach 1.0106 was not officially sanctioned by the USAF, as the Digital Instrument Radar was not calibrated or certified. The radar information was not generated using the vehicle directly but by an operator aiming aiming a dish using a TV screen. The car is powered by two Rolls-Royce Spey 202 jet engines which generate 222 kN (50,000 lb) of thrust.
The Fastest Bike in the World - cockpit view
Live Cockpit video of Rocky Robinson setting the official FIM world land speed record for a motorcycle streamliner - 376mph. Watch the whole gripping documentary on Vimeo On Demand https://vimeo.com/ondemand/ackattack Produced by The Content Canning Company © 2013 All rights reserved www.contentcanning.com Watch the documentary film about the epic story behind this historic record as seen on the Discovery Channel now available to stream on demand https://vimeo.com/ondemand/ackattack
The 1,000mph Car, Inside Bloodhound SSC - Guinness World Records
SUBSCRIBE for more amazing videos: http://bit.ly/subscribetoGWR SHARE on Facebook: http://on.fb.me/RLgcl0 To mark the first test firing of Bloodhound SSC's hybrid rocket, here's a closer look at what it will take to push a car to a whopping 1,000 mph. The attempt will take place at Hakskeen Pan in South Africa in 2014. Welcome to the official Guinness World Records YouTube channel! If you're looking for videos featuring the world's tallest, shortest, fastest, longest, oldest and most incredible things on the planet, you're in the right place. Willkommen im offiziellen Guinness World Records Kanal! Wenn du auf der Suche nach den gröÃten, kleinsten, schnellsten, längsten, ältesten und unglaublichsten Dingen der Welt bist, dann bist du hier genau richtig. LIKE us on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/GuinnessWorldRecords FOLLOW us on Twitter: http://twitter.com/gwrnews Find out more: http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/ Add us to your G+ circles: http://bit.ly/GWRgplus


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Town Tavern - Carbonite Brushed White Oak
- Brand: Long's Hardwood
- Product Code: Town Tavern - Carbonite Brushed White Oak
Availability: Ships in 2-3 Days
- $4.29 Per Sq Ft
$3.89 Per Sq Ft
A better price may be available on large quantities. Call 800-545-5664 or Send Text Message
This product has carton quantity of 29.00 Sq Ft. The cart will round up to the nearest carton.
Tags: town, tavern, carbonite, brushed, white, oak, special, products


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SiteCM Lite gives you access to our full list of features and is a good choice for web sites with up to 100 pages and slightly larger budgets.
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License: SiteCM Lite + Newsletter
Mike Wiegele Helicopter Skiing is THE name in helicopter skiing. It is more than a resort. It is a dream. A life ambition. When Warren Miller wants to showcase telent in his films, he brings them to Mike's place.
When MWHS needed brand and communication support, they chose SiteCM Reseller Communication Solutions Inc. who helped them discover their brand and rolled out a communication plan that includes an up to the minute web site to showcase the Mike Wiegele experience. They chose SiteCM and post weekly photo galleries and videos for their customers.
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text:
Revision Lifts G.N.P.'s Rise To 4.5% Rate
By ROBERT D. HERSHEY Jr., Special to the New York Times
Published: February 26, 1988
WASHINGTON, Feb. 25— The nation's economy grew at a 4.5 percent annual rate in the final three months of 1987, somewhat faster than the preliminary estimate a month ago, the Commerce Department said today.
Economists regarded today's report on the gross national product -the value of the country's entire output of goods and services - as mildly favorable and said it reduced the chances that the economy was likely to slip into a recession soon.
But they said they were disappointed that the upward revision of the G.N.P. was only about one-third as large as generally expected and that the international trade sector was not as strong as had been thought.
President Reagan said at his Wednesday night news conference that the G.N.P. report would contain ''a little good news.'' His comment, by helping stir expectations, added to the disappointment.
The revision contributed to a day of confused trading. Stocks and the dollar posted early gains but finished the day with losses. A late wave of selling also eroded prices in the credit markets.
Fears of a looming recession followed the initial G.N.P. report in January. It showed that about 85 percent of a 4.2 percent growth rate reflected goods remaining unsold.
The assumption was that production would have to be curtailed while these excess inventories were worked down. The latest report shows that consumer and business spending was stronger than first reported and that the buildup of inventories was slightly less.
''This clearly showed a stronger economy than originally reported,'' Norman Robertson of Pittsburgh's Mellon Bank said of the report. ''It's very difficult to conclude we're heading into a recession.''
Other analysts pointed out, however, that the bulk of this higher spending went for imported goods, which climbed at a $13.5 billion rate instead of an $8.9 billion rate, as originally estimated.
''Whatever strength there was was satisfied by imports,'' commented Daniel Friel, economist for the NCNB Corporation in Charlotte, N.C.
Real final sales - the G.N.P. adjusted for changes in business inventories - climbed 1 percent during the fourth quarter, the Commerce Department's figures now show. This is far below the 6 percent rate of growth during the third quarter but is above the six-tenths of 1 percent rate initially reported for the fourth quarter. Comment From Economist
The inventory buildup was ''not quite as bad'' as first reported, said Kenneth T. Mayland, economist for the First Pennsylvania Bank. ''But I don't think businesses are too likely to be reordering heavily for the spring and summer.'' Mr. Mayland is one of a sizable minority of analysts who believe an economic contraction is likely to occur relatively soon. A recession is commonly defined as two consecutive quarters in which the G.N.P. declines.
The 4.5 percent pace of business expansion in the fourth quarter compares with gains of 4.3 percent in the third quarter, 2.5 percent in the second quarter and 4.4 percent in the first three months of 1987. It was the fastest pace since the first quarter of 1986, when the G.N.P. (expressed in constant dollars) climbed at a 5.4 percent annual rate.
There was no revision, however, in the pace of inflation as measured by either the fixed-weight index or the implicit deflator. They continued to show rates of 3.7 percent and 2.7 percent, respectively. The fixed-weight index measures changes in prices; the deflator not only does this but also reflects changes in the composition of the gross national product. Decline in Savings Rate
Consistent with the higher consumption figure, the nation's savings rate - personal savings as a percentage of disposable personal income -edged down to 4.8 percent in the last quarter from the 4.9 percent estimated last month.
The upward revision of three-tenths of a percentage point in the G.N.P. was equal to $2.8 billion, the Commerce Department said, meaning that the G.N.P. ran at a rate of $3,877,900,000 instead of $3,875,100,000.
The main increases were $4.3 billion in personal consumption spending and $4 billion in spending by producers for durable goods. The largest decrease was $5.7 billion in the international trade sector, where the positive contribution was lowered to a $2 billion rate from $7.7 billion, mostly as a result of greater imports.
Today's report also showed that the gross national product, as expressed in current dollars instead of constant 1982 dollars, hit a rate of $4.6 trillion in the final three months of 1987. This was at a rate 7.3 percent higher than in the third quarter, compared with an initially reported 6.7 percent rate.
In publishing today's figures, the Commerce Department realigned its tables to provide additional information about investment, inventories and Federal Government purchases. Other data are being provided earlier than before or are being dropped from the G.N.P. tabulation.
Data included in the first revision of the gross national product for the fourth quarter of 1987 follow, with all dollar amounts in billions at seasonally adjusted annual rates. Percentage changes are from previous quarter at seasonally adjusted annual rates: Last Pct. CURRENT PRICES Quarter Chg. Gross National Product $4,604.0 7.3 Consumption 3,019.2 N.A. Business investment 457.8 N.A. Inventory change 66.7 N.A. Housing 232.3 N.A. Net exports -126.9 N.A. Government 954.8 N.A. Memo: Final sales* N.A. N.A. 1982 PRICES Gross National Product $3,877.9 4.5 Consumption 2,500.9 -3.1 Business investment 463.2 -0.5 Inventory change 56.7 N.A. Housing 197.3 8.1 Net exports -136.4 N.A. Government 796.3 13.4 Memo: Final sales* 3,821.3 1.0 G.N.P. price deflator 2.7 G.N.P. fixed-weighted price index 3.7 *G.N.P. less inventory change. N.A. Data are not applicable. (Source: Commerce Department)
Graph of the real economic growth (Pg. D2) (source: Commerce Department)


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Is limited liability or double taxation fair?
Thinking about whether limited liability or double taxation is fair. Created by Sal Khan.
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Being short, I can relate to the short jokes...
One year during my vacation, my boss decided to update my office - came back
to new shelving- I could stand under it and my finger tips just reached the
underside if I stood on my tippy toes....
> -----Original Message-----
> From: firstname.lastname@example.com [mailto:email@example.com] On
> Behalf Of email@example.com
> Sent: Monday, January 23, 2006 4:51 PM
> To: firstname.lastname@example.com
> Subject: Re: [CHAT] Gene's greenhouse NOW Sycamore
> In a message dated 1/22/06 10:23:12 PM, firstname.lastname@example.com writes:
> > raid the trees at UNL.
> >
> Does UNL stand for Univ Neb of Lincoln? Where are they in relationship
> to
> the campus?
> Ceres
> PS Another short joke? You know I am sensitive.
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> message text UNSUBSCRIBE GARDENCHAT
To sign-off this list, send email to firstname.lastname@example.com with the
message text UNSUBSCRIBE GARDENCHAT