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visual diary 113 / poetry in nothingness
born in stars we live on earth as poets — may you now be dancing with the stars again.
visual diary 112 / flying sown floating. (the many layers of belonging)
some pictures i collected when summer started. i am so fascinated with light these sumer days. it's been a long time since i spend so much time in a row in leipzig. still i feel like there is a lot to explore. it feels good to be here and i can feel … Continue reading
visual diary 109 // i tramp a perpetual journey
thank you so much e. for sharing these beautiful polaroid pictures with us. you can find e. online here.
visual diary 108_the road is wider than long
bisous to my wonderful amie f ❤ for wonderful & inspiring days, great food, talks, warmth & especially for keeping me walking and exploring even when i was tired. i am so glad we could see & share all these things/places. and thanks to w & v for hosting us.
visual diary 102 // a dream goes to sleep with me tonight –
sleepwalking through the city. the texture of forgetting you. the beautiful structures of melancholia and decay. here at the end of all things – i hope for new beginnings.
visual diary 100 // on the threshold to a new land (moving from winter to spring)
my dear readers — this is not the 100th blog post, but the 100th visual diary post. wow. when i started another visual diary over four years ago i never expected it to be such a long-term project. but i still enjoy doing it and it makes me very happy to see how many places, … Continue reading
visual diary 99 // tracks (present of the past)
a mix by the very talented greenesteem that suits the feeling of this place very well. enjoy listening.
visual diary 98 // mapping desire_s
* because it is still a political act to show your (naked) body on your own terms as a female*/queer.
visual diary 94 // uncharted desires
❤ thank you for 25 ooo views ❤
an essay on creativity and writing // 4 years of another visual diary <3
today is another birthday of another visual diary. since nearly half a decade (sounds impressive… ummm) i am writing this diary. wow. a big thank you to you readers from (nearly) all over the world! and also to all these wonderful people in my life who support and inspire me in so many different ways … Continue reading
visual diary 91 // some days my heart beats so fast
… my ribcage sounds like a fucking railroad track and my breath is a train I just can't catch. — Andrea Gibson beautiful music ~ a love from outer space beautiful murals ~ by aryz me ~ these days
visual diary 89 // come ocean come over me
i am not free in my wilderness i am not free in my loneliness i am no free in my wanna be free come ocean come over me thank you sam for these heartbreaking beautiful lyrics.
visual diary 88 // passing through
dear friends and strangers — this summer i spent a lot of time in berlin. here are some random pictures i took while i was straying through the city. there are so many words in me waiting to be written down. but i will save them for momo #4 which will hopefully be ready in … Continue reading


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Chemotherapy Plus Cetuximab Followed by Surgical Resection in Patients With Locally Advanced or Recurrent Thymoma or Thymic Carcinoma
This study is currently recruiting participants. (see Contacts and Locations)
Verified October 2016 by Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Eli Lilly and Company
M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
City of Hope National Medical Center
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: December 2, 2009
Last updated: October 24, 2016
Last verified: October 2016
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
No Study Results Posted on ClinicalTrials.gov for this Study
|Study Status:
|This study is currently recruiting participants.
|Estimated Study Completion Date:
|December 2017
|Estimated Primary Completion Date:
|December 2017 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)

subset: commoncrawl


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Mary Black (born 23 May 1955) is an Irish folk singer. She is well known as an interpreter of both traditional folk and modern material which has made her a major recording artist in her native Ireland.
Showing official release groups by this artist. Show all release groups instead, or show various artists release groups.


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My Guyana! Industrious and rich,
Land of the mighty Roraima and Kaieteur's wondrous beauty,
Land of the fabled city of golden El Dorado,
Of varieties in wood, unsurpassed in size and beauty,
Land of St. George's Cathedral, and Victoria Regia,
How dear are thou to me!
I'll cleave to Guyana, my native land -
No matter how poor, how backward the country was, it's my own;
For riches, peace, beauty: she excels a region beyond;
I do not care what multi-racial problems it ever had,
I will cleave to Guyana: I love my Guyana.
I will cleave to Guyana, no matter
What the oppositions may do, whatever they have to say,
Their very actions I'll refute, their intentions I'll shatter,
Their very thoughts I'll confuse, their beliefs I'll send at bay;
I'll cleave to Guyana; I love Guyana - my own land.
Oh my Guyana, land of my sires,
Land of golden opportunities and possibilities,
What force can ever there be to part me from thy brotherhood,
The glory of this our nation, the stronghold of my desires,
That cleaves me to thy land, ever fruitful and ever good.
Copyright © Frank Ramtahal 2011
© Copyright 2017 Frank Ramtahal. All rights reserved.
Status: Finished
Genre: Travel
I love how patriotic you are to your country. It really shows in your poetry. I definitely "Like It"...
I love the way you praise your country, though i do not know much about Guyana but the beauty you give your country is what i love, if one million people oppose your poem tell them how wrong they are, keep it up.
I love your passion and description...it creates so much for the reader to experience.
Yes you're right Frank... No matter what, one should always love one's country... I love this poem Frank. Hats off to you and your patriotism.
I cleave to your patriotism Frank :-). Poem is greatly structured with great description of Guyana. I like it a lot :-). Are you from Georgetown?
Poem / Riddles
Poem / Commercial Fiction
Poem / Fantasy
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How to Wear Printed Jeans
5 Animal Print Jeans — and What to Wear With Them
Photo 1 of 6
5 Animal Print Jeans — and What to Wear With Them
>> This season, printed jeans are everywhere: J Brand, Current/Elliott, Hudson, Rag & Bone, and Gap all have versions, just to name a few. Here, we've gathered five of our favorite animal-patterned jeans and devised a different way to wear each one — from super-relaxed to neatly polished — without having to fall back on a basic tee. Click through to see each one.
Photo Courtesy of Bergdorf Goodman


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List of program requirements & course descriptions (pdf) | email faculty
Throughout Dunwoody's two-year MCAP program, you will receive cutting-edge training on the latest Chrysler, Dodge, Ram, Jeep, and FIAT vehicles.Dunwoody College has a strong partnership with FIAT Chrysler Automotive (FCA). In fact, FCA has awarded the College with its Outstanding Achievement Award for Innovative Ideas.
While at Dunwoody College, you will train specifically on current model Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, Ram and FIAT vehicles. With guidance from our Master ASE Certified FCA Instructor, you will master automotive systems like:
– BUS Communication
– UConnect Audio/Telematics
– Diesel
– Forced Induction Systems
– Enhanced Vehicle Safety Systems
– AWD and Four-wheel Drive
The National Automotive Technicians Education Foundation (NATEF), the branch of ASE which certifies and accredits automotive education programs, has accredited Dunwoody MCAP in all areas of service and repair.
Additional benefits of Dunwoody's MCAP program include:
– A paid internship at a sponsoring Chrysler/Dodge/ Ram/Jeep/FIAT dealership.
– FCA Performance Institute Technical Training Core Curriculum level 2 certifications in all seven skill categories. You will also meet NATEF accreditation standards in all eight ASE Automotive skill categories and A9 Diesel. These certifications allow you to work at any Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, Ram and FIAT Dealer throughout the nation.
– Training from an ASE-certified Master Instructor, which means you will learn from a professional who has worked in the industry and holds current ASE certifications.
– Access to new and rare vehicles like the SRT 392 Dodge Challenger, Chrysler 300S, Dodge Charger and Jeep Grand Cherokee—which were all donated by the manufacturer, specifically for student training.
– All MOPAR-specific training materials are supplied—and paid for—by FIAT Chrysler Automotive, saving you money.
Graduates earn an Associate of Applied Science degree. The program takes two years (four semesters) to complete. Classes within this program are offered during the day. You can also go on to earn a bachelor's completion degree in Applied Management.
Common Job Titles
Possible job titles upon graduation include:
– Maintenance & Light Repair (MLR) Technician
– Auto Line Technician
– ASE Certified Technician
Recent Employers
Companies that hire our graduates include:
– 16 Metro area FCA dealers
For additional information on automotive career paths and current job openings, visit http://carcareers.org/.
Data reflects placement for AY2014-15 graduates indicating employment in their field of study within 6 months following graduation. Full data calculations are available for review during College open hours Monday through Friday 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. CT at Career Services or contact email@example.com.
SOURCE: Based on May 2014 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates for the state of Minnesota published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, www.bls.gov.
Dunwoody Automotive adds online training for Audi and Subaru vehicles
Auto industry has the need, Dunwoody has the grads
Automotive Dean's service celebrated at annual potluck, department continues Toys for Tots donation
Mopar CAP Facts page
Dunwoody's Mopar CAP Facebook Page
MOPAR CAP Website
Albany Chrysler Dodge Jeep
Barnett Chrysler Jeep
Bernard's Northtown Motors
Bloomington Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram
Brown Motors
Coon Rapids Chrysler Jeep
Cornerstone Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram
Dodge of Burnsville
Forest Lake Chrysler Dodge Jeep & Ram
Fury Motors, South St. Paul and Lake Elmo
Jeff Belzer's Dodge
Luther Brookdale Chrysler Jeep Dodge
Luther Hudson Chrysler Dodge Jeep
New Prague Dodge
Park Chrysler Jeep
Roseville Chrysler Dodge Jeep
Ryan Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram
Walser Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram
Waconia Chrysler Dodge Jeep


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Compare Drugs
Find the safest and most cost-effective drugs for this condition.
Find the safest and most cost-effective drugs for this condition.
Dr. Loren Fishman, a rehabilitative medicine specialist, addresses reader questions about yoga and aging, back pain, sciatica and more.
My 11-year-old grandsons, Stefan and Tomas, weigh about 80 pounds each. On the 20-minute walk to their middle school and the uphill walk home, they carry backpacks that weigh about 12 pounds each, or 15 percent of their body weight. When extra books or clothing, a musical instrument or other...
Get up and stretch or do exercises to strengthen your abdominal muscles, or attend classes, which will help your posture.
A growing number of studies are finding that chronic back pain has a strong genetic component.
The American College of Physicians says routinely ordering X-rays and CT or M.R.I. scans drives up health care costs and doesn't help resolve the problem.
Tips for protecting yourself through the snow and the shoveling.
One doctor's prescription for exercise: Do it where you gather, even 10 minutes at a time.
Some gyms are now offering classes to help exercisers who overdo their usual routines.
An advisory panel to the Food and Drug Administration voted 8-6 to expand approved uses of Cymbalta.


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Faced with Hesse's intensely introspective text about the intellectual and emotional crisis of a middle-aged man, Haines opts for a '60s-ish semi-psychedelic approach, with some fetching animated interpolations, an amusing appearance by Clémenti, and a marginal, simplistic 'let's all get stoned' moral. The latter aspect now looks distinctly corny, and some might regard it as a gross misreading of the original. But even the staunchest Hesse devotee will find compensations in Sydow's characterisation and the comparative fidelity of the film's first half.
Release details
|106 mins
Cast and crew
|Fred Haines
|Fred Haines
|Max von Sydow
Dominique Sanda
Pierre Clémenti
Carla Romanelli
Roy Bosier
Alfred Baillou


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Convenience: Baycity Rentals work with the aim to provide maximum level of convenience to their clients. Therefore, you can visit their store whenever you find yourself in need of hiring tools or equipment.
Customer Service: No matter what you hire from Baycity, they provide reliable customer service so that you do not face any problems regarding the product or its functionality.
With construction works around Melbourne, Bayside and Kingston areas increasing with rapid speed, the importance of different types of tools is also on a record high. However, it has been noticed that in many cases, the speed of construction work has experienced a sudden halt due to the absence of appropriate materials and tools. This is the primary reason why experts consider the access to proper equipment hire as an added advantage during the construction, as well as, home renovation works.
Baycity Rentals offers a huge range of different types of tools and equipment to not only the largest construction companies, but also for DIY and home improvement needs at affordable daily, weekly and long term hire rates. Therefore, call in for friendly advise on the right tools for the job
About our business
Standard and Performance: Baycity Rentals are not ready to compromise with certain things like the standard and performance of the tools. All Equipment in stock is checked at regular intervals, to ensure nothing but high standards and performance.
Condition and Maintenance: Inappropriate or lack of maintenance might damage even the best constructional tools and equipment. Baycity Rentals have kept this fact in mind, and all the tools offered by them are well-maintained. Moreover, even before putting equipment in service, management ensure that it is in excellent working condition. This is done to maximize customer satisfaction.


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MAGENTO - Front- and Backend adjustments
This project was successfully completed by vigentocommerce for $309 USD in 3 days.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project Budget$30 - $250 USD
Completed In3 days
Total Bids34
Project Description
Dear all,
we currently set up a new Magento store and need your help. We already set up all necessary features but need some support to adjust our frontend template to our wishes. Therefore we prepared a short overview (see attachment) about the necessary work for this job. The job can start asap and should done soon.
Please check the attachment and leave your offer.
We looking for a long term realtionship because we have further projects in pipeline
Completed by:
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text: OverviewBack to top Advanced Research - Lithium Arginate with Aspartate 120 mg. - 100 Tablets Item# :104697UPC# :605164342623 Brand:Advanced Research Size/Form:100 Tablets Ship Weight:0.08 Servings:50 Dosage:2 Tablet(S) Advanced Research Lithium Arginate with Aspartate - 100 Tablets Advanced Research Lithium Arginate with Aspartate is a quality health care supplement product formulated by Hans A. Nieper, M.D. The prescription drug lithium is a mineral with antidepressant and antimanic actions. It is used to treat bipolar disorder (manic-depression) and severe depression. Lithium is a trace mineral found in the earth's crust The medical field refines this crust to produce lithium arginate. It is most often known for its use in manic-depressant syndromes, but did you know that it is also used for treating ADD, epilepsy, alcoholism, drug withdrawal, kidney stones and migraine headaches? Some research shows that it may also be effective in treating malignant lymphatic growths, arteriosclerosis and chronic hepatitis. Dr. Hans A Nieper has achieved (during his lifetime) International acclaim in Science, Medicine and Technology. As reported in several International Journals, Dr. Nieper is truly one of the greatest luminaries of this century. In addition to his research, theories and promulgation of vacuum/space field Tachyon physics and technologies (Telsa), he was the President of the International Association of Space Field Energy Scientists. In Medicine, his discoveries of various "metabolic substances" orotates, aspartates, arginates and AEP compounds, which are necessary in cell metabolism, resulted in great demands for his lectures including the World Health Organization's Cancer Symposium and adoption of various Government Medical Authorities (in Germany) of several of his successful "Non-Toxic" Medical protocols. Dr. Nieper was also the President of the German Oncology Society. Advanced Research nutritional supplements are the progression of Dr. Nieper's commitment to metabolic therapies in harmony with nature. They painstakingly research each raw ingredient to assure that the highest potency, most assimilable materials are used and that they meet Dr. Nieper's Standard of excellence. All their products are then scientifically formulated and meticulously manufactured.


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Top Definition
An endearing term given to Athens, GA, USA
Mat: Hey man, I'm heading to Classic City this weekend.
Shannon: Okay let me head up from Auburn!
Shannon: Okay let me head up from Auburn!
by matxjos April 06, 2012
The Urban Dictionary Mug
One side has the word, one side has the definition. Microwave and dishwasher safe. Lotsa space for your liquids.Buy the mug
The Urban Dictionary T-Shirt
Smooth, soft, slim fit American Apparel shirt. Custom printed. 100% fine jersey cotton, except for heather grey (90% cotton).Buy the t-shirt


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Onpoint Design Embroidery
Clothing & Accessories, T-Shirts, Jackets
Onpointdesign was established in 2003 marketing solely in Graphic Design. By 2005, we evolved as a company steered towards Textile Clothing.Our team consists of vibrant and talented people with years of experience in Embroidery, Screen Printing, Digitizing, Digital Printing & Heat Transfers.Our aim as a company is to constantly meet our client and customer needs with the highest regard for Qual...ity, Affordability and Efficiency.Embroidery & DigitizingAt Onpointdesign, we cater for small and large embroidery jobs eg, sports, corporate, school, events & team uniforms. We have a large range of Hi Vis work wear. We can embroider any graphic or personalised design directly onto T-shirts, Polos, Business shirts, Caps, Towels and Blankets, and much, much more.Our top of the range digitizing programmes allow us to replicate your artwork with the finished product being top quality embroidery.Screen-PrintingOnpointdesign offers quality screen printing. We can print on caps, t'shirts, sweatshirts, polo shirts, bags and much much more.Digital Printing, Heat Transfers, Sports Numbers, etc
Print this page
Caps for everyone
Personalised towel gift idea for all...
Personalised towels are best gifts for boys...
Personalised Towels are best gift ideas for girls
Complete Uniform packages
Polo Shirts
Workboots available
Onpointdesign, helping you make your mark
Embroidery Screenprinting Uniforms Towels Personalised Gifts
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Have you ever purchased from PartSelect.com before?
Thank you for helping make our site better.
Below is a list of all parts for the General Electric Washer WHDSR209DAWW. To find the repair part you need, you can browse the list below or you can narrow your choices by searching for a part by name or description.
Used in conjunction with the timer dial knob assembly.
Sold individually.
This part does not include the agitator cap. Must order separately.
This part increases the voltage to the drive motor to help start it.
The point of the lid switch is for the tub to stop spinning when the washer lid is opened. It is a safety precaution just in case someone decides to stick their hand inside the washer while the tub is spinning.
All brand logos are trademarks of their respective owners.
The PartSelect logo is a Registered Trademark of Atlantic Laundry Centres, Ltd.
Copyright © 1999-2017 , Eldis Group Partnership. All rights reserved.


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More Videos...
Paul's Lowered Fiero Gt
Early spring quick video 1" drop with axis 19" wheels, watch a better edit of this video on my page
Fiero GT with 3.4 DOHC
1988 Fiero GT with 3.4 DOHC and new custom Exhaust.
Bendle & MacKenzie Pontiac Fiero Rocky Mountain Rally May 1991
CanadaMotorSports Bendle & MacKenzie Pontiac Fiero Rocky Mountain Rally May 1991. Quite possibly the most outrageous Pontiac Fiero rally car around. With Time Bendle piloting and Art MacKenzie navigating, they were never boring. Plus a couple of clips of rather rare Toyota Celica 4WD and a Mazda 323 AWD.


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FDA Approves First Therapy for High-risk Neuroblastoma »
"The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Unituxin (dinutuximab) as part of first-line therapy for pediatric patients with high-risk neuroblastoma, a type of cancer that most often occurs in young children.
Neuroblastoma is a r"...
Read the FDA Approves First Therapy for High-risk Neuroblastoma article »
INFORM THE PATIENT (PARENT OR GUARDIAN) NOT TO EXCEED THE RECOMMENDED DOSAGE AND TO KEEP LOMOTIL OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN AND IN A CHILDRESISTANT CONTAINER. INFORM THE PATIENT OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF OVERDOSAGE, INCLUDING SEVERE RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION AND COMA, POSSIBLY LEADING TO PERMANENT BRAIN DAMAGE OR DEATH. Lomotil may produce drowsiness or dizziness. The patient should be cautioned regarding activities requiring mental alertness, such as driving or operating dangerous machinery. Potentiation of the action of alcohol, barbiturates, and tranquilizers with concomitant use of Lomotil should be explained to the patient. The physician should also provide the patient with other information in this labeling, as appropriate.
Last reviewed on RxList: 1/9/2017
This monograph has been modified to include the generic and brand name in many instances.
Lomotil FDA Prescribing Information
Additional Lomotil Information
Lomotil - User Reviews
Lomotil User Reviews
Now you can gain knowledge and insight about a drug treatment with Patient Discussions.
Here is a collection of user reviews for the medication Lomotil sorted by most helpful.
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
Get the latest treatment options.


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It's no secret that Travis Rice has spent the past two years working on the highly anticipated sequel to the Art of Flight, details of which have been kept firmly under wraps... until now.
While the latest instalment, which has been named The Fourth Phase, is not due to be released until October 2016, Rice and his team have produced a short teaser for our viewing pleasure. If you haven't seen it already, you can watch The Fourth Phase teaser here.
In the meantime, let's take a couple of minutes to reminisce about just how awesome Art of Flight was.
If you haven't seen Art of Flight, check out the trailer below.
Dreaming of winter? Get our best snow stories right into your news feed – like us on Facebook and follow us on Twitter!


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Burt's Bees Baby Bee Bubble Bath
- 1 reviews See the Breakdown
- Product Info | Add Your Review
Burt's Bees Baby Bee Bubble Bath Reviews
Nice scent!This product has a nice scent which is not too strong. Packaging is nothing special, but it does not need to be. I did only give it 7 stars because you have to use a little more product to get a decent amount of bubbles. — 3 years, 5 months agoKirstie | 139 reviews
This review is: Helpful | Not helpful | Inappropriate | 1 of 1 people said helpful
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My Reasons for Reporting This


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Boston Ads
View: Tree | Flat
Curvacious! Thanks.
Posted 5/22/2012 at 4:00:00 PM
Current Thread
Petite Beautiful Brunette Spinner Touring Boston may23-may25!
GirlnextdoorTinsley | 5/22/2012 12:29:03 PM (3121 reads)
We thank you for your purchase!
Unfortunately it looks like your attempt to purchase VIP membership has failed due to your card being declined. Good news is that we have several other payment options that you could try.


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|Big Beyonce Hair using BaByliss
I did my hair BIG for my birthday. I thought it was only right!!!
I created these big volumised curls using the BaByliss Curling Wand which is up there amongst my fave tools of all time.
Make sure you check out The Hairdryer Diaries for a full tutorial on how to get this look.
You can also follow on Twitter to make sure you stay up to date! Twitter handle – @Hdryerdiaries
Unless otherwise indicated products reviewed are press or brand samples. Links may be affiliate links.
Facebook Conversations
4 Responses to Big Beyonce Hair using BaByliss
- Annie Rose August 2, 2012 at 12:52 pm #
I love it! Hope you had a good birthday 🙂 x
- victoriaeightyfive.com August 2, 2012 at 2:22 pm #
I think they look great on you! Hope your birthday was fab.
I don't think I'd suit the curls my self ;[
- bina August 12, 2012 at 10:42 pm #
Ive looked on the hairdryer diaries, I can't find one with the above pic 🙁
- Ree ReallyRee August 13, 2012 at 10:54 am #
It will be coming up next week. Sorry to make you wait!


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Click on image to zoom
aFe Power 46-70062 Transmission Pan
aFe Power 46-70062 Transmission Pan Wrinkle Black Powdercoat - Compatible w/Factory Dipstick - Incl. Magnetic Drain Plug/Hardware
See Full List of Vehicle Applications »
Please Call for Availability
aFe Power - Transmission Pan P/N 46-70062 Features:
- Magnetic Drain Plug
- Internal And External fins
- Die Cast A380 Aluminum
- Added Fluid Capacity
- 1/8 in. NPT Temp Sensor Port
- 50 State Legal
- 2 Year Limited Warranty
View the Full List of Automotive Applications »
Below is an abbreviated list of applications for the Transmission Pan.
2500, 3500, Ram 2500, Ram 3500, Dodge, Ram, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007
Advanced Flow Engineering, Inc. (aFe) produces high flow, high performance air filters & intake systems for the automotive industry. Founded in April, 1999, aFe was created to address an obvious need in the automotive aftermarket industry: a lack of choice for a high performance aftermarket air filter. We are a team of engineers, machinists, production and sales people who believe in the product we design. We each have years of experience in our respective positions and together work to ensure that we have the best product on the market. Our purpose was not just to be another vendor that offers air filters, we chose to pay attention to those finer details that set an aFe filter apart from the competition. We currently offer aftermarket air filters for passenger cars, light trucks and SUV's. We also have many applications for round racing and universal clamp-on filters. To find your particular application, please use our new search engines. If you do not see your particular application listed, please contact us.
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Educational Institutions
BENIGNO AQUINO AVE., (A)TACLOBAN CITY (Capital) Leyte
Tel: 321-7327
BENIGNO AQUINO AVE., (A)TACLOBAN CITY (Capital) Leyte
Tel: 321-7327
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C#, VB.NET, PHP coding in Access / SQL platform
- Status Closed
- Budget N/A
- Total Bids 15
Project Description
We need an Access C#, [url removed, login to view], and PHP programmer to do numberous special projects on an on-going basis. We have an Access program developed (version 2000, running on 2003, and will migrate to 2007 soon)for our industry, which is personnel recruitment. We are also migrating, in the future, to SQL tables on a Small Business Server 2003 operating system with SharePoint, so we are trying to prepare our business program for this eventual migration. We currently need to make lots of tweaks to our Access program GUI and add a number of customized procedures. We would like for you to bid on our first project, which is an "Auto-email" (see attachments). We already have an auto emailing engine in place, so we will only need to build a changable template interface to grab "filtered" e-mails each day, and trigger the email engine, then stamp the next date to send an email per a coded table. This one is really quite simple. In the future, other special projects will include PHP (or ASP) of RSS feeds for direct input into Access database, produce e-mailable XML forms, Skype interface with Access, SharePoint interfaces, HTML/CSS web development (on a small scale), convert Access tables to SQL tables, etc.
Here is the MINIMUM you will need to have to work with us:
1) Know C# and [url removed, login to view] programming with some SQL knowledge. It is a strong plus if you know PHP, XML, and HTML.
2) You must have the ability to remote between our computers (I can see your screen and you can see mine)
3) You must speak English and have Skype or simular communication, so I can freely communicate with you while programming.
We have a very flexible time schedule and we are very good at delivering the specifications you need to do a project professionally. We look forward to working with you.Get free quotes for a project like this
Skills Required
Looking to make some money?
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For Manuscript Submission, Check or Review Login please go to Submission Websites List.
For the academic login, please select your country in the dropdown list. You will be redirected to verify your credentials.
|Table of Contents
|Vol. 80, No. 1, 2012
Issue release date: August 2012
|Section title: Original Paper
Evolutionary Change in the Brain Size of BatsYao L.a · Brown J.-P.a · Stampanoni M.b, c · Marone F.b · Isler K.d · Martin R.D.a
aDepartment of Anthropology, The Field Museum, Chicago, Ill., USA; bSwiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, cInstitute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zürich, and dAnthropological Institute and Museum, Universität Zürich-Irchel, Zurich, Switzerland Corresponding Author
Prof. Robert D. Martin
Department of Anthropology
The Field Museum
Chicago, IL 60605 (USA)
Tel. +1 312 665 7809, E-Mail firstname.lastname@example.com
It has been widely recognized that mammal brain size predominantly increases over evolutionary time. Safi et al. [Biol Lett 2005;1:283–286] questioned the generality of this trend, arguing that brain size evolution among bats involved reduction in multiple lineages as well as enlargement in others. Our study explored the direction of change in the evolution of bat brain size by estimating brain volume in fossil bats, using synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy. Virtual endocasts were generated from 2 Hipposideros species: 3 specimens of Oligocene Hipposideros schlosseri (∼35 Ma) and 3 of Miocene Hipposideros bouziguensis (∼20 Ma). Upper molar tooth dimensions (M2 length × width) collected for 43 extant insectivorous bat species were used to derive empirical formulae to estimate body mass in the fossil bats. Brain size was found to be relatively smaller in the fossil bats than in the average extant bat both with raw data and after allowing for phylogenetic inertia. Phylogenetic modeling of ancestral relative brain size with and without fossil bats confirmed a general trend towards evolutionary increase in this bat lineage.
© 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel
Chiroptera Evolutionary trend Fossil Hipposideros Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy Virtual endocasts Bats Brain size reduction
Jerison's classic 1973 text on evolution of the brain in vertebrates provided numerous examples clearly documenting a general increase in brain size over time in many mammal lineages. He confirmed an overall trend in the fossil record that had been progressively recognized since the time of Marsh [1874]. More recent studies of large data sets have clearly confirmed Jerison's interpretation for 3 orders of mammals: Primates [Martin, 1990; Martin and Isler, 2010], Cetacea [Marino et al., 2004], and Carnivora [Finarelli and Flynn, 2007]. Moreover, the same trend has now been confirmed with respect to very early mammals [Rowe et al., 2011].
It was long thought that brain size is related to body surface area [Jerison, 1973], but it was subsequently proposed that brain size may instead be linked to metabolic turnover [Martin, 1981; Mink et al., 1981; Armstrong, 1983]. This alternative interpretation was proposed partly because brain tissue has a high energetic cost and partly because scaling of brain size parallels scaling in basal metabolic rate (BMR) rather than that of surface area. However, relative brain size shows a five-fold range of variation on either side of the average condition in mammals. Such wide variation greatly exceeds the relatively modest two-fold variation in adult BMR relative to the average condition. Therefore, brain size must be influenced by other factors in addition to BMR, and availability of resources during early development is a prime candidate. Recognition of this led to formulation of the Maternal Energy Hypothesis [Martin, 1996; Martin and Isler, 2010]. According to this hypothesis, a larger brain reflects an increase in maternal resources devoted to the developing offspring. Over evolutionary time, a general trend towards an increased level and efficiency of commitment of maternal resources could explain the empirical finding that brain sizes tend to increase in mammals. This general tendency would be promoted by pervasive benefits of increased brain size and specific responses to new behavioral requirements.
However, the long-accepted generalization that mammal brains have typically tended to increase in size over evolutionary time has recently been questioned. With specific reference to bats (order Chiroptera), Safi et al. [2005] proposed that brain size evolution involved reduction rather than enlargement in multiple lineages. The proposal that a decrease in brain size was widespread during bat evolution was explicitly linked to the high energetic cost of maintaining a large brain. However, the inference of widespread brain size reduction was exclusively based on a theoretical analysis of brain size in extant bats.
Safi et al. [2005] did not themselves allocate change in brain size to individual lineages, but they provided the requisite data to Niven [2005], who did so. According to Niven's figure 1, the prevalent trends were for brain size decrease in 7 families (Emballonuridae, Hipposideridae, Molossidae, Noctilionidae, Rhinolophidae, Rhinopomatidae, and Vespertilionidae) and brain size increase in 5 families (Craseonycteridae, Megadermatidae, Mormoopidae, Nycteridae, and Phyllostomidae).
Safi et al. [2005] went on to suggest that in fast-flying bats brain size decreased relative to the ancestral condition because a reduced body mass (BM) was needed to forage in open spaces. According to this proposal, the primary requirement was for flight efficiency. The energetic cost of a large brain was conceivably disadvantageous, so sensory needs were relaxed. By contrast, it was argued that brain size might be expected to increase over time in bats that have large wings for maneuvering in highly structured habitats. Safi et al. [2005] proposed that bats living in such dense habitats would require better spatial memory and hearing for navigation [see also Safi and Dechmann, 2005]. When effects of BM and phylogeny were taken into account by using a phylogenetic least-squares (PGLS) approach, wing size was found to be positively correlated with brain size in insectivorous bats.
Consideration of fossil specimens is needed to test the claim that reduction in brain size was a widespread occurrence during the evolution of bats, but this is no easy task. Jerison [1973] emphasized the great rarity of fossil bat specimens indicating brain morphology or size, and there appears to be no published record of relative brain size in any species. The absence of published information on brain size in fossil bats is particularly due to their very small body sizes and to the associated rarity of specimens preserved in three dimensions. For instance, the well-known Eocene bats from Wyoming in the USA (Icaronycteris) and from Messel in Germany (Archaeonycteris, Hassianycteris, Palaeochiropteryx) are documented exclusively by flattened specimens that preclude any direct measurement of brain size. Because prior information on relative brain size in fossil bats was lacking in the literature, collection of new data to meet this need was required. It was necessary to find suitably preserved fossil bat specimens and to apply study methods appropriate to their very small size.
A two-pronged approach was adopted to obtain and interpret fossil evidence to assess direction of change in the evolution of relative brain size in bats: (1) synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) was used to generate virtual endocasts for determination of the brain volume of 6 Oligocene/Miocene bat specimens, and (2) standard dental dimensions were collected for 43 extant microbat species and used to calculate an empirical formula permitting estimation of body size in fossil bats. BM values were taken from Jones et al. [2009].
Higher-level classification of bats (order Chiroptera) requires comment. Traditionally, Chiroptera were divided into two suborders: Microchiroptera (23 families of echolocating microbats) and Megachiroptera (megabats in the single family Pteropodidae). However, reports based on molecular evidence indicated that microchiropterans are polyphyletic, with 5 families (Craseonycteridae, Hipposideridae, Megadermatidae, Rhinolophidae, and Rhinopomatidae) being more closely related to megabats than to the remaining 18 microbat families (Antrozoidae, Craseonycteridae, Emballonuridae, Furipteridae, Hipposideridae, Megadermatidae, Molossidae, Mormoopidae, Mystacinidae, Myzopodidae, Natalidae, Noctilionidae, Nycteridae, Phyllostomidae, Rhinolophidae, Rhinopomatidae, Thyropteridae, and Vespertilionidae). This pattern of relationships has been confirmed by two comprehensive studies of phylogenetic relationships among mammals based on molecular evidence [Bininda-Emonds et al., 2007; Meredith et al., 2011]. A new cladistic classification reflecting these findings allocates Pteropodidae, Craseonycteridae, Hipposideridae, Megadermatidae, Rhinolophidae, and Rhinopomatidae to the suborder Yinpterochiroptera and the remaining 18 microbat families to the suborder Yangochiroptera. To avoid confusion in what follows, the colloquial term 'microbats' will be used for all bats excluding Pteropodidae.
As noted, very few specimens suitable for the study of brain contours are available in collections. However, thanks to a short-term loan from the Basel Natural History Museum (BNHM), we were able to scan fossils allocated to 2 Hipposideros species. Members of the genus Hipposideros (Old World leaf-nosed bats) are now generally allocated to the family Hipposideridae, although previous classifications sometimes included them as a subfamily in Rhinolophidae. Hipposideridae and Rhinolophidae are both families for which Niven [2005] specifically indicated that brain size reduction could be inferred from the analysis conducted by Safi et al. [2005].
Remains of hipposiderid bats, including a number of relatively complete skulls, are quite common in the Phosphorites de Quercy (Late Eocene-Middle Oligocene of France), actually accounting for the majority of fossil mammal specimens from those deposits. A prominent representative is Hipposideros (Pseudorhinolophus) schlosseri. Dechaseaux [1956] illustrated a natural endocast of this species but provided only linear dimensions; brain volume was not specified. Three relatively complete skulls of H. schlosseri were available for scanning in the present study (BNHM specimens QH118, QP787, and QU269). The geological age of the deposits from which the specimens are derived is uncertain, but it is probably close to the Eocene/Oligocene boundary (∼35 Ma ago). A second species in the same genus and subgenus, Hipposideros (Pseudorhinolophus) bouziguensis is documented in the younger deposits of Bouzigues (France). In fact, this seems to be the last-surviving species of the subgenus Pseudorhinolophus [see Sigé et al., 1997]. The Bouzigues fauna is of Lower Miocene age and attributable to either the first interval (Aquitanian; 23.0–20.4 Ma ago) or the second (Burdigalian; 20.4–16.0 Ma ago). Curiously, many specimens of H. bouziguensis – the most abundant mammal species in the Bouzigues fauna – consist predominantly of natural endocasts. This facilitates determination of at least some brain contours even without scans but makes inference of BM problematic as few cranial or dental structures are available for estimation. Edinger [1926] described two natural endocasts of H. bouziguensis and Dechaseaux [1938, 1956] portrayed a third. However, for this species, too, only linear measurements were provided. In the present study, three partially exposed natural endocasts of H. bouziguensis were subjected to scanning (BNHM specimens G2361a, G2361b, and G2361d).
SRXTM investigations on the 6 fossil bat specimens were performed in March and December 2008 using the TOMCAT beamline [Stampanoni et al., 2006] of the Swiss Light Source at the Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland. Scan settings differed between specimens and are listed in table 1. Tomographic reconstructions were computed using a highly optimized routine based on the Fourier transform method [Marone et al., 2010]. The commercial software programs Adobe Photoshop and VGStudio MAX were subsequently used to generate 3-dimensional images of bat endocasts from the tomographic scans.
To provide baseline information and guidance, scans of the skull of an extant bat (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) were acquired and used to generate initial reconstructions of cranial bone and the endocranial cavity (fig. 1). In addition to cranial bone, fossil scans generally included externally attached matrix and/or intrusive matrix that partially or completely filled the cranial cavity. So the program Photoshop (Adobe Systems) was used to clean up each individual image by extracting just the outline of the brain cavity or natural endocast. VGStudio MAX was then used to load all scans together into 3D volumes and smooth the resulting figures. This program was also used to calculate the volumes of the 6 reconstructed bat endocasts.
Because slice-by-slice extraction of brain contours is a very laborious procedure, specification of reconstruction error is problematic. In order to check on measurement accuracy in the present study without time-consuming repetition of reconstructions, a virtual endocast for one fossil bat specimen was reconstructed independently by two observers. The results obtained were 0.45 and 0.44 cm3, corresponding to a difference of just 2.3%.
Standard dental dimensions of the skulls of 43 randomly selected extant bat species were measured with a small sliding caliper. Dental dimensions were exclusively derived from microbats. Wherever possible, average values were determined for 6 skulls for each species, although only 5 skulls were available in a few cases. Dimensions recorded included upper second molar length (M2L) and width (M2W), the total length of the upper molars (M1L + M2L + M3L), and the distance between right and left upper second molars. Molar dimensions have been widely used as predictors for BM in a broad spectrum of mammals. BM values were taken from the PanTHERIA compilation of Jones et al. [2009]. In the fossils, linear measurements were taken directly from H. schlosseri. However, since only the natural endocasts were available for H. bouziguensis, it was necessary to use the average linear values cited by Sigé [1968] for remains of H. bouziguensis from Bouzigues.
Steps were taken to allow for the possible influence of phylogenetic inertia in quantitative comparisons. To determine an empirical formula for estimating body size in fossil bats, a phylogenetic tree was constructed by combining the mammal supertree of Bininda-Emonds et al. [2007] with a tree based on cytochrome b genes provided by Agnarsson et al. [2011]. The better resolved Agnarsson tree was used as a starting point, and 10 species were added from the Bininda-Emonds tree. Branch lengths were adjusted in order to yield an ultrametric tree, i.e. one in which all species exhibit the same distance from the root of the tree. To estimate body size from dental dimensions, a PGLS approach using the package Comparative Analyses of Phylogenetics and Evolution in R (caper) [Orme et al., 2011; R Development Core Team, 2011] was applied. The best model was selected according to the Akaike information criterion (AIC).
Having inferred BM for the two fossil bat species, we calculated their relative brain sizes using extant bats as the point of reference. A tree for extant bat species was derived from Agnarsson et al. [2011], including only species for which both brain and BM data are available (from Baron et al. [1996] and Jones and MacLarnon [2004], after excluding questionable data). Branch lengths were transformed to chronologic equivalents using the BEAST package (v1.6.2, Drummond and Rambaut [2007]). As in the residuals first method of Montgomery et al. [2010], residuals of brain versus BM were calculated relative to a phylogenetically controlled empirical regression slope of 0.682.
In order to investigate whether inclusion of the two fossil species influences the estimates of ancestral states, or recognition of a directional trend in the evolution of relative brain size, we used BayesTraits 1.1 [Pagel, 1999; Pagel et al., 2004, including the former package CONTINUOUS]. We tested between a constant-variance random walk model and a directional random walk model, using both a maximum parsimony (MP) and a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach. For MP, a likelihood test was performed to choose between these two models, and for MCMC, the harmonic means of the log-likelihoods of all models visited by the chain were compared by examining the BayesFactor. The testing procedures are described in detail by Montgomery et al. [2010], who conducted an analogous analysis in primates. However, to assess a directional trend in the evolution of a trait, the tree reflecting the phylogenetic relationships must show some variation in the root-to-tip lengths, i.e. the tree must not be ultrametric [Pagel, 1997, 1999; Organ et al., 2007]. Therefore, such a test can only be performed in a tree that includes fossil species.
As shown in figure 2, the two fossil species, H. schlosseri and H. bouziguensis, were inserted into the tree in a position basal to the node giving rise to all extant Hipposideros species together with Asellia/Aselliscus/Coelops. This position was constrained by the age of the fossils, which predates the ancestral node for Hipposideros/Asellia/Aselliscus/Coelops species but postdates the time of divergence between that clade and Triaenops.
Because both fossil species examined are most probably related to extant Hipposideridae, Megadermatidae, and Rhinolophidae, all tests were performed both for a reduced tree including only those 3 families (n = 34 species) and for an overall tree for Chiroptera (n = 199 species).
We applied two different methods to estimate the relative brain size of the most recent common ancestor of several clades: MP in Mesquite (weighted squared-change parsimony [Maddison and Maddison, 2011]) and the Bayesian MCMC approach in BayesTraits 1.1 [Pagel, 1999; Pagel et al., 2004]. For the latter, the parameters of the model are estimated first, and in a second step the ancestral states for that model are calculated as the average of all posterior distribution values, excluding the first 500,000 values from the burn-in period. Ancestral states were estimated for trees both with fossils (n = 199 species) and without fossils (n = 197 species).
Three-dimensional virtual endocasts were successfully reconstructed for all 6 fossil bat specimens scanned at TOMCAT (fig. 3). The following endocast volumes were determined: (1) H. schlosseri – specimen 1 = 0.24 cm3, specimen 2 = 0.19 cm3, specimen 3 = 0.27 cm3, and (2) H. bouziguensis – specimen 1 = 0.46 cm3, specimen 2 = 0.44 cm3, specimen 3 = 0.45 cm3.
Possibilities for estimation of BM were limited because all fossil bat specimens studied were fragmentary. M2L and M2W could be measured for all three specimens of H. schlosseri. However, all three specimens of H. bouziguensis lacked teeth, so average values for M2L and M2W were taken from a monographic account of remains from Bouzigues by Sigé [1968]. Analysis using PGLS indicated that a combination of M2L and M2W yielded better predictive power than either measurement alone (see Appendix for phylogenetic models and data). The following phylogenetically corrected allometric formula relating BM (in g) to M2L and M2W (both in mm) was derived:
loge BM = 1.4897 × loge M2L + 0.9096 × loge M2W + 1.4853
This formula yielded an average BM of 14.0 g for H. schlosseri and an average of 28.7 g for H. bouziguensis.
When included in a bivariate logarithmic plot of brain size against BM for extant bats, values for the fossils (brain size from endocasts; body size estimated from upper second molar dimensions) fall into the lower region of the distribution (fig. 4). This is evident both relative to a least-squares regression fitted to the raw data and relative to a phylogenetically controlled line determined with PGLS. It is also noteworthy that relative brain size in the earlier, smaller-bodied fossil (Oligocene H. schlosseri) is somewhat lower than in the more recent, larger-bodied fossil (Miocene H. bouziguensis), as would be expected if relative brain size tends to increase over time.
Phylogenetic analysis with both MP and Bayesian MCMC revealed that a directional model of evolution was more likely for relative brain size although this is not true either for brain size or for body size taken in isolation. In other words, a positive trend of relative brain size through the evolutionary history of bats fits the data better than a random walk model (table 2). The same result emerged regardless of whether the analysis was conducted with the entire combined tree of Chiroptera (n = 197 extant species) or with a reduced tree including only the 3 families Hipposideridae, Megadermatidae, and Rhinolophidae (n = 32 species). The result is highly significant with MP (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0001, respectively). With Bayesian MCMC, a BayesFactor value >2 indicates a convincing result, so the high values obtained with all bats or with just the 3 families indicated (13.10 and 12.64, respectively) provide strong support for directional evolution of relative brain size.
Ancestral state estimations using MP and Bayesian MCMC (table 3) further indicate that the inclusion of fossils yields considerably lower ancestral values for nodes close in age to the fossil species (fig. 5). With deeper nodes, however, the fossils have less influence on parsimony estimates, and values approach those estimated without fossils. Bayesian MCMC, on the other hand, yields consistently low estimates of relative brain size for the deepest nodes when fossils are included. Overall, it seems likely that the relative brain size of the common ancestor of all bats was relatively small.
The results of this first study of relative brain size in fossil bats provide no indication that any decrease has occurred in the genus Hipposideros over the past 35 Ma. This conflicts with the conclusion drawn by Safi et al. [2005] that evolutionary decrease in brain size has been widespread among bats, notably including members of the family Hipposideridae [Niven, 2005]. The findings for fossil Hipposideros are, instead, compatible with the interpretation that relative brain size has generally increased over time during mammalian evolution, albeit at different stages and at different rates. In fact, phylogenetic analyses conducted with or without our data for relative brain size in two Hipposideros species provide statistically significant evidence for a general trend towards increased relative brain size during the evolution of bats.
In some mammalian lineages, notably in insectivores (both afrosoricidan and eulipotyphlan), expansion in brain size has been very limited. By contrast, in certain other lineages – especially in toothed cetaceans, canid carnivores, and hominids – major expansions of relative brain size have taken place. A recent review by Shultz and Dunbar [2010], which explicitly included fossil evidence, confirmed the overall picture for mammals, ranging from very little change in some lineages to marked change in others. But their findings provided no indication that relative brain size has actually decreased in any lineage.
Relative brain size in certain extant insectivores characterized as 'basal' (members of the families Erinaceidae and Soricidae) has often been taken as representative of the ancestral condition for placental mammals. However, while it is true that these insectivores generally have very small brains in comparison with other extant mammals, they are by no means unique in this regard. Many rodents, for example, have relative brain sizes lying within the 'basal' insectivore range. Moreover, few attempts have been made to reconstruct the ancestral condition using actual fossil evidence. Ancestral placentals emerged at least 125 Ma ago and perhaps as far back as >160 Ma ago [Luo et al., 2011], and we need to infer relative brain size at the outset in order to trace the evolutionary history of encephalization among placental mammals with any confidence. The oldest fossil mammals included in the analysis conducted by Shultz and Dunbar [2010] date back to only ∼60 Ma ago, leaving up to 100 Ma of prior evolutionary history completely undocumented. Limited evidence for relative brain size in Cretaceous mammals (>65 Ma old) indicated that relative brain size was even smaller than in most or all extant insectivores [Martin and Isler, 2010], and this has now been confirmed by an analysis of improved evidence [Rowe et al., 2011]. Nonetheless, 'basal' insectivores, various rodents, and certain other mammals do provide a lower bound for relative brain size among mammals alive today.
As far as bats are concerned, it was established some time ago that frugivorous bats as a group have markedly larger brains, relative to body size, than insectivorous bats [Eisenberg and Wilson, 1978]. In fact, most values for relative brain size in frugivorous bats lie above the average for extant placental mammals, while the vast majority of values for insectivorous bats lie below that average level. Indeed, some microbats have relative brain sizes lying in the lower region of the distribution for extant placental mammals. Therefore, insectivorous microbats count among notably small-brained mammals. This can be explained in one of two ways. One possibility, raised by the claim made by Safi et al. [2005], is that extant insectivorous bats commonly have small brains because of widespread reduction from a larger-brained ancestry. However, the alternative possibility is that insectivorous bats have always been relatively small-brained and that comparatively little expansion occurred from the ancestral placental condition. If no convincing case can be made for a reduction in brain size among bats, then the straightforward interpretation is that there was little scope for any such reduction from the ancestral chiropteran condition; their brains simply failed to expand to any marked degree. This is the interpretation supported by the findings presented here.
In contrast to our results, Safi et al. [2005], using the same procedures, found no evidence for a directional trend in relative brain size evolution in bats. However, at the time there were no fossil data available, and in the phylogenetic tree all branches between bifurcations had been assigned equal length. As a result, species in species-rich groups in their tree necessarily exhibit a longer pathway from root to tip than species in groups containing relatively few species. The directionality parameter in BayesTraits measures the regression of trait values across species against the total path length from the root of the tree to the tips. Thus, Safi et al. [2005] actually tested whether species-rich groups differ in relative brain size from less speciose groups and did not find any indication that this was the case.
It is in any case questionable whether change in a morphological character over time can be reliably inferred in the absence of fossil evidence. Analysis of body size in the mammalian order Carnivora by Finarelli and Flynn [2006] clearly illustrates potential pitfalls in reconstructing changes in size over time with exclusive reference to extant species. Among caniform carnivorans (Canidae, Ursidae, Pinnipedia, Musteloidea), many subgroups are now represented predominantly by large- or small-bodied species. The distribution of body sizes among extant species across the phylogeny seemingly indicates a pattern of decreasing body size from an ancestral value of 10–50 kg. However, body sizes estimated for fossil representatives of a given caniform taxon often lie well outside the observed ranges for extant members. Therefore, the present-day distribution of body sizes is not representative of the evolutionary history of the group. When 367 fossil taxa were included with 149 extant species in a combined analysis designed to reconstruct ancestral body sizes, a small-bodied ancestor (1–5 kg) was indicated both for Caniformia and for the monophyletic subclade Arctoidea (Ursidae, Pinnipedia, Musteloidea). As Finarelli and Flynn [2006] noted, 'Evolutionary trends can reduce the accuracy of character state reconstructions, especially for methods assuming Brownian motion as the model for character change. This is because an estimated root value under such a model will always be some form of weighted average of observed values for terminal taxa [Schluter et al., 1997], and if a trend moves the range of observed character state values beyond the ancestral condition, it will be difficult, if not impossible, to accurately reconstruct the condition at the ancestral node [Garland et al., 1999; Oakley and Cunningham, 2000]'. At present, the most promising method is based on an adaptive peak model of evolution [Smaers and Vinicius, 2009], which is, however, not yet available as a software package.
The topic of brain size reduction has attracted considerable interest since 2004 because of the discovery of fossil hominid remains attributed to the putative new species Homo floresiensis [Brown et al., 2004]. One remarkable feature of the primary Flores hominid specimen LB1 is its tiny brain size, which is quite unusual for a hominid that is only 18,000 years old. Various attempts have been made to explain the small brain of LB1 as a result of island dwarfism [Niven, 2007], or by referring to brain size reduction in other lineages [Dechmann and Safi, 2009; Montgomery et al., 2010]. However, several research groups have proposed instead that the LB1 individual was in fact a modern human suffering from a pathological condition [Weber et al., 2005; Martin et al., 2006a, b; Richards, 2006; Hershkovitz et al., 2007; Obendorf et al., 2008; Vannucci et al., 2011]. Our results demonstrate that including fossils in a reconstruction strongly supports a positive directionality in the relative size of bat brains over time. Therefore, bats cannot be used as an argument to assign species status to LB1.
We owe special thanks to Dr. Burkart Engesser, Emeritus Conservator for Geological Sciences at the Natural History Museum in Basel (Switzerland), for helping to select suitable fossil bat specimens for SRXTM and for arranging a short-term loan of those specimens. Dr. Engesser also arranged the loan of a skull of P. pipistrellus. We are also very grateful to William Stanley (Negaunee Collection Manager) and Dr. Lawrence Heaney (Curator and Head) of the Mammals Section in the Zoology Department of The Field Museum for providing helpful advice and access to specimens of extant bats for measurement. Lu Yao was supported by an Undergraduate Research Grant from Northwestern University (Chicago, Ill., USA) in the summer of 2009 to generate 3D reconstructions of virtual endocasts from SRXTM datasets and to conduct measurements on skulls of extant bat species. Brooke Parker generated a 3D reconstruction for one of the 6 virtual endocasts while working as a summer intern in 2008. Thanks go to Michel Genoud for providing valuable comments on a draft of this paper. We gratefully acknowledge funding and operational support from the Swiss Light Source to conduct this study.
Prof. Robert D. Martin
Department of Anthropology
The Field Museum
Chicago, IL 60605 (USA)
Tel. +1 312 665 7809, E-Mail email@example.com
Received: July 08, 2011
Accepted: March 22, 2012
Published online: June 22, 2012
Issue release date: August 2012
Number of Print Pages: 11
Number of Figures: 5
Number of Tables: 3
ISSN: 0006-8977 (Print)
eISSN: 1421-9743 (Online)
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Opening Hours
Wednesday – 09.00 to 17.00
Thursday – 09.00 to 16.00
Important Notice – Machinery in operation – No children or Under 16's admitted to the show
Countdown to The Off-Site Construction Show 2017
The launch of OSCS2015 was a great success which makes OSCS2016 a significant date in the construction diary!
On October 14 & 15, 2015, the offsite industry came of age, with its very own showcase attracting 2,000 attendees who represented every part of the UK's building, construction, design and engineering community, combining to make the UK's first ever national Offsite exhibition a resounding success.
OSCS2016 will build on this achievement, we have a great show planned.
Sponsored by
The launch of a new industry title – The Offsite News
Works in tandem with show website giving the best of both worlds
The first edition of the Offsite News will be the OSCS2016 Show Guide
Published quarterly, The Offsite News will be a unique blend of news and views mixed with a little humour. "We adopted this style with sister publication, The Concrete Times, launched in 2014 which has proven to be extremely successful", he adds.
With apps becoming more like websites after the introduction of HTML5, the new show website will be used to update the printed show guide content in The Offsite News. "HTML5 means that websites can sense whether the user is accessing them with a smartphone, tablet, laptop or desktop, with the result that the page is optimised to display at the best size and resolution for the specific device", according to Event Marketing Manager, Eddie Milton, "and as live events have elements that are constantly changing, we can now offset the problem of obsolescence of pre-printed media, to offer our audience the best of both worlds".


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Nonparametric Steganalysis of QIM Steganography Using Approximate Entropy
This paper proposes an active steganalysis method for Quantization Index Modulation (QIM) based steganography. The proposed nonparametric steganalysis method uses irregularity (or randomness) in the test-image to distinguish between the cover-image and the stego-image. The authors have shown that plain quantization (quantization without message embedding) induces regularity in the resulting ...Download Now
Designing Scalable and Effective Decision Support for Mitigating Attacks in Large Enterprise Networks
Managing numerous security vulnerabilities has long been a difficult and daunting task especially due to the complexity, heterogeneity, and various operational constraints of the network. In this paper, the authors focus on the task of mitigating and managing network-device-specific vulnerabilities automatically and intelligently. They achieve the goal by a scalable, ...Download Now
Iterative Path Optimization for Practical Robot Planning
The authors present a hybrid path planner that combines two common methods for robotic planning: a Dijkstra graph search for the minimum distance path through the configuration space and an optimization scheme to iteratively improve grid-based paths. Their formulation is novel because they first commit to the minimum distance path, ...Download Now
Cooperative Carrier Signaling: Harmonizing Coexisting WPAN and WLAN Devices
The unlicensed ISM spectrum is getting crowded by WLAN and WPAN users and devices. Spectrum sharing within the same network of devices can be arbitrated by existing MAC protocols, but the coexistence between WPAN and WLAN (e.g., ZigBee and Wi-Fi) remains a challenging problem. The traditional MAC protocols are ineffective ...Download Now
AprilTag: A Robust and Flexible Visual Fiducial System
While the use of naturally-occurring features is a central focus of machine perception, artificial features (fiducials) play an important role in creating controllable experiments, ground truthing, and in simplifying the development of systems where perception is not the central objective. The authors describe a new visual fiducial system that uses ...Download Now
Access Point Selection Under Emerging Wireless Technologies
Users of wireless networks increasingly face a choice among multiple available access points. Clients generally make this decision with limited information about the access points or traffic trends in the system. The authors examine the strategic implications of an emerging wireless technology: utilizing multiple Access Points (APs) simultaneously. Clients using ...Download Now
Does Low-Power Design Imply Energy Efficiency for Data Centers?
Data center efficiency has quickly become a first-class design goal. In response, many studies have emerged from the academic community and industry using low-power design to help improve the energy efficiency of server hardware. Generally, these proposals hold the assumption that low-power design is inherently better for energy efficiency; this ...Download Now
State Fiscal Policies And Transitory Income Fluctuations
State and local expenditure and tax revenue respond less to the business cycle than do federal spending and revenue, thereby reducing the countercyclicality of total government expenditure and revenue. This paper considers forces responsible for the cyclical pattern of state expenditure and revenue. Annual fluctuations in state personal income are ...Download Now
Bloom Filter Guided Transaction Scheduling
Contention management is an important design component to a transactional memory system. Without effective contention management to ensure forward progress, a transactional memory system can experience live-lock, which is difficult to debug in parallel programs. Early work in contention management focused on heuristic managers that reacted to conflicts between transactions ...Download Now
Improving TCP Performance Over Wireless Networks With Collaborative Multi-Homed Mobile Hosts
Multi-homed mobile hosts situated in physical proximity may spontaneously team up to run high-bandwidth applications by pooling their low Wireless Wide-Area Network (WWAN) bandwidths together for communication with a remote application server and utilizing their high-bandwidth Wireless Local-Area Network (WLAN) in ad-hoc mode for aggregation and distribution of application contents ...Download Now


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Can Faith and Science Work Together?
Previously I've explored differences between certain interpretations of faith and science by looking at emphases on orthodoxy versus orthopraxy, the role of doubt, and the beginning of man. But now, I want to look at possible and exciting areas of convergence, confluence, and synergy between faith and science. Here is my short list.


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Chilled Out,
Siesta Key white sand at Beachpoint Cottages
Beachpoint Resort Cottages is a charming beach hotel perfectly situated just a few steps from the turquoise waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the pure white sand of Siesta Beach. Siesta Key beach is world famous for soft, fine sand that never gets hot on your feet! And our beach location is in one of the most desirable areas of the key. No traffic, no searching for a parking space, no crowds…just a flip-flop walk about 100 yards from your door.
And the restaurants, bars and shops of Siesta Village are just a pleasant 2 minute walk from your cottage. When you stay at Beachpoint, you can enjoy what locals say is the very best sunset viewing location on the key! Then take a leisurely stroll to the village. You may never need your car! It's the perfect Florida beach vacation destination!
Beachpoint was established in 1984 and it is well known for local art, tropical cottages and great outdoor spaces. Locally owned and operated, we have 9 eclectic suites available – from a compact efficiency to house sized rentals. They all have kitchens, so you can cook meal or snacks whenever you wish. All you need to do is choose the cottage you want and make your reservations now at 941-349-0545.
125 Beach Road Siesta Key, FL 34242
(941) 349-0545
*Prices in US dollars (USD). Prices reflect lowest average nightly rates. Wemake every attempt to get accurate prices, however prices are not guaranteed. N/A = Not Available
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Speaking of strange gardening . The croscosmia are about ready to dig ( for
those of you who wanted some. Now the question is with plant police and all
what is the best way to send these out? Ideas????
----- Original Message -----
From: "Donna " <firstname.lastname@example.com>
To: <firstname.lastname@example.com>
Sent: Sunday, September 28, 2003 8:02 PM
Subject: RE: [CHAT] strange gardening year
> Pam--- how thick could Sugars coat get .... you live in TX... come up
> north around Jan-Feb and see what a thick coat feels like! :)LOL!
> Yep, I almost creamed a few deer this week... they are on the move here.
> Lotsa little ones around..... and they don't know to look both ways
> before crossing the street yet!
> Donna
> >
> > Look for an early winter I think. Even down here we're seeing signs of
> > it to. My friends Elaine and Mike were discussing that the other
> night.
> > When Mike was out at his deer lease this past week, all his hunting
> > crowd is noticing it too. And Sugar's coat is getting thicker already
> -
> > way ahead of schedule...
> ---------------------------------------------------------------------
> To sign-off this list, send email to email@example.com with the
> message text UNSUBSCRIBE GARDENCHAT
To sign-off this list, send email to firstname.lastname@example.com with the
message text UNSUBSCRIBE GARDENCHAT


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HiFiMAN RE-400
"Packaging and build: The packaging is minimal and exquisitely so. The extra tips filters and manual are behind the felt coated foam holding the earphones. As I gingerly dislodged them from the grooves, I was struck by how tiny they are. I always try to avoid gripping the strain relief as a precaution, but it was difficult considering the size. The shiny bead blasted aluminium back goes..." --getclikinagas
HEAD-DIRECT RE0 In-ear Headphones
" I'm not great at writing reviews, but I'm bored right now and I thought I'd take the time to "honor" the RE0's. I've bought/sold/heard many IEM's in the past, stuff like: IE8, W3, PFE, SE530, TF10, X10 etc. Before the RE0's went on that $99 sale, I came to the conclusion that the W3's were the IEM's for me, X10 and SE530 came in a close second, but anyway, my point is, I was quite satisfied..." --koven
HiFiMAN RE272
" Thanks to Nankai, aka Fang for the RE272 Loaner opportunity. Pros: Clarity, detail, packaging Cons: Bass, too analytical Equipment Used Sources: MacBook Pro, iPod Classic Amp/DACs: iBasso D-Zero Packaging Luxury. That's the first thing I thought when I saw..." --keanex
" Introduction First and foremost, a big thank you goes out to Fang at Head-Direct for sending me a sample of the RE-ZERO IEMs for review. If you've been keeping up with Musical Musings, you're probably well aware of my current love affair with the HiFiMan RE0 IEMs. They are the current crown jewel in my IEM/headphone collection and hardly a day goes by in which I don't pop them into..." --TheGame21x
HEAD-DIRECT HiFiMan RE-262
" Introduction First, I'd like to thank Fang at Head-Direct once again for generously providing me with a RE-262 review sample. HiFiMan has come a long way in just a few short years. Priding themselves on offering exceptional sound quality for a relatively low price, Their RE line of in ear monitors has been a perennial favorite at forums such as Head-Fi for their very high..." --TheGame21x
HiFiMAN RE252
"Probably the best IEM I've ever heard. I loved it a lot and still I love it; not bad when compared to RE262." --rainy nights
HiFiMAN RE-600
"I have been a home audio buff and proud audiophile snob for decades and have only really gotten back into portable audio gear in recent months. I was looking for a nice pair of audiophile IEM's to replace - on a limited budget - my failing, seven year old Etymotic ER-4P's. I value tonal accuracy and sound-staging, and while I want bass to be present I am not a "bass-head." Oh, and I..." --rebbi
HiFiMAN RE-00
"HiFiMAN RE-00 Earphone Quick Review by mark2410 Thanks to Massdrop for the loaner. Full review here http://www.head-fi.org/t/823483/hifiman-re-00-earphone-review-by-mark2410 Brief: OMFG go buy a pair right now! Price: US$35 in the US and US$40 delivered for the rest of the planet. Specifications: Driver: 9 mm dynamic,..." --mark2410
(Random Color) BYZ K17 In Ear Ceramic Wearproof Bass Rock Noise Reduction Earphone Headset / . . BYZ K17 Ceramic Wearproof Rock Bass In-Ear Headset . . Specification: . . . Brand N
"Driver - 6mm Frequency Response 20-20,00 hz Sensitivity 93+-3dB Resistance - 10 omh I decided to write this review on the BYZ K17 because I have been unable to find any other reviews on it. I have had it for several months now and even though the honeymoon is over, I still find this to be a very enjoyable earphone. I am not someone who normally writes reviews..." --RvTrav
Earbud Stereo Headphones w/3.5mm Audio Jack (Black & Silver)
Listening to your MP3 player on the go is even more convenient with these cool headphones. This headset features great sound quality, and enhanced bass and sound. The sleek caps ensure that the headphones fit comfortably and snuggly in your ear. These earbud style headphones work with any audio source with a 3.5 mm headphone jack. Stay in tune - order yours today!


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Noah Slater <nsla...@tumbolia.org>
|Re: [VOTE] Apache CouchDB 1.1.1 Release, Round 2
|Fri, 21 Oct 2011 17:52:03 GMT
On Fri, Oct 21, 2011 at 6:04 PM, Jan Lehnardt <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote: > I think the silent consensus to not change the procedure for stable > branches > and ongoing votes. > Could you clarify? > And I don't buy the "incomplete wiki documentation" missing the git and > still > having the SVN commands in there argument. I don't argue we should not fix > it > all up (we should!), but plenty of people had no trouble casting a vote > that > I'd say it'd be okay to run this release with "wrong" instructions (that we > only had for two or so releases so far anyway and that we had to amend each > time to clarify, so this -1 could be retroactively apply to these previous > releases). > Oh, just to clarify, the Test Procedure is not blocking the release. That's a nice to have feature, and we can fix it up after the fact. Though I would not say no if someone wanted to fix it up now, in time for the third round of voting. That said, if this community decides we should sort out the git/tagging > issue > first and update the Test Procedure wiki page before releasing or even > voting > on 1.1.1, I'd be fine with that. > This is the blocking issue, for me. The tagging and branching discussion happening in a parallel thread is bringing up some pretty major concerns for me, and I don't think we've nailed a consensus yet. This blocks the release from my perspective, because this is will be first release we make from Git, and whatever we do should match whatever our consensus is going forward.
|View raw message


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Mark Peters : February 9th 2012 - 19:15 CET
Canon IXUS 240 HS
Canon IXUS 240 HS digital camera :
At the CP+ Camera & Photo Imaging Show 2012 in Japan, Canon released a new premium digital compact camera to its well-known
line-up. Featuring first-class design with Canon's signature image quality and new Wi-Fi functionality, the Canon IXUS 240 HS, also known as the
Canon PowerShot Elph 320 HS
in the United States, makes it easier than ever to record Full HD videos and capture pictures in breathtaking detail and share them instantly with family or friends. The Canon IXUS 240 HS elegant design and fun functionality are perfect for shooting and sharing pictures on the move.
Canon IXUS 240 HS camera features
Combining advanced and intelligent features with effortless functionality, the Canon IXUS 240 HS is ideal for anyone looking for a compact camera that fuses style with substance. The Canon IXUS 240HS boasts a 16.1 Megapixel resolution and offers exceptional image results. Its 24mm wide angle 5x optical zoom lens offers great flexibility that can be carried in virtually any pocket. The Canon IXUS camera is perfect made for social photography, such as holidays or late evenings out with friends - allowing high quality pictures to be shared immediately after they are taken.
Photo Sharing made easy by Canon
With the new Canon IXUS 240 HS, users can share their favorite photos and videos, whenever and wherever they may be thanks to new Wi-Fi functionality. The new Camera Window application allows pictures and videos to be wirelessly transferred directly to a range of
Apple smartphones
for instant sharing on the go. Using the same Camera Window app, users can also share pictures via e-mail, upload them to
with their own comments, or even upload videos directly to
Canon IXUS 240 HS with touch navigation
The Canon IXUS 240 HS digital camera also features a large 3.2-inch (8cm) PureColor II Touch screen display with 460.000 dot resolution, providing great colors and accurate contrast. The new
Canon IXUS camera
is perfect to review pictures and video clips due to its Touch interface. The touch navigation and customizable icons provide easy and fast access to various camera settings, menus and photo collections, so pictures can be quickly selected to upload to social network websites and comments even typed in. The touchscreen also enables 'Touch Shutter' functionality which makes it possible to compose and capture pictures with a single touch of the display. To better understand the features and functionalities of this new camera, download the
Canon IXUS 240 HS
Technologies Explained PDF sheet.
Full HD Video recording with the Canon IXUS 240 HS
The Canon IXUS 240 HS features 1080p Full HD video recording with stereo sound. The Canon IXUS 240HS is equipped with a dedicated movie record button that enables instant switching from photo to video, while the 5x optical zoom can also be utilized when recording a video. Integrated HDMI connectivity enables content sharing with friends and family using HD-TV screens. To help tell the story behind a day's images, Movie Digest mode captures four seconds of movie before each still photo is taken and then merges all the clips together in 720p HD quality for a fun reminder of the day's events.
Canon IXUS 240 HS sample pictures
Canon published a sample photo captured with the new IXUS 240 HS. Check out the image quality and download the
Canon IXUS 240 HS
test photo.
Canon IXUS 240HS specifications
• Compact metal camera body
• 16.1 Megapixel CMOS
• Canon DIGIC 5 / HS system
• 5x optical zoom lens
• 24mm ultra wide-angle
• Intelligent Image Stabilization
• 8cm / 3.2-inch touch screen
• Full HD video recording
• 58 Smart Auto scenes
• Wi-Fi support for image sharing
• High-speed shooting
Canon IXUS 240 HS Price & Availability
The Canon IXUS 240 HS digital compact camera is available from March 2012, priced at €320 Euro / £280 GBP incl. VAT. Available colors and retail prices may vary from country to country. In the United States the same camera will be sold under the name Canon PowerShot Elph 320 HS for a suggested retail price of $280 USD. Check out the Canon website in your region for more information.
Canon IXUS 240 HS in the box
• Canon IXUS 240 HS camera
• Canon NB-11L Battery pack
• Canon CB-2LD Battery charger
• Canon WS-DC10 Wrist strap
• USB Cable IFC-400PCU
• Digital Camera Solution CD-ROM
Canon IXUS 240 HS review
As soon as we receive a Canon IXUS 240 HS test sample, we will publish a photo gallery with high resolution sample pictures, followed by an extensive Canon IXUS 240 HS review. In the mean time you may want to read our
Canon IXUS 310 HS review
Canon IXUS 240 HS digital camera
Canon IXUS 240 HS
Canon IXUS 240 HS price
Canon PowerShot 320 HS
Canon IXUS 510 HS
Olympus SZ-31MR
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Unlimited Photo Streaming Service for professionals
Mobile World MMIX Summit 2017
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Enjoy the superior service provided by a dedicated Relationship Manager. With Premier Banking, you will receive the support you deserve, with expert solutions and insights to help you achieve your financial goals.
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text:
Volkswagon seattle for sale on US's largest classifieds sites (8 results)
1967 or Earlier Volkswagon Convertible or 21/23 Window Bus wanted.... (Seattle and surrounding areas)
I am looking for a pre-1967 Volkswagon convertible, 21 or 23 Window Bus or Camper Van, Oval Window Bug..............something unusual and original...............no customs.....Thank you for reading this ad, I will contact you upon receiving an e-mail. Location: Seattle and surrounding areas it`s
Year: 1967, Make: Seat
2007 Volkswagon Rabbit 38,565 miles
2007 Volkswagon Rabbit Exterior: United Gray Interior: Anthracite Cloth 2.5L, 150 horsepower, 170 lbs-ft torque, in-line 5 cylinder manual engine Low Mileage: 38,565, excellent condition with new clutch. Parked in garage. New job with company car, must sell, $10,750. Please ema
Year: 2007, Make: Volkswagen, Model: Rabbit
1964 Volkswagon Bug - $7500 (Seattle)
70K Original Miles, Mechanically Restored, Orginal paint, Int. $7500 Firm 206-371-7462 Location: Seattle it`s NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests
Year: 1964, Make: Seat
2000 mercedes e320 bagged bentley wheels - $11000 (bothell)
[COLOR="Red"]-9k with AMG monoblocks -10k with bentleys -11k with bentleys, monoblocks, and GLK wheels.[/COLOR] FIRST OFF i would like to say that all my cars are mint as you can tell from me previous build drift cars in my past threads. I will not just give up this car for some piece of shit s13 o...
Year: 2000, Make: Bentley
1969 VW Bus - $2800 (Wallingford)
Very solid `69 bus from the Washington desert. This bus is very straight, these photos make it look wavy (the paint isn`t great) but the panels are all really straight. I started wet sanding down to the original paint as you can see and there seems to be a lot of great paint underneath. The floors a...
Year: 1969, Make: Ford
1997 Volkswagon Passat GLX VR6, Auto, Sunroof, Rear Wiper, #3603
2.8L V6 DOHC automatic wagon!! RETRACTABLE REAR SECURITY COVER to cover up your cargo!! SUNROOF to let that sunshine in!! YEAR: 1997 MAKE: Volkswagen MODEL: Passat GLX VR6 MILES: 139,767 VIN#: WVWFE83A9VE012074 STOCK#: 3603 ENGINE AND PERFORMANCE: 2.8L V6 DOHC, Automa...
Year: 1997, Make: Volkswagen, Model: Passat glx vr6
2001 Volkswagen Jetta - $5600 (Yelm)
Hey CL, I`m unfortunately putting up my 2001 Volkswagen Jetta for sale. Here`s some info about it: - 5 speed transmission, 2.0 L engine with 108,xxx original miles on the car. CLEAN TITLE in hand, ready to sell. -A/C, Heater, Power Steering, Radio all works. -Clean, straight body...ZERO dents. -Interi...
Year: 2001, Make: Volkswagen, Model: Jetta
2009 Volkswagen Rabbit 2 Dr Hatchback
: Sharp Preowned Jet Black Volkswagon Rabbit Hatchback just arrived on trade for a New Ford and its priced to sell this weekend! Enjoy the Charcoal Interior, Fun and Efficient 5 Speed Transmission, PZEV Technology, CD Audio with MP3 Player, Multiple Airbags and Safety Features, ABS, Just 58k, Cu
Year: 2009, Make: Volkswagen, Model: Rabbit


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Your Account
Puppet has changed the way we manage our systems, but Puppet itself is changing and evolving, as are the ways in which we use it.
A clear, updated, practical, and focused view of the current state of the technology and the evolution of Puppet is what we need to tackle our IT infrastructure challenges and avoid common errors when designing our architectures.
This is a detailed, practical book that covers the different components of the Puppet ecosystem and explores how to use them to deploy and manage different kinds of IT infrastructures.
Updated with the most recent trends and best practices, this book gives you a clear view on how to "connect the dots" and expands your understanding to successfully use and extend Puppet.
This book is a clear, detailed and practical guide to learn about designing and deploying you puppet architecture, with informative examples to highlight and explain concepts in a focused manner.
This book is designed for users who already have good experience with Puppet, and will surprise experienced users with innovative topics that explore how to design, implement, adapt, and deploy a Puppet architecture. The key to extending Puppet is the development of types and providers, for which you must be familiar with Ruby.
(based on 1 review)
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One of the best book I've ever read.
By ugob
from QC, Canada
About Me Sys Admin
Best Uses
Comments about oreilly Extending Puppet:
This is one of the best book I've ever read. The title is a bit misleading because I thought at first that it would be more about very advanced topics, but in fact it is very complete and the writing style and accuracy is simply perfect. It is not an introductory book but it is excellent for anyone who's worked with puppet.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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