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Hours of Operation
After you've found the perfect costume to wear for Halloween or for another dress up event, you likely will be looking for some distinctive accessories that will make the look really special and come right to life. Accessories are the perfect touch that will add both personality and charismatic flair to your special costume look.
Our "New for 2012" accessory collection is absolutely huge and is filled to the brim with amazing accoutrements that are going to add a lot of pizzazz as well as spunk to your costume look. In this accessory collection, we've got tons of makeup kits to add everything from glitz to guts to your face. Wigs, props, gloves, tutu's, glasses, wings, tiaras, weapons, and ---well, pretty much every little thing that goes with your costume look is going to be found here in our accessory collection.
For all that's new and exciting in the world of accessories, you will want to check out all that's "New for 2012" right here in this exciting assortment of a little bit of everything. Don't settle for ordinary when you can have the extraordinary. Your costume can be given the ultimate in "WOW" factor with a few simple extras that you will easily find right here in this fabulous accessory collection.


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Published on Wednesday, April 18, 2012
Customer service expert Mario Dolcezza of Diciamo explains why it's vital travel agency staff don't ignore complaints made via social media and gives his tips on how to deal with them.
"Social media can be damaging to any companies' reputation but travel agencies are at particular risk because often the customer experience is out of their hands. For example, if a customer doesn't like the hotel an agent has booked for them, it reflects badly on the agent.
These days people are far more savvy at sharing their bad experiences online. In the past people may have returned from a holiday and told a few friends that they had a bad time, now people can do this via social media, sharing it with far more people. Worse, they can do this while they are on holiday and feeling most angry about the situation.
In order to overcome this problem I would advise travel companies to actively engage their customers in feedback, rather than waiting for people to share their grievances online. Pre-empt negative feedback by asking for it directly.
The key with social media is to react positively and respond clearly. Give the customer easy ways and modern channels to post their concerns and be sure to reply.
When I first started working with clients many made the mistake of trying to counteract negative feedback by hiding it among positive feedback from the families and friends from staff, but customers aren't stupid. It is much more effective to acknowledge the problem and show people that you are doing something about it.
I suggest travel agency staff take the following steps:
Proactively seek customer feedback.
Respond to the customer's complaint as quickly as possible, apologise and be sympathetic.
Take ownership of the problem by letting them know your name and how they can contact you and giving them your direct number if possible.
Manage expectations by letting them know what you're going to do and when. A structured plan of resolution gives them a sense that their problems are being taken seriously.
Customers don't expect companies to be perfect, but they do expect you to fix things when they go wrong. Social media gives travel agencies the chance to show that they do this and that they care about their customers. "
Diciamo has created a customer feedback tool, Your Impressions™ Waves, which integrates multiple sources of customer feedback, including social media, in one single location. Mario Dolcezza will be hosting a live Twitter event at www.twitter.com/diciamouk next Tuesday from 11.00hrs to 11.30hrs, during which he will answer any questions from travel agencies about dealing with customer service via social media.
Ryanair Holidays' sales suspended
London loses its position as world's second most visited city
UK operator drops US airlines in wake of Trump travel ban
Storm Doris causes flight delays and cancellations
Thomas Cook to close 39 more stores
Tunisia inquest coroner rejects calls to rule neglect
Non-EU airlines ordered to compensate passengers for flight delays
Lindsay Lohan 'in shock' when asked to remove headscarf at Heathrow
Luton rubbished by Which Travel? report
Heathrow traffic at standstill due to climate change protest
Move scroll bar (above) left to right for more videos!
Undercutting is not for the long-term. Demise of volume players.
The recent insolvency of Low Cost Travel Group, one of the large players in the travel industry had a big impact on the travelers, hotels and all related players from both wholesale & retail arms. There were about 27,000 people on a holiday who had booked through the company comprised of a €200 million wholesale arm and €500 million OTA / retail arm.
You can book now your advertisement for via our online booking service or find out more.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Hi, >> (defun byte-array-to-string (b) >> (map 'string #'code-char b)) >> there should be a better way (Jorg?). I missed what you're talking about. I can just guess from the subject that it's about fastcgi; possibly the read-post-body-which-maybe-binary issue? Somebody else posted in comp.lang.lisp recently about using the fastcgi module and also ran into a problem. I remember criticizing the slurp-stdin interface in the past. Since I've never used fastcgi (or any other HTTP lisp servlet for that matter), I didn't bother to think about a possible API, and merely produced random ideas (e.g. think about providing a stream-based interface to the 3 fastcgi channels, or not). Now perhaps you want me to discuss byte-array-to-string, but I'd rather see the big picture. What kind of API to read the http request body do you have in mind? Do you think it's a good idea to use fastcgi_stdio.h (e.g. C level FILE* API) or would using the lower interface layer (fcgiapp.h) be better suited for access from another language? Is it reasonable to provide a Lisp stream to read the post body given the limitations (restrictions) from fastcgi (IIRC one must read all input before producing body or some such?)? Does it make sense to buffer the whole body so as to be able to produce a pseudo buffered-stream from it? Remember that an attached file could be very large (e.g. in an application I tested, multi-megabyte file attachments were used). Considering these questions makes me realize that I think CLISP's stream functions are too limited. E.g. I don't know if there's a MAKE-BUFFERED-INPUT-STREAM which would work with bytes (characters/strings are not generally suitable for the post body). Once I thought about providing the equivalent of MAKE-BUFFERED-INPUT-STREAM for a) binary stuff, or b) more complex, provide a switchable byte<->character stream that even obeys :external-format. a) seems straightforward to add to clisp. Regards, Jorg Hohle.


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Alliance for 'secure' e-services
IBM, Microsoft and Verisign have published a new Web services security specification to help organisations build secure, broadly...
This Article Covers
Web software
How businesses can win talent war with mobile apps, HR data analytics and cloud technology
Latest articles on HR best practices: mobile apps disrupting the annual staff appraisals; reasons for and against open-source software; and Rolls-Royce case study.
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You also agree that your personal information may be transferred and processed in the United States, and that you have read and agree to the Terms of Use and the Privacy Policy.
The new specification - WS-Security - supports, integrates and unifies several popular security models, mechanisms and technologies, allowing a variety of systems to interoperate in a platform and language-neutral manner in a Web services context.
IBM and Microsoft plan to develop the WS-Security specification in close collaboration with platform vendors, application developers, network and infrastructure providers and customers.
Dr. Phillip Hallam-Baker, principal scientist at VeriSign and co-author of the WS-Security specification, said: "The industry is making solid inroads on the interoperability front and the new WS-Security specification is among a series of open security specifications paving the way for widespread adoption of trusted Web services."
Enjoy the benefits of CW+ membership, learn more and join.


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By Emily Kopp Reporter Federal News Radio
The Office of Personnel Management is making another attempt at pooling job applicant data so that several agencies can access it at the same time. Candidates would have to submit only one job application to be considered for positions at multiple agencies. The shared registers are only for entry-level budget analyst and information technology specialist positions in about 20 locations.
"Shared registers are an innovative tool to help federal agencies address some critical staffing challenges," said OPM Director John Berry in a press release. "OPM is evolving this tool to help agencies and the high quality applicants they need to connect quickly and efficiently." Agencies that are hiring for these positions must request a list of applicants from OPM by Sept. 30. OPM then will send them information about the "best qualified" eligible candidates.
Federal employee bill tracker: How pending legislation could affect your bottom line
Federal employee bill tracker: How pending legislation could affect your bottom line
"I believe you will be pleased with the quality of applicants referred and that they will meet the critical hiring need you identified," Berry wrote in a memo to chief human capital officers. The agencies will have 30 days to review the list. OPM said the deadline is intended to keep the process timely for applicants.
OPM first established applicant pools in 2009. A year later, OPM and the Chief Human Capital Officer Council concluded that shared registers work best when they are used to find candidates for certain entry-level positions in particular locations. While the database of budget analyst candidates is currently available, the IT specialist database is not ready yet. But OPM said agencies can now send requests for candidates for either position.
Agencies that use the database cannot conduct separate searches for the same positions.
OPM to create pools of qualified applicants
HReinvented: OPM's new database cuts hiring by 3 weeks
(Copyright 2011 by Federal News Radio. All Rights Reserved.)
Photos of the amazing, moving, important and amusing things happening in the federal community.
A daily update of important moments in the history of the U.S. government.


text:
Loomis Sayles nabs Fahey from Mellon
Boston asset manager Loomis, Sayles & Company has recruited Thomas Fahey as senior global macro strategist for its fixed income group. Fahey will be based in Boston, and will report to Teri Mason, director of macro strategies. Fahey will be one of a team of five, including chief economist Brian Horrigan, economics analyst Jim Balfour and manager of strategy analytics, Mike Giles. Fahey joins the firm from Standish Mellon Asset Management, where he was senior portfolio manager in the globa
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text:
Level 1 acre lot bordering the Radnor Valley Country Club. Conveniently located in Villanova, minutes from downtown Wayne shopping and dining district and 476. This lot currently has a two car detached garage, carriage home and cottage. The property currently holds a two family residential rental license. It is also being listed for sale as an investment property.
The data relating to real estate for sale on this website appears in part through the TREND Internet Data Exchange program, a voluntary cooperative exchange of property listing data between licensed real estate brokerage firms in which Callaway Henderson Sotheby's International Realty participates, and is provided by TREND through a licensing agreement and identified with the TREND IDX Logo. Some properties which appear for sale on this website may no longer be available because they are under contract, have sold or are no longer being offered for sale. Some real estate firms do not participate in IDX and their listings do not appear on this website.Some properties listed with participating firms do not appear on this website at the request of the seller.
2017 TREND, All Rights Reserved. Information Deemed Reliable But Not Guaranteed.


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Hog Wild Bbq & Catering, barbecue restaurant, listed under "Barbecue Restaurants" category, is located at 9401 Se 82nd Ave Portland OR, 97266 and can be reached by 5037756200 phone number. Hog Wild Bbq & Catering has currently 0 reviews.This business profile is not yet claimed, and if you are the owner, claim your business profile for free. If you are not the owner you can invite this business to join by email or by phone.Browse all Barbecue Restaurants in Portland OR. Discover census data for Portland, OR.
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The government's conversion to free market economics in the late Eighties ensured that aid would come flooding in after the war, but the country is still in the process of recovery. Forsake your little luxuries, though, and you will get the chance to explore a rich cultural and historical heritage coupled with some of the best coastline in the world.
I visited Ilha de Mozambique (Mozambique Island), which lies 3km from the mainland in the warm, turquoise Indian Ocean. The only accommodation on the island is the Hotel Pousada do Mozambique, a crumbling modernist affair with great views over the Indian Ocean. Its redeeming feature is its restaurant. We dined in a tall, grand room, that was rather dingy - the oversized light fittings didn't work - and ate by candlelight. Each table was covered with a thick, bright white cloth and the food, though there wasn't a huge selection, was always excellent. I dined on lobster, squid and huge tuna steaks, all cooked to perfection, and served with rice cooked in coconut milk. Guests were frequently outnumbered by staff in the huge room, and careless hand gestures were invariably interpreted as requests. Coffee could be taken on the veranda in full view of the nearby fort and with the sound of the waves crashing against the shore, which was a fitting end for every meal.
My room had a spartan, fresh feel to it, and the full benefit of a sea breeze. I was impressed with the parquet floor, but less so with the en-suite bathroom. Water did not seem to have passed through the taps for years. I had to wash from a bucket filled with water drawn from a well.
The hotel lacked many things (locks, light bulbs, window panes etc) but not staff, who were adaptable, friendly and optimistic. Their continued employment defied the laws of capitalist economics, but they maintained that business had improved since the end of the war.
In 1498 when Ilha was already an important Arab and Indian trading port, Vasco da Gama made a reconnoitre of the island. He liked what he saw and the Portuguese returned in 1507 to turn it into their sales and distribution centre for south-east Africa. It soon became fabulously wealthy and a district of grand if dilapidated limestone buildings ("Barrio Museu") still stands as testament to that glorious era - an area that was declared a World Heritage site in 1992.
Blood money from the slave trade (which wasn't outlawed by the Portuguese until 1860) made the merchants of Ilha rich, which in turn led to the construction of the Barrio Museu, but this area of World Heritage has seen better days. Parts of it look like a war zone. Rubble and assorted building materials lie strewn about the streets and there are gaping holes in many houses. Other dwellings, paint peeling from every surface, lack windows, roofs, floors, walls. Some are deserted, some remain inhabited. The state of the district is not due to direct acts of war (Ilha was easy to defend and so never attacked), but to years of neglect as a consequence of war. Hurricane Nadia in 1993 didn't help either.
Many cultural attractions remain, and I wandered around the Barrio Museu on my own quite happily, occasionally stumbling upon some small piece of history. The customs house still retains its ancient light fittings not used since the causeway, built in the Sixties, made the harbour redundant. Many historical artefacts, including a collection of Portuguese and Indo- Portuguese art, are housed in the Palacio de Sao Paulo and Capela de Sao Paulo. The hospital is an excellent example of Portuguese colonial architecture, though I wouldn't recommend a prolonged stay.
This is unsanitised tourism, and nothing illustrates it better than the Fortaleza Sao Sebastido. A local guide is charged with taking tourists around the neglected fort, but I met a group of small boys selling coins and turtle shells and a couple of them volunteered to act as guides. This was fine until we got into the Capela de Nossa Senhora do Balnorte, built in 1507 and the oldest remaining building constructed by European colonists south of the equator. I was led to a wooden box in the corner. In it lay the bones of an old saint, one of which the boy removed and waved around for my benefit.
Up on the battlements ancient cannon still point out to sea and a pile of cannon balls were stacked in the southernmost corner. On the eastern side, next to a steel ring that had been hammered into the stone, was a series of small holes. These holes, I was enthusiastically told, marked the spot where a spy had been executed by firing squad. The boys re-enacted the event with great gusto.
For many local residents, the fort's well and giant cisterns provide their only permanent source of water, so there is free access. After the children had gone I too was able to wander about the fort pretty much as I liked. Around the edges of the central compound other evidence of a colonial past loomed large. An old barber's chair, the ornate balustrades, gun carriages, pot plants and Portuguese graffiti. It was fascinating, and falling apart.
Later on, I retreated to the cafe/restaurante Ancora D'Ouro for a chicory coffee with extra chicory. It was my favourite cafe on the island, but I kept forgetting to order my lunch half a day in advance, so consequently never ate there.
Renovation of the Barrio Museu, while always the intention of the powers that be, is not exactly racing along. A lot of what has been done is only cosmetic. Some of the exterior walls of the Palacio de Sao Paulo have been painted, as have some of the statues in the adjacent square. However, the green paint ran out early and one figure remains only coated.
The Assiacao dos amigos da llha (Association of friends of the island) are convinced that, with investment, the island could be the biggest tourist attraction in Mozambique. UNESCO also has big plans for the place - to the tune of $11m. They and other UN agencies have so far pledged 10 per cent of the overall cost for a training programme, infrastructure improvements, renovation and development. The main donor countries are currently being approached for the remainder. The plan, written in consultation with Associacao dos amigos da Ilha is based on the assumption that at its peak it could handle 1,500 visitors a day, some from passing cruise ships, with capacity for 300-400 staying overnight.
I suspect this news would come as quite a shock to the staff of the Hotel Pousada.
mozambique fact file
Getting There
Trailfinders (0171 938 3939) offers return flights to Maputo with South African Airways for as little as pounds 527. Air France (0181 742 6600) and Air Portugal (0171 828 0262) also fly there. Internal flights to Nampula with Mozambique's national airline, LAM (351 1 343 0992/6) costs around pounds 268 return. These can be arranged in the UK. From Nampula, Ilha de Mozambique is 175km east by pot-holed road. It may also be possible to join a charter flight to Lumbo, 5km from the island, which was Mozambique's first international airport. It is possible to get to Ilha de Mozambique overland from South Africa, Malawi, Zimbabwe and Tanzania, but expect some hard travelling - Malawi is the closest.
Getting Around
The easiest way to get around Mozambique is to use the comprehensive internal air network. Chapas, a broad term for any passenger-carrying vehicle from converted lorry to a pick-up truck, link most settlements and run to no set time-table. It is advisable get up at dawn if you have a long journey ahead. Chapas stops are also good points to hitch from. If you are travelling close to the ocean arrange a ride on a local dhow. These open-decked sailing boats are used extensively to transport people and cargo up and down the coast.
When to go
The best time is between May and August when the weather on Ilha is drier, less humid and cooler. Correspondingly temperatures are highest from November to March. The hurricane season is from November to April. Ilha island is 2.5km long and 600m wide, linked to the mainland by a 3km-long concrete causeway. A satellite telephone system connects the island to the rest of the world. The Pousada do Mozambique is the island's only hotel, offering en-suite double rooms for $12 and singles for $7. The restaurant serves excellent sea food ($3 per person). It is also possible to rent flats and houses for longer stays.
Visas are required by all nationalities. A single-entry tourist visa costs pounds 20, and a multiple-entry visa pounds 40. Both take five days and require one passport photograph. Contact the Mozambique Embassy at 21 Fitzroy Square, London W1P 5HJ (0171 383 3800).
Further reading
"Guide to Mozambique" by Bernard Skrodzki (Bradt Publications), "Guide to Mozambique" by Mike Slater (Struik Publications) and "Malawi, Mozambique & Zambia" by David Else (Lonely Planet). For background reading try "Kalashnikovs and Zombie Cucumbers" by Nick Middleton (Sinclair-Stevenson) and "A History of Mozambique" by Malyn Newitt (Hurst & Company).
- More about:
- Malawi
- Mozambique
- Sao Paulo
- Van


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Music of Michael AbeneBerklee Performance Center
This concert features the music of composer/arranger/pianist and artist-in-residence Michael Abene, performed by a large ensemble of some of Berklee's finest soloists and ensemble players.
Beyoncé's Original All-Female Band: A 10-Year Anniversary ConcertBerklee Performance Center
Beyoncé's original all-female band celebrates its 10-year anniversary in a concert of Queen Bey's songs at Berklee, led by Tia Fuller, a professor in the Ensemble Department.
Kathleen Parks' Senior RecitalRed Room at Cafe 939
Kathleen Parks' senior recital will showcase her own compositions and songs, as well as arrangements featuring American roots, American Songbook, funk, and Harry Nilsson-esq pop.
Bridget's an Irish Tradition Presents Celtic Crossings: Phil Coulter and Andy CooneyBerklee Performance Center
Phil Coulter, from Derry, Northern Ireland, and Andy Cooney, from New York, once again join forces to present the masterful Celtic Crossings, weaving a tapestry of Irish warmth, spirit, and culture through music.
Gary Burton and Makoto Ozone: DuetsBerklee Performance Center
Multiple Grammy-winning vibraphonist, composer, and educator Gary Burton and prolific composer and arranger Makoto Ozone improvise on just about any kind of music, from traditional and contemporary jazz to tango and classical themes.
Guitar Night: Rock and PopBerklee Performance Center
The Berklee Guitar Department showcases pop and rock guitar students.
Danilo Pérez WorkshopZero Gravity Room
This Berklee Global Jazz Institute (BGJI) workshop features its artistic director, pianist and composer Danilo Pérez.
Hannah's Celebration of IrishnessOliver Colvin Recital Hall
Vocalist Hannah Crowley presents a fusion of Irish and jazz music.
Africana Studies Celebrates Black MusicBerklee Performance Center
This concert will celebrate songs from the black music tradition. Guest performers include Patrice Rushen, composer, music producer, music director, music educator, pianist, and singer-songwriter of "Forget Me Nots," among other songs; Morris Hayes, former music director for Prince; and Stokley Williams, lead singer and drummer for Mint Condition.
Maz / Michelle Willis / Riva SaputoRed Room at Cafe 939
Mike 'Maz' Maher has made a name for himself as a founding member of the multi-Grammy Award-winning group Snarky Puppy. Michelle Willis is a singer-songwriter and keyboardist performing with some of the world's most well-loved artists. Riva Saputo is a Boston-based, alternative R&B band started by Heather Rivas and Toni Saputo.
Zahili Gonzalez Zamora: Rompiendo Cadenas
Red Room at Cafe 939
Zahili Gonzalez Zamora presents a humble representation of a long path traveled through bumpy roads and tall mountains.
Danilo Pérez Workshop
Zero Gravity Room
This Berklee Global Jazz Institute (BGJI) workshop features its artistic director, pianist and composer Danilo Pérez.
Alex Michael Jones' Senior Recital
Berk Recital Hall
Guitarist Alex Michael Jones presents his senior recital.
The Regrettes / Active Bird Community
Red Room at Cafe 939
Based out of LA, The Regrettes create infectious, punk-driven tracks with a '50s and '60s pop aesthetic. The group has left the LA rock scene floored. Active Bird Community is a Brooklyn band formed in 2005 by members Tom D'Agustino, Zach Slater, Andrew Wolfson, and Quinn McGovern.
Julia Battistin: Ready to Fly
Berklee Dining Hall
Voice principal Julia Battistin presents a selection of her best original songs and fun covers featuring some fabulous accompanists.
Jeremy Wolda's Senior Recital
Red Room at Cafe 939
Jeremy Wolda presents a variety of funk, rock, jazz, and blues that will include songs by Jimi Hendrix, Gary Clark Jr., and many others.
BGJI Forum Featuring Danilo Pérez and Ben Street
Zero Gravity Room
This Berklee Global Jazz Institute (BGJI) forum features Danilo Pérez and Ben Street.
Troy Bourgeois' Senior Recital
Berk Recital Hall
Drum set principal Troy Bourgeois presents a set of rock and jazz with two different bands.
Evan Eubanks: Senior Recital
Oliver Colvin Recital Hall
Evan Eubanks will lead various groups of musicians playing an eclectic collection of music.
Etienne Monsaingeon: Once upon a time
Oliver Colvin Recital Hall
Pianist Etienne Monsaingeon presents a journey around the world, traveling through cultures, emotions, and colors.
Composition Department Awards Concert
Berk Recital Hall
Top award winners from composition majors will perform their newest works in a wide variety of styles and ensembles.
The Chariot's a-Comin'
David Friend Recital Hall
The Jubilee Spirit Ensemble convenes and tunes up to sing a cappella songs of slavery, freedom, and redemption.
International Folk Music Festival
Berklee Performance Center
Students from around the globe and from the United States will perform a wide variety of traditional folk music.
Lior Tzemach: Westland Stories
Red Room at Cafe 939
Lior Tzemach's senior recital will cover the whole human emotional spectrum and combine different styles, including jazz, electronic, and world music, with the help of some special guests.
Gabriela's Senior Recital
Oliver Colvin Recital Hall
Flutist Gabriela Gomez-Estevez will play her last recital at Berklee.
Teruki Kameyama: Teruki and Friends
Berk Recital Hall
Drum set principal Teruki Kameyama presents an evening of music featuring his favorite singers.
Amit Kupererd's Senior Recital
Oliver Colvin Recital Hall
Amit Kupererd concludes his past four years with a senior recital in which he will perform some original compositions, jazz standards, and more.
Animation Universe
Berklee Performance Center
The Audire Soundtrack Choir and Orchestra presents Animation Universe, a musical journey through the various worlds of the animation genre.
Tonina Saputo Performs at Madrid's Ellas Crean Festival
With the collaboration of the Berklee Mediterranean Music Institute, student singer Tonina Saputo will perform with her band at the prestigious Ellas Crean Festival.
Christian Lopez with Special Guests Elliot Taylor and Toledo
Red Room at Cafe 939
Steeped in the musical roots of his West Virginia upbringing, Christian Lopez epitomizes the soul of a traditional Appalachian folk musician. This performance will feature special guests Elliot Taylor and Toledo.


text: %% Image moved here from TechnologyMarchesOn and caption selected per Image Pickin' thread: %% http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/posts.php?discussion=1390585120056360100%% Please do not replace or remove without starting a new thread.%%[[quoteright:227:http://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/girlfloppy_4318.jpg]][[caption-width-right:227:"Alright, time to play me some ''[[VideoGame/KingsQuest King's Que]]''... oh."]]->''"Spies are used to dealing with cutting edge encryption and billion dollar security, but sometimes the toughest challenge is cracking something old and out of date. If you find yourself up against an old and obsolete tape drive loaded with arcane software, you can either find yourself a time machine, or admit defeat."''-->-- '''Michael Westen''', ''Series/BurnNotice''Our time-traveling protagonists need to recover a piece of information on a computer from our time and they end up stealing the whole laptop. The FridgeLogic asks why didn't they simply just do a file transfer? As it turns out, the future tech doesn't work with tech from our time. Even though the future technology has its roots in the technology that we have currently developed, it is not backward compatible with that of its predecessors.This can also be applied to a post-apocalyptic future stories only if the equipment is in good condition due to RagnarokProofing. Otherwise it is merely a subversion or aversion of said Ragnarok Proofing.Of course, when the record ''must'' be accessed, this is a job for MrFixit to rig something up to make that possible.TruthInTelevision; somewhere along the line, certain new technologies may not be backward compatible with their older versions, because they were deemed obsolete or just not worth the extra cost. Indeed, a significant portion of early electronic archives (1970s through early '90s) are now inaccessible, or nearly became so, because the hardware or file format became too outdated.The inversion of this, where things that ''shouldn't'' be compatible ''are'', is PlugNPlayTechnology.----!!Examples[[foldercontrol]][[folder:{{Anime}}]]* ''Anime/CowboyBebop'': Spike and Jet hunt through esoteric tech shops, black markets and ancient ruins, to chase down a working Betamax VCR, which is so scarce even avid collectors don't have much hope of seeing one in their lifetime. They have a tape that supposedly holds clues to Faye's past -- how far from the past she must have come from in order to have ''anything'' recorded on Beta is the biggest clue. Ironically, when they finally do find a VCR in a derelict museum it turns out to be VHS. (Made funnier because they had their choice of [=VCRs=] in the museum, and chose the VHS because the tape slot was bigger.)** When you put the number together to find out that it was recorded in [[spoiler:2010]], [[FridgeLogic you find yourself questioning]] where they got it from to begin with, and why they would be using it to make a video time capsule instead of any other recording medium found in modern society. It makes slightly more sense if you know Betamax -or at least a close relative called Betacam- had rather more success on the production side of the television industry, and could also be bought commercially as late as 2002 in Japan.* A significant amount of the plot in ''VisualNovel/SteinsGate'' consists of the cast's struggle to obtain a very old model of computer called an [[BlandNameProduct IBN]] 1500, because it's the only piece of technology capable of undoing the AlternateTimeline they've created, due to the fact that it was used to ''create'' that timeline in the first place, using a method that wouldn't be compatible with a newer model.[[/folder]][[folder:FanFiction]]* In Erico's VideoGame/MegaManX fanfic series, the Cossack-class Robot Masters are recommisioned at one point in ''Demons of the Past'' to help protect Russia. However, they prove to be incompatible with 21xx technology for their internals, so the tech/medic who was sent to do the upgrading had to cannibalize the now-useless Cossack Fortress Guardians for parts like superconductor cabling and power control components. They were also not willing to risk overloading on 21xx subtanks and stuck to their stockpile of E-Tanks from the Classic Era.* In ''[[http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLD4835C137CE2A903 Touhou: The Cursed Tape Enters Gensokyo]]'', Yukari is unable to find a ''VHS'' compatible player in Kourindou's stock, despite the piles of forgotten "modern" digital devices he had collected from the outside world.[[/folder]][[folder: LiveActionTelevision]]* ''Series/BurnNotice'' has this happen in the present. In one episode, Michael finds an old tape drive that a rival was after in a wall. The next episode, in a voice over, he explains that old technology is often a spy's biggest headache for just this reason, before we hear Fiona say, "Fourteen phone calls, seven data recovery experts and three hours of arm twisting to find out what's on this thing [[ShaggyDogStory and it's unreadable!]]"* ''Series/{{Continuum}}'' plays with this. On the one hand, when Kiera arrives from 2077, her super-advanced AugmentedReality implant can't interface with 2012's internet, phones, or pretty much anything else, though she is able to use her suit to brute-force hack an ATM. On the other hand, when she arrives she accidentally contacts a TeenGenius playing in his lab--because he's in the middle of ''inventing'' the tech she's using.[[/folder]][[folder:VideoGames]][[AC: General]]* The major reason why backwards compatibility is hard to come by in consoles is that the manufacturer chooses a different hardware platform each generation and can't find a way to recycle the old hardware (if they can still use it). Software emulation could make up for it, but this gets harder to implement as features get more rich. As for the reason why they choose different hardware, they feel that certain parts fit the needs of their console better than others in terms of performance and cost.** Another issue that isn't brought up as much is that some older software could react badly with the current system software/OS or hardware in unpredictable ways. Support costs to ensure that all titles work on it outweighs its benefits, especially for a dwindling user base. Not to mention, since profits generally come from software sales, they're not going to make much money supporting backwards compatibility since the games were most likely already purchased for the previous hardware.* As the Eighth Generation completely ditched composite & component in favor of exclusively using [=HDMI=], you won't be playing your Eighth Generation console on an old school [=CRT=] television (at least natively, there are special adapters that bridge the gap).[[AC: Nintendo Consoles]]* Unfortunately for owners of the {{DS}}, the different chipset in use means that their old GameBoy titles won't work with their new systems. Game Boy ''Advance'' cartridges, however, will still work with the DS "Phat" and DS Lite models.** This also applies to ''Franchise/{{Pokemon}}'', where the fundamental differences ultimately made it impossible to transfer your [[{{Mons}} critters]] from ''[[VideoGame/PokemonGoldAndSilver Gold/Silver/Crystal]]'' to the Advance Generation (Generation III), making it much harder to successfully [[GottaCatchThemAll catch them all]]. Thankfully, Creator/{{Nintendo}} avoided such a problem with the fourth generation of ''Pokémon'', as owners of the first-wave DS and DS Lites can '''migrate''' their parties from the Game Boy Advance games into the Sinnoh-based games and the Johto-based remakes.*** Unfortunately, the [=DSi=] sacrificed its Game Boy Advance port for more gadgets, so [=DSi=]-using Trainers will need an older-model system on hand for all of their migration needs.*** Though Game Freak mostly took care of this with both ''[[VideoGame/PokemonDiamondAndPearl Pokémon Platinum]]'' and ''VideoGame/PokemonHeartGoldAndSoulSilver'', which have the Pokémon only available in Generation III.*** Finally averted to a degree between the DS games and the 3DS games via cloud service. However, it's still a one-way transfer, and it only works between the Generation V ([[VideoGame/PokemonBlackAndWhite BW]][=/=][[VideoGame/PokemonBlack2AndWhite2 B2W2]]) and Generation VI ([[VideoGame/PokemonXAndY XY]][=/=][[VideoGame/PokemonRubyAndSapphire ORAS]]) games.** The {{Wii}}, however, is not only capable of using a lot of the [[UsefulNotes/NintendoGameCube GameCube]]'s games, but can even utilize some of the [=GameCube=]'s peripherals (like the microphone and the [[UsefulNotes/GameBoyAdvance GBA]]-[=GameCube=] link cable). However, support for [=GameCube=] peripherals and games were dropped entirely from a new "Family Pack" model introduced in late-2011.*** The inbuilt Virtual Console seems to be an inversion as it runs a ''lot'' of classic games, even those from Creator/{{Sega}}, the old-era rival of Nintendo. Unfortunately, the only way to do this is to re-buy a (often slightly tweaked) digital version game direct from Nintendo. Your old carts and [=CDs=] will not work with the current hardware.*** The WiiU retains backwards compatibility with UsefulNotes/{{Wii}} games and controllers, but lacks the ability to play [=GameCube=] discs.[[AC: Sony Consoles]]* On the Creator/{{Sony}} side of things, the UsefulNotes/PlayStation2 avoids this, as it has actual hardware capable of running [=PS1=] games inside. ** ...for the most part. ''VideoGame/{{Gradius}} Gaiden'', for instance, has a stage that runs just fine on a [=PS1=], but will slow down more than an average round of ''VideoGame/{{Espgaluda}}'' on a [=PS2=].* While the [=PS3=] can run [=PS2=] games, it does it by software emulation, as the Cell processor is completely different from the chip set used by the [=PS2=]. There was some uproar when back in 2007, rumors abounded that certain future models of the [=PS3=] would lose this software emulation function, which they did.** The first year models for the North American, Asian and Japanese markets have hardware-based backwards compatibility. The 80 GB models that came out later had software emulation for the Emotion Engine, while the Graphics Synthesizer was run on a chip. The 40 GB models and later 80 GB models dropped all BC, but there are rumors of full software emulation on all models for firmware version 3.0.** Frustratingly, the European [=PS3=]'s were made with a different hardware set, and don't have any real emulation function at all.** And now, Sony will allow you to play [=PS2=] games on any [=PS3=], [[OneGameForThePriceOfTwo but you must buy the games from the UsefulNotes/PlayStationNetwork Store even if you already own the DVD]], and even then it's only titles they approve of, which is not many. Thankfully, you can play physical copies of [=PS1=] titles on any [=PS3=].* And now, the latest announcement is, the UsefulNotes/PlayStation4 will not be able to run games for previous Playstation consoles at all offline, [[http://kotaku.com/5985785/sonys-cloud-gaming-could-bring-new-life-to-old-games however you can stream the system's backwards compatibility with [=PS1=], [=PS2=] & [=PS3=] games to get around this]]. However, that still leaves you at the mercy of your Internet connection, and [[RegionCoding whether your region's GaiKai service has the games you want to play]]. [[AC: Microsoft Consoles]]* Meanwhile, the {{Xbox 360}} can run ''most'' of [[UsefulNotes/XBox its predecessor]]'s games,[[note]]reason being because unlike Sony and Nintendo, Microsoft couldn't put the predecessor console's hardware inside the 360 due to licensing issues[[/note]] but [[http://gamer.blorge.com/2008/01/09/microsoft-winding-down-xbox-360-backwards-compatibility-updates/ Microsoft has long since ceased backwards compatibility updates]], and has discontinued Xbox Live support for those games.** Although, some aren't going to be compatible (the original ''Chronicles of Riddick'' game, to prepare for the enhanced remake and most likely Steel Battalion, because of the controller issues).* Originally, the {{Xbox One}} [[http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/05/21/xbox-one-not-backwards-compatible would not be backwards compatible with the Xbox 360,]] as it used a different kind of hardware architecture (x86-64) than the Xbox 360 (PowerPC). After [[InternetBackdraft being crucified for everything else wrong with the system]], Microsoft [[http://www.xbox.com/en-gb/xbox-one/backward-compatibility revealed that the Xbox One would get backwards compatibility with Xbox 360 titles, with certain users being inducted into a Preview program for this feature with a select number of 360 titles available, with more slated for Fall 2015.]] However, backwards compatibility with games meant for the original Xbox is still not implemented, which some feel is a major oversight given that it would be trivial to implement since not only does the Xbox One's processor has a superset of the ISA of the processor used in the original Xbox, but the OS itself is a derivative of that in the original Xbox and thus it would be trivial to get first-generation Xbox games running.[[AC: Online Services]]* [=MMOs=] that rely on company-owned servers, eg for online CopyProtection, are often doomed. When the company decides the game is no longer worth running, they'll pull the plug, and rarely does the server-side software get released to anyone else. You better hope enthusiasts managed to reverse-engineer the tech and make their own, or that game's gone for good.** ''VideoGame/CityOfHeroes'' and ''VideoGame/CityOfVillains'' are victims of this. NCSoft just decided to pull the plug on the games, and even the team in charge of the games, Paragon Studios, weren't notified until the last minute. However, it's getting a fan remake. ** Disney's [=MMOs=]- ''VideoGame/ToontownOnline'' and ''VideoGame/PiratesOfTheCaribbeanOnline''- both shut down on September 19, 2013. Disney's excuse was that the quest-driven [=MMOs=] weren't profitable for the company anymore. While the server side of the games isn't released for obvious reasons, a group of fans are taking to writing their own server for the former. The latter remains LostForever for now. ** Same with online play in other game genres, for example, as mentioned above, Microsoft has pulled the plug on all original Xbox online gameplay.** Similarly, with DRM-encrypted music, also used by Microsoft, if the DRM server goes down, the tunes are LostForever. Also, many iTunes songs were delisted before Apple switched to all DRM-free, so you can't upgrade them and they may never be available again. If for whatever reason, Apple decides to shutdown the DRM server, you're fucked. [[spoiler: Unless, of course, you hack the DRM system and decrypt your music files.]]** Gamespy, which hosts the servers for Nintendo's WFC services for the Nintendo DS, DS Lite, and DSi, has terminated the WFC services with effect from May 20, 2014. You will no longer be able to enjoy online gaming on said consoles, especially on first party titles. Meaning:*** You can no longer visit friends' towns in VideoGame/AnimalCrossing Wild World and City Folk*** One of the few still playing VideoGame/{{Tetris}} DS online? Challenging another player online is no longer possible.*** ''VideoGame/PokemonBlackAndWhite'' 1&2? No more online trading and battles. Furthermore, with the loss of the Gen V Global Link website, you can no longer visit the Dream World.*** ''MarioKart Wii''? Online races are no more*** ''VideoGame/SuperSmashBrosBrawl''? No more online fighting!* Gabe Newell of Creator/{{Valve|Software}} has sworn that if they ever shut down Steam, they would release a patch beforehand that removed the internet connection requirement to play games bought through Steam. However, some games still come with their own DRM. They obviously can't remove that.* In 2014, Microsoft decided to shut down its Games For Windows Live service. While this was decidedly a good thing because how of how terrible the service was, it meant that if the game used it for DRM services, you won't be able to play it. Thankfully, many of those titles that used it that were available on Steam are switching to using Steam instead. But those that weren't released on Steam or the publisher just doesn't care, those games are forever unplayable.** ''VideoGame/BlazBlueCalamityTrigger'' was re-released on Steam and GOG, but the netplay code (a must in a modern FightingGame) still tries to connect to the defunct GFWL servers.** ''VideoGame/{{Fallout 3}}'' also makes use of GFWL as a secondary copy-protection system. Thankfully, the game will still run without it. It's just that you can no longer use cloud save to synchronize the game across multiple [=PCs=]. There is, however, a more serious issue under Windows 10- installing GFWL has the potential of bricking Windows 10's networking stack, and the game will always install GFWL as part of it's installation routine. Luckily, uninstalling the copy of GFWL will solve the issue. Fallout 3 also has a problem with it's radio music on Windows Vista and newer, but it can be fixed with mods.** ''VideoGame/GrandTheftAutoIV'' is a more egregious example of GFWL abuse - without GFWL, you can't save games, period. Thankfully, there are third party mods to fix that annoying issue. Aside from that, as like Fallout 3, the game's installer will install GFWL, which will brick the networking stack of a Windows 10 PC. Again, uninstalling GFWL immediately after installing the game fixes the issue. [[AC: Others]]* The Creator/{{Sega}} console line of the early Nineties were known for excellent backward compatibility (especially compared to chief rival Nintendo): the UsefulNotes/SegaMasterSystem's cartridges could not only be used on the UsefulNotes/GameGear with an adapter (not surprising as the Game Gear was essentially a portable Master System) but also on the UsefulNotes/MegaDrive with a second adapter that duplicated some of the Master System's hardware (This was partly because the UsefulNotes/MegaDrive had the same Zilog Z-80 processor that was in its 8-bit siblings). Unfortunately, incompatibility set in with future Sega consoles (oddly, given that the Mega CD and UsefulNotes/SegaSaturn used the same storage medium, the CD, and the [[UsefulNotes/SegaDreamcast Dreamcast]], while using GD-ROMS, could read [=CDs=]...). Comparing the Saturn with the Genesis, it's clear that the former shared several architectural similarities of the latter and suggests that backwards compatibility was probably planned at one point of development. * Arcade games using the Seibu Kaihatsu COP hardware use an encryption chip so obscure that it has not been completely defeated, [[NoPlansNoPrototypeNoBackup not even by Seibu Kaihatsu themselves]]. This is the reason why quite a few games, like ''Raiden II''(until recently), remain unemulatable. While a lot of the graphics encryption for a lot of COP based games have been defeated, it's been discovered that [[http://mamedev.emulab.it/haze/2012-a-year-in-mame/ the game's rules were also encrypted]], and that [[UpToEleven those encryption methods are compounded with more encryption]]. Thankfully some games have many ports/remakes/etc. that it doesn't really matter.* Although the original ''VideoGame/FarCry'' has a 64-bit upgrade patch, [[Catch22Dilemma the installer for most versions of the game doesn't work with 64-bit Windows!]] So unless you have a dual-boot option, your only choice is to install it on a machine running a 32-bit version of Windows, then copy it to the 64-bit machine.* The VideoGame/ReaderRabbit titles had this as part of it's progression- version 3 of it's personalized titles dropped support for Windows 3.1 and 68k-Macs. Likewise, many of the older titles will not run on the modern Intel-based Macs due to being ''Classic Mac OS'' titles, nor would they run natively on newer 64-bit Windows [=PCs=], due to Microsoft deciding not to support 16-bit software on the 64-bit versions of Windows. * Windows 10 and later updates to Windows 7 and 8 have ceased support for the SafeDisc and SecuROM CopyProtection schemes, so games that use these, which include most titles between 2003 and 2008, will no longer function unless either you find a legally dubious No-Disc crack, or repurchase the game without these DRM if possible.[[AC: In-Universe]]* In ''VideoGame/MegaManZX'', Aile and Vent have no problems using the 20XX Energy Tanks from the Classic series, while in the Battle Network series, Lan and [=MegaMan.EXE=] have no problem exploring ancient parts of the Internet. The Ruby-Spears incarnation of VideoGame/MegaManX also had no problems using Weapon Copy on Robot Masters from a hundred years in his past.* A character in ''[[VideoGame/ShadowrunReturns Shadowrun: Dragonfall]]'' keeps his notes on ancient DVD-R/W recordings. You have to go on {{Fetch Quest}}s to track down an old DVD player and an analog TV with the proper inputs to connect it before you can view them.[[/folder]][[folder:Webcomics]]* Averted in ''Webcomic/CommanderKitty'', where [[http://www.commanderkitty.com/2011/08/28/process-of-elimination/ Zenith can find adapters for a wide variety of present-day interface formats]]...though [[{{Robosexual}} connecting with a]] ''[[{{Robosexual}} device]]'' [[{{Robosexual}} isn't her problem.]]* Conversed on ''Webcomic/ManlyGuysDoingManlyThings''. Another character suggests that, since the Commander is from the future he must be able to fix a modern-day computer like it's nothing. He responds by pulling out a broken abacus and demanding that the other character fix it for him. He later reveals he carries that broken abacus around everywhere he goes specifically because this conversation happens to him so often.[[/folder]][[folder:WebOriginal]]* Many old websites will now have dead plugins as browsers have moved on to better software than what was once used in the early days of the WWW.** Shockwave, replaced by Flash and, in some places, Java.*** and after Java was quickly discovered to be a memory hog and full of exploits, many are also jumping ship to Flash or [=HTML5=].*** Flash itself is slowly being replaced by newer systems, although none has been dominant enough to supplant it.*** [=HTML5=] standards are set to replace Flash for multimedia based applications... which is most of the reason why Flash is used. It's gaining ground, especially with big-wigs dropping Flash support.** This is strangely averted by Wikipedia, in that a really ''old'' laptop that was using a serial port to run an ''ancient'' telephony modem (wherein you had to use an actual phone receiver in conjunction with the trunk-sized modem) with a monochrome browser-like client was able to load their English front page, albeit in a vastly-simplified form. There was a whole [[http://youtu.be/X9dpXHnJXaE video showing it in action]] on Youtube.** Wikipedia's aversion is mostly a side-effect of it being designed to be usable by the blind. Anything more complicated than plain text with a bit of HTML tends to give text-to-speech software fits, so the weird Flash-powered plugins and other embellishments that ''also'' wreak havoc on older browsers are verboten. Many web designers use [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx_(web_browser) Lynx]] to test accessibility; if you can use a site with ''that'' and not tear your hair out, it'll work with a screen reader.* The story of John Titor, supposedly a time traveller from the 2030s who appeared on [[Radio/CoastToCoastAM Art Bell's]] forum in 2000, revolved around this -- in the post-nuclear-war future he came from, the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2038_problem Year 2038 problem]] had yet to be solved, and he had been dispatched to a time before the war in order to acquire an IBM 5100 for use in developing a fix.[[/folder]][[folder:WesternAnimation]]* ''WesternAnimation/SouthPark'' has the episode where Cartman froze himself to avoid waiting for a Nintendo {{Wii}}. When he is thawed out (500 years later), he discovers that future displays aren't compatible with those of his time.* In ''WesternAnimation/BeastWars'', the Maximals, the descendants of the Autobots, can't use their ancestors' hardware in conjunction with that of Maximal technology.** Somewhat justified in that both pieces of technology they're attempting to use in conjunction are cobbled-together, oft-patched desperation-grade junk in the first place. And, y'know, the fact that the Autobot tech they're trying to use is in excess of ''three million years'' older then their Maximal tech.** Also built on a different [[HumongousMecha scale]]...** Even the smarter Maximals can't figure out how the Ark was ''made'' in the first place.-->'''Optimus Primal:''' "Die-cast construction. [[MythologyGag It's a lost art...]]"* Subverted in ''WesternAnimation/DannyPhantom''. Apparently technology in the future (or at least Skul Tech) is still eligible for Tucker's PDA to hack through. Lampshaded when Tucker declares his hacking skills are ''just that awesome'' or just very, very sad. * Averted in the ''WesternAnimation/MegaMan'' episode "Mega X", where the eponymous future robot [[PowerCopying scans and copies]] the weapon of Snakeman, an older robot. He can actually improve on the originals, too, as a single shot utterly destroys Wily's weapon. Wholly justified, as X is based on Rock's design and has a modernized version of the Weapon Copy system, so he can copy anything Rock can.* In ''WesternAnimation/TheBatman'' episode "Artifacts", a 1000 years in the future, archaeologists discover the Batcave. Their advanced computers cannot interface with or download the Bat Computer's data. Fortunately, Batman saw this coming and etched the computer's data in binary code on titanium sheets. They are able to scan that into their computers, [[FlingALightIntoTheFuture which gives them instructions on how to defeat the ageless Mr. Freeze]].[[/folder]][[folder:RealLife - Computers]]%%This is for consumer computer stuff.* Buy a new computer? Make sure all of your peripherals have drivers that are compatible with the computer's OS, or be willing to upgrade them as well. Some printers, scanners, etc. from as recently as 2010 do not have drivers that are usable by 64-bit processors.** The biggest offender of this is, of course, the CPU and RAM. RAM sticks change layout every few years, as do CPU sockets. This seems to have become progressively faster since we hit the new 10s. For example, Socket 5 and Socket 7 are electronically compatible and you can actually upgrade a 486 to a Pentium while reusing the motherboard. Nowadays, upgrading the CPU will also mean replacing the motherboard. Same goes for RAM, the 72-pin slot was standard for a very long time, almost a decade. Nowadays, not so much. Chances are you may also need to upgrade to a newer RAM type when you get a new motherboard along with that new CPU.** Averted by Linux, where support for older hardware persists far longer than Windows support. Your Guest95 program for ZIP drives might no longer work on even [=WinXP=], but you can get Linux to recognize that drive, assuming you still have an LPT or SCSI port, that is.[[note]]Or you have one of the final batch of Zip drives that has the USB interface that was produced shortly before Iomega discontinued the media format. Those also have a downside (or depending on your taste, upside) of coming in colors of the rainbow because they were made to tie in to Apple's original iMac line.[[/note]]** Windows 7 and beyond has compatibility for a lot of older, USB based hardware, at least those made from well-known manufacturers. It's almost to a point where the CD that comes with the peripheral contains just a PDF of the user manual and a link to the manufacturer's website.** Windows NT based [=OSes=] are also driver compatible between major versions. Windows 2000 drivers work just fine in Windows XP (both are NT 5). Windows Vista drivers work just fine in Windows 8 (Vista to 8 is NT 6). And it works the other way, usually. Though jumping major version numbers may or may not work.* And of course, computer expansion cards at an electronic level. Have an old [=AdLib=] or 16-bit [=SoundBlaster=] card you'd like to stick to on your new PC? Chances are, you can't because they used an old pinout called [=ISA=] (Industrial Standard Architecture) which has been largely depreciated since the late '90s and has not been found on almost all motherboards made after 2002[[note]]The exception seems to be a few specialty boards[[/note]]. Same goes for [=AGP=] (Accelerated Graphics Port) which has been displaced by [=PCI=]-Express since 2007 and cannot be found on most motherboards since 2010. And oh, God help you if you have a very old [=MCA=] (Micro-Channel Architecture) card- those were only supported by true IBM [=PCs=] for a short time in the late 80s/early 90s...* 3 1/2 inch floppy disks are getting to this state, and 5 1/4 are pretty much already there unless you're an enthusiast.** And unless you work in the military or NASA, just forget about 8-inch disks!*** There's a semi-apocryphal story about an old industrial computer at a Russian plant whose power is backed by [[NoodleImplements several UPS batteries concocted by resident engineers]] - because if it ever turns off, it won't be able to boot again since the 8-inch floppies with the software have long since crumbled to dust. And that would render all the (similarly outdated and incompatible) equipment it controls useless.* As well as cassette tape drives, zip drives, and pretty much any other "floppy" magnetic storage medium** And what about Jaz and Zip Disks? (Okay, so Jaz never caught on in the first place.). They were quite popular in their time because they were still relatively cheaper than a CD writer drive even though they have only one sixth the storage capacity (a Zip drive as of 1997 costs US$50. A CD writer costs somewhere around US$1000, and also required that the owner buy a SCSI card (unless your sound card already has one, or you use a Mac, Amiga or Atari ST), because even though there were already IDE CD-ROM drives, CD writers still belonged to the domain of the professional and thus only SCSI interface writers were produced). And that's before you even factor in the cost of the burning software. However, by 2003, IDE CD writers were already available, burning software prices have fallen tramendously to the point that there are free burner software if you know where to look, and their media's costs has fallen enough to be affordable and thus displace Zip drives. It should be noted, however, that even then Zip disks and drives were still being manufactured until at least the late 2000s- mostly to cater to musicians and certain organizations who require them for backwards compatibility or ''security by obsolesce''. Generation 3 zip drives, the final generation of the medium, has a storage capacity of 750MB, rivaling the capacity of a CD-RW, and the external drives do have a USB 2.0 interface. However, the third generation drives have a quirk of not being able to ''write'' to first generation disks, only read them. ** However, professional tape drives are surprisingly still an aversion, somewhat. Amazingly, in this modern age, many large multinational enterprises still prefer them to removable hard drives or even [=BD-R=] (recordable Blu-Ray discs) when it comes to server backups. The fact that they're still being improved upon (with version 6 of the LTO tape cartridge specification coming out as late as December 2012 and another two planned versions in roadmap) shows that there is a serious demand for them. Though they've evolved so much that they don't look anything like the reel-to-reel of the 60s. Much of this can be attributed to the lack reliability on recordable disks, which often use ink that is "burned in". It doesn't help that in 2010 or so, it was discovered that pretty much every [=CD-R=] made before 2003 had a shelf life of 10 years because the ink would just rot away.* Even standard serial ports are becoming phased out in favor of USB** [=USARTs=] (what serial ports are based off of, basically) are widely used in embedded devices because they're simple and most embedded devices don't need that much bandwidth. It's not uncommon to find an OMAP processor (the very ones that power your smartphones) to include several [=USARTs=] that you could, more or less, plug into a PC serial port with the right connections.** Though there are plenty of USB to serial port devices, and USB cables that act like a traditional RS-232 serial port.** Businesses complained about the lack of the "standard configuration" of the rear [=I/O=] panel, so there are a few ''modern'' motherboards out there that have a serial port and a LPT port.** Many motherboards still ship with a serial connector on the board. However the needed port is on a bracket that is sold separately. Ditto for parallel ports- there is a connector onboard, but the port and bracket is sold separately. * Any storage systems that use SCSI (anything pre-SAS, but mostly SCSI II) are only still interesting to electronic musicians who prefer old-fashioned hardware samplers to running a software sample player on a computer. The same goes for just about all removable storage media that came out between the 3½" floppy and the CD-RW ([=ZIP=], various MO drives, etc.). It helps a lot that musical instrument manufacturers like Akai or Kurzweil didn't change to USB and Flash memory cards as quickly as computer manufacturers.** For the consumers, have an old PATA interface drive? Good luck finding a brand new motherboard that has one of those anymore. However, some companies have wised up and started offering IDE-to-SATA converters, although whether or not it will still allow DRM-imbued media to play is another question.** Works the opposite way as well. Have a motherboard with a PATA interface and want to put it to good use (so you can free up that one SATA port to put in one more hard drive when all the other ports are fully occupied and there's no more free PCI or [=PCIe=] slots available)? Good luck finding a PATA optical drive. Sure, converters for PATA-to-SATA are still being made, but let's not start on the stupid DRM that may potentially block drives that go through these devices from playing protected media. * Flash memory cards. [=SecureDigital=] is pretty much the sole remaining popular standard. [=CompactFlash=] is for semi-pro and professional photographers with [=D-SLRs=] and certain musicians, and all other formats are either for certain other musicians who still didn't upgrade to the latest music workstations and acquire second-hand memory cards from eBay instead, or defunct altogether. Card readers that support all those special formats are either using the sheer number of supported standards as a selling point ("Supports 60+ memory card formats!"), or going extinct in favor of USB devices which only accept SD and MMC anymore.* Averted with [[MicrosoftWindows Windows]] XP. With the right amount of programming, you can run anything on it.** Windows in general has great backwards compatibility provided the program only relied on Windows provided libraries. It was found programs that came with Windows 2.0 still work in the 32-Bit editions of Windows 7.*** Microsoft even has a subdivision dedicated to maitaining compatibility, with an entire subsystem in the OS that effectively patches select programs at runtime so they can "fix" older software on customer demand. Raymond Chen, a member of that subdivision, has a lot to tell about what that is like in his blog, [[https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/oldnewthing The Old New Thing]].** Some DOS games simply dislike running in Windows' protected memory spaces, while others require DOS components not found in versions of Windows released after ME. Most of this was caused by Microsoft leaving MS-DOS behind when they made the jump to Windows 2000 by using the Windows NT system structure, as all previous versions of Windows have had some reliance on DOS components.*** Of course, this is also why many DOS software could be run on machines running Windows 95, 98, or ME -- they still had MS-DOS embedded in their foundations.** To be fair, UsefulNotes/DOSBox is extremely good for emulating DOS Games� if you can find a floppy drive, of course. It's really the games that worked with Windows 2000 that are the problems.*** However, the developers of [=DOSBox=] has expressed no intentions to emulate a [=SoundBlaster AWE=] card due to there being only about two games that really make use of the advanced capabilities-- never mind that the card's wavetable MIDI synthesizer, which many games do support, sounds way better than regular [=SoundBlaster 16=] or [=AdLib=].** On the topic of synthesizers, these are starting to become uncommon features on computers as modern games move towards sampled music (read: MP3/OGG-Vorbis/AAC) and the CPU chips become powerful enough to be able to decode these formats with little effort. It also offers two side effects- one positive and another negative. The positive? The music is now conformant and sounds the same across all hardware [[note]]in the old days, the varying amount of synthesizer chips in the market, ranging from Yamaha's OPL to Roland's MT-32, Gravis' Ultrasound and Creative's AWE, meant that music would sound different depending on which synth chip was used. Using sampled music sidesteps the issue since wave data is always reproduced the same way[[/note]]. The negative? Well, most old games require a synthesizer chip for music, so the absence of one in modern hardware means that said games are unable to play back music. ** Additionally, while Windows ships with a software synthesizer that fully emulates a Roland MT-32, few sound cards now come with a hardware synthesizer - even Creative's more recent consumer-oriented cards lack them, preferring software-based synthesizers; and they're absent from onboard sound solutions. You'll only find hardware synthesizers on prosumer-oriented cards like the E-MU series now.** Windows 7 Pro's XP Mode can work with games that don't do heavy 3D rendering. It was more or less intended for companies to use their office applications.** Also, 16-bit applications do not work in 64-bit operating systems (which are becoming more and more common those days, specially with people wanting to use more than 4GB of RAM). ** Of course, this whole issue is also gradually erasing itself as the increasing power of newer computers makes emulation and/or Virtual Machines trivial.** If a pre-[=Win2000=] (especially DOS-based) game had Redbook audio, such as ''VideoGame/{{Descent}} II'', it often required an analog audio cable directly connected to the soundcard from the disc drive, as opposed to the digital playback of later Windows versions. Fortunately, the ''[=D2X=] Rebirth'' sourceport/frontend for ''Descent II'' allows the CD music to be played digitally, and ''VideoGame/{{Turok}} 2'' has a patch for the same purpose.** Much of this could be attributed to the different philosophies of resource management between OS's. Windows NT was designed with multiple users and running in a network in mind, and so had to implement more features for stability and security. Since the consumer version of Windows before XP were DOS based, which allowed programmers to do whatever the hell they wanted, they wrote programs that expected to do things that Windows NT requires permission to do so.** The [=DirectSound=] 3D [=API=]. Good lord. The API was heavily used in many games, including [[{{VideoGame/Fallout3}} Fallout 3]]. Microsoft removed said API in Windows 7 and later, causing broken BGM playback that had so many riled up. Third party companies did try to put out fixes for it, with varying levels of success (Creative's [=ALChemy=] fix worked like a charm, but unfortunately this requires the gamer to own a Creative X-Fi or newer card, and have that as the active card when the fix is run; Realtek's 3D [=SoundBack=] did not work for Fallout 3 at all). Bethesda Softwork's response to the complaints? Silence, which is especially painful since Fallout 3 came out after Windows 7 hit the market!* {{Linux}} is said to offer great support for older hardware. But beware if you want to compile an old program which requires a version of a library or a (often third party) kernel module which is not available anymore or does not compile due to various header location changes.** Actually, it was found that a piece of software (a dungeon-type game) that was first ported to Linux when Linux was still in it's infancy still runs on Linux today. So long as you don't attempt to use sound and use ASCII graphics, you're good to go. It's technically the reason that a simple "Hello World" program written in the 1970s will still compile on a modern day C compiler- it uses only the basic unchanging libraries. One kernel maintainer even regularly stresses the importance of maintaining the basic kernel ABI (''application binary interface'' - the machine-level equivalent of the API that is called by the programs during run-time) structure for backwards compatibility, and Linus Torvalds (the head honcho) completely agrees with him. ** Running old audio software, for example, has grown complicated since OSS was displaced by ALSA, and when ALSA was upgraded to version 0.9, programs written for ALSA 0.5 ceased working due to extreme changes to the fundamental API calls (although understandably, many programs that was written to support ALSA 0.5 also supports OSS due to it being understood that ALSA 0.5 is experimental and should not be fully relied on alone). However, ALSA does provide a library that provides backwards compatibility with OSS, but whether the Linux distro will ship with it or not depends on the distro's communuity.** Another comparison: [=PulseAudio=] to the ''Enlightenment Sound Daemon'', the latter which was heavily used in GNOME 1.x but was superseded by the former in GNOME 2.x and is now largely forgotten, although true to the Linux spirit, [=PulseAudio=] has an Enlightenment Sound Daemon compatibility layer- whether the Linux distribution chooses to ship with it or not is another matter...** The same goes for graphics libraries. Since the launch of KDE 4, [=Qt3=] has mostly been phased out and is only kept in repositories for a few older applications. The same might quite likely happen with [=GTK+ 2=] when Gnome 3 starts to spread. However, the switch to GTK+ 3 will most likely take longer since GTK+ 2 is still being used in the MATE and XFCE desktop environments, and effort to move them to GTK+ 3 is happening slower than expected.** The same also applies for ''sound'' in KDE. Many [=pre-KDE4=] apps use the ''[=aRts=]'' API, which has since been superseded by ''Phonon'' in KDE 4.x** And then there's ''printing''. Many modern distros have switched to the Apple-created CUPS (''Common UsefulNotes/{{UNIX}} Printing System'') since around 2008. Up until 2002, they still ran on the BSD-Licensed LPR (''[=Line PRinter daemon=]''). Good luck trying to print from an early version of ''[=StarOffice=]'', if you managed to get that running. Though to be fair, CUPS does come with a LPR emulator as well for backwards compatibility (like other Linux packages mentioned here). However, again it's up to the distribution creators on whether the distribution will ship with it included and/or enabled.** Amusingly, Windows' own backwards compatibility has proven to be a boon for the [[https://www.winehq.org/ Wine project]], which is an attempt to backwards-engineer the Windows API in order to let programs written for Windows run on Linux. Ironically, some older programs written for Windows 95, 98, or XP run just fine through Wine even though newer versions of Windows flat-out refuse to run them at all.* Apple's never particularly cared much for compatibility. Old-school Mac users remember the UsefulNotes/MacOS 7 debacle. Macs since 2005 are no longer compatible with pre-OSX software (due to the switch to Intel processors causing the Classic environment to become no longer available); it's also now at the point where a lot of software is ''only'' compatible with these Macs, leaving older ones out of the loop. As of Mac OS X 10.7 Lion, [=PowerPC=] applications are no longer compatible either, even if they support Mac OS X, due to the dropping of Rosetta.** This is not limited to Macs -- much kerfuffle came out when Apple announced the iPhone 5 will use a completely different kind of connector port, invalidating all of your accessories. Apple loves the future. Or at least being able to re-sell you hardware you already own.** It's not just the hardware. Many have retired their first generation iPad ''out of force'' because Apple won't upgrade it beyond iOS 5.1.1, and many existing apps eventually started requiring iOS6 or newer to run. This is particularly true for web-dependent applications. One prime example is the Youtube client on these iPads will no longer work. And it's beginning to repeat itself, several newer programs are starting to require a 64-bit processor and will not run on anything older than an iPad Air 2. ** In addition to rejecting UsefulNotes/BluRay, Apple appears to be phasing out removable disc drives altogether, as few if any of their modern devices use them.. This even harkens back to the original iMac in 1998 with the rejection of the floppy drive, which was still an essential media in the business and education world at the time. [[note]]For security reasons many IT departments were deathly afraid of the USB port and many workplaces and computer labs at universities and colleges had the ports on the computers disabled.[[/note]]** Apple also removed the support for floppy drives and the Wings video capture from Macs that have them if one were to upgrade to OS X. The former actually sparked development of a homebrew driver to re-enable the floppy drive, showing how important the floppy drive was at that time. The latter was not worked on, which is a shame since the chipset does not honor [[CopyProtection Macrovision]] signals (which is probably why Apple chose to drop support for it).** Apple also does this with early versions of Mac OS X. For example, blocking a Beige G3 from upgrading to OS X 10.3 or newer despite a machine that has been upgraded to the hilt being capable of running said OS version fine. Using third party software to force install OS X 10.3 or newer on said upgraded Macs shows that it can be done. Apple probably just wants you to throw away the pre-Jobs Beige for a machine from the post-Jobs era.* At the time of this writing (February 2016), the Python programming language currently has two 'newest' versions: 2.7 and 3.5. The reason for having updates for both Python 2 and Python 3 are because many people have enormous numbers of module libraries for Python 2...that won't work on the non-backwards compatible Python 3.* iTunes has issues with Windows XP x64; both the 32 and 64 bit versions require editing the MSI files via Orca to install and may not fully function, and the "64 64" version doesn't work with certain older video cards.* Console and hardware emulators are fully software reimplementations of the precise behavior of old hardware, with the express purpose of allowing games and software only compatible with those old machines to be run and used on modern and relatively arbitrary hardware.* This nearly doomed the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Domesday_Project BBC Domesday Project]] to unreadability, as, in 2002, they realized that drives able to read the disks the project was written on were getting exceedingly rare, as ones that were compatible with the format hadn't been made in years. Fortunately, they managed to create a new system simply to read and preserve all the data on the disks.[[/folder]][[folder:RealLife - Other]]* [[UsefulNotes/{{VCR}} Betamax]]. [=AppleTalk=]. [=NetBIOS=]. SNA. DECNET. Good luck to you trying to maintain a system or workflow based on any one of those technologies; no matter how similar they may be to more successful tech, almost no one cares about backwards compatibility. ** Not to mention UsefulNotes/LaserDisc, rapidly reaching that state for cassette tapes, and if it weren't for audiophiles, the vinyl record would have surely gone that route already.** Vinyl records are making a small comeback. You might find one or two at your local big electronics store. New.*** With the advent of 3D printers, a college student wrote a computer program to turn an MP3 file into a printable record that plays on a standard record player. Quality is low for now, but as printers improve and detail increases, that will get better.* The engineering schematics for the space vehicles used in the Apollo project were written in an early CAD/CAM application that ran on computers that no longer function. The US National Archive has all the data preserved, but have no way to read it as modern computers are incompatible with the format they are stored in & the archivists have not been able to get funding to have a conversion program written.** This ''may'' apply for the 1980s diagrams of British traffic signs, as commercial CAD software ([=KeySIGN=], formerly [=AutoSIGN=]) for this wasn't launched until the early 1980s by Pete Harman and Geoff Walker working for Humberside County Council. Prior to then, it's not known what software was used for these. Older [=KeySIGN=]/[=AutoSIGN=] diagrams ''may'' be compatible with the newer 2011 versions.* This has been a significant problem for the US military as they try to upgrade their computers yet keep compatibility with tech that may be 60 years old. One case study is the the schematics for the nuclear aircraft carriers, which when read were displaying dotted lines as solid and other such glitches.** Military maps are prone to this. The [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Geodetic_System World Geodetic System]] is the basis for all military maps used by most modern armed forces. The modern US military and most of NATO are on WGS 84. Our allies and some countries use older versions. Units that get lost, maps that don't match, weapons and navigation systems that can't talk to each other, all adds to JurisdictionFriction. ** It's not just software and hardware that falls victim to this trope; it applies to physical materials too. Case in point, FOGBANK, which was an unbelievably-classified plastic used in Trident missile warheads. FOGBANK production ended in 1989. When the Navy wanted to refurbish its existing warheads, they had to build a brand-new factory to produce FOGBANK again -- and discovered that the documented procedures didn't work. It turns out FOGBANK [[MiraculousMalfunction relied on an]] ''[[MiraculousMalfunction impurity]]'' [[MiraculousMalfunction included in the original batch]], and this delayed the refurbishment by nearly ten years. ** As the page quote implies, old encrypted records may become unrecoverable if the decryption methods for such messages are lost in the deeps of time. Have fun wringing out the alphanumerics of a coded World War 2 message from an obsolete tape, then decrypting it into whatever it originally said.* Mocked (sort of) in [[http://www.qwantz.com/fanart/dino-untitled.png this]] piece of Webcomic/DinosaurComics Reader Art.* Subverted in [[http://seenonslash.com/node/4137 this]] Slashdot exchange. * In addition to all analog air signals being phased out, many cable stations are no longer watchable on analog [=TVs=] either (unless you have a box). Go buy that DTV.* Averted at first with the move to portable music players. Many iPod buyers were thrilled that they could convert and download their CD music collection on to their new device, a factor which probably worked to speed up the adoption of MP3 players. However, with more and more [=PCs=] being sold without optical drives, and smartphones and media players becoming increasingly independent from [=PCs=], this is starting to become true.** When the Beatles announced in 2010 that their music was finally coming to the iTunes store, the response was a collective "yeah, big deal" because if you were a hardcore Beatles fan you probably would have ripped your [=CDs=] onto your iPod already.* Some older engines (a few cars, but mainly outboard motors for boats, lawnmower and other small engines) cannot run on gasoline containing ethanol without replacing all non-metal parts in the fuel system.* All written languages follow this trope to a degree: ever tried reading Creator/GeoffreyChaucer in spare time, without real training?** And this will eventually become true for audio recordings as well (in fact, to a much greater extent than written text for a language like English, that avoids orthography reforms like the plague).* The one thing that people have managed to not shoot themselves in the foot: electrical connections and batteries. Thanks to international standardizations done sometime after UsefulNotes/WorldWarII, we pretty much guaranteed a plentiful supply of means to connect our gizmos to power. For example, the only thing you could possibly carry over from the original IBM PC today is its power cord. At the ultimate extreme, you only need to know the power requirements of an electrically powered device (Direct or Alternating current, which electrodes are the positive/negative or live/neutral/earth, the voltage range, current load, and so on) to figure out how to get it working.* The distance between two rails is totally arbitrary. There are some advantages and disadvantages for a very narrow and a very wide distance between them, but ultimately the gauge, as it is called just hast to be the same across a wide area, no matter which standard is chosen. Of course as most railways were built in the 19th century, sometimes explicitly with military applications in mind, non-compatible gauges were chosen ''deliberately'' in some cases. Today countries like Spain have a vast legacy network built in broad gauge and a much smaller (but growing) network built to standard gauge (1435 mm). The latter is used almost exclusively by high speed trains, making them non backwards compatible. There ''are'' variable gauge trains and the Spanish are among the world's leading inventors of those, but they have a lot of downsides.[[/folder]]----


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Grow Smart
Trees and shrubs are an important part of the landscape. But trees, shrubs and transmission lines can be an unsafe combination. Transmission lines can sway or sag, and tall or nearby vegetation can compromise the safety and reliability of the electric transmission system. Grow Smart helps property owners and communities identify low-growing, beautiful, native vegetation that can be planted the smart way – a safe distance from transmission line rights-of-way.
Watch the video below with Melinda Myers to learn which flowers and grasses are most compatible near transmission lines.
"With proper planning and minimal care, you can create a four-season garden, filled with birds and butterflies that's good for you and the environment – and won't interfere with overhead transmission lines."
– Melinda Myers, horticulturist and gardening expert
Watch the guest appearance of Melinda Myers on WTMJ's The Morning Blend, as she talks about what it means to Grow Smart near high-voltage transmission lines. And check out ATC's latest TV commercials on our YouTube channel, where Melinda highlights the advantages of growing low, and growing smart.
Need some gardening tips? Melinda provides weekly updates year-round – just click here.
ATC's Grow Smart Landscape Sweepstakes
For more information, visit the sweepstakes web page.
Planting guide
Low-growing perennials and grasses can grow and thrive within transmission line rights-of-way. In partnership with horticulturist and gardening expert Melinda Myers, we've put together a planting guide to identify plants with deep root systems that will help beautify your property. Sustainable rights-of-way with compatible plant communities also can help limit ATC's long-term vegetation management program, which is needed to help keep the lines safe and reliable.
View or print the Grow Smart Planting Guide, and take it with you to your local garden center.
To learn about conserving energy for your home by planting the right tree in the right place, please visit the climate change section on the Arbor Day Foundation's website.
Party for the Planet
Since 2009, ATC has sponsored Party for the Planet – an event at the Milwaukee County Zoo, that celebrates Earth Day and International Migratory Bird Day.
In May 2014, ATC introduced attendees at the event to the Grow Smart program, featuring Melinda Myers. Simultaneously, a local cub scout troop helped zoo staff plant just over 100 species of native trees on the zoo's grounds. Check out the 2014 video that captured it all, on our YouTube channel.
At the 2015 Party for the Planet on May 16-17, children worked alongside Melinda Myers, learning about Grow Smart by planting a pollinator garden. A local cub scout troop assisted zoo forestry staff by planting dozens of native trees. In this video on WTMJ's The Morning Blend, Myers talks about the event, and this video captures the event highlights.
Community planting program
As an owner and operator of the area electric transmission system, it is our responsibility to keep trees and brush out of the rights-of-way of our power lines for safety and reliability reasons. While we can't allow trees and brush in our rights-of-way, we understand that they are an important part of the community landscape.
Our Community Planting Program helps us support efforts to beautify communities in the ATC service area in a manner that is consistent with our safety and maintenance standards. Eligible cities, villages, towns, counties and tribes may apply for financial support for planting projects on public property within their community.
To qualify, communities must commit that all current and future planting plans and urban forestry activities near high-voltage electric transmission lines will comply with ATC's maintenance standards. Priority will favor projects that promote safety and reliability of the transmission system by supporting right-of-way best management practices and keeping trees out of the right-of-way.
Applications will be accepted June 1 through Sept. 30 each year. Recipients will be selected by the end of the calendar year.
Download a brochure and application.
See if your community is eligible for the program.
If you have any questions about the program, please contact:
Jon Callaway
Waunell Trepanier-Friese


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Regional Europe United Kingdom England Regions South West Business and Economy
This category includes sites covering the business and economic activities of the region, including listings of most companies and industries.
Subcategories 22
Related categories 2
Sites 19
Armishaws Removals Limited
Offer removals and storage in all areas of domestic, European and worldwide removals.
Avalon Leisure Ltd.
Providing company profile, full contact information, with links to sites of clubs, leisure centres and swimming pools managed, in Dorset and Somerset from their base in Wells.
BAC Security Systems
Commercial security systems including fire and intruder alarms and access control. Service and contact details. [Requires Flash]
Offers digital terrestrial and satellite TV reception and distribution equipment. Profile, services and product range. [Bristol and Exeter]
G & S Steeplejacks Ltd
Specialists in the restoration of ecclesiastical buildings. Provides details of services, list of clients and location of south-west based offices.
Marine Engineering Looe
Volvo Penta dealers with branches in Plymouth, Torbay and Falmouth. Introduces services and provides location and contact details.
Porter Removals
Home and office removals company also offering house clearance. Profile and services. [Bath and Bristol]
SEA Group Limited
Systems engineering, signal processing and software house for the marine, space, battlespace and transport domains. Provides company profile, overview of technologies and recruitment information.
Seldon Ward and Nutall
Estate agents and solicitors based in Bideford and Bude. Describes their services and includes a property search.
Oil fuel specialists. Provides details of products, services, M32 service station and history of the company.
Offers industrial and commercial Karcher cleaning equipment from branches in Bristol, Dorset and Wiltshire. Profile, services and product range.
Small Business Focus
Not-for-profit organisation offering support in the Bath and NE Somerset area.
South West Investment Group Services Ltd
A non profit making organisation investing in businesses throughout the South West of England through grants and soft loans.
South West Tourism Alliance
For businesses in the Tourism industry.
A salvage disposal company in the South West of England.
TH White Limited
This group offering vehicular, agricultural and construction services and products provides information on each of its operations.
Tickbox Marketing
Offering design for web or print, and search engine optimisation. Includes portfolio and case studies. [Bristol and Frome]
Trago Mills
Offers in-store shopping , reserve products on line, with click and collect service. Retail outlets at Falmouth, Liskeard and Bickerington, Devon.
Vital Pet Products
Wholesalers offering pet foods and accessories with depots in Bristol, Exeter and Salisbury. Includes catalogue and delivery information.
Last update:February 7, 2017 at 17:41:22 UTC
All Languages


text:
For Manuscript Submission, Check or Review Login please go to Submission Websites List.
For the academic login, please select your country in the dropdown list. You will be redirected to verify your credentials.
|Table of Contents
|Vol. 2, No. 6, 2010
Issue release date: October 2010
|Section title: Research Article
Rapid Neutrophil Destruction following Phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureusKobayashi S.D.a · Braughton K.R.a · Palazzolo-Ballance A.M.a · Kennedy A.D.a · Sampaio E.d, g · Kristosturyan E.d · Whitney A.R.a · Sturdevant D.E.b · Dorward D.W.c · Holland S.M.d · Kreiswirth B.N.e · Musser J.M.f · DeLeo F.R.a
aLaboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, and Research Technologies Section, bGenomics and cMicroscopy Units, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Mont., dLaboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., ePublic Health Research Institute and the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, N.J., and fCenter for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Tex., USA; gLeprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Corresponding Author
Dr. Frank R. DeLeo
Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Rocky Mountain Laboratories
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840 (USA)
Tel. +1 406 363 9448, Fax +1 406 363 9394, E-Mail email@example.com
Mechanisms underlying the enhanced virulence phenotype of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) are incompletely defined, but presumably include evasion of killing by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs or neutrophils). To better understand this phenomenon, we investigated the basis of rapid PMN lysis after phagocytosis of USA300, a prominent CA-MRSA strain. Survival of USA300 clinical isolates after phagocytosis ultimately resulted in neutrophil lysis. PMNs containing ingested USA300 underwent morphological changes consistent with apoptosis, but lysed rapidly thereafter (within 6 h), whereas cells undergoing FAS-mediated apoptosis or phagocytosis-induced cell death remained intact. Phagosome membranes remained intact until the point of PMN destruction, suggesting lysis was not caused by escape of S. aureus from phagosomes or the cytolytic action of pore-forming toxins. Microarray analysis of the PMN transcriptome after phagocytosis of representative community-associated S. aureus and healthcare-associated MRSA strains revealed changes unique to community-associated S. aureus strains, such as upregulation of transcripts involved in regulation of calcium homeostasis. Collectively, the data suggest that neutrophil destruction after phagocytosis of USA300 is in part a form of programmed necrosis rather than direct lysis by S. aureus pore-forming toxins. We propose that the ability of CA-MRSA strains to induce programmed necrosis of neutrophils is a component of enhanced virulence.
© 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel
Received: May 08, 2009
Accepted: August 10, 2009
Published online: June 26, 2010
Issue release date: October 2010
Number of Print Pages: 16
Number of Figures: 10
Number of Tables: 0
ISSN: 1662-811X (Print)
eISSN: 1662-8128 (Online)
For additional information: http://www.karger.com/JIN


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One of the reasons I began the "Cutout Bin" column was to spotlight unfairly neglected artists from several decades. One such artist, 80s R&B singer Junior, many be remembered for one song — but oh, what a song it is.
As a kid growing up in suburban Chicago in 1982, I began listening to WJPC-AM, an urban music station owned by the Johnson Family Publishing Company (Ebony, Jet). Unlike the top 40 stations of the time, WJPC played infinitely cooler music, introducing me to the Tom Tom Club, Mtume, the SOS Band, the Gap Band, and other legendary 80s R&B acts. But one song stood out amidst all this great music: "Mama Used to Say" by Junior. Since WJCP's signal was so weak, it would fade out at about 5 PM each night, switching to another station. Therefore I would pray that the signal could hold out just one minute longer so I could hear that incredible tune one more time.
The song grabs the listener from the first few seconds: the thumping bass line, the bongo drums, and the offbeat cowbell or chimes (I never could figure that part out) signal that this sound will be different. Then Junior kicks in with his strident vocals, alternating between growls and falsetto. Who could forget that chorus:
Mama used to say, take your time young man
And Mama used to say, don't you rush to get old
And Mama used to say, take it in your stride
And Mama used to say, live your life
To this day I can type (and sing) those lyrics from memory. The lyrics also address a universal theme: growing up too fast. The narrator describes a young boy first wanting to be an adult; once he reaches adulthood, he yearns to be young again: "As the years went rushing by, he would cut down on his age/He would tell his girl of how it used to be." At the same time, Junior warns, one shouldn't waste youth: "do what you want to do/Now is the time for you to strive," he sings. While the lyrics are memorable, the funky beat and unusual instrumentation truly sell the song.
For years I searched out the single, unable to find any Junior albums or even compilations. Finally, several years ago I discovered a vinyl copy of his first album, Ji, which contains the single. While "Mama Used to Say" clearly stands out from the LP's other tracks, another song, "Down Down," shows his ability to inject funk with his smooth vocals and an undeniable beat. Why this song was not released as a follow-up single?
Unfortunately, Junior never equaled the success of "Mama Used to Say" — he released several subsequent albums which charted in the U.K., but he ultimately became a "one hit wonder" in the U.S. Even today, information about Junior's career is scarce.
According to All Music, he was born Junior Giscombe on June 6, 1960, to Jamaican parents. After graduating from college in the mid-70s, he decided to pursue his passion: music. After releasing a single, "Hot Up & Heated," on a small British independent label, Polygram gave him his first major label opportunity. With "Mama Used to Say" (which Junior co-wrote with Bob Carter), he became one of the first British R&B/pop acts to become successful in America. According to All Music, his material paved the way for artists such as Sade, Billy Ocean, Loose Ends, and Soul II Soul.
While Junior remains relegated to "one hit wonder" status in America, his brand of funk seems timeless. His success opened doors for other British R&B artists, and having one song accomplish that feat is truly impressive.
Finding Junior's music can present a challenge, but is well worth the effort. Right now a compilation, The Best of Junior (1995), offers the most complete selection of his greatest hits. "Mama Used to Say" can be found on 80s dance compilations, but try to find the 12-inch version of the song.
Below is the original video for "Mama Used to Say" — while it reeks of early 80s primitive (and at times silly) clips, Junior's enthusiastic dancing and lip syncing still charm.Powered by Sidelines