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Web of myths
Nostalgic moments untangle half-truths of our youth
Summer brain has set in.
Here at Boomer U, we're feeling nostalgic for all the lazy time we had in our 1960s childhoods, sharing stories – scary, creepy and spine-tingling.
Turns out, nostalgia can be good for you. Writing in the July 8 New York Times, John Tierney explained that "nostalgia has been shown to counteract loneliness, boredom and anxiety. It makes people more generous to strangers and more tolerant of outsiders."
So here's some nostalgia today about those urban myths and half-truths we shared as gospel at slumber parties and around campfires.
Black widows in beehives: The beehive – the big ratted hairdo that indeed looked like a real beehive – combed its way into mass popularity in the early 1960s.
The story: A teen ratted her hair in a beehive, sprayed it into stiffness and neglected to wash it for weeks, due to the hassle of ratting and spraying. Unbeknownst to her, a black widow spider crawled in, built a nest, laid eggs and when dozens of the eggs hatched, they bit the teen's skull, killing her.
True or false?
False, according to snopes.com, a website that researches urban legends.
The urban legend disappeared in the 1970s when straight, long hair rendered beehives old-fashioned.
However, the urban legend washed back into popular culture in the 1990s. With some modifications.
The victim was a man. The hairdo, dreadlocks. The spiders – unidentified.
Watch Rebecca Nappi talk about this story with KHQ's Ken McGrathSpokane, North Idaho News
Aspirin in Coca-Cola makes you high: At slumber parties in the late 1960s, two aspirins dissolved into a bottle of Coke was a secret practice we did after the parents were asleep upstairs. It didn't make you high, some of us learned from personal experience.
The myth may have started in the 1930s, according to snopes.com, when an Illinois doctor wrote the Journal of American Medical Association "to warn that teenagers were dissolving aspirin in Coca-Cola to create an intoxicating beverage" that was as serious a threat to teenagers as "narcotic habituation."
Coke in aspirin turned out to be harmless for society's young people. It it was later discovered that both products can be worrisome for kids, but not because either makes you high.
Too much soda has been linked to obesity. Aspirin taken during the flu can result in Reye's syndrome, a sometimes fatal reaction.
The babysitter and the hiding man: The story: A babysitter answers the phone. A creepy man asks her if she's checked on the children. He keeps calling back. She calls the police who finally trace the call and tell her to leave the house immediately because the man is calling her from within the house.
The children are later discovered murdered by the man who had been hiding either upstairs or in the basement, depending on which version was circulating in your 1960s circle.
This story had many holes – even in the low-tech, highly gullible 1960s.
For instance, when you called your own number, you got a busy signal. The police didn't trace calls, even in the 1960s. The phone company could do traces, but it was an elaborate process that took awhile.
What would have happened if this situation had been real in the 1960s?
The babysitter would call her parents who would rush over. Or she would call the police who would show up to investigate.
Despite its implausibility, the plotline has been incorporated into several movies, including "When a Stranger Calls," which was made in 1979 and remade in 2006.
This urban legend would be more plausible in modern time, because the dangerous man could be hiding in the house making menacing calls from his cellphone to the house phone.
The hook hand on the car door: The story: A couple is making out in lovers lane. A man has escaped from an insane asylum (excuse the insensitive description of both mental illness and the institutions that help people with mental illness, but it was the 1960s.)
The escaped man (for unknown reasons) has a hook for a hand. The girl is nervous about the reports that a lunatic is on the loose, and she's not in the mood to kiss or do anything else.
The boyfriend, angry at her resistance and unfounded fear, speeds off. When he gets home, the boyfriend discovers a hook in the car door, ripped away from the hook man as he was about to open the car door.
What's fun about this one? Its deeper meanings in the context of the 1960s.
The urban legend spoke to societal fears that women were getting "looser" just like the loose boys who couldn't be expected to control themselves, theorized Neal Litherland, a blogger and writer from Indiana who describes himself as a "genre-hopping tale teller who isn't shy about taking his readers to some of the stranger corners of the human heart."
In an online essay about this urban legend, Litherland wrote: "Though sexually frustrated and upset, the boy realizes that if his girl had let him have sex with her that the maniac would have killed them both. Thus it shows that it is a woman's responsibility to take the reins of sexual behavior firmly in hand, and that men should always bow to the woman's lead."
And the story, told around every campfire in the 1960s, reflected Cold War worries, too.
"The hook is often portrayed looking like a Soviet sickle," Litherland said. "It was thought that ideas like communism, and its elimination of religion and morality, would destroy youth's upstanding honor and American traditions."
Mandatory nude swimming: In the 1960s, we girls were required to wear swim caps in public and private pools. The caps were made of rubberized material and decorated with hideous flower petals. We were told swim caps were required because our hair would clog pool filters.
We disliked the swim cap rule, but we knew that boys had it worse. We heard a rumor that in some schools, clubs and men's organizations boys had to swim nude.
Turns out, this one's true.
Jeff Fulton, a freelance journalist, started investigating the urban legend after a friend told him he remembered being required to swim naked at a university function in 1968. In an article published at yahoo.com in 2011, Fulton wrote: "It was indeed not a legend, but very true, especially in high schools."
Fulton traced the origin of the practice to YMCAs in the 1890s where suits were banned because "men wore wooly suits, which shed fibers, clogging the then sensitive water filters."
By the 1960s, though, the filters were much better. They couldn't easily filter hair but those wooly suits were history. The practice continued, however, and Fulton has theories why. Boys weren't expected to be modest, because their teachers, coaches and youth leaders – who swam nude in their childhood pools – served in World War II when men lived communally with no expectation of privacy.
Sally Jackson, longtime Spokane Valley coach and swimming instructor, said: "I remember a neighbor boy – he's dead now – told me he had to swim nude at the YMCA. We thought that was really something. I'm sure it was true and not a rumor, because it made me realize I'd never apply there for a lifeguarding job. This was the late 1930s. We were just coming out of the Depression. Maybe it was a poverty thing that they couldn't afford swimsuits."
Still, pretty creepy, whatever the real reasons.
By the early 1970s, the nude swimming requirement disappeared from society because boomer boys – and their parents – rebelled, Fulton said.
Etcetera: In a Facebook posting, we asked boomer friends to share some other myths and urban legends they remember from their 1960s childhoods.
A sampling of their responses:
Banana peels will make you high.
One of the M&Ms, perhaps green, is an aphrodisiac.
Paul is dead.
Work hard and you'll succeed.
Justice prevails.
Social Security and pensions will support you in retirement.
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Comparison of methods to identify aberrant expression patterns in individual patients: augmenting our toolkit for precision medicine
- Daniel Bottomly1, 2Email author,
- Peter A Ryabinin1, 2,
- Jeffrey W Tyner1, 3,
- Bill H Chang1, 4,
- Marc M Loriaux1, 5,
- Brian J Druker1, 6, 7,
- Shannon K McWeeney†1, 2, 8, 9 and
- Beth Wilmot†1, 2, 8
DOI: 10.1186/gm509
© Bottomly et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013
Received: 5 July 2013
Accepted: 9 October 2013
Published: 29 November 2013
Patient-specific aberrant expression patterns in conjunction with functional screening assays can guide elucidation of the cancer genome architecture and identification of therapeutic targets. Since most statistical methods for expression analysis are focused on differences between experimental groups, the performance of approaches for patient-specific expression analyses are currently less well characterized. A comparison of methods for the identification of genes that are dysregulated relative to a single sample in a given set of experimental samples, to our knowledge, has not been performed.
We systematically evaluated several methods including variations on the nearest neighbor based outlying degree method, as well as the Zscore and a robust variant for their suitability to detect patient-specific events. The methods were assessed using both simulations and expression data from a cohort of pediatric acute B lymphoblastic leukemia patients.
We first assessed power and false discovery rates using simulations and found that even under optimal conditions, high effect sizes (>4 unit differences) were necessary to have acceptable power for any method (>0.9) though high false discovery rates (>0.1) were pervasive across simulation conditions. Next we introduced a technical factor into the simulation and found that performance was reduced for all methods and that using weights with the outlying degree could provide performance gains depending on the number of samples and genes affected by the technical factor. In our use case that highlights the integration of functional assays and aberrant expression in a patient cohort (the identification of gene dysregulation events associated with the targets from a siRNA screen), we demonstrated that both the outlying degree and the Zscore can successfully identify genes dysregulated in one patient sample. However, only the outlying degree can identify genes dysregulated across several patient samples.
Our results show that outlying degree methods may be a useful alternative to the Zscore or Rscore in a personalized medicine context especially in small to medium sized (between 10 and 50 samples) expression datasets with moderate to high sample-to-sample variability. From these results we provide guidelines for detection of aberrant expression in a precision medicine context.
The use of functional assays such as the interrogation of patient-derived cancer cells against panels of small interfering RNA (siRNA) duplexes or small molecule inhibitors allows patients who are part of the same disease subgroup to be further stratified based on an assessment of the effect of gene down-regulation on cancer cell viability [1, 2]. The advent of precision medicine represents a methodological paradigm shift from traditional detection of differences between experimental groups towards identification of individual events or outliers (for example, individual expression patterns and patient-specific siRNA/drug sensitivities). Although some work has been done characterizing patient-specific dysregulation of pathways [3–6], univariate patient-specific analysis of gene expression has not been thoroughly explored.
Arguably the most common type of analysis procedure applied to mRNA expression experiments is the determination of putative differential expression [7–9]. However, even within specific subgroups of patients with cancer, the same genes are not always dysregulated in the same manner in every specimen. Individual expression patterns can reflect underlying mutation, chromosomal rearrangement and copy number events. This shifts the focus to a different type of analysis procedure: identification of a single sample or small subgroups that have divergent expression from the rest of the group (for example, the detection of candidate oncogenic chromosomal aberrations on the basis of outlier gene expression in prostate cancer [10]). Many procedures have been devised to detect the latter situation with earliest efforts, cancer outlier profile analysis (COPA) [10] and the outlier sum (OS) [11], focused on prioritization after a robust standardization procedure. Others have extended this to robust t or F tests [12–16] or similar procedures [17–20]. Additionally, the problem has also been viewed as one of 'population' or proportional differences between two groups [21–23]. Recently, the anti-profile method was developed to look for genes with high variability across samples and used to discriminate colon cancer cases from controls [24]. A limitation of these procedures is that they assume both a control as well as an experimental group though several, including OS, COPA and the very recently described mCOPA [25], will work with only one group. Others have focused on the observation that, in the presence of outlying subgroups of patients for a given gene, the distribution would become bi- or multimodal [26–28]. Effective parameter estimation for such mixture models would require substantial sample sizes thereby limiting these approaches to large, well-defined cohorts. Additionally, general methods originally devised in other fields such as the outlying degree (OD) [29, 30] or the gene tissue index [31] can be used in a gene-wise univariate context for finding outlying subgroups. However all of these methods, with the exception of the OD method, provide a ranking of genes for a given cohort, not for a specific sample within the cohort. Searching for outliers or 'hits' for a given sample is a common procedure for some types of experiments, such as genome-wide siRNA screens. Two procedures used for these experiments are a Z-transformation (Zscore) or robust Zscore (Rscore) along with a cutoff dictating outlier or hit status [32]. Both methods have been applied to microarray analysis as well. For instance, the Zscore approach was first applied to microarray datasets a decade ago [33] and still is used for sample-specific analyses as implemented in the cBio web portal [34]. We also note that the Rscore is the first step of the COPA and OS methods with outlier status determined empirically [10, 11].
Complicating the search for outlying subgroups is the fact that microarrays as well as other high throughput assays can be sensitive to many technical factors [35–39]. In addition, expression differences between samples can be caused by many potentially confounding factors regarding clinical samples such as gender, ethnicity and age as well as differences in tissue or cell preparation. A concrete example of such an effect leading to expression differences among two subgroups is the non-coding RNA XIST, which is highly expressed in females but has almost negligible levels in males [40]. Although effective methods exist to correct both known [41] and unknown [42] factors, it may still be important to consider overall sample dissimilarities when the expression values of single genes are compared between samples and/or groups. This will become an even more important issue as we move towards a precision medicine clinical paradigm where it is likely that sample processing would immediately follow acquisition rather than forming balanced batches (in terms of relevant covariates) that can be randomized.
In this paper, we consider the question of how to detect genes that exhibit aberrant expression for a subset of patients focusing on the situation where the subset contains only a single patient sample. We perform simulations testing the effectiveness of multiple approaches including the widely used Zscore and Rscore as well as weighted and unweighted variants of the OD method. We first evaluate these approaches, simulating a wide variety of conditions, and show that the OD methods have advantages over the other two methods in terms of performance. In addition to the simulations, we examine gene ranking results across methods for exon array leukemia expression data in the context of corresponding functional assay results (siRNA hits performed on samples from the same patients). We show that the OD methods provide more flexibility than the Zscore and Rscore and further show that the OD method performs similarly or better than the Zscore for two analytical use cases relating the expression data to the siRNA results.
Where I() is the indicator function, S is the number of true positive genes (100 in all the simulations), T is a vector of length n containing the absolute value of the statistics from a given method, and O is an ordered version of T such that its elements are decreasing. The set G 1 is limited to a single integer in (1) whereas G is a set of size S in (2) representing the position in T or O respectively with the true outlier gene(s) for a given sample j. Note that the FDR in this case assumes 100 true positives, which is meant to simulate an activated pathway. The sample assessed for these statistics was always the one with simulated outlier gene expression. Each different combination of parameters was run 10,000 times. Power was computed as the proportion of the 10,000 iterations which were significant at the .05 level. The FDR was reported as the average FDR observed over the 10,000 iterations for each simulation. Simulations and calculation of the P-values and FDR were carried out in parallel on a Beowulf-style cluster using Rmpi [44] with parallel random number generation using L'Ecuyer's method [45] via the rlecuyer package [46] using R-2.15.1 [47]. Plotting and summaries for the simulations were performed using ggplot2 [48] on R-3.0.1 [47]. Example code for performing these simulations is provided in Additional file 1.
RNA sample preparation and array processing
All research was performed according to the guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration. Specifically, both oral and written informed consent was obtained from the patient or parent/legal guardian for inclusion in the study. Assent was also obtained for patients between ages 7 and 17 years. The study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Oregon Health & Science University.
Mononuclear cells from blood or bone marrow of patients with hematologic malignancies were isolated using a Ficoll gradient. Cell pellets were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and cryopreserved at -80°C for subsequent batch extraction of RNA. RNA was extracted using Qiagen RNeasy kits (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) according to the manufacturer instructions, including performance of the optional on-column DNase treatment step. Samples were amplified and labeled using the Ambion WT Expression/Affymetrix WT Terminal Labeling protocol (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). Amplified and labeled cDNA target samples were each hybridized to a Human Exon 1.0 ST array (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). Image processing was performed using Affymetrix Command Console (AGCC) v.3.1.1 software. The expression data have been deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus database under the identifier [GEO:GSE42731]. Twelve samples had acceptable RNA integrity number scores (>8) and similar overall intensity distributions and were analyzed further. These samples were processed using the oligo [49] Bioconductor package [50]. Background correction and normalization performed via the RMA method [51] using the core metaprobesets as well as probesets. Note that probeset-level summarizations were used for the visualizations whereas metaprobeset-level summarizations were used for the methods comparisons. Here we consider metaprobesets to denote single transcripts or genes. Ensembl annotations and coordinates were retrieved from Ensembl Build 69 [52] and used in conjunction with the GenomicFeatures package [53] to provide gene contexts for the (meta)probesets. All of the applied analysis was performed using R-3.0.1 [47] with plotting again performed using ggplot2 [48] as well as GenomeGraphs [54]. The reshape2 [55] and biomaRt [56] packages were also utilized.
Expression prioritization approaches
where the mad function is the median absolute deviation.
For all the OD methods, k was set to nine or six for the simulated and real data respectively, based on the simulations in Figures S3 and S4 in Additional file 2. An implementation of these methods is provided in Additional file 1 and will be provided as part of an R package 'pod' at [57].
Results and discussion
Methods and parameters
The Zscore as defined (see Methods) is a simple approach to assessing whether an outlier exists in a moderately sized dataset [58]. However, its use of the difference from the mean as the numerator (as well as the standard deviation in the denominator) means that it potentially could be influenced by outliers itself. This is a well-known property of related procedures based on means and many alternatives exist to reduce the influence of outliers, such as the use of trimmed means or medians. The median-based robust analogue of the Zscore utilizes the difference from the median divided by the median absolute deviation (Rscore) as has been suggested in some of the initial work in looking for genomic outliers [10]. The OD, as implemented (see Methods), is a measure of how different the expression value for a given sample is from the expression values from the k nearest samples for a given gene. The choice of the k parameter in this respect is important as it may impact sensitivity and specificity. The k parameter can take integer values between 1 and m −1 (assuming m >1) with the case of k = 1 equivalent to the absolute difference between the given sample and the most similar of the remaining samples for a given gene. For the case of finding genes containing single sample outliers, we carried out several simulations examining both power and FDR for a wide range of k values. For our simulation size of 20 samples, we found that k = 9 seemed to provide good performance over a range of effect sizes (Figures S1 and S2 in Additional file 2) with relatively little additional performance gains above nine. In general a k value set to a value near m/2 seemed to provide adequate performance for cohort sizes >10 (Figures S3 and S4 in Additional file 2). Note that this assumes that the conditions of the simulation roughly approximate that of the dataset in question and that one is mainly interested in finding single sample outliers. This is likely to be the case for the simulations as they were carried out using similar parameters. Utilizing a different k value may influence power and FDR estimates for a given simulation, though from these simulations it appears that decreases in performance would mainly occur when utilizing a substantially lower k value. Although performance is difficult to assess using experimental data, we argue that for detection of single sample outliers it is similar enough due to the RMA preprocessing, which makes the overall expression distributions more comparable to each other as well as having a range of expression values similar to the simulations.
Evaluation using simulations
Several aspects of the OD method could be improved based on an examination of actual array experiments. First, overall dissimilarities between samples could inappropriately increase the score for a given gene, making it desirable to down-weight sample-sample differences based on a measure of overall dissimilarity. An example of this would be an array that had a subset of genes with dissimilar hybridization characteristics but not to the extent that it would be removed for quality control purposes. Also, this would be important in a precision medicine context as we would expect samples to vary in similarity based on technical and biological factors. A straightforward adaptation of the OD method would be to incorporate weights that would decrease the influence on sample-sample comparisons for a given gene if the samples themselves were highly dissimilar. Based on previous work in the field of spatial statistics [59], we implemented several variants of the weighted OD, the only difference being whether the weighting was taken into account before (WODb) or after (WODa) the nearest neighbors were computed.
We first compared all methods using a straightforward power simulation where a single gene had a single sample outlier with a true effect size ranging from three to five units, and where data were either generated from a re-centered normal or t-distribution to capture the range of sample-sample variability to which actual samples might belong (Figure 1A). Weighting the OD method based on overall sample dissimilarity in this context had no benefit over the basic OD approach as all samples would be overall very similar as a product of the simulation approach. However, the OD methods had significantly higher power than either the Zscore or Rscore in all six simulations (Figure 1B). Even for the normal distribution simulation, large effect sizes of four or five were necessary to reach high power (>0.9) for all methods whereas only the OD method achieved adequate power (>0.8) at the lowest evaluated effect size. For the t-distribution, no method was able to achieve adequate power even at the highest effect size. An analogous simulation addressing the FDR was also carried out, which demonstrated that the OD method overall had lower FDR values (all six were significantly lower than Zscore or Rscore; Figure 1C). For both distribution types, the FDR was high especially for an effect size of three. The OD method was the only one to achieve acceptable FDR (<0.10) at an effect size of five for the normal distribution. Together, this indicates that reasonable power should be achievable for experimental samples at the expense of higher false discovery for effect sizes greater than four. As discussed below, effect sizes of this magnitude are observable in expression datasets.
Evaluations using experimental data
As an initial applied analysis, we examined the results of the OD and Zscore in the context of the patient sample T119, which had an siRNA hit for ROR1 (Table S2 in Additional file 4). We chose patient sample T119 as it had only a single siRNA hit and therefore we could expect some dysregulated genes that were unique to the sample, demonstrating the arguably most common use case for the Zscore. Overexpression of ROR1 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia samples with the t(1;19) translocation has been previously characterized [61] and it was hypothesized that the resulting fusion of the genes E2A (TCF3) and PBX1 halt the development of the progenitor B cells and continue the expression of ROR1 along with the preBCR complex. ROR1 and the preBCR complex contribute to proliferation and survival through the PI3K, AKT and MEK/ERK pathways. Examining the expression of E2A and PBX1 in our dataset, we found that E2A was highly expressed across all samples while PBX1 was highly expressed in sample T119 with moderate or low expression in the other samples. As a result, PBX1 was ranked first and second for the Zscore and OD methods respectively for sample T119. It has also been previously suggested by their joint down-regulation following siRNA treatment of the fusion product [62] that EB-1 (ANKS1B) and one isoform of WNT16 were also up-regulated as a consequence of the E2A-PBX1 fusion. The ANKS1B gene was ranked first by the OD method and ninth by the Zscore method, while the WNT16 gene was ranked 11th by both methods. ROR1 itself was ranked 28th and 30th for the Zscore and OD methods respectively. This demonstrates that both the OD and Zscore methods are effective at pulling out potential gene expression signatures related to a specific patient's disease characteristics when divergent from the rest of the cohort.
Another use case is the identification of commonalities among patient samples that share one or more gene targets. In our dataset, the siRNA hit for samples 09206 and 08419 was shared (TNK1) so a natural question is whether there are genes that have shared expression dysregulation between the pairs (Table S2 in Additional file 4). As they differ by gender, we first took the step of removing expression differences due to gender. This was done by first fitting a linear model contrasting the genders for all genes and using the resulting matrix of residuals from the model fit as the expression matrix. We then reran the OD and Zscore methods on the matrix of residuals and compared the ranks of the top 20 of each sample using both methods. For the OD method, the TMPRSS15 gene was shared between the top 10 genes in the two patient samples ranked second and third for 09206 and 08419 respectively. By comparison, the Zscore method applied to both samples did not share any genes in the top 10, in fact the lowest ranked gene for 08419 that was in the top 10 of 09206 ranked 10,424th. This demonstrates that the OD method can, in addition to finding the divergently expressed genes for a single sample, identify and prioritize those genes with shared dysregulation between samples with similar functional or clinical phenotypes.
We have addressed the motivating problem of how to detect patient-specific expression dysregulation events, as well as providing guidelines and considerations for these types of analyses. Our emphasis was on the situation where one sample was an outlier relative to the rest and on small to moderate cohort sizes, which was representative of our cohort of patient samples also analyzed using an siRNA sensitivity screen. We benchmarked several methods, Zscore and Rscore as well as several variants of the OD method, under a variety of conditions including different effect sizes and the introduction of technical noise. We determined that the OD method performed equally well or better than the others in the majority of our simulations in terms of power and FDR. The weighted variants of the OD methods had greater performance when a large amount of technical noise was introduced into the simulations.
When these methods were applied to a set of 12 expression arrays from acute B lymphoblastic leukemia samples, we showed that the OD method ranked the majority of high effect size genes higher or equivalent to Zscore or Rscore. Focusing on the Zscore and OD comparison, we found that the Zscore ranked higher those genes that had low sample-sample variation outside of a single outlier, whereas the OD method was more tolerant of sample-sample variation depending on the choice of k. It was further shown that the results of an OD run with k = 1 were more similar to Zscore than OD runs with higher k values. When examining the expression data in the context of the siRNA hits, we noted that the pattern of hits derived from the siRNA screen could either be unique to a cohort or be similar among multiple members. This implies that related gene expression outliers should either be unique or shared. The OD was able to robustly prioritize such unique and shared genes whereas the Zscore was only effective at finding the former. We note that there are other similar contexts in which these methods may be successfully applied outside of finding genes related to siRNA screens. For instance, one could find genes related to adverse clinical outcomes that affect only one or two subjects in a given small to medium sized cohort.
Here, we focused on the detection of genes containing sample expression values that were up-regulated relative to the remaining samples. The OD method can also be applied for the detection of down-regulated genes, by determining the sign of the difference from the sample in question and the mean or median of the samples for a given gene.
One of the difficulties of focusing on the detection of outliers for a given set of samples is that it is much more difficult to control for potential confounders, because any number of technical or biological factors can impact a given sample in a high throughput expression experiment. One way to address known confounders would be the application of these methods to the residuals from a least squares fit or robust alternative, as we demonstrated through the correction of gender effects. Protecting against unknown confounders as in the surrogate variable analysis method [42] would seem a natural extension to this idea though further research would be necessary.
For our simulations, we assumed that the overall distributions between the samples were highly similar. This assumption is likely to be valid for Affymetrix arrays when RMA [51] preprocessing and summarization is applied due to the default use of quantile normalization [63]. Because RMA requires the arrays to be preprocessed together, it is desirable to have the expression distributions as comparable as possible to ensure the expression estimates are accurate. As the B-ALL dataset described here was processed in a single batch and each sample analyzed relative to other members of the batch, the RMA procedure was utilized. If multiple batches or even single arrays are analyzed together, a variant of RMA, frozen RMA [64], is an alternative.
This work represents a step towards the analysis of patient samples in a personalized or precision medicine context. We found that the OD method was more efficient at the task of prioritizing gene expression outliers than other alternatives. Also, by being able to take into account overall sample dissimilarities, it is better suited to address the issues inherent in such a clinical paradigm where analysis should not ideally wait for sufficient sample accrual before processing and analysis. The OD method provides the user with the ability to potentially detect gene expression dysregulation events shared between several samples. It can be used in relatively small cohorts and has high power in that scenario to detect outlier samples if there is a high effect size and relatively little sample-sample variability. We note that these requirements appear to be satisfied in the dataset examined here. Because of this, the OD can perform well in many situations and provides a robust analytical approach for the detection of patient-specific events.
Additional files
The following additional data are available with the online version of this paper.
cancer outlier profile analysis
false discovery rate
- fRMA:
frozen robust multi-array analysis
outlying degree
outlier sum
robust multi-array analysis
- Rscore:
robust Z score
- siRNA:
small interfering RNA
- WODa:
weighted outlying degree with weighting performed after nearest neighbor computations
- WODb:
weighted outlying degree with weighting performed before nearest neighbor computations.
This work was supported in part by grants from the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (5UL1RR024140) and the National Cancer Institute (5P30CA069533-13) (both to DB, BJD, BW and SKM), and the St. Baldricks Foundation (to BHC), and by grants from the V Foundation for Cancer Research, Gabrielle's Angel Foundation for Cancer Research, the William Lawrence and Blanche Hughes Fund, and the National Cancer Institute (4 R00CA151457-03) (all to JWT). BJD is an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Citations with the tag: FINANCIAL crises -- Prevention
Results 1 - 50
- How to avoid international financial crises.
Yeager, Leland B. // CATO Journal; Winter98, Vol. 17 Issue 3, p257
Presents information on how international financial crises can be avoided. How these crises are caused; Reference to the financial crises of Mexico and East Asia; How compromise can lead to a financial crisis; Advantages and disadvantages of polar arrangements; Information on capital movements.
- Sovereign defaults will be felt globally.
Drayson, Tim // Mortgage Strategy; 2/22/2010, p23
The article discusses the extraordinary measures taken by the policy makers in Great Britain in order to solve financial crisis and rebuild its financial system.
- 10 simple steps toward your financial freedom.
Kelly, Craig // San Diego Business Journal; 08/25/97, Vol. 18 Issue 34, p24
Offers ten steps to ensure financial freedom. How to set clear objectives for the attainment of wealth; What are the risks associated with managing money; Other suggestions on how to achieve financial freedom.
- Avoiding financial disaster.
Kelly, Craig // International Construction; Mar1997, Vol. 36 Issue 3, p14
Provides tips for companies on how to avoid financial disaster. Factors causing financial disaster; Problems facing contract drafters in a series of sequential contracts; Case study on how financial disaster hit an infrastructure development project.
- Fiscal cliff diving.
Klierly, Seymour // High Plains Journal; 11/26/2012, Vol. 130 Issue 49, p4-B
The author discusses the proposed solutions to the problems association with the fiscal situation in the U.S.
- How to avoid eight common mistakes made by businesses in financial crisis.
Tippie, Alag G.; Kupetz, David S. // Outlook; Spring98, Vol. 66 Issue 1, p43
Identifies some common mistakes made by businesses in financial crisis and how best to avoid them. Includes dumping the accounting personnel; Refusing to communicate with creditors; Misleading employees; Failing to identify and eliminate bleeders; Failing to cut overhead or sparing the sacred...
- Better, More Intelligent, Derivatives Trading Rules Are Needed Now, Report Says.
Tippie, Alag G.; Kupetz, David S. // Clearing Quarterly & Directory; Spring2010, p5
The article focuses on the report by Aite Group analyst Paul Zubulake entitled "Smart Regulation: Is it Possible?" which indicates that the U.S. will avoid another market downturn through making the over-the-counter derivatives market more transparent and improving corporate governance.
- Money Madness.
Bresiger, Gregory // Financial Planning; Sep99, Vol. 29 Issue 9, p91
Discusses financial dysfunction often encountered by financial planners. Comments from financial planner, Bert Whitehead; Problems that can destroy a financial plan; Attitudes of people raised in the Depression.
- Austerity cuts worsen economic crisis.
Orchard, Phil // Green Left Weekly; 6/1/2011, Issue 881, p15
The article reports on the outcome of the efforts of the British Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government to address the economic crisis.
- Is greater private sector burden sharing impossible?
Eichengreen, Barry // Finance & Development; Sep99, Vol. 36 Issue 3, p16
Looks at bailing out in the private sector as an important element for financial crisis prevention and resolution. Bank crisis in Korea and Brazil; Issue on whether senior claimants should be granted immunity from restructuring agreements; Cases of American-style bonds; Implications for the...
- Let's Not Try to Manage Failure.
Fitzgerald, Patrick // American Banker; 3/18/2010, Vol. 175 Issue 42, p9
The author discusses why systemically important global financial institutions should not be managed as a way to prevent a global financial crisis.
- Keeping NZ out of train-wreck ranks.
McMillan, Virginia // New Zealand Doctor; 3/13/2013, p10
The article focuses on the methods induced by New Zealand (NZ) to avoid being part of the countries with diminishing economies, through a responsible financial management.
- Money Matters.
DANNHAUSER, CAROL LEONETTI // Fairfield Living; Jan/Feb2017, Vol. 7 Issue 1, p19
The article presents suggestions for women to manage money to avoid financial crisis in their lives.
DANNHAUSER, CAROL LEONETTI // Fairfield Living; Jan/Feb2017, Vol. 7 Issue 1, p19
The article presents suggestions for couples to avoid financial crisis which include devoting atleast 30 minutes in a week to a money conversation, and having a current will.
- Can Spiegel mend tattered finances?
Gallun, Alby // Crain's Chicago Business; 2/10/2003, Vol. 26 Issue 6, p4
Focuses on efforts of banks and majority owner of Spiegel Inc., Otto family, to solve the financial crisis faced by the company. Steps taken by the owner and the banks to solve the company's financial problems; Implications of the company's financial position for its shareholders; Financial...
- How the Future Can Be Prologue.
Neiman, Richard H. // American Banker; 3/23/2010, Vol. 175 Issue 44, p8
The author comments on the need for policymakers and the financial services industry to be aware of what might cause the next financial crisis and to take steps, including a proposed Office of Financial Research, to determine and prepare for potential threats.
- Prevention Of Future Emerging Market Crises is a Task For Multilaterals, Sovereigns and Private Sector.
Neiman, Richard H. // High Yield Report; 10/30/2000, Vol. 11 Issue 42, p5
Asserts that the prevention of future emerging market crises is a task for multilateral banks, sovereigns and the private sector.
- CentAm Banking: Picking The Outperformers.
Neiman, Richard H. // Emerging Markets Monitor; 5/3/2010, Vol. 16 Issue 5, p10
The article reports on the state of the banking sector in Central America. Countries in the region were able to prevent a banking crisis in 2009. Credit quality in Costa Rica and Panama is expected to be affected by exposure of banks to leveraged domestic industries. It is also seen that...
- Implants, asbestos and diet pills: How the board can...
Goldman, Daniel B. // NACD Directorship; Nov97, Vol. 23 Issue 10, p6
Focuses on how corporate directors in United States can prevent a products liability crisis. Common scenarios occurring on the boards when faced with business crisis; Preventive measure the boards can take to avoid liabilities; Implementation of Audit as defense and preventive mechanism against...
- Crash-Free Sequencing Strategies for Financial Development and Liberalization.
Chan-Lau, Jorge A.; Zhaohui Chen // IMF Staff Papers; 2001, Vol. 48 Issue 1, p179
Focuses on the importance of proper sequencing of financial development and liberalization measures in preventing financial crisis. Significance of improving financial development in fast growing economies; Considerations in choosing sequencing process; Impact of the decrease in foreign loans...
- International banking group suggests ways to head off another crisis.
Seiberg, Jaret // American Banker; 1/28/1999, Vol. 164 Issue 18, p18
Highlights recommendations of the Institute of International Finance to lenders and government officials in developing countries aimed at preventing another global financial crisis. Holding of quarterly meetings between government officials and lenders; Availability of economic recovery plans...
- Raise top rate now, reform tax next year.
Nelson (D-Fla.), Bill // Hill; 12/11/2012, Vol. 19 Issue 138, p24
The author discusses the rising concern of Americans in the prevention of financial crisis in the U.S. on December 31, 2012, in which lowering federal deficits and tax reform are seen as solution.
- The Asian crisis: Lessons for crisis management and prevention.
Nelson (D-Fla.), Bill // Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin; Aug99, Vol. 39 Issue 3, p285
Focuses on the succession of financial crises of Asia, Russia and Latin America in 1997 and 1998. Role of the International Monetary Fund in the crisis; Possible actions to limit further crises; Crisis prevention as emphasis of public policy; International response to financial crisis.
- International And Domestic Policy Responses To The Financial Crisis In Central And Eastern Europe: Lessons For Ukraine.
Polyvana, Tetiana // Romanian Journal of Political Science; Spring2010, Vol. 10 Issue 1, p22
The paper looks into the main successes and failures in policy responses to the financial crisis in Central and Eastern Europe at global, EU and domestic levels. The paper argues that despite the failure to prevent the crisis at all levels, coordination of regulatory actions at global and EU...
- Japan Inc. sliding in slo-mo.
Barr, Cameron W. // Christian Science Monitor; 6/19/98, Vol. 90 Issue 143, p1
Discusses the economic recession in Japan and the unemployment rate. United States involvement to boost the yen; Details on Group of Eight meetings to hear Japan's plans for cleaning up bad loans; How the Liberal Democratic Party election will impact the recession; The daily struggles of a...
- Save yen, save world.
Barr, Cameron W. // Christian Science Monitor; 6/19/98, Vol. 90 Issue 143, p16
Editorial. Discusses the impact of the decline of the yen and China's involvement in restoring it. Details on how a complete fallout of the yen could have created economic havoc for other countries; Steps Japan must follow to improve the yen.
- "Help us through our cash crisis!".
Janes, Erika Rasmusson // Redbook; Aug2008, Vol. 211 Issue 2, p112
The article offers tips which are essential for Dan and Nicole Angle in dealing their cash crisis problem.
- Prepared for trouble.
Smith, Anne Kates; Kaye, Steven D. // U.S. News & World Report; 04/14/97, Vol. 122 Issue 14, p59
Examines what financial leaders in the United States learned from the 1987 stock market crash. Factors including the drop of the Dow Jones, the Federal Reserve Board's interest-rate hike, and fear of inflation that are giving many investors with a 10-year memory an unpleasant sense of deja vu;...
- Tarullo: Risk of TBTF Rises Sans Dodd-Frank Reform.
Borak, Donna // American Banker; 5/3/2012, Vol. 177 Issue 69, p16
The article notes U.S. Federal Reserve Board Governor Daniel Tarullo's views on regulatory reform and bailouts to companies that are considered "too big to fail" because they lack adequate capital which can destabilize the financial system during a crisis.
- How the Future Can Be Prologue.
Neiman, Richard H. // American Banker; 3/23/2010, Vol. 175 Issue 44, p8
The author comments on the need for policymakers and the financial services industry to be aware of what might cause the next financial crisis and to take steps, including a proposed Office of Financial Research, to determine and prepare for potential threats.
- Managing Financial Distress and Valuing Distressed Securities: A Survey and a Research Agenda.
John, Kose // FM: The Journal of the Financial Management Association; Autumn1993, Vol. 22 Issue 3, p60
Surveys the empirical and theoretical research on managing financial distress and valuing corporate securities. Optimal strategies for liquidity management; Importance of understanding debt workouts; Predicting shareholder wealth effects using daily stock price data; Features of bankruptcy...
- Controlling Financial Distress Costs in Leveraged Buyouts With Financial Innovations.
Opler, Tim C. // FM: The Journal of the Financial Management Association; Autumn1993, Vol. 22 Issue 3, p79
Discusses the value of financial innovations in controlling financial distress costs in leveraged buyouts. Evaluation of financing methods; Implications for corporate financial policy making; Value in establishing pricing guidelines in the junk bond market.
- Regulating systemic risk is a job for a council.
ISAAC, WILLIAM // Accounting Today; 7/20/2009, Vol. 23 Issue 11, p8
The author recommends the creation of a Systemic Risk Council, which will compose of at least four agencies, in order to prevent future financial crises. In the U.S., a proposal was made regarding the creation of a systemic risk regulator like the Federal Reserve. According to the author, the...
- TBTF Banks Face Limits with EU Plan.
ISAAC, WILLIAM // American Banker; 1/5/2011, Vol. 176 Issue 3, p16
The article reports on the European Union's plan to prevent financial crises by allowing regulators such as the Financial Stability Board and the European Commission to set limits for new products and trading risks at banks that are identified as "too big to fail."
- Editorial.
Meyer, Henning // Social Europe: The Journal of the European Left; Autumn2008, Vol. 4 Issue 1, p3
The article discusses various reports published within the issue, including the policy changes needed to address economic and financial crises in Europe and the issue on social economy in the country.
- Power Position: Solar Jobs Are on the Rise.
Davis, Dorothy // Power Engineering; Dec2010, Vol. 114 Issue 12, Special section p10
The article reports that a census by the nonprofit solar education and research organization The Solar Foundation found 16,700 solar job sites and more than 93,000 people working in all 50 U.S. states as of August 2010. The Solar Foundation census also found that despite the economic crisis,...
- Remaking the World Financial System.
Synnott III, Thomas W. // Business Economics; Jul2000, Vol. 35 Issue 3, p42
Globalization of production and investment in recent years has led to an enormous expansion of private long-term capital flows from advanced economies to developing countries. While contributing greatly to economic growth and development in the countries receiving them, these capital flows have...
- Is the IMF killing off its patients?
Zagorin, Adam // Time International (South Pacific Edition); 8/31/1998, Issue 35, p62
Criticizes the way that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has attempted to impose economic reforms on countries in the late 1990s who were not yet ready for the reforms demanded for IMF bailouts. Countries that the IMF has provided funds for and how their economies are doing in 1998; Money...
- Business owners to work with Obama on key issues.
HOOVER, KENT // Buffalo Law Journal; 11/22/2012, Vol. 84 Issue 94, p4
The article provides suggestions of business leaders on how U.S. President Barack Obama and the Congress can collaborate like putting aside partisanship to solve problems, preventing fiscal cliff and extending current tax rates, and making healthcare reform work for small enterprises.
- Will the Y2K bug mean the end of work as we know it?
Adams III, John T. // HR Magazine; Nov98, Vol. 43 Issue 12, p8
Urges inspection of the computer system of companies for compliance to the Year 2000 upgrading requirements to avoid a potential economic shutdown. Mechanism of the forecasted crisis; Potential effects of a failure to comply to the system-upgrading requirements; Implications of the problem for...
- Medcraft signals proactive ASIC approach.
Taylor, Mike // Money Management; 11/15/2012, Vol. 26 Issue 44, p7
The article offers the insights of Greg Medcraft, chairman of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC), regarding the need for regulators to adopt a proactive approach to avoid financial crisis.
- The West Is Detroying Its Banking System.
Kotegawa, Daisuke // Executive Intelligence Review; 4/5/2013, Vol. 40 Issue 14, p14
The article presents a speech by Daisuke Kotegawa, research director of Canon Institute in Tokyo, Japan, delivered in the Schiller Institute conference held on March 23, 2013, in which he discussed the 3 kinds of safety nets to prevent financial crises, the resolution for non-performing loans,...
Koenig, Karen M. // Wood & Wood Products; Apr2008, Vol. 113 Issue 4, p9
The author reflects on the development and progression of woodworking industry in the U.S. The author explains that the woodworking manufacturers should develop effective strategic planning to prevent business crisis. She believes that business survival depends on the practices and attitudes of...
- GOP steps up criticism of IMF 'bailout bonanza'.
Heflin, Jay // Hill; 6/8/2010, Vol. 17 Issue 63, p17
The article reports that House Republican Conference Vice Chairwoman Cathy McMorris Rodgers is concerned about the issue that American taxpayers are paying almost 100 billion dollars to help end a financial crisis in Europe.
Krstić, Borko; Radojičić, Jelena // Economic Themes; 2012, Vol. 50 Issue 4, p535
Due to the importance of deposits in bank operations and their vulnerability to crisis conditions, deposit insurance is being promoted over the past decades as one of the pillars of modern government-established financial safety network. Creation and implementation of an effective insurance...
- Financial Arsonists Demand Bigger "Firewall".
Krstić, Borko; Radojičić, Jelena // New American (08856540); 2/20/2012, Vol. 28 Issue 4, p8
The article reports on the views of several economic experts concerning International Monetary Fund's (IMF) managing director Christine Lagarde's suggestion that all taxpayers worldwide should chip in one trillion dollars to the agency to prevent a global financial crisis.
- IMFC Meeting Endorses IMF Crisis Prevention Efforts.
Krstić, Borko; Radojičić, Jelena // Finance & Development; Jun2001, Vol. 38 Issue 2, pI
Focuses on the support of the International Monetary and Financial Committee to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Managing Director Horst Kohler's crisis prevention mechanism proposals which were discussed during the April 29, 2001 Washington, D.C. meeting. Crisis prevention and financial...
- Out of the shadows.
Krstić, Borko; Radojičić, Jelena // Money Marketing; 7/12/2012, p26
The article focuses on attempts by governments, particularly Great Britain, to create reforms aimed at averting crises, as of July 2012. Governments are said to respond to crises with measures to thwart the recurrence of similar events. It notes that the history of financial regulation is...
- Apathy and ignorance fuel rising debt.
Anker, Guy // Mortgage Strategy; 3/10/2008, p24
The author discusses the need for the British government to develop programs that would include personal finance management on school curriculum. Citing the contribution of general public's ignorance and apathy on the crisis facing the financial and housing markets, he argues that the government...
- Needed: Global solutions for international financial crises.
Hakim, Peter // Christian Science Monitor; 8/27/98, Vol. 90 Issue 192, p11
Comments on the importance of international capital to the continued economic growth in Latin America. Why Latin American countries must adopt measures to secure the benefits of international capital; What is required in Latin America to prevent the dangers of international capital; The search...


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Dextrose Monohydrate
Dextrose Monohydrate is a starch sweetener that is a white, odorless powder that has a sweet taste. This product acts as a sweetener as well as a texturizer. This can be used in baking products, beer, confectionery products such as chewing gum and soft candies, and also marshmallow and nougat applications.
- Dextrose Monohydrate (英語)
Global Starch Co., Ltd. is a global manufacturer of professional starch products used in the Food, Beverage and Nutrition industry. This company offers a broad range of corn starches and modified starches for use in tomato pastes, candy, sauces, meat products, and ketchup. They also utilize their own native starches to create other products such as sweeteners, liquid glucose, and high fructose corn syrup.


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- Text size
July 02, 2013 Posted by: Laura Overton Keywords: compliance
Compliance training is viewed by organisations as an area in which technology can deliver a big win. Why have face-to-face sessions when you can provide engaging, cheaper and more personalised content online? Well, that's the promise. But does e-enabled learning content deliver on that promise?
Towards Maturity conducted a new benchmark study during April and May2013 to provide participants with insight on how to improve the impact of compliance training.
Online compliance training is often criticised for being little more than a box ticking exercise. It is seen as a necessary evil due to the fact that most businesses have to ensure their employees are compliant with industry-specific regulation.
In this report we lift the lid on how organisations are using technology enabled learning to deliver compliance content that leads to behaviour change. We examine what organisations are currently doing with their compliance training programmes and how successfully L&D and risk and compliance professionals feel these programmes are performing.
Take part in our latest study on compliance training to find out how your programmes compare:
Filtering the data by the level of organisational maturity at using technology enabled learning enables us to provide insights into what good training looks like. The findings are revealing: more mature organisations are more than twice as likely to change working culture than those in the less mature category and 75% more likely to report a positive impact on staff behaviour.
By comparing what more mature organisations are doing against their less mature counterparts, we are able to identify the steps to creating effective online compliance training. We have also dug deeper into the data to provide insights from compliance and risk managers and those in multinational organisations.
Some 90% of organisations see technology enabled learning as the answer for delivering compliance training. We hope this report will help dispel some myths around compliance training delivery and help convert the potential into effective, behaviour changing learning experiences.
This new study, commissioned by SAI Global, considers the views of 136 organisations representing 2.3 million employees across 17 nations.
Download the full report below for more information on:
- The hopes and realities of technology-enabled compliance training
- The benefits of using technology to deliver compliance training
- Thinking differently about methods /media/blends
- Thinking differently about your audience
- What does good look like? Aspects of implementation
- The future of compliance training
Re-invigorating Compliance Training - Key Findings:
- 98% of organisations want technology-enabled compliance training to help manage risk more successfully
- 11% of organisations know how much they spend on compliance training
- 12% of organisations say compliance training is helping achieve their business goal of changing working culture
- 23% of businesses are raising awareness and understanding of complex regulations with compliance training
- 67% of organisations say user engagement is the top barrier to adopting technology enabled compliance training
- More mature organisations are 75% more likely to report a positive impact on staff behaviour than average
- 81% use learning courses created in house to deliver compliance training
- More mature organisations are 40% more likely to think about the business problem before recommending a solution than average
- 8% of L&D professionals collect individual success stories and communicate them back to users
- 20% of organisations include opportunities for staff to practice
- 20% of organisations provide managers with resources and job aids to encourage application back in the workplace.
This study has been independently conducted by Towards Maturity but is free to download thanks to our sponsor SAI Global.
Please note that you need to be logged in /registered to download your copy. By downloading this report you agree for your email address to also be shared with SAI Global. (Please contact us directly for a copy if you do not wish for your address to be shared).


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Strong shoulders and miniskirts rule the runway.
Lamé and lurex haven't felt so right since the '80s.
Hit the nightlife circuit in these '80s-inspired pieces.
W's deputy editor breaks down the stand out looks from the Paris Haute Couture Collections.
Take a dance down memory lane
Be an Eighties-style drama queen in curvy evening numbers abloom with feathers, sequins and ruffles.


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Shop Now
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He obtained his diploma at the Istituto d'Arte in Cantu' (CO) and he soon started his experience as designer with Giorgetti SpA in 1968, where lately he assumed the direction of the Research Center. In 2006 he left Giorgetti [...]
Collection NAVIGLIO by ARFLEX
Leather sofa
Corner sofa
Sofas and Armchairs by ARFLEX
Sectional sofa
Armchair with headrest


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Although rock, pop, and hip hop are now among the most popular music genres, classical music has not been forgotten. Encompassing a wide range of time, classical music concerts in the modern era highlight the compositions of many artists, including Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra. See below for upcoming dates and Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra tickets.
|Date & Time
May 21, 2017
|Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra: Edo de Waart & Susan Babini - Mozart, Bloch & Elgar
|Madison, WI
Wisconsin Union Theater
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The term classical music is used to refer to the music of the Baroque, Classical, and Romantic eras, which ranged roughly from the years 1600 - 1900. Classical musical consists of some of the world's best known and celebrated composers, such as Bach, Beethoven, Mozart, Schubert, Weber, and many more. Classical music can be heard by orchestras all throughout the world. In modern times Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra is very popular among classical music fans.
Coming out of the Renaissance period of music, classical music made a move toward music that was much more expressive than previous forms. Its composers used concepts such as instrumentation in order to invoke emotion in their audiences by writing parts for specific instruments. Today, classical music is often used as the background for major motion pictures in order to produce certain emotions in movie-going audiences. It has also made stars of many solo artists, such as cellist Yo-Yo Ma and violinists Andre Rieu and Joshua Bell. Get your chance to hear some an example of classical music by buying Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra tickets from TicketNetwork.


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42718, KY Rent to Own Homes
|6 Listings Found
estimated at fifteen +/- will be available at $375,000.00. A portion of this land is subject to a land lease
$850,000 - Rent to Own
3529 Hodgenville Rd Campbellsville, KY 42718Details »
Subject lease through October, 2015
$129,900 - Rent to Own
206 Skyline Dr Campbellsville, KY 42718Details »
Corner lot in prime location. Fully leased with renewals for all coming up in 2017. Income details
$450,000 - Rent to Own
200 Nancy Cox Dr Campbellsville, KY 42718Details »
Cropland leased for 2016.
$69,900 - Rent to Own
2280 Attilla Rd Trail 17 Campbellsville, KY 42718Details »
This level and unrestricted county acre has an older, income-producing home for rent, electric
$150,000 - Rent to Own
2785 Hodgenville Rd Campbellsville, KY 42718Details »
; possible to divide; crop leased for 2016 crop year; hunting rights leased until June 2017; possible to put
$600,000 - Rent to Own
E Poe Young Rd Campbellsville, KY 42718Details »
RentUntilYouOwn.com is the #1 provider of 42718 Campbellsville, Kentucky rent to own homes listings.
Our goal is to offer the highest quality results, along with helpful 42718 Campbellsville resources and support. We understand that finding genuine rent to own homes in 42718 Campbellsville can be very difficult. Even more challenging is trying to search Campbellsville, KY listings for free.
After discovering how difficult it was for 42718 Campbellsville buyers and sellers searching online, RentUntilYouOwn.com has become dedicated to providing users with the most current, accurate, and detailed listings in 42718 Campbellsville, Kentucky.
If you have any questions or suggestions for improving our site, please contact us here.
Trouble Finding Local Rent to Own Homes Listings?
If the initial results in 42718 Campbellsville, Kentucky did not provide any listings of interest, or you just want more selections, click any of the blue tabs just above the search results for more.
Thanks for visiting and good luck!


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A poem is a story...
Or so it SEEMS to me.
A story that unfolds The Truth -
And points to Calvary's Tree!
A poem may be funny...
A poem may be sad...
It may be easy on the eye...
Or describe situations so bad!
A poem may be A Blessing...
Or uncofortably challenging it's true!
What ever the poem written by my pen,
It always points to You!
So... LORD... my Friend... and Saviour...
My Comforter and Source of Life...
Thank You for this Gift that I cherish...
May it be the same for others and bring Your Peace instead of strife!
© Copyright 2017 Margi. All rights reserved.
Status: Finished
Genre: Religion and Spirituality
Book / Religion and Spirituality
Poem / Religion and Spirituality
Poem / Religion and Spirituality
Paste the link to picture in the entry below:
Paste the link to Youtube video in the following entry:
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Somewhere between the troops, the tanks, the gunmen and the sanctions, the world's superpowers have been engaged in a series of phone calls to cajole and push President Putin into relinquishing his grip.
According to the White House, President Obama's call to Mr Putin on Tuesday lasted an hour, and stressed the importance of Russia pulling back its troops from Ukraine's border to defuse tensions and allow today's Geneva talks to take place without "military intimidation".
Mr Obama "noted Russia's growing political and economic isolation as a result of its actions in Ukraine", the White House said, "and made clear


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Photo: Gemma Comas
Makes 4 servings
+ Add To Shopping List
2 tablespoons olive oil
1/2 red onion, thinly sliced
3 6.5-ounce jars artichoke hearts, drained and halved
1 lemon, cut into 8 slices
2 cloves garlic, thinly sliced
4 sprigs fresh thyme (optional)
1 1/2 pounds fresh tuna, cut into 1-inch cubes
1 1/2 teaspoons kosher salt
1 teaspoon black pepper
2 cups cooked rice
Prep: 30 Minutes
Heat 1 tablespoon of the oil in a large skillet over medium heat. Add the onion and cook until softened, about 3 minutes. Add the artichokes, lemon, garlic, and thyme (if using). Cook until heated through, 3 more minutes. Transfer to a plate.
Season the tuna with the salt and pepper. Heat the remaining oil in the skillet. Cook the tuna, turning to brown all sides, to the desired doneness, about 2 minutes for medium. Return the artichoke mixture to skillet and toss to combine. Serve over the rice.
Tip: Look for artichokes packed in water or oil, not marinade. If you can't find them, rinse the artichokes thoroughly with water, then pat them dry.
Created date
November 2005
Nutritional Information
Calcium 46.99 mg
Calories 405.19
Caloriesfromfat 19 %
Carbohydrate 35 g
Cholesterol 76.54 mg
Fat 8.67 g
Fiber 4.12 g
Iron 2.52 mg
Protein 45.37 mg
Satfat 1.38 g
Sodium 1001.47 mg


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Even though it's a holiday, lots of federal and military personnel are on duty today.
Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the number of federal-military people filling slots on a 24/7 basis has increased dramatically. Chances are, especially if you live in the D.C. area, some of your friends and neighbors are at the "office" today. It may be a real, air-conditioned office or border patrol, doing customs duty and checking people and cargo at airports.
Because most Americans (if you can escape retail and restaurant work) are off today, it is difficult for them to believe or understand that thousands of so- called bureaucrats — many of them highly trained and armed — are on the job. If you doubt it check out the parking lots at the Pentagon or, (very carefully) at the CIA and National Security Agency. The Defense Intelligence Agency, State Department and other places are up and running too.
So as we always conclude:
Hiring freeze: Some answers, some questions
Hiring freeze: Some answers, some questions
If you are off today enjoy it. Have fun. Be careful.
And if you are working, a special thanks. And be careful out there.
By Jack Moore
A late 1800s beauty manual advised ladies to add a capful of ammonia to their baths to clean out their pores, according to MentalFloss. Women could achieve sparkling eyes by "dashing soapsuds into them," the manual also said.
Sequestration could spell $39B in cuts to civilian agency budgets Civilian agencies may lose almost $40 billion in top-line funding if the automatic, across-the-board cuts known as sequestration go into effect on Jan. 2. According to a new analysis by the Professional Services Council, individual agency budgets would decline by 7.8 percent compared with fiscal 2012 budgets.
Air Force bolsters civilian transition program for veterans The Air Force is boosting its civilian transition program for airmen, the first major overhaul of the program in 20 years. Among the changes, the Air Force is offering three "paths" for airmen – an educational path to go back to school, a small business path to become an entrepreneur and a vocational technical path.
ICE chief of staff resigns amid misconduct claims A senior Obama administration political appointee and longtime aide to Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano resigned Saturday amid allegations of inappropriate sexual behavior lodged by at least three Immigration and Customs Enforcement employees.
SAIC to split into 2 companies Science Applications International Corporation, one of the largest government contractors, has announced plans to split into two independent public companies.
Photos of the amazing, moving, important and amusing things happening in the federal community.
A daily update of important moments in the history of the U.S. government.


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Operations - Securities Division Operations - Commodities Operations - Associate - New York
We are looking for a professional and dynamic individual, preferably with a background in Physical Commodities. The ideal candidate would be able to operate effectively in a challenging and fast-paced environment, partner with the Business and other core Support areas in order to facilitate business growth with a key focus on the risk and control around the trade capture, documentation, and settlement of structured physical transactions.
Operations is a dynamic, multi-faceted division that partners with all parts of the firm to deliver banking, sales and trading and asset management capabilities to clients around the world. In addition, Operations provides essential risk management and control to preserve and enhance the firm's assets and its reputation. For every trade agreed, every new product launched or market entered, every transaction completed, it is Operations that develops the processes and controls that makes business flow.
The Physical Commodities Ops team is responsible for the operational support of the physical commodities business in the Americas. The Physical Commodities Ops team is made up of a Physical Documentation team and a Physical Settlements team. Both teams work very closely with our sales and trading teams to facilitate and understand new and existing physical commodity products. In addition to working with sales and trading, the teams interact with other internal teams that include logistics, strategists, technology and legal.
- Documentation: Daily responsibilities relating to onboarding of new structured physical business, desk support, trade checkouts, and contracts for various physical products. Providing support to traders, sales and marketers around existing transactions and new business
- Settlements: Daily monitoring of payments and receipts, invoicing clients and the daily reconciliation of customer account balances for physical transactions covering a wide range of commodity businesses and products. Responsible for the creation and review of structured excel models that facilitate business support and reconciliations of structured transactions.
- Daily interaction with Traders, Sales, Technology, Legal, Strategists and other Operational departments
- Preparation and review of escalation and control reports
Basic Qualifications•Bachelor's degree with minimum 2 years of experience in an operations support role
- Technical & Analytical Focus with attention to detail
- Proactive, self-starting individual with high levels of ownership
- Ability to work well under pressure and meet deadlines
- Teamwork skills
- Demonstrate Risk & Control Focus
- Strong time management skills and ability to work well under pressure and with competing tasks
Preferred Qualifications•Advanced Excel Skills preferred
- Strong understanding of Commodities
- Communication & Presentation skills
Goldman Sachs is an equal employment/affirmative action employer Female/Minority/Disability/Vet. © The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., 2015. All rights reserved.
Meet Some of Goldman Sachs's Employees
Sabrina H.
Private Wealth Advisor
Sabrina is an entrepreneur within Goldman Sachs' team-driven culture—mobilizing an elite team of wealth management professionals that help high net-worth individuals identify investment solutions including trusts, endowments, and real estate.
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REVIEW SNAPSHOT®by PowerReviews
Best Uses
Reviewed by 3 customers
Comments about NRS Canoe Center Float:
I've had this bag for a year now and it's great. It takes up a huge amount of space that would otherwise be water if you catch a rapid the wrong way or dump. This means the boat stays more controllable when you take on water and if you do dump you're less likely to pin your boat or have it dragged away under water. Even if you're just doing your local Class I-II rivers, it can make a huge difference to how easily you recover from a spill and make races more enjoyable. This bag fits perfectly in an Old Town Penobscot 17 or Discovery 15 9, probably most other canoes.
Be sure to put webbing across the top, when the boat fills up, the bag has a trememdous amount of lifting force and you want to keep that in the boat. My current setup has webbing plus the bag is attached at 4 corners.
Make sure you have a bailer at each end of the boat or put a plastic pipe or spare paddle under the length of the bag to even out any water. If you take on a lot of water and only bail out one end, the boat will seesaw and sink the other end.
Best Uses
Comments about NRS Canoe Center Float:
Corners are nicely made and grommeted; fabric somewhat light in weight but seems tough. Overall it seems well made, but after just one use it's still way too early to tell. Kind of silly that NRS asks for feedback on a product a month after shipping it, when its true quality will only be revealed after a year (at least) of use.
Best Uses
Comments about NRS Canoe Center Float:
Haven't had it long enough to check durability, but it appears as durable as any canoe flotation
Arrived within 24 hours with standard shipping


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Paul's Grandad.
He's Very Clean.
A character in the 1964 Beatles film
A Hard Days Night, played by
actor Wilfrid Brambill.
I'm Mike Spicer, a Cartoonist based in Bracebridge, Ontario, Canada. For professionally created, custom made artwork for business and personal applications, look no further. You have arrived. Avatars banners and logos for business and social media sites. A unique, creative gift with a humourous twist, for family or friends on birthdays, Christmas or anniversaries. Caricatures for any occassion. Incorprorating the subject's occupation, sport, hobby or team loyalty.