text:
Cosy studio apartment, located in one of the famous Palatinus Houses, just next to Danube river bank, at Margaret bridge, Pest side. Homey and fresh design with traditional wooden foor and deco. Newly refurbished in Q1 2013. Brand new apartment in a prestigous house.
Situated on 6th floor (top of the building). 2 elevators (one traditional and one modern one) in the building. Comfortably accommodates a couple or even a family with 1-2 kids. Queen-size quality double bed. Fully equipped kitchen with american style dining desk.
FREE & unlimited wifi internet access + cable TV. Laptop is provided on request. Quet, relaxing surrounding and neighborhood.
"Palatinus houses" were built in 1910-1911, and represent an interesting mixture of art nouveau (bauhaus) and other contemporary styles. It has been a popular middle-class/intellectual residential district ever since it was built. The area closest to the river Danube is the most expensive, spacious and pleasant, especially the buildings around Jaszai Mari square, Margaret bridge head, like the "Palatinus Houses" which are located on the riverside. Family-friendly green play-ground can be found just a few steps behind in the clean Szent Istvan park, also riverside.
|Space offered
|Entire place
|Bed type
|Real bed
|Bathroom type
|30.0 m2
|Cancellation policy
- Pets allowed
Availability calendar and prices
Place reviews
(6 reviews)
- Cleanliness 5.0
- Facilities 5.0
- Location 5.0
- Value for money 5.0
- Accuracy of description 5.0
Gryte 5.0 12/16/2013
We actually ended up at the GD Family apartment, which was wonderful. It was wonderful for two people, and could easily accomodate a few more. The location was in a quieter part of the city, but there was a ton of great places to eat, a supermarket 1 minute away, and convenient public transport right outside. We spent a week here and felt very much at home in the apartment. Highly recommend!
Stefan 5.0 01/26/2014
Schönes Studio in einem sehr sicherem Gebäude. Es befindet sich in einer wirklich tollen Lage. Bequemes Bett.
Massimo 5.0 12/09/2013
Appartamento molto carino, ben fatto e nuovo.
Abbiamo trovato tutto il necessario e anche di più...proprio vicino al ponte giallo e alla metro difronte casa...zona molto elegante e in una via principale...molto ben servita.
Lo consiglio vivamente!!!
Host reviews
(8 reviews)
Gryte 5.0 12/16/2013
Greg was very nice and accomodating. His communications were thorough and professional, and his English is very good so there was no communication barrier. Great host.
Thomas 5.0 12/01/2015
Greg and his Team are very friendly and flexible. Super Service before staying at Budapest. Very fast back answer of questions
Stefan 5.0 01/26/2014
Sehr netter Kontakt. Alles bestens geklappt. everything fine.


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
G.F. Handel
A Guide to Research 2nd Revised edition
By (author) Mary Ann Parker
Format: Hardback
Normal Price: $212.00
Your Price: $190.80 AUD, inc. GST
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Availability: Available, ships in 7-10 days
G.F. Handel by Mary Ann Parker
Book DescriptionFirst Published in 2005. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Buy G.F. Handel book by Mary Ann Parker from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9780415943239
(229mm x 152mm x 28mm)
Pages: 432
Imprint: Routledge
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd
Publish Date: 2-Jun-2005
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Books By Author Mary Ann Parker
Voyage Round the World, in the Gorgon Man of War; Captain John Parker, Paperback (September 2010)» View all books by Mary Ann Parker
The fascinating memoir of an Englishwoman's voyage to the far side of the globe, at the height of European imperialism.
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University of Toronto, Canada
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text:
Can a vegetarian person get a good meal at this restaurant?
Can a vegan person get a good meal at this restaurant?
Does this restaurant offer highchairs for toddlers?
Does this restaurant offer free wifi?
Is this restaurant good for breakfast?
Is this restaurant good for dinner?
Is this restaurant good for lunch?
Does this restaurant offer delivery?
Does this restaurant specialize in Halal food?
Is this a Kosher restaurant?
Thanks for helping!
The Cubano was excellent as were the desserts we tried - a chocolate/raspberry pastry and vanilla cupcake with chocolate frosting. Theh deli has a very nice, casual atmosphere with a lovely harbor view.
Great food & service. Open early to late year-round. Reasonable prices. No wait during January..Not sure about other months/seasons.
This is a great place for lunch, overlooking the Camden Harbor. We each had sanwiches-grilled cheese and tomato, grilled cheese and turkey breast...full of cheese and flavor.
My wife and I were in Camden for the weekend and walked in for lunch. The menu looked good so we ordered two sandwiches and two bottles of water. The tab was $26. The sandwiches were good but not $26 good. They were a little short on the portion as well. While the food was not bad we will not...
They were still serving Sam Adams Summer Ale here so I had a pint of that and took it onto the deck overlooking the harbor. Unfortunately I couldn't get a seat in the sun so had to sit in the shade getting rather chilly. Nice menu they have but I was going to treat myself to lobster chowder at Peter...
The food was very good and fresh. The staff were friendly and interested. I would definitely go back.
Convenient location on Main St. with seating in the back area or second floor, and a very nice harbor view. We would stop in the late afternoon for espresso or cappuccino and a pastry. Good bakery products.
Good lunch and dinner sandwiches (lobster roll) and soup. Fast service and take out option (park with benches around the corner with and...
We stopped at the deli two days in a row. Both stops were sandwiched between two big meals at the Norumbega Inn and the Waterfront restaurant. The first visit, two of us had the tomato basil soup, and one had the seafood chowder. The soup was a rich, thick tomato purée and the chowder was loaded with seafood. The piping...
Outstanding customer service, great variety of selections & fresh food make this a great choice. Take all your friends - everybody will find something they like on the menu.
Camden is a well-known summer colony in the mid-Coast region of Maine. The downtown is quaint and filled with unique shops and good restaurants. For a treat, grab a gourmet sandwich or lobster roll from the Camden Deli and sit outside overlooking the picturesque schooner-filled harbor listening to the waterfall – a wonderful experience. If you like boat trips, you...
Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more.


text:
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text:
Style A-B-C: Shabby Chic
Born in England and extremely popular in both the UK and the USA, this casual and romantic style features well-worn vintage pieces, faded colors and the look of a well-loved room. Begin with cottage style, then add a timeworn touch and funky details, and you've got shabby chic.
The feeling overall is cozy, comfortable and simply elegant. Furniture is heavily painted and distressed, with worn corners, chips and scratches seeming to tell the story of its history. Vintage and antique pieces are painted in whites, ivories and pale pastels, while overstuffed cushions favor chintz and other rose-covered fabrics. (Shabby Chic Blog)
Colors in shabby chic style are inspired by faded roses, streaming sunlight and candlelight at dusk.
Popular lighting options include crystal chandeliers, painted sconces and lamps with fabric shades.
Accessories are classic flea market finds, such as mirrors, vintage signs, fringed pillows, whitewashed baskets, and mismatched china, candlesticks and serving pieces. (I Heart Shabby Chic)
(Top Image: Shabby Chic)
Overall Score
Reader Rating: 0 Votes
About Cristina Rinaldi
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text:
Nutty Carrot Salad
Total Time
Prep 10 mins
Cook 0 mins
Now here is a different sald for you!! So different, and yet so tasty!!
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1⁄3 cup mayonnaise or 1⁄3 cup salad dressing
- 2 tablespoons peanut butter
- 2 cups shredded carrots
- 1⁄3 cup raisins
- In a bowl, combine the mayonaise and peanut butter. Stir in carrots and raisins. Cover and refrigerate until serving.
Most Helpful
Very enjoyable salad! I made using all natural peanut butter and low fat mayonnaise. DH thought it was delicious and asked if I would make him some more for lunch next week. Thanks for the post.


text:
Hi, it's great work!
I apologize that I follow this thread late.
I have done some work about the event listener and signal trigger of inkscape editing events in another project[1].
In short, my implementation[2] is to add an child class of "Inkscape::XML::NodeObserver", and hook 5 notification method
as: (thanks to Jon Cruz's hint, someday on IRC )
1 notifyChildAdded
2 notifyChildRemoved
3 notifyChildOrderChanged
4 notifyAttributeChanged
5 notifyContentChanged
Those hook can catch all editing events of SVG modification, even undo/redo operation, too.
I guess that if we added some parsing and object filter ( for example which node changes, and which attribute changes), we could make some convenient signal to trigger external scripts.
BTW, I do not attempt affect your current work in a rush, so please keeping going your own tempo. I just wan to say that if there is something I can help/contribute to, or there is some plan about this related work, please count me in :-)
hope this information helps...
sincerely, Mat.
[1]. http://code.google.com/p/inkboardng/
[2]. http://code.google.com/p/inkboardng/source/browse/trunk/inkdbus/inkdbus-impl.h
First off, I forgot to mention in my first e-mail that this is a very
conservative API. Most of the functions are already written and
tested, and of the rest only a few will take a decent amount of
coding. The others just need to call a verb or some pre-existing
Inkscape function.
I tried not to put anything in this draft that I wasn't sure could be
That being said I have been thinking about signals for a while and did
not put them in the first draft for two reasons. One, they complicate
things a little. Having signals or asynchronous functions requires
more knowledge of dbus on the client side and adds complexity. I
wanted to keep the first draft simple.
Two, I'm not sure how much work it would be to add them. Sure I could
add a hack in sp_document_done, but it is not enough to know there was
a keyboard event, you also want to know what key was pressed (for
example.) To get the data of an Inkscape event I would need to create
EventListeners and register them with EventTargets and parse values
and decide which to send and so on for each signal I wanted to expose.
Maybe someone who knows the event system will tell me that there is a
way to expose all the Inkscape events at once without having to do a
lot of coding for each separate signal I want to send, but I doubt it.
I'll keep looking into it though, it's definitely a possibility and
I'm sure it will get done at some point if there is demand for it.
Perhaps I'll create a "Proposed" interface to act as a sort of API wishlist.
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text:
Designer Need to Create Company Visual Image
This project received 33 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $189 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project Budget$30 - $250 USD
Total Bids33
Project Description
I am starting a new home-based business and need a designer that can start with a basic concept and a few broad stroke ideas and build our online look. The design should be simple, but visually memorable and we have picked our color scheme of brown and green, possibly with a splash of orange, all blending well together, but not contradicting. Essentially, you're helping design our brand, though the task and time it takes you will probably be very minimal.
The paw print is an idea of what we'd like. Fun, simple, but memorable. We love the paw print, but as it belongs to another company, we can't use it. However, we'd like something in a similar concept for our visual imprint. Essentially, our them is domestic pets with Zen energy. I like the brown background style with the paw print, but am open to creative ideas. My main color themes would be a subtle earthy brown and earthy green, with an orange (slightly brighter than pumpkin) for the company name. Again, I'm open to creative thoughts as I am not the artist. That would be you.
The Footprint Farms example gives you and idea of how we like the idea of simple, elegant and memorable. It should reflect our values of being eco-friendly, zen-like focus and draw customers who are conscientious consumers and caring pet people.
The Zenergy sample shows a font that we like. It doesn't need to be an exact match, but a cross between that and the Z in the paw print logo.
• Business Logo - for use on website, avatars, transferable to stationary and usable for printing t-shirts/hats for our staff and that we can eventually transfer into a design for our company car (if we ever make enough money to buy one). Our logo will be our main identity.
• Banner for website
• Timeline banner for social media sites like Facebook, Google+, Twitter, etc.
• Background image/tile for website.
Each should incorporate our logo and color scheme.
Our Goals:
Website that we use for both service, sales and blogging.
If the project works, I would likely continue a working relationship as I have 3 other small companies in need of the same, but each have different focus ad style.
Skills Required
Looking to make some money?
- Set your budget and the timeframe
- Outline your proposal
- Get paid for your work
Hire Freelancers who also bid on this project
Looking for work?
Work on projects like this and make money from home!Sign Up Now
- Forbes
- The New York Times
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- Wall Street Journal
- Times Online


text:
Audit committee handbook
The audit committee handbook reflects developing best practice in governance.
The audit committee handbook has been revised to reflect developing best practice in governance, and in particular to support the provisions of 'Corporate governance in central government departments: code of good practice' and the increasing significance of risk management, and associated assurance needs, in the governance of government organisations.
The updated version also includes guidance on whistleblowing and cyber security.


text:
|The House of the Devil Trailer
|Set in the 1980's and based on actual events. The story follows Samantha Hughes, a down-on-her-luck college student who takes an anonymous babysitting job in hopes of making some extra income. After a series of bizarre events she soon discovers that
|Related Titles:
|The House of the Devil
|Related Names:
|Mary Woronov, Tom Noonan, Josh Braun, Larry Fessenden, Roger Kass, Mary B. McCann, Eliot Rockett, John Speredakos, Kamen Velkovsky, Dee Wallace, Jeff Grace, AJ Bowen, Brenda Cooney, Ti West, Peter Phok, Jade Healy, Graham Reznick, Heather Robb, Greta Gerwig, Jocelin Donahue, Lena Dunham, Christina Sciongay, Danielle Noe, William M. Bradley, Darryl Nau
|Content Rating:
|Not Rated
|Video URL:


text:
More Videos...
TFLcar Top Ten car Videos of the Week Countdown: Show #1
( http://www.TFLcar.com ) This is a review, round-up, and countdown show of the Internet's best car videos, reviews and car shows. This week show features video clips of the Range Rover Sport, Citroen DS, Jeep's Mighty FC Concept, Chevy's Camaro ZL1 and Corvette ZRI, Renault's new Twizy electric car, the Hyundai Veloster and the Audi R8 V10. Dave Erickson hosts the show which brings you one-stop place of the week's very best web-based car videos.
Classics Revealed: The world's only James Bond Sunbeam Alpine
( http://www.TFLcar.com ) In the early films such as Gold Finger, James Bond drove a silver Aston Martin that had some special improvements by Q at MI5. Of course the fictional Movie Car inspired many youthful dreams of cars with built-in machine guns, ejector seats and smoke screens. But it took a special young man by the name of Ted AX to actually realize those dreams and build the James Bond car. Of course as a young man Ted didn't have the money to customize an Aston Martin so he used the next best thing...a Sunbeam Alpine to create what must be the world's only James Bond Sunbeam Alpine.
First Drive Review: Is the 2012 Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT8 Autobahn worthy?
( http://www.TFLcar.com ) The 2012 Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT8 is capable of over 160 MPH. It has a 465 HP HEMI 6.4L engine, massive Brembo brakes, 20 inch wheels, and it can even tow your jet ski. But is it race track and autobahn worthy? Check out the video to find out.
Classics Revealed: The Affordable British Sports Car
( http://www.TFLcar.com ) By some estimates (and in the hey day of British Sports Cars) the U.K. had almost small 1000 cottage car builders. Of course you probably know names like MG, Triumph, Sunbeam, MINI and Jaguar...but those are just the tip of the British sports car making ice berg. Those are also just some of the cars that Paul Dierschow and his team of experts car mechanic and restorers work on in one of the most respected and established British restoration shops in America. Paul knows more about these classic British sports cars than Wikipedia. Check out this video as we chat with Paul about what's the most important thing he and his team of craftsmen need to be able to bring a classic English Sport car like a MG or Triumph or even Jaguar...back to life.


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From opera to circus, check out the new performers
Cabaret Futura
The club that hosted the likes of Depeche Mode and Marc Almond before they were famous made a comeback last Monday after 30 years, and returns on the third Monday of every month. With its mix of performance art, music, speech and, well, just about anything "as long as it's not boring" (its opening night in 1980 included Keith Allen, naked, using a meat pie as a puppet), Cabaret Futura uncannily prefigured the cabaret explosion of the last few years.
July 19, (theparadise.co.uk, 020-8969 0098)
Surreal House
The Surrealists have always known how to mix it up, and their influence has been felt on everything from film and music to architecture and psychology. Now you can literally enter their world with the Surreal House, a labyrinth of chambers at the Barbican in London designed by the acclaimed architects Carmody Groarke. Sculptures by Louise Bourgeois and Rebecca Horn, installations by Ed and Nancy Kienholz, and architecture from Rem Koolhaas rub shoulders with works by original surrealists Dalí, Ernst, Magritte and Duchamp. There's also a season of surrealist cinema right up to Tim Burton and David Lynch, and an eclectic series of Thursday evening talks and performance.
Until Sep 27, £10, barbican.org.uk, 020-7638 8891
Greenwich and Docklands International Festival
The festival brings together some of the most exciting and unusual acts from round the world — for free. Voala is a company of musicians, circus performers, visual artists and climbers and civil engineers whose performance takes place high above your heads. Bolero Remixed takes Ravel's greatest hit and puts it in the hands of DJ Excalibah and 100 dancers from local schools. Dancing City transforms Canary Wharf's outside spaces into London's very own Ramblas, full of surprise performances.
June 24-July 4, www.festival.org, 020-8305 1818
Bedtime Story Nights
There are things that seem too much fun to leave to kids: ice-cream, pillow fights, animated films, temper tantrums . . . Now we can add bedroom stories to the list. At this novel twist on the slumber party, professional actors read while you recline on sofas, armchairs or the cushioned floor. The next event is called Ripping Yarns, and happens in a wonderfully ornate setting: the four-storey Queen Anne townhouse in East London of the celebrated interior designer David Carter. Jim-jams, dressing gowns or nighties are obligatory (with £300 of Benefit Cosmetics for the most glamorous); teddy bears are encouraged. Drinks and nibbles are provided, and you can mingle in the interval and after the reading. There's something about nightcaps — of both kinds — that breaks down barriers.
July 16-17, £25, (40winks.org)
Dancing on Parliament
How do you combine commuting, dance, and political protest? With the Big Dance Bus. A converted Routemaster is the unlikely home of various events in the 2010 Big Dance Festival, but we're most looking forward to Dancing on Parliament: when the bus unrolls its mobile dance floor and turns into a "pop up" ballroom outside the House of Commons, onlookers and MPs will be invited to join the dance.
July 8, bigdance2010.com
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text:
It is no secret that most domesticated kittens do not like to swim. These two duckling "lifeguards" are using a proven technique to help this baby kitten conquer her fear of water. The kitten is not pleased that she will be hurled into the murky pond, but the ducklings know it will work out. Yet another example of baby animalz working together.
VN:F [1.9.22_1171]Two Ducklings and a Baby Kitten,
More Cute Baby Animals:
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text:
Relevant offers
Matt's Movies
Whenever I hear people going on about how much better the world was back in "the good old days", I want to stick them in a time machine and send them back to whatever date they thought was so great.
One of the things I've noticed over the years is that the people in the Western world who bang on about how great things used to be invariably seem to be white, heterosexual men.
You don't often see women, Maori, Pacific Islanders, Asians, Africans, Middle Eastern people, Central Americans, South Americans, people who are gay and people with disabilities pining for the good old days.
And while the economy is a mess and the environment is under seige, I like to think the fact that most people don't want to turn the clock back is a sign of some kind of progress.
Another sign of progress that puts a smile on my face is the way you can now live somewhere like Nelson and still see movies from all over the world.
For example, if you wanted to see a film set in France that is written and directed by a Finn and concerns the issue of illegal immigration from Africa, then you're in luck.
Set in the port city of the same name, Le Havre is a film that should delight fans of quirky, offbeat cinema.
The hero of the piece is a 60-something shoeshine man by the name of Marcel Marx. A former bohemian, Marcel and his devoted wife, Arletty, have a modest lifestyle and live in a small house with their dog, Laika.
Marcel's simple existence gets shaken up when Arletty becomes seriously ill and he meets an illegal immigrant, an African boy named Idrissa.
For reasons that are never explained, Marcel decides to help Idrissa hide from the authorities and then recruits others from the neighbourhood to help.
One thing that quickly becomes clear watching Le Havre, is that writer-director Aki Kaurismaki is a man with a very clear vision of just how his films should look and feel. It is shot in a gloomy pallet and just about everything and everyone in it, with the exception of Idrissa, looks worn out or close to it.
Despite this, it is also full of levity and absurdism that prevents it from ever getting too serious. And while it's theoretically set in the present day, the way characters dress, the places they hang out and the cars they drive, give the impression of it almost happening in an imaginary time where people have cell phones but dress like characters in a Tintin book.
Storywise, it has to be said, there is not a lot going on. At one stage I even wondered if Kaurismaki was getting his actors to occasionally stare into space for no apparent reason to pad out the running time.
Despite the staring and the quirkier moments, all the actors do a top job and manage to create surprisingly convincing and appealing characters. One reason for this may be the refreshing amount of affection they express for one another.
The neighbourhood Le Havre is set in may not be flash, but the locals clearly like each other, which makes it easy for the audience to like them too.
Bottom line: Absurdist and slight yet satisfying.
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Tweets Of The Night: March 30, 2014
Blazers v. Grizzlies
The best tweets from BlazerManiacs during the game. Want to see your tweets featured? Just tweet @trailblazers and #RipCity!
I touched the "game ball" at the @trailblazers game! If we win, we all know why! If not, it wasn't the real ball anyway! #ripcity— Haven Kaplan-Miner (@hkaplanm) March 31, 2014
Closest I've ever been at a #Blazers game! I could hug both Mikes! #RipCity— Jocelyn S. Mackie (@JocTheWriter) March 31, 2014
Going for my 16th consecutive win. #RipCity @trailblazers pic.twitter.com/mDLdCfIFVB— Boun (@bountastic) March 31, 2014
It's Iron Man's time! W3S3L3Y is on fire! #RipCity— Laura Giles (@L_giles) March 31, 2014
Listening to the dulcet tones of @blazerwheels at work. Sold that man a printer, once! Go @trailblazers #ripcity— Sean (@Seankirk79) March 31, 2014
At first I was shocked that the Grizz and Blazers weren't missing shots, then I remembered I'd been watching college basketball for two days— mikeacker (@mikeacker) March 31, 2014
Sitting in my living room eating Ritz crackers, drinking diet soda, & watching the Blazers game. Sounds pathetic, I know, but it feels great— Tyler Marple (@tylermarple) March 31, 2014
I hope the trail blazers get a win tonight, I want to end my spring break happy with a trail blazer win. @trailblazers— Emir Hrustanbegovic (@easybreezy2000) March 31, 2014
@trailblazers I love it when the players wear their #RipCity jerseys! Let's go Blazers!— Julie Fleischmann (@juliefleisch) March 31, 2014
We, collectively, need to make TRob wear a headband... For the people #blazers— Jesse (@The_Arkitect) March 31, 2014
This game would be better if Mike & Mike's commentary was being close captioned on the Jumbotron. #RipCity #qualityentertainment #blazers— jillremensnyder (@jillremensnyder) March 31, 2014
When the @trailblazers are doing well I'm just like... #RipCity pic.twitter.com/4szklOcHpD— Aldridge for MVP (@AldridgeMVP) March 31, 2014
ROLO REJECTS SHOTS LIKE STANFORD REJECTS APPLICANTS! #ripcity #blazers— Pinwheel Empire (@pinwheelempire) March 31, 2014
looking forward to another #RipCity win tonight from our team @trailblazers pic.twitter.com/EHGy5Z0aXO— Joe Vernon (@blondejoev) March 31, 2014
Mo Williams is the king of the random momentum shot. #RipCity— Franklin Bains (@FTBains) March 31, 2014
Seven rebounds off the bench for Wright ALREADY? What did he eat today? #RipCity— Timber~ (@TimberPuppers) March 31, 2014
@Dame_Lillard you're leadership is growing every day. Don't need your 20 points, just your presence and confidence. You got this #ripcity— Todd Andrew (@blazersoneday) March 31, 2014
With LA back it's like the missing piece of the puzzle found! #RipCity— Laura Giles (@L_giles) March 31, 2014
IT'S DECEMBER AGAIN!!! #RIPCITY— Brandon Goldner (@GoldnerPDX) March 31, 2014
I think this @Trobinson0 kid's got a future in the NBA. #RipCity— Douglas Dewing (@douglashdewing) March 31, 2014
I can't believe how excited I get over a good defensive sequence. Thank you, @TrailBlazers! #RipCity— Lisa Pease (@lisapease) March 31, 2014
Lillard had 0 at the the half, 10 now. He was just playin' with y'all. #ripcity #blazers #lillardtime— Pinwheel Empire (@pinwheelempire) March 31, 2014
I'll tell you what the #Blazers have their mojo back . They are a force when the offense gets going. #RipCity— David Yepiz (@racquetball54) March 31, 2014
These blazers are going to turn some heads in the playoffs. #ripcity— samuel parker (@Parker18Sam) March 31, 2014
@trailblazers they say defense wins championships - but when the trailblazers offense is clicking not much can stop them #RipCity— Doctor Funkenstein (@DrFunknstynJAMZ) March 31, 2014
You just got Nic-Willed! #ripcity— Justin Gast (@cubbyduck76) March 31, 2014
@trailblazers @Dame_Lillard pic.twitter.com/LHnICgK885— brando (@brndndnn) March 31, 2014
@mikerice6 finally said "I'm lovin it!" At the right time! It's a good day to be a Blazer!! #RipCity @blazermb— Julie (@juliekullberg) March 31, 2014
It's hard to understate what Aldridge means to this team. #RipCity— Taylor Straton (@strayts) March 31, 2014
Looks like @WillTheThrillB5 is >this< close to taking over Blake Griffin's spot in the @ESPNNBA dunk highlight reel #ripCity @trailblazers— Team Mom (@tcbbiggs) March 31, 2014
Blazers up here, throwing 58% at one of the best defenses in the league, very good. #RipCity— Rip City Argentina (@trailblazers_AR) March 31, 2014
The best cure for a week long bout with the flu? A trip to the Moda center to watch the @trailblazers dominate the Grizz.#RIPCITY— Chris Nordling (@CNordlingfishin) March 31, 2014
Blazers finishing the season just like they started.. love it #RipCity— Logan Sebright (@SeBrizzleT) March 31, 2014


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Dr. Richard Silver
- Orthopedic Surgery
- , Internal Medicine
- Charleston, SC
- Languages supported at his practice: Spanish, French, Arabic, Korean, English, Russian, Vietnamese, German, Italian
Accepting New Patients
Electronic Health Records
Dr. Silver's Background
Richard Silver, MD is a practicing Orthopedic Surgeon in Charleston, SC. Dr. Silver graduated from Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in 1975 and has been in practice for 42 years. He completed a residency at University of North Carolina Health System. Dr. Silver also specializes in Internal Medicine and Rheumatology. He currently practices at Medical University of South Carolina and is affiliated with Medical University of South Carolina University Hospital. Dr. Silver accepts multiple insurance plans including Aetna, Medicare and Humana. Dr. Silver is board certified in Internal Medicine. Dr. Silver also practices at MUSC Bone & Joint Center in Charleston, SC. In addition to English, Dr. Silver's practice supports these languages: Spanish, French, Arabic, Korean, Russian, Vietnamese, German and Italian.
- Medical University of South Carolina University Hospital
- Residency
- University of North Carolina Health System
- Medical School, 1975
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
- Nashville, TN


text:
Interactions between the volume effects of hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 and Ringer´s acetate
DOI: 10.1186/cc12749
© Hahn et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013
Received: 1 December 2012
Accepted: 29 May 2013
Published: 29 May 2013
The turnover of Ringer´s solutions is greatly dependent on the physiological situation, such as the presence of dehydration or anaesthesia. The present study evaluates whether the kinetics is affected by previous infusion of colloid fluid.
Ten male volunteers with a mean age of 22 years underwent three infusion experiments, on separate days and in random order. The experiments included 10 mL/kg of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven™), 20 mL/kg of Ringer's acetate, and a combination of both, where Ringer´s was administered 75 minutes after the starch infusion ended. The kinetics of the volume expansion was analysed by non-linear least- squares regression, based on urinary excretion and serial measurement of blood haemoglobin concentration for up to 420 minutes.
The mean volume of distribution of the starch was 3.12 L which agreed well with the plasma volume (3.14 L) estimated by anthropometry. The volume expansion following the infusion of starch showed monoexponential elimination kinetics with a half-life of two hours. Two interaction effects were found when Ringer´s acetate was infused after the starch. First, there was a higher tendency for Ringer´s acetate to distribute to a peripheral compartment at the expense of the plasma volume expansion. The translocated amount of Ringer´s was 70% higher when HES had been infused earlier. Second, the elimination half-life of Ringer´s acetate was five times longer when administered after the starch (88 versus 497 minutes, P <0.02).
Starch promoted peripheral accumulation of the later infused Ringer´s acetate solution and markedly prolonged the elimination half-life.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01195025
Keywordspharmacokinetic model i.v. fluids, hydroxyethyl starch
Intravenous infusion of acetated or lactated Ringer´s solution and hydroxyethyl starch (HES) are therapeutic cornerstones in modern perioperative fluid therapy. The turnover of such crystalloid fluids has been studied both in conscious [1, 2] and anaesthetised [3] volunteers and in patients undergoing surgery [4, 5]. Key findings include that the distribution half-life of 7 to 8 minutes is fairly constantly stable under most conditions, while the rate of elimination is retarded by 70 to 80% by general anaesthesia and surgery [6]. The slowing of the elimination by general anaesthesia is partly due to renin excretion [3], and therefore, can be alleviated by esmolol [7].
Less is known about the turnover of colloid fluid volumes and combinations of fluids. The half-life (T1/2) of HES is usually quantified based on the weight of the HES molecules in blood plasma. However, the smallest HES molecules are excreted, while the larger ones undergo sequential breakdown. The weight does not readily reflect the plasma volume expansion, as this is dependent on the number of molecules and not on their weight [8, 9].
One clinical report suggests that administration of HES impairs plasma volume expansion and shortens the T1/2 of a subsequent infusion of Ringer´s acetate [10]. The present volunteer study explores this potential interaction in greater detail by comparing the volume kinetics of HES 130/0.4/9:1 (Voluven™) and acetated Ringer´s solution with a combination of both fluids. The hypothesis was that HES accelerates the distribution and/or the elimination of Ringer´s acetate.
Ten male volunteers, aged 18 to 28 (mean, 22) years and with a body weight of 65 to 101 (mean, 79) kg, underwent three infusion experiments between August 2010 and February 2011. The study was approved by the regional ethics committee in Stockholm, Sweden (Dnr 2010/623-32) and registered at ClinicalTrials (NCT01195025). Each volunteer gave his consent for participation after being informed about the study both orally and in writing.
The experiments started between 7:30 and 8:30 am in the Department of Intensive Care at Linköping University Hospital. The volunteers had fasted since midnight, but they were allowed to eat one sandwich and drink one glass of liquid at 6 am. Upon arriving at the department, the volunteers were weighed on an electronic scale and then rested on a bed below an OPN Thermal Ceiling radiant warmer (Aragon Medical, River Vale, NJ, USA) placed about 1 m above them. The heat was adjusted to achieve maximum comfort. A cannula was placed in the cubital vein of each arm to infuse fluid and sample blood, respectively. Thirty minutes of rest to reach haemodynamic steady state was allowed before the experiments started.
Each volunteer underwent the following three experiments, in random order, separated by at least seven days.
A. HES, 10 mL/kg, over 30 minutes.
B. Ringer´s acetate, 20 mL/kg, over 30 minutes.
C. Combination of HES and Ringer's acetate; 10 mL/kg of HES was infused between 0 and 30 minutes, followed by 20 mL/kg of Ringer´s between 105 and 135 minutes.
The fluid volumes were provided according to the body weight obtained just before the study began. The first two volunteers in the Ringer´s-only group received only 15 mL/kg of fluid, due to uncertainty as to whether 20 mL/kg might cause excessive hypervolaemia in the combined experiment.
The colloid was hydroxyethyl starch 6% 130/0.4/9:1 (Voluven™, Fresenius Kabi, Bad Homburg, Germany; sodium 154 and chloride 154 mmol/L).
The crystalloid fluid was acetated Ringer´s solution (Baxter, Deerfield, IL, USA; sodium 130, chloride 110, acetate 30, potassium 4, calcium 2, and magnesium 1 mmol/L).
Both fluids were administered at room temperature (23°C) via infusion pumps (Volumat MC Agilia, Fresenius Kabi).
Venous blood (3 to 4 mL) was withdrawn using a vacuum tube from the venous cannula. A small volume of blood was drawn before each sampling, and the volume was replaced with 2 mL of 0.9% saline to prevent clotting. The venous blood was used to measure blood haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and haematocrit (Hct) on a Cell-Dyn Sapphire (Abbot Diagnostics, Abbot Park, IL, USA). Duplicate samples drawn at baseline, of which the mean was used, ensured a coefficient of variation of 1.2%.
The sampling intensity varied slightly, depending on the length of the experiment. In the Ringer´s experiment, blood was drawn every 5 minutes up to 60 minutes, and every 10 minutes thereafter up to 180 minutes. The same protocol was followed when starch alone was infused, but the follow-up continued with blood sampling every 30 minutes up to 420 minutes. In the combined experiment, the higher sampling intensity (every 5 minutes) was reinstituted for 60 minutes when the second infusion started.
Haemodynamic monitoring included non-invasive blood pressure, heart rate, and pulse oximetry. A comparison between Hb measured invasively and by pulse oximetry has been published elsewhere [11].
The volunteers voided upon entering the Department of Intensive Care, and this volume was discarded. They were allowed to void freely during the experiments, but remaining in the lying position. The total volume excreted was noted when they emptied their bladders at the end of the study.
Kinetic calculations
C. The combined experiment was analysed using the one-volume model for HES and the two-volume model for acetated Ringer´s solution. Each curve-fit estimated five parameters. For HES, k10 was calculated based on the plasma dilution derived during the first 105 minutes. From 105 minutes onward, the measured plasma dilution was used to analyse the kinetics of both fluids; k10 for Ringer´s was then obtained as the difference between k10 for the combined experiment (see the equation above) and k10 for HES.
where Hct is the haematocrit. Symbols in capital letters denote baseline values. A mathematical correction for the effect of blood sampling on the result was made [5].
The primary parameters in the models (Vc, k12, and k21) were estimated by applying a non-linear least-squares regression routine (fminsearch) to the urinary excretion and the serial analyses of the fractional plasma dilution. The software used was Matlab R2010a (Math Works Inc., Natick, MA, USA).
The elimination half-life of the fluids (T1/2) was obtained as 0.693/k10.
Kinetic parameters.
HES (n= 10)
Ringer's acetate (n= 10)
HES and Ringer's acetate* (n= 10)
Wilcoxon's matched-pair test
Vc (L) for HES
3.07 (0.52)
3.18 (0.56)
Vc (L) for Ringer's
5.53 (4.25-7.31)
4.00 (3.05-4.82)
k12 (10-3 min-1)
20 (17-50)
41 (27-99)
k21 (10-3 min-1)
9 (3-27)
19 (10-27)
k10 (10-3 min-1) HES
6.5 (2.1)
6.4 (3.3)
k10 (10-3 min-1) Ringer's
7.3 (5.0-12.9)
1.7 (0.1-4.6)**
T1/2 (min) HES
116 (35)
126 (75-150)
T1/2 (min) Ringer's
88 (54-150)
497 (146-805)
The optimal values of the kinetic parameters for each series of 10 infusions are reported as the mean (standard deviation) or, if distribution was skewed, as the median and 25th to 75th percentiles. Differences were evaluated by the Wilcoxon matched-pair test. Calculations were considered statistically significant if P <0.05.
Kinetic analysis
The kinetic models were successfully fitted to all experiments.
The two kinetic parameters for HES attained strikingly similar values in the two series of infusion experiments. Vc was close to the plasma volume, which was 3.14 (0.25) L as estimated by anthropometry, and T1/2 was 2 hours.
Vc for Ringer´s averaged 4.88 L, which was significantly larger than for HES (Wilcoxon´s test P <0.001). When combined with HES, distribution and elimination of Ringer´s occurred more slowly than in the single-infusion experiment (P <0.01).
The HES infusion induced diuresis while fluid was retained in the body after the combined experiment. The urinary excretion amounted to 85 (71 to 92)% of the infused volume during HES-alone but only to 53% (31 to 66)% during the combined experiment.
Interaction effects
The study found two interaction effects when Ringer´s acetate was infused after HES. The first interaction effect was a higher tendency for Ringer´s to distribute to the peripheral compartment (Vp) when preceded by HES. As shown in Figure 2C, the amount of Ringer´s in Vp was 70% greater when 10 mL/kg of HES had been infused earlier. Rewriting this sub-plot by using uniform kinetic parameters reveals that 60% of the oedema-promoting effect of HES infusion is due to an assumption inherent in the kinetic model, namely, that distribution occurs faster when Vc is already expanded. This is the case in the combined experiment, but not in the single-infusion experiment. The remainder of the increased oedema is due to differences in parameter estimates, primarily to the longer T1/2 when the infusion of Ringer´s acetate was preceded by HES.
The second interaction effect was a prolongation of the elimination T1/2 of Ringer´s. T1/2 was five times longer when administered after HES, compared to when Ringer´s acetate was infused alone (Table 1). The slow elimination could be due, in part, to the excess amount of chloride ions present in the HES preparation, which is based on normal saline. Renal clearance (urinary excretion/area under the curve (AUC) for plasma dilution) in the volunteers is 35 to 40% lower for normal saline than for lactated and acetated Ringer´s [1].
Kinetics of HES and Ringer´s acetate
The kinetics of HES was well described by a one-volume model where expansion occurs solely within the plasma compartment. The kinetic parameters shown in Table 1 were derived from plasma data alone, as HES is not eliminated by urinary excretion, but governed by shifts in plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP) caused by the enzymatic breakdown of HES molecules. The T1/2 of Voluven™ then averaged 116 minutes. Nevertheless, T1/2 did not differ much, being only 6 to 7 minutes shorter, when the urinary excretion was included in the curve-fitting procedure (calculations not shown).
Older data on the T1/2 for the plasma volume expansion from infusion of Voluven™ are difficult to find. The product monograph holds that the expansion lasts 4 to 6 hours [13]. The turnover of HES based on weight/volume measurements identifies a distribution T1/2 of 1.4 hours and elimination T1/2 of 12.1 hours [9]. Other studies yield elimination T1/2 of approximately 4 hours after infusing HES 130/0.40 [14] or 130/0.42 [15]. Although weight/volume measurements of HES is of interest in toxicology, such data cannot be used uncritically to infer plasma volume expansion over time [8].
The plasma volume kinetics of Ringer acetate is better known, but some new aspects were added, due to the use of a kinetic model with micro-constants. Least-squares regression was then based on volume changes rather than on plasma dilution, which increases the analysing power, as volume changes in Vp can be calculated without knowledge of the size of Vp (which can still be estimated in retrospect as Vc k12/k21). Inclusion of the urinary excretion in the model even allowed analysis of potentially uneven distribution between Vc and Vp, which is of interest when studying interactions.
The results support that Vc of Ringer´s acetate is larger than the plasma volume. The authors then assumed that some fluid quickly distributes to 'perivascular spaces' in highly perfused vascular beds (Figure 2B). In contrast, Vc is close to the plasma volume, or even lower, during general anaesthesia [5, 7]. Distribution has previously been reported to be completed 25 to 30 minutes post-infusion, which corresponds to a T1/2 of 7 to 8 minutes [6]. Here, allowing k12 and k21 to attain different values prolonged the time required until equilibrium was reached, at least for the singe-infusion experiment (Figure 3).
The elimination T1/2 of Ringer´s acetate was recently reported to average 21 minutes in well-hydrated, conscious volunteers, and 82 minutes in the presence of mild volume depletion [16]. The T1/2 of 88 minutes in the present single-infusion experiment suggests the mild volume depletion was present after the overnight fast despite ingestion of one glass of liquid 2 hours before the experiments started. The T1/2 of almost 500 minutes in the combined experiment differs greatly from is normally found in healthy volunteers. T1/2 of such magnitude has previously been reported only during laparoscopic surgery, which is characterised by fluid retention of multifactorial origin [4, 7].
Physiological correlates
Volume kinetics analyses fluid shifts between two functional body fluid spaces that may not correspond precisely to anatomical and physiological spaces. The key parameters k12, k21 and k10 are sufficient to describe the flow of infused fluid between these spaces (Figure 2) while the size of Vc is needed only if the plasma dilution is simulated (Figures 1 and 3). The most rational view is still that Vc corresponds to the plasma volume, although Ringer´s acetate rapidly fills also a small perivascular space, and that V p represents the interstitial fluid space.
Volume kinetics shows what happens with infused fluid in the body but does not outline the physiological background to the findings beyond the assumptions made in the kinetic model. Other methods must be incorporated to demonstrate reasons for the findings, such as the active modulation of the interstitial pressure by fibrocytes. However, most findings can be understood from the Starling equation. One example is that plasma volume expansion by starch promotes peripheral oedema when Ringer´s is infused later. Volume expansion from HES is maintained by a raised COP in the plasma compartment (Vc). Ringer´s acetate can only increase the hydrostatic pressure and will therefore be translocated to peripheral tissues (Vp) to maintain the balance of colloid and hydrostatic forces across the capillary wall.
The 'endothelial glycocalyx model' is a recently advocated theory that might serve as an adjunct to the Starling forces when modelling transcapillary fluid shifts [17]. Derived from microvascular research, this model holds that transcapillary leakage increases if the glycocalyx layer is damaged, which might occur from a number of stimuli including hypervolaemia-induced release of atrial natriuretic peptide [18]. In the present study, the strong linearity of the HES-alone elimination kinetics during 7 hours is inconsistent with any abrupt increase in vascular permeability. However, damage to the glycocalyx layer could explain the fraction of the increased peripheral translocation of Ringer´s that could not be predicted by letting the two single-infusion experiments predict the combined experiment.
The prolongation of the half-life of Ringer´s when provided together with HES might be due to inhibition of the filtration of water and solutes in the kidneys by means of a raised COP. This rise is possible due to the difference in excretion rate between the starch molecules (T1/2 approximately 12 hours) and the accompanying fluid volume (85% was excreted after 7 hours in this study).
Clinical correlates
In clinical practice, HES and Ringer´s acetate are often combined. The described HES-induced peripheral accumulation of Ringer´s is likely to contribute to the tissue oedema frequently observed after lengthy surgery and intensive care. HES is also a part of 'goal-directed fluid therapy', which creates a controlled hypervolaemic state in open abdominal surgery and in debilitated patients undergoing acute surgery [19, 20]. The use of HES is currently being questioned in septic [21] and intensive care [22] patients due a higher-than-expected need for post-infusion renal replacement therapy.
The effect of HES on the distribution of Ringer´s explains the findings by Borup et al. of minimal plasma volume expansion and high plasma clearance of lactated Ringer´s infused 4 hours after laparoscopic cholecystectomy [9]. Voluven™ had been administered in the absence of blood loss during the surgery, which must have caused hypervolaemia. The present study shows that, although distribution is accelerated, HES decreases rather than accelerates the elimination of later-infused crystalloid fluid.
A limitation of this study is that interactions were tested in volunteers and only in a hypervolaemic condition. Second, the infusions were given in a single sequence. Third, an alternative interpretation of the combined experiment is that the T1/2 for the decay of the HES-induced plasma volume expansion slowed down, instead of the reported prolongation of T1/2 for Ringer´s acetate. The number of study subject volunteers was on the low side. However, the explorative study design allowed us to provide all three study fluids to all volunteers. The consistent use of paired comparisons limited the influence of biological variability by always relying on paired comparisons.
The plasma volume expansion following infusion of hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven™) showed monoexponential elimination kinetics with an average half-life of 2 hours. The half-life of Ringer´s acetate solution was only slightly shorter, but the plasma volume decreased faster shortly after infusion due to extravascular distribution. Several changes of the turnover of Ringer´s acetate occurred when infused after Voluven™. These changes consisted in poorer plasma volume expansion, retarded elimination, and higher tendency to accumulate in peripheral tissues.
Key messages
The plasma volume expansion following infusion of hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven™) had a half-life of approximately 2 hours.
This half-life is much shorter than for weight/volume measurements of the starch.
The half-life of Ringer´s acetate was only 24% shorter than for Voluven™.
The tendency for Ringer´s acetate to cause peripheral oedema was increased when infused after starch.
The elimination half-life of Ringer´s acetate was prolonged when preceded by starch.
Authors' information
Robert G. Hahn, MD, PhD, is Research Director at Södertälje Hospital, Södertälje; Professor of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care at Linköping University; and Associate Professor at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Christian Bergek is a staff anaesthetist at Linköping University Hospital, Sweden. Tobias Gebäck is a PhD and Postdoctoral Fellow at the Department of Mathematical Sciences at Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. Joachim Zdolsek, MD, PhD, is senior anaesthetist at Linköping University Hospital, Sweden.
area under the curve
colloid osmotic pressure
- Hb:
- Hct:
hydroxyethyl starch
- k o :
fluid loss by evaporation through skin and airways
- k 10 :
rate constant for fluid leaving the system
- k 12 :
rate constant for fluid passing from vc to vp
- k 21 :
rate constant for fluid passing from vp to vc
- Ro:
rate of infusion
Assistance was given by nurse anesthetist Susanne Öster. The work was supported by the Stockholm City Council (Grant number 20070421) and the Östergötland County Council (Grant number 156791).
Authors' Affiliations
- Drobin D, Hahn RG: Kinetics of isotonic and hypertonic plasma volume expanders. Anesthesiology 2002, 96: 1371-1380. 10.1097/00000542-200206000-00016View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Drobin D, Hahn RG: Volume kinetics of Ringer´s solution in hypovolemic volunteers. Anesthesiology 1999, 90: 81-91. 10.1097/00000542-199901000-00013View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Norberg Å, Hahn RG, Li H, Olsson J, Prough DS, Börsheim E, Wolf S, Minton R, Svensén CH: Population volume kinetics predicts retention of 0.9% saline infused in awake and isoflurane-anesthetized volunteers. Anesthesiology 2007, 107: 24-32. 10.1097/01.anes.0000268387.34758.6dView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Olsson J, Svensén CH, Hahn RG: The volume kinetics of acetated Ringer´s solution during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg 2004, 99: 1854-1860.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ewaldsson CA, Hahn RG: Kinetics and extravascular retention of acetated Ringer´s solution during isoflurane and propofol anesthesia for thyroid surgery. Anesthesiology 2005, 103: 460-469. 10.1097/00000542-200509000-00006View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hahn RG: Volume kinetics for infusion fluids. Anesthesiology 2010, 113: 470-481. 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181dcd88fView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Li Y, Zhu HB, Zheng X, Chen HJ, Shao L, Hahn RG: Low doses of esmolol and phenylephrine act as diuretics during intravenous anesthesia. Crit Care 2012, 16: R18. 10.1186/cc11175PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jungheinrich C, Neff TA: Pharmacokinetics of hydroxyethyl starch. Clin Pharmacokinet 2005, 44: 681-699. 10.2165/00003088-200544070-00002View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Waitzinger J, Bepperling F, Pabst G, Opitz J, Müller M, Baron JF: Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a new hydroxyethyl starch (HES) specification (HES 130/0.4) after single-dose infusion of 6% or 10% solutions in healthy volunteers. Clin Drug Investig 1998, 16: 151-160. 10.2165/00044011-199816020-00008View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Borup T, Hahn RG, Holte K, Ravn L, Kehlet H: Intraoperative colloid administration increases the clearance of a postoperative fluid load. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009, 53: 311-317. 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2008.01857.xView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bergek C, Zdolsek JH, Hahn RG: Accuracy of non-invasive hemoglobin (SpHb) depends on the type of infusion fluid. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2012, 29: 586-592.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Nadler SB, Hidalgo JU, Bloch T: Prediction of blood volume in normal human adults. Surgery 1962, 51: 224-232.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Voluven™ 6% Hydroxyethyl Starch 130/0.4. Product Monograph Fresenius-Kabi V003; 2007.
- Madjdpour C, Dettori N, Frascarolo P, Burki M, Boll M, Fisch A, Bombeli T, Spahn DR: Molecular weight of hydroxyethyl starch: is there an effect on blood coagulation and pharmacokinetics? Br J Anaesth 2005, 94: 569-576. 10.1093/bja/aei108View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lehmann GB, Asskali F, Boll M, Burmeister MA, Marx G, Hilgers R, Förster H: HES 130/0.42 shows less alteration of pharmacokinetics than HES 200/0.5 when dosed repeatedly. Br J Anaesth 2007, 98: 635-644. 10.1093/bja/aem068View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Zdolsek J, Li Y, Hahn RG: Detection of dehydration by using volume kinetics. Anesth Analg 2012, 115: 814-822. 10.1213/ANE.0b013e318261f6baView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Chappell D, Jacob M, Hofmann-Kiefer K, Conzen P, Rehm M: A rational approach to perioperative fluid management. Anesthesiology 2008, 109: 723-740. 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181863117View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Becker BF, Chappell D, Bruegger D, Annecke T, Jacob M: Therapeutic strategies targeting the endothelial glycocalyx; acute deficits, but great potential. Cardiovasc Res 2010, 87: 300-310. 10.1093/cvr/cvq137View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Noblett SE, Snowden CP, Shenton BK, Horgan AF: Randomized clinical trial assessing the effect of Doppler-optimized fluid management on outcome after elective colorectal resection. Br J Surg 2006, 93: 1069-1076. 10.1002/bjs.5454View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wakeling HG, McFall MR, Jenkins CS, Woods WG, Miles WF, Barclay GR, Fleming SC: Intraoperative oesophageal Doppler guided fluid management shortens postoperative hospital stay after major bowel surgery. Br J Anaesth 2005, 95: 634-642. 10.1093/bja/aei223View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Perner A, Haase N, Guttormsen AB, Tenhunen J, Klemenzson G, Åneman A, Madsen KR, Møller MH, Elkjær JM, Poulsen LM, Bendtsen A, Winding R, Steensen M, Berezowicz P, Søe-Jensen P, Bestle M, Strand K, Wiis J, White JO, Thornberg KJ, Quist L, Nielsen J, Andersen LH, Holst LB, Thormar K, Kjældgaard AL, Fabritius ML, Mondrup F, Pott FC, Møller TP, et al.: Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus Ringer´s acetate in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2012, 367: 124-134. 10.1056/NEJMoa1204242View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Myburgh JA, Finfer S, Bellomo R, Billot L, Cass A, Gattas D, Glass P, Lipman J, Liu B, McArthur C, McGuinness S, Rajbhandari D, Taylor CB, Webb SA, the CHEST Investigators: Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care. N Engl J Med 2012, 367: 1901-1911. 10.1056/NEJMoa1209759View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
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engine sputters
Hi All,
I'm brand new here to WF and I'm still trying to strengthen my search-fu, but I haven't found what I'm looking for yet, so here goes.
I've got an 05 TJ Sport. I've been having an issue with the engine sputtering as I accelerate. It happens whether I shift at lower or higher RPMs. Some days it is barely noticeable, and others it is very pronounced.
Before someone suggests it, no, it's not my ability to drive a manual gearbox. I've never had a vehicle that wasn't a manual. I just figured I'd get that out of the way, since that would be the most obvious cause for a "sputtering" effect.
I can't be the first person to have encountered this problem. Anybody have any pointers on where to look first?
Thanks a lot, in advance.
Flush your throttle body and go from there.
I have the same problem with my 06 TJ 2.4L, it has 42K on it and it sputters at take off in first gear. Once it gets going it's fine but it seems like it's struggling for air or fuel. It's the worst when i'm starting on a hill but does it on flat ground to. I changed the plugs the other day, that helped but it didn't solve the problem. why does it sputter on take off it's driving me crazy.
How do you flush the throttle body?
i've cleaned my throttle body, cleaned the IAC, the TPS, seafoamed the motor, then changed to champion plugs, changed the plug wires, and the distributor cap, and reset the ECM and still get a sputter when i first start it up and take off.
hmmm...well this isn't only when I first start it it's whenever I come to a stop at a light, stop sign etc...and take off again in first. I'm starting to think theres no hope I'm just gonna have to deal with it.
does your fuel pressure regulator work properly? Does it take more than one turn of the key to start your jeep up? and did this problem start just after you put on your after market intake or was it happening b4.
Sorry I hijacked the thread, just thought instead of opening a new one we could share :)
Mudslinger- I only had it for a day and I changed it to a k&N panel filter that fits in the factory box. I just got an airaid cold air intake but I have not put it on yet, plan on doing it in the next couple of days just havn't got a chance yet. The jeep starts up one turn no problem, no chugging etc...just starts right up. I can't remember for sure but I don't remember it doing it the day I brought it home with the paper air filter in, but I have had K&N filters in all my cars with no problem.
Also I read somewhere in an old post a little while back that cold air intakes are not good for jeeps, whats the story with that does anyone know if that true? if it is I can't imagine why.
a lot of people say that the oem air box/intake system on the tj's is designed (from the factory) to flow at max or close to max capacity, very low if any restriction. So a lot of people dont get into an intake system because the benefit from it doesn't seem to be that substancial. But others swear by them and say they add a lot of power, and other will argue that point too saying that "you think it adds more power just because you can hear it". People will go on for days.
One thing i do know about the after market open cone type systems is that it's tough to keep them clean if your in a lot of sand/dirt/mud areas. They need to be cleaned frequently, and also if you get into a situation where you are splashing up a lot of water and or you are in very deep water, that after market air intake will suck up massive amounts of water much sooner and easier than the enclosed OEM air box. But if you arent planning on playing submarine accross some guys pond or mind cleaning your air filter twic as often i wouln't worry about it throw it on, just some say the power benefit is non existant
Cleaning the throttle body is easy. Don't do what the can says because you will throw a code. Pull the hose off at your throttle body. Now spray the cleaner at the butterfly and open it and spray inside. Rub the throttle body sides and the butterfly edges. You will see all the oil residue. Get it all off. DO NOT USE THE WHOLE CAN. You take the chance of hydrostatically locking up your engine. You will use about a 1/4 to half can. Put it back together. It will crank longer than usual but will fire up. It will run rough and then will clean out. Get in and drive it on the hwy to burn out the cleaner.
I just use STP throttle body cleaner.
The reason I don't do it the way it says on the can for one you are going to get a code and two it doesn't clean it as well as you rubbing your finger in there.
I would clean it about evey 20,000 miles.
Quick and easy first step.
How did things go?
I put on my cold air intake last night and cleaned the throttle body, A definite improvement but still not solved. I have better throttle response especially from a complete stop but the sputter is still there. I'm going to check the fuel pressure tonight and make sure it's not the filter, Everything I have been trying so far has been making slight improvements though so I will get there eventually :banghead:
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Successful Twin Jewellery Shows
Under the "Two Shows, Two Venues" arrangement for the third year, the Hong Kong Trade Development Council organised two jewellery shows in early March 2016 with jewellery raw materials and finished jewellery collections separated into two exhibition venues.
The 33rd edition of the HKTDC Hong Kong International Jewellery Show held at the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre and the 3rd edition of the HKTDC Hong Kong International Diamond, Gem & Pearl Show held at the AsiaWorld-Expo, together welcomed more than 80,000 buyers from 147 countries and regions. As the world's preeminent marketplace for fine jewellery, the two five-day shows featured more than 4,380 exhibitors from 54 countries and regions, offering a more spacious and comprehensive trading platform for both exhibitors and buyers, thus creating more business opportunities.
"Despite global economic challenges, the two shows continued to attract local and overseas buyers," said Benjamin Chau, Deputy Executive Director, HKTDC. "This demonstrates the international significance of the two shows, which form the world's largest jewellery marketplace, reinforcing Hong Kong's position as a proven global sourcing hub for the industry."
|A Glamorous Show for Finished Jewellery
|The 2016 edition of HKTDC Hong Kong International Jewellery Show was held from 3 to 7 March 2016, featuring 2,502 exhibitors from 41 countries and regions around the world, with first time participants from Egypt, Myanmar and Romania. The strong international nature of the show was also manifest in its 15 group pavilions including the debut pavilion from France, as well as Chinese mainland, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Korea, Peru, Singapore, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom and the United States. Four trade organisation pavilions were present in the Show. The pavilion organisers include Platinum Guild International, Israel Export & International Cooperation Institute and Japan Jewellery Association. Co-organised by the HKJJA Exhibition Service Limited and Fiera di Vicenza, the T-GOLD+METS pavilion displayed professional jewellery and watchmaking machinery, equipment, technology and supplies to meet the needs of buyers.
Favorable buyer attendance reaffirmed the growing popularity and importance of the HKTDC Hong Kong International Jewellery Show. The 2016 show successfully attracted a record number of 49,294 buyers from 143 countries and regions, up 4.8% over last year.
Over 110 overseas buying missions were organized with more than 7,400 companies representing some 9,300 buyers from 78 countries and regions. The presence of a number of renowned jewelers was secured, including Wallace Bishop Jewellers from Australia, Vivara from Brazil, Aphea from France, Home Shopping Europe GmbH from Germany, Gitanjali Group from India, PT. Gold Martindo from Indonesia, As-me ESTELLE from Japan, Szuchman Gold International from Poland, Gold4U from Russia, Efva Attling Stockholm from Sweden, Blue Nile, Inc. and Helzberg Diamond from USA, Pure Gold from the UAE and Zbird from the Chinese mainland.
House of the Shining Jewels
The Hong Kong International Jewellery Show 2016 spotlighted a diverse range of jewellery in different themed areas.
As an elite section reserved for exclusive and high-end fine jewellery masterpieces, Hall of Extraordinary in Grand Hall and Hall 3B featured several exquisitely decorated premium booths showcasing some prestigious jewellery.
Located in Hall 1 and Hall 3DE, World of Glamour housed more than 460 Hong Kong-based fine jewellery exhibitors that wished to emphasise the fine quality of their jewellery.
Sparkling lights further lure discerning international visitors with the new zone of this year's Show, Wedding Bijoux zone, which focused on bridal jewellery and wedding rings. Other dedicated theme areas included:
|Dazzling Insights with the Latest Market Trends
|More than 20 special events were organized over the fair period, including a wide variety of seminars, networking receptions and jewellery parades.
To add more glitz to the Show, a series of seminars were specially designed to illuminate pathways for jewellery professionals by sharing and updating the latest industry development and jewel trend. For example, there was a seminar on consumer updates of jewellery market was held while another one named "Brand Establishment of Chuk Kam Jewellery" also invited four industry experts to share their insights on how to increase the value of modern-day gold jewellery.
Alongside with a great variety of seminars, parades and networking events were also organised throughout the fair period.
The first evening of the Hong Kong International Jewellery Show 2016 began with a Cocktail Reception. The theme of the thereafter Jewellery Gala Dinner "Royal Cruise" was brilliantly illustrated by parades of jewellery, with glittering offerings created by exhibitors. Guests showed their appreciation for the fusion dishes designed by celebrated chef Michael Gilligan, Director of Culinary, Royal Caribbean International.
|Several glamorous jewellery parades featured models wearing exquisite and inspirational exhibits of different themed zones. "Splendour of The Silk Road" Cocktail Reception was organised to provide an informal platform for exhibitors to meet with buyers. Two world-class jewellery auctions, the Paspaley Pearl Auction and the Robert Wan Tahiti Pearls Auction, also took place in conjunction with the Show.
|Hong Kong Jewellery Design Competition Award 2016 goes to
Nearly 280 entries were received for the 17th Hong Kong Jewellery Design Competition, with Ava Chan, Chan Hang-kit and Li Sin-pui winning Best of Show Awards in the Open Group. This year's Craftsmanship & Technology Award went to "Butterfly in the City", a brooch/pendant designed by Ho Siu-chong and sponsored by Cheng & Cheung Co. (HK) Ltd.
The Hong Kong Jewellery Design Competition's winning and finalist pieces were on show throughout the fair in the Display Area, Hall 1E Concourse, along with those from the Chuk Kam Jewellery Design Competition.
Looking forward
The next edition of Hong Kong International Jewellery Show for finished jewellery products will be held at the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre in early March 2017 while the HKTDC Hong Kong International Diamond, Gem & Pearl Show for jewellery raw materials will also be held concurrently at AsiaWorld-Expo. Be sure to visit both shows for more market trends and sourcing opportunities! For further information, please visit www.hktdc.com/hkjewelleryshow, or contact:
Exhibitions Department