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Gladwell's Line- Hurry up and wait for the America's Cup Jury
by Richard Gladwell on 1 Sep 2013
Emirates Team NZ and Oracle Team USA on the course August 30, 2013 John Navas ©
A ruling is not expected until Monday or Tuesday (local time) in San Francisco from the International Jury in to various claims of boat tampering and gross misconduct.
The five person Jury are believed to have concluded their two Hearings bought under Rule 69.1 of the America's Cup edition of the International Sailing Federation's Racing Rules, and Article 60 of the Protocol governing the 34th America's Cup.
That timing will leave Oracle Team USA with just three or four clear days before the start of the regatta on Saturday September 7.
To some extent Oracle Team USA are responsible for the final Hearing being delayed by two days, to allow their legal counsel Philip Bowman of top New York law firm Boies, Schiller & Flexner, to accommodate the Hearing in his schedule.
The fact that the legal heavies are being allowed into the Hearing indicates that the matter is serious, and Bowman is believed to have been injected after the conclusion of the Rule 69.1 phase, leading into the Article 60 Hearing set down for August 29, in San Francisco.
As speculation turn to the outcomes from the Hearings it must be realised that three of the many planets in the America's Cup Universe need to have aligned, before the situation could be possible in which Oracle Team USA now find themselves in immersed with the International Jury.
As a backdrop to the current situation, it should be noted that the options for any form of disciplinary hearing under ISAF Racing Rules are very limited once a regattas has concluded. Generally the gate will close on complaints about conduct when the racing has concluded, maybe stretching to the prizegiving, and in one exceptional case over an incident that happened in the airport on the way home. Measurement issues may be an exception.
Beyond that cut-off time, matters of ill-discipline usually become a matter of Code of Conduct Hearings in the country involved.
The final race in the series in which Oracle Team USA sailed with their illegal and altered kingposts, was in May 2013, some two months prior to the first report being lodged.
But those aren't the co-incidences.
The Protocol
The first came back in September 2010, when Russell Coutts CEO of Oracle Team USA and Vicento Onerato, Principal of then Challenger of Record, announced in Valencia, Spain that the 34th America's Cup would be sailed in AC72 catamarans. At the same time they announced the creation of the America's Cup World Series event. Initially to be sailed in the AC45 class. The initial plan was to switch to the AC72 class in 2012, and sail out the final rounds using the AC72's. That move was later dropped because of costs and lack of entries.
It is for that reason as to why the Protocol was, quite properly written, to cover all of the America's Cup World Series, and the two events that comprise the America's Cup Regatta - the Louis Vuitton Cup and the Match itself. There was also the probability that the ACWS would in some way carry qualification points into the Louis Vuitton Cup to add some needle into the preliminary series - thus making it essential that there was an all-embracing Protocol covering a two year period of racing.
Under a shorter sighted approach, the Protocol would have covered the America's Cup Match only, and the measurement issues that occurred in the America's Cup World Series would not have been able to be carried forward as they have, in the Oracle case.
Dalton Amendment
The second came in January 2012 with the introduction of Article 60, the Code of Conduct, into the Protocol, the so-called Dalton Clause, designed to curb comments being made by teams that were interpreted as being negative to the event. Emirates Team NZ's Managing Director Grant Dalton was particularly critical, mainly over campaign costs and claims by Oracle Team USA's CEO Russell Coutts (when the AC72 move was announced) that campaign costs would be reduced by 20% over the previous Cup campaigns. There were other issues such as Challenger numbers which were also being aired, and the introduction of Article 60 was designed to bring an end to the Blame Game.
It is that Dalton Amendment which is now being used by the International Jury to investigate Oracle Team USA. The extent of the Code of Conduct is such that it drills deep in to the teams and events and encompasses everyone associated with the teams and event organisers.
Without the Dalton Amendment, the International Jury would have been limited to just Rule 69.1 - in its amended form for the America's s Cup which extends beyond just a boat (meaning crew) and her owner and extends down into associated individuals.
Red Bull Youth America's Cup Series
The third came with the Red Bull Youth America's Cup, and the checking of the combined fleet of AC45's by an independent team. Only by this process were the slightly heavier kingposts picked up which triggered the report to the Regatta Director, who in turn protested Oracle Team USA.
Without the Red Bull Youth America's Cup, and the access to the checking of the Oracle boats by people outside the team, the illegal AC45's would have remained in Oracle Team USA's possession and the tampering with the kingposts would have gone undetected.
Penalty Options not easy
The question then turns to Penalties - given that Oracle Team USA have admitted in an internal report that three members of their shore team and one member of the sailing team were involved.
The International Jury in this case have said they will not be bound by the options contained in Article 15(d) of the Protocol - however in reality there are not too many other choices.
These include: (i) Censure; (ii) Fine; (iii) order a partial or full forfeiture of a Challenger's performance bond (since written out of the Protocol); (iv) order loss of existing or future points, scores or races; (v) award points or races to another Competitor; (vi) disqualify a Competitor from any race, series or the Event; (vii) order a reduction in the number of sails permitted; and/or (viii) to order the suspension or expulsion of any individual from the Event.
Looking at these options, only a deduction of points in the Match would seem to have any real impact on the Team. While some would see a big fine as an option, the reality is that it has to be commensurate with what has been levied in previous Cups. Also coming to close to the start of the Match it would have little real impact on the team's development. Bear in mind, too, that substantial costs will be levied against Oracle Team USA. In past cases these have gone up to EUR250,000.
The loss of points in the Match seem to be the most likely option. It would also hit the Team as a whole.
Suspension of individuals will have little effect in a two boat campaign - where substitutions can be easily made, and probably have been worked into the team's sailing equation already to cover for injury or similar.
But what ever the outcome of this case, the point remains that at least two and maybe all three of these planets in the vast America's Cup Universe had to align, for this matter to have come to the International Jury's attention.
If you want to link to this article then please use this URL: www.sail-world.com/113912
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The Wrong Place for Lehi's Trail and the Valley of Lemuel
"They're digging in the wrong place!" So goes the famous line from the classic film Raiders of the Lost Ark. The simultaneous exclamation of Indiana Jones and his Egyptian friend Salah (played respectively by Harrison Ford and John Rhys-Davies), the line is a favorite of long-time Near Eastern archaeologists like myself. We never admit to students or laymen that we enjoy the movie—we prefer to appear detached and scientific to those whom we lecture. Instead we watch it in secret, usually on a weekend evening off from the exhausting tasks of our annual excavations. My latest viewing was just last summer, at a private gathering of old friends (all crack field archaeologists themselves) in Jerusalem. Cold drinks and kosher pizza in hand, we again cheered the unlikely adventures of Hollywood's most famous explorer. And we always laugh out loud together every time we hear that line: "They're digging in the wrong place!" We have all experienced what it is like to dig in the wrong place.
Which brings us to the subject at hand—the 2003 book Lehi in the Wilderness by George Potter and Richard Wellington. Lehi in the Wilderness is an ambitious and handsomely illustrated attempt to determine the exact route of Lehi's trail from Jerusalem to Bountiful and to locate precisely the various camps of his party as described in the Book of Mormon text. Potter and Wellington present their findings in a lively and personalized narrative that relates their travels, adventures, and learning experiences in various locations around the Arabian peninsula. Their story is engaging and is also handsomely illustrated with color photographs and maps. But when it comes to some of the sites that, they conclude, were connected with Lehi's journey, to put it simply, "they're digging in the wrong place."
Potter and Wellington were expatriates (American and British respectively) living in Saudi Arabia in 1995 when their Book of Mormon story began. Wellington was an employee of ARAMCO (the Arabian American Oil Company), and Potter was head of his own financial consulting company. Chapter 1 of their adventure takes place "one hot May morning" (p. 1) when they set out into the Saudi desert in search of the so-called Arabian Mount Sinai—Jebel al-Lawz. "Fate" (p. 2) and "providence" (p. 8) combine to lead them to a wadi (desert valley) called Tayyib al-Ism, where they find a small stream of water running through the narrow canyon. Almost immediately, "George surmised that we were walking in the Valley of Lemuel" (p. 10).
The chance discovery of the valley of Lemuel inspired the authors to push forward with further Book of Mormon research. In chapter 2 they visit the modern kingdom of Jordan, where they decide that after leaving Jerusalem, Lehi crossed the Jordan river and traveled south from Amman to the Gulf of Aqaba. His route was not via the Arabah valley nor the famous King's Highway (preferred by other Book of Mormon researchers), but along a desert road much further east, which they identify as the biblical "Way of the Wilderness" of 2 Samuel 15:23.
In chapter 3 the authors return to Tayyib al-Ism, where they explain, point by point, why they think this particular wadi has to have been the valley of Lemuel. A detailed description of the features of the site is compared to the Book of Mormon narrative. They even manage to find an "altar of stones" at the summit of a hill near the valley, just like the one built by Lehi. Potter and Wellington suggest that such altars were dedicated in a special ceremony they call a "Nephi ceremony," which is "perhaps . . . a clue as to the Hebrew origins of Nephi's name" (p. 40).
Rolling down desert highways and byways in their Land Rover, the authors proceed to discover what they believe is more of the exact route Lehi traveled and most of the exact places where he camped, from chapter 4 ("Lehi's Trail to Southern Arabia") on to chapter 9 ("Discovering Nephi's Harbor"). Having mapped every mile of the Book of Mormon's Old World journey, they conclude with "A Tribute to Nephi" (chapter 10) and "A Tribute to Joseph Smith, the Translator" (chapter 11), followed by an impressive list of the "81 new, documented evidences" they claim to have brought to light.
This book is a remarkable read. From the outset, however, it was clear that theories proposed by the authors run counter to textual descriptions in Nephi's own record. In my opinion, entire chapters of Lehi in the Wilderness are unreliable efforts at mapping out the movements of Lehi's party after leaving Jerusalem. In spite of their best efforts and noble intentions, Potter and Wellington miss the mark in terms of some of the most important places Nephi described. Quite simply, "they're digging in the wrong place."
This is not to say that Lehi in the Wilderness is without merit. I learned valuable things from reading about Potter and Wellington's experiences in the Arabian desert. I am convinced that a couple of chapters in the book should become required reading for students researching the topic of Lehi in Arabia. Even if their exact places can be questioned, features of desert life they describe are bound to have been part of Lehi's experience. Additionally, their energy, enthusiasm, forthrightness, and obvious conviction that the Book of Mormon is both spiritually true and factually accurate are all positive aspects of the book.
Although I address areas where I feel Lehi in the Wilderness goes wrong, it is only fair to note where the authors get it right. Chapter 9, "Discovering Nephi's Harbor," is a fascinating treatment. I have studied and taught the story of Nephi building his ship hundreds of times, but I had never considered some of the issues they explore in relating what would have been involved in building a craft large enough and sturdy enough to take a party of more than fifty people and all the provisions they would have needed on a long ocean voyage. I tend to doubt their assertion that Lehi's party brought local Arabians with them across the Pacific, and I remain unconvinced that their Khor Rori location in Oman, east of Salalah, was in fact Nephi's ship-building harbor. But the research into the details of ship building offered in chapter 9 is worth the book's pricey cost.
With regard to Lehi's trail across Arabia, three notable researchers preceded Potter and Wellington in exploring possible Book of Mormon locations on the peninsula—Lynn Hilton, Warren Aston, and Kent Brown. The treatment they receive in the book is uneven. Brown's opinions (and his support of the authors' efforts) are mentioned on numerous occasions. But Aston's ground-breaking work on the locations of both Bountiful and Nahom is barely noted. And Hilton's pioneering efforts to identify the Arabian trail of Lehi are not mentioned. These deficits are difficult to defend in terms of giving credit where credit is due. Potter and Wellington also seem to have a less than glowing opinion of FARMS (with the exception of Brown), judging from their complaints about the organization in their introduction. "Our work seemed to meet with almost universal disapproval among the community of the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) at BYU" (p. xiii). Perhaps some of the reasons for this perceived "disapproval" on the part of a very capable community of Book of Mormon scholars lies in the weaknesses of their models.
Before discussing what I consider to be some errors in Lehi in the Wilderness, I grant a disclaimer of my own: I have no on-the-ground experience in Arabia proper. My desires to visit the area notwithstanding, I have never been granted a visa to travel to Saudi Arabia, Yemen, or Oman. My twenty-five years' experience and travel in the Near East as an archaeologist and teacher have been primarily in Israel, Jordan, Egypt, and the Sinai. This limits my personal knowledge of Book of Mormon-related geography in the Near East to the territory between Jerusalem and the valley of Lemuel. But it is territory with which I am intimately acquainted, and an area in which I proceed (on foot, by jeep, or in print) with confidence. It is in this very area, from Jerusalem to the valley of Lemuel, that Potter and Wellington go astray.
The Route from Jerusalem to the Red Sea
Nephi gives us a short, matter-of-fact statement about the first leg of his family's journey upon leaving Jerusalem: they "departed into the wilderness" and then "came down by the borders near the shore of the Red Sea" (1 Nephi 2:4-5). No further details are given—no names of camps, no description of terrain, no account of difficulties. Unlike the family's journey after leaving the valley of Lemuel, where we are told of the "director" (or Liahona) that aided them, where we are told the names of places they camped, and where we are told of adventures and hardships they experienced, the trip to the Red Sea is treated as a mundane matter of fact. This is probably because it was for them a mundane matter of fact.
Lehi and his sons had probably traveled to the Red Sea's Gulf of Eilat (or Gulf of Aqaba) many times in the years prior to their final departure from Jerusalem. They seem to have known the trail well. It was a regularly traveled route that exited the city to the southeast, into the wilderness of Judah east of Bethlehem and Tekoa, and descended via the Arugot valley to Ein Gedi. From Ein Gedi, the path turned south along the western shore of the Dead Sea and continued straight south through the desert wilderness of the Arabah valley to the Gulf of Eilat. The copper-mining area of Timna was located half a day's journey north of the gulf shore, and other copper-mining sites were located in nearby northern Sinai. It was probably to this area that Lehi and sons had come to mine copper ore and smelt it on-site into ingots for their metal-smithing activities back in Jerusalem (their smithing abilities are frequently noted throughout Nephi's writings).[1]
The distance from Jerusalem to the Gulf of Eilat via the Ein Gedi/Arabah valley route is just under two hundred miles and takes ten days to cover on foot, averaging twenty miles per day.[2] It is not known if Lehi and his family used camels for their desert travel. (They are never mentioned by Nephi, although Potter and Wellington assume throughout their book that camels must have been used.) If camels were employed, it would probably have shortened the travel time (via the Ein Gedi/Arabah valley) by one to two days. South of the Dead Sea, the route passed from Judean territory into Edomite territory, but there is no report of enmity between Edom and Judah from the death of Josiah until well into Zedekiah's reign. There would have been no danger to Lehi's travel parties from hostile neighbors along the Arabah valley. In every respect, the direct route south from Jerusalem to the Red Sea via Ein Gedi and the Arabah valley is the most plausible path for Lehi and his family to have followed. But it is not the path that Potter and Wellington prefer.
A word about alternative proposals is in order before examining their model. Lynn Hilton, who traveled in Arabia in 1975, suggested three different routes from Jerusalem to the Red Sea for Lehi's trail, mainly derived from modern highways in Israel and Jordan. These were first published in the Ensign in 1976 and subsequently in book form.[3] None was exactly the same as the ancient Ein Gedi/Arabah valley route described above, but one was similar—a Jericho/Qumran/Arabah valley route. (Hilton was unaware that travel south from Jericho and Qumran to Ein Gedi along the Dead Sea's western shore was not possible anciently—the modern road along the desert cliffs between Qumran and Ein Gedi was first cut and paved by Israelis only after 1967.)
Hilton's second route was to proceed southwest from Jerusalem via Hebron to Beersheba, then turn east to connect to the Arabah valley south of the Dead Sea. This was an unlikely and out-of-the-way route but was more practical than the third he proposed, which was to travel east from Jerusalem across the Jordan River to the area of modern Amman, Jordan (the ancient capital of Ammon), and then turn south to travel along the ancient King's Highway past Kerak and Petra to Aqaba. The difficulties with the King's Highway route are well known. Its path ran through territories controlled by Ammon and Moab, kingdoms that were enemies to Judah at the time of Lehi's trek. It is also much longer than the preferable Ein Gedi/Arabah valley route.
Traveling the practical and most likely route from Jerusalem straight south to the Red Sea via the Ein Gedi/Arabah valley route could be likened to a modern driving trip from Salt Lake City south to Phoenix. There is a direct and practical path for both journeys. By contrast, traveling from Jerusalem to the Red Sea via the King's Highway would be like driving from Salt Lake City to Phoenix via Denver—the eastward loop is a much longer and quite unnecessary addition to the route.
But now let us consider the route proposed in Lehi in the Wilderness. Potter and Wellington suggest that "Lehi would have wished to travel quickly, so he would no doubt have chosen an existing route" (p. 21). True, but they also maintain that "because the Jews were actively seeking Lehi's life" (p. 19) he would have needed "to escape Zedekiah's sphere of influence as quickly as possible" (p. 21). They therefore rule out any travel through Judah and dismiss the Arabah valley route without even discussing its merits. In addition, they give no hint that they even explored the route. Instead, they posit that Lehi traveled eastward from Jerusalem across the Jordan River, as in Hilton's third option, but rather than having Lehi travel south along the King's Highway (which they believe was too heavily settled and farmed to be described as "wilderness"), they opt for a route that lies even further to the east. This route, which passes from Amman to Ma'an through Jordan's east desert fringe, is identified in the book as the "Way of the Wilderness" spoken of in 2 Samuel 15:23. Potter and Wellington drove along this route, suggesting that Lehi must have come this way, turning southwest at Ma'an to descend through the mountains to Aqaba (see p. 22).
The problems with this scenario are significant. First of all, if traveling from Jerusalem to the Red Sea via the King's Highway would be like driving from Salt Lake City to Phoenix by way of Denver, then a trip from Jerusalem to Aqaba on the route suggested by Potter and Wellington would be like going from Salt Lake City to Phoenix via Kansas! In terms of time, expense, effort, danger, or any issues of practical geography, it makes no sense at all. The route is well over a hundred miles longer (a significant issue on foot or on camel), and, like the King's Highway, it passed through territories of two known enemies of Judah (Ammon and Moab). It was also surely terra incognita to Lehi.
Second, the "Way of the Wilderness" name that Potter and Wellington take from 2 Samuel 15:23 is misapplied. King David is said to have "passed over the brook Kidron . . . toward the way of the wilderness." The "brook Kidron" is the valley east of Jerusalem's Old City, and the "way of the wilderness" refers to the desert path one encounters just over the Mount of Olives (cf. 2 Samuel 15:30). Perhaps they thought that when David was passing over the "brook Kidron" to the "way of the wilderness" he was passing over the Jordan River. But David's fording of the Jordan did not occur until two chapters later (cf. 2 Samuel 17:22), and there is no mention of "the way of the wilderness" in an east-of-Jordan context. Potter and Wellington have simply misread the passage and misused the biblical "way of the wilderness" phrase. It has no reference to a path in eastern Jordan.
A third problematic issue is the idea that Lehi would have wanted to avoid Judean territory. Potter and Wellington's claim that crossing the Jordan and taking an eastern Jordanian wilderness road somehow avoided travel through land that was in "Zedekiah's sphere of influence" (p. 21), while a route south through the Arabah valley did not, is incorrect. Judean territory in the period we are discussing extended east from Jerusalem all the way to the Jordan River, and possibly as far east as the foothills of Mount Nebo.[4] Whether Lehi journeyed from Jerusalem southeast down to Ein Gedi or from Jerusalem slightly northeast down to the Jordan River, in either case he was within the borders of Judah. To cross the Jordan River to Ammon, Lehi would have had to pass through as much of "Zedekiah's sphere of influence" as he would going from Jerusalem to the Arabah valley via Ein Gedi.
Curiously, Potter and Wellington bring up the fact that John the Baptist was "preaching in the wilderness of Judea" (Matthew 3:1). They then locate that event at Wadi el-Kharrar, a site just east of the Jordan River, which they visited. Lehi must have crossed the Jordan at this point, they claim (p. 21). But in doing so, they get caught in a geographical contradiction: In saying el-Kharrar is in the wilderness of Judea, and in saying Lehi traveled by way of el-Kharrar, they are saying that Lehi indeed traveled in the wilderness in Judah (Judea). But travel in Judah is exactly what they say Lehi would not have wanted to do. Avoiding travel in Judah was the reason they gave for maintaining that Lehi would not have journeyed south to the Red Sea via the Arabah valley (pp. 19-20). The authors cannot have it both ways on this issue.
In fact, Potter and Wellington (like others before them) probably overstate the actual danger to Lehi in Judah. While it is true that some in Jerusalem had sought to take Lehi's life (1 Nephi 1:20; 2:1), these may have been spontaneous attempts of individuals angry with his prophecies, not necessarily a conspiracy in which Zedekiah or the government was involved. Once outside the big city, on the wilderness paths to either Jericho or Ein Gedi, Lehi was probably as secure as anyone else traveling the byways of Judah.
In any case, that there was probably no plot against the family of Lehi seems obvious from the fact that when his sons returned to Jerusalem to get the plates of brass, they had no trouble obtaining an initial audience with Laban (see 1 Nephi 3:4-12). Nor was any danger reported in returning to Jerusalem to convince Ishmael's family to join Lehi's party (see 1 Nephi 7:2-5). Judah was probably not the wholesale hotbed of hostility to Lehi and his family that many commentaries have assumed.
By contrast, Ammon and Moab, two kingdoms through which the authors maintain Lehi traveled on their "Way of the Wilderness," were quite hostile to Judah in this period (cf. 2 Kings 24:2), and Jews journeying through their territories would place themselves at considerable risk. It is highly unlikely that Lehi could have passed through those kingdoms with a fraction of the security he would have still enjoyed in his native Judean territory.
One final note on the trail to the Red Sea: When Nephi and his brothers twice traveled back up to Jerusalem, they seem to have done so along the same route that Lehi took on the way down. Like the initial journey to the Red Sea, these trips were matter-of-factly noted (see 1 Nephi 3:9; 4:38; 7:3, 5) without any of the descriptions we see in the post-valley of Lemuel travel narrative. The fact that Nephi and his brothers traveled without their father, the time and means (including food and fodder) those journeys must have cost, and the unanticipated difficulties that occurred on those trips all combine to suggest that the shortest and most practical route between Jerusalem and the Red Sea was the one Lehi's family utilized. That route would be the Ein Gedi/Arabah valley route, not the much longer, less logical, and misnamed "Way of the Wilderness" suggested in Lehi in the Wilderness. In terms of Lehi's trail to the Red Sea, Potter and Wellington are simply "digging in the wrong place."
The Borders Near (and Nearer) the Red Sea
Nephi's description that Lehi "came down by the borders near the Red Sea" is immediately followed by the explanation that he "traveled . . . in the borders which are nearer the Red Sea" (1 Nephi 2:5). What Nephi could have meant by his use of the term borders has been extensively discussed. In what way were the "borders near the Red Sea" different from "the borders which are nearer the Red Sea"? My own sense of this is that by using whatever word wound up being translated as "borders" Nephi was trying to say limits—specifically, the limits of dry land as one comes closer to the sea. By "borders near the Red Sea" Nephi would simply have been referring to a place near the Gulf of Eilat coast, but not right on the coast. The area between Eilat and the copper mining area at Timna would qualify as such a place. By describing "borders which are nearer the Red Sea," Nephi would have been indicating that Lehi traveled very near the Red Sea beach—not right on the seashore (or he would have used the word seashore, as in 1 Nephi 17:6) but along a path perhaps a hundred meters or so inland from the beach. This desert path, very near the beach (but not right on the seashore), was still referred to as "wilderness" by Nephi, and Lehi traveled down this path for three days (1 Nephi 2:6) before coming to the valley he would call Lemuel. The valley was a wadi in the desert mountains fronting the Red Sea coast, just a few hundred meters from the seashore.
Lehi in the Wilderness takes a much different approach to Nephi's "borders"; it is another case where I think the authors are "digging in the wrong place." Their way of dealing with "borders" is to interpret the term as mountains. They noticed that two lines of mountains run north to south parallel to the Red Sea coast. "It was just like Nephi had written," the authors explain. "There are two mountain ranges (borders), one near the Red Sea (Gulf of Aqaba of the Red Sea), and one nearer the Red Sea" (p. 5). In this model, their valley of Lemuel (Tayyib al-Ism) was discovered by Lehi not along the coast, but miles inland from the seashore, deep inside the westernmost of the two mountain ranges.
This borders-equals-mountains model is almost intriguing, until one realizes how Potter and Wellington arrived at it. Here we will let them state their own case, because no contextual rephrasing could do it justice:
We learned from the Arabs that the name of the mountains in northwest Arabia, the Hejaz, meant the "borders." In the Semitic language, the words for mountain and borders share a common derivation. That is, the Hebrew word gebul means border. Gebul cognates with Arabic jabal (jebel, djebel), which means mountain. Later we read that linguist and historian Hugh W. Nibley had published this fact many years earlier. Subsequently, Dr. Nibley informed us that also in the ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian languages the word borders meant mountains. (p. 3)
What they mean when they say "the Semitic language" is not clarified. I have some experience in ancient Near Eastern languages, but I have never heard of "the Semitic language." As for the observation that the Hebrew term "cognates [sic] with Arabic," the reference for note 1—an endnote following chapter 1—reads as follows:
Anonymous F.A.R.M.S. review notes to the author, July 1998. The author of this critique of George's early work noted, "But the Hebrew word is used of non-mountainous areas as well, though its origin may have been in reference to mountain barriers." Also reviewer's notes from F.A.R.M.S./BYU to authors, 1999. (p. 12)
There does not seem to be any genuine expertise in Hebrew involved here. Certainly Potter and Wellington are not trained Hebraists. And the anonymous reviewer misled them if he/she communicated to them that the Hebrew word for border could somehow be translated as "mountain" in addition to "non-mountainous areas as well."
The Hebrew term that Potter and Wellington render as "gebul" (it is actually pronounced gvul) does not mean "mountain." It never did mean "mountain." That the Hebrew term gvul is cognate to the Arabic term jebel is true enough. But because two words of related languages may be consonantally cognate does not require that they mean the same thing. Arabic jebel means "mountain," but Hebrew gvul does not—it means "border" or "limit." Gvul appears hundreds of times in the Hebrew Bible, in both singular and plural form, and in not a single one of those contexts does the word mean "mountain." Gvul is also never translated in the KJV English Bible as "mountain." Gvul does not mean "mountain."
In Hebrew, the term for mountain is har, and the plural term for "mountains" is harim. These terms also appear hundreds of times in the Hebrew Bible. In the Book of Mormon, when Nephi wanted to indicate a mountain he did so by saying "mountain" (see 1 Nephi 11:1; 16:30; 17:7, and "mount" in 18:3). Presumably, Nephi used the Hebrew word har when he wanted to say "mountain," and he used the plural word gvulot (the plural of gvul) when he wanted to say "borders." The two terms are not interchangeable, nor are they liable to be confused by anyone who speaks Hebrew. Gvulot does not mean "mountains." This fact will weigh in when assessing Potter and Wellington's candidate for the valley of Lemuel.
A different usage of the word borders occurs in 1 Nephi 2:8. Speaking of both the river Laman and the valley of Lemuel, Nephi reported: "the valley was in the borders near the mouth thereof." This plainly means that the entrance to the valley of Lemuel was located on land at a point near the mouth of the river (i.e., close to where the river emptied into the sea). This indicates that the valley access was located not deep inside a mountain range (as in this model) but very close to the seashore—not right at the seashore, but perhaps within a hundred meters or so. This description, too, will be important in assessing the authors' candidate for the valley and the nature of the river that ran in that valley.
The Valley of Lemuel and the River Laman
Tayyib al-Ism is the crown jewel of Potter and Wellington's discoveries in Lehi in the Wilderness. They lead with the story of their discovery, and they follow up with a detailed description of the site, including all the evidence they discern that assures them they have found the actual camp of Lehi. "How can we be certain that the wadi Tayyib al-Ism is the Book of Mormon's Valley of Lemuel?" they confidently ask. "The answer is easy," we are told. "Nephi made detailed assertions about the valley and its river." And, we are assured, "the wadi Tayyib al-Ism matches all these characteristics perfectly" (p. 31).
But it does not. In one very specific instance—the fact that its small stream has no mouth—the wadi flatly fails to match Nephi's description. And in other respects, such as coastal inaccessibility, its distance from the gulf's north shore, and the difficulty of locating its inland access, the wadi presents problems when considered in the context of Nephi's report.
From a layout and graphics perspective, Lehi in the Wilderness is a pleasure to read. Most chapters are enhanced not only with color photographs, but with excellent maps. The exceptions are the two chapters on Tayyib al-Ism, where no maps are provided to help the reader understand the location and nature of the wadi, its river, and its relation to the ocean and shoreline. This is a rather glaring deficit, in view of the fact that the valley is the jewel of the book.
To fill this gap, I consulted Potter's 1999 article on Tayyib al-Ism in the Journal of Book of Mormon Studies,[5] which relates much of the same information found in Lehi in the Wilderness. The article featured a general map of the Gulf of Eilat (or Gulf of Aqaba) along with a close-up diagram map of the wadi and its river course. These helpful maps, or something like them, should certainly have been included in the book. Such maps would aid the reader in terms of spatially understanding the writers' valley of Lemuel candidate. On the other hand, the maps provide clues that Potter and Wellington are again "digging in the wrong place."
The difficulties of identifying Tayyib al-Ism with the valley of Lemuel include its inaccessibility from the coast and its difficult-to-find inland access. Potter and Wellington attempt to mitigate these issues with their "borders = mountains" proposition, but this approach has already been demonstrated untenable. The fact that its inland access was 74 miles from Aqaba (via their Land Rover) suggests that it was not only difficult to find, but too far for Lehi's group to have traveled in just three days.
The perennial stream Potter and Wellington found on their first trip into Tayyib al-Ism was the feature that initially convinced them they had found the valley of Lemuel (pp. 9-10). When addressing his son Laman, Lehi exclaimed: "O that thou mightest be like unto this river, continually running into the fountain of all righteousness" (1 Nephi 2:9). It is easy to see why some would think this statement is describing the river Laman as a continually flowing brook. (I admit that I used to think this myself.) And it is easy to understand why Potter and Wellington would think they had found the river Laman when they determined that the Tayyib al-Ism stream flows perennially.
But a perennial stream is not required to fulfill Nephi's description or Lehi's exclamation. Lehi said "continually running," not "continually flowing." A Near Eastern wadi's streambed can run all the way to the sea whether water happens to be flowing in it or not. I have no doubt that water was flowing when Lehi made his statement (which may have been during the winter months). But whether or not water was flowing in that stream six months later does not make or break the issue in terms of identifying the site of the valley of Lemuel. The streambed itself would have been a continually running course to the ocean for the wadi's water, whether seasonal or perennial.
Winter rains begin in the Sinai and Gulf of Eilat region as early as November and continue until as late as April, so that in any given year some of the seasonal streams in the region's wadis could conceivably flow as long as five months. All of the events and travel in the story of Lehi's family at the valley of Lemuel, from their arrival in 1 Nephi 2 to their departure in 1 Nephi 16, can be easily accommodated in a four-month (nineteen-week) period.[6] If Lehi's party arrived at the valley in late November and departed in early April, their stay would easily fit a four-month time frame. While some commentaries have suggested that Lehi's family stayed an entire year or more at the valley (which would require a perennial stream for their water source), this is not demanded by Nephi's account. A winter stay of no more than nineteen weeks, utilizing a seasonal stream flow, is quite plausible.
So the fact that the stream at Tayyib al-Ism flows perennially is certainly not proof that the wadi was the valley of Lemuel. But another aspect of that stream is certain evidence that the site could not have been the valley of Lemuel. The stream has no mouth into the Red Sea. Nephi reported that the river Laman "emptied into the Red Sea" and that the valley was "near the mouth" of the stream (1 Nephi 2:8). But the stream at Tayyib al-Ism terminates nearly half a mile inland from the beach, far up the canyon. This should seal the case against Tayyib al-Ism.
Potter and Wellington recognize that this is a problem. Their solution for dealing with this inconsistency is one of the more remarkable theories put forth in the entire book. They suggest that the mountainous land mass on the Gulf of Eilat's east coast is two hundred to four hundred feet higher now than it was in Lehi's time! An "LDS geologist" informed them that the lowest part of their wadi and the beach at its west end were actually submerged under hundreds of feet of water at the time of Lehi (pp. 38-39). The Red Sea supposedly ran inland through the wadi back then, to a point where it met the Tayyib al-Ism stream. Thus, they claim, their river actually did empty into the Red Sea anciently, when the Arabian coastal land mass was as much as four hundred feet lower than it is now (and the current beach far under water).
How is this possible? Plate tectonics. The "LDS geologist" informed them that the tectonic plate that forms the east side of the great Rift Valley (of which the Gulf of Eilat is part) has been thrusting up "one to five centimeters per year" (p. 39). Multiplying 5 centimeters by the 2,600 years since Lehi's time results in a total of 13,000 centimeters (that is, 130 meters, or some 425 feet). Thus the current beach at their site was deep under water in Lehi's time, and the mountain ridge that is now four hundred feet above sea level was right at sea level back then. The ocean waters, they say, ran east into the granite canyon back in 600 BC, and then turned north to meet the stream.
But this theory is problematic. It is well known that tectonic movement is not constant. There have been long periods of time when the plates of the Rift Valley did not move at all. Archaeological evidence suggests that the eastern plate of the Rift Valley has moved less than one hundred feet since 1000 BC. And when the plate moves upward, it does not rise only in the Tayyib al-Ism area—it moves upward all along the eastern side of the Rift. But if current shorelines had been even two hundred feet lower in the Iron Age than they are now, many well-known ancient settlements along the Rift's eastern shorelines could not have existed. On the Red Sea, the ancient port settlement of Ezion Geber (whose excavated remains are found at Tell el-Kheleifeh, near the modern city of Aqaba) would have been an uninhabitable underwater site.[7] Further north, on the shore of the Dead Sea, the ancient site of Bab edh-Dhra would have been just beneath the lake's salty water, and the entire lissan or "tongue" of the Dead Sea would have been deeply submerged, making the suggested travel from Moab to Judah (see 2 Chronicles 20:2) across that partial land bridge impossible.[8] The settlement of Zereth-shahar would have been a submerged site.[9] In the Jordan River valley, sites such as Adam, Zaphon (Tell es-Sa'idiyeh), and Sha'ar ha-Golan would have been far underground. And even further north, at the Sea of Galilee, Iron Age lakeshore sites at Ein Gev, Tel Hadar, Bethsaida, and other locations would have been at the bottom of the lake, and the towns at those sites never built.[10] But archaeological research at these sites indicates that they were not submerged or subsurface and that the eastern plate of the Rift was not two to four hundred feet lower in 600 BC, as the book claims. This means that the narrow stream in Tayyib al-Ism did not have a mouth that met the Red Sea. In 600 BC, as today, that stream terminated beneath the sands of the high walled granite canyon nearly half a mile inland from the ocean shore. It simply could not have been the river Laman as described by Nephi.
Let us assume, though, that Wadi Tayyib al-Ism was two to four hundred feet lower in 600 BC than it is today and that its stream did in fact meet the Red Sea's waters inside the "granite canyon." Even if this had been the case, the valley itself would still have failed to meet Nephi's description. Nephi noted that the valley of Lemuel "was in the borders near the mouth thereof"—that is, near the mouth of the river Laman (1 Nephi 2:8). This means that the entrance to the valley of Lemuel was not right at the mouth of the river, nor was the mouth of the river in the valley itself. The mouth of the river, where it met the Red Sea, has to have been outside the valley, not exactly at the valley entrance or in the valley. The valley has to have been near the river's mouth, not right there at the mouth. There has to have been a short distance (perhaps a hundred meters or so) between the mouth of the river (where it met the sea) and the rising mountains in which the valley entrance was located. No realistic assessment of the features of Tayyib al-Ism and its stream can match Nephi's description. The site cannot have been the valley of Lemuel. Potter and Wellington's sincere and impressive efforts notwithstanding, "they're digging in the wrong place."
But there are a number of sites along the Gulf of Eilat's eastern shoreline that do meet the general description given by Nephi. My own guess is that one of the wadis near the shore at Bir Marsha would be the strongest candidate for the actual valley of Lemuel. Why Bir Marsha? Because it is the furthest point south that one can travel along the east shore of the Gulf of Eilat. About fifty miles south of Ezion Geber, along that shoreline, high mountain cliffs jut out into the sea, cutting off the coastal path just south of Bir Marsha.
It would take at least two days for Lehi's party to cover those fifty miles on camels. If they proceeded more slowly (looking for a campsite) or if any were traveling on foot, it would take the group three days to go from the Ezion Geber area to Bir Marsha. They would then have pitched their tents in a secluded canyon in the mountain face just a few hundred meters from the Bir Marsha shoreline. With a seasonal winter stream running in the wadi to provide them with water, Lehi then gave the small river and the high walled valley the names of his two eldest sons.
Potter and Wellington actually visited Bir Marsha on one occasion. In his Journal of Book of Mormon Studies article, Potter noted that they could only drive forty-four miles south of Aqaba before meeting the cliffs at Bir Marsha that cut off further coastal travel.[11] They then turned eastward, driving their Land Rover another thirty miles through the interior mountain passes to the upper access of Tayyib al-Ism. Their total of seventy-four miles would be essentially impossible for Lehi's party to have traveled in just three days, especially along the unfamiliar and twisting inland wadis. That the authors passed by Bir Marsha on their journey is ironic. They really did visit a viable valley of Lemuel candidate—without realizing it.
A Genuinely Rewarding Experience
Despite the foregoing refutations of Potter and Wellington's theories, I genuinely enjoyed reading this book. The more closely I examined it, the more I found myself pondering the miracle that is our Book of Mormon. And the more I disagreed with it, the more I grew to appreciate George Potter, Richard Wellington, and their wives, families, and friends who joined them in their research—even though I have not yet met them. The spirit of adventure and sacrifice embodied in their efforts is remarkable. I know something of the effort and expense, the time and sacrifice, and even the occasional personal danger involved in travel and research "on the ground" in the Near East. Potter and Wellington are to be congratulated on their work.
The contrasting models of scriptural events and locations posited by a first generation of explorers have peculiar ways of leading students of future generations to different but genuinely correct conclusions. Though my own observations differ from those presented in Lehi in the Wilderness, after reading the book I felt as I do when I have engaged in a fascinating and friendly debate with good friends and colleagues. I learned a great deal from reading the experiences and testimonies of Potter and Wellington and suspect that any intelligent reader would be similarly rewarded.
[1] For a detailed description of the possible metal mining, smelting, and smithing activities of Lehi and his sons and the connection to the Red Sea area, see Jeffrey R. Chadwick, "Lehi's House at Jerusalem and the Land of His Inheritance" in Glimpses of Lehi's Jerusalem, ed. John W. Welch, David Rolph Seely, and Jo Ann H. Seely (Provo, UT: FARMS, 2004), 113-17.
[2] See D. Kelly Ogden and Jeffrey R. Chadwick, The Holy Land—A Geographical, Historical, and Archaeological Guide to the Land of the Bible (Jerusalem: BYU Jerusalem Center/HaMakor, 1990), 39. During the 1980s and 1990s the Jerusalem/Ein Gedi/Arabah valley route to the Gulf of Eilat was explored in its entirety on foot in separate projects by Ogden and Chadwick, who served as Near Eastern studies professors at BYU's Jerusalem Center for Near Eastern Studies.
[3] Lynn M. Hilton and Hope A. Hilton, In Search of Lehi's Trail (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1976). See also Lynn M. Hilton and Hope A. Hilton, "In Search of Lehi's Trail," Ensign, September 1976, 32-54, and October 1976, 34-63; Lynn M. Hilton, Discovering Lehi (Springville, UT: Cedar Fort, 1996).
[4] See The Macmillan Bible Atlas, 3rd ed., ed. Yohanan Aharoni, Michael Avi-Yonah, Anson R. Rainey, and Ze'ev Safrai (New York: Macmillan, 1993), 122, map 158.
[5] George Potter, "A New Candidate in Arabia for the Valley of Lemuel," Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 8/1 (1999): 54-63, 79.
[6] A four-month (nineteen-week) stay at the valley of Lemuel, from mid-November to mid-April, would include two weeks of initial camp setup; two weeks' travel back to Jerusalem to visit Laban; one week to go to the land of inheritance to obtain gold and silver to buy the plates, then return to Jerusalem; one week to be robbed by Laban, chased into the wilderness, and return to Jerusalem to finally take the plates; two weeks for the return trip to the valley of Lemuel; two weeks for Lehi to study the plates of brass; two weeks to return to Jerusalem a second time to visit Ishmael; one week to convince and prepare his family for departure; two weeks to return again to the valley of Lemuel; one week in which Lehi experienced his vision and related it to his family; one week in which Nephi experienced the same vision and taught his brothers; one week to prepare and perform marriages of Lehi's sons to Ishmael's daughters; and one week to break camp and depart the valley.
[7] The eighth- and seventh-century BC levels at Tell el-Kheleifeh are discussed by Amihai Mazar in Archaeology of the Land of the Bible (New York: Doubleday, 1990), 450-51.
[8] See The Macmillan Bible Atlas, 98, map 129.
[9] See The Macmillan Bible Atlas, 61, map 71.
[10] See site maps on the front and back covers of volumes 1 and 2 in The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land (Jerusalem: Carta/Israel Exploration Society, 1993).
[11] Potter, "New Candidate in Arabia for the Valley of Lemuel," 60.


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The over-arching mission of the Animal Models of inflammatory Disease Core is to support investigators of the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Community in the use of experimental animal settings of rheumatic diseases, autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory processes. In so doing, the Core will promote advances in the understanding and treatment of arthritic and auto-inflammatory diseases. Animal models, particularly those involving murine systems, have emerged as powerful tools in arthritis and autoimmune research due to the fact that any gene identified as a candidate "disease modifier" can be easily manipulated in mice through either "gene-targeting" or standard transgenic technologies. In providing an in vivo experimental system amenable to investigator-imposed genetic alterations (e.g., loss-of-function or gain-of function), animal models offer the unique opportunity (not available in human subjects) to test hypotheses focused on identifying the fundamental mechanisms that drive auto-inflammatory disease. Animal models offer the ability of collecting entire tissues (i.e., whole joints) for detailed analyses of biochemical, immunological, pathological and gene expression properties, and as well as performing comprehensive temporal analyses of disease progression. The utility of animal models has been highlighted by the fact that these experimental systems have often provided the early proof-of-principle for some of the most powerful therapeutic strategies (e.g., anti-cytokine therapies such as TNF blockers). Finally, many animal models of arthritis and other auto-inflammatory diseases are available with distinct etiologies (e.g., adaptive immune driven vs. cytokine driven), and thus provide a variety of distinct frameworks to study these complex disease processes.
The Specific Aims of the Animal Models of Inflammatory Diseases Core are to (i) provide technical expertise and starter reagents to investigators interested in animal models of auto-inflammatory disease (i.e., arthritis, neuroinflammatory disease, and dermatomyositis), and (ii) provide material assistance in the generation and characterization of both transgenic and gene-targeted mice that will be instructive with regard to the development and progression of auto-inflammatory disease. This core serves as the perfect complement to ongoing basic and clinical studies (e.g., immunology, informatics, and gene discovery) of the Cincinnati Rheumatic Diseases Core Center Research Base.
|Raghu, Harini; Jone, Alice; Cruz, Carolina et al. (2014) Plasminogen is a joint-specific positive or negative determinant of arthritis pathogenesis in mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 66:1504-16
|Boespflug, Nicholas D; Kumar, Sachin; McAlees, Jaclyn W et al. (2014) ATF3 is a novel regulator of mouse neutrophil migration. Blood 123:2084-93
|Moreno-Fernandez, Maria E; Joedicke, Jara J; Chougnet, Claire A (2014) Regulatory T Cells Diminish HIV Infection in Dendritic Cells - Conventional CD4(+) T Cell Clusters. Front Immunol 5:199
|Donnelly, Jessica M; Engevik, Amy; Feng, Rui et al. (2014) Mesenchymal stem cells induce epithelial proliferation within the inflamed stomach. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 306:G1075-88
|Cole, Heather A; Ohba, Tetsuro; Nyman, Jeffry S et al. (2014) Fibrin accumulation secondary to loss of plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis drives inflammatory osteoporosis in mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 66:2222-33
|Huang, Wenting; Kachapati, Kritika; Adams, David et al. (2014) Murine autoimmune cholangitis requires two hits: cytotoxic KLRG1(+) CD8 effector cells and defective T regulatory cells. J Autoimmun 50:123-34
|Patel, Zubin H; Kottyan, Leah C; Lazaro, Sara et al. (2014) The struggle to find reliable results in exome sequencing data: filtering out Mendelian errors. Front Genet 5:16
|Ardoin, Stacy P; Schanberg, Laura Eve; Sandborg, Christy I et al. (2014) Secondary analysis of APPLE study suggests atorvastatin may reduce atherosclerosis progression in pubertal lupus patients with higher C reactive protein. Ann Rheum Dis 73:557-66
|Suzuki, Takuji; Mayhew, Christopher; Sallese, Anthony et al. (2014) Use of induced pluripotent stem cells to recapitulate pulmonary alveolar proteinosis pathogenesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 189:183-93
|Donnelly, Jessica M; Engevik, Amy C; Engevik, Melinda et al. (2014) Gastritis promotes an activated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell with a phenotype reminiscent of a cancer-promoting cell. Dig Dis Sci 59:569-82
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By TYLER JAMES - Follow me @TJamesNDI | South Bend Tribune
February 27, 2013
Sam Mustipher thought he still had something to prove. When the junior offensive lineman visited Notre Dame in January, he came with the hope of getting to know the Irish coaching staff and putting a good foot forward for an offer somewhere down the line. But while he was on Notre Dame's campus, he was told to meet Brian Kelly in his office. During a conversation with Mustipher and his father, Kelly extended a scholarship offer. "Honestly on that visit I wasn't expecting that offer," Mustipher said.
Notre Dame football: Irish play confidence game
By AL LESAR | South Bend Tribune
September 3, 2012
Maybe Notre Dame's most negative play Saturday revealed its most positive improvement. Football can be funny that way. A communication gaffe between quarterback Everett Golson and left tackle Zack Martin allowed Navy's Keegan Wetzel to come free from Golson's blind side and bury him for an eight-yard sack. Last year during the "season of the turnover," the ball would have squirted out, Wetzel would have grabbed it and returned it for a touchdown. This year, Golson secured the ball, took the loss, and lived to fight again.
Notre Dame football: No QB controversy
By BOB WIENEKE | South Bend Tribune
September 8, 2012
SOUTH BEND - Through three-plus quarters, he was largely a spectator. Boos, by the home crowd, were sent his way. His final line of 3-of-8 passing for 35 yards could certainly be considered underwhelming. Was there anyone, though, who was more talked about following Notre Dame's 20-17 victory over Purdue at Notre Dame Stadium than quarterback Tommy Rees? Probably not. Rees, who started 16 games over his first two seasons but was suspended for the season-opener after a May altercation with South Bend police, entered the game for ND's final offensive drive and managed to get the Irish into field-goal position.
Practices focused on keeping Irish fresh
August 8, 2011
SOUTH BEND Long gone are the days of the "Junction Boys." More than a half century ago, the infancy of college football's modern era, preseason practices were a war of attrition, rather than a preparation for the ultimate goal. Water during a workout was perceived as a weakness. Sun-up to sun-down, nothing but full contact, full-speed ahead. Oh, how times have changed. Heck, it wasn't that long ago that Notre Dame's preseason regimen consisted of at least two straight weeks of twice-daily practices.
Notre Dame football: Irish searching for an Alabama hole
By BOB WIENEKE - Follow me @bobwienekeNDI | South Bend Tribune
January 6, 2013
You've no doubt heard of fast-paced offenses being dubbed "basketball on grass." When late Monday night/early Tuesday morning rolls around, after Notre Dame and Alabama play in the BCS Championship Game, we may be talking about "baseball in shoulder pads." "If we win this game 3-2, we're good," Irish offensive coordinator Chuck Martin said. The way these two teams play defense, a winning score in single digits, while not likely, isn't out of the question. Notre Dame is the nation's stingiest defense, allowing an average of 10.3.
Notre Dame football: Hanratty battling to make his mark
By TYLER JAMES - Follow me @TJamesNDI | South Bend Tribune
April 13, 2013
SOUTH BEND -- The Hanratty name already has its place in Notre Dame football lore. This spring, Conor Hanratty is working to carve out a legacy of his own. His father, Terry, left Notre Dame following the 1968 season after three years as the starting quarterback, winning a national championship in 1966 and earning consensus All-America status in his final season. Now, after two seasons as a reserve offensive lineman, Conor Hanratty is emerging as the front-runner for the starting right guard position a few weeks into spring practice.
Notre Dame football: Our sport's a mystery to Irish media
Al Lesar | Commentary
August 30, 2012
DUBLIN -- More than half of the 55,000 fans in Aviva Stadium on Saturday will be hell-bent on a successful start to the season for either Navy or Notre Dame. The rest might be getting their first taste of the curiosity called college football. This American football is a head-scratcher for a lot of the locals. Sometimes, the game is taken for granted by us angry Americans -- 11 players for each team on the field; a touchdown is worth six points; the field is 100 yards long; don't even try to explain the difference among offense, defense and special teams.
Notre Dame football: Hegarty challenging for playing time after stroke scare
ERIC HANSEN | South Bend Tribune
April 8, 2013
SOUTH BEND - He is climbing now for the most part, chasing Nick Martin on the depth chart for the starting center spot but still taking a step back every now and then. It's not the consummate football future, but at least Matt Hegarty has one. In the days and hours fol-lowing the Notre Dame foot-ball team's Nov. 8 walk-through for Boston College, he first lost the ability to speak. Later, he couldn't take notes. And in the interim, his breathing was shallow. The Irish junior would find out later he was suffering a stroke, but in the moment the scariest part was not knowing what was happening.
Uccess and failure on the offensive...
October 8, 2010
SOUTH BEND S uccess and failure on the offensive line are separated by milliseconds. No time to think. See. Recognize. React. Five games into his college football career, Notre Dame left tackle Zack Martin knows the drill. At 6-foot-4 and 290 pounds, the sophomore is the Irish line's big money man. Guardian of the blind side. Trusted to keep quarterback Dayne Crist clean and upright. It's been a daily challenge. From Chatard High in Indianapolis to Notre Dame Stadium, with a year on the scout team in between, Martin has been able to handle the growth process with limited detours.
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|"Mayank Bansal (JIRA)" <j...@apache.org>
|[jira] [Created] (MAPREDUCE-4305) Implement delay scheduling in capacity scheduler for improving data locality
|Fri, 01 Jun 2012 22:15:22 GMT
Mayank Bansal created MAPREDUCE-4305: ---------------------------------------- Summary: Implement delay scheduling in capacity scheduler for improving data locality Key: MAPREDUCE-4305 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/MAPREDUCE-4305 Project: Hadoop Map/Reduce Issue Type: New Feature Reporter: Mayank Bansal Assignee: Mayank Bansal Capacity Scheduler data local tasks are about 40%-50% which is not good. While my test with 70 node cluster i consistently get data locality around 40-50% on a free cluster. I think we need to implement something like delay scheduling in the capacity scheduler for improving the data locality. http://radlab.cs.berkeley.edu/publication/308 After implementing the delay scheduling on Hadoop 22 I am getting 100 % data locality in free cluster and around 90% data locality in busy cluster. Thanks, Mayank -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. If you think it was sent incorrectly, please contact your JIRA administrators: https://issues.apache.org/jira/secure/ContactAdministrators!default.jspa For more information on JIRA, see: http://www.atlassian.com/software/jira
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Conversation or monologue? on advising heterodox economists
This paper suggests that heterodox economists should not think of themselves as economists first, and only secondarily as heterodox, and must emphasize methodological issues, in particular the different assumptions (or axioms) implicit in their theories vis-Ã -vis the mainstream. The paper argues that the notion of a cutting edge of the mainstream, which is breaking up with orthodoxy, is misleading. The role of the cutting edge is to allow the mainstream to sound reasonable when talking about reality, while orthodoxy provides authority to the cutting edge. The cutting edge is essential for the mainstream and remains firmly based on orthodox grounds.
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Volume (Year): 32 (2010)
Issue (Month): 3 (April)
Pages: 389-396
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I'm sure almost everyone has old unwanted things that will soon be disposed of.
If you have knitted T-shirts, it's best to link them from the mat, you send in the trash.
So, before you start knitting a rug,you must first prepare the working material, in our case - a knitted stripes. Take an old T-shirt and cut them into strips, the thickness of which must be leveled 1-1.5 centimeters. Then pull them over the edge. So they are rounded, and with them will be much easier to work. It remains obrazovashuyusya thread to connect together and pull up into a ball.
For crochet rug, we need a couple of balls knitted stripes of different colors and a hook number 15.
CCH - a column with nakida,
ce - air loop.
Getting to your knitting. Recruit 5 stitches and closes them to the ring.
1 number: in the resulting ring of air loops provyazyvaem 10 CLOs. Do not forget that each number should end connecting column.
2 series: increasing the total number of loops exactly twice, ie in each loop of the previous row provyazyvaem 2 CCH. As a result, should get 20 CLOs.
3 series: This series of knit the same way the previous Single - turns 40 CLOs.
4 number: Now attach our product delicacy. Provyazyvaem CCH, then 2 ce, and then re-PRS, but not in the next loop, and through one. So provyazyvaem until the end of the series.
Row 5: provyazyvaem CCH entire series. In the arch of the air loop must be 2 CCH, in any case, do not forget about it.
6 series: at this stage, work should start knitting yarn of a different color. First strand anchoring and the other begin to knit CCH.
7 series: This number is necessary to repeat the same delicacy that is present in the 4 series.
8 series: knit this series as well as 5, that is, in the CCH 1 loop, 2 CCH in the arch of the air loop.
Row 9: We tie the first thread and knit a number of CLOs.
10 series: We reiterate 4 series.
11 series: provyazyvaem as well as a number of five. So alternate knitting up to 16 series inclusive.
17 series: in the first loop of a number of CLOs vyvyazyvayut 6, thenWe repeat the same in each loop 6 series. Thus obtained original teeth. At the end of the anchoring knitting yarn. The mat of knitted strips ready!


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Although in criticising Russell's lack of discipline people tend to forget that he was virtually the first film-maker to escape the strictures of realism and telestyle that have dogged British cinema since the heyday of Powell and Pressburger, it must nevertheless be admitted that watching his more excessive movies tends to be a wearisome experience. The Who's ludicrous rock opera was in fact tailor-made for the baroque, overblown images and simplistic symbolism of Russell's style, which only means that this is both the movie in which he is most faithful to the ideas and tone of his material, and one of his very worst films.
Release details
|108 mins
Cast and crew
|Ken Russell
|Ken Russell
|Jack Nicholson
Tina Turner
Elton John
Robert Powell
Oliver Reed
Eric Clapton
Keith Moon
Roger Daltrey
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Lot 505C: D43-2 PABLO PICASSO PHOTOLITHOGRAPHY
New Year's Antiques & Collectibles Auction-Session II
by Don Presley Auctions
January 1, 2013
Santa Ana, CA, USALive Auction
Past Lot
Looking for the realized and estimated price?
Description: Printed by Mourlot, Paris 1969. Titled "Dove 20th Anniversary". Signed in plate. Measures 26" x 20". Estimate $1,500 - $2,500 Starting Bid $300
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The Barska Anchormaster is a classic and elegant series with precision handcrafted brass scopes. These 100% polished brass scopes feature fully coated achromatic lenses for brilliant images, structured in a refractor design with helical focusing ring. Mounted on majestic mahogany tripods, Anchormaster is pure sophistication. At an amazing value, Anchormaster will take your breath away.
|Extended length:
|Barska 18x50 Anchormaster Series Polished Brass Collapsible Spyscope with Handcrafted Mahogany Storage Chest


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The ultimate goal of this proposal is to understand the role of innate immunity within the context of oncolytic viral (OV) therapy for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). OV treatment of GBM relies on cancer-specific replication of the virus leading to tumor destruction with minimal toxicity to adjacent non-neoplastic tissue. Results from the 5 clinical trials in patients with malignant glioma have shown the relative safety of this novel treatment modality. However, evidence for significant efficacy remains to be established. Our attention in this project focuses on the natural killer (NK) cell response following viral administration. Due to their antiviral properties, NK cells represent a potential barrier to OV therapy. Alternatively, the antitumor NK response has the potential of augmenting the tumor clearing properties of OV therapy. Our previously published rat in vivo studies have demonstrated that 1) the inflammatory response mediated by activated macrophages/microglia limit OV efficacy and 2) transient immune modulation with cyclophosphamide significantly enhances GBM clearance following OV inoculation. As a result, we hypothesize that NK cells coordinate a robust inflammatory response following initial OV administration that limits viral replication, spread, and tumor lysis, thereby creating a barrier to effective OV therapy for GBM. In this project, we will determine: a) how the antiviral and antitumor properties of NK cells impact overall OV therapeutic efficacy for GBM;b) how NK cells mediate macrophage/microglia inflammatory polarization;c) the key mechanistic signals that lead to NK mediated clearance of OV-infected glioma;and d) how pharmacological agents such as cyclophosphamide and valproic acid modulate the NK response following OV treatment, leading to enhanced clearance of GBM. By elucidating the role of NK cells in orchestrating the inflammatory response following OV therapy, we are highlighting a critical therapeutic target that, when hiodulated, will potentially enhance OV efficacy for GBM. Moreover, the significance of our experiments extends beyond virotherapy into the realm of virology and immunology as we attempt to discern the key mechanistic signals leading to NK mediated clearance of viral infection.
Despite decades of research, prognosis for patients suffering from malignant glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains poor. Oncolytic viral (OV) therapy is an experimental treatment currently being evaluated in clinical trials for efficacy against GBM;however, the initial host immune response has been demonstrated to impede OV efficacy. The proposed basic research will investigate a potential barrier to this efficacy, natural killer cells, that can likely be modulated to enhance OV clinical efficacy for malignant GBM.
|Mazzacurati, Lucia; Marzulli, Marco; Reinhart, Bonnie et al. (2015) Use of miRNA response sequences to block off-target replication and increase the safety of an unattenuated, glioblastoma-targeted oncolytic HSV. Mol Ther 23:99-107
|Nakashima, Hiroshi; Nguyen, Tran; Goins, William F et al. (2015) Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) and ISG15-linked proteins can associate with members of the selective autophagic process, histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) and SQSTM1/p62. J Biol Chem 290:1485-95
|Meisen, Walter Hans; Dubin, Samuel; Sizemore, Steven T et al. (2015) Changes in BAI1 and nestin expression are prognostic indicators for survival and metastases in breast cancer and provide opportunities for dual targeted therapies. Mol Cancer Ther 14:307-14
|Bolyard, Chelsea; Yoo, Ji Young; Wang, Pin-Yi et al. (2014) Doxorubicin synergizes with 34.5ENVE to enhance antitumor efficacy against metastatic ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 20:6479-94
|Nakano, Ichiro (2014) Proneural-mesenchymal transformation of glioma stem cells: do therapies cause evolution of target in glioblastoma? Future Oncol 10:1527-30
|Bronisz, Agnieszka; Wang, Yan; Nowicki, Michal O et al. (2014) Extracellular vesicles modulate the glioblastoma microenvironment via a tumor suppression signaling network directed by miR-1. Cancer Res 74:738-50
|Nakashima, Hiroshi; Chiocca, E Antonio (2014) Switching a replication-defective adenoviral vector into a replication-competent, oncolytic adenovirus. J Virol 88:345-53
|Kaufmann, Johanna K; Chiocca, E Antonio (2014) Glioma virus therapies between bench and bedside. Neuro Oncol 16:334-51
|Wojton, Jeffrey; Meisen, Walter Hans; Jacob, Naduparambil K et al. (2014) SapC-DOPS-induced lysosomal cell death synergizes with TMZ in glioblastoma. Oncotarget 5:9703-9
|Ganguly, Ranjit; Hong, Christopher S; Smith, Luke G F et al. (2014) Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase: key kinase for stem cell phenotype in glioma and other cancers. Mol Cancer Ther 13:1393-8
Showing the most recent 10 out of 33 publications


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at Franklin Glen(209.0)
at Chantilly Highlands(151.0)
at Sugarland Run(223.0)
at Countryside(244.0)
at Barrington(210.0)
at Glen Cove(143.0)
at Ashburn Village(191.5)
at Cascades(183.0)
at Broadlands(286.0)
at Burke Centre Stingers(290.0)
at Manorgate(229.0)
at Hayden Village(157.0)
Tue, Mar 14, 2017 7:30PM - 9:00PM
Team Rep Meeting - Chase Club
Tue, Apr 4, 2017 7:30PM - 9:00PM
Team Rep Meeting - Chase Club
Tue, May 9, 2017 7:30PM - 9:00PM
Team Rep Meeting - Burke Centre
Sat, Jun 3, 2017 11:00AM - 12:00PM
Team Rep Meeting - Chase Club
Mon, Jul 31, 2017 7:30PM - 9:00PM
Team Rep Meeting - Chase Club
Tue, Oct 10, 2017 7:30PM - 9:00PM
Printable Results
High Points
Hy-Tek Meet Manager Backup
Hy-Tek Results Export
...New league records!
Six of them were set today, all at the White Division meet, all by swimmers Jennifer Luong and Lexi Cuomo. Jennifer, the 12-year old South Riding standout, broke three of her own records, going 30.80 in Back to drop 0.81 seconds of her old mark, 30.03 in Fly to lower that record by 0.22 seconds, and 1:08.50 in IM, which is 0.39 seconds under her prior mark.
15-year old Lexi of ManorGate was just as impressive, swimming 26.42 in Free to erase Michelle Griglione's 28-year mark of 26.77, ripping a 29.48 in Back, well under the previous mark of 30.14, and breaking her own Fly record of 28.43 with a swim of 28.28.
And all of this while battling the tedium and uncertainty of lightning delays all morning. Outstanding!
Congratulations, Jennifer and Lexi!
Results in PDF format...
Red / White (updated) / Blue / Gold
For Hy-Tek computer geeks...
Meet Manager Backups -- Red / White (updated) / Blue / Gold
Results Exports -- Red / White (updated) / Blue / Gold
Individual Meters
Individual Yards
Relay Meters
Relay Yards
Cool shirts, nice weather, fast swimmers and a well run meet made for another great day up at Sugarland Run for the 2016 CSL All Star Relay Carnival.
The Burke Centre Penguins were very impressive at this meet, winning eleven events, setting two league records, and comfortably taking the Red Division trophy over 2nd place Franklin Farm, who themselves won four events and also set two league records.
There were very close battles for the trophies in the White and Blue Divisions. ManorGate took first in White with a narrow eight point win over 2nd place Burke Centre Stingers. And it was Franklin Glen edging out Armfield Farm by only three points in the Blue Division.
Finally, Sequoia Farms won eight events against its Gold Division opponents for a convincing.
In only the third event of the day, Franklin Farm's Boys 8&Under 100Y Medley relay consisting of Tyler Phillips, Kevin Boulay, Jordan Koller and Topher Newman did away with a 38-year old record with a time of 1:16.45, over a second under the old mark. Two events later, it was the Burke Centre Penguins' JT Schmid, Stephen Dalil, Christopher Goggins and Will Tighe with a time of 1:04.12 in the Boys 9-10 100Y Medley relay to improve upon the previous record of 1:05.05 set in 2013.
In the Mixed 9-10 200Y Freestyle relay, three different teams swam under the old CSL record time of 2:04.61, which was set only last year. In 3rd place, it was the Ashburn Village relay consisting of Zoe Rand, Andrew Char, Isabel Will and Charlie Barker with a time of 2:02.87. Coming in 2nd was the Burke Centre Penguins' Skylar Morrison, Christopher Goggins, Ihn Altenburg and JT Schmid touching the wall in 2:02.72. And winning the event were Franklin Farm's Kylie Losinski, Kacey Hu, Luke Witlin and Charlie Zindler with a time of 2:02.57.
We talked to several people who have been deeply involved in CSL for a long time. One of them goes all the way back to 1991. Three lanes under a CSL record in the same heat or event -- none of them had ever heard of that happening before.
In the Mixed 13-14 200Y Freestyle relay, it was the Burke Centre Penguins with the final record swim of the day. Sean Altenburg, Shelby Cleal, Jackson Knouse and Ellie Oswald combined for a time of 1:42.56, just under the old mark of 1:42.81.
Congratulations to all of this year's record breakers and record setters -- Tyler, Kevin, Jordan, Topher, JT, Stephen, Christopher, Will, Zoe, Andrew, Isabel, Charlie, Skylar, Ihn, Kylie, Kacey, Luke, Charlie, Sean, Shelby, Jackson and Ellie.
Well done!
For humans...
Division level results
League level results
Division level scores
For machines...
Meet Backup
Results Export
In the Red Division, it was more of the same from the Burke Centre Penguins as they again won comfortably. The Penguins will face once-beaten Ashburn Village in their week five meet. A very lopsided win by the Aqua Jets would win them the division, as would any win coupled with a Cascades win over Franklin Farm. Four teams are tied at 2-2 in the White Division, creating a huge logjam for 2nd place. It also means that the Burke Centre Stingers have clinched the division with their 4-0 record. Congrats to the Stingers!
Undefeated Ashburn Farm visits 3-1 Franklin Glen in a week five Blue Division showdown. The Barracudas clinch with a win, while the Gators clinch with a win plus an Armfield Farm loss to Chantilly Highlands. If both the Gators and Stingrays prevail, the two of them end up in a three-way tie with Ashburn Farm, and we go to the tiebreakers. Finally, Sequioa Farms visits CountrySide in the battle of unbeatens that will decide the Gold Division.
For what it's worth, the various prognosticators (Hy-Tek Team Manager, CSL Virtual Meets Tool) predict that both ABF@FG and SF@CY will be close meets, to varying degrees. Expect some Blue and Gold Division fireworks this coming Saturday.
League record update...
One league record was set in the week four League meets. In the Girls 11-12 50M Backstroke, South Riding's Jennifer Luong continued to amaze, this time touching the wall in 31.61 and bettering the mark of 31.87 set in 2013.
Congratulations, Jennifer. Well done!
Individual Meters
Individual Yards
Relay Meters
Relay Yards
Individual Meters
Individual Yards
Relay Meters
Relay Yards
Congratulations, Jennifer, on two outstanding swims! Way to go!
Here are some ladders to help you through the holiday weekend...
Individual Meters
Individual Yards
Relay Meters
Relay Yards
Schedule is here. (Right-click, Save as...)
Relay Carnival, Sunday, July 17
Sugarland Run
Division Qualification Meets, Saturday, July 30
Red -- Cascades
White -- Burke Centre Stingers
Blue -- Franklin Glen
Gold -- Chantilly National
All-stars, Saturday, August 6


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Rights Eroding by Past Breach
Omri Ben-Shahar
University of Chicago Law School
August 1998
American Law and Economics Review, Vol. 1, 1999
There are many situations in which legal rights erode as a result of their past breach. A party may be unable to enforce an explicit legal entitlement--but only to the extent that she failed to enforce it in the past. When rights are being challenged repeatedly, anything less than rigorous enforcement by the rightholder may be translated by law into an implicit permission to continue these violations prospectively. The doctrines of course of performance in contract law and adverse possession in property law are prominent examples. This paper analyzes the effects of such laws on the value of entitlements. It confronts two conflicting intuitions. On the one hand, the "license" to commit prospective violations as a result of past breach may seem to diminish the value of the right. On the other hand, the fear of losing her right in this manner may reinforce the rightholder's motivation to protect her right, bolstering the credibility of her threat to sue against violations, thus better deterring violations. The paper proves and illustrates the perhaps surprising result, that these two conflicting effects always balance out. That is, erosion doctrines do not affect the value of the right. A rightholder will endure the same amount of violations, regardless of the law's willingness to alter rights and duties according to their past breach. In other words, in a fundamental way, erosion laws are neutral, irrelevant. The article demonstrates the applicability of this insight to various areas of law and its implications to traditional analyses of related doctrines.
An earlier version of this article was announced as University of Michigan Law School, Law and Economics Working Paper No. 99-002. The working paper can be downloaded from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=112888
Date posted: October 2, 1999
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