text:
Dire wolf
|Dire wolf
Temporal range: Late Pleistocene – early Holocene 0.125–0.009 Ma
|Mounted skeleton, Sternberg Museum of Natural History
|Scientific classification
|†C. dirus
|Binomial name
|Canis dirus
Leidy, 1858.[1]
The dire wolf (Canis dirus, "fearsome dog") is an extinct species of the genus Canis. It is perhaps one of the most famous prehistoric carnivores in North America along with its extinct competitor Smilodon, the "sabre-toothed cat". The dire wolf lived in the Americas during the Late Pleistocene epoch (125,000–10,000 years ago). The species was named in 1858 but the first specimen had been found in 1854. Two subspecies are recognized, these being Canis dirus guildayi and Canis dirus dirus. The species probably descended from Canis ambrusteri and evolved from it in North America. The largest collection of dire wolf fossils has been obtained from the Rancho La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles, California.
Dire wolf remains have been found across a broad range of habitats including the plains, grasslands and some forested mountain areas of North America, and in the arid savannah of South America. The sites range in elevation from sea level to 2,255 m (7,400 feet). Dire wolf fossils have rarely been found north of 42°N latitude, with five unconfirmed reports above this latitude. This range restriction is thought to be due to temperature, prey, or habitat imposed by proximity to the Laurentide Ice Sheet and the Cordilleran Ice Sheet that existed at that time.
The dire wolf was about the same size as the largest extant gray wolves (Canis lupus), which are the Yukon wolf and the Northwestern wolf. C. d. guildayi weighed on average 60 kg (130 lb) and C. d. dirus on average 68 kg (150 lb). Its skull and dentition matched those of C. lupus; however, its teeth were larger with greater shearing ability, and its biteforce at the canine tooth was the strongest of any known Canis species. These characteristics are thought to be adaptions for preying on Late Pleistocene megaherbivores, and in North America its prey is known to have included horse, sloth, mastodon, bison and camels. As with other large Canis hypercarnivores today, the dire wolf was thought to have been a pack-hunter. Its extinction occurred during the Quaternary extinction event along with its main prey species. Its reliance on megaherbivores has been proposed as the cause of its extinction, along with climate change and competition with other species, but the cause remains controversial. The latest dire wolf remains were dated to 9,440 years ago.
From the 1850s, the fossil remains of extinct large wolves were being found in the United States and it was not immediately clear that these all belonged to the one species. The first specimen of what would later become associated with Canis dirus[10] was found in the summer of 1854 at Evansville, Indiana. A fossilized jawbone was obtained by Joseph Granville Norwood from Francis A. Linck, an Evansville collector. Joseph Leidy determined the specimen represented an extinct species of wolf and reported it under the name of Canis primaevus.[3] Norwood's letters to Leidy are preserved along with the type specimen (the first of a species that has a written description) at the Academy of Natural Sciences. In 1857, while exploring the Niobrara River valley in Nebraska, Leidy found the vertebrae of an extinct canis species which he reported the following year under the name C. dirus.[1] The name C. primaevus (Leidy 1854) was later renamed Canis indianensis (Leidy 1869) when Leidy discovered that the name C. primaevus had previously been used overseas.[4]
Canis indianensis (Leidy 1869) was first associated with C. dirus (Leidy 1858) by Allen in 1876 along with his discovery of Canis mississippiensis. As there were so few pieces of these 3 specimens, it was thought best to leave each listed under these 3 provisional names until more material could be provided to show their relationship.[5] In 1912, Merriam formally recognized them all under the name of C. dirus (Leidy 1858) because Leidy's use of this name for the species in 1858 preceded his use of C. indianensis in 1859.[11] In agreement with Merriam, C. indianensis (Leidy 1869) was declared a synonym with C. dirus by Troxell in 1915.[12] In 1918, Merriam studied these fossils and proposed consolidating their names under the separate genus Aenocyon (from Aenos:terrible and cyon:wolf) to become Aenocyon dirus,[7] however not everyone agreed with this wolf departing from genus Canis and the opinion of paleontologists remained divided.[13] Canis ayersi (Sellards 1916) and Aenocyon dirus (Merriam 1918) were recognized as synonyms with C. dirus by Lundelius in 1972.[14][15] All of the above taxa were declared as synonyms with C. dirus in 1979, according to R. M. Novak.[16]
There are two subspecies of C. dirus. In 1984, a study by Kurten recognized a geographic variation within the dire wolf populations and proposed two subspecies: Canis dirus guildayi for specimens from California and Mexico that exhibited shorter limbs and longer teeth, and Canis dirus dirus for specimens east of the North American Continental Divide that exhibited longer limbs and shorter teeth.[2][17][18][19]
|Dire wolf divergence
|Phylogeny of Canis dirus based on morphology.[20]:p148[21]:p181
The three noted paleontologists Xiaoming Wang, Richard H. Tedford and R. M. Nowak proposed that C. dirus evolved from the large wolf Canis armbrusteri[21]:181[20]:p52 (Armbruster's wolf),[22] with Nowak stating that there were specimens from Cumberland Cave, Maryland that indicate C. armbrusteri diverging into C. dirus.[23][24]:p243 The early wolf from China, Canis chihliensis, may have been the ancestor of both C. armbrusteri and the gray wolf C. lupus.[21]:146 The sudden appearance of C. armbrusteri in North America during the Early Pleistocene suggests that this was an immigrant from Asia, as was C. lupus later in the Pleistocene.[21]:144 Martin disagreed and believed that C. ambrusteri was C. lupus,[25] with Goulet agreeing with Martin and proposing that the C. dirus was a variant of C. lupus.[26] Nowak, Kurten and Berta disagreed with Goulet and proposed that C. dirus was not derived from C. lupus.[16][27][28] Prevosti later proposed that C. dirus was a sister of C. lupus.[29]:472
Canis dirus lived in the late Pleistocene to the early Holocene (125,000–10,000 years before present or YBP) in North and South America.[2] The majority of fossils from the eastern C. d. dirus have been dated to 125,000–75,000 YBP but the western C. d. guildayi fossils are more recent and smaller in size, therefore it has been proposed that C. d. guildayi derived from C. d. dirus.[2][19] However, there are disputed specimens of C. dirus that date back to 250,000 YBP. Fossil specimens of C. dirus discovered at four sites in the Hay Springs area of Sheridan County, Nebraska were named Aenocyon dirus nebrascensis (Frick 1930 undescribed) but Frick did not record a description of them. Nowak later referred to this material as C. armbrusteri,[16]:93 however more recently Tedford formally recorded a description of the specimens and noted that although they exhibited some morphological characteristics of both C. ambrusteri and C. dirus, he referred to them as C. dirus.[21]:146 These may represent the earliest record of C. dirus.[8][21]:146
A fossil discovered in the Horse Room of the Salamander Cave in the Black Hills of South Dakota may possibly be C. dirus, and if so then it is also one of the earliest on record.[30][18] The specimen was catalogued as Canis cf. C. dirus[31] (where cf. in Latin means confer, uncertain). The fossil of a horse found in the room provided a uranium-series dating of 252,000 years YBP and the Canis cf. dirus specimen was assumed to be from the same period.[18][31] Both C. armbrusteri and C. dirus share a number of characteristics (synapomorphy), which suggests an origin of C. dirus around 250,000 YBP in the open terrain in the midcontinent, and then later expanding eastward and displacing its ancestor C. ambrusteri.[21]:181 The timing of C. dirus would therefore be the 250,000 YBP in California and Nebraska, and the later in Canada, the rest of the United States, Mexico, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru,[21]:146 however the identity of these earliest fossils are not confirmed.[32]
A South American origin for C. dirus has been proposed. In South America, C. dirus specimens that have been dated to the Late Pleistocene were found along the north and west coasts, but none have been found in Argentina that was inhabited by Canis gezi and Canis nehringi.[21]:148 One study found that C. dirus was the most evolutionary derived genus Canis species in the New World, and compared to C. nehringi was larger in size and construction of its lower molars for more efficient predation.[28]:113 Therefore, some researchers have proposed that C. dirus may have originated in South America.[18][27][16]:116 In 2009, a proposal was made that C. ambrusteri was the common ancestor for both the North and South American wolves.[21]:148 In the following year, a study indicated that C. dirus and C. nehringi were the same species, which supports C. dirus having migrated from North America into South America.[29]:472
DNA analysis[edit]
Attempts to extract DNA from tarpit specimens have been unsuccessful. In 1992, an attempt was made to extract a mitochondrial DNA sequence from the skeletal remains of C. d. guildayi in order to compare its relationship to other Canis species. However, these remains had been removed from the La Brea pits and the attempt was unsuccessful because tar could not be removed from the bone material.[34] In 2014, an attempt to extract DNA from a Columbian mammoth from the tar pits also failed, with the study concluding that organic compounds from the asphalt permeate the bones of all ancient samples from the La Brea pits and hinders the extraction of DNA samples.[35]
Radiocarbon dating[edit]
The age of most dire wolf localities is determined solely by biostratigraphy. Canis dirus and the sabre-tooth cat (Smilodon fatalis) are the two most common carnivorans from the La Brea pits but biostratigraphy is an unreliable indicator within asphalt deposits.[36][37] However, some sites have been radiocarbon dated, with C. dirus specimens from La Brea pits dated in calendar years as follows: 82 specimens dated 13,000–14,000 YBP; 40 specimens dated 14,000–16,000 YBP; 77 specimens dated 14,000–18,000 YBP; 37 specimens dated 17,000–18,000 YBP; 26 specimens dated 21,000–30,000 YBP; 40 specimens dated 25,000–28,000 YBP; and 6 specimens dated 32,000–37,000 YBP.[32]:T1 A specimen from Powder Mill Creek Cave, Missouri was dated at 13,170 YBP.[18]
Canis dirus was the largest of all Canis species.[20]:52 A study of the length and circumference of femur bones have been used for estimating the mean body mass of Canis dirus guildayi to be 60 kg (130 lb) and Canis dirus dirus to be 68 kg (150 lb).[19] Another study proposed that the increased stress caused in the humerus when running at maximum speed may have imposed a biomechanical upper limit on the body mass for C. d. dirus to be 110 kg (240 lb).[38] In comparison, the mean body mass of the extant gray wolf is 40 kg (88 lb) (with the smallest specimen recorded at 12 kg (26 lb) and the largest at 80 kg (176 lb)).[19][39][40][41][42] The figures indicate that on average, dire wolves were the same size as the extant Yukon wolf (Canis lupus pambasileus) and the extant Northwestern wolf (Canis lupus occidentalis),[21] with the largest individuals possibly exceeding this size.[19]
A comparison of leg size shows that the rear legs of C. d. guildayi were 8% shorter than the Northwestern wolf due to significantly shorter tibia and metatarsus. It was also slightly shorter in the lower bones of the front legs. Canis dirus dirus had significantly longer legs than C. d. guildayi, with 14.3% longer front legs and a 9.7% longer back legs. This was due to 15% longer radii and metapodials in the forelimbs, and 10% longer humeri, femora, and tibiae in the rear limbs. Canis lupus is comparable to C. d. dirus in limb length.[43][44]
The remains of a complete male C. dirus are sometimes easy to identify compared to other Canis specimens because the baculum of the dire wolf is very different from that of all other living canids.[43][18]
Ecological factors including habitat type, climate, prey specialization and predatory competition have been shown to greatly influence gray wolf craniodental plasticity, which is an adaption of its cranium and teeth due to the influences of its environment.[46][47][48] Similarly, C. dirus was a hypercarnivore that possessed a skull and dentition that were adapted for hunting large and struggling prey,[49][50][51] its skull shape and snout shape changed across time, and changes in its body size correlated with climate fluctuations.[52]
The last glacial period, commonly referred to as the 'Ice Age', spanned 125,000 YBP[53] to 14,500 YBP[54] and was the most recent glacial period within the current ice age, which occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene era.[53] The Ice Age reached its peak during the Last Glacial Maximum, when ice sheets commenced advancing from 33,000 YBP and reached their maximum positions 26,500 YBP. Deglaciation commenced in the Northern Hemisphere approximately 19,000 YBP and in Antarctica approximately 14,500 years YBP, which is consistent with evidence that this was the primary source for an abrupt rise in the sea level 14,500 YBP.[54] Access into northern North America was blocked by the Wisconsin glaciation. The fossil evidence from many continents points to the extinction mainly of large animals, termed Pleistocene megafauna, near the end of the last glaciation.[55]
Coastal southern California from 60,000 YBP to the end of the Last Glacial Maximum was cooler and with a more balanced supply of moisture than today. During the Last Glacial Maximum, the mean annual temperature decreased from 11 down to 5 degrees C and the annual precipitation had decreased from 100 cm (39 in) down to 45 cm (18 in). By 24,000 YBP, the abundance of oak and chaparral decreased but pines increased, which created open parklands similar to today's coastal montane/juniper woodlands. After 14,000 YBP, the abundance of conifers decreased and those of the modern coastal plant communities including oak woodland, chaparral and coastal sage scrub increased. The Santa Monica Plain lies north of the city of Santa Monica and extends along the southern base of the Santa Monica Mountains, and between 28,000 YBP – 26,000 YBP it was dominated by coastal sage scrub but there were cypress and pines at the more higher elevations. The Santa Monica Mountains supported a chaparral community on its slopes and isolated coast redwood and dogwood in its protected canyons, along with river communities that included willow, red cedar, and sycamore. These plant communities indicate a winter rainfall similar to that of modern coastal southern California, but the presence of coast redwood that is now found 600 kilometers to the north indicates a cooler, moister, and less seasonal climate than today. This environment supported large herbivores that were prey for C. dirus and its competitors.[56]
A range of animal and plant specimens have been preserved in tar pits and later removed and studied so that researchers can learn about the past. The Rancho La Brea tar pits located near Los Angeles, southern California are a collection of sticky asphalt deposits made up of pits which differ in deposition time from 40,000–12,000 YBP. Commencing 40,000 YBP, trapped asphalt has been moved to the surface through fissures by methane pressure that formed seeps, which can cover several square meters and be 9–11 meters deep.[36] Over 200,000 specimens (fragments) have been recovered from the tar pits,[19] where the remains range from saber-toothed cats to squirrels, invertebrates and plants.[36] The time period includes the Last Glacial Maximum when global temperatures were eight degrees C. lower than today, the Pleistocene–Holocene transition (Bølling-Allerød interval), the Oldest Dryas cooling, the Younger Dryas cooling from 12,800–11,500 YBP, and the American megafaunal extinction event 12,700 YBP when 90 genera of mammals weighing over 44 kilograms became extinct.[37][52]
Isotope analysis can be used to identify some chemical elements that allows researchers to make inferences about diet. An isotope analysis of bone collagen extracted from La Brea specimens indicates that C. dirus, the sabre-tooth cat (Smilodon fatalis) and the American lion (Panthera leo atrox) competed for the same prey. Their prey included "Yesterday's" camel (Camelops hesternus), the Pleistocene bison (Bison antiquus), the "dwarf" pronghorn (Capromeryx minor), the western horse (Equus occidentalis), and the "grazing" ground sloth (Paramylodon harlani) native to North American grasslands. The Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi) and the American mastodon (Mammut americanum) were rare at La Brea. The horses remained mixed feeders and the pronghorns mixed browsers, however at the Last Glacial Maximum and its associated shift in vegetation the camels and bison were forced to rely more heavily on conifers.[56]
A study of isotope data of La Brea C. dirus fossils dated 10,000 YBP indicates that the horse was at that time an important prey species, and that sloth, mastodon, bison and camel were less common in the C. dirus diet.[49][58] This indicates that C. dirus was not a prey specialist, and at the close of the late Pleistocene before its extinction it was hunting or scavenging off the most available herbivores.[58]
Skull and dentition[edit]
Dentition relates to the arrangement of teeth in the mouth, with the dental notation for the upper-jaw teeth using the upper-case letters I to denote incisors, C for canines, P for premolars, and M for molars, and the lower-case letters i, c, p and m to denote the mandible teeth. Teeth are numbered using one side of the mouth and from the front of the mouth to the back. In carnivores, the upper premolar P4 and the lower molar m1 form the carnassials that are used together in a scissor-like action to shear the muscle and tendon of prey.[20]:74 A study of dentition found that C. dirus was the most advanced, or evolutionary derived, Canis in the Americas: "Canis dirus is regarded here as the most derived species of the genus Canis in the New World. The following combination of derived characters separates C. dirus from all other species of Canis: P2 with a posterior cusplet; P3 with two posterior cusplets; M1 with a mestascylid, entocristed, entoconulid, and a transverse crest extending from the metaconid to the hyperconular shelf; M2 with entocristed and entoconulid."[28]:50
A study of the estimated bite force at the canine teeth of a large sample of living and fossil mammalian predators, when adjusted for the body mass, found that for placental mammals the bite force at the canines (in Newtons/kilogram of body weight) was greatest in the dire wolf (163), then followed among the extant canids by the four hypercarnivores that often prey on animals larger than themselves: the African hunting dog (142), the gray wolf (136), the dhole (112), and the dingo (108). The bite force at the carnassials showed a similar trend to the canines. A predator's largest prey size is strongly influenced by its biomechanical limits. The morphology of C. dirus was similar to that of its living relatives, and assuming that C. dirus was a social hunter, then its high bite force relative to extant canids suggests that it preyed on relatively large animals. However, the bite force rating of the bone-consuming spotted hyena (117), challenged the common assumption that high bite force in the canines and the carnassials was necessary in order to consume bone.[51]
A study of the cranial measurements and jaw muscles of C. dirus found no significant differences with extant C. lupus in all but 4 of 15 measures. Upper dentition was the same except that C. dirus had larger dimensions and the P4 had a relatively larger, more massive blade which indicates enhanced slicing ability at the carnassial. The jaw indicated that C. dirus had a relatively broader and more massive temporalis muscle, indicating that it could generate slightly more bite-force than lupus. However, due to the jaw arrangement C. dirus had lower temporalis leverage than C. lupus at the lower carnassial (m1) and lower p4 but the functional significance of this is not known. The lower premolars were relatively slightly larger than C. lupus,[50] and the C. dirus m1 was much larger and had more shearing ability.[27][50][11] The dire wolf canines had greater bending strength than those of extant canids of equivalent size.[59] These differences indicate that C. dirus was able to deliver stronger bites, and together with flexible and more rounded canines indicates that it was adapted for struggling with its prey.[49][50] One study that compared the craniodental morphology of C. dirus to C. lupus noted the similarity in skull shape between the two, and the variations found in the skull shape of each, and proposed that C. dirus evolved in North America from C. lupus that had originated in Eurasia.[24]:p242[26]
|Tooth variable
|lupus extant
North American[61]
|lupus La Brea[61]
|lupus Beringia[61]
|dirus dirus Sangamon era[2][49]
|dirus dirus Late Wisconsin[2][49]
|dirus guildayi[2][49]
|m1 length
|m1 width
|m1 trigonid length
|p4 length
|p4 width
|p2 length
|p2 width
At La Brea, predatory birds and mammals were attracted to dead or dying herbivores that had become mired, and then these predators became trapped themselves.[36][62] Herbivore entrapment was estimated to have occurred once every fifty years,[62] and for every herbivore remains that was found in the pits there were an estimated ten carnivores.[36] C. d. guildayi and the sabre-tooth cat are the two most common carnivorans from La Brea,[37] with C. d. guildayi the most common.[52] Remains of C. dirus outnumber remains of lupus in the tar pits by a ratio of five to one.[32] During the Last Glacial Maximum, coastal California is thought to have been a refuge with the climate slightly cooler and wetter than today,[58] and a comparison of the frequency of C. dirus and other predator remains at La Brea to other parts of California and North America indicated significantly greater abundances, therefore the higher C. dirus numbers in the La Brea region did not reflect the wider area.[63] Assuming that only a small number of the carnivores that were feeding became trapped, it is likely that fairly sizeable groups of C. dirus fed together on these occasions.[64]
Sexual dimorphism is the difference between the male and female of a species apart from their sex organs and there is little variance among the canids regardless of their group size. A study of the skull length, canine tooth size, and lower molar length of C. dirus remains, dated between 15,360–14,310 YBP and taken from one pit, showed little dimorphism and therefore indicated that C. dirus lived in monogamous pairs. The level of dimorphism was similar to that of the gray wolf.[64] Their large size and highly carnivorous dentition indicates that C. dirus was a predator that feeds on large prey.[64][65][66] In order to kill ungulates larger than themselves the African wild dog, the dhole, and the gray wolf depend on their jaws because they cannot use their forelimbs to grapple with prey, and they work together as a pack that consist of an alpha pair and their offspring from the current and previous years. It can be assumed that C. dirus lived in packs of relatives that were led by an alpha pair.[64] Large and social carnivores would have been successful at defending carcasses of trapped prey from smaller solitary predators, and the most likely to become trapped themselves, which indicates that both C. d. guildayi and Smilodon fatalis were social predators.[63][67]
All social terrestrial mammalian predators feed mostly on terrestrial herbivorous mammals with a body mass similar to the combined mass of the social group members attacking the prey animal.[38][68] The large size of C. dirus provides an estimated prey size in the 300 kg (660 lb) to 600 kg (1,300 lb) range.[19][65][66] Stable isotope analysis of C. dirus bones indicate that they had a preference for consuming ruminants such as bison rather than other herbivores but moved to other prey when food became scarce, and occasionally scavenged on beached whales along the Pacific coast when available.[19][50][69] A pack of timber wolves can bring down a 500 kg (1,100 lb) moose that is their preferred prey,[19][70] and a pack of dire wolves bringing down a bison is conceivable.[19] Although some studies have suggested that because of tooth breakage that C. dirus gnawed bones and may have been a scavenger, its widespread occurrence and the more gracile limbs of C. d. dirus indicate a predator. The dire wolf probably used its molars to crack bones similar to the gray wolf, however due to their larger size it could crack larger bones to give access to bone marrow.[50]
Tooth breakage[edit]
Tooth breakage is related to a carnivore's behavior.[71] A study of nine modern carnivores found that one in four adults had suffered tooth breakage and that half of these breakages were of the canine teeth. The most breakage occurred in the spotted hyena that consumes all of its prey including the bone, the least breakage occurred in the African wild dog, and the gray wolf ranked in between these two.[72][71] The eating of bone increases the risk of accidental fracture due to the relatively high, unpredictable stresses that it creates. The most commonly broken teeth are the canines, followed by the premolars, carnassial molars, and incisors. Canines are the teeth most likely to break because of their shape and function, which subjects them to bending stresses that are unpredictable in both direction and magnitude. The risk of tooth fracture is also higher when killing large prey.[72]
A study of the fossil remains of large carnivores from La Brea pits dated 36,000–10,000 YBP indicated tooth breakage rates of 5–17% for the C. dirus, coyote, American lion and the saber-tooth cat, compared to 0.5–2.7% for 10 modern predators. These higher fracture rates were across all teeth and not more often the canine teeth as when compared to the modern carnivores. The dire wolf broke its incisors more often when compared to the extant gray wolf, therefore it was proposed that C. dirus used its incisors more closely to the bone when feeding. Canis dirus fossils from Mexico and Peru show a similar pattern of breakage. This study proposed that the higher frequency of tooth breakage compared with extant carnivores was not the result of hunting larger game because the Pleistocene carnivores were larger than their modern counterparts. Carnivores feed more rapidly when food is scarce and competition is high, often consuming bone. The study proposed that the breakage was due to increased carcass consumption, including bone, due to low or seasonal prey availability or greater competition, or both.[52][71][73] As their prey became extinct around 10,000 years ago so too did these competing carnivores, except for the coyote (although coyotes are technically an omnivore).[71][73]
A later La Brea pits study compared tooth breakage of C. dirus between two time periods. One pit contained fossil C. dirus dated 15,000 YBP and another dated 13,000 YBP. The results showed that the 15,000 YBP C. dirus had three times more tooth breakage than the 13,000 YBP C. dirus whose breakage matched those of nine modern carnivores. The study concluded that between 15,000–14,000 YBP prey availability was less or that competition was higher for C. dirus, and by 13,000 YBP as the prey species moved towards extinction that predator competition had declined and therefore the frequency of tooth breakage in C. dirus had also declined.[73][74]
In carnivores, the solitary hunters depend on a powerful bite at the canine teeth to subdue their prey and these have a strong mandibular symphysis, while the pack hunters that deliver many shallow bites have a relatively weaker one. The mandibles of canids are buttressed behind the carnassial teeth in order to crack bones with their post-carnassial teeth (molars M2 and M3). A study found that the mandible buttress profile of C. dirus was lower than that of the gray wolf and the red wolf, but very similar to the coyote and the African hunting dog. The dorsoventrally weak symphyseal region (in comparison to premolars P3 and P4) of C. dirus indicates that it delivered shallow bites similar to its modern relatives and therefore was a packhunter. This suggests that C. dirus may have processed bone but was not as well adapted at this as C. lupus.[75] The incidence of fracture for C. dirus reduced in frequency in the late Pleistocene to that of its extant relatives[71][74] indicates that reduced competition allowed C. dirus to return to a feeding behaviour with a lower amount of bone consumption for which it was best suited for.[73][75] A later study found that just before extinction, C. dirus carcass utilization was less than among large carnivores today.[76]
Climate impact[edit]
Past studies have indicated that changes in C. dirus body size correlates with climate fluctuations.[37][52][77][78][79] A later study compared C. dirus craniodental morphology from four La Brea pits, each representing four different time periods. The results indicated a change in C. dirus size, dental wear and breakage, skull shape and snout shape across time. Dire wolf body size had decreased between the start of the Last Glacial Maximum and near its ending at the warm Allerød oscillation. Food stress is indicated by a smaller body size, skulls with the larger cranial base and shorter snouts (shape neoteny and size neoteny), and more tooth breakage and wear. Canis dirus dated 17,900 YBP showed all of these features, which indicated food stress. Canis dirus dated 28,000 YBP also showed to a degree many of these features but were the largest wolves studied, and it was proposed that these wolves were also suffering from food stress and that wolves earlier to this date were even bigger in size.[52] Nutrient stress is likely to lead to stronger bite forces to more fully consume carcasses and to crack bones,[52][80] and with changes to skull shape to improve mechanical advantage. North American climate records revealed cyclic fluctuations during the glacial period that included rapid warming followed by gradual cooling, called Dansgaard–Oeschger events. These cycles would have caused increased temperature and aridity, and at La Brea would have caused ecological stress and therefore food stress.[52] A similar trend was found with C. lupus, which in the Santa Barbara basin was originally massive, robust and possibly convergent with Canis dirus, but was replaced by more gracile forms by the start of the Holocene.[16][52][26]
|Body size
|Tooth breakage
|Tooth wear
|Snout shape
|shortening, largest cranial base
|shortest, largest cranial base
|Tooth row shape
|DO event
|number 3 or 4
|imprecise data
|imprecise data
Just before the appearance of C. dirus, North America was invaded by the genus Xenocyon (ancestor of the Asian dhole and the African hunting dog) that was as large as C. dirus and more hypercarnivorous. The fossil record shows them as rare and it is assumed that they could not compete with the newly derived C. dirus.[20]:p60 Stable isotope analysis indicates that C. dirus, the sabre-toothed cat, and the American lion competed for the same prey.[56][76] Other large carnivores included the extinct North American giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus), the extant cougar (Puma concolor), the Pleistocene coyote (Canis latrans), and the Pleistocene gray wolf that was more massive and robust than today. These predators may have competed with humans who hunted for similar prey.[76]
Specimens that have been identified by morphology as Beringian wolves (C. lupus) and radiocarbon dated between 25,800–14,300 YBP have been recently found in the Natural Trap Cave at the base of the Bighorn Mountains in Wyoming, United States. The location is directly south of what would at that time have been a division between the Laurentide Ice Sheet and the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. A temporary channel between the glaciers may have existed that allowed these large, Alaskan direct competitors of the dire wolf, that were also adapted for predating on megafauna, to come south of the ice sheets. Dire wolves were absent north of 42°N latitude in the Late Pleistocene, therefore this region would have been available for Beringian wolves to expand south along the glacier line. How widely they were then distributed is not known. These also became extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene, as did the dire wolf.[32]
Canis dirus remains have been found across a broad range of habitats including the plains, grasslands and some forested mountain areas of North America, and in the arid savannah of South America. The sites range in elevation from sea level to 2,255 m (7400 feet).[18] The location of these fossil remains suggest that C. dirus lived predominantly in the open lowlands along with its prey the large herbivores.[16] Canis dirus does not occur at high latitudes, unlike its close relative, C. lupus.[18]
In the United States, its fossils have been reported in Arizona, California, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, Wyoming,[10] and Nevada.[81] However, the identity of fossils reported further north than California are not confirmed.[10][32] There have been five reports of unconfirmed C. dirus fossils north of 42°N latitude at Fossil Lake, Oregon (125,000–10,000 YBP), American Falls Reservoir, Idaho (125,000–75,000 YBP), Salamander Cave, South Dakota (250,000 YBP), and four closely grouped sites in northern Nebraska (250,000 YBP).[10][32] This indicates a range restriction on C. dirus due to temperature, prey, or habitat.[32] The major fossil-producing sites for C.d. dirus are located east of the Rocky Mountains and include Friesenhahn Cave, near San Antonio, Texas, Carroll Cave, near Richland, Missouri, and Reddick, Florida.[19]
Ten localities in the central and southeast-central areas of Mexico are known to contain Canis dirus: El Cedazo in Aguascalientes; Comondú Municipality in Baja California; El Cedral in San Luis Potosí; El Tajo Quarry near Tequixquiac and Valsequillo near Puebla City in the Distrito Federal; Lago de Chapala in Jalisco; Loltun Cave in Yucatán; Potrecito in Sinaloa; and San Josecito Cave near Aramberri in Nuevo León. Of the central localities, San Josecito Cave and El Cedazo have the greatest number of individuals of C. dirus collected from a single locality. Other localities in Mexico have only a few specimens. A study of specimens from Sonora were confirmed as Canis dirus guildayi.[49]
In South America, C. dirus has been dated younger than 17,000 YBP and reported from only three localities: Muaco in Falcón state, Venezuela; Talara Province in Peru; and Tarija Department in Bolivia.[18] If C. dirus originated in North America, the species likely dispersed into South America via the Andean corridor,[18][28] a proposed pathway for temperate mammals to migrate from Central to South America because of the favorable cool, dry and open habitats that characterized the region at times. This most likely happened during a glacial period because the pathway then consisted of open, arid regions and savanna, whereas during inter-glacial periods it would have consisted of tropical rain forest.[18][82]
Extinction is the result of the elimination of the geographic range of a species with a reduction of its population size down to zero. The factors that affect biogeographic range and population size include competition, predator/prey interactions, variables of the physical environment, and chance events.[83] The American megafaunal extinction event occurred 12,700 YBP when 90 genera of mammals weighing over 44 kilograms became extinct.[37][52] The extinction of the large carnivores and scavengers is thought to be caused by the extinction of the megaherbivore prey on which they depended,[18][58][71][74][84][85][86][87][88] and it is assumed that this also caused the extinction of the dire wolf in both North and South America.[18]
One study has proposed that a number of extinction models should be investigated because we know little about the biogeography of C. dirus and its potential competitors and prey, nor how these all interacted and responded to the environmental changes that occurred at the time of extinction.[18] A study of the dental microwear on tooth enamel was undertaken for specimens of all of the carnivore species from La Brea pits, including C. dirus. The evidence suggests that these carnivores were not food-stressed just before their extinction and that carcass utilization was less than among large carnivores today.[76] The extinction of C. dirus has been proposed to be based on its reliance on megaherbivores, the impact of climate change, and competition with other species, including humans[76] but the cause remains controversial.[89]
The latest dire wolf remains were dated 9,440 YBP and found in Brynjulfson Cave, Boone County, Missouri.[27]
See also[edit]
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External links[edit]
|Wikispecies has information related to: Canis dirus
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canis dirus.
- For the younger readers - Dire Wolf by Marc Zabludoff, Marshall Cavendish, 2009
- The Evansville Dire Wolf
- Information on the dire wolf from the Illinois State Museum


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Islay and Surrounds
Another lazy morning, driving up the east coast to Arpitalla, then back to Laphroaig Distillery. Personal tasting here, where they gave me a glass each of what I wanted to try, and I tried it. Very gentlemanly.
Lazy lunch alongside the Harbour, and then drive out to the bleak and desolate Mull of Oa.
Siesta ...
Isle of Islay
... nice tasting also, with 5 whiskys and a gin. Bought 3 bottles and some glasses that stand up if pushed over. Wish I could do that after a long tasting.
Spent the afternoon driving on to Port Charlotte, Kilcharian, Portnahaven, and to Bowmore for a late lunch. Scottish music at the local ...
Oban to Islay
Another hearty Scottish breakfast with eggs, bacon, tomato, sausage, black pudding and potato pancake. Hoping I make it to morning tea time.
Did a final walk round the centre of Oban before a wharf side lunch. Crab, langoustine, prawns, yabbies, mussels, whelks, squid and smoked salmon.
Bye to Oban which has been a lovely town to stay in. ...
Whisky touring on Islay
Yesterday was picture perfect weather wise...sunny and bright...this morning we woke to more typical Scottish weather...rain, wind and cold...We set off to visit Ardbeg, Lagavullin and Laphroaig...each with their own unique whiskys, methods and final product tastes...my personal faves were the Ardbeg whiskys. we also toured some ruins of castles, churches and saw some Celtic crosses More when you see the ...
Saline lagoons on Loch Sween
... they need to be for their day's activity: in our case it means parked blocking a forestry road, but we rationalise this by the thought that nobody could pass in any case.
This lagoon is a large, almost circular stretch of water surrounded by trees and connected by a narrow culvert to one of the fingers of Loch Sween. We wade through a waist-high meadow to the water's edge, listening to insects humming around the purple vetch, angelica ...

subset: commoncrawl


text:
----- Original Message -----
Neil A Mogensen
To: IrisPhotos
Sent: Thursday, May 29, 2003 6:40
Subject: [iris-photos] Seedling R69-12
from Skywalker X Romantic Evening
Here is a delightful seedling that reminds me
somewhat of that ancient DM winner MISSOURI. Linda Mann worked some
magic on a photo I sent her of this that was too dark and somewhat adrift in
color. She gets the credit for some astute editorial
Photo: Seedling from Skywalk X Romantic
Neil Mogensen z 6b/7a near
Asheville/Hendersonville, NCYour
use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to the Yahoo! Terms of Service.


text:
The February 8th MIPA meeting is a chance to have your legal questions answered by Patty Zurlo, an attorney who specializes in representing creative individuals like writers, artists, and musicians. This is your chance to ask copyright and trademark questions. And whether your brother-in-law can really sue you for mentioning him in your book. We'll also continue the discussion about piracy and what you can do about it, plus the other side of crowdfunding and donating books—taxes.
Attorney Patty Zurlo is a professional classical musician and fiber artist as well as an adjunct professor at William Mitchell College of Law teaching Art and Cultural Heritage Law. Learn more about her athttp://www.zurlolawoffice.com.
Where: Midland Hills Country Club, 2001 Fulham Ave, Roseville [map]


text:
Côte Brasserie, the French restaurants chain backed by the business tycoon Richard Caring, is to receive initial bids that value the business at £120m-plus next week.
The private equity firms Equistone, Bridgepoint and LDC, among others, are expected to submit offers to acquire the fast-growing chain by the first-round deadline of 5 February.
Mr Caring and other key shareholders put 37-restaurant Côte Brasserie up for sale last year by hiring advisers at Hawkpoint, the corporate finance firm, and it is thought they want to complete the process by the end of March. The sale will put down a key marker for other restaurants hoping to cash in this year on resilient demand for eating out at well-run venues.
Mr Caring, Côte's biggest shareholder with just under 50 per cent, is best-known for his ownership of London restaurants, including the celebrity haunt The Ivy, Scott's and Le Caprice. He also owns the capital's upmarket Annabel's nightclub and the Wentworth Club in Surrey. He is worth an estimated £700m.
Founded in 2007, Côte, which offers dishes from steak frites to moules marinières, has powered its way through the consumer downturn and continues to open up to 12 restaurants a year.
The restaurant is being sold on a multiple of at least nine times forward underlying earnings of between £13m and £14m for this year. The expected price tag of £120m-plus reflects a similar multiple to the completed sales of other popular chains, such as the Italian food chain Carluccio's and noodle business Wagamama, in recent years.
While Mr Caring and some of the founding team are tipped to exit Côte, the joint managing directors, Harald Samuelsson and Alex Scrimgeour, are likely to remain at the helm.
Côte is the latest investment to be sold by Mr Caring. He is reportedly preparing to sell 20 Grosvenor Square, the former American navy headquarters in London. Last year, Mr Caring offloaded 50 per cent of the 80 per cent stake he held in Soho House, the London private members' club.
All parties either declined to comment or did not return calls.
- More about:
- Food
- Grosvenor Square
- Investment
- Italian Cuisine
- London
- Nightclubs
- Restaurants


text:
poignant, yet pointless
Feb. 14th, 2006
11:24 am
|Your Candy Heart Says "Get Real"
You're a bit of a cynic when it comes to love.
You don't lose your head, and hardly anyone penetrates your heart.
Your ideal Valentine's Day date: is all about the person you're seeing (with no mentions of v-day!)
Your flirting style: honest and even slightly sarcastic
What turns you off: romantic expectations and "greeting card" holidays
Why you're hot: you don't just play hard to get - you are hard to get
Nov. 21st, 2005
11:20 pm - I don't update for months, and now I submit this:
I have two great policies for preventing bad behavior. They are:
The one cancer/day policy: sure, go ahead, sit out in the sun, but no smoking! Or, smoke your little heart out, but stay in the shade.
The "I'm drunk, I'd better behave" policy, whereby I am much more careful about questionable behavior when I'm drunk and I know it.
(note that this doesn't apply if I'm drunk and deny it.)
Jul. 23rd, 2005
12:57 pm - Does this shock anyone?
| the Wit
You like things edgy, subtle, and smart. I guess that means you're probably an intellectual, but don't take that to mean you're pretentious. You realize 'dumb' can be witty--after all isn't that 'the Simpsons' philosophy?--but rudeness for its own sake, 'gross-out' humor and most other things found in a fraternity leave you totally flat. I guess you just have a more cerebral approach than most. You have the perfect mindset for a joke writer or staff writer. Your sense of humor takes the most effort to appreciate, but it's also the best, in my opinion.
Also, you probably loved the Office. If you don't know what I'm
talking about, check it out here: http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/theoffice/.
PEOPLE LIKE YOU: Jon Stewart - Woody Allen - Ricky Gervais
| My test tracked 3 variables How you compared to other people your age and gender:
|Link: The 3 Variable Funny Test written by jason_bateman on OkCupid Free Online Dating
Jul. 21st, 2005
08:50 pm
I spend pretty much all my time at work, at the gym, or writing. When Josh or Liz is around, I take time out and hang with them. I feel like I ought to "get a life," but the writing is so important that if it's all I have time for, it's all I care to do. Is that bad?
Also, this Harry Potter book really got to me.
Jul. 7th, 2005
11:07 pm
Does anybody know anybody (or know anybody who knows anybody, etc) who's been involved in any kind of train accident?
What about anybody who works in the "train business"? Anybody happen to know a railroad engineer or a train conductor? Doesn't someone have an accentric uncle who does that kind of thing?
Apr. 13th, 2005
09:44 pm - Surprise!
Bacardi 151
Congratulations! You're 144 proof, with specific scores in beer (60) , wine (150), and liquor (104).
|All right. No more messing around. Your knowledge of alcohol is so high that you have drinking and getting plastered down to a science. Sure, you could get wasted drinking beer, but who needs all those trips to the bathroom? You head straight for the bar and pick up that which is most efficient.
| My test tracked 4 variables How you compared to other people your age and gender
|Link: The Alcohol Knowledge Test written by hoppersplit on Ok Cupid
Apr. 10th, 2005
06:33 pm - This explains so much!
You have an entrancing kiss~ the kind that leaves
your partner bedazzled and maybe even feeling
he/she is dreaming. Quite effective; the kiss
that never lessens and always blows your
partner away like the first time.
What kind of kiss are you?
brought to you by Quizilla
Feb. 18th, 2005
01:52 am
freshmen are cute.
Feb. 3rd, 2005
09:25 am - Whoa.
I definitely didn't want this.
But it's good.
Jan. 17th, 2005
06:07 pm - Not One Damn Dime
I'm sure many of you got emails about this, but please do it.
Thursday is Not One Damn Dime day, to protest the war and the Bush administration's irrational spending.
Don't spend any money on Thursday. Don't buy gas. Don't go to the mall. Don't go to any stores. Don't buy food.
Do what you can to shut down the retail economy to remind the people in power that they work for the people, not just for the corporations, and that the war is illegal and immoral.
If you want the official email forwarded to you, let me know.
Navigate: (Previous 10 Entries)


text:
This is the February 12, 2013 news archive. View today's Jaguars rumors and news.
Jacksonville Jaguars
Jacksonville Jaguars News and Rumors
'Shutdown Corner' offseason TPS report: Jacksonville Jaguars
yahoo.com Updated Feb 12, 2013
Over the next few weeks, "Shutdown Corner" will pay homage to "Office Space" (TPS reports) as we take a quick look back at each team's 2012 season and a look at what lies ahead for the 2013 offseason. We now move to the AFC South and…Share Tweet
Jaguars' new QB coach sees promise in Blaine Gabbertjacksonville.com Feb 12, 2013Frank Scelfo, the new quarterback coach of the Jaguars, has one of the toughest jobs in pro football this year. Scelfo's assignment is to develop Blaine Gabbert into a NFL-caliber quarterback after he struggled in his first two years with the Jaguars. SShare Tweet
Jaguars had fourth-highest payroll in 2012, but record didn't followjacksonville.com Feb 12, 2013The Jaguars didn't get much bang for their buck in 2012, but owner Shad Khan showed he's willing to spend big money on his player payroll. The Jaguars had the fourth highest payroll in the league in 2012 at $140 million while finishing 2-14 accordingShare Tweet
Khan's front office more fully formedESPN.com Feb 12, 2013Jaguars owner Shad Khan can call on Wayne Weaver anytime. Jaguars president Mark Lamping can now do the same with Macky Weaver. Macky Weaver resigned from the Jaguars' front office and will serve as a senior advisor for Jacksonville after being part of …Share Tweet


text:
Wego.com.sg recently found 10 hotels in Jonesville, United States. Book last minute hotel or find great hotel deals such as Hampton Inn Jonesville Elkin for S$170 per night. Save more on cheap hotels with rates from as low as S$76 per night.
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Jonesville Hotels 3 Star Hotels Jonesville Cheap Hotels Jonesville Cheap Accommodation Jonesville
Flights to United States Flights from United States United States Airports United States Airlines


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12410 Walthampton Street
San Antonio, Texas, 78216
Commute to Downtown San Antonio
Most errands require a car.
A few nearby public transportation options.
Mostly flat, minimal bike lanes.
About your score
12410 Walthampton Street has a Walk Score of 45 out of 100. This location is a Car-Dependent neighborhood so most errands require a car.
This location is in San Antonio. Nearby parks include Ward Park, Comalander Stadium and Seeling Park.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 12410 Walthampton Street.
12410 Walthampton Street has some transit which means a few nearby public transportation options.
Bus lines:
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Search for homes in San Antonio or find a San Antonio real estate agent who knows walkable neighborhoods. Links will open on our partner site Redfin.com.
This location is in the city of San Antonio, TX. San Antonio has an average Walk Score of 36 and has 1,327,407 residents.


text:
Learning philosophy with John Wisdom was fun, leaving vivid vignettes of memory: of his illustrating some problem in the philosophy of perception by telling us that we were on safari in Africa and suddenly heard the sound of hooves. 'Giraffes]' he whispered conspiratorially; and the aural perception was backed up by a visual one as he wonderfully mimicked the animals, becoming absorbed in watching his own long fingers imitating the characteristic sideways lope of giraffes running. But we had got and would remember the point about the relation between fact and varieties of evidence.
His radiant smile was ever ready in moments of congratulation; on one occasion we were talking of what it meant when someone claimed to be 'seeing snakes'. What, Wisdom 'innocently' asked, would be the best reason for thinking that he really did see snakes? All searched their minds for some deep answer until one student hesitantly suggested 'the fact that there really were snakes there'. 'Blessed woman]' he exclaimed in thankfulness that one of us at least could see a simple truth, but the smile was equally ready to reassure when someone was, he felt, going off the rails; in the heady days of phenomenalism, a tough-minded student asked, 'Why shouldn't we say that statements about the past are simply statements about what we find when we look in diaries, history books, etc?' In his deepest voice Wisdom breathed back, 'Because it would be false', but the immense all-encompassing geniality prevented any sense that he was ticking the student off or correcting him.
Wisdom was of course deeply concerned in how language affects the nature and possibility of thought, and this gave him a special interest and pleasure in quirks of idiom. 'Would a rose smell as sweet if it were called an onion?' he once asked. I ventured to suggest that it might depend on what an onion was called. 'Ah,' he said, 'you may be right' - quite as if the point had not struck him before. And when someone asked him about the phrase used by the young Pip in Great Expectations when he sees a stranger in the local who 'stirred his rum-and-water pointedly at me', Wisdom's eyes moved cogitatingly into the corners of their sockets in a gesture that no one who ever knew him could forget: 'Well,' he pondered, 'in the normal meaning of the phrase, 'stirring one's rum-and-water at someone . . .' ' But the rest of the sentence was drowned in uproar.
- More about:
- Higher Education
- History
- Snakes
- University Of The Arts London


text:
Well Bonnie- doubt that will ever happen- the only neighbors I see are
the kids... all adults do not come out of their homes... maybe a peak
out the window, but sadly, not one enjoys the fresh air. At first I
thought it was due to working inside getting unpacked- but 5 years down
the line- they are still not outside:( One had a nice brick patio with
an open covering, bought nice patio furniture, had a landscaper come in
and did plant some trees and shrubs.... have never once seen them out
there.... they even have a lawn service cut the grass and take care of
the plantings......
> Behalf Of Bonnie & Bill Morgan
> Donna, I think you will inspire others in your area to plant trees.
> give neighbors a little time in the hot sun before inviting them into
> shade under a lovely tree and they will see the logic.
Support hort.net -- join the hort.net fund drive!


text:
ACHICA > Wildlife World > Wildlife World Multi Species Nest Box
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Wildlife World Multi Species Nest Box
This product is not available
|Sale closed
UK Delivery: Estimated 14th - 21st May - we'll email you once your items have been dispatched.
Returns: Click Delivery & Returns or check your delivery confirmation.
If you are ordering multiple items, ACHICA aim to send as few deliveries as possible for your convenience – you will only pay one delivery charge.
|Product Information
Product dimensions: H25.5 x W18 x D16 cm
Product Code WWCABM
|Delivery & Returns
We hope you will be thrilled with your purchases but in the unlikely event that you want to return something, you can find full return instructions on the back of your delivery note or click here


text:
© Copyright 2017 jerome. All rights reserved.
Status: Finished
Genre: Jokes
That's it?! That's your funny poem?!
It's just a word! And not properly capatalized and punctuated I might add. It's not even an intelligent word!
This piece needs SERIOUS work.
Paste the link to picture in the entry below:
Paste the link to Youtube video in the following entry:
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An annotation cannot contain another annotation.
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text:
Bacon Wilted Lettuce Salad
|Bacon slices
|Head of lettuce
|1 Medium
|Green onion with tops
|2 , thinly sliced
|Bacon drippings
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|Seasoned salt
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Lemon pepper
|1 Dash
|Garlic powder
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Dry mustard
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|Hard-cooked eggs
|2 , sliced
1. In a pan, cook bacon.
2. After removing from flame, crumble it. Keep aside ¼ of the drippings for the dressing.
3. In a salad bowl, cut lettuce and add it to the onions.
4. In a pan, take bacon drippings and heat it. Pour it over salad.
5. Take two cups of glass to measure a mixture of sugar, vinegar, salt, pepper, garlic powder and dry mustard and place it in a microwave dish. Microwave on high until mixture boils for one minute.
6. Remove from flame and add sugar. Stir it till it dissolves.
7. Pour the above liquid over salad greens, mixing it well until it is evenly coated with dressing. Serve Wilted Lettuce Salad garnished with bacon and eggs.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size
Calories 588 Calories from Fat 315
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 35 g54.1%
Saturated Fat 14.7 g73.6%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 273.3 mg91.1%
Sodium 704.5 mg29.4%
Total Carbohydrates 57 g19%
Dietary Fiber 3.5 g14.1%
Sugars 52.9 g
Protein 11 g21%
Vitamin A 263.1% Vitamin C 66.2%
Calcium 8.8% Iron 13.1%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


text:
MMS Social Networking JOOMLA 1.5
This project received 7 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $615 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project Budget$250 - $750 USD
Total Bids7
Project Description
I want a social network start MMS Joomla 1.5 version.
What I want to know if someone has experience in such projects.
1 Registered users can send MMS from website.
2 User can send MMS from his mobile to (email) system (website)
3 I want an email address is converted to the MMS e-mail.
4 User can have their own profile activities such as: Last notification, uploaded files, last sent an MMS.
Multiple modules such as
[url removed, login to view] recent MMS.
[url removed, login to view] Viewed.
[url removed, login to view] Discussed
[url removed, login to view] rated.
[url removed, login to view] MMS picture.
Skills Required
Looking to make some money?
- Set your budget and the timeframe
- Outline your proposal
- Get paid for your work
Hire Freelancers who also bid on this project
Looking for work?
Work on projects like this and make money from home!Sign Up Now
- Forbes
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- Time
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- Times Online


text:
Jul 22, 2014From Trader: shotgunshane
Easy to trade with. Quick communication and quick payment of difference in trade. Would trade with again. Recommended.
Item: FS: Vsonic VSD1 LE
Jun 26, 2014From Trader: Zelda
Easy and fast trade. Item arrived well packed and in perfect condition as described. Trader was very patience too.


text:
Find. Book. Pitchup.
- We make it a doddle to book campsites, glamping sites and caravan parks throughout the UK, Europe and the Americas.
- Trusted by over 1m holidaymakers from 99 countries.
- Choose and book in minutes, with instant confirmation and no booking fees.
3 bookable sites within 40 miles of Brora
Lossiemouth, Moray, Scotland Show on mapLast booked
|Electric gravel touring pitch
|unlimited x
|From £13.60/€16.13/A$22.16/US$17.06/CA$22.39/CHF17.19/kr154.02/kr120.46/kr142.41/kr1,863/$267.19/$11,333/PEN55.51/NZ$23.64/R220.42/zł69.60/R$52.29/Kč437.30/RSD2,000 per night
Inverness, Highlands and Islands, Scotland Show on mapLast booked
|Electric grass touring pitch
|4 x
|From £20/€23.72/A$32.59/US$25.09/CA$32.92/CHF25.28/kr226.50/kr177.15/kr209.42/kr2,740/$392.93/$16,667/PEN81.63/NZ$34.76/R324.15/zł102.35/R$76.89/Kč643.09/RSD2,941 per night
Inverness, Highlands and Islands, Scotland Show on mapLast booked
|Electric hardstanding touring pitch
|6 x
|From £24/€28.47/A$39.11/US$30.11/CA$39.51/CHF30.34/kr271.80/kr212.58/kr251.31/kr3,288/$471.51/$20,000/PEN97.96/NZ$41.71/R388.98/zł122.82/R$92.27/Kč771.70/RSD3,529 per night
|Fully-serviced hardstanding touring pitch
|6 x
|From £25/€29.66/A$40.74/US$31.36/CA$41.15/CHF31.61/kr283.13/kr221.43/kr261.78/kr3,425/$491.16/$20,833/PEN102.04/NZ$43.45/R405.19/zł127.94/R$96.12/Kč803.86/RSD3,676 per night
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text:
TechNet Radio: Virtually Speaking with Yung Chou – Windows Azure Websites
Download this episode
Yung Chou is back for today's Azure overview and in this episode he demos for us Windows Azure Websites. Tune in as he shows just how easy it is to deploy and manage a website within minutes.
After watching this video, follow these next steps:
Step #1 – Start Your Free 90 Day Trial of Windows Azure
Step #2 – Download Windows Server 2012
Step #3 – Begin building your own Virtual Machines in Windows Azure!
If you're interested in learning more about the products or solutions discussed in this episode, click on any of the below links for free, in-depth information:
- Microsoft Virtual Academy
- Download Microsoft Private Cloud Evaluation Software
- Download Your FREE copy of Hyper-V Server 2012
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TechNet Radio: Virtualization and Cloud Experts Café - What's New in Windows Server 2012
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What is Operations Management Suite (OMS)?
Operations Management Suite (OMS) Overview
BGP for VPN Part 1 - BGP Routing for Azure VPN Gateways
BGP for VPN Part 2 - Demo
Configure a Point-to-Site VPN Connection to a Virtual Network: Step 1 of 3
Try It Yourself - P2S Step 3: Configure Your VPN Client
Try It Yourself - P2S Step 2: Create a Root-Client Certificate Pair
BGP for VPN Part 3 - Configure BGP on Azure VPN Gateways via PowerShell
OMS - What's it all about?
Hybrid Cloud – Operations Management Suite in the real world
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RMNB's new "Hahaha Ice" T-Shirts can be purchased here.
While we dedicate a lot of our time to RMNB, our team slaves away at full-time jobs just like you. Peter is an information architect, I'm a web designer/email marketer, and Fedor is a full-time student in Moscow and a journalist for VOA. Then there's Igor.
Four score and seven years ago… okay, maybe not that long – but long enough that Scott Stevens was still a Capital and the Soviet Union was still a thing, Igor– fresh out of college– left St. Petersburg and the crumbling empire for America. Within a couple of months after getting off the proverbial boat, Igor landed his first job: an engineering position at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
Photo credit: Chris Gordon
A few weeks ago, Dmitry Orlov completed his third Capitals Development Camp, flying back to his hometown of Novokuznetsk immediately after its completion. The 20-year-old Orlov will continue to train in Russia until heading back to Washington in September for his first ever NHL training camp.
Three weeks ago, Sports.ru's Andrey Osadchenko had a fascinating Q & A with Dima, with the Caps prospect going in-depth on his time in Hershey, who impressed him most at the AHL level, and his goals for the upcoming season. Orlov — who's been involved in a few altercations during his time in the KHL — also revealed if anyone tried to fight him during his time with the Bears.
Below, RMNB's Igor Kleyner translates the interview.
Russian Machine Never Breaks is not associated with the Washington Capitals; Monumental Sports, the NHL, or its properties. Not even a little bit.
All original content on russianmachineneverbreaks.com is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)– unless otherwise stated or superseded by another license. You are free to share, copy, and remix this content so long as it is attributed, done for noncommercial purposes, and done so under a license similar to this one.


text:
Walnut Marshmallows
|1 1⁄2 Cup (24 tbs)
|Unflavored gelatin
|2 Tablespoon (2 Envelopes)
|1 1⁄4 Cup (20 tbs)
|Granulated sugar
|2 Cup (32 tbs)
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|Mint extract
|1 Teaspoon
|Green food coloring
|4 Drop
1. Finely chop walnuts. Pour 1 cup of the nuts into a 9-inch square pan, and pat in an even layer.
2. Soften gelatin in .1/2 cup of the water. Combine remaining 3/4 cup water with the sugar and salt, and cook until syrup reaches 234°F (soft ball stage). Add softened gelatin and let mixture stand until it cools to 130°F.
3. Add mint extract and food coloring. Beat at high speed with an electric mixer until very thick. Turn into the walnut-layered pan. Sprinkle remaining chopped walnuts on top. Let stand several hours or overnight.
4. Cut into squares and roll sides in any walnuts remaining in pan.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size: Complete recipe
Calories 2639 Calories from Fat 819
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 98 g150.5%
Saturated Fat 9.2 g46.1%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 0 mg
Sodium 546.3 mg22.8%
Total Carbohydrates 423 g141%
Dietary Fiber 10.1 g40.2%
Sugars 406.1 g
Protein 49 g97.1%
Vitamin A 0.6% Vitamin C 3.3%
Calcium 16.8% Iron 26.3%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


text:
The 19-year old Briton, Ben Ainslie, has suffered an unlikely setback in his quest to win the Laser World Championships in Simonstown, South Africa, writes Stuart Alexander.
Ainslie, who will be the youngest competitor ever to represent British sailing at the Olympics in Savannah, was leading the fleet at the cut which saw the top 50 progress to a gold fleet after six races, but suffered a bizarre setback when he was disqualified from the eighth race of 10 in the series for wearing clothing found to be above the legal weight limit.
This put Ainslie in second place, eight points behind Brazil's Robert Scheidt, but still ahead of Stefan Warkala of Germany. Another Briton, Ian Percy, was in fourth place.
In Murcia, Spain, which is staging three qualifiers for European places at the Olympics, Bethan Raggatt and Sue Carr were 10th out of 17 in the 470s, with 16 to qualify; Richard Stenhouse 12th out of 24 Finn singlehanders, with 20 to qualify, and Shirley Robertson 13th out of 26 Europe singlehanders, with 19 to qualify.
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Guest Worker Visa Troubles Visit McDonald's
For Argentine college student Jorge Rios, a U.S. government cultural-exchange program had huge appeal: He would earn money and use it to explore the country. But after spending $3,000 to participate, Mr. Rios said he found himself at the mercy of a McDonald's Corp. franchisee who was his employer and landlord.
This week, he and 14 other foreign students demonstrated outside a McDonald's after filing complaints with the State Department and Labor Department saying they were exploited at fast-food outlets in the Harrisburg,...
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A Life with God | Contemporary vs. Traditionalist worship services
A monthly church bulletin from Minneapolis listed two Sunday morning worship services as "contemporary" and "traditional." The evening service was fractured into special groups.
When Sunday evening services were more common, song services were open to requests. Verbal prayer requests were encouraged and often, testimony time allowed congregants to share special blessings. Song choruses were interjected during this time.
It was a family atmosphere reflecting the great Los Angeles Azusa Street revival of the early 1900s (which gives rise to…


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Elephant Stable
Top Pick
Elephant Stable
#Monument in Hampi
Another masterpiece creation in Hampi, the Elephant stables. The dome on top of each stable represented a differ my religion, which clearly shows religious tolerance that existed so many years back in India during the Hindu rules.
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Other exciting places to visit in Hampi
Vitthala Temple
Vitthala Temple complex is definitely the most interesting, intriguing and historically relevant attraction of Hampi. its brilliant architecture, scientific usage of acoustics to create various sounds and the sheer size of the place will leave in awe of our rich heritage and culture.
Tungabhadra River
The Tungbhadra River is located in Hampi and it has religious and historical importance due to several important touriest locations around the banks of the river. The Virupaksha temple, Vijaya Vittala temple and several other on its banks.
Elephant Stable
Another masterpiece creation in Hampi, the Elephant stables. The dome on top of each stable represented a differ my religion, which clearly shows religious tolerance that existed so many years back in India during the Hindu rules.
Shri Hemakuta Ratankut
This is Jain temple complex, has an ancient description back of the Ramyana times. There is evidence that Vijaynagar was founded here during Vikram year 1336, but even before this Hemakuta and Chakrakut, two very familiar shrines were present according to references available. Even today ruins of thousands of temples, forts etc, are found scattered in the hills and nearby area that reminds one about the antiquity of the place.
Matanga Hill
Being at the center point of Hampi and also at a very good height, this place gives panoramic of the Hampi. It can be reached via Hampi bazaar, street and best time to visit is during sunrise or sunset. This ascent to this place can take around 20 to 30 minutes. This place has an important place in Hindu mythology Ramayana. This place is named after sage Mathanga. From here you can just get a view of Achyuta Raya's Temple complex, Thungabhdra river, Hampi with a tower of Virupaksha Temple.
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Related Links
- More Things to do in Hampi
- Best time to visit Hampi
- Tourism Overview of Hampi
- Places to visit in Hampi
- Photos of Hampi
- Best Locations in India
- #Monument in India and South-East Asia
- All places to visit in India
- Places to visit in Karnataka


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add captcha to my site
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I have a web site, need add captcha to some places. It is a small project, but needs to be done quickly, only experienced programmer plz bid. Please show your similar jobs done before.
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More like this in » Stress Toys, Stress Products, Stress Toys
Penguin Anti-Stress
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13 July 2015
Alwaleed Philanthropies to support childhood immunisation with US$ 1 million pledge
Funding will cover the costs of vaccines in six countries.
26 January 2015
Private sector makes new pledges to support childhood immunisation in developing countries
Vaccine manufacturers and private firms set out commitments ahead of major Gavi conference
05 October 2012
Useful information
Useful information for anyone attending the Partners' Forum in Tanzania: Climate, Passports & Visas, Health, Safety, General behaviour in public, Currency, Tipping, Electricity, Shopping
10 May 2012
Diary of a vaccine monitor
As a programme officer with the GAVI Alliance, Nilgun Aydogan is responsible not only for helping south Asian countries apply for funding to introduce life-saving vaccines but also for monitoring the effectiveness of their immunisation programmes.
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