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The 4th Awakens Denver [1]
You'll be safe from Jedi mind tricks during this boozy movie marathon. Browse the meticulously detailed Star Wars prints by TiredPirate [2], and get in line early for a free (and real) galactic tattoo by Marion Street Tattoo. (Only the first 18 guests are eligible.) Then pair Infinite Monkey Theorem wine with bites from Rezzy's Kitchen while you binge-watch the original three episodes, and come back on Saturday for all-ages family fun. Fri 4 p.m.
—Image courtesy of TiredPirate.
Content Category:
- Events [3]
Event Category:
- Special Events [4]


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November 2015, Vol. 67, No. 6
Liesa L. Richter, Posnerian Hearsay: Slaying the Discretion Dragon
Sapna Kumar, Regulating Digital Trade
W. Keith Robinson, Economic Theory, Divided Infringement, and Enforcing Interactive Patents
Sandra F. Sperino, Retaliation and the Reasonable Person
R. George Wright, Content-Neutral and Content-Based Regulations of Speech: A Distinction That Is No Longer Worth the Fuss
S. Megan Testerman, A World Wide Web of Unwanted Children: The Practice, the Problem, and the Solution to Private Re-Homing
Pierce Giboney, Don't Ground Me Bro! Private Ownership of Airspace and How It Invalidates the FAA's Blanket Prohibition On Low Altitude Commercial Drone Operations
Tag Archives: protection
Richard D. Shane, Teachers as Sexual Harassment Victims: The Inequitable Protections of Title VII In Public Schools
61 Fla. L. Rev. 355 (2009) | | | | INTRODUCTION :: In 1992, a fifth-grade girl complained to her public school teacher that the boy sitting next to her repeatedly rubbed his body against her and made sexually explicit … Continue reading
Posted in Civil Rights Law, Education Law, Employment Law, Labor & Employment Law, Uncategorized Tagged Inequitable Protections, protection, Public Schools, Sexual Harassment, student-on-student harassment, student-on-teacher harrasment, teacher-on-student harassment, Teachers, teachers' legal protections, Title IX, Title VII, victims Comments Off on Richard D. Shane, Teachers as Sexual Harassment Victims: The Inequitable Protections of Title VII In Public Schools
Robert Michael Kline, Constitutional Law: Is There a Protected Interest in Protection (Or Are Court Orders Merely Suggestions)?
58 Fla. L. Rev. 459 (2006) | | | | TEXT :: Respondent's husband abducted his three little girls, ages 10, 8, and 7, and shot each of them in the head at close range. He committed this abhorrent and … Continue reading
Posted in Civil Procedure, Civil Rights Law, Constitutional Law, Governments and Legislation, Uncategorized Tagged 42 U.S.C. § 1983, Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth, child abduction, direct/indirect impact test, Due Process Clause, entitlement, fourteenth Amendment, independent source, intangible property interests, Kline, O'Bannon v. Town Court Nursing Center, property interest, Protected interests, protection, restraining orders, Roth Standard, rules of understanding, state law Comments Off on Robert Michael Kline, Constitutional Law: Is There a Protected Interest in Protection (Or Are Court Orders Merely Suggestions)?
Alan E. Garfield, Protecting Children from Speech
57 Fla. L. Rev. 565 (2005) | | | | INTRODUCTION :: The notion that children need to be sheltered from inappropriate speech long predates Janet Jackson's "wardrobe malfunction" or Bono's expletive-enhanced acceptance of a Golden Globe. Plato expressed concern … Continue reading
Posted in Computer & Internet Law, Constitutional Law, Family Law, First Amendment, Governments and Legislation, Jurisprudence, Uncategorized Tagged access to speech, Child Online Protection Act, child-protection censorship, Children, Childrens Internet Protection Act, Columbine High School, Federal Communications Commission, freespeech, functional standard, Garfield, Ginsberg v. New york, girlie magazines, Golden Globe, governmental intervention, Heath High School, howard stern, inappropriate speach, Janet Jackson, Jurisprudence, justification, legislation, McCarthy-type witch hunt, Michael Powell, minors, moral decay, Plato, premodern times, protection, sheltering, substantive question, Technology, Television Programming, United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, v-chips, Video Games, wardrobe malfunction Comments Off on Alan E. Garfield, Protecting Children from Speech

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Sudoku solving algorithms
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A standard Sudoku puzzle contains 81 cells, in a 9 by 9 grid, and has 9 zones, each zone being the intersection of the first, middle, or last 3 rows, and the first, middle, or last 3 columns. Each cell may contain a number from one to nine; each number can only occur once in each zone, row, and column of the grid. At the beginning of the game, many cells begin with numbers in them, and the goal is to fill in the remaining cells. Players may use a wide range of strategies to solve Sudoku puzzles, and this article goes over a number of methods for doing so.
Backtracking algorithms are adapted to solve the Sudoku that iterates all the possible solutions for the given sudoku. If the solutions assigned do not lead to the solution of Sudoku, the algorithm discards the solutions and rollbacks to the original solutions and retries again and hence the name backtracking.[1]
Below is the general pseudocode of backtracking algorithm for standard sudoku template (9x9.) [2]
Initialize 2D array with 81 empty grids (nx = 9, ny = 9) Fill in some empty grid with the known values Make an original copy of the array Start from top left grid (nx = 0, ny = 0), check if grid is empty if (grid is empty) { assign the empty grid with values (i) if (no numbers exists in same rows & same columns same as (i) & 3x3 square (i) is currently in) fill in the number if (numbers exists in same rows | same columns same as (i) | 3x3 square (i) is currently in) discard (i) and repick other values (i++) } else { while (nx < 9) { Proceed to next row grid(nx++, ny) if (nx equals 9) { reset nx = 1 proceed to next column grid(nx,ny++) if (ny equals 9) { print solution } } } }
The animated GIF shows how the Sudoku is solved using backtracking. The red numbers are "fixed," while the backtrack algorithm tries to find a solution of blue numbers to complete the Sudoku grid. Notice how the algorithm discards all the previous solutions if it finds the existing solutions do not fulfil the Sudoku requirement, hence the name "backtrack".
Exact cover[edit]
|This section does not cite any sources. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Sudoku may be described as an instance of the exact cover problem. This allows both for an elegant description of the problem and an efficient solution using a backtracking algorithm. While exact cover does not guarantee efficient solution times for large grids, implementations of Sudoku using algorithms for exact cover, such as Dancing Links, typically solve 9x9 Sudoku grids with minimal calculation time of the order of seconds.
Brute Force Algorithm[edit]
Some hobbyists have developed computer programs that will solve Sudoku puzzles using a brute force algorithm. Although it has been established that approximately 6.67 x 1021 final grids exist, a brute force computer algorithm can be a practical method to solve puzzles if the code is well designed.
Advantages of this method are:
- a solution is guaranteed (as long as the puzzle is valid)
- solving time is mostly unrelated to degree of difficulty
The disadvantage of this method is that it may be comparatively slow when compared to computer solution methods modeled after deductive methods.
A brute force algorithm visits the empty cells in some order, filling in digits sequentially from the available choices, and backtracking (removing failed choices) as dead-ends are reached. At each backtrack, the algorithm iterates the digit in the cell most recently filled before the cell where the dead end was seen. If that particular cell is tried with all possible digits, the algorithm steps back to the second prior cell filled before the last dead end and iterates that cell's digit.
For example, a brute force program would solve a puzzle by placing the digit "1" in the first cell and checking if it is allowed to be there. If there are no violations (checking row, column, and box constraints) then the algorithm advances to the next cell, and places a "1" in that cell. When checking for violations, it is discovered that the "1" is not allowed, so the value is advanced to a "2". If a cell is discovered where none of the 9 digits is allowed, then the algorithm leaves that cell blank and moves back to the previous cell. The value in that cell is then increased by 1. The algorithm is repeated until a valid solution for all 81 cells is found.[3][4]
Stochastic search / optimization methods[edit]
Sudoku can be solved using stochastic (random-based—search) methods.[5][6] An example of this approach is to:
- Randomly assign numbers to the blank cells in the grid
- calculate the number of errors
- "shuffle" these inserted numbers around the grid until the number of mistakes is reduced to zero
A solution to the puzzle will then have been found. Approaches for shuffling the numbers include simulated annealing, genetic algorithm and tabu search. Stochastic-based optimisation algorithms are known to be quite fast, though they are perhaps not as fast as some logic-based techniques. Unlike the latter however, optimisation algorithms do not necessarily require problems to be logic-solvable, giving them the potential to solve a wider range of problem instance. Algorithms designed for graph colouring are also known to perform very well with Sudoku puzzles.[7]
It is also possible to express a Sudoku as an integer linear programming problem. Such approaches seem to get close to a solution quite quickly, and can then use branching towards the end. The Simplex algorithm seems able to handle situations with no solutions or multiple solutions quite well.
Constraint programming[edit]
Sudoku is a constraint problem. In his paper Sudoku as a Constraint Problem,[8] Helmut Simonis describes many reasoning algorithms available in the form of constraints which can be applied to model and solve the problem. Some constraint solvers include an example how to model and solve Sudoku problems.[9][10] The constraint program modeling and solving Sudoku will in most solvers have less than 100 lines of code. If the code employs a strong reasoning algorithm, incorporating a search routine is only needed for the hardest puzzles.
Computation time[edit]
Computer algorithms work through increasingly more cycles when searching for Sudokus with 20 clues or fewer. Indeed, puzzles with 17 clues are notoriously difficult to find. When the constraint of symmetry is applied, the expected search time will dramatically increase yet further.[11]
Blank Sudoku grids[edit]
Although Sudoku grids that come with some of their cells pre-filled can often be quite challenging to solve, blank Sudoku grids can actually be solved very quickly. Perhaps the easiest way of doing this is to produce the root solution, which can be achieved using the following simple polynomial time algorithm.[5]
For the standard n2 x n2 (9 x 9) grid this algorithm (equivalent implementations in Java and Haskell) is as follows:
final int n = 3;
final int[][] field = new int[n*n][n*n];
for (int i = 0; i < n*n; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < n*n; j++)
field[i][j] = (i*n + i/n + j) % (n*n) + 1;
sol :: [[Int]]
sol = [ [ witness (build i j) | j <- [0..heightGame] ]
| i <- [0..heightGame] ]
build i j = (i * heightRegion) + (i `div` heightRegion) + j
witness = (`mod` heightGame) . (+ 1)
heightRegion = 3
heightGame = heightRegion^2
The above procedure produces the following 9x9 Sudoku:
+-----------------------+ | 1 2 3 | 4 5 6 | 7 8 9 | | 4 5 6 | 7 8 9 | 1 2 3 | | 7 8 9 | 1 2 3 | 4 5 6 | |-------+-------+-------| | 2 3 4 | 5 6 7 | 8 9 1 | | 5 6 7 | 8 9 1 | 2 3 4 | | 8 9 1 | 2 3 4 | 5 6 7 | |-------+-------+-------| | 3 4 5 | 6 7 8 | 9 1 2 | | 6 7 8 | 9 1 2 | 3 4 5 | | 9 1 2 | 3 4 5 | 6 7 8 | +-----------------------+
- ^ Zelenski, Julie (July 16, 2008). Lecture 11 | Programming Abstractions (Stanford). Stanford Computer Science Department.
- ^ http://moritz.faui2k3.org/en/yasss
- ^ "Backtracking - Set 7 (Sudoku)". GeeksforGeeks. GeeksforGeeks. Archived from the original (HTML) on 28 Aug 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
- ^ Norvig, Peter. "Solving Every Sudoku Puzzle". Peter Norvig (personal website). Archived from the original (HTML) on 20 Oct 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
- ^ a b Lewis, R (2007) Metaheuristics Can Solve Sudoku Puzzles Journal of Heuristics, vol. 13 (4), pp 387-401.
- ^ Perez, Meir and Marwala, Tshilidzi (2008) Stochastic Optimization Approaches for Solving Sudoku arXiv:0805.0697.
- ^ Lewis, R. A Guide to Graph Colouring: Algorithms and Applications. Springer International Publishers, 2015.
- ^ Simonis, Helmut (2005). "Sudoku as a Constraint Problem" (PDF). H Simonis homepage. Cork Constraint Computation Centre at University College Cork: Helmut Simonis. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
paper presented at the Eleventh International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming
- ^ Multiple Authors. "Java Constraint Programming solver" (Java). JaCoP. Krzysztof Kuchcinski & Radoslaw Szymanek. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
- ^ Rhollor. "Sudokusolver" (C++). GitHub. Rhollor. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
- ^ "17 Clue Sudoku with Diagonal Symmetry"
External links[edit]
- http://diuf.unifr.ch/pai/people/juillera/Sudoku/Sudoku.html Sudoku Explainer by Nicolas Juillerat (Popular for rating Sudokus in general)
- http://www2.research.att.com/sw/download/man/man1/sudoku.html sudoku by gsf (Popular for rating the hardest Sudokus amongst other things)
- A Pencil-and-Paper Algorithm for Solving Sudoku Puzzles quoted also in a popular British newspaper the Daily Mail


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Harvesting wild mushrooms is definitely something we want to do! The first year we lived here, we had a guy do some tree work for us. He and his family were into hunting mushrooms – and he brought us a bag full of golden chanterelles and were they awesome! I sauteed them and they tasted so earthy and meaty. So I'm really excited to tell you about a book, "A Visual Guide to Harvesting Mushrooms" by Leota McKenzie. I flipped through it the other day when at Localvore in Sutherlin, Oregon.
Archives for July 2009
Frugal and Healthy Eating While Travelling
What do you pack to eat when travelling? With some preparation beforehand, you won't need to turn to prepackaged, processed, "travel-friendly" foods. These are not good for you, and often carry a high price tag. The stress of being away from home, no matter how fun the trip is, weakens our bodies. We are outside of our comfort zone, exposed to a different toxin load, and often suffer from lack of sleep. So traveling is one of the most important times to keep up good eating habits. And with some ahead of time preparation, the time of traveling can really be fun and healthy, not only because you and your family feel like you're feasting, but because you (the cook) can relax and enjoy the time fully, knowing that your family is eating well!
Probiotic Potato Salad
Why would my family be astounded that they liked *this* potato salad? Because my family doesn't like kefir! This potato salad packs a nutritious punch — and picky eaters are none the wiser! [by Wardee Harmon]
Homemade Herb Seasoning Salt (Similar To Herbamare)
Have you ever had Herbamare? It's a seasoned salt that also has lots of herbs and even kelp for added minerals. This easy recipe is like homemade Herbamare! Keep it in your cupboard to season meats and veggies, or make up a large batch to gift to the ones you love! It's sooooo yummy! [by Wardee Harmon]
Chocolate Kefir Smoothie
Well, it's official! These chocolate kefir smoothies are our nighttime, after-dinner ritual! It's all the benefits of kefir wrapped into a great and tasty little package — so what's not to love? [by Wardee Harmon]
Foray Into Sourdough Bread – Need Your Help!
I am about to embark on sourdough bread making, and want to ask for your advice. I got my sourdough starter from Cultures For Health. It comes dehydrated, and I must mix it with water and flour to get it going and bubbling, ready to produce. I am so excited to do this! In this post, I'll share what's so special about sourdough bread and why it is much better for people than yeasted breads.
3 Ways to Save Money on Seasonal, Local Produce (Especially Fruit!)
As I sit here savoring a bowl of local, organic cherries (and trying not to stain or dirty the keyboard), I want to share three ways to save money during this season when the local, naturally-grown fruit is abundant and delectable. [by Wardee Harmon]
Cinnamon Honey Spelt Biscuits {soaked or sprouted!}
The kids just loved these! I made a batch for the kids to take on a road trip, along with ready-to-go mixes of all the dry ingredients, so they can make them up while out of town. These are just slightly sweet. If you want to sweeten them up more, feel free! (Reduce the milk accordingly.) I'm going to share two versions – a soaked version using spelt flour or an UNsoaked version calling for SPROUTED spelt flour. If you want to use whole wheat pastry flour or sprouted whole wheat flour, choose the appropriate version and use an additional 1/4 cup of flour.
How to Find Local Food
On Friday, we discussed the importance of purchasing local food. Now it is time to figure out how to find it. It takes a bit more work because you might not find it all in one place (the exception being a Farmer's Market). In addition, you have to do a little digging to find resources, because some farmers don't advertise or are off the beaten track. Here are some methods you can use to find local food in your area.


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This is the third module in the Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO) Project Suite curriculum. Each activity is self-directed by students or student teams and utilizes online videos, data from the SDO satellite and hands-on activities to explore,... (View More) research and build knowledge about how the Sun's varying activity impacts Earth and space weather. Each activity provides opportunities to build knowledge and vocabulary, apply or demonstrate learning through real world connections and create resources to use in investigations. Both a teacher and student guide are included with sequential instructions and embedded links to the needed videos, tutorials and internet resources. In Activity 3A: Sun-Earth Interactions, students gather information from online videos and create a 3D model to demonstrate the relationship to Earth's place in space and the affect of Earth's axial tilt on our seasons, then film a short video explaining the reasons for the seasons. Activity 3B: Space Weather, students use online videos to gather information on what space weather is, and its causes and effects, to create a concept map. They then use real-time SDO data to forecast space weather. Activity 3C: Solar Research in Action! Make a Magnetometer has students view information in online videos about to Earth's magnetosphere and the impacts of space weather, then create a magnetometer to detect and visualize changes in the Earth's magnetic fields to monitor solar storm impacts. A computer for student-teams and access to the internet are needed for this module. See related and supplementary resources for link to full curriculum. The appendix includes an alignment to the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). (View Less)
Materials Cost: $5 - $10 per group of students
The theme of this unit is the development of an imaginary mission to the asteroid Vesta. It also introduces teachers and students to the Vesta Mappers citizen scientist project, which is part of the CosmoQuest online community. The unit is designed... (View More) to be used in 50-minute periods over 13 days and lessons follow the 5E instructional model. Students will explore not only science content but science and engineering practices as well. An alignment is provided to the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). (View Less)
Materials Cost: $10 - $20 per group of students


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--><< I think everyone should have a trough
> or two planted with dwarf hosta and a few alpines. >>
>Joanne -
>Well I guess I agree with you about that, but how do you go about planting
>trough and why is it so recommendable??? Why would you use a trough when
>earth is such a good place for hostas and alpines?
As you know, Alpines need perfect drainage, as a rule. If ground
conditions don't provide perfect drainage, the gardener can set conditions
up in troughs that will provide great drainage.
The concrete recipes and procedures that so many people have shared, by
the way, aren't just limited to troughs and pots. I see sculpture and
garden accent possibilities, too.
John Dash
Fairport, NY
Where the Big Thaw is supposed to start in 6 hours.
To sign-off this list, send email to firstname.lastname@example.com with the
message text UNSUBSCRIBE HOSTA-OPEN


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Announcements : Pre-med and want to go abroad?
Announcement: Pre-med and want to go abroad?
Event Date: 10/13/2015
Come to this information session to learn how to make it work.Meet with study abroad, pre-professional advisors and pre-med students who have gone abroad to learn about your study abroad opportunities as a pre-med student.
Date: October 13th, 2015
Time: 6:00-7:00 pm
Place: Lerner 401


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cell phones
Only 906 Call Drop Complaints Made in Last 3.5 Years: Sinha
Only 906 complaints (out of 100 crore subscribers) have been made on call drops in the last three and a half years.July 27, 2016, 5:35 pm explore: Business
Watch: LeEco Presents 2Future, Next Generation Devices
LeEco unveiled its next generation Superphones in a recently held event in India. At the event Tin Mok, CEO (Asia Pacific) and Debashish Ghosh, COO for the Chief Content Marketing Business was also present.June 18, 2016, 9:24 pm explore: Tech
US senator wants investigation into gun resembling phone
Senator Charles Schumer on Monday said the gun, being promoted online by a company calling itself Ideal Conceal, "is just a disaster waiting to happen."April 5, 2016, 7:58 am explore: World
French Police looks for clues from cell phone recovered
French Police are now looking for clues from a cell phone they recovered which belonged to one of the attackers. There was a text message in the phone saying, 'Ok, we are ready'. It is still not know who the phone belongs to or who was the recipient of the message but it could lead to important clues about a larger network.November 18, 2015, 3:58 pm explore: World
Security breach in Jodhpur jail, inmates upload selfies on Facebook
After the incident came to light the jail authorities now intend to install phone jammers inside the jail complex for security.June 10, 2015, 12:30 pm explore: India
IT capital struggling with basic mobile connectivityDeepa Balakrishnan, June 8, 2015, 8:35 am explore: India
Is radiation from cell phone tower harmful?
India has 97 crore mobile users but only four lakh mobile towers to cater to them leading to calls getting disconnected during a conversation. While Telecom Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad has said that he will look at having more mobile towers, many activists and residential welfare associations fear about radiation from the towers.Saahil Menghani, June 7, 2015, 9:16 am explore: India
India has 97 crore mobile users but connectivity still a big issue, frequent call drops order of the day
Even though cell phone connectivity has reached the narrowest lanes in India, it seems like it will be a while before quality connectivity is insured.Kamala Sripada, June 5, 2015, 8:08 pm explore: India
Smartphone data can be used to provide electricity in rural areas
Researchers used anonymised cell phone data to assess the feasibility of various electrification options for rural communities in Senegal.May 7, 2015, 3:05 pm explore: Tech
Use of smartphones by kids rampant in Australia: Report
Over two-thirds of Australian children aged three to 17 own a smartphone.March 16, 2015, 4:24 pm explore: Lifestyle
Separation from iPhone can lead to anxiety: Study
Separation from cell phone can have serious psychological and physiological effects on iPhone users, including poor performance on cognitive tests.January 10, 2015, 1:58 pm explore: India
Separation from iPhone can lead to anxiety
Researchers from the University of Missouri (MU) have found that separation from cell phone can have serious psychological and physiological effects.January 9, 2015, 7:07 pm explore: Lifestyle
Denmark is now the world's most connected country
Denmark has overtaken South Korea as the world's top country for cellphone and Internet use, says a study.November 25, 2014, 2:33 pm explore: India
Experts blame dearth of adequate towers for connectivity problem in mobile phones
Inadequate availability and sub optimal utilisation of spectrum are the airwaves which carry the telecom signals.Reena Bhardwaj, November 20, 2014, 3:44 pm explore: India
UP policemen blame cellphones, western clothes for rapes: Is the Indian police system caught in a medieval mindset?
In a bizarre explanation for the rise in rape cases in the state, the Uttar Pradesh Police have now blamed mobile phone culture, bad influence of western culture and indecent dressing sense among women as reasons behind it.October 31, 2014, 12:03 am explore: India
StarGaze: Shraddha Kapoor Parties With Farhan Akhtar, SRK Attends OK Jaanu Special Screening
Kishwer Merchant- Suyyash Rai Wedding: Look Who All Attended the Reception Party
Hollywood Friday: Ryan Gosling, Emma Stone Starrer La La Land Releases This Week


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Primarily interested in a deeply connected monogamous Long Term Relationship with a very special lady, but until then available for playdates.
For those unfamiliar with D/s, please do not assume all males that identify as dominant are the same... there are a broad spectrum of personalities out there and ultimately everyone is an individual.
If you want to know more about me, contact me and I'll share with you my more traditional profile.


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Dear Hosta nuts,
I haven't seen any other ads here (yet) for the AHS Convention coming from our ROHS membership, so I'll take a crack at it. Perhaps other ROHS members can fill in gaps or will make their own pitch.
First, the http://www.rohs.org/ web site has more details including a registration form. If you haven't taken a look, the time spent previewing the upcoming event could prove to be productive.
I want to address those who have never been to a national (or a major regional) convention. The veterans already know so you can just skip this message and go straight to the registration form! :-)
<begin ad>
Here's the deal -- beg, borrow, steal, mortgage your house, sell some of your illegally cloned Hostas if you need to, but get thee to the AHS National Convention in Des Moines, Iowa from June 16-19, 2004. You're going to get a lot of bang for the buck with your registration fee (which, at $195, is lower than usual. See site for more options).
You'll be in for some real Hosta eye candy this year. Since you've never seen a National AHS sanctioned Hosta (leaf) show, this will be a real treat as well. Then, there is the auction on Saturday (did I mention that you should bring several weeks allowance with you when you come?)--where you'll have a chance to adopt some really great plants AND to help out your favorite National Hosta association.
Last but least, I swear on a stack of bibles as tall as H. nigrescens, that, 1) you WILL meet some REALLY nice people, 2) you WILL have lots of fun, and 3) you WILL take home some REALLY wonderful memories.
Why attend a national HOSTA convention? The national convention is a real eye opener to the big world of Hostas. If you've never gone, you'll feel right at home with all the HOSTAHOLICS that will be there. (Yes, there are LOTS of addicts just like you. You do know how much fun it is to be around others that are just as addicted as you, right? You can talk for hours!).
I could hardly believe my eyes, when I went (for the first time) in 2000. I spent over four hours in Bob Olson's garden, on Sunday, and I had already seen thousands of Hostas. By Sunday morning, the synapses in my eyes were plum tuckered out but I just could not leave town without seeing his fabulous garden. That's how you're going to feel about many of these tour gardens here in Iowa.
You might even bump into some of these Hosta Open nuts and you'll be glad to see that not one of them has three heads!
So, whether you've been a lurker, or like Bill and Chic (and so many others), like to let it all hang out for our personal entertainment, there is a place for you on the bus! But you have to get yourself registered! If you LOVE Hostas, you're going to love this convention. If you only LIKE Hostas, or think you MIGHT LIKE Hostas someday if you could just see some in a garden, then you're not going to believe your eyes.
Just go to the web site, print out the registration form and hand it to your hubby or your favorite girlfriend, and say, "This is where you're taking me for Christmas--but I want to go in June" and then see how they react. If they come back at you with a smile, you're in! --- book a double room and you're going to have a great vacation! If not, then maybe you'll have to go it alone, or even room with Chic or Bill (scoot over, fellas--ya got company!).
But get thee to Des Moines Iowa for June 16-19. (The 16th is optional, but you don't want to miss the ol' Pandy Man's garden, do ya?)
</end ad>
Andrew Lietzow
Des Moines
Get your own family web site at www.MyFamily.com!
To sign-off this list, send email to email@example.com with the
message text UNSUBSCRIBE HOSTA-OPEN


text:
Obituary & Guest Book Preview for Emma Katherine Cellilli
Emma Katherine Cellilli Obituary
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: Emma K. Cellilli 1918 - 2011 NORTH AURORA, IL - Emma Katherine Cellilli, 92, of North Aurora, formerly of Springfield, MA and Winter Haven, FL,...
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"Lois and Sam, I am so sorry. Grandma Kathy was the sweetest and most caring person that I know. She was so good to my sister and I. She never missed a school function for us and they would visit..." -
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The Israel Defense Forces arrested two wanted terror suspects, Sunday evening, in the Samarian (Shomron) Palestinian Authority-assigned village of Al-Mo'air, north of Ramallah. The Kefir anti-terror brigade arrested a lone suspect in the Judean Arab village of Tiku'a, between Bethlehem and the Jewish community of Teko'a.
The suspects were turned over to security agencies for interrogation.
Tags:PA, PA Arabs, IDF, Judea-Samaria, Israel Defense Forces, terror suspect arrests, Samaria (Shomron), Kefir anti-terror brigade, Al-Mo'air, Tiku'a


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|Low Season May – September
|฿ 38,500 / Month
|฿ 1,283 / Day
Rate depends on your dates. Please inquire for additional info.Minimal rent period: 1 month
Built in 2012, the new two-storey Townhouses, located near one of the most prestigious locations in Phuket - Laguna Area, Bang Tao Beach. Green area of this complex, guarded 24 hours a day.
The urban stylish Townhouses, built of high quality building materials to the highest international standards. Reliable plumbing, modern built-in furniture, two-tone lighting and layout, expand the space, all this creates for feeling comfort.
In each Townhouse: automatic gates, individual parking, open terrace with sun loungers, 3 bedrooms, fitted kitchen, large living room, combining a dining area, which fades into the rest area. Coming out of the living room you get to the covered veranda, which is the Spa-room, where you can have a rest in jacuzzi surrounded by flowers. Modern design, large windows and spacious rooms create warm atmosphere.
The townhouses:
• Living area 146 m ²
• 1st floor: kitchen, living room, bathroom (toilet, shower);
• 2nd floor: 3 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms (shower, WC);
• Covered terrace with Jacuzzi, balcony;
• air conditioners, television sets;
Price: Long Term rental rate is THB 38,500 per month
* Rental include:
* Rental not include:
• 7 minutes to major shopping center Tesco Lotas (pharmacy, cafes, restaurants, banks, exchangers, shops, hypermarket)
• 15 minutes to the airport
• 5 minutes drive to Laguna Beach (area with hotels world-class, golf courses, beautiful, well-kept park, night club, a variety of restaurants)
• 20 minutes to Patong (the center of evening entertainment)
• 3 minutes to the Thai market.
• There are many restaurants and cafes in different price categories around villas.
Fully furnished Villa
Modern Villa in Cherng Talay


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By CHARLES LISTON
Special to The Trimble Banner
We all have been hearing bits and pieces lately on drones, though most of us are clueless regarding details. When invited to speak at our Rotary Club about this new technology, Ralph Hance was most happy to accept. Hance is in charge of 4H programs for Trimble County Extension and has been teaching 4th, 5th, and 6th graders in the county the past three months (monthly "in-class" sessions) all about drones, how they work and potential applications.
Saturday, Jan. 21
Free Handshakes and Pancakes Breakfast at Sligo Baptist Church, 65 N. 42 Loop, Sligo, from 8:30 to 10:30 a.m. Everyone is welcome!
Sunday, Jan. 29
Bedford Baptist Church, 1425 Hwy. 42E, Bedford, Kentucky, will be showing the movie, "The Insanity of God", a true story of faith and persecution, on Sunday, January 29 from 6:30 p.m. to 8 p.m. There is no cost and all are welcome!
Thursday, Feb. 2
Feed the Children meeting will be held at 6:00 p.m. at the Bedford Methodist Church.
Items published in court news are public record.
The Trimble Banner publishes all misdemeanors, felonies and small-claims judgments recorded in district court, as well as all civil suits recorded in circuit court. Juvenile court cases are not published.
Crime reports are provided by local law enforcement agencies. Charges or citations reported to The Trimble Banner do not imply guilt.
The following decisions were rendered on Tuesday, January 10, 2017 in Trimble County District Court with the Hon. Jerry D. Crosby II presiding.
I have been betrayed! I have been in considerable pain for the past week because of my conservative attitude toward wisdom teeth. I only grew three because tooth four resolved to play coy. Tooth four would attempt to grow and retreat. This pattern continued for years until we both grew tired of the game, it went into dormancy and we haven't spoken since.
For Christmas I gave my husband Psalm 91.
Not all of it, just the first two verses:
"Whoever dwells in the shelter of the most high will rest in the shadow of the Almighty. I will say of the Lord, 'He is my refuge and my fortress, my God in whom I trust.' "
I found an artist on the Etsy website who hand paints scripture verses, white lettering on rustic gray paper.
Thursday, Jan. 12
Milton City Commission meets at 7:00 p.m. at the Milton Municipal Building.
Saturday, Jan. 14
Apostolic Pentecostal Church of the Living God, 124 Smith Ln. in Bedford, Ky. will hold a concert 5 p.m., Saturday, Jan. 14, with Gospel Singer Mark Bishop. No admission fee, a love offering will be accepted. For more information call Pastor Bobby Wade at (502) 255-7510.
Monday, Jan. 16
Trimble County Fiscal Court meets for the quarterly evening meeting at 5:30 p.m. in the meeting room of the judge-executive's office.
Sunday, Jan. 1
12:10 a.m., traffic stop, Trimble County Park
12:11 a.m., traffic stop, Connector Rd & U.S. Hwy 42E
12:22 a.m., traffic stop, U.S. Hwy 42 & U.S. Hwy 421
12:29 a.m., traffic stop, Bedford Family Practice
12:37 a.m., traffic stop, U.S. Hwy 421N & Cedarwood
12:46 a.m., traffic stop, Ray Drive
12:52 a.m., traffic stop, 4757 U.S. Hwy 42W
Tuesday, Jan. 3
12:53 p.m., process service, 100 block Brandon Way
2:43 p.m., process service, 300 block McDowell Ln
Items published in court news are public record.
The Trimble Banner publishes all misdemeanors, felonies and small-claims judgments recorded in district court, as well as all civil suits recorded in circuit court. Juvenile court cases are not published.
Crime reports are provided by local law enforcement agencies. Charges or citations reported to The Trimble Banner do not imply guilt.
The following decisions were rendered Tuesday, Dec. 27, 2016, in Trimble County District Court with the Hon. Diana E. Wheeler presiding:
During the cold winter months, it is harder to find activities to do with younger children. It seems all too easy to allow a child to spend more time on the computer or in front of the television. However, these activities can get in the way of time together as a family and can even impede development of important kindergarten readiness skills. What are some ideas that families can do instead to help young children learn math skills?
Copyright © 2017
The Trimble Banner is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Trimble County, KY and the surrounding area.


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Scott Sehlhorst, 47, Fort Wayne, US, Old Dover Blvd, Apt 7
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How to Write in Psychology
A Student Guide
By (author) John R. Beech
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How to Write in Psychology by John R. Beech
Book DescriptionThrough the use of clearly defined instructions and examples, How to Write in Psychology is a concise and comprehensive guide for the well-prepared student on the principles of writing essays and research papers for psychology. * Presents everything the well-prepared student needs to know about the principles and practice of writing for psychology* Compares and contrasts the different writing requirements and techniques for essays and research reports in psychology* Offers advice on constructing figures and producing properly formatted graphs and tables* Includes exercises to improve grammar, style, and critical awareness* Provides checklists, tips for getting started, and examples of a properly written essay and lab report
Buy How to Write in Psychology book by John R. Beech from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9781405156943
(229mm x 156mm x 19mm)
Pages: 256
Imprint: John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Publish Date: 19-Sep-2008
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
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How to Write in Psychology is a comprehensive and highly informative guide to the unique writing requirements of psychology. Filled with practical, clearly defined instructions and examples, this timely text includes everything the well-prepared student needs to know about the principles and practice of writing for psychology.
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Author Biography - John R. Beech
Dr. John R. Beech is a Senior Lecturer in Psychology at the University of Leicester. He has authored many journal articles and has written or co-edited several books, including The Psychological Assessment of Reading , Assessment in Neuropsychology , and Assessment in Speech and Language Therapy .
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All kids need vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients to be healthy and grow normally.

And just like vitamin D, iron, and calcium, kids need the omega-3 fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), that they can get from fish oils. That is why the food pyramid recommends that kids eat 'fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids, such as salmon, trout, and herring.'

If you kids don't eat these kinds of fish, they could need another source of omega-3 fatty acids, including other foods supplemented with fish oil, a multivitamin with DHA and EPA, or other fish oil supplements.

Fish Oil Benefits

Nutrition fads seem to come and go, even in child nutrition.

Iron used to be big among vitamins and minerals, and parents would always try to get kids to eat their spinach. As more foods became supplemented with iron, parents seemed to shift their focus to vitamin C.

Fish oil may be the new nutrition fad, even though most parents should likely focus on calcium and vitamin D, since many kids don't drink enough milk.

Why is fish oil popular?

Is it because fish oil is high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are thought to lower triglyceride levels?

Or because fish oil benefits include that it may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease and slightly reduce high blood pressure?

Other fish oil benefits that may have made it popular include claims to help ADHD, asthma, arthritis, abnormal heart rhythms, and that it may help prevent some types of cancer.

The claims that it may help promote brain development is likely the fish oil benefit that most parents focus on though, and which makes fish oil so popular. Unfortunately, there are many conflicting studies about fish oil benefits, and not all studies have even shown that they have any benefit at all.

Sources of Fish Oil

In addition to fish oil pills and supplements, you can get fish oil and omega-3 fatty acids from a few foods, including:

 fatty fish, including herring, rainbow trout, mackerel, salmon, and sardines, which have the highest levels of DHA and EPA

other fish, including pollock, flounder, scallops, clams, shrimp, catfish, canned albacore tuna, canned light tuna, and even fish sticks, all of which have lower levels of DHA and EPA than fatty fish

cod liver oil

DHA fortified foods and drinks, such as yotoddler yogurt and Juicy Juice with DHA

Other non-fish sources of omega-3 fatty acids can include:

flaxseeds, walnuts, soybeans, tofu, and flaxseed, canola and soybean oils - in the form of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)

algae

most brands of baby formula, which are now fortified with DHA and ARA to make them more like breast milk, which has omega-3 fatty acids

 baby food fortified with DHA, such as Beech-Nut DHA PLUS

other DHA fortified foods (check food labels), including Horizon Organic Milk Plus DHA Omega-3, PediaSure, Sara Lee Soft & Smooth Plus 100% Whole Wheat Bread, Silk Wellness Soy Milk (Silk DHA Omega-3 & Calcium), and Mission Life Balance Flour Tortillas, etc.

Most of these foods that are fortified with DHA use algae, a vegetarian source of DHA. If they simply say that they have naturally occurring omega-3 fatty acids, then they likely have small amounts of ALA, and not DHA and EPA.

Keep in mind that although DHA fortified foods have much less DHA than most fish, your kids will likely eat and drink them more often and with other DHA fortified foods. For example one cup of Silk Wellness Soy Milk only has 32mg of DHA and EPA vs. the 330mg in albacore tuna or over 3000mg in salmon, but kids can only eat limited amounts of fish, while he might drink two or three cups of DHA fortified milk each day, in addition to other foods with DHA and EPA.

Fish Oil Dosage

The American Heart Association recommends that all adults eat a variety of fish, preferably those high in omega-3 fatty acids, at least twice a week, and also eat foods rich in ALA, such as flaxseeds, walnuts, soybeans, tofu, and flaxseed, canola and soybean oils. Adults with coronary heart disease should make sure they get at least 1000mg each day and even higher doses if they have high triglyceride levels.

Although there aren't specific recommendations about fish oil and omega-3 fatty acids for kids, the food pyramid does advise that it is important to include fish, nuts, and seeds in a child's diet. And it may not be a hearty endorsement, but they do state that there is 'some limited evidence that suggests eating fish rich in EPA and DHA may reduce the risk for mortality from cardiovascular disease.'

The usual fish oil dosage for kids, if they are getting their fish oil from actually eating fish, is two servings a week. There isn't a more specific mg per day recommendation for DHA and ARA for kids yet.

When serving fish to kids, parents should keep all fish and mercury warnings in mind, including that they limit canned albacore tuna to no more than once a week. Young kids can eat other fish that are lower in mercury, such as canned light tuna, salmon, pollock, and catfish, twice a week. And remember that women who may become pregnant, pregnant women, nursing mothers, and young children should not eat any shark, swordfish, king mackerel, or tilefish at all, since they can have high levels of mercury.

Fish Oil Supplements

Since many of the foods that are high in omega-3 fatty acids, especially those derived from fish oil, are not exactly kid-friendly foods, and there are still only limited numbers of DHA fortified foods, you may need to give your child a fish oil supplement if you want to make sure they get enough of these omega-3 fatty acids. Although normal doses of fish oil are not thought to be harmful, giving kids fish oil supplements is a little controversial, as not all studies have shown that they have any benefit.

Fish oil supplements for kids include:

ChildLife Cod Liver Oil, Strawberry Flavored

Coromega Omega-3 Kids Squeeze Packets in orange and lemon lime flavors

Irwin Naturals Omega-3 Citrus Chews

GNC Kids DHA Soft Chews, Citrus Flavored

Marvel Heroes Complete - a chewable multivitamin that includes DHA (plant source)

Oceans Kids DHA

Gummy vitamins with fish oils are also available, including:

Clifford Multi-Vitamin + Brain Health - a multivitamin that includes omega-3 fatty acids

Coromega Omega3 Gummy Fruits for Kids

Disney Gummies Multivitamin (various characters) - includes DHA

Iron Kids Gummies Omega-3's

L'il Critters Omega-3 Gummy Fish

Marvel Heroes Gummies - a multivitamin that includes DHA

Nordic Naturals Nordic Omega-3 Gummies

yummi bears DHA

Keep in mind that amount of omega-3 fatty acids in these vitamins can vary greatly. Some multivitamins with DHA actually have very little DHA in them, often as little as 100mcg or 0.1mg per dose. Other fish oil supplements, like the Coromega Kids DHA Gummy Fruits, have 50mg of DHA plus 10mg of EPA per serving (2 gummies). Check the label to make sure you are getting the amount of DHA you are expecting.

What you Need to Know About Fish Oil

There is a lot to think about when considering fish oil and fish oil supplements. DHA, ALA, foods fortified with DHA derived from algae, and the risks of mercury in fish are just some of the things to make sure you understand.

Other things to know about fish oil include that:

There are no % daily values for DHA, EPA, or ALA, even if you see them on some food labels or supplements.

Omega-3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids, meaning that our bodies can not produce them on their own and need to get them from our diet, either from the foods we eat and drink, or from a supplement.

An increase chance of bleeding and problems with clotting can be side effects of high doses of fish oil (more than 3000mg of DHA plus EPA each day for adults).

 Although the source of omega-3 fatty acids likely isn't that important, do make sure that your fish oil supplement or omega-3 supplement contains both DHA and EPA if you want the possible benefits of fish oil. Fish, algae, or fish oil are all good sources of these omega-3 fatty acids.

The fishy taste of some fish oil supplements is often covered with sugar or artificial sweeteners.

Do not give your kids fish oil supplements if they are allergic to fish or shellfish.

There are some concerns that some fish oil supplements can be contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or mercury, which is especially concerning since the FDA does not actually have to approve supplements to make sure they are safe or effective. Buying supplements that state they are USP (United States Pharmacopeia) certified can help to make sure they meet quality, purity, and potency. Unfortunately, few supplement makers actually participate in the USP program.

Sources:

American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical Report. Prevention of Rickets and Vitamin D Deficiency in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. Pediatrics 2008 122: 1142-1152.

American Academy of Pediatrics. Where We Stand: Vitamins. Updated June 2010. Accessed July 2010.

American Heart Association Scientific Statement. Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation. 2002;106:2747-2757.

Center for Science in the Public Interest. Omega-3 Madness: Fish Oil or Snake Oil October 1, 2007. Accessed August 2010.

Jenkins DJ. Are dietary recommendations for the use of fish oils sustainable?. CMAJ - 17-MAR-2009; 180(6): 633-7

Sethuraman, Usha MD. Vitamins. Pediatrics in Review. 2006;27:44-55.


text:
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|Table of Contents
|Vol. 67, No. 2, 2007
Issue release date: February 2007
|Section title: Mini Review
Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Adrenal HyperplasiaNimkarn S. · New M.I.
Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, N.Y., USA Corresponding Author
Maria I. New, M.D.
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
One Gustave L. Levy Place
Box 1198, New York, NY 10029 (USA)
Tel. +1 212 241 7847, Fax +1 212 241 5405, E-Mail firstname.lastname@example.com
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a group of inherited disorders caused by an enzyme deficiency in steroid biosynthesis. The most common form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia is 21-hydroxylase deficiency, which in its severe form can cause genital ambiguity in females. Steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency can be diagnosed in utero through molecular genetic analysis of fetal DNA. Prenatal treatment successfully reduces genital ambiguity, and the subsequent problems of sex misassignment and gender confusion. Data from current studies show that prenatal diagnosis and treatment are safe for the mother and the fetus. The evidence also suggests that it is safe over the long term, but all subjects exposed to dexamethasone treatment during embryonic and fetal life should have their physical, cognitive and emotional developments recorded.
© 2007 S. Karger AG, Basel
21-hydroxylase deficiency Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Prenatal diagnosis Prenatal treatment Steroid hydroxylases
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of disorders in steroid biosynthesis, caused by an enzyme deficiency in the conversion of cholesterol to cortisol. CAH is a monogenic, autosomal recessive disorder [1]. More than 90% of CAH cases arise from 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) [2]. Steroid 21OHD CAH occurs in two forms: a severe, or 'classical' form, and a mild, or 'nonclassical' form. Classical 21OHD CAH is further identified into salt-wasting and simple-virilizing forms. Data from close to 6.5 million newborn screenings worldwide indicate that the incidence of classical CAH ranges between 1:13,000 and 1:15,000 live births [3].
Females with the classical form of 21OHD are born with ambiguous genitalia owing to the overproduction of androgens from the fetal adrenal. The precursors to the 21-hydroxylase enzyme defect are shunted into the androgen pathway. The androgens then cause the virilization of external genitalia. Males do not have sexual ambiguity because the major source of androgens in males is the testes. Unlike the adrenal, the testis does not have a 21-hydroxylation pathway. The nonclassical form of 21OHD does not result in ambiguous genitalia in the 46,XX female, as the prenatal level of androgens is not high enough to virilize the external genitalia of the female.
ACTH stimulation can differentiate forms of CAH. A logarithmic nomogram was developed to provide hormonal standards for diagnosis and further assignment of the 21OHD type by relating baseline to ACTH-stimulated serum concentrations of 17-OHP [4, 5].
The adrenal cortex is formed in the 4th week of gestation from coelomic epithelial mesoderm. By the 6th or 7th week of gestation, the provisional zones, the functional adrenal cortex of the fetus [6], secrete steroids. In affected females, elevated levels of circulating adrenal androgens interfere with vaginal and urethral canal separation, leading to a common urogenital sinus. Female genital anatomy is also affected as the androgens interact with the receptors on genital skin. This interaction induces clitoral enlargement, promotes fusion of the labial folds, and causes rostral migration of the urethral/vaginal perineal orifice. Therefore, affected females are born with virilized external genitalia including clitoromegaly and labial fusion [7]. However, internal female genitalia (uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries) are normal as females cannot produce müllerian-inhibiting hormone since they do not have testicular Sertoli cells. Therefore the müllerian ducts do not regress, and the internal female internal genitalia develop normally.
The gene encoding 21-hydroxylase enzyme (MIM number 201910) is mapped to the short arm of chromosome 6 (6p21.3). There is a corresponding inactive pseudogene, CYP21A1P, which is 98% homologous to the active gene CYP21A2[8]. Unequal crossing over during meiosis can result in deletion of the gene. Gene conversion transfers deleterious point mutations from the pseudogene gene to the active gene, causing either complete or partial deficiency of 21-hydroxylase activity [9]. More than 100 mutations have been described, including point mutations, small deletions, small insertions and complex rearrangements of the gene [10]. About 20% of the mutant alleles are meiotic recombinations deleting a 30-kb gene segment [11] that encompasses the 3′ end of the CYP21A1P pseudogene, all of the adjacent C4B complement gene, and the 5′ end of CYP21A2, producing a nonfunctional chimeric pseudogene. Another common mutation is the Intron 2 splice mutation (656 A/C to G), occurring with a frequency of 20–30%.
In 21OHD CAH, genotypes can be used to predict the disease severity. In autosomal recessive disorders, the expressed phenotype reflects the less severe mutation of the patients' alleles. The severity of each mutation is characterized by the percentage of the remaining enzyme activity found by in vitro expression studies. In table 1, the common mutations and the phenotypes are described. Salt-wasters usually have the most severe mutations (homozygous deletions), while nonclassical patients usually have the milder V281L mutation [12]. However, a considerable degree of divergence is observed within mutation groups with intermediate severity [13]. Genotype-phenotype nonconcordance occurs, although infrequently, with less severe allelic mutations such as V281L, P30L, and I172N. In addition, the splice mutation in Intron 2 is commonly associated with phenotypic variation of salt-wasting severity, which can be explained by variable splicing. In the context of prenatal diagnosis, it is important to distinguish classical and nonclassical genotypes in order to determine the necessity of prenatal treatment. In our series of publications on prenatal diagnosis [1, 14], we divided the genotypes into mutation identical groups. V281L is known to cause a nonclassical phenotype, and therefore should not indicate prenatal dexamethasone treatment. However, in approximately 5% of our prenatal diagnoses, the homozygous V281L in combination with a severe allelic mutation (compound heterozygote) resulted in a newborn with the classical disease. We have also found the P30L mutation to cause nonconcordance, but less frequently than the V281L mutation [13, 15, 16]. In our recent review of 723 patients from mixed ethnic backgrounds (unpublished data), the classical versus nonclassical phenotype could be predicted from genotypes in most cases. However, rare exceptions existed when patients carried the V281L and P30L mutations. These mutations conferred the classical phenotype in less than 3% of the patients when a nonclassical phenotype was expected. Stikkelbroeck et al. [17] demonstrated that a very small percentage of patients who carried I172N and another severe mutation presented with a nonclassical phenotype when a classical phenotype was expected.
In families where the proband is a virilized female, predicting the risk of genital virilization in subsequent female fetuses is feasible. If the proband is a male, prediction of phenotype based on genotype is not possible and the subsequent affected female fetus must be treated until term to avoid genital ambiguity.
A number of approaches to prenatal identification of affected fetuses have been used. In 1965, Jeffcoate et al. [18] first reported a successful prenatal diagnosis of 21OHD based on elevated levels of 17-ketosteroids and pregnanetriol in amniotic fluid. The hormonal diagnostic test for 21OHD is amniotic fluid 17-OHP. Androstenedione Δ4 may also be employed as an adjunctive diagnostic assay [19]. Hormonal diagnosis is only currently used when molecular diagnosis is unavailable.
Recent advances in genotyping of the CYP21A2 genehave made molecular genetic studies of extracted fetal DNA, the ideal method to diagnose 21OHD CAH in the fetus [9]. Approximately 95–98% of the mutations causing 21OHD have been identified through a combination of molecular genetic techniques studying large gene rearrangement, and arrays of point mutations [20,21,22]. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), rather than amniocentesis, with molecular genotyping is the preferred diagnostic method in use. CVS is performed at the 8th–9th week of gestation, while amniocentesis is usually performed at the 12th–13th week of gestation. As we only wish to treat affected females till term and only ¼ of the fetuses will be affected and ½ will be males, 7 out of 8 fetuses do not require treatment. Thus, amniocentesis, which is performed later in gestation, results in treatment of unaffected fetuses for a longer period of time than CVS. However, amniocentesis can be used as an alternative, reliable method of prenatal diagnosis when CVS is unavailable. In such instances, the supernatant is used for hormonal measurement and the cells are cultured to obtain a genotype through DNA analysis. The supernatant hormone measurements are only positive when the fetus is a salt-waster [1].
Nonetheless, pitfalls do occur in a small percentage of the patients undergoing prenatal diagnosis, such as undetectable mutations [23], allele drop out [24], or maternal DNA contamination. Determination of satellite markers may increase the accuracy of molecular genetic analysis [25].
Studying fetal DNA from maternal plasma may reduce the need for invasive procedures to obtain fetal samples in at-risk pregnancies if analysis of the fetal DNA becomes possible at the optimal time of gestation. Reports of sex determination from fetal DNA in maternal plasma show promise [26, 27], but require more confirmation of the successful results.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis identifies genetic abnormalities in preimplantation embryos prior to embryo transfer, so only unaffected embryos established from IVF are transferred. The procedure has been utilized in many monogenic recessive disorders such as cystic fibrosis, hemoglobinopathies, spinal muscular atrophy and Tay-Sachs disease. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis is being used for a growing number of genetic diseases [28]. Preimplantation diagnosis has not been utilized in CAH except for one report which did not result in a pregnancy [28]. It would be desirable to have further studies of preimplantation diagnosis in CAH families.
In 21OHD, prenatal treatment with dexamethasone has been used since 1984 [29]. Institution of therapy before the 8th week of gestation, prior to the onset of adrenal androgen secretion, effectively suppresses excessive adrenal androgen production and prevents virilization of external female genitalia. Dexamethasone is used because it binds minimally to cortisol-binding globulin in the maternal blood, and unlike hydrocortisone, escapes inactivation by placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme. Thus, dexamethasone crosses the placenta from the mother to the fetus and suppresses ACTH secretion with a longer half life than other synthetic steroids [14].
When dexamethasone administration begins as early as the 8th week of gestation, the treatment is blind to the disease status and sex of the fetus. If the fetus is later determined upon karyotype to be a male, or an unaffected female upon DNA analysis, treatment is discontinued. Otherwise, treatment is continued to term [19]. A simplified algorithm of management of potentially affected pregnancies is shown in figure 1. The optimal dosage and timing is 20 µg/kg/day of dexamethasone per maternal pre-pregnancy body weight, in three divided doses, starting as soon as pregnancy is confirmed, and no later than 9 weeks after the last menstrual period [30, 31]. The mother's blood pressure, weight, glycosuria, HbA1C, symptoms of edema, striae and other possible adverse effects of dexamethasone treatment should be carefully observed throughout pregnancy. Urinary estriol may be monitored in the mother after 15–20 weeks of gestation to indicate fetal adrenal suppression, and to assure compliance [32].
Although some uncertainties and concerns remain about the long-term safety of prenatal diagnosis and treatment [33], compelling data from large cohorts of pregnancies with prenatal diagnosis and treatment [14, 34] prove its efficacy and safety.
Dexamethasone administered at or before the 9th week of gestation is effective in reducing genital virilization as demonstrated by the difference in Prader score of treated versus untreated affected females [32] (fig. 2). In families with both treated and untreated affected females, genital virilization in the treated siblings was decreased (fig. 3). Treated newborns whose genitalia were rated Prader III–IV had delayed treatment initiation, were undertreated by the referring physician, or were incorrectly dosed due to maternal noncompliance.
The Mother
In our experience, mothers receiving dexamethasone treatment did not have enduring side effects [14, 35]. The weight gain, edema and striae disappeared upon cessation of therapy. No differences were demonstrated in terms of hypertension or gestational diabetes. Swedish researchers [36] have also found that treated and untreated pregnant mothers did not differ in blood pressure, glycosuria and proteinuria. In one report from France, 18% of the treated mothers reported some side effects, but only 2% of them were considered to have more severe complications [34]. In our study [14], all the mothers who received prenatal treatment (partial and full-term) stated that they would take dexamethasone again for a future pregnancy. A retrospective survey [37] of 38 mothers' attitudes and experiences towards prenatal diagnosis and treatment indicated that diagnostic procedures of both amniocentesis and CVS were well-tolerated. The anxiety or discomforts from the procedures were outweighed by the knowledge of the disease status of the fetus. All women chose to undergo dexamethasone treatment again in future pregnancies.
The Fetus
In our comprehensive studies of almost 600 pregnancies [14, 35], prenatally treated newborns did not differ in weight, length or head circumference from untreated, unaffected siblings. The gestational length and rate of fetal wasting did not differ. Postnatal growth has been normal in followed cases: a long-term follow-up study in Scandinavia demonstrated that 44 children treated prenatally had normal pre- and postnatal growth compared to matched controls [36].
Rare and isolated adverse events of prenatal dexamethasone treatment have been reported in treated children, but no harmful effects that can be clearly attributed to the treatment have been documented [38]. The incidence of fetal deaths in treated pregnancies does not exceed that predicted for the general population [39]. Importantly, no cases have been reported of cleft palate, placental degeneration or fetal death, which have been observed in a rodent model of in utero exposure to high-dose glucocorticoids [40].
Long-term follow-up studies of treated fetuses are lacking, but are underway in our group [32]. Long-term follow-up studies providing extensive data on the somatic and neuropsychological outcomes of glucocorticoid treatment are being investigated.
The authors' group has engaged in studying developmental outcomes in children prenatally expose to dexamethasone. The preliminary results are summarized below:
First Study Phase. The first pilot study examined the cognitive and behavioral development of 26 prenatally treated children aged 6 months to 5 1/2 years compared to 14 untreated children. There were no significant differences between the two groups studied, except that the treatment group had more internalizing behaviors than the untreated children, such as shyness, less sociability, greater avoidance, and a marginal increase in emotionality [41]. Another analysis of standard questionnaires regarding gender related behavior was completed in 17 prenatally treated girls among 78 CAH affected girls, ages 2–12. The analysis showed that gender related behavior correlated with the degree of virilization at birth determined by Prader score [42].
Second Study Phase. In the second phase of the study, more thorough questionnaires (also administered to mothers) were used. Development outcomes of 174 prenatally children were compared to 313 unexposed children, ages 1 month to 12 years of age [43]. None of the developmental areas, including cognitive, motor, language, social, and self-help skills, were different between the two groups.
Third Study Phase. In the third phase of the study, physical observation and interviews were completed for 140 children, ages 5–12. Approximately 1/3 of the participants were affected with CAH, and 1/2 of the affected children were treated with dexamethasone. The study confirmed what was found in second study phase: prenatally treated children did not suffer adverse cognitive effects [44]. The study did find that dexamethasone-exposed CAH girls showed less masculine gender role behavior overall than the CAH girls unexposed to dexamethasone. When gender-related behaviors were blindly assessed during interview and observation using several combined tools, there was no difference between the treated and untreated groups in regards to gender identity [45].
Our group continues our commitment to long-term follow-up studies of developmental outcomes of prenatal treatment, focusing on cognition, gender, temperament and handedness (as indicator of prenatal androgen effects). Large-scale, international studies of cognitive function and psychological outcomes have been initiated to confirm the safety of treatment, and to enhance our understanding of prenatal steroid exposure in humans [35, 38].
Although we have seen great success with prenatal treatment, treatment failures occur. These failures have been attributed to the cessation of therapy in midgestation, noncompliance or suboptimal dosing, though some reports provide no ready explanation for the failure [46, 47]. Studies before 1993 must be viewed with caution, however, as it was then common practice then to discontinue dexamethasone treatment to obtain hormonal values in amniotic fluid [48]. Discontinuing dexamethasone treatment for even a short period during sexual differentiation increases the likelihood of genital virilization in affected female newborns. Protocols also varied between institutions.
There is accurate, extensive, and compelling data from the human studies pointing to the benefit and safety of prenatal treatment. When properly introduced, prenatal diagnosis and treatment of 21OHD spares the affected female of the consequences of genital ambiguity, which is a crucial and complicated morbidity in 21OHD CAH. Treatment with dexamethasone is effective in reducing genital virilization, the risk of sex misassignment, and unnecessary genitoplasty. In prenatal diagnosis of 21OHD CAH, prompt and accurate genetic diagnosis is crucial to minimize the duration of dexamethasone exposure in the 7 out of 8 fetuses who must be treated, but are not classically affected females. Based on current studies, proper prenatal diagnosis and treatment are safe for both the fetus and the mother. Studies of treated versus untreated pregnancies will monitor the safety of treatment, and enhance our understanding of the effects of prenatal steroid exposure to the human brain. Long-term studies underway in our group will evaluate long-term safety. Prenatal treatment of 21OHD CAH is the first instance of successful treatment of an inborn metabolic disorder. At present, there are very few genetic disorders for which prenatal treatment is effective in improving the phenotypic outcome, as well as future prognosis.
The authors would like to thank Claire Gilbert and Naomi Horowitz for their assistance in preparing the manuscript.
Maria I. New, M.D.
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
One Gustave L. Levy Place
Box 1198, New York, NY 10029 (USA)
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Received: March 10, 2006
Accepted: August 17, 2006
Published online: October 17, 2006
Issue release date: February 2007
Number of Print Pages: 8
Number of Figures: 3
Number of Tables: 1
ISSN: 1663-2818 (Print)
eISSN: 1663-2826 (Online)
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Modest Mouse
Ex-Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr knows a little something about dealing with strong-willed vocalists (ahem, Morrissey), so it's no surprise that his contributions to the poppiest Modest Mouse record yet are solid. But it's still a treat to hear how focused Isaac Brock and company are on the lushly arranged Ship, perhaps thanks to new member Marr's steadying veteran influence. "Dashboard" is Talking Heads taking a spin at the roller disco (and is Ship's über-mainstream moment, à la the last album's "Float On"), while other songs channel the maritime folk of the Waterboys and Pogues, strident dance-punk, and (as usual) Built to Spill's nervous energy and Pavement's drawl. Even the occasional nods to Modest Mouse's less-accessible days e.g., the string-storm "Parting of the Sensory," whose ominous chords and chorus ("Someday you will die somehow and something's gonna steal your carbon") thunder like a fire-and-brimstone sermon somehow feel more mystical than manic. At the same time, vocalist Isaac Brock's grunts, growls and existential musings sound even more unhinged mainly because he's up against hi-fi production, airtight hooks, and numerous appearances by Shins vocalist James Mercer (the latter's reedy, cherubic tenor anchors the rollicking R.E.M.-like highlight "Florida" and the ridiculously catchy lock-step march "We've Got Everything"). And while the album starts to sound boring and feel bloated by its end and longtime fans will likely be aghast at Ship's commercial viability its sublime moments, coupled with Modest Mouse's newfound clarity, make for a bewitching listen.
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Morrison Natural History Museum
Outdoors: A Day at the Rocks
If summer makes you dream of Red Rocks concerts, you would be: 1. absolutely correct (the concert series is spectacular), and 2. missing out. Red Rocks is about so much more than awesome acoustics. Check out our daylong guide to the park and Morrison.Daybreak: Be there...
July 1 2013, 11:00 AM


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- Doctors
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- Dr. Bonnie Cameron
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Ratings for Dr. Bonnie Cameron
She is the best doctor I have ever met. God bless Bonnie Cameron.
She has been so wonderful to work with. Her practice is rooted in evidence based medicine and her approach is compassionate yet efficient. One of the reasons I choose to stay in Toronto with young children.
She was are first kid doctor before we moved and had to find a new doctor. When we visit Toronto if we had an issue with the kids she always helped us. Even when we moved to Montreal she helped us get a doctor for the kids, but the first half of year we were in limb so she helped with advice over the phone. Helpful, knowledgeable, very caring, compassionate, and a wonderful person as well.
Dr. Cameron is the best doctor I've ever had experience with. She doctored my daughters since toddlers and they are now 33 and 34 yrs old. She's been my son's pediatrician since birth, he is now 16 yrs old and sad as it is he's moving on to a new doctor very soon. Anyone who wants to feel listened to, respected and have their child well cared for should seek Dr. Cameron because she's amazing. My 6 yr old grandaughter is also a patient of her and loves her. Dr. Cameron rates far higher than 5 star
She is absolutely amazing. Very knowledgeable, take times to assess best course of action and does not rush, caring with kids, punctual, the office runs very well. We are lucky to have her as a pediatrician for our two children. I highly recommending her!
Unfortunately, I had to leave this amazing Doctor as she is only a pedatrician. I'm 18 years old but she's been with my fanily for years. Ever since my sister's birth as well. She goes out of her way to actually check how you're doing personally, she's always on time, she actually listens, and her Paddington bear stethoscope always brought a smile to my face! There is literally no complaints and by far the best pedatrician in Toronto. She deserves all the best and more, I miss her dearly, and to all of the parents down here who have children, she's one of the best. Keep her as long as you can!!!
She is absolutely Amazing! Always on time, professional and not afraid to refer to specialists if necessary. We could not ask for a better more caring dr. for our kids. Thank you.
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watch Pretty Little Liars Season 4 Episode 3 Cat's Cradle online stream free
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Genre: Drama, Mystery, Thriller
Episode Name: Cat's Cradle
Air date: 6/25/2013
Summary: Hanna worries that her mother is keeping a dangerous secret and is determined to protect her at all costs, which leads her to an uncomfortable meeting with Detective Holbrook. A clue in Ali's things leads the Liars to a creepy mask maker, who takes a shine to Emily and may have ties to another Rosewood resident. Spencer and Toby continue their search into a painful chapter of Toby's past and Melissa returns to Rosewood. Meanwhile, A targets Emily's mom, leading Aria to make a desperate plea of Ella.
After recruiting Mona into their little clique last week, the Liars added a sixth member to their group in Tippy the parrot who, as Hannah explains, might know more than anyone about Alison's disappearance (that's right, I've stopped calling it a death). She's proved right when Tippy is stolen back from the girls by A, but there are a few more pressing issues for them to deal with before they have time to worry about their missing bird. Is Mona really trustworthy? What about Toby? And could Ashley Marin have killed Wilden?
Starting with Spencer, she gets a bit of a shock when UPenn reject her application. It's not surprising that even a type-A, over-achiever like Spencer would struggle to maintain academic excellence while also dealing with murder mysteries and stints in mental hospitals, but she takes it pretty hard all the same. She claims to be the first of her family to not attend the college and Ezra warns her against using the same essay, which details her experiences with A and subsequent breakdown, for other applications. With the knowledge that going to college would make the fifth series of Pretty Little Liars a little difficult, will she even go away next year?
Sadly, the show seems to be doing its best to keep all four Liars in Rosewood for the foreseeable future. Emily's dreams of attending Stanford with Paige on a swimming scholarship are fading fast, as a shoulder injury she gets while saving Mona from A causes her to nearly overdose on painkillers. Her medicated state during an important swim meet puts her in the hospital and probably ruins her chances of winning the spot over rival Shana, so it seems likely the show will follow the grand old tradition of sending its graduating cast to the bog-standard local college.
This episode was very much about the girls' individual struggles, only bringing them together at the beginning and end of the hour. After A attacks Mona at the start of the episode, Aria decides that it's about time she learnt to defend herself, and she enrols in self-defence classes with Holden's dishy teacher. Because this is a teen drama, her teacher is dishy, and because Aria has a thing for authority figures, the pair develop some sexual chemistry. The show quickly dispenses with any pretence to the contrary, and has Aria kiss her trainer during their very first lesson. I guess she's moving on from Ezra but, then again, not really.


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The Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors Association has been helping PHC contractors reach goals for 117 years. PHCC is a diverse group of contractors. Our members operate large, medium, and small companies. They perform work in residential, commercial, industrial and institutional projects; maintain union and open-shops; and engage in maintenance, remodeling, and service and repair.
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Micah 1-2New International Version (NIV)
1 The word of the Lord that came to Micah of Moresheth during the reigns of Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah, kings of Judah—the vision he saw concerning Samaria and Jerusalem.
2 Hear, you peoples, all of you,
Judgment Against Samaria and Jerusalem
3 Look! The Lord is coming from his dwelling place;
6 "Therefore I will make Samaria a heap of rubble,
Weeping and Mourning
8 Because of this I will weep and wail;
Human Plans and God's Plans
2 Woe to those who plan iniquity,
3 Therefore, the Lord says:
"I am planning disaster against this people,
5 Therefore you will have no one in the assembly of the Lord
False Prophets
6 "Do not prophesy," their prophets say.
"Do not my words do good
Deliverance Promised
12 "I will surely gather all of you, Jacob;
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Holy Bible, New International Version®, NIV® Copyright ©1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc.® Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide.
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