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Skip to comments.John 6:53 - Unless you eat My flesh
Posted on 09/17/2013 8:25:21 PM PDT by jodyel
"Unless You Eat the Flesh of the Son of Man and Drink His Blood You Have No Life In You"
Are these words of Jesus from John 6:53 to be taken literally or figuratively? The Roman Catholic Church teaches the context of John chapter six and the above headlined verse 53 are literal. Thus Jesus is giving absolute and unconditional requirements for eternal life. In fact, this literal interpretation forms the foundation for Rome's doctrine of transubstantiation -- the miraculous changing of bread and wine into the living Christ, His body and blood, soul and divinity. Each Catholic priest is said to have the power to call Jesus down from the right hand of the Father when he elevates the wafer and whispers the words "Hoc corpus meus est." Catholics believe as they consume the lifeless wafer they are actually eating and drinking the living body and blood of Jesus Christ. This is a vital and important step in their salvation and a doctrine they must believe and accept to become a Catholic.
If priests indeed have the exclusive power to change finite bread and wine into the body and blood of the infinite Christ, and if indeed consuming His body and blood is necessary for salvation, then the whole world must become Catholic to escape the wrath of God. On the other hand, if Jesus was speaking in figurative language then this teaching becomes the most blasphemous and deceptive hoax any religion could impose on its people. There is no middle ground. Therefore the question of utmost importance is -- Was the message Jesus conveyed to the Jewish multitude to be understood as literal or figurative? Rome has never presented a good argument for defending its literal interpretation. Yet there are at least seven convincing reasons why this passage must be taken figuratively.
Counterfeit Miracle
There is no Biblical precedent where something supernatural occurred where the outward evidence indicated no miracle had taken place. (The wafer and wine look, taste and feel the same before and after the supposed miracle of transubstantion). When Jesus changed water into wine, all the elements of water changed into the actual elements of wine.
Drinking Blood Forbidden
The Law of Moses strictly forbade Jews from drinking blood (Leviticus 17:10-14) A literal interpretation would have Jesus teaching the Jews to disobey the Mosaic Law. This would have been enough cause to persecute Jesus. (See John 5:16)
Biblical Disharmony
When John 6:53 is interpreted literally it is in disharmony with the rest of the Bible. "Unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink His blood, you have no life in you," gives no hope of eternal life to any Christian who has not consumed the literal body and blood of Christ. It opposes hundreds of Scriptures that declare justification and salvation are by faith alone in Christ.
Produces Dilemma
It appears that the "eating and drinking" in verse 6:54 and the "believing" in verse 6:40 produce the same result - eternal life. If both are literal we have a dilemma. What if a person "believes" but does not "eat or drink"? Or what if a person "eats and drinks" but does not "believe?" This could happen any time a non-believer walked into a Catholic Church and received the Eucharist. Does this person have eternal life because he met one of the requirements but not the other? The only possible way to harmonize these two verses is to accept one verse as figurative and one as literal.
Figurative In Old Testament
The Jews were familiar with "eating and drinking" being used figuratively in the Old Testament to describe the appropriation of divine blessings to one's innermost being. It was God's way of providing spiritual nourishment for the soul. (See Jeremiah 15:16; Isaiah 55:1-3; and Ezekiel 2:8, 3:1)
Jesus Confirmed
Jesus informed His disciples there were times when He spoke figuratively (John 16:25) and often used that type of language to describe Himself. The Gospel of John records seven figurative declarations Jesus made of Himself -- "the bread of life" (6:48), "the light of the world" (8:12), "the door" (10:9), "the good shepherd" (10:11), "the resurrection and the life" (11:25), "the way, the truth and the life" (14:6), and "the true vine" (15:1). He also referred to His body as the temple (2:19).
Words Were Spiritual
Jesus ended this teaching by revealing "the words I have spoken to you are spirit" (6:63). As with each of the seven miracles in John's Gospel, Jesus uses the miracle to convey a spiritual truth. Here Jesus has just multiplied the loaves and fish and uses a human analogy to teach the necessity of spiritual nourishment. This is consistent with His teaching on how we are to worship God. "God is Spirit and His worshippers must worship in spirit and in truth" (John 4:24). As we worship Christ He is present spiritually, not physically. In fact, Jesus can only be bodily present at one place at one time. His omnipresence refers only to His spirit. It is impossible for Christ to be bodily present in thousands of Catholic Churches around the world.
When Jesus is received spiritually, one time in the heart, there is no need to receive him physically,
More attacks on the Orthodox and Catholic faith. Sad.
The Lord Jesus, on the night before he suffered on the cross, shared one last meal with his disciples. During this meal our Savior instituted the sacrament of his Body and Blood. He did this in order to perpetuate the sacrifice of the Cross throughout the ages and to entrust to the Church his Spouse a memorial of his death and resurrection. As the Gospel of Matthew tells us:
While they were eating, Jesus took bread, said the blessing, broke it, and giving it to his disciples said, "Take and eat; this is my body." Then he took a cup, gave thanks, and gave it to them, saying, "Drink from it, all of you, for this is my blood of the covenant, which will be shed on behalf of many for the forgiveness of sins." (Mt 26:26-28; cf. Mk 14:22-24, Lk 22:17-20, 1 Cor 11:23-25)
Recalling these words of Jesus, the Catholic Church professes that, in the celebration of the Eucharist, bread and wine become the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ through the power of the Holy Spirit and the instrumentality of the priest. Jesus said: "I am the living bread that came down from heaven; whoever eats this bread will live forever; and the bread that I will give is my flesh for the life of the world. . . . For my flesh is true food, and my blood is true drink" (Jn 6:51-55). The whole Christ is truly present, body, blood, soul, and divinity, under the appearances of bread and winethe glorified Christ who rose from the dead after dying for our sins. This is what the Church means when she speaks of the "Real Presence" of Christ in the Eucharist. This presence of Christ in the Eucharist is called "real" not to exclude other types of his presence as if they could not be understood as real (cf. Catechism, no. 1374). The risen Christ is present to his Church in many ways, but most especially through the sacrament of his Body and Blood.
What does it mean that Jesus Christ is present in the Eucharist under the appearances of bread and wine? How does this happen? The presence of the risen Christ in the Eucharist is an inexhaustible mystery that the Church can never fully explain in words. We must remember that the triune God is the creator of all that exists and has the power to do more than we can possibly imagine. As St. Ambrose said: "If the word of the Lord Jesus is so powerful as to bring into existence things which were not, then a fortiori those things which already exist can be changed into something else" ( De Sacramentis, IV, 5-16). God created the world in order to share his life with persons who are not God. This great plan of salvation reveals a wisdom that surpasses our understanding. But we are not left in ignorance: for out of his love for us, God reveals his truth to us in ways that we can understand through the gift of faith and the grace of the Holy Spirit dwelling in us. We are thus enabled to understand at least in some measure what would otherwise remain unknown to us, though we can never completely comprehend the mystery of God.
As successors of the Apostles and teachers of the Church, the bishops have the duty to hand on what God has revealed to us and to encourage all members of the Church to deepen their understanding of the mystery and gift of the Eucharist. In order to foster such a deepening of faith, we have prepared this text to respond to fifteen questions that commonly arise with regard to the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist. We offer this text to pastors and religious educators to assist them in their teaching responsibilities. We recognize that some of these questions involve rather complex theological ideas. It is our hope, however, that study and discussion of the text will aid many of the Catholic faithful in our country to enrich their understanding of this mystery of the faith.
Why does Jesus give himself to us as food and drink?
Jesus gives himself to us in the Eucharist as spiritual nourishment because he loves us. God's whole plan for our salvation is directed to our participation in the life of the Trinity, the communion of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Our sharing in this life begins with our Baptism, when by the power of the Holy Spirit we are joined to Christ, thus becoming adopted sons and daughters of the Father. It is strengthened and increased in Confirmation. It is nourished and deepened through our participation in the Eucharist. By eating the Body and drinking the Blood of Christ in the Eucharist we become united to the person of Christ through his humanity. "Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood remains in me and I in him" (Jn 6:56). In being united to the humanity of Christ we are at the same time united to his divinity. Our mortal and corruptible natures are transformed by being joined to the source of life. "Just as the living Father sent me and I have life because of the Father, so also the one who feeds on me will have life because of me" (Jn 6:57). By being united to Christ through the power of the Holy Spirit dwelling in us, we are drawn up into the eternal relationship of love among the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. As Jesus is the eternal Son of God by nature, so we become sons and daughters of God by adoption through the sacrament of Baptism. Through the sacraments of Baptism and Confirmation (Chrismation), we are temples of the Holy Spirit, who dwells in us, and by his indwelling we are made holy by the gift of sanctifying grace. The ultimate promise of the Gospel is that we will share in the life of the Holy Trinity. The Fathers of the Church called this participation in the divine life "divinization" ( theosis). In this we see that God does not merely send us good things from on high; instead, we are brought up into the inner life of God, the communion among the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. In the celebration of the Eucharist (which means "thanksgiving") we give praise and glory to God for this sublime gift.
Why is the Eucharist not only a meal but also a sacrifice?
While our sins would have made it impossible for us to share in the life of God, Jesus Christ was sent to remove this obstacle. His death was a sacrifice for our sins. Christ is "the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world" (Jn 1:29). Through his death and resurrection, he conquered sin and death and reconciled us to God. The Eucharist is the memorial of this sacrifice. The Church gathers to remember and to re-present the sacrifice of Christ in which we share through the action of the priest and the power of the Holy Spirit. Through the celebration of the Eucharist, we are joined to Christ's sacrifice and receive its inexhaustible benefits. As the Letter to the Hebrews explains, Jesus is the one eternal high priest who always lives to make intercession for the people before the Father. In this way, he surpasses the many high priests who over centuries used to offer sacrifices for sin in the Jerusalem temple. The eternal high priest Jesus offers the perfect sacrifice which is his very self, not something else. "He entered once for all into the sanctuary, not with the blood of goats and calves but with his own blood, thus obtaining eternal redemption" (Heb 9:12). Jesus' act belongs to human history, for he is truly human and has entered into history. At the same time, however, Jesus Christ is the Second Person of the Holy Trinity; he is the eternal Son, who is not confined within time or history. His actions transcend time, which is part of creation. "Passing through the greater and more perfect tabernacle not made by hands, that is, not belonging to this creation" (Heb 9:11), Jesus the eternal Son of God made his act of sacrifice in the presence of his Father, who lives in eternity. Jesus' one perfect sacrifice is thus eternally present before the Father, who eternally accepts it. This means that in the Eucharist, Jesus does not sacrifice himself again and again. Rather, by the power of the Holy Spirit his one eternal sacrifice is made present once again, re-presented, so that we may share in it. Christ does not have to leave where he is in heaven to be with us. Rather, we partake of the heavenly liturgy where Christ eternally intercedes for us and presents his sacrifice to the Father and where the angels and saints constantly glorify God and give thanks for all his gifts: "To the one who sits on the throne and to the Lamb be blessing and honor, glory and might, forever and ever" (Rev 5:13). As the Catechism of the Catholic Church states, "By the Eucharistic celebration we already unite ourselves with the heavenly liturgy and anticipate eternal life, when God will be all in all" (no. 1326). The Sanctus proclamation, "Holy, Holy, Holy Lord . . . ," is the song of the angels who are in the presence of God (Is 6:3). When in the Eucharist we proclaim the Sanctus we echo on earth the song of angels as they worship God in heaven. In the eucharistic celebration we do not simply remember an event in history. Rather, through the mysterious action of the Holy Spirit in the eucharistic celebration the Lord's Paschal Mystery is made present and contemporaneous to his Spouse the Church. Furthermore, in the eucharistic re-presentation of Christ's eternal sacrifice before the Father, we are not simply spectators. The priest and the worshiping community are in different ways active in the eucharistic sacrifice. The ordained priest standing at the altar represents Christ as head of the Church. All the baptized, as members of Christ's Body, share in his priesthood, as both priest and victim. The Eucharist is also the sacrifice of the Church. The Church, which is the Body and Bride of Christ, participates in the sacrificial offering of her Head and Spouse. In the Eucharist, the sacrifice of Christ becomes the sacrifice of the members of his Body who united to Christ form one sacrificial offering (cf. Catechism, no. 1368). As Christ's sacrifice is made sacramentally present, united with Christ, we offer ourselves as a sacrifice to the Father. "The whole Church exercises the role of priest and victim along with Christ, offering the Sacrifice of the Mass and itself completely offered in it" ( Mysterium Fidei, no. 31; cf. Lumen Gentium, no. 11).
When the bread and wine become the Body and Blood of Christ, why do they still look and taste like bread and wine?
In the celebration of the Eucharist, the glorified Christ becomes present under the appearances of bread and wine in a way that is unique, a way that is uniquely suited to the Eucharist. In the Church's traditional theological language, in the act of consecration during the Eucharist the "substance" of the bread and wine is changed by the power of the Holy Spirit into the "substance" of the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ. At the same time, the "accidents" or appearances of bread and wine remain. "Substance" and "accident" are here used as philosophical terms that have been adapted by great medieval theologians such as St. Thomas Aquinas in their efforts to understand and explain the faith. Such terms are used to convey the fact that what appears to be bread and wine in every way (at the level of "accidents" or physical attributes - that is, what can be seen, touched, tasted, or measured) in fact is now the Body and Blood of Christ (at the level of "substance" or deepest reality). This change at the level of substance from bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ is called "transubstantiation." According to Catholic faith, we can speak of the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist because this transubstantiation has occurred (cf. Catechism, no. 1376). This is a great mystery of our faithwe can only know it from Christ's teaching given us in the Scriptures and in the Tradition of the Church. Every other change that occurs in the world involves a change in accidents or characteristics. Sometimes the accidents change while the substance remains the same. For example, when a child reaches adulthood, the characteristics of the human person change in many ways, but the adult remains the same personthe same substance. At other times, the substance and the accidents both change. For example, when a person eats an apple, the apple is incorporated into the body of that personis changed into the body of that person. When this change of substance occurs, however, the accidents or characteristics of the apple do not remain. As the apple is changed into the body of the person, it takes on the accidents or characteristics of the body of that person. Christ's presence in the Eucharist is unique in that, even though the consecrated bread and wine truly are in substance the Body and Blood of Christ, they have none of the accidents or characteristics of a human body, but only those of bread and wine.
Does the bread cease to be bread and the wine cease to be wine?
Yes. In order for the whole Christ to be presentbody, blood, soul, and divinitythe bread and wine cannot remain, but must give way so that his glorified Body and Blood may be present. Thus in the Eucharist the bread ceases to be bread in substance, and becomes the Body of Christ, while the wine ceases to be wine in substance, and becomes the Blood of Christ. As St. Thomas Aquinas observed, Christ is not quoted as saying, " This bread is my body," but " This is my body" ( Summa Theologiae, III q. 78, a. 5).
Is it fitting that Christ's Body and Blood become present in the Eucharist under the appearances of bread and wine?
Yes, for this way of being present corresponds perfectly to the sacramental celebration of the Eucharist. Jesus Christ gives himself to us in a form that employs the symbolism inherent in eating bread and drinking wine. Furthermore, being present under the appearances of bread and wine, Christ gives himself to us in a form that is appropriate for human eating and drinking. Also, this kind of presence corresponds to the virtue of faith, for the presence of the Body and Blood of Christ cannot be detected or discerned by any way other than faith. That is why St. Bonaventure affirmed: "There is no difficulty over Christ's being present in the sacrament as in a sign; the great difficulty is in the fact that He is really in the sacrament, as He is in heaven. And so believing this is especially meritorious" ( In IV Sent., dist. X, P. I, art. un., qu. I). On the authority of God who reveals himself to us, by faith we believe that which cannot be grasped by our human faculties (cf. Catechism, no. 1381).
Are the consecrated bread and wine "merely symbols"?
In everyday language, we call a "symbol" something that points beyond itself to something else, often to several other realities at once. The transformed bread and wine that are the Body and Blood of Christ are not merely symbols because they truly are the Body and Blood of Christ. As St. John Damascene wrote: "The bread and wine are not a foreshadowing of the body and blood of ChristBy no means!but the actual deified body of the Lord, because the Lord Himself said: This is my body'; not a foreshadowing of my body' but my body,' and not a foreshadowing of my blood' but my blood'" ( The Orthodox Faith, IV [PG 94, 1148-49]). At the same time, however, it is important to recognize that the Body and Blood of Christ come to us in the Eucharist in a sacramental form. In other words, Christ is present under the appearances of bread and wine, not in his own proper form. We cannot presume to know all the reasons behind God's actions. God uses, however, the symbolism inherent in the eating of bread and the drinking of wine at the natural level to illuminate the meaning of what is being accomplished in the Eucharist through Jesus Christ. There are various ways in which the symbolism of eating bread and drinking wine discloses the meaning of the Eucharist. For example, just as natural food gives nourishment to the body, so the eucharistic food gives spiritual nourishment. Furthermore, the sharing of an ordinary meal establishes a certain communion among the people who share it; in the Eucharist, the People of God share a meal that brings them into communion not only with each other but with the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Similarly, as St. Paul tells us, the single loaf that is shared among many during the eucharistic meal is an indication of the unity of those who have been called together by the Holy Spirit as one body, the Body of Christ (1 Cor 10:17). To take another example, the individual grains of wheat and individual grapes have to be harvested and to undergo a process of grinding or crushing before they are unified as bread and as wine. Because of this, bread and wine point to both the union of the many that takes place in the Body of Christ and the suffering undergone by Christ, a suffering that must also be embraced by his disciples. Much more could be said about the many ways in which the eating of bread and drinking of wine symbolize what God does for us through Christ, since symbols carry multiple meanings and connotations.
Do the consecrated bread and wine cease to be the Body and Blood of Christ when the Mass is over?
No. During the celebration of the Eucharist, the bread and wine become the Body and Blood of Christ, and this they remain. They cannot turn back into bread and wine, for they are no longer bread and wine at all. There is thus no reason for them to change back to their "normal" state after the special circumstances of the Mass are past. Once the substance has really changed, the presence of the Body and Blood of Christ "endures as long as the Eucharistic species subsist" ( Catechism, no. 1377). Against those who maintained that the bread that is consecrated during the Eucharist has no sanctifying power if it is left over until the next day, St. Cyril of Alexandria replied, "Christ is not altered, nor is his holy body changed, but the power of the consecration and his life-giving grace is perpetual in it" ( Letter 83, to Calosyrius, Bishop of Arsinoe [ PG 76, 1076]). The Church teaches that Christ remains present under the appearances of bread and wine as long as the appearances of bread and wine remain (cf. Catechism, no. 1377).
Why are some of the consecrated hosts reserved after the Mass?
While it would be possible to eat all of the bread that is consecrated during the Mass, some is usually kept in the tabernacle. The Body of Christ under the appearance of bread that is kept or "reserved" after the Mass is commonly referred to as the "Blessed Sacrament." There are several pastoral reasons for reserving the Blessed Sacrament. First of all, it is used for distribution to the dying ( Viaticum), the sick, and those who legitimately cannot be present for the celebration of the Eucharist. Secondly, the Body of Christ in the form of bread is to be adored when it is exposed, as in the Rite of Eucharistic Exposition and Benediction, when it is carried in eucharistic processions, or when it is simply placed in the tabernacle, before which people pray privately. These devotions are based on the fact that Christ himself is present under the appearance of bread. Many holy people well known to American Catholics, such as St. John Neumann, St. Elizabeth Ann Seton, St. Katharine Drexel, and Blessed Damien of Molokai, practiced great personal devotion to Christ present in the Blessed Sacrament. In the Eastern Catholic Churches, devotion to the reserved Blessed Sacrament is practiced most directly at the Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts, offered on weekdays of Lent.
What are appropriate signs of reverence with respect to the Body and Blood of Christ?
The Body and Blood of Christ present under the appearances of bread and wine are treated with the greatest reverence both during and after the celebration of the Eucharist (cf. Mysterium Fidei, nos. 56-61). For example, the tabernacle in which the consecrated bread is reserved is placed "in some part of the church or oratory which is distinguished, conspicuous, beautifully decorated, and suitable for prayer" ( Code of Canon Law, Can. 938, §2). According to the tradition of the Latin Church, one should genuflect in the presence of the tabernacle containing the reserved sacrament. In the Eastern Catholic Churches, the traditional practice is to make the sign of the cross and to bow profoundly. The liturgical gestures from both traditions reflect reverence, respect, and adoration. It is appropriate for the members of the assembly to greet each other in the gathering space of the church (that is, the vestibule or narthex), but it is not appropriate to speak in loud or boisterous tones in the body of the church (that is, the nave) because of the presence of Christ in the tabernacle. Also, the Church requires everyone to fast before receiving the Body and Blood of Christ as a sign of reverence and recollection (unless illness prevents one from doing so). In the Latin Church, one must generally fast for at least one hour; members of Eastern Catholic Churches must follow the practice established by their own Church.
If someone without faith eats and drinks the consecrated bread and wine, does he or she still receive the Body and Blood of Christ?
If "to receive" means "to consume," the answer is yes, for what the person consumes is the Body and Blood of Christ. If "to receive" means "to accept the Body and Blood of Christ knowingly and willingly as what they are, so as to obtain the spiritual benefit," then the answer is no. A lack of faith on the part of the person eating and drinking the Body and Blood of Christ cannot change what these are, but it does prevent the person from obtaining the spiritual benefit, which is communion with Christ. Such reception of Christ's Body and Blood would be in vain and, if done knowingly, would be sacrilegious (1 Cor 11:29). Reception of the Blessed Sacrament is not an automatic remedy. If we do not desire communion with Christ, God does not force this upon us. Rather, we must by faith accept God's offer of communion in Christ and in the Holy Spirit, and cooperate with God's grace in order to have our hearts and minds transformed and our faith and love of God increased.
If a believer who is conscious of having committed a mortal sin eats and drinks the consecrated bread and wine, does he or she still receive the Body and Blood of Christ?
Yes. The attitude or disposition of the recipient cannot change what the consecrated bread and wine are. The question here is thus not primarily about the nature of the Real Presence, but about how sin affects the relationship between an individual and the Lord. Before one steps forward to receive the Body and Blood of Christ in Holy Communion, one needs to be in a right relationship with the Lord and his Mystical Body, the Church - that is, in a state of grace, free of all mortal sin. While sin damages, and can even destroy, that relationship, the sacrament of Penance can restore it. St. Paul tells us that "whoever eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord unworthily will have to answer for the body and blood of the Lord. A person should examine himself, and so eat the bread and drink the cup" (1 Cor 11:27-28). Anyone who is conscious of having committed a mortal sin should be reconciled through the sacrament of Penance before receiving the Body and Blood of Christ, unless a grave reason exists for doing so and there is no opportunity for confession. In this case, the person is to be mindful of the obligation to make an act of perfect contrition, that is, an act of sorrow for sins that "arises from a love by which God is loved above all else" ( Catechism, no. 1452). The act of perfect contrition must be accompanied by the firm intention of making a sacramental confession as soon as possible.
Does one receive the whole Christ if one receives Holy Communion under a single form?
Yes. Christ Jesus, our Lord and Savior, is wholly present under the appearance either of bread or of wine in the Eucharist. Furthermore, Christ is wholly present in any fragment of the consecrated Host or in any drop of the Precious Blood. Nevertheless, it is especially fitting to receive Christ in both forms during the celebration of the Eucharist. This allows the Eucharist to appear more perfectly as a banquet, a banquet that is a foretaste of the banquet that will be celebrated with Christ at the end of time when the Kingdom of God is established in its fullness (cf. Eucharisticum Mysterium, no. 32).
Is Christ present during the celebration of the Eucharist in other ways in addition to his Real Presence in the Blessed Sacrament?
Yes. Christ is present during the Eucharist in various ways. He is present in the person of the priest who offers the sacrifice of the Mass. According to the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy of the Second Vatican Council, Christ is present in his Word "since it is he himself who speaks when the holy scriptures are read in the Church." He is also present in the assembled people as they pray and sing, "for he has promised where two or three are gathered together in my name there am I in the midst of them' (Mt 18:20)" ( Sacrosanctum Concilium, no. 7). Furthermore, he is likewise present in other sacraments; for example, "when anybody baptizes it is really Christ himself who baptizes" (ibid.). We speak of the presence of Christ under the appearances of bread and wine as "real" in order to emphasize the special nature of that presence. What appears to be bread and wine is in its very substance the Body and Blood of Christ. The entire Christ is present, God and man, body and blood, soul and divinity. While the other ways in which Christ is present in the celebration of the Eucharist are certainly not unreal, this way surpasses the others. "This presence is called real' not to exclude the idea that the others are real' too, but rather to indicate presence par excellence, because it is substantial and through it Christ becomes present whole and entire, God and man" ( Mysterium Fidei, no. 39).
Why do we speak of the "Body of Christ" in more than one sense?
First, the Body of Christ refers to the human body of Jesus Christ, who is the divine Word become man. During the Eucharist, the bread and wine become the Body and Blood of Christ. As human, Jesus Christ has a human body, a resurrected and glorified body that in the Eucharist is offered to us in the form of bread and wine. Secondly, as St. Paul taught us in his letters, using the analogy of the human body, the Church is the Body of Christ, in which many members are united with Christ their head (1 Cor 10:16-17, 12:12-31; Rom 12:4-8). This reality is frequently referred to as the Mystical Body of Christ. All those united to Christ, the living and the dead, are joined together as one Body in Christ. This union is not one that can be seen by human eyes, for it is a mystical union brought about by the power of the Holy Spirit. The Mystical Body of Christ and the eucharistic Body of Christ are inseparably linked. By Baptism we enter the Mystical Body of Christ, the Church, and by receiving the eucharistic Body of Christ we are strengthened and built up into the Mystical Body of Christ. The central act of the Church is the celebration of the Eucharist; the individual believers are sustained as members of the Church, members of the Mystical Body of Christ, through their reception of the Body of Christ in the Eucharist. Playing on the two meanings of "Body of Christ," St. Augustine tells those who are to receive the Body of Christ in the Eucharist: "Be what you see, and receive what you are" (Sermon 272). In another sermon he says, "If you receive worthily, you are what you have received" (Sermon 227). The work of the Holy Spirit in the celebration of the Eucharist is twofold in a way that corresponds to the twofold meaning of "Body of Christ." On the one hand, it is through the power of the Holy Spirit that the risen Christ and his act of sacrifice become present. In the eucharistic prayer, the priest asks the Father to send the Holy Spirit down upon the gifts of bread and wine to transform them into the Body and Blood of Christ (a prayer known as the epiclesis or "invocation upon"). On the other hand, at the same time the priest also asks the Father to send the Holy Spirit down upon the whole assembly so that "those who take part in the Eucharist may be one body and one spirit" ( Catechism, no. 1353). It is through the Holy Spirit that the gift of the eucharistic Body of Christ comes to us and through the Holy Spirit that we are joined to Christ and each other as the Mystical Body of Christ. By this we can see that the celebration of the Eucharist does not just unite us to God as individuals who are isolated from one another. Rather, we are united to Christ together with all the other members of the Mystical Body. The celebration of the Eucharist should thus increase our love for one another and remind us of our responsibilities toward one another. Furthermore, as members of the Mystical Body, we have a duty to represent Christ and to bring Christ to the world. We have a responsibility to share the Good News of Christ not only by our words but also by how we live our lives. We also have a responsibility to work against all the forces in our world that oppose the Gospel, including all forms of injustice. The Catechism of the Catholic Church teaches us: "The Eucharist commits us to the poor. To receive in truth the Body and Blood of Christ given up for us, we must recognize Christ in the poorest, his brethren" (no. 1397).
Why do we call the presence of Christ in the Eucharist a "mystery"?
The word "mystery" is commonly used to refer to something that escapes the full comprehension of the human mind. In the Bible, however, the word has a deeper and more specific meaning, for it refers to aspects of God's plan of salvation for humanity, which has already begun but will be completed only with the end of time. In ancient Israel, through the Holy Spirit God revealed to the prophets some of the secrets of what he was going to accomplish for the salvation of his people (cf. Am 3:7; Is 21:28; Dan 2:27-45). Likewise, through the preaching and teaching of Jesus, the mystery of "the Kingdom of God" was being revealed to his disciples (Mk 4:11-12). St. Paul explained that the mysteries of God may challenge our human understanding or may even seem to be foolishness, but their meaning is revealed to the People of God through Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit (cf. 1 Cor 1:18-25, 2:6-10; Rom 16:25-27; Rev 10:7). The Eucharist is a mystery because it participates in the mystery of Jesus Christ and God's plan to save humanity through Christ. We should not be surprised if there are aspects of the Eucharist that are not easy to understand, for God's plan for the world has repeatedly surpassed human expectations and human understanding (cf. Jn 6:60-66). For example, even the disciples did not at first understand that it was necessary for the Messiah to be put to death and then to rise from the dead (cf. Mk 8:31-33, 9:31-32, 10:32-34; Mt 16: 21-23, 17:22-23, 20:17-19; Lk 9:22, 9:43-45, 18:31-34). Furthermore, any time that we are speaking of God we need to keep in mind that our human concepts never entirely grasp God. We must not try to limit God to our understanding, but allow our understanding to be stretched beyond its normal limitations by God's revelation.
By his Real Presence in the Eucharist Christ fulfils his promise to be with us "always, until the end of the age" (Mt 28:20). As St. Thomas Aquinas wrote, "It is the law of friendship that friends should live together. . . . Christ has not left us without his bodily presence in this our pilgrimage, but he joins us to himself in this sacrament in the reality of his body and blood" ( Summa Theologiae, III q. 75, a. 1). With this gift of Christ's presence in our midst, the Church is truly blessed. As Jesus told his disciples, referring to his presence among them, "Amen, I say to you, many prophets and righteous people longed to see what you see but did not see it, and to hear what you hear but did not hear it" (Mt 13:17). In the Eucharist the Church both receives the gift of Jesus Christ and gives grateful thanks to God for such a blessing. This thanksgiving is the only proper response, for through this gift of himself in the celebration of the Eucharist under the appearances of bread and wine Christ gives us the gift of eternal life.
Amen, amen, I say to you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you do not have life within you. Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood has eternal life, and I will raise him on the last day. For my flesh is true food, and my blood is true drink. . . . Just as the living Father sent me and I have life because of the Father, so also the one who feeds on me will have life because of me. (Jn 6:53-57)
Amazingly fast on the trigger there RM, any special reason?
Nothing beats reasoning from the Scriptures!
Just hit refresh and it was a very long reply post, so I looked for the url or reference and didn't see it.
There was a reason Jesus spokein parables.
And the disciples came, and said unto Him, Why do you speak unto them in parables? He answered and said unto them, Because it is given unto YOU to know the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven, but unto them it is NOT given. Matt 13:10-11
Jesus said to them again, Peace be with you. As the Father has sent me, even so I send you. And when he had said this, he breathed on them, and said to them, Receive the Holy Spirit. If you forgive the sins of any, they are forgiven; if you retain the sins of any, they are retained.
No attack, just truth.
I have given the source in my post.
Did you not see it?
I didn't see it as an attack, as well.
I went to Catholic school but found that drinking blood and eating flesh to be just creepy.
I was speaking to the other poster, not you.
Sorry, mod, I thought you were narses asking me for my source.
Please make your case using the bible.
I do not believe you can and will make an excuse not to.
My prayer is that those of no faith looking in will have eyes to see the deceit used by the RCC and will see truth is found outside it and in Jesus Christ alone.
And why is it okay for Catholics to post articles favorable to Catholicism but when we refute it we are accused of posting attack articles?
You do realize that we are not going away and we will not stop refuting that which is unbiblical? So no amount of nastiness and calling what we post "attacks" will make your case...nothing from a man-made catechism will make your case.
Unless one can prove it from the bible, then one is left looking foolish. Any true believer of Christ can make their case solely from the bible.
How does one receive the Holy Spirit in Catholicism, narses?
Thru mass, thru the eucharist, etc.?
That is what has been said by all the other Catholics I have been pinged to on this forum.
No, I am not. And unless you can make a valid case for Catholicism using Scripture alone, you won't change any minds here.
How are you an expert? Why should anyone pay attention to your attacks?
Yes, I got that shortly after posting.
Thank you.
Might want to stick to English.
Thank you for making my point precisely, narses.
So why would anyone pay attention to random websites or random posters like you? Whay, with specificity, makes you any kind of an expert?
Are you saying that God can do some miracles but is limited in the sorts of miracles he can perform? There is some entity above the God of the Scriptures who sets the rules for the God we know of? The Rosicrucians think they know about that stuff.
It is all answered long before Yeshua was even born. When The MelekZedek blessed Abraham, he spoke the same blessing that Yeshua spoke to his disciples at the last supper: "Blessed art thou Yehova Elohim, King of the Universe, that brings forth bread and wine on the Earth."
There is no Eucharist; that is pagan blasphemy. Yeshua said that "it is spirit" in John 6:63. He said that the flesh profited nothing. The Papist "communion" makes the remembrance of our savior into vile blasphemy.
Unless, of course, he said something different.
Except ye eat the flesh of the Son of man and drink his blood, ye have not life in yourselves.- He does not here say "pretend to eat", etc.
"Take, eat, do this in memory of me." -Does your translation say "Take, eat, do a symbol of this in memory of me."
For my flesh is meat indeed, and my blood is drink indeed.
Are you a Literalist?
>> "Are you saying that God can do some miracles but is limited in the sorts of miracles he can perform?" <<
That is a facetious question, that mocks what Yehova has revealed of himself, and his son in the word.
Yeshua has a body, and a body can be in only one place at one time. That is why he sent us the Holy Spirit as a comforter. The spirit can be with every other spirit; a body cannot.
It's not a miracle, its satanic mockery of Yeshua and his sacrifice.
There is a difference between parables and plain statements. If you cannot discern such a difference then you could not know what things should be believed and what should not.
Are you so insecure in you Roman Catholic faith that you honestly feel someone quoting the Holy Bible to you is an attack?
>> "Unless, of course, he said something different." <<
He said when asked for clarification "it is spirit."
Take, eat, do this in memory of me is a symbol. Don't tie your tongue in knots to mock our savior.
Even Augustine, writing on his rule for interpreting commands, calls the eating of Christ to be figurative, since otherwise it compels us to do something that is unlawful.
If the sentence is one of command, either forbidding a crime or vice, or enjoining an act of prudence or benevolence, it is not figurative. If, however, it seems to enjoin a crime or vice, or to forbid an act of prudence or benevolence, it is figurative. Unless you eat the flesh of the Son of man, says Christ, and drink His blood, you have no life in you. John 6:53 This seems to enjoin a crime or a vice; it is therefore a figure, enjoining that we should have a share [communicandem] in the sufferings of our Lord, and that we should retain a sweet and profitable memory [in memoria] of the fact that His flesh was wounded and crucified for us. Scripture says: If your enemy hungers, feed him; if he thirsts, give him drink; and this is beyond doubt a command to do a kindness. But in what follows, for in so doing you shall heap coals of fire on his head, one would think a deed of malevolence was enjoined. Do not doubt, then, that the expression is figurative; and, while it is possible to interpret it in two ways, one pointing to the doing of an injury, the other to a display of superiority, let charity on the contrary call you back to benevolence, and interpret the coals of fire as the burning groans of penitence by which a mans pride is cured who bewails that he has been the enemy of one who came to his assistance in distress. In the same way, when our Lord says, He who loves his life shall lose it, we are not to think that He forbids the prudence with which it is a mans duty to care for his life, but that He says in a figurative sense, Let him lose his life that is, let him destroy and lose that perverted and unnatural use which he now makes of his life, and through which his desires are fixed on temporal things so that he gives no heed to eternal. It is written: Give to the godly man, and help not a sinner. The latter clause of this sentence seems to forbid benevolence; for it says, help not a sinner. Understand, therefore, that sinner is put figuratively for sin, so that it is his sin you are not to help. (Augustine, Christian Doctrine, Ch. 16)
In another place, he tells us that it is weakness to interpret the sign as being what it signifies (for example, seeing in the Eucharist the actual body and blood of Christ, and not the sign of the body and blood of Christ).
To this class of spiritual persons belonged the patriarchs and the prophets, and all those among the people of Israel through whose instrumentality the Holy Spirit ministered unto us the aids and consolations of the Scriptures. But at the present time, after that the proof of our liberty has shone forth so clearly in the resurrection of our Lord, we are not oppressed with the heavy burden of attending even to those signs which we now understand, but our Lord Himself, and apostolic practice, have handed down to us a few rites in place of many, and these at once very easy to perform, most majestic in their significance, and most sacred in the observance; such, for example, as the sacrament of baptism, and the celebration of the body and blood of the Lord. And as soon as any one looks upon these observances he knows to what they refer, and so reveres them not in carnal bondage, but in spiritual freedom. Now, as to follow the letter, and to take signs for the things that are signified by them, is a mark of weakness and bondage; so to interpret signs wrongly is the result of being misled by error. He, however, who does not understand what a sign signifies, but yet knows that it is a sign, is not in bondage. And it is better even to be in bondage to unknown but useful signs than, by interpreting them wrongly, to draw the neck from under the yoke of bondage only to insert it in the coils of error. (Augustine, Christian Doctrine, Ch. 9)
In still another place, he calls referring to the Eucharist as the body and blood of Christ as only a certain manner of speaking, the act itself obviously being non-literal:
You know that in ordinary parlance we often say, when Easter is approaching, Tomorrow or the day after is the Lords Passion, although He suffered so many years ago, and His passion was endured once for all time. In like manner, on Easter Sunday, we say, This day the Lord rose from the dead, although so many years have passed since His resurrection. But no one is so foolish as to accuse us of falsehood when we use these phrases, for this reason, that we give such names to these days on the ground of a likeness between them and the days on which the events referred to actually transpired, the day being called the day of that event, although it is not the very day on which the event took place, but one corresponding to it by the revolution of the same time of the year, and the event itself being said to take place on that day, because, although it really took place long before, it is on that day sacramentally celebrated. Was not Christ once for all offered up in His own person as a sacrifice? And yet, is He not likewise offered up in the sacrament as a sacrifice, not only in the special solemnities of Easter, but also daily among our congregations; so that the man who, being questioned, answers that He is offered as a sacrifice in that ordinance, declares what is strictly true? For if sacraments had not some points of real resemblance to the things of which they are the sacraments, they would not be sacraments at all. In most cases, moreover, they do in virtue of this likeness bear the names of the realities which they resemble. As, therefore, in a certain manner the sacrament of Christs body is Christs body, and the sacrament of Christs blood is Christs blood. (Augustine, Letters 98)
In yet another place, Augustine concludes that Christ is eaten and drank through faith, without the readying of teeth and stomach.
They said therefore unto Him, What shall we do, that we may work the works of God? For He had said to them, Labor not for the meat which perisheth, but for that which endureth unto eternal life. What shall we do? they ask; by observing what, shall we be able to fulfill this precept? Jesus answered and said unto them, This is the work of God, that ye believe on Him whom He has sent. This is then to eat the meat, not that which perisheth, but that which endureth unto eternal life. To what purpose dost thou make ready teeth and stomach? Believe, and thou hast eaten already. (Augustine, Tractate 25)
None of this is really all that profound, honestly. Its just common sense upon reading the passage in their proper context, and thinking on them with a sound and rational mind.
>> "
Are you so insecure in you Roman Catholic faith that you honestly feel someone quoting the Holy Bible to you is an attack?" <<
Catholics have repeatedly refered to the posting of scriptures as "anti-catholic hate."
No knots here. The statement is quite straightforward and did not have to be explained to the disciples afterward. Are you a literalist? Is the Bible Literally True? or is it all metaphor and moral fables to be reinterpreted as convenient to suit the times and particular preachers?
"Are you a Literalist?"
Yes! (Except for figurative prophecy)
And he took a cup, and when he had given thanks he gave it to them, saying, Drink of it, all of you, for this is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins. I tell you I will not drink again of this fruit of the vine until that day when I drink it new with you in my Fathers kingdom.
(Mat 26:27-29)
The real question is, do you believe Jesus when He called the cup, which you say was transubstantiated into blood, the fruit of the vine, which He declares He will not drink again until He reunites with the Apostles in heaven? The wine would have ceased to exist once the prayer was uttered, and would be considered really and truly the body and blood of Christ. Furthermore, you would have us believe that Christ ate and drank His own body and blood. Why would He do that? Is Christ in need to cannibalize Himself? And where is it written in the scripture that it is lawful at all to eat and drink another individuals flesh and blood?
It is impossible for me to believe any man, certainly no mortal, regardless of how many hands have been laid upon his head since Peter, has the power to turn bread and wine into the literal Body and Blood of Jesus The Christ.
Dear Catholic brothers and Sisters, there is no cause to argue this point. Christ reveals Himself in many different ways. How we worship, and why we believe is not as important as the actual worshiping and believing.
Christ commands that Christians love one another as we love Him.
He will sort it all out and judge.
Hope to see you in Heaven, if this sinful soul ever arrives.
My kindest regards and affection to you all.
The remembrance to which Yeshua refered has been spoken and practiced since the MelekZedek blessed Abraham.
Yeshua didn't come to invent a new super-pagan religion; he came to validate the faith he gave to Abraham.
So, yes, the word of Yehova is literally true in every way. That requires his remembrance to be spirit.
Oh. Jesus lied, then. Sorry. It is not something I would have thought. Or was His Truth like Algore's truth?
There is little about a Roman mass that isn't blasphemous. Scripture promises that one day Mystery Babylon will fall.
Jesus said to them again, Peace be with you. As the Father has sent me, even so I send you. And when he had said this, he breathed on them, and said to them, Receive the Holy Spirit. If you forgive the sins of any, they are forgiven; if you retain the sins of any, they are retained.
There is little about a Roman mass that isnt blasphemous.
Are you aware that almost the entire Mass is made up of Scripture?
**It is impossible for me to believe any man**
Did you forget that Jesus Christ is true man and true God?
Fully man and fully God?
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"In 2008, I was designing a lot of museum exhibits about environmental issues, but people can't appreciate the environment unless they engage in it. So I began an online community around the idea of R&DIY—research and develop-it-yourself—and proposed that we create an in-home garden made of recycled bottles [left], called Windowfarms. Within two years, I had 25,000 members, many of whom were working to perfect the system, which is used to grow fresh greens. We tried selling the first version of it as a DIY kit funded via Kickstarter, but people had trouble finding bottles with the right shape needed for the plants' root systems. We ultimately teamed with an industrial designer to create a ready-made product. Now, 2,300 have sold, which is gratifying: We've encouraged people to be mindful of how their relationship with food impacts the environment. It wouldn't have happened without the online community. When people are engaged, they care so much more." ($120, windowfarms.org)
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Rediection of links to new website in htacess file
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We are struggling to redirect the links from our old website to our new website in the .access file.
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text:
Eggplant Italiano
|1 Pound, peeled if desired (1 Piece)
|Vegetable oil cooking spray/1 teaspoon oil
|Canned low sodium cocktail vegetable juice
|6 Ounce (1 Can)
|Oat bran hot cereal
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs), uncooked
|2 Clove (10 gm), minced
|Basil leaves
|1 Teaspoon, crushed
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|2 Medium, chopped
|Shredded part skim mozzarella cheese
|5 Ounce (1 1/4 Cups)
Heat oven to 350°.
Line cookie sheet or 15 X 10-inch baking pan with foil.
Lightly spray with vegetable oil cooking spray or oil lightly.
Cut eggplant into 1/2-inch-thick slices; place in single layer on prepared pan.
Combine vegetable juice, oat bran, garlic, basil and oregano.
Spread evenly over eggplant; top with tomatoes.
Sprinkle with mozzarella cheese.
Bake 35 to 40 minutes or until eggplant is tender and cheese is melted.
Sprinkle with additional basil or oregano, if desired.
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size: Complete recipe
Calories 952 Calories from Fat 299
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 35 g53.2%
Saturated Fat 17.8 g88.9%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 90.7 mg30.2%
Sodium 927.2 mg38.6%
Total Carbohydrates 122 g40.7%
Dietary Fiber 38.6 g154.4%
Sugars 24.6 g
Protein 61 g122.2%
Vitamin A 76.4% Vitamin C 77.5%
Calcium 129.8% Iron 35.6%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


text:
Abdominal aorta aneurysm (AAA) is a common and lethal disease of adult Americans. Progressive AAA enlargement, over the course of months to years, leads to ever-increasing risk of sudden death from catastrophic rupture. Currently, rupture can only be prevented by timely surgical repair, which carries considerable morbidity and/or requirements for ongoing surveillance and periodic re-intervention. Prior attempts to identify specific mediator or pathway targets for medical intervention have not translated to effective clinical therapies. Although medial and adventitial neovessel formation (mural angiogenesis) is well recognized in human and experimental AAA, the role of angiogenesis in AAA pathogenesis has not been studied. Based on our preliminary findings that VEGF-A-producing cells were increased in aneurysmal aortae, and that inhibition of VEGF signaling by either soluble VEGFR-2 or VEGFR inhibitor sunitinib significantly suppressed AAA progression, it is our fundamental hypothesis that VEGF-A-mediated mural angiogenesis is a critical and rate-limiting factor in aortic aneurysm pathogenesis, and that manipulation of VEGF signaling will modulate progression and regression of experimental aneurysms. To pursue this hypothesis, we propose the following Specific Aims: 1. Determine cellular origin and magnitude of aortic VEGF-A production in AAA disease. 2. Define the role of VEGF-A signaling in AAA disease progression. 3. Evaluate ability of FDA-approved VEGFR inhibitors to stabilize or regress AAA. Using the well-established mouse aortic elastase infusion model of human AAA disease, we will employ immunostaining, confocal imaging and ELISA assays to analyze the kinetics and cellular origins of VEGF-A expression during aneurysm development. We will use multiple genetic tools to block VEGF-A both in a systemic and cell-specific manner to define the role of VEGF-A-driven angiogenesis in AAA pathogenesis. We will further evaluate the effects of FDA-approved anti-angiogenesis drugs (sunitinib and sorafenib) on the progression and regression of AAA. Confirming the pathogenetic significance of VEGF-A-driven angiogenesis in AAA disease will facilitate the rapid translation of emerging anti-angiogenesis therapeutic strategies to effective non-surgical methods of aneurysm suppression.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a common, morbid and frequently lethal disease. In the course of investigating how mural angiogenesis influences aneurysm progression, we hope to discover novel treatment strategies to limit progression of early AAA disease and, in the process, improve the health and well-being of millions of Americans.
|Rouer, M; Xu, B H; Xuan, H J et al. (2014) Rapamycin limits the growth of established experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 47:493-500
|Iida, Yasunori; Xu, Baohui; Xuan, Haojun et al. (2013) Peptide inhibitor of CXCL4-CCL5 heterodimer formation, MKEY, inhibits experimental aortic aneurysm initiation and progression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 33:718-26


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|"William A. Rowe, Jr." <wr...@rowe-clan.net>
|Re: Status/Authority of AJP/1.5
|Tue, 25 Oct 2005 16:03:26 GMT
Costin Manolache wrote: > > Security ( i.e. authentication ) might be the only reason to extend > AJP - but even this can be done on top of the existing protocol, using > a custom header and connection initiation. Only partly true. Let's take the HTTPS state, for example... if tomcat looks for X-PROTOCOL=HTTPS, for example, passing this from the proxy as a typical header is simply wrong for security reasons. It's too trivial to fake, and it's too expensive to guard against. The safe way is to have two header-types, one, a client HTTP-type header. The other, proxy metadata such as the protocol, SSL keys and other server variables. These wouldn't be relayed as HTTP-style headers, so therefore all sorts of proxy to backend data can be trusted. (FYI - w.r.t. the client/server certs, I don't suggest a full blown mod_ssl type of decomposition. If they want to tear apart the certificates, it sure makes sense to introspect them through jsse, no?) Bill --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: email@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: email@example.com
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King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus), second largest member of the penguin order (Sphenisciformes), characterized by its dignified, upright posture, long bill, and vivid coloration. Although many ornithologists divide the species into two subspecies, Aptenodytes patagonicus patagonicus and A. patagonicus halli, some ornithologists claim that such a separation is unnecessary. King penguins are found on several Antarctic and subantarctic islands; breeding populations of A. patagonicus patagonicus occur on South Georgia, the Falkland Islands, and the South Sandwich Islands, whereas those of A.patagonicus halli inhabit the Crozet Islands, the Kerguelen Islands, the Prince Edward Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, and Macquarie Island. The species ... (100 of 786 words)
King penguin
Alternative Titles: Aptenodytes patagonica, Aptenodytes patagonicus


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Social Networking Stats: Millennials Are 56% More Likely To Find Brand Content On Social Networks
The Realtime Report
The #RLTM Scoreboard: Social Networking Stats for the Week. Please email email@example.com if you have additional updates, or a social network that you feel should be on the list. . Millennials Are 56% More Likely To Find Brand Content On Social Networks. Facebook: 1.23 billion monthly active users. via Facebook. YouTube. via YouTube. via VK.
The Life Cycle of a Social Network
Techipedia: Tamar Weinberg
The launch of Geocities by Yahoo marked for some the beginning of a new revolution in the online media called social networking. Later, several other websites such as Classmates.com and Friendster contributed to the development of social networking to help reach our present day scenario, where we see the domination of Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Google+. Varghese.
The 4 Social Networks I Use Most
Ari Herzog
I started 2014 with a mission to use social networks without rules. People follow my feed there and like/comment when inspired. Twitter is the social network that I use the most these days. continue to use it to build relations with strangers. I'm hardly present on other social networking sites. My mission to find order in chaos changed a lot.
Social Networking Stats: Twitter & Politics In 2012, #RLTM Scoreboard
The Realtime Report
The #RLTM Scoreboard: Social Networking Stats for the Week. via SmartBlog on Social Media. Please email firstname.lastname@example.com if you have additional updates, or a social network that you feel should be on the list. Facebook: 1 billion active users. via Facebook. Twitter: over 500 million users. via Twopcharts. Qzone: 599 million monthly active users.
Facebook Displaying Vertical Videos in Mobile News Feed
SocialTimes Facebook
Facebook has begun displaying vertical videos in News Feed in its flagship mobile application. Tim Peterson of Marketing Land reported on the update, and a spokesperson for the social network told him via email that its tests found that users watched vertical videos for longer time periods and with audio when they were presented vertically in News Feed, adding: We know that people enjoy more immersive experiences on Facebook, so we're starting to display a larger portion of each vertical video in News Feed on mobile.
Facebook News Feed: Friends and Family First, Core Values
SocialTimes Facebook
Friends and family come first in Facebook's News Feed , as the social network detailed the latest tweak to its algorithm and detailed the values that guide that algorithm. Engineering director Lars Backstrom announced the algorithm update in a Newsroom post , saying that posts from friends will be ranked higher in News Feed than posts from pages. That's why today, we're announcing an upcoming change to News Feed ranking to help make sure you don't miss stories from your friends. We've also found that people enjoy their feeds as a source of entertainment.
Facebook's Latest News Feed Algorithm Tweak Eyes More 'Informative' Stories
SocialTimes Facebook
Facebook wants its users to find their News Feeds to be more informative. The newest tweak to the social network's News Feed algorithm , announced Thursday, is focused on delivering more stories that users find made them "feel more informed about the world around them.". People from our Feed Quality Program look at each story in their feed and rank it on a scale of one to five—one being "really not informative" and five being "really informative.". Readers: What are your thoughts on the latest change to Facebook's News Feed algorithm?
News Feed Optimization (NFO) is the new SEO!
Buzz Marketing for Technology
mean content that can be used for Inbound Marketing (hat tip to HubSpot who created the term) things that can be shared socially like blog posts, eBooks, videos, podcasts, research reports. This is the algorithm that controls what you see in your News Feed when you log into Facebook. And you would be surprised what I hear. And the reason that this is so important is because ….
[Infographic] Facebook Is NOT The Largest Online Social Network, Email Still Rules!
SocMed Sean
Contrary to popular belief, Facebook is NOT the largest social network on the planet. And your inbox is more successful at managing text and multimedia better than the Facebook timeline, Twitter feed, RSS subscriptions and Google+ feed combined. So the numbers are clear that more transactions are sent via email every day, but is email really a social network?
Instant Games: Facebook's New Cross-Platform Experience for Messenger, News Feed
SocialTimes Facebook
Facebook Tuesday announced the launch of Instant Games , an HTML5 cross-platform gaming experience for Messenger and News Feed on both mobile and the web. Tom Dotan of The Information reported earlier this month that the social network was testing the platform, which would allow Messenger users to play "lightweight" and "asynchronous" games against their friends. Hex, FRVR.
Top social networks: Guide to images for company pages
The Way of the Web
Are you setting up social network profiles for your business? Or maintaining social media which already exists? If you're updating your company logos, re-branding, or simply want to change images to give your page a refresh, then it's important to ensure you know the right image dimensions, file sizes and positioning for each social network.
Introducing Ello, the New Ad-Free Social Network
Bill Hartzer
Ello is a new social network that has literally exploded onto the social networking scene. Think Facebook and Twitter combined into one social media network–without all of the ads, retweets, and "likes" And there's no algorithm behind their newsfeed or timeline. Ello is just like a lot of other social networks.
Facebook News Feed Algorithm Changes: 5 Must-Reads
This week, Facebook announced more changes to its news feed algorithm. Facebook News Feed Algorithm Changes…Again. Facebook issued news feed algorithm changes again and community managers everywhere are fighting the urge to melt their faces off. Facebook Announces More Links In The News Feed. Blog Facebook Social Media
Give Your Social Networks The Spring Cleaning They So Desperately Need
The Social Media Hat
Social Media Give Your Social Networks The Spring Cleaning They So Desperately Need. Make Sure That Your Social Profiles Are Cleaned Up And Ready For The Coming Year When my sister and I were growing up, as soon as the weather started to be consistently warm, we'd spend a weekend helping our mom with "Spring Cleaning." Certainly, stop sharing them to social channels.
Ten Social Media Truths About Chatbots
Spin Sucks
To understand the growing power, here are ten social media truths about chatbots. The post Ten Social Media Truths About Chatbots appeared first on Spin Sucks. Related Stories How Political Posts Will Quietly Kill Your Network The Spin Sucks Inquisition: Gerry Corbett How to Identify Popular Hashtags on Twitter.
Facebook to Change News Feed to Focus on Friends and Family: Here's Everything You Need to Know
Buffer Social
The goal of Facebook's News Feed is to show people the stories that are most relevant to them. Now, Facebook has announced one of their most significant News Feed shuffles. On Wednesday , Facebook shared that the News Feed algorithm is going to shift so that it will more favorably promote content posted by the friends and family of users. The News Feed should entertain.
Is Your Social Network a Puppy or a Dog?
Convince & Convert
And you have to feed him and wash him and brush him and clean up after him. Click to read more » social media strategy social media social networksThere's nothing better than getting a new puppy. He's He's so exciting and vibrant and interesting and funny. It's It's fun to think about what he'll be like when he grows up. Everywhere
Instagram's New Algorithm – What You Need to Know
It begins with co-founders Mike Krieger and Kevin Systrom explaining that "on average, people miss about 70% of the posts in their Instagram feed" , which may be alarming to some. Of course, users tend to prefer what they're used to on social networks and aren't very welcoming to change , so this may pass. Similar Posts: Social Media Trends, Prospects, and Challenges in India.
Klout and Peerindex – social network loyalty cards?
The Way of the Web
Peerindex includes Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, Quora, and in an important different, a small number of external RSS feeds for your website or blog, which then contributes to your score via rankings pulled from SEOMoz's database. And here's where the loyalty card element comes in: Supermarkets and social networks: The basics of the supermarket loyalty card are pretty simple.
Instagram is bringing the algorithm to its feed, but don't panic yet
In a blog post , the social network mentions that users miss almost 70% of the content on their feeds and to improve user experience, the new curated feed is being brought in. This isn't the ideal scenario but this has been the path most social networks have taken and it means people who are more invested in you will receive your content. Inside Unmetric
Just Because We're Social Networking "Friends" Doesn't Mean I'll.
Almost Savvy
If this happened at a live networking event, the conversation would go something like this: "Hi. If you enjoyed this post, make sure you subscribe to my RSS feed ! Related articles which may interest you: How Facebook Hurt My Feelings Social Networking Friends vs. Real Life Friends Happy Holidays! Am I talking about my dating life? Uh…ewww. My name is Irene.
Social Networking Friends vs. Real Life Friends | Almost Savvy
Almost Savvy
Social Networking Lines Get Blurred With the unprecedented growth of Facebook, it has become the largest social networking platform by far. Is this because social networking is new? The Real Life Social Network I'm excited to share a thought-provoking presentation about Real Life Social Networks from Paul Adams , a blogger and researcher at Google.
How to Replace Your RSS Feed Automatically With Facebook's Like Button
Stay N' Alive
As I seek to make this blog more and more a part of the social networks you participate in (I call this "From Fishers to Farmers" - something I speak about in my talks), I'll be documenting my progress along the way. Technology rss is not dead blog social facebook rss Facebook rss is dead Blogging subscription rss
How to Use Google+ to Update All Major Social Networks
We tend to use social networks as channels that feed into each other, with certain channels for posting content and others for re-publishing it. Widgets and apps can help pull a Twitter feed to a website, or a blog RSS feed to a LinkedIn profile or Facebook profile. The hub might represent a blog or Twitter feed, and all the spokes separate social media channels.
Thoughts on Poken & Off-line Social Networking
The Marketing Blog
While, the diary still scored over cellphone in some of the features the socially conscious consumer just wanted to have a single device. Fast forward to 20 September 2010 i.e. today where I just finished reading Kapil Ohri's latest write-up on afaqs.com which talks about Poken – a USB enabled pen drive type social business card device. Filed under: Social Network , Web 2.0
Creating a Custom RSS Feed for Guest Posts
Figuring out how to do this with particular systems might pose a specific challenge, especially if those networks only allow you to import one RSS feed. There may also be times where you want to only share writing by you, and if you have a lot of guest bloggers on your site as well as guest posts on other sites, having a full RSS feed for your blog won't do. CDATA[.
Thank you Google, for the Antithesis of a More Social Network
Waxing UnLyrical
We agree mutually to allow someone to consume our feed of information, while consenting to consume theirs. That is, assuming we haven't hidden/blocked them from News Feeds. Fair enough? (By the way, the argument of pitching Facebook against Twitter, that the former could be made asymmetric by hiding feeds is rather pointless. Amrit Pal Guest Posts Social Media
10 Facts About Consumer Behavior on Facebook
According to 10 Quick Facts You Should Know About Consumer Behavior on Facebook (below), it turns out that people engage with their favorite brands on Facebook far more than on any other social network. CMB asked 1,491 respondents to share their social media habits. 56% of consumers said they are more likely to recommend a brand to a friend after becoming a fan on Facebook.
Fake News: How PR Pros Can Ethically Fight Back
Spin Sucks
One would hope it would subside, but bottom-feeding PR pros have discovered it works. Related Stories The 11 PR Professionals to Follow Podcast: A Behind-the-Scenes Look at a Popular PR Show Seven Podcasts to Add to Your iTunes Feed. During this year's presidential election, there was an influx of fake news that spread like wildfire. Here is Gini Dietrich on how to handle it.
Online Tools that Help with PR
Spin Sucks
You can do social media graphics, blog post images, business cards, flyers, invitations, and more. Feedly. Feedly is a user-friendly place to store your blog and news subscriptions. When they publish something new, you'll see it in your Feedly page and can read and share from there. If you use any of the social networks, Hootsuite is the tool for you.
Integrate Social Networks with your Corporate Website with 'Social Sign On'
The Techcrunch acquisition dispels those myths 2 days ago « People on the Move in the Social Business Industry: Sept 21, 2010 Upcoming Research Teaser: What do Employers Want in a Corporate Social Media Strategist? Managing these multiple login systems from all these social networks is cumbersome due to changing APIs, protocols. Or do I interpret this wrong?
Facebook Announces Several Metrics Updates, Corrected Bugs
SocialTimes Facebook
More details from the social network are included below. This blog will be similar to our News Feed FYI blog.). And the social network detailed several changes aimed at clarifying its metrics and making them easier to understand: More descriptive names: We'll make updates now and in the coming months to ensure that our metrics are clearly named (e.g. percent.
The Dos and Don'ts of a Social Media Automation Strategy
Waxing UnLyrical
staggering 74 percent of Internet-using adults are active on at least one social networking website. And with more than 3 billion users online , that amounts to almost 2 billion social network users. The sheer amount of traffic that social media sites see every day makes it an insurmountable task to manage multiple social profiles manually. Happy Friday!
Content Distribution: Eight Ways to Gain New Readers
Spin Sucks
Social Share Buttons. But the social share buttons are not on every blog. " When we looked at her blog, they didn't have the social share buttons or comments enabled. Set up your social share buttons and enable comments. RSS Feed. This is why you'll set up an RSS feed. Social Media. told you. It's basic. Enable Comments.
Facebook Adds Background Colors for Text-Only Status Updates
SocialTimes Facebook
Your Facebook News Feed may soon be a lot more colorful. The social network announced Monday that it is rolling out a new feature enabling users who post text-only status updates to add background colors to those posts. Facebook Android Background Colors iOS News Feed Status UpdatesThe feature is rolling out for Android users initially, although all users will be able to see background colors that have been added to posts, and Facebook said iOS and the web will follow soon. Starting today, people can update the background color of their text-only posts on Android.
Social Network Statistics | Brian Solis - PR 2.0
Home Articles Business – Marketing PR 2.0 – New Communications Social Media Speaking Books Appearances About Revealing the People Defining Social Networks October 1, 2009 View Comments Source: Shutterstock Social Networks are among the most powerful examples of socialized media. Stephane Dupuis brandMIND New social media stats. media+2.0
PR Pros Must Embrace the PESO Model
Spin Sucks
By Gini Dietrich The business world, in the last seven or so years, has been upended with the introduction of social media and access to better data. On the contrary, paid media for a PR program is social media advertising, sponsored content and email marketing. Shared media is also known as social media. On Feedly , create a list of bloggers to watch. PR is sales.
Four Ways to Fight Content Thieves
Spin Sucks
If you're practicing good content creation with valuable and educational information and people are sharing it on the social networks, the search engines will understand your site is the authority on the topic. That will tell you who the contact is for the site and where the site is registered (GoDaddy, Bluehost, Hostgater, Network Solutions, and so on). Every day. Sorry."
20 Expert LinkedIn Guides
Webbiquity SMM
LinkedIn has made dramatic changes to its platform over the past 18 months, making what was a rather plain but effective business networking tool into a content-rich, visually dynamic, more interactive professionally-focused social network. Guides to Using LinkedIn for Career or Networking. " The Secret Benefit of LinkedIn Endorsements by The Social Media Hat.
Mobile-Only Facebook Use Climbs 23% Since March 2012
The Realtime Report
Out of Facebook's mobile user base of 543 million, nearly 20% access the social network via mobile only. The social networking giant has only added about 15 million US users in the last year ( TechCrunch ). It would simply have to cram too many into the feed, and that could wreck the user experience it has spent years building, and lead people to visit less."


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wikiHow to Get a Six Pack in a Month
Two Parts:Creating a Workout RegimenChanging Your DietCommunity Q&A
Getting a six-pack might seem as hard as climbing Mount Everest, but with the right exercises, healthy diet, and a bit of determination, you can actually get the six-pack of your dreams in just one month. Scroll down to Step 1 to find out how you can get that six-pack you've always wanted.
Part 1
Creating a Workout Regimen
1Find your body fat percentage. In general, you can begin to see a six-pack when your body fat percentage drops down to 13% (for guys) and 17% (for gals). Of course there are always exceptions to the rule. For most people, to get a six-pack (and be able to see it) you'll need to reduce your body fat percentage. There are several ways to determine your body composition--the easiest is to use your gym's body analyzer equipment. Click here for more ways to figure out your body composition.[1]
- Example: Let's say that you are man who weighs 76 kg and has a body fat percent of 18%. Your target percentage is 12%. You must therefore lost 6%. To calculate how much weight you need to lose, use this equation. (Fat % to lose) x (original weight) = how much weight you need to lose. For our example man, his equation would be (0.06%) x (76 kg) = 4.56 kg to lose.
2Perform ab-specific exercises. Perform your ab exercises five days a week. Each exercise should be three or four sets long, with as many reps as you can possibly do in each set. If your repetition count for each set is over 30, add additional weight, such as a medicine ball, to make each exercise more challenging and your rep range is decreased. You should perform:[2]
- Lying, straight leg raises on a bench. This exercise targets your lower abs.
- Elevated feet ab crunches. This exercise targets your upper abs.
- Lying twist, which targets the obliques.
3Perform high intensity interval training (HIIT). HIIT includes all of your cardiovascular training. While most people think that you can get a six-pack by doing a whole lot of crunches, you actually have to lose a good deal of body fat to be able to achieve that dreamed-of six-pack. That's where the HIIT comes in. Running, cycling, and swimming are all great ways to work up a sweat. An example HIIT session is:
- Ten 100m sprints paired with 100 m walks. This means you would sprint 100 m and then walk quickly back to where you started. You would repeat this process 10 times and the session would last about 30 minutes.The goal is to keep your heart rate up for 30 minutes straight. You would do this five times a week and pair it with your ab training.
4Create a workout plan and stick to it. You should try to do your cardiovascular workout in the morning and your ab workout in the afternoon or evening. Once you have figured out what works best for you, pair it with a great diet and stick to it for the duration of the month.
Part 2
Changing Your Diet
1Develop a clean diet. A clean diet is one that avoids processed foods. Instead, it is comprised of whole, unprocessed foods that make up a well balanced macronutrient died. Processed foods can cover a whole range of things--the processed foods that you want to stay away from are the ones that are heavily processed. For example:
- Potato chips, fast-food hamburgers, and frozen premade meals are all on the heavy side of the processed food spectrum.
2Eat balanced meals. To really promote your six-pack abs, you will need to eat a balanced meal comprised of lean proteins, fruits, vegetables, non-fat dairy, and healthy carbs. Your meals should focus more on the proteins, with fruits, veggies, and a small amount of carbs to supplement your protein. However, breakfasts and post-cardio workouts can be higher in carbs.
3Eat six small meals a day. Rather than trying to skip out on meals to lose weight, you should actually be eating six small meals a day. Each meal should be less than 400 calories. As stated above, you should have a balanced diet, so try to get a good amount of protein, fruits, veggies, and whole-grain carbs each day. If you don't want to cook during each small meal, you can drink protein shakes as a snack. A six-pack meal plan for one day would look like this:
- Breakfast: one egg and spinach scrambled with non-fat cheese. Two slices of whole-wheat toast on the side.
- Snack 1: Two scoops of low-fat frozen yogurt with no toppings.
- Lunch: Shrimp pasta pomodoro--pasta, mushrooms, olives, shrimp, seasonings, veggies.
- Snack 2: One cup of tomato soup.
- Dinner: Braised chicken with vegetables.
- Snack 3: Protein shake.
4Drink lots of water. It is important to stay hydrated during this month of high-intensity workouts. Drinking water also helps you to keep from bloating--when you become dehydrated, your body retains water which causes you to bloat. Drink cool, fresh water throughout the day to stay hydrated, happy, and bloat-free.
Community Q&A
How does drinking water help develop ab muscles?wikiHow ContributorDrinking water helps heal your body after workouts. Your abs won't appear if your body can't heal well after a workout.
How much time will it take to built abs?wikiHow ContributorThis depends on your state of fitness. If you spend a month on core workouts but have that extra bit of flab hanging from your gut, your muscles will be developed, but hidden underneath the fat. The best way to get a six pack is to first determine whether or not you need to reduce that waistline first.
What are the main foods I need to eat to get a 6 pack?wikiHow ContributorEat lots of protein, fruits, vegetables, and antioxidants. Don't restrict yourself to one type of food, but make sure to keep up protein intake.
What types of exercise I have to do?wikiHow ContributorFor abs, do a lot of exercises that target all regions in the ab muscle area. This includes the upper abs, lower abs and the obliques. Try doing crunches, Russian twists and reverse crunches.
What is a good diet for teens trying to get a six pack?wikiHow ContributorIf you are a younger teen (12 to 14) then a diet is not a good idea, because you'll lose too much energy. If you are an older teen (15 to 18) then you can try doing the 30 day abs challenge, eating way fruit, and cutting out the junk food (ie chips and soda).
Is possible to have 'six pack' abs in one week?wikiHow ContributorNot unless you are already at the correct body fat percentage -- in which case you might be able to do really intense ab workouts for a week and see something. If you still have fat to lose, you will probably not be able to achieve this goal.
What type of food should I eat?wikiHow ContributorYou could eat salad, vegetables and protein. Try to stay away from things like hamburgers, chips, and fatty foods.
Is it hard to get abs?Indeed it is. You have to work very hard to earn it and it can tire you a lot.
Can I still eat sweets while trying to develop a six pack?wikiHow ContributorAs long as you burn off the calories and strengthen your muscles, you could eat anything you want.
How do I find out my body fat percentage?wikiHow ContributorYou can try to use calipers to find out your body fat percentage by pulling the fat away from your body and pinching it between the prongs of the Caliper. Take the measurements and look at a chart to to figure out your body fat percentage. You can also purchase a body fat calculator online that measures the percentage based on your height, weight, and activity level.
- Create a ab-oriented prize to keep yourself on your workout plan and diet. Maybe it will be a vacation on the beach, buying a new outfit, or flaunting your new abs at that pool party your ex will be at.
Article Info
Categories: Abdominal Exercises
In other languages:
Русский: развить кубики на животе за один месяц, Deutsch: In einem Monat ein Sixpack bekommen, Italiano: Ottenere Addominali Scolpiti in un Mese, Español: conseguir abdominales marcados en un mes, Français: avoir de beaux abdominaux en un mois, Português: Ter uma Barriga de Tanquinho em um Mês, 中文: 在一个月内练出六块腹肌, Bahasa Indonesia: Mendapatkan Perut Six Pack Dalam Waktu Satu Bulan, Nederlands: Krijg een sixpack binnen een maand, Čeština: Jak si na břiše vypracovat pekáč buchet za jeden měsíc
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 538,799 times.


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Introduction to Jungian Psychotherapy
The Therapeutic Relationship
By (author) David Sedgwick
Format: Hardback
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Introduction to Jungian Psychotherapy by David Sedgwick
Book DescriptionThe unique relationship between patient and therapist is the main healing factor in psychotherapy. This book explains the Jungian approach to the therapeutic relationship and the treatment process. David Sedgwick outlines a modern Jungian approach to psychotherapy. He introduces, considers and criticizes key aspects of Jungian and other theoretical perspectives, synthesizing approaches and ideas from across the therapeutic spectrum. Written in an accessible style and illustrated with numerous examples, this mediation on therapy and the therapeutic relationship will be invaluable to students and practitioners of both Jungian and non-Jungian therapy.
Buy Introduction to Jungian Psychotherapy book by David Sedgwick from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9780415183390
(216mm x 138mm x 20mm)
Pages: 196
Imprint: Brunner-Routledge
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd
Publish Date: 13-Dec-2001
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Other Editions...
Books By Author David Sedgwick
Introduction to Jungian Psychotherapy, Paperback (December 2001)» View all books by David Sedgwick
The unique relationship between patient and therapist is the main healing factor in psychotherapy. This book explains the Jungian approach to the therapeutic relationship and the treatment process.
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EFTS Tip of the Week
Replenishing your account in a timely matter is important. Many of you submit paperwork to your accounting department and they, in turn cut a check to us. Please follow-up on your request to be sure the payment has actually been processed and a check has been issued and mailed. Checks are posted to the account on the day the check was received in our mail. If you do not see the payment reflected in your balance, we have not received your payment.
Jola Sliwinski, EFTS Program Coordinator
866-561-5045 toll free
860-679-4561 direct


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This language switcher is created for demo purposes only to showcase the template styling for a multilanguage store or website.
We have now released the Alpha 2 version of the new 3.7 release. We moved the date a week to include some more features and now we think we have all features merged. That doesn't mean that all is perfectly running. There are issues to fix and we need a lot more testing. But we are thinking that the state is good enough that we can publish the version and ask for help in testing.
With the "Custom Fields" feature we had a good experience in merging it into a release early. Having it published and available for a larger group of people speeds up the process of making a feature better and solid.
Joomla! 3.6.5 is now available. This is a security release for the 3.x series of Joomla! which addresses three security vulnerabilities, miscellaneous security hardening and three bug fixes; no further changes have been made compared to the Joomla! 3.6.4 release. We strongly recommend that you update your sites.
Version 3.6.5 is released to address three security issues, miscellaneous security hardening and three bugs.
Please see the documentation wiki for FAQ's regarding the 3.6.5 release.
The Joomla! Community proudly presents the centralised and localised Joomla! Downloads portal. It will be the only place you'll ever need to visit for all Joomla! CMS core files.
As part of our post-release review process for the 3.6.4 release, the Joomla! Security Strike Team has identified and confirmed an additional side effect of the issue resolved in security advisory 20161002 (CVE-2016-8869) and as such we have revised our assessment of this issue.


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Credit card debt is dealt with in a bankruptcy case pursuant to the provisions of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. Consumers seek bankruptcy relief in two different ways. A Chapter 7 bankruptcy permits a consumer to liquidate his debt. A Chapter 13 bankruptcy grants a consumer the ability to pay off debt through a court-supervised repayment plan.
Chapter 7 Bankruptcy
Historically, upwards of 70 percent of all consumers seeking bankruptcy relief filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy case, according to the American Bankruptcy Institute. Consumers filed Chapter 7 bankruptcy cases because the U.S. Bankruptcy Code permitted discharge of the debtor's obligations to creditors. Credit card debt was included in debt discharged in a Chapter 7 case. But beginning in 2005, Congress and the President amended the U.S. Bankruptcy Code to significantly limit the number of consumers who qualify for a discharge of credit card debt pursuant to Chapter 7.
Means Test
The constriction of the ability of a consumer to discharge credit card debt is accomplished in part through a means test incorporated into Chapter 7 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. The means test applied by the U.S. Bankruptcy Court precludes most debtors from filing a Chapter 7 bankruptcy if their household income exceeds the state's median income. There is a different median income in each state. Debtors with household income above the state's median level file Chapter 13 bankruptcies in most cases. The net effect is that consumers are left paying off a higher percentage of credit card debt rather than having that obligation discharged.
Credit Counseling
Prior to filing for bankruptcy, a consumer must participate in court-approved credit counseling, pursuant to the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. A focus of credit counseling and education in most cases is credit card debt. An element of this step in the bankruptcy process is determining whether there is a way to resolve credit card debt obligations short of actually proceeding further with bankruptcy. With this new credit counseling and education step in the bankruptcy process, some consumers negotiate credit card debt repayment plans short of an official bankruptcy filing.