text:
Complex roles for telomeres and telomerase in breast carcinogenesis
- Steven E Artandi1Email author
DOI: 10.1186/bcr553
© BioMed Central Ltd 2003
Received: 1 July 2002
Accepted: 7 October 2002
Published: 4 December 2002
Telomerase – an enzyme that endows cells with unlimited proliferative potential – is differentially expressed in cancer cells and in normal cells. Although most primary human cells lack telomerase, the enzyme is upregulated in more than 90% of invasive breast cancers. As a result, much of breast cancer development occurs before telomerase is reactivated during a critical transition from a telomerase-negative to a telomerase-positive state. During this transition, the telomere shortening that accompanies cell division may either prevent or facilitate tumorigenesis by activating checkpoints and impairing chromosomal stability. In mature cancers, telomerase probably serves a crucial role in tumor progression and maintenance by stabilizing telomeres and supporting the immortal growth of breast cancer cells.
Keywordsbreast cancer genomic instability mouse model telomerase telomere
Telomeres serve as nucleoprotein caps that protect the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes. They are comprised of nucleotide repeats (TTAGGG in mammals) and are bound by a complex array of proteins that stabilize formation of a looped and protected chromosome end [1]. This highly packaged telomere structure (t-loop) serves two critical functions: it sequesters the chromosome end from cellular machinery that might mistake it for a broken chromosome and cause checkpoint activation; and it prevents access of recombination enzymes that can physically join chromosomes together. In this way, intact telomere structure is required for continued cell proliferation and viability, and is critical for maintaining chromosomal stability. As cells divide in the absence of telomerase – the enzyme that synthesizes telomere repeats – telomeres shorten progressively because DNA polymerase cannot fully replicate the extreme ends of chromosomes.
In primary human fibroblasts, progressive telomere shortening associated with proliferation in culture leads to two fundamentally different responses. First, after 60–80 cell divisions fibroblasts encounter replicative senescence, a state of permanent growth arrest and altered morphology that requires intact p53 and Rb (retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product) tumor suppressor pathways. Inactivation of both p53 and Rb with viral oncoproteins or antisense strategies allows cells to bypass senescence and, after extended proliferation, enter crisis. Crisis is characterized by widespread apoptosis and chromosomal instability as the full impact of critical telomere shortening and chromosomal end-to-end fusions are seen [2]. Ectopic expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), the protein catalytic subunit of telomerase, can reconstitute telomerase activity, lengthen telomeres, and bypass both senescence and crisis, endowing human fibroblasts with immortal proliferative properties [3].
Human mammary epithelial cells enter crisis after p16INK4Aloss
Primary human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) and some other epithelial cells do not abide by this simple two-step paradigm. HMECs experience premature growth arrest after a much smaller number of cell divisions than is necessary for replicative senescence. Unlike replicative senescence, this growth arrest is not bypassed by ectopic TERT expression, indicating that telomere shortening is not the trigger for this arrest. Selection for HMEC clones that escape from this arrest is associated with epigenetic changes, including reduced p16INK4A expression, and therefore compromise of the Rb pathway [4]. After epigenetic silencing of p16INK4A, HMECs proliferate for an additional 30–50 population doublings before encountering a telomere-based barrier to continued cell division. This latter growth arrest has features of both replicative senescence and crisis; HMECs exhibit a senescent morphology, but show elevated rates of apoptosis and evidence for chromosomal instability [5]. That this barrier is telomere-based is evidenced by the formation of chromosome end-to-end fusions and the observation that ectopic TERT expression immortalizes HMECs in this phase and prevents onset of growth arrest [6].
It remains unclear whether the behavior of HMECs in arresting prematurely and entering crisis after epigenetic loss of p16INK4A is indicative of how these cells behave in vivo or instead reflects growth conditions in culture [5, 7]. Careful analyses of growth properties of human fibroblasts and HMECs have shown that continued proliferation after checkpoint inactivation (via T antigen expression and p16INK4A loss, respectively) results in eventual loss of telomere capping function and impaired chromosomal stability. Telomeres that become so short that they can no longer protect the chromosome end are said to be critically short or dysfunctional. Experiments in telomerase-deficient mice have shown that such unchecked telomere dysfunction can drive breast carcinogenesis.
Telomere-based crisis promotes mammary carcinogenesis in telomerase-deficient mice
Telomerase is comprised of a heterodimer of TERT and telomerase RNA component (TERC), a required RNA encoding the telomere sequence that is reverse transcribed during telomere synthesis. Inactivation of mouse TERC (mTERC) via homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells resulted in viable mTERC-/- mice that lacked telomerase activity, but were phenotypically normal because they retained long telomeres [8]. Telomeres in mice are much longer than telomeres in humans (40–60 kb versus 5–15 kb). By interbreeding mTERC-/- mice for multiple generations, telomeres shortened progressively and became critically short in generations four to six. In these late generations, mTERC-/- mice became infertile and showed proliferative defects and increased apoptosis in organ systems with high turnover [9]. These defects in cell proliferation and survival occur when telomere uncapping triggers activation of the tumor suppressor p53, which responds to a variety of cellular stresses, including DNA damage, oncogene activation, and hypoxia. Loss of p53 in late-generation mTERC-/- mice blunted the apoptotic response to telomere dysfunction and improved cell survival [10]. Thus, the integrity of the p53 checkpoint is a crucial determinant of the cellular response to telomere dysfunction. Late-generation telomerase-deficient mice can serve as a useful in vivo model to explore the impact of telomere attrition on tumorigenesis.
Late-generation mTERC-/- mice with intact p53 pathways are highly tumor resistant, which is consistent with predictions based on observations of senescence/crisis responses in primary human cells that telomere shortening would suppress tumorigenesis. Telomere uncapping in late-generation mTERC-/- p53+/+ mice resulted in impaired tumor formation when these mice were treated with chemical carcinogens [11], or studied on an INK4A-/-[12] or APC+/-[13] tumor-prone background. To determine the impact of dysfunctional telomeres unchecked by p53 activation on tumorigenesis in vivo, compound mTERC-/- p53-deficient mice were generated and monitored for spontaneous tumor development. In contrast to the models with intact p53-dependent DNA damage response pathways, telomere uncapping in late-generation mTERC-/- p53-/- or p53+/- mice significantly accelerated the rate of tumor formation [14]. In addition to accelerating tumorigenesis, telomere dysfunction dramatically altered the spectrum of tumor types in p53+/- mice. Whereas p53+/- mice with intact telomeres developed predominantly lymphomas and sarcomas, late-generation mTERC-/- p53+/- mice succumbed primarily to epithelial cancers, including carcinomas of the breast, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, telomere-based crisis (i.e. telomere shortening that proceeds unchecked by p53 activation) can promote spontaneous transformation in mammary tissue and other epithelial compartments.
Telomere dysfunction, translocations and copy number changes
To determine the mechanism by which unchecked telomere uncapping caused murine breast cancers, chromosome structure was analyzed in breast carcinomas from late-generation mTERC-/- p53+/- mice. Spectral karyotype analysis revealed that telomere shortening promoted formation of translocations between nonhomologous chromosomes. These translocations were of the nonreciprocal type and were not seen in cancers from p53-deficient mice with long telomeres [14]. Unlike classical balanced translocations, nonreciprocal translocations (NRTs) lead to copy number changes in the involved chromosomal regions. Comparative genome hybridization (CGH) analysis of breast cancers and other carcinomas from late-generation mTERC-/- p53+/- mice revealed widespread regions of amplification or deletion, significantly altering gene copy number [15]. These regions presumably harbor important oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Dysfunctional telomeres promote these genomic alterations through cycles of chromosomal fusion–bridge–breakage. Telomere uncapping results in exposure of the chromosome end to recombination machinery, generating an end-to-end fusion. The presence of two centromeres renders these dicentric chromosomes unstable, because each centromere can attach to opposite poles of the mitotic spindle during mitosis. The dicentric chromosome is stretched and broken during anaphase, and these broken chromosomes can generate NRTs or a new dicentric chromosome, which can fuel another round of fusion–bridge–breakage. Therefore unrestricted telomere dysfunction in p53-deficient cells promotes cancer in part by generating NRTs and widespread gene copy number changes.
Genomic alterations and telomere dynamics in human breast cancer
Although most human breast cancers may harbor chromosomal rearrangements, not all of these cancers contain p53 mutations. In fact, only approximately 30% human breast cancers have shown p53 mutations, suggesting that gene copy number changes can accumulate in p53 wild-type cancer cells. These data suggest that mutations in other components of the p53 pathway, or in separate pathways that control DNA damage checkpoints, may create a permissive environment for chromosomal rearrangements. Further work will be necessary to determine what role telomere dysfunction plays in formation of chromosomal rearrangements in human breast cancer and what other mechanisms might contribute to destabilizing the breast cancer genome.
Two distinct roles for telomerase reactivation in cancer
Whereas normal mammary tissue lacks significant telomerase activity, telomerase is expressed in 80–90% of DCIS lesions and in 90% of invasive breast cancers [21]. Telomerase reactivation therefore coincides temporally with the relative stabilization of the cancer genome. If telomere dysfunction aids in formation of genomic rearrangements that facilitate cancer formation, then telomerase reactivation later in the course of carcinogenesis probably favors tumor progression. Re-establishing telomere maintenance is probably necessary to stabilize telomeres, to 'lock in' genomic alterations that are necessary for tumorigenesis, and to allow significant clonal expansion. Can telomerase reactivation serve other functions beyond re-establishing telomere maintenance? Experiments designed to address this question have yielded mixed results. In primary human fibroblasts and retinal pigment epithelial cells, telomerase reconstitution led to immortal proliferation but did not alter normal regulatory and checkpoint circuits [22, 23]. In contrast, ectopic expression of telomerase in HMECs that have epigenetically silenced p16INK4A resulted in decreased sensitivity to the inhibitory effects of transforming growth factor-β [24]. Transgenic models of TERT overexpression in wild-type mice with long telomeres suggest that telomerase can encourage neoplastic growth even in the absence of critically short telomeres. Expression of TERT in a broad variety of mouse tissues resulted in spontaneous breast cancers at long latency [25]. Directing TERT expression to mouse keratinocytes rendered them more sensitive to the transforming effects of chemical carcinogens [26]. These data suggest that telomerase may have two functions: one in stabilizing short telomeres and averting the deleterious consequences of telomere dysfunction for proliferation and survival; and a second activity that promotes proliferation independent of telomere length.
Primary human fibroblasts and HMECs in culture readily enter telomere-based crisis when p53 and/or Rb checkpoints are impaired. The chromosomal instability associated with unchecked telomere dysfunction can drive breast carcinogenesis in vivo in telomerase-deficient mice, suggesting that telomere-based crisis in humans may similarly enhance rates of epithelial tumorigenesis. This mechanism may underlie the formation of common chromosomal aberrations and copy number changes seen in human breast cancers. Telomerase reactivation serves to restore telomere function, reduce chromosomal instability, and promote tumor maturation. Emerging evidence indicates that telomerase probably serves additional functions in promoting tumorigenesis. Telomerase inhibition remains a promising target for pharmacologic inhibition in the treatment of human malignancies.
comparative genome hybridization
ductal carcinoma in situ
human mammary epithelial cell
nonreciprocal translocation
- (m)TERC:
(mouse) telomerase RNA component
- Rb:
retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product
telomerase reverse transcriptase.
SEA is supported by NIH KO8CA82176 and is a V Foundation Scholar and a Rita Allen Scholar.
Authors' Affiliations
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- OneCare Total and Permanent Disablement (TPD) Cover: This pays a lump sum to help you manage your long-term financial needs if you become totally and permanently disabled.
- OneCare Trauma Cover: Trauma Cover offers a lump sum payment designed to help you recover from a range of serious medical conditions, such as a heart attack or cancer.
- OneCare Income Secure Cover: Income Secure pays up to 80% of your income if you can't work because of sickness or injury.
- OneCare Business Expense Cover: This type of insurance pays a benefit to cover your business expenses if you are totally or partially disabled.
- OneCare Living Expense Cover: Designed for retirees and homemakers, this cover pays an agreed monthly benefit if you are significantly disabled.
- OneCare Child Cover: This type of cover protects your family against the financial impact of childhood accidents and illness.
- OneCare Extra Care Cover: This is a top-up option that lets you take out additional cover for things like terminal illness and accidental death on top of other OneCare policies.
All OnePath OneCare policies include the following standard built-in features:
- Qantas Points: You may be eligible to earn Qantas Points for the premiums you pay on your policy.
- Guaranteed upgrade of benefits: OnePath will automatically add any future improvements it makes to any of the features and benefits available under your policy as long as they do not result in a premium increase.
- Premium discounts: OnePath Life offers premium discounts when you combine all of your insurances. The size discount is based on the amount of cover you take out, the multiple cover discount applies when you take out a combination of cover types, and the multiple life discount applies if you link your policy with an eligible family member or business partner.
- Interim cover: This means you'll be covered while your application is being processed.
- Flexible cover: Your level of cover increases each year to keep up with inflation, or when certain major events happen to you, without any additional medical checks.
- Guaranteed continuing cover: Your policy will continue when you pay your premium each year, regardless of any changes to your health.
- Grief Care program: If you make a death or terminal illness claim, OnePath may offer you and/or your family free access to counselling.
OnePath EasyProtect
OnePath's EasyProtect Life Insurance offers a simple way to protect your family from the financial impact of your death. This do-it-yourself option lets you tailor your cover to ensure your family's financial future when you're gone.
There are five types of cover available through the OnePath EasyProtect product range:
- EasyProtect Life: This cover is an easy way to protect your family's finances when you die. It pays a lump sum which can be used to pay off debt and cover your family's day-to-day expenses, providing them with security and peace of mind.
- EasyProtect 50+: This type of cover is designed to help your family cover the expenses that arise when you pass away. It provides a lump sum payment to cover funeral expenses, bills and other costs.
- Accident Cover Plus: Accident Cover Plus is designed to help maintain your family's financial security in the event of your accidental death or if you suffer an accidental injury.
- EasyProtect Income: This offers a monthly payment to help pay the bills if you are unable to work due to illness or injury.
- EasyProtect Major Illness: Major Illness cover pays out a lump sum to protect you from the financial impact of a major illness or injury.
Key Features of OnePath EasyProtect Life
OnePath EasyProtect Life offers the following key features:
- Affordable premiums. You can choose a level of cover that suits your circumstances and budget.
- Combined cover discount: Get a discounted premium if you take out cover for you and your partner.
- Easy application process: You can apply for cover online or over the phone, with no medicals or blood tests required.
- Cover up to $1,500,000: The maximum cover level of cover available depends on your age.
- Immediate acceptance: Cover starts as soon as your application is accepted.
- Worldwide cover: You're covered anywhere in the world.
- Other benefits: These include inflation indexation, flexible payment options, and the ability to earn Qantas points.
Features of OnePath EasyProtect for Over 50
OnePath EasyProtect 50+ offers the following features:
- Choose your cover: You can choose cover up to $15,000 for the Life Benefit, with up to a further $15,000 if your death is caused by an accident.
- Quick claim payments: Claims are usually paid within two business days.
- Premium freeze: OnePath guarantees that your premiums will never increase.
- Easy application: No health questions, blood tests or medicals are involved in the application process.
- Other benefits: These include renewability, standard and capped premium payment options, a 21-day cooling-off period and the ability to earn Qantas Points.
Features of OnePath EasyProtect Accident Cover Plus
OnePath Accident Cover Plus offers a wide range of features, including:
- Guaranteed acceptance: People aged between 18 and 74 years are guaranteed acceptance without any medicals.
- Choose your level of cover: The maximum Death Benefit payable is $1million.
- Optional Accidental Injury insurance benefit: For an extra cost, this benefit provides cover for specified accidental injuries such as paralysis or broken bones.
Benefits of OnePath EasyProtect Income Cover
Features of EasyProtect Income include:
- Major illness and injury benefit: This monthly payment is up to 75% of your monthly pre-claim earnings.
- Choose your benefit period: The options are six, 12 and 24 months.
- No medicals: You will have to answer a few general health questions but no medicals are required.
- Other benefits: Premiums can be paid monthly, fortnightly or annually, while you can also earn Qantas points.
Features of OnePath EasyProtect Major Illness Insurance
OnePath EasyProtect Major Illness includes the following features:
- Combined cover discount: Get a discounted premium if you take out cover for you and your partner.
- Easy application process: You can apply for cover online or over the phone, with no medicals or blood tests required.
- Cover up to $750,000: The maximum cover available to you depends on your age.
- Immediate acceptance: Cover starts as soon as your application is accepted.
- Worldwide cover: You're covered anywhere in the world.
- Other benefits: These include inflation indexation, flexible payment options, and the ability to earn Qantas points.
OnePath Group Life Insurance
OnePath Group Life Insurance is designed for employers or superannuation funds wanting to provide their employees or fund members with insurance cover. There are three products in the OnePath Group Life Insurance range:
- Group Life: This cover pays a lump sum if you die or are diagnosed with a terminal illness.
- Group TPD: This cover pays a lump sum if you are diagnosed with a total and permanent disability.
- Group Salary Continuance: Group Salary Continuance cover pays out a monthly benefit of up to 75% of your regular income if you can't work because of sickness or injury.
Some Features and Benefits of OnePath Group Life Insurance Plans
OnePath Group Life Insurance policies offers some of the following features and benefits:
- Death Cover: Your cover will pay a lump sum benefit if you die.
- TPD Cover: You will receive a lump sum benefit if you become totally and permanently disabled.
- Transfer Terms: OnePath may agree to take over the cover provided by your previous insurer and provide equivalent benefits on certain terms
- Worldwide cover: Cover applies anywhere in the world.
- Flexible cover: Cover applies if you are taking paid or unpaid annual leave for up to two years, as well as if you are employed overseas for up to five years.
- Death Cover Continuation Option: If your Death Cover ends because you are no longer gainfully employed, you can apply for an individual policy providing Death Cover without any medical underwriting.
- Other benefits: These include limited cover for death and TPD that occurs as a result of an accident, premium discounts, guaranteed continuing cover and future insurability.
Background of OnePath Australia
OnePath Life Insurance's parent body ANZ is a leading global and local bank that has a presence in 32 countries around the world. Its main operations take place in Australia, New Zealand, Asia, the Pacific, America, Europe and the Middle East. It delivers services to over 5.7 million retail customers throughout the world and employs more than 39,000 people. OnePath itself has a most comprehensive range of wealth and insurance products on offer that are made available through a network of financial advisers or directly to its customers making it easier for you to find a suitable solution.
Since Mercantile Mutual was first launched in Sydney over 130 years ago it has changed its head office locations, acquired new businesses, been acquired by others and changed brands more than once. Despite the outside changes, on the inside it has remained dedicated to the freedom of Australians, helping people shape and protect the quality of their lives and that those they leave behind. Being a part of ANZ is the next exciting step for OnePath Insurance, letting them bring new opportunities to and better share the future with their loyal customers.
OnePath Life Insurance timeline
A run down of the past history of OnePath Life Insurance shows its 'bloodline' being second to none other in the life insurance business in Australia, as the following time scale shows:
- 1878 – Mercantile Mutual life insurance formed in Sydney after three Sydney businessmen decided to go ahead with the need to begin a distinctly Australian insurance company, as distinct to mainly English life companies operating here at the time. They sought and received sufficient support for their idea from friends and supporters during a cricket match in 1877.
- 1950, 1960 and 1970 - The company continue to grow with the taking over of Oceanic Insurance, Australian General Insurance and the Australian Metropolitan Life Company.
- 1982 – Mercantile Mutual became a part of the ING Group when ING acquired 50% of the company.
- 1987 – ING acquired the remaining 50 percent and became the sole owner.
- 2001 – Mercantile Mutual changed its name to ING Australia.
- 2002 – ANZ acquired 49 percent of ING making ING a funds manager and life insurance joint venture.
- 2009 – ANZ acquired the remaining 51 percent giving it 100 percent ownership of ING Australia.
- 2010 – The ING brand name was changed to OnePath. The name OnePath being chosen in recognition that people take different paths in life. It is OnePath see it as their role to assist these people shape and protect the quality of their chosen path through life.
Claims Paid by OnePath
- Claims paid in 2014. In 2014, OnePath paid out over $660 million to more than 10,800 customers with both group and retail life insurance policies.
Find the breakdowns below. These numbers have been rounded off to the nearest million for total claims paid and nearest thousand for average payment per claim.
|What the payment was for
|Total value of claims paid
|Average payment per claim
|Retail: Life benefit
|$102 million
|Retail: Terminal illness
|$25 million
|Retail: Total and permanent disability
|$31 million
|Retail: Trauma and serious illness cover
|$100 million
|Retail: Income protection and business expenses
|$100 million
|Group: Life benefit
|$89 million
|Group: Total and permanent disability
|$97 million
|Group: Terminal illness
|$20 million
|Group: Salary continuance
|$95 million
How to make a claim with OnePath
OnePath takes pride in their award winning claims process, and tries to keep it easy whenever possible.
- In the event of a claim, notify the OnePath claims team with your policy number and details of the event. Depending on what you are claiming this may be the date and cause of death, details of when an illness was first diagnosed or symptoms became apparent, or the date when the policyholder became unable to work.
- Send in completed claim form and copies of identification and the appropriate event documentation. This might be a death certificate, blood test results, medical test results and others.
- The OnePath team will review the claim and make a decision within five business days.
OnePath Added Exciting New Features to OneCare
When it comes to insurance solutions, one of those insurance companies who walks the extra mile for their clients is OnePath. The company offers innovative insurance solutions to make their clients get the most out of their policies.
Their life insurance package, the OnePath OneCare solution, is filled with features which you can customise according to your needs. Recently, the company has introduced new features and changes that will further benefit their clients:
- Instalment Options: For those who have difficulty paying their insurance premiums in cash, this option gives you comprehensive cover through an easy instalment scheme. It also allows partial payments on some trauma events as they made some enhancements on the definition of trauma.
- SuperLink: If you are looking for tax breaks, this feature allows you to divide your TPD cover between your superannuation and non-superannuation policy. This does not only give you tax breaks but a more convenient payment option as well.
- Third Tier TPD Definition: This feature which is included in the Income Secure Cover, together with the third tier definition of partial disability, puts into consideration the effect of an illness or injury to your capability to generate income. Therefore, the type of disability each person has will be dealt with in a different level.
- Business TPD: This type of TPD feature is especially designed for business owners. If you have a business and you get this type feature, you are allowed up to $10 million worth of TPD cover which protects both your personal and business investments in the event of disability.
- 24/7 Tele-claims: If you suddenly have questions about your policy in the middle of the night, this customer service enhancement allows you to track the status of your application. Moreover, it also allows you to place a claim more conveniently any time of the day in the comforts of your own home.
Aside from these latest enhancements, OnePath OneCare has other features such as an Increasing Indexed Cover, Instalments Benefit, Living Expenses Cover, and Qantas Frequent Flyer Points.
- Increasing, Indexed Cover: Sometimes, you might worry if the benefit you will get when you make a claim will not be enough. This feature quells all those fears because it increases your insurance cover if you have life changes that require more protection. The cover increases minus the hassle of providing additional medical proof. Aside from this, your cover is also indexed with the cost of living every year according to the Consumer Price Index.
- Instalments Benefit: You are not just given the option to pay your premiums which is in line of your financial capabilities, but also the option how to receive your benefits. If you opt to receive your benefits in instalments rather than in lump sum, then you can add this feature in your policy.
- Living Expenses Cover: This feature works like income protection but is designed for people without income, such as retirees and homemakers. With this feature, you will receive an income benefit payment for a maximum of two years when you get disabled because of an illness or injury.
- Qantas Frequent Flyer Points: What has flying got to do with your insurance, you might be asking. If you like to travel and a member of the Qantas Frequent Flyer, this is a welcome surprise because every $1 of the premiums you pay earns you 1 point and is credited to your Qantas Frequent Flyer membership.
Onepath Life Insurance has indeed got a long history in providing insurance to Australian policy holders, beginning with Mercantile Mutual over 130 years ago. The most recent name change recognises this relationship as it assists its customers along the OnePath of life together.
Receive a quote for OnePath Life Insurance and Income Protection
Prefer to talk?1300 743 254
Office hours: Monday to Thursday 8am - 6:30pm, Friday 8am - 5:30pm


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Feb. 8, 2012: Watch Uniondale's Davon Henry's post match interview following his team's victory in the Nassau Class A Championships.
Feb. 8, 2012: Watch highlights from Nassau County's Boys Class A Winter Track Championships.
Gregg Sarra and Carl Reuter break down the Long Island Championship games and discuss the Nassau County Awards Dinner.
Gregg Sarra and Carl Reuter discuss the fall's top student athletes, while Andy Slawson stops in to discuss Long Island wrestling.
Join Carl Reuter and Nick Garone as they discuss the Eastern National Championships, wrestlers to watch for in 2012-13 and talk to Rocky Point head coach Darren Goldstein.


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The Irving Arts Center (a Smithsonian affiliate and home to two theaters, four galleries, meeting/classroom/reception/rehearsal facilities, and a sculpture garden) has announced that Todd Eric Hawkins has been named executive director, replacing outgoing 20-year director Richard Huff, reports the Dallas Morning News. Hawkins led the implementation of public arts programming in New York City, where he served as project manager for Public Art for Public Schools since 2008. He also served as co-chair of the Americans for the Arts Emerging Leaders Council.
Hawkins will start July 15 and Huff will retire August 1. There will be a public reception/retirement party on July 30, 4-6pm in the IAH's Carpenter Hall lobby.
also by Paula Newton
- Frida? Selena?!! Vandal(s) Deface Brownsville Murals - March 1st, 2017
- Self-Portraits, Doggies, World Leaders—Now Vets: George W. Keeps Painting! - February 28th, 2017
- Texas Film Director Creates PSA Against Bathroom Bill - February 27th, 2017
- West Texas Landmarks Vandalized! - February 24th, 2017
- Rice U's Moody Center is Almost Reality! - February 23rd, 2017


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Published on
Video is increasingly the way businesses communicate and share valuable information. As organizations continue to find new value in video the question of where to keep all this video has become critical.
This question often comes down to two hosting options:
- Video sharing sites, such as a branded YouTube channel; or
- Your "corporate YouTube" video content management system.
Which solution offers the best mix of security, searchability, and shareability for business video?
Panopto makes it easy to record, share, and search video–in a single solution that requires no specialized hardware and no training.
Panopto's video content management system automatically standardizes almost any video camera, then automatically encodes and uploads to a secure, searchable "Enterprise YouTube" of video content that can be shared internally or with partners and customers.
For more, visit www.Panopto.com or call 855.PANOPTO today.


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Published on
Presentation given at BrandCamp University 2009 on Saturday, October 10, 2009.
The Rise of the Brandividual in Corporate Culture
It wasn't that long ago that 30-year careers at a single company were the norm. Today, with fluctuations in the marketplace and corporate stability more questionable than ever, the notion of the company taking care of the individual is but a faint memory. At the same time, we've been the recipients of a gift in the way of technology that creates publishers, journalists, pundits and thought leaders of out anyone who puts their mind to it.
This session will explore the notion that the individual and the brand are merging and will raise a number of complex questions:
• In the process of this movement of so-called "personal branding," how does one begin to balance the personal and professional?
• Where is the line drawn, or does such a line no longer exist?
• What are some key behaviors in a brand representative, and how can those be applied to your business?
• As the brandividual becomes more well known, is the company the greater beneficiary, or is the individual?
• What happens when this person decides to leave the company


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Public Library Fees in Germany
This paper studies the impact of different payment schemes for public library borrowings in Germany. The number of borrowings is directly related to the holdings and the financial means of a library. Per medium fees lower the number of borrowings. However, a fixed fee just reduces the number of users. As this is counterbalanced by an increase in borrowings per user, the net effect on total borrowings is zero or even positive. Offering an alternative to a yearly fee for those who borrow only few media does not change results. From that, we conclude that a fee mainly eliminates nominal users and increases the library's effort. Copyright Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. 2005
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Volume (Year): 29 (2005)
Issue (Month): 4 (November)
Pages: 313-324
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References listed on IDEAS
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- Christopher Hammond, 2002. "Efficiency in the provision of public services: a data envelopment analysis of UK public library systems," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 34(5), pages 649-657.
- Skander Essegaier & Sunil Gupta & Z. John Zhang, 2002. "Pricing Access Services," Marketing Science, INFORMS, vol. 21(2), pages 139-159, June.
- Nahata, Babu & Ostaszewski, Krzysztof & Sahoo, Prasanna, 1999. "Buffet Pricing," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 72(2), pages 215-228, April.
- Hammond, Christopher J., 1999. "The technology of library service provision: a cost function analysis of public library systems in the United Kingdom," Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 11(3), pages 271-295, September.
- Donald F. Vitaliano, 1998. "Assessing Public Library Efficiency Using Data Envelopment Analysis," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 69(1), pages 107-122, 03.
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How Hackable Are Your Security Questions?
Kevin Roose writes today that security questions are ridiculously easy to hack and we should get rid of them:
There are all kinds of ways to lock down your most important accounts — Gizmodo's guide is a good place to start....Eventually, some advanced form of biometric authentication (fingerprints, retina scans) may become standard, and security questions may get phased out altogether.
But until then, when so many better options exist, there's no reason a company like Apple should be relying on questions like "What was the model of your first car?" for password recovery in 2014. If that's the best way we have of making sure a user is legit, we might as well change all of our passwords to "1234" and hope for the best.
All kinds of ways? I was intrigued. So I clicked on the Gizmodo link and found....two suggestions. The first is two-step authentication, which is a fine idea for anyone with a cell phone. The second is encrypting all your data. But like it or not, this is much too hard for most people to implement. There's just no way it's going to become widespread anytime in the near future.
So, basically, there aren't all kinds of ways to lock down your most important accounts. There's one. And even it only works on some accounts. If my bank doesn't offer it, then I can't use it.
I'd offer a different perspective. First, the level of security you need depends on who you are. If you think the NSA is after you, then your security better be pretty damn good. If you're a celebrity, then it needs to be pretty good. If you're just some regular guy, then the truth is that fairly ordinary measures are adequate. You should use decently secure passwords, but that's probably about all you need to do for most of your accounts. Two-step authentication is a good idea for cloud accounts.
As for security questions, I suppose I'm on Roose's side. Just get rid of them. They're too easy to guess, especially for friends and family. Instead, either use a password manager or else create random passwords for your accounts and write them down on a piece of paper that you hide somewhere. I know you've been told forever to never write down your passwords, but the truth is that low-tech paper is actually pretty damn secure compared to anything digital.
Still, I can't help but take Roose's post as something of a challenge. Can we come up with security questions that don't suck? At a minimum they need two characteristics. First, the answers have to be clear and distinct. I've never been able to use "first pet," for example, because that's a little fuzzy. I can think of several possibilities. Second, the answers need to be genuinely hard to guess, even for family and friends—but still easy to remember for you. They don't need to be perfect, but they should certainly be better than "first car." Any ideas?
UPDATE: Also, I'm curious about something. For us ordinary mortals, there has to be some way to recover lost passwords. What should it be?


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More Videos...
Mercedes SL 500 with AMG exhaust system on Autobahn
Mom's car pimped by Dad! ;-) Mercedes SL 500 racing on the German Autobahn A49. We picked to drive on the A49 in the Kassel area because it is the only part among all German highways where heavy duty trucks do not have any access to. Since there is no speed limit we took the SL 500 to the limit. Without chip tuning that all you get out of the car. The sound has been pimped by AMG.
SL500 Sport
Mercedes-Benz SL500 Sport available for sale on ebay call Derek Hammond 301.263.4080
sl 500
sl 500 mod. 2001
Mercedes Benz SL 500 Convertible Video
This is a video of a used 1999 Mercedes Benz SL 500 for sale in Colorado Springs, Colorado. This Mercedes Benz SL 500 has a convertible hard top and and also comes with a convertible soft top. With only 52K miles on it, this car has a lot of good life to give and will be a great used car for any lucky buyer.


text: This May Be The Longest Con In PseudoscienceEsther Inglis-Arkell9/08/14 11:00am9014EditPromoteGo to permalinkOver the years, a lot of people have claimed to have invented a perpetual motion machine. John Keely was one of them. Obviously, he hadn't invented any such thing, but here's how he managed to string people along for over 25 years.


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Rev. Staci Imes accepted a call to serve WPPC in August of 2013 and quickly fell in love with this dynamic, creative, inclusive and justice-minded community of faith. Pastor Staci strives to teach and live a model of engaged spirituality and she enjoys folding the visual arts and music into all aspects of her work. As a faith leader, activist, and artist, Pastor Staci is passionate about ecumenical and interfaith social justice work. She has worked and volunteered as an advocate and educator for programs and issues related to immigration, homelessness, and peace-making.
Prior to entering ministry, Staci worked as a bilingual speech and language pathologist, with a B.S. from Truman State University and a M.S from Marquette University. Later, she served as a Young Adult Volunteer for the Presbyterian Church (USA) on the US/Mexico border and earned a Master of Divinity from the Pacific School of Religion in Berkeley, CA.


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Laura's Harry Benjamin Syndrome HBS: A Peer Review
AMA Supports HBIGDA (Wpath) SOC as Official Treatment not HBS
A challenge to the brain-sex theory
We are the Trans Community Transgender Transsexual: United we stand divided we fall
Memorial to Transgender Transsexual Suicide Victims November 21st
Please refresh every page as they change often
Laura's Harry Benjamin Syndrome HBS: A Peer Review
Updated on
Laura's HBS Medical Disclaimer
This site is undergoing a drastic redesign and change of mission
In September of 2006 I came across a web site that changed my life Called Harry Benjamin Syndrome and the Standards of Care for Harry Benjamin Syndrome . What I found odd though is that there was no listed author for HBS and no professional signatures on the HBS SOC. I should have listened to the warning bells going off in my head. Instead I embraced it, researched it, created a site and introduced it to my users. Thinking back I was caught in the headlights by a familiar respected name, Harry Benjamin. If it was connected to the Father of Transsexual research then it must be true, I thought. Many others bought into that as well. We were wrong. The facts are that HBS SOC is NOT medically approved by a single Doctor. The Current and only Medically approved SOC are HBIGDA version 6 which is now administered by Wpath. They are a professional group of Doctors and therapists, unlike HBS.
With such an impressive name you must be wondering how many MEDICAL DOCTOR"S invented this medical syndrome? The answer is NONE. The inventor of this syndrome is a non-medical lay person. Charlotte Goiar claims to own the originating web site. Does this give her authorship? In addition permission was never obtained from DR Benjamin's heirs to use his name. Can a layperson invent a Medical Syndrome? NO! Can A layperson write Medical Standards of Care for anyone? No! Can a layman change terms and definitions established for Transsexuals by Medical Doctors? NO!
I do support fully the research on Transsexuals written before the HBS Declaration. Some of their research is based on this. While I am not a fan of being called Transsexual I am not authorized to change the name or original "TS Phenomenon". Neither is HBS. I can see the work HBS is doing being presented to those professionals responsible for our care. But until the American Medical Association which now endorses WPATH supports HBS Medical Standards over the present ones I cannot. It would be foolish to do so. Neither do I believe that medical care for transgenderists should be dropped. The dangers exceed the risks.
I was born into the body of a boy but according to my parents insisted I was a girl at the age of two. It was my first remebered thought at the age of 4 that I was a girl. I have had several suicide attempts as well as mutilating myself. What was between my legs was disgusting to me. This is a pretty standard scenario with those born with Transsxualism.
As the owner of a Transsexual,Transgender web site I have always provided the latest information on Transsexual research on my site long before HBS was first uttered. So the research on HBS sites was very familiar to me. In order to learn more I joined the Official Yahoo HBS Support Group. What I learned had little to do with HBS. It instead turned out to be an anti-GLBT group. People who asked simple questions and needed support, were diagnosed by militant members as being transgendered, perverts and fetishists. Gays and lesbians were also denigrated with frequent slurs. In fact those who did support GLBT rights were banned simply for supporting them. Several that were diagnosed by those without medical degrees were affirmed post-ops with similar stories to mine. One thing Yahoos HBS groups are not is an HBS Support Group. The group moderator defends the constant anti-GLBT slurs as member venting. While I have the posts to prove this it isn't necesarry yet as you can visit the group to see for yourself. You can also see the posts against this site and my users who were members there. The group banned all of them and wrongly diagnosed us all as Transgendered (post-ban of course) including several Post-ops. Interestingly enough they were already diagnosed by well qualified Gender Therapists With Gender Identity Disorder and Transsexualism. Apparantly Charlotte Goiar can dignose anyone without a medical exam or license or even a history of the individual. She also believes that if you are born with the condition that it disappears if you have been married or are a non-op for medical reasons. NO professional would say this. You either are born with it or you are not.
Starting in January 2007 I started to receive email that first indicated something was very wrong. Users told tales of verbal abuse by members of the Yahoo HBS group. Many were depressed and shaken. Some had even attempted suicide blaming the group members for their distress. Of course there was no way to confirm this. Letters started to arrive from therapists on my HBS therapist list asking to be removed. As that list increased in size I began to ask why. Most liked the basic idea of HBS and accepted the research done was on Transsexualism by their collegues. Their objection was to the "disparaging teminology and total lack of objectivity". Many had not only Transsexual clients but Transgenderists as well. As one therapist put it "HBS is not about transgenderism it is about transsexualism. Yet the author is clearly anti-trangender and makes it a part of the thesis for her medical Syndrome. Disparaging remarks have no place in such documentation". Another wrote: "Usually only the medical profession creates new medical syndromes. I cannot seem to find the authors medical credentials. The person seems to be a layman which makes their qualifications for diagnosis and the HB Syndrome itself invalid". The list has since been removed , Still another therapist said that the professional signatures gathered By Charlotte Goiar (Guren) was in fact on a document about Transsexualism not an endorsement of HBS. Read the title on the page.
As a result of these findings I wrote a public letter to Charlotte Goiar with suggestions to improve it as I wanted HBS to succeed. Her reply was co-operative at first, and she agreed to label her SOC as a proposal rather than medical fact. Other HBS sites still list them as facts however which is dangerous. Major damage has already been done to people as a result of being told "NOT to obtain therapy". I replied to Charlottes reply but it was rejected while being submitted to her group. I later found out I was banned for not silencing a user in my forums for speaking her mind. Certainly I don't tell Charlotte how to run her anti-LGBT hate group. In the days that followed Charlotte's Moderator attacked my forums and it's users under several fake names with all kinds of anti-transgender rhetoric, while telling users they were'nt prejudiced. This despite the fact anyone can see the venom in her groups posts. While Charlotte disavows hate her users still denigrate this site and me personally in her group. Why, because I pointed out that the LGBT slurs and anti-transgender messages in HBS docucments were going to have a negative effect on HBS itself? It already has. No Medical Professional or Therapist is going to back a Syndrome based on subectivity, hate and prejudice. In fact the (Ama) American Medical Association, just wrote a document banning prejudice against those with gender Identity and Transgender issues. Doctors will not discriminate to validate HBS as written.
Obviously HBS is way past due for a peer review even if it is done by those who disagree with Charlotte that she wrongly labels as Transgendered. Peer review of Harry Benjamin Syndrome and support are the main missions of this site. No one here wants to see HBS fail but if it doesn't change it will. If you are going to have a HBS support group it should support not denigrate others. Even the Transgendered know that Crossdressers, Transgenderists, Transsexuals, Intersexed and Androgyne are all very different groups with different criteria. That doesn't mean they can't get along. Except for Real Transsexuals and the Intersexed no one else is interested in HBS. The Transgendered that Charlottes fears are the ones she creates (diagnoses) that visit her group. If you disagree you are labeled Transgender pure and simple. That doesn't make it so since she is unqualified to diagnose anyone. Doing that won't make your peers shut up and go away Charlotte. It certainly won't stop a review by your peers, no matter what you call them. HBS is a brilliant "thesis" spoiled by personal feelings against people that have nothing at all to do with it.
It's official: The AMA (American Medical Association) officially endorses the HBIGDA (Wpath) Standards of Care as the appropriate and accepted treatment for transgender and transsexual people. You will notice that NOWHERE is HBS or Harry Benjamin Syndrome mentioned. This means the AMA does not endorse HBS or their Standards. The choice is simple and between the SOC endorsed by lay people and the SOC endorsed by the AMA.
Copyright 2006 Laura Amato all rights and images reserved


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Look no further, you've found the best of San Antonio bands for corporate events, weddings and fund raisers. This remarkably talented troupe of musicians has been packing dance floors in San Antonio and all across Texas since 1991. This San Antonio band for hire performs both dinner sets or cocktail hours as well as an exciting dance set that will keep your guests on their feet dancing the night away. If volume is a concern, then The Grooves is your band. This group always plays at the right volume and is totally open to adjusting the volume to any level required at the event. The band can also play requests or put together a custom DJ list of songs to play on breaks for songs that are not in the bands performance list. This group is one of the most popular bands in San Antonio performing to a myriad of events all across Texas and is a sure homerun for your event.
Hear what actual clients of the band have to say about The Grooves. These are tried and true clients.
The Grooves of San Antonio are the number one choice of San Antonio cover bands for weddings and provide an MC to announce all events including cake cutting, bouquet and garter toss and toasts and can provide a microphone if needed. The Grooves are a hand picked group of musicians of the highest quality and are the easiest to work with, insuring a smooth, successful event. The band is on just about all recommended vendor lists of venues all across Texas and is touted as the best of local San Antonio bands for hire.
The Grooves started performing in San Antonio in clubs on the Riverwalk in 1991 and branched out to private events soon after making a name for themselves in San Antonio and other parts of the state as one of the best San Antonio Cover bands around. As the band became more and more well rounded in their diverse song list of music from all ages they took San Antonio and the entire state by storm. Info by Ron Johnson.
Contact Ron to get a custom rate quote for your special event!
"Dear Grooves, you were fantastic, amazing, so incredibly talented! Can't wait to see you again at my sister's wedding here in San Antonio in the fall. You hit every one of my favorite songs throughout the night and i can't thank you enough for playing the old clubbing songs on your breaks. Those so brought back some great memories from my high school days. Thanks again for the wedding that i dreamed about since i was a little girl!"
Ally Westerman
"Yo Ron and the grooves! Just had to drop you a quick line to let you know how much you killed it Saturday. Everyone is still talking about how awesome the band was and is asking me how i found you. No kidding, it was in a bar and I overheard the guy next to me talking about this great band he saw at the Lockheed Martin party at Pearl Stable and i looked you up online. What a super lucky find and so glad i found you. My new wife couldn't be happier and she is one tough cookie to please!."
Bobby Salinas
"The Grooves were the hit of our office party and now i've been inundated with emails asking me where the band is playing so they can rock with them one more time. The band sure know how to throw a party and get the crowd on the dance floor. We plan to use them again next year.
Sarah Rodriguez
"Ron, you were such a help with planning our party that i can't thank you enough. The band did such an amazing job at keeping everyone dancing till the very end. Usually folks leave right after dinner but they all stayed till the very end. We hated to see you end the night but like Elvis always said, "You've got to leave them wanting more" Can't wait till next year!"
Erica Anderson
Read More Testimonials
Pointers on Choosing From the Best Available Bands For Your Wedding ReceptionMany bands are well known for their great versatility at making a wedding reception successful, but how do you find the right one out of the huge selection of bands? A cover band is always going to be far more successful than an original band at a wedding reception and hiring the best cover bands is going to be your mission for a successful reception.
Read More >> Pointers on choosing from the best available bands for your wedding reception
Whether to Hire a Disk Jockey or a Live Band For Your ReceptionWhat's the best form of entertainment for your wedding reception, a Disk Jockey or a variety band? Without question it is always a live band! A live band will really impress and can add a great touch of class if they also have a horn section. A live band has far more energy and mystique than a Disk Jockey because the band members are putting on a show as well as playing music and the live get-up-and-go of the band often packs the dance floor far more than a Disc Jockey.
Read More >> Whether to hire a disk jockey or a live band for your reception
Austin, Texas - The Live Music Capital of the WorldAustin, Texas is renowned as the live music capital of the world touted as having the most musicians per capita of any city in the nation. With over one hundred live performance places there are always dozens of Austin, Texas bands to see any time you want of all various styles from country to rock, to a variety of eclectic styles that can be heard no where else.
Read More >> Austin, Texas - The live music capital of the world


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Mozzarella Stuffed Italian Meatloaves
Total Time
Prep 5 mins
Cook 30 mins
I got this recipe from a LandOLakes cookbook. It has become a family favorite. It doesn't have a lot of spicies or seasonings but you could customize it to fit your tastes. It is a simple tasty dish.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 3⁄4 lb ground beef
- 3⁄4 lb loose Italian sausage
- 1⁄2 cup Italian breadcrumbs
- 1⁄2 cup spaghetti sauce
- 1⁄4 teaspoon ground black pepper
- 1 egg
- 3 ounces mozzarella cheese
- Heat oven to 350.
- Combine beef, sausage, bread crumbs, sauce, pepper, and egg in medium bowl.
- Cut cheese into either 6 large cubes or 18 small cubes.
- Form meat mixture into 6 seperate loaves.
- Insert either 1 large cube or 3 small cubes into each loaf.
- You may have to reshape loaf around cheese.
- Put loaves onto ungreased baking sheet.
- Bake at 350 for 30-45 minutes (depending on thickness) or until loaves are no longer pink in the middle.
- Don't worry if some of the cheese comes out during the baking-it happens.
- Serve with extra suace if you want.
Most Helpful
This was very good. I added some finely chopped onion and 2 cloves of minced garlic, and I baked them up in a muffin tin, then served them over top spaghetti, with more spaghetti sauce drizzled over top. I was kind of sad that the mozarella didn't stay inside the meatloaves, but it didn't affect the taste at all- they were wonderful. Hubby inhaled his, and went back for 2nds, and without me asking him what he thought, told me this was definately a "make again" recipe. Thanks so much for posting.
Meatloaf-ism...my not so wild belief that Zaar has some of the best meatloaf recipes around. Made for Alphabet Soup Tag.
These were so easy to put together on a night I was rushed to get dinner on the table. Served them with spagetti and the kids loved them almost as much as I did. Easily can adapt the recipe to your own spices/taste. UPDATE This has become a staple in our home. Thanks so much *Z* for an awesome recipe!


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Home →
→ Safety & First Aid
June 30, 2014
| Safety & First Aid
The American Academy of Dermatology shares tips for how to treat poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac at home.
As summer is in full swing, so too are the leaves from poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac. When the oil from these plants touches the skin, most people (approximately 85 percent) develop an itchy, blistering rash. Although the rash itself is not contagious, the oil can spread to other areas of the body and from person to person if not quickly washed off after touching the plants. Fortunately, there are simple steps people can take to safely treat the rash at home.
"If you are absolutely certain that your rash is due to poison ivy, poison oak, or poison sumac, and if the rash appears on a small section of your skin, you may be able to treat the rash at home," said board-certified dermatologist Seemal R. Desai, MD, FAAD, who maintains a private practice in Plano, Texas and serves as clinical assistant professor of dermatology at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. "However, if you have difficulty breathing or swallowing, you experience swelling, or you have many rashes or blisters, go to the emergency room right away."
If you are not experiencing a serious reaction, Dr. Desai recommends the following tips for treating the rash and easing the itch:
"A rash from poison ivy, oak, or sumac usually lasts one to three weeks," said Dr. Desai. "If your rash is not improving after seven to 10 days, or you think your rash may be infected, see a board-certified dermatologist for treatment."
Headquartered in Schaumburg, Ill., the American Academy of Dermatology founded in 1938, is the largest, most influential, and most representative of all dermatologic associations. With a membership of more than 17,000 physicians worldwide, the Academy is committed to: advancing the diagnosis and medical, surgical and cosmetic treatment of the skin, hair, and nails; advocating high standards in clinical practice, education, and research in dermatology; and supporting and enhancing patient care for a lifetime of healthier skin, hair, and nails.
Help Your Kids Set Their Own Boundaries
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Liz Earle Skin Repair Moisturiser
- 1 reviews See the Breakdown
- Product Info | Add Your Review
Liz Earle Skin Repair Moisturiser Reviews
Excellent moisturiserI have very dry sensitive skin, my skin loves this product, I use the one for dry skin and it really does plump my skin out! Another great Liz Earle product and really good value for money! — 7 years, 11 months agopotionqueen | 1 reviews
This review is: Helpful | Not helpful | Inappropriate | 2 of 2 people said helpful
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Is this attraction popular with tourists?
Would this be a good cold day activity?
Is this an outdoor attraction or activity?
Is this attraction exciting, unusual, or risky to visit?
Is this attraction a "must-see" location?
Does this attraction provide visitors with a taste of the local culture?
Would this be a good hot day activity?
Does this activity require advanced planning, ticketing or reservations?
Is this activity accessible without advanced planning or reservations?
Is this attraction suitable for all ages?
Thanks for helping!
We had a great little tour with a young lady who spoke fantastic English. The tour was very informative and interesting. I think this is a neat place to visit if you are in the...
read more
We had a great little tour with a young lady who spoke fantastic English. The tour was very informative and interesting. I think this is a neat place to visit if you are in the area and interested in the history.
Salt is pretty ordinary stuff, but wasn't always that way and this museum gives you a good story of how salt was "made" (harvested, really) for thousands of years in the area. The museum is guided; our guide offered English but spoke Italian much better. A quick trip, but worth it especially if combined with the WWF wildlife reserve nearby....
This is a must when in the Trapani area. The tour itself is not that long, but then you are free to roam around the salt beds for a while. I loved it!
this is a must if you are in the area of the salt mines..the drive into is fabulous...the visitors area is amazing and the drive out towards trapania is again fabulous
The Museo del Sale belongs to a family, as does the adjacent trattoria. The young owner explained the history and process of salt cultivation in a lively and amusing manner, and the machinery and illustrations gave us a good impression of the process. The views of the 'saline' and the old windmill were 'worth the detour'.
Really nice to see how salt is produced. You can walk by the pools filled with sea water. the views are really nice with couple of remaining windmills.
We were driving past the Saline and decided to make a short stop on the way....the amounts of salt was impressive!....
As you drive up to the museum, you will see the actual artisanal salt making in progress. Blue water basins, pink water basins, basins with just a salt crust and basins being emptied by workmen still doing much of the labour by hand. And of course huge piles of salt.
The museum itself is small and provides some extra information...
The museum is an interesting piece of their industry's history with some remnants of their machines of the past, but not much more. Communication was a problem for us as we do not speak Italian and although the very nice girl tried to explain the process, her grasp of English was lacking. Not her fault, we were their guests but...
There is nothing really to see there, it is an ugly place, pictures are deceiving. Don't waste your time.
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Blox Racing Super Wide Mirror: Standard
Free Shipping!
Payments as low as $2.03/month*
- Shipping Locations
- Pennsylvania: 2 Available
- Nevada: 1 Available
Will It Fit Your Vehicle?
Each Super Wide Mirror is designed to clip over the factory rear view mirror, giving the driver a wider range of visibility. With increased visibility on both sides of the car, blind spots are practically eliminated.
BLOX Super Wide mirrors are convex in shape and are available in standard (no tint) and blue tint. The blue tint helps reduce the glare of headlights during dusk and nighttime driving.
Mirror Dimension: 290mm x 70mm
Clip-on installation
- Part Number: BXAC-02010
- Manufacturer: Blox
Vehicle Fitment
- Universal


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The Alfie Western Denim Jacket
$94.00 $75.20
If you've been on the search for the perfect denim jacket, look no further. A Fall, Winter, Spring and Summer staple is truly the 'goes with everything' piece. We loved the oversized fit with a classic cut.
- Small: Chest 15in; Length 24.5in
- Medium: Chest 17in; Length 35in
- Large: Chest 19in; Length 36.5in
- Extra Large: Chest 21in; Length 37in
Shipping Specifications:
- This item ships from London and can take up to 10-14 business days to ship


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