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More Videos...
Camaro SS 2010 VS LS1 FIREBIRD T/A WS6
if u want to watch the video inside the car http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1pxhBPOYp4M
Black3v vs 2010 camaro ss vs 02 trans am
07 Mustang gt vs 2010 Camaro ss vs 02 trans am vs mach1 vs lt1 trans am on 100 shot
09 CTS-V vs 99 Camaro SS
SUBSCRIBE TO THE NOR CAL RACING CHANNEL!! 99 LQ4 Camaro SS Low compression set-up before Supercharger install vs 2009 cadilliac CTS-V (only 500mi!!!) (All videos submitted by dagatez are computer generated, including this video)
Kevin Morgan Trans Am Concept- The unveiling at the 2009 Trans Am Nationals set to Metallica's FUEL!
Here is a picture / video slide show of the unveiling of the Kevin Morgan Trans Am Concept. I would like to thank God for putting me on this path & bringing all of the people together to make this happen. A special thanks to Tod Warmack and Todd Otto for making my dream come true. We are taking orders for hand crafted cars, please visit www.OttoBody.com, www.transamdepot.com, or www.KevinMorganDesigns.com for more information. We will also be selling conversion kits & completed cars in the spring of 2010. The song is Metallica - Fuel Thanks for watching!

subset: commoncrawl


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Food Wars
The Battle for Mouths, Minds and Markets
By (author) Tim Lang Michael Heasman
Format: Paperback
Normal Price: $51.99
Your Price: $46.79 AUD, inc. GST
Shipping: $7.95 per order
You Save: $5.20! (10% off normal price)
Plus...earn $2.34 in Boomerang Bucks
Availability: Available, ships in 7-10 days
Food Wars by Tim Lang
Book Description'Food Wars is a heartening book which calls for a radical change in the way the world feeds itself. It offers a blueprint for a future where nobody goes to bed hungry.' Derek Cooper, founder presenter of the BBC's Food Programme 'An important book that should be read by everyone who cares about how the way food is produced affects our own health as well as that of the environment and our national economies.' Marion Nestle, author of Food Politics, and Paulette Goddard Professor of Nutrition, Food Studies, and Public Health, New York University The emergence of global markets has a far-reaching impact on what we eat and on health, food security, social justice and quality of life. What matters now is not just what we eat, but how and where it has been produced, distributed and processed, and the assumptions upon which this production is based - a global politics of food and health. Food Wars argues that two conflicting paradigms (one developing food through integrating the 'life sciences', the other though 'ecology') are battling to replace the dominant industrial-productionist model of the 20th century, both grappling to attract investment, public support and policy legitimacy over the appropriate use of biology and food technologies.
Buy Food Wars book by Tim Lang from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9781853837029
(234mm x 156mm x 20mm)
Pages: 384
Imprint: Earthscan Ltd
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd
Publish Date: 1-Aug-2004
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Other Editions...
Books By Author Tim Lang
Unmanageable Consumer, Paperback (September 2015)
Examining the key Western traditions of thinking about and being a consumer, this 20th Anniversary Edition continues to explore 10 consumer models and encourages analysis of contemporary consumerism.
Food Policy, Paperback (March 2009)» View all books by Tim Lang
Food policy has long been viewed as an essential part of the public health agenda, but this book identifies the importance of environmental damage and social inequalities to these complex issues. The authors offer a comprehensive review of current and past food policy, proposing the need for a new ecological public health approach to food policy.
» Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Food Wars book by Tim Lang and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!)
Author Biography - Tim Lang
Tim Lang is Professor of Food Policy, City University, London. He is co-editor (with Erik Millstone) of The Atlas of Food (Earthscan, 2003) and co-author (with Yiannis Gabriel) of The Unmanageable Consumer (Sage, 1995) Michael Heasman is a writer and researcher on food and health, and Visiting Research Fellow, City University, London. He is co-author (with Julian Mellentin) of The Functional Foods Revolution (Earthscan, 2001) and co-author (with Ben Fine and Judith Wright) of Consumption in the Age of Affluence (Routledge, 1996)
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Suzuki's popular Test Ride Roadshow continues this weekend after a break for the bank holiday, with three dealerships taking part.
Thunder Road Motorcycles in Bridgend and Mickey Oates Motorcycles in Glasgow are both hosting events on Saturday 31 May, before Cupar Motorcycles welcome customers on Sunday 1 June.
A number of bikes from Suzuki's on-road range will be available to test ride at each event, including the new V-Strom 1000 and it's sibling, the V-Strom 650. Both the GSX-R1000 and Hayabusa will also be available to test ride, as will the GSX1250FA, the Burgman 650 Executive, the M1800RZ, the GSR750, SFV650 and Inazuma 250.
To take a test ride, simply turn up to your nearest event with both parts of a valid UK driving licence.
For dealer details and a full list of dates, click here.


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Hey my home ec practical is this week and I was wondering if anyone knows any good tips that can help me ? Especially with the washing up , do you wash up and put them away or let the examiner see it first ? Thanks
You wash up and leave them for the examiner to inspect-then they can be put away.


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The Lettermen Tour dates 2017 and 2018
The Lettermen tickets are on sale right now on ConcertPass. ConcertPass is your number one destination for all The Lettermen concerts tickets as well as concert dates and extensive tour information. On ConcertPass you'll find The Lettermen tickets at great prices across an excellent range of seating options. We'll let you pick your seats from our interactive maps so you can find the seats that are right for you. All The Lettermen concerts tickets come with our ticket integrity guarantee, with all tickets guaranteed or your money back. You'll find tickets for thousands of concerts and events on ConcertPass, so please feel free to browse around. Be a part of the action and witness great some performances right now, buy your tickets for The Lettermen today, so you don't miss out.
Mar 03 2017 9:00 PM
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May 21 2017 7:30 PM
The Lettermen in Annapolis
Jul 22 2017 8:00 PM
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text:
The Regional Impacts of Climate Change has just been published by Cambridge University Press (pounds 24.95 paperback, pounds 70 hardback) to coincide with the end of the Kyoto conference on global warming. In more than 500 pages of tables and analysis, this report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change takes us on a tour of the world, continent by continent, examining the present interaction between climate and natural resources, and how things could change if the earth continues to get warmer. And it paints a dismal scenario.
"Based on the range of sensitivities of climate to changes in the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases and plausible changes in emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols," it says, "climate models project that the mean annual global surface temperature will increase by 1-3.5C by 2100, that global mean sea level will rise by 15-95cm, and that changes in the spatial and temporal patterns of precipitation would occur. The average rate of warming probably would be greater than any seen in the past 10,000 years."
Having set the scene for climactic climatic change, the report moves on to discuss the impact on ecosystems, water availability, food production and human health in various areas of the world. In Africa, some models predict less rain and a drop in water level in dams and rivers which "could adversely affect the quality of water by increasing the concentrations of sewage waste and industrial effluents, thereby increasing the potential for the outbreak of diseases".
In Latin America, climate change could lead to a reduction in fish quality and stocks, increasing storms and the inundation of coastal zones and small islands. In Central America, it's floods they have to worry about. In the Middle East, water shortages are expected to be exacerbated, which will lead to increased problems with food production.
In North America: "in some cases, changes in climate will provide adaptive opportunities or could alleviate the pressure of multiple stresses; in other cases climate change could hasten or broaden negative impacts, leading to reduced function or elimination of ecosystems." Europe also has good and bad news: more heat-related deaths in the summer; fewer cold-related deaths in the winter. But summer air pollution will get worse, and "some vector-borne infectious diseases will have the potential to extend their range."
The ambition of the book is "to become the primary source of information on regional aspects of climate change for policymakers, the scientific community, and students", and it certainly contains all the information needed for anyone attempting a serious study of the affect of climate on the environment. There are tables of water resources, energy use, economic conditions, population density, arable land, agricultural land and even the stocks of cattle, sheep, pigs, and everything to camels and goats in every country on earth. (Oddly enough, nobody seems to have counted the number of goats in the UK.)
But are the models to be trusted? Global warming sceptics will find plenty of ammunition in sentences such as this: "Possible local climate effects which are due to unexpected events like a climate-change induced change of flow pattern of marine water streams like the Gulf Stream have not been considered, because such changes cannot be predicted with confidence at present."
If we can't even confidently predict whether the Gulf Stream - which has such a major effect on our climate - is going to change direction, can we really trust the other conclusions?
- More about:
- Ecosystem
- Global Warming
- Goats
- Sea And Ocean


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- Cheer on your Boston Red Sox in this Majestic Power Hit raglan T-shirt! Suit up to root up your Sox with this comfy cotton tee. It features distressed screen print Red Sox graphics for a vintage look. The three-quarter length sleeves are splashed with Red Sox color to let everyone know who you are cheering for at the game.
- Machine wash
- Distressed screen print
- Heathered body
- Raglan sleeves
- Team colors and graphics
- Officially licensed
- 3/4-Sleeve
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Case Cutlery - Mako Gift Tin
$241.99 Ships free Australia wideBack to top
Case Cutlery - Mako Gift Tin
by W.R. Case & Sons CutleryIn Stock
$241.99 Ships free Australia wide
Delivery: Free shipping anywhere in Australia Delivery within 6-12 working days
(Shipments to NT and rural WA may take longer) Free SMS notifications
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Case Lockback Mako Gift Set CA404
Brand: W.R. Case & Sons Cutlery
Product ID: 1117160464779906
Product Dimensions: 21.3cm x 21.3cm x 4.3cm
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Fred Willard, Michael McKean and Ed Begley Jr, all regulars in Christopher Guest's terrific line of feature films, will appear in Guest and Jim Piddock's new HBO series "Family Tree".
The show, co-created by Guest and Piddock ("The Tooth Fairy"), stars Chris O'Dowd as a man who "after losing his job and his girlfriend, begins exploring his family heritage after inheriting a mysterious box from a great aunt he never met. Unsure of his identity, he uncovers a world of unusual stories and characters — as well as a growing sense of who he and his real family are."
The Hollywood Reporter says "Begley will play Tom's Uncle Andy; Willard will play Andy's neighbor, Mike; and McKean will play Tom's father, Keith. Lake will play a friend of Tom's cousin."
Piddock, who also acts in most of Guest's films, will also have an on-camera role we can confirm.


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The CAPM debate
This article describes the academic debate about the usefulness of the capital asset pricing model (the CAPM) developed by Sharpe and Lintner. First the article describes the data the model is meant to explain—the historical average returns for various types of assets over long time periods. Then the article develops a version of the CAPM and describes how it measures the risk of investing in particular assets. Finally the article describes the results of competing studies of the model's validity. Included are studies that support the CAPM (Black; Black, Jensen, and Scholes; Fama and MacBeth), studies that challenge it (Banz; Fama and French), and studies that challenge those challenges (Amihud, Christensen, and Mendelson; Black; Breen and Korajczyk; Jagannathan and Wang; Kothari, Shanken, and Sloan). The article concludes by suggesting that, while academic debate continues, the CAPM may still be useful for those interested in the long run.
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
Volume (Year): (1995)
Issue (Month): Fall ()
Pages: 2-17
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| Postal: 90 Hennepin Avenue, P.O. Box 291, Minneapolis, MN 55480-0291
Phone: (612) 204-5000
Web page: http://minneapolisfed.org/
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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Kothari, S P & Shanken, Jay & Sloan, Richard G, 1995. " Another Look at the Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 50(1), pages 185-224, March.
- Ravi Jagannathan & Zhenyu Wang, 1993.
"The CAPM is alive and well,"
Staff Report
165, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
- Ravi Jagannathan & Zhenyu Wang, 1994. "The Capm Is Alive And Well," Finance 9402001, EconWPA.
- Fama, Eugene F & French, Kenneth R, 1992. " The Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 47(2), pages 427-465, June.
- MacKinlay, A Craig & Richardson, Matthew P, 1991. " Using Generalized Method of Moments to Test Mean-Variance Efficiency," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 46(2), pages 511-527, June.
- Black, Fischer, 1972. "Capital Market Equilibrium with Restricted Borrowing," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 45(3), pages 444-55, July.
- Shanken, Jay, 1985. "Multivariate tests of the zero-beta CAPM," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 14(3), pages 327-348, September.
- Banz, Rolf W., 1981. "The relationship between return and market value of common stocks," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 9(1), pages 3-18, March.
- William F. Sharpe, 1964. "Capital Asset Prices: A Theory Of Market Equilibrium Under Conditions Of Risk," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 19(3), pages 425-442, 09.
- Harvey, Campbell R., 1989. "Time-varying conditional covariances in tests of asset pricing models," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 24(2), pages 289-317.
- V. V. Chari & Ravi Jagannathan & Aharon R. Ofer, 1987. "Seasonalities in security returns: the case of earnings announcements," Staff Report 110, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
- Ferson, Wayne E & Korajczyk, Robert A, 1995. "Do Arbitrage Pricing Models Explain the Predictability of Stock Returns?," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 68(3), pages 309-49, July.
- Gibbons, Michael R., 1982. "Multivariate tests of financial models : A new approach," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 10(1), pages 3-27, March.
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The Miami Dolphins have started a new era in 2012 first-year head coach Joe Philbin and rookie quarterback Ryan Tannehill. It begins Sunday with a tough road game against the Houston Texans.
Philbin said this week that he wants to get the team off to a fast start this year. That is the best way to remain competitive and in the hunt over a 16-game season.
Here is a look at Miami's first five games:
Week 1: at Houston
Week 2: vs. Oakland
Week 3: vs. Jets
Week 4: at Arizona
Week 5: at Cincinnati
Although Miami is rebuilding, this is not a tough schedule to start the season. The Week 1 game against Houston is the toughest of the five and a probable loss. However, if Miami gets better each week and utilized the most of what it has, it's not inconceivable that the Dolphins can win two games in this stretch. The key for Miami is winning at home, which is something the team struggled to do the past few years. The Dolphins need to do a better job of establishing home-field advantage. That's the first step to building a winner.
What record do you predict for Miami after five games?


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Is this attraction popular with tourists?
Does this attraction provide visitors with a taste of the local culture?
Is this attraction free to the public?
Is gratuity suggested at this attraction?
Would this be a good rainy day activity?
Is there food available at this attraction?
Is a car required to access this attraction?
Is this attraction accessible using public transportation?
Is this attraction closed during certain parts of the year?
Is this attraction wheelchair accessible?
Thanks for helping!
There was an amazing temporary exhibition of minority jewellery. From necklaces to headwear. Also, an exhibition of local painters. Worth visiting. Not on the tourist standard...
read more
The Museum is tucked away behind a Park. There were only two rooms open even though its a large building. One room had ethnic jewelry and clothing and was mildly interesting and the other room was full of what looked like Building Approval documents. There is no English anywhere so if you don't read Chinese you will be confused. Give...
There was an amazing temporary exhibition of minority jewellery. From necklaces to headwear. Also, an exhibition of local painters. Worth visiting. Not on the tourist standard list.
We became aware that the museum had a Flying Tiger display of memorabilia, pictures and information. As this is one of my favorite subjects, we gathered a dozen friends and went there.
Some consider the museum difficult to find as it does not front the street. The entry way lane is to the left of the entrance into the Xishan...
It's in a fairly large but very drab building in which most of the space is locked and boarded up, presenting an abandoned feel. In fact when I visited there were only two rooms of exhibits. The minorities exhibit is poorly presented, display cases without lighting, but plenty of reflections on the glass. The porcelain collection is probably interesting enough...
Entry to the museum is free which is amazing considering everything else in Guilin has a charge. Only three exhibition halls were open, most of which are well signed in English. I found the minority peoples' exhibit interesting, despite the fact that the museum does have a run down look and feels insufficiently cared for. Also there is A/C so...
Don't believe Google Maps. This museum is difficult to find, tucked into the innards of Xishan Park, off the main roads. It's also wildly not worth it, even though I was spared the purported 20 RMB entrance fee. Skip the museum and head straight into Xishan, which you can sneak into without paying during tourist off-season! The museum is largely...
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text:
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Please choose a body region on the right for you to pin point the problem area of your body.
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Homecare > Patient Room & Homecare > Bed Pad & Covers >
CWI Medical carries Bed Pads & Covers, which will help to protect your furniture from incontinence issues. If you have a question on what is the right bed cover & bed pad for you, Contact us
Zippered Protective Mattress Cover protects and extends the life of the mattress. Noiseless and odorless - will not…


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Andrew Walker
3 Crowtrees Grove, Roughlee, Nelson, BB9 6NE
Email Andrew Walker
Nigel Brotherton
3 Old Hall, Roughlee, Nelson, BB9 6NN
Gail Carson
Fir Trees, Judson Fold, Roughlee, Nelson, BB9 6NS
Stuart Milligan
Croft House Farm, Stang Top Rd, Roughlee, BB9 6NZ
Barry Watson
Croft House Farm Cottage, Stang Top Rd, Roughlee, BB9 6NZ
Colin Williams
1 Crowtrees Grove, Roughlee, Nelson, BB9 6NE
Clerk / Responsible Financial Officer
Mary Reed,
Ivy Cottage, Crowtrees, Roughlee, Nelson, Lancs, BB9 6NU
Telephone: 01282 611126
Email Mary Reed
Pendle Borough Councillor
James Keith Starkie,
Laund Head Barn, Noggarth Road, Roughlee, Burnley, BB12 9PR
Telephone: 01282 699262
Email James Starkie
Lancashire County Councillor
Christian Wakeford,
Telephone: 0777 242 3819
Email Christian Wakeford
Related Links
Meeting Dates
A list of the meeting dates over the next few months held at the Village Centre.
What we Do
What do those Parish Councillors get up to? You can find out here.
Planning Applications
A list of the recent planning applcations in the local area.


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IL-10, IL-6 and CD14 polymorphisms and sepsis outcome in ventilated very low birth weight infants
- R John Baier1Email author,
- John Loggins2 and
- Krishna Yanamandra2
© Baier et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2006
Received: 04 August 2005
Accepted: 12 April 2006
Published: 12 April 2006
Genetic variation in the innate immune system of the host may play a role in determining the risk of developing infection, as well as outcome from infection.
Infectious complications were retrospectively determined in 293 (233 African-American (AA), 57 Caucasian and 3 Hispanic) mechanically ventilated very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (<1500 grams at birth) who were genotyped for the IL-6 -174 G/C, IL-10 -1082 G/A and CD14 -260 C/T single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
The IL-6 -174C allele was associated with an increased incidence of late blood stream infection (BSI) in AA but not Caucasian infants. In AA infants with the C allele the incidence of late BSI was 20/29 (69%) compared to 94/204 (46%) in homozygous GG infants (RR 2.6, 95% CI: 1.1–6.0, p = 0.021). The IL-10 -1082A allele was associated with an increased incidence of late BSI. One or more episodes of late BSI developed in 14 (35%) of 40 infants with the GG genotype, 71 (49%) of 145 infants with the GA genotype and 63 (58%) of 108 infants with the AA genotype (p = 0.036). Infants with the A allele (AA or GA genotypes) had an incidence of late BSI that was 134/253 (53%) compared to 14/40 (35%) in homozygous GG infants (RR 2.1, 95% CI: 1.04–4.19, p = 0.035). The CD14 -260 C/T SNP did not alter the overall risk for BSI in ventilated VLBW infants. Multiple BSI episodes were more common in the TT genotype group (CC: 17%, CT: 11%, TT: 30%, p = 0.022). This effect was due to the strong effect of the TT genotype on the incidence of multiple BSI in AA infants (CC: 15%, CT: 11%, TT: 39%, p = 0.003).
The IL-6 -174 G/C, IL-10 -1082 G/A and CD14 -260 C/T SNPs may alter risk for BSI in ventilated VLBW infants.
Sepsis is a persistent and vexing problem in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. The development of sepsis in this population has several adverse implications including; prolongation of hospitalization, development of chronic lung disease, adverse neurodevelopmental outcome and excess mortality [1]. The incidence of one or more episodes of late onset blood stream infection (BSI) in this population ranges from 25–30% with higher rates for infants with birth weights less than 1000 grams [2–5].
Genetic variation in the innate immune system of the host may play a role in determining the risk of developing and outcome from infection. Variation in the ability to recognize pathogens may influence the risk of infection. One of the primary molecules that function in recognition of pathogens is CD14. CD14 is expressed on phagocytic cells, and along with LPS-binding protein, it acts to transfer lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other bacterial ligands to the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/MD-2 signaling complex [6]. The engagement of CD14 and LPS-binding protein during recognition of Gram-negative bacteria results in activation of a complex of innate host defense mechanisms. CD14 expression is influenced by a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) found in the proximal CD14 promoter. A C to T substitution 260 base pairs (bp) prior to the start codon diminishes binding of the inhibitory factor sp3 resulting in increased expression of the CD14 gene [7, 8]. Homozygous carriers of the T allele have significant increases in both soluble and membrane-bound CD14 [9]. The CD14 -260 T allele may increase modify the risk for septic shock [10].
Variation in the magnitude of inflammatory response may also influence the risk of sepsis. Outcome from sepsis depends to a considerable degree on the host response. While an absent or diminished host response leads to overwhelming infection, an excessive response can lead to systemic inflammation and multiple organ failure [11–15].
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the host response to infection [16]. The C allele of IL-6 -174 G/C promoter polymorphism is associated with increased IL-6 production in newborn infants [17]. The IL-6 -174 G/C SNP has been inconsistently associated with altered risk for and outcome from sepsis in several studies [18, 19].
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages and T-helper-type II (TH2) lymphocytes that downregulates inflammatory mediator production by stimulated immune and epithelial cells [20–22]. Thus, IL-10 can potentially counterbalance the detrimental effects of excessive cytokine production in sepsis. The SNP at -1082 (G to A) modifies IL-10 secretion and may influence outcome in several disease states [23–25]. The IL-10 -1082 G/A SNP lies within a putative Ets transcription site and is associated (A allele) with lower IL-10 production in vitro [26]. The IL-10 -1082 SNP may modify the response to sepsis from a variety of organisms [23, 27].
Variation in the IL-10, IL-6 and CD14 genes may be genetic factors influencing the development and outcome of sepsis in the premature newborn. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between the IL-10 -1082 G/A, IL-6 -174 G/C and CD14 -260 C/T SNPs and risk for or outcome from sepsis in mechanically ventilated very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.
The genomic DNA used for this case controlled study was extracted from archival tracheal aspirate (TA) pellets (259) or blood (34 patients) collected prospectively as part of an ongoing study of genetic factors in the development of complications of prematurity. The TAs that were used as a source of genomic DNA were originally collected as part of long term longitudinal studies examining cytokine concentrations and the development of CLD [28, 29]. Infants were included in the study if they fulfilled the following inclusion criteria: birth weight less than 1500 grams, mechanical ventilation (MV) during the first week of life, complete clinical data on infectious outcome and genomic DNA sample that could be used for genotyping. Infants were excluded if complete data on outcome were not available or suitable DNA was not available. In order to compare the frequency of the various polymorphisms with normal term infants, control DNA was extracted from cord blood spots from a random sample of 168 African-American and 96 Caucasian term infants (performed independently as part of another study examining genotype and asthma). Consent was obtained from the parents of study infants to use the TAs and blood samples. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board for Human Research at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in Shreveport.
Cultures for genital mycoplasmas were performed on TA samples collected in the first few days of life. Clinical and outcome data were abstracted from the clinical record and included information on respiratory outcome, survival and development of complications of prematurity. The results of all cultures of blood, tracheal aspirates and cerebrospinal fluid were recorded from the patients' charts. Tracheal aspirates were obtained twice a week in all intubated patients according to unit policy. Infants were evaluated for sepsis at the discretion of the clinical staff when signs and symptoms compatible with sepsis developed. Generally, 2 blood cultures from separate sites were obtained when assessing infants for blood stream infection. For the purposes of this study any positive blood culture was considered a blood stream infection (bacteremia or fungemia). Blood stream infections (BSI) were divided into early if the culture was obtained during the first 3 days of life, and late (nosocomial) if it was obtained thereafter. Nosocomial pneumonia was diagnosed when there was radiological evidence of a new pulmonary infiltrate and the blood and endotracheal aspirate culture grew the same organism. Isolation of an organism from a TA culture in an infant greater than 3 days of age without a positive blood culture or a change in chest radiograph was considered colonization. Sepsis mortality was defined as mortality during an acute episode of sepsis.
Laboratory methods
Isolation of total DNA from blood or TA pellets was performed using the QIAmp DNA Mini kits™ (Qiagen Incorporated, Chatsworth, CA). Briefly, TA pellets were suspended in 200 μl of sterile phosphate buffered saline by vigorous vortexing, then digested with proteinase K and applied to silica gel spin columns. Columns were washed with the manufacturer's supplied buffers and the total DNA was eluted in 200 μl elution buffer. Blood (200 μl) was extracted similarly to the TA pellets.
The IL-10 -1082 G/A and IL-6 -174 G/C SNPs were genotyped using published allele specific PCR methods [25, 30]. The CD14 -26/0 CT SNP was genotyped using a published restriction fragment length polymorphism method [9].
Data analysis
Data analysis consisted of comparing the incidence of infections and their complications between the various genotypes. All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows version 6.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Differences in frequencies of complications were assessed by Chi square. ANOVA or the Student t-test was used to assess normally distributed variables where appropriate. The Wilcox Rank Sum test was used for analysis of factors that were not normally distributed. A probability value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM).
Two hundred and ninety-three (293) patients had complete culture and clinical information. Two hundred and thirty-three (79%) were African-American, 57 (20%) were Caucasian and 3 (1%) were Hispanic. Mean gestational age and mean birth weight of the study population were 26.7 ± 0.1 weeks and 906 ± 13 grams, respectively. Male: female ratio was 176:117. All patients required MV at birth and 264 (90%) infants were treated with exogenous surfactant therapy (Survanta®, Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, OH). One hundred and fifty eight (54%) infants were oxygen dependent at 28 days and 64 (22%) were oxygen dependent at 36 weeks PCA. There were 40 (14%) patients who died during their initial hospitalization (25 before 28 days of age and 15 after 28 days). Late onset BSI was the major cause of late mortality in ventilated VLBW infants with 14/15 deaths occurring after 28 days of age directly attributable to BSI (RR 15.3, 95% CI 2.0–117.9; p < 0.001).
Organisms causing Nosocomial Blood Stream Infection, Pneumonia and Endotracheal tube colonization in ventilated VLBW infants
Gram negative bacilli
Staphylococcus aureus
Episodes of Nosocomial BSI
113 (56)a
33 (16)
26 (13)
9 (4)
6 (3)
14 (7)
ETT Colonization (patients)
136 (46)
27 (9)
39 (13)
27 (9)
14 (5)
30 (10)
Episodes of Nosocomial Pneumonia
1 (5)
7 (32)
10 (45)
3 (14)
1 (5)
Sepsis Related Deaths
Endotracheal (ET) cultures obtained during the first 3 days of life grew Ureaplasma urealyticum in 86 (29%), Mycoplasma hominis in 35 (12%) and other bacteria in 12 (4%) infants. Subsequent bacterial colonization of the endotracheal tube (ETT) was detected in 145 (49%) patients. After birth, ETTs were most commonly colonized with CONS, less frequently with other organisms (Table 1). Nosocomial pneumonia was diagnosed in 22 (7%) infants (Table 1).
IL-6 -174 G/C polymorphism and infectious complications
The frequency of the IL-6 -174 C allele in the study population was 0.128. The frequency of the C allele was significantly less in African-American (0.07) than in Caucasian infants (0.385) (p < 0.001). Two hundred and four (87.6%) African-American infants were homozygous GG, 27 (11.6%) were heterozygous GC and 2 (0.8%) were homozygous CC. In Caucasian infants the distribution of genotypes was: 19 (33.3%) GG, 32 (56.1%) GC and 6 (10.5%) CC. The 3 Hispanic infants were all GG. There were no differences in the frequency of the IL-6 -174C allele between study infants and ethnically matched control (term) infants [see Additional File 1].
Birth weight, gestational age, gender, TA isolation of Uu or Mh and need for surfactant replacement did not differ among genotype groups in either Caucasian or African American infants. Because the frequency of the IL-6 -174C allele was significantly different between ethnic groups, the effects of this SNP on infectious complications were analyzed separately for Caucasian and African-American infants.
Effect of the IL-6 -174 GC Polymorphism on Nosocomial Blood Stream Infections in African- American and Caucasian Infants
African American
GG (n = 204)
GC (n = 27)
CC (n = 2)
P value
GG (n = 19)
GC (n = 32)
CC (n = 6)
P value
72 (35)
12 (44)
2 (100)
11 (58)
11 (34)
3 (50)
Non CONS
48 (24)
12 (44)
6 (21)
9 (28)
2 (33)
22 (11)
7 (26)
1 (5)
1 (3)
2 (33)
Gram negative bacilli
16 (8)
1 (4)
3 (16)
5 (16)
Enterococcus sp.
5 (2)
2 (1)
1 (5)
1 (3)
15 (7)
2 (1)
1 (5)
2 (6)
The IL-6 -174 G/C polymorphism had no effect on sepsis-related mortality in African-American infants. Overall sepsis mortality was (GG: 5%, GC: 4%, CC: 0%; p = 0.916). The rate of sepsis mortality for African-American infants with late BSI was (GG: 11%, GC: 6%, CC: 0%; p = 0.717).
The rate of colonization of ETT tubes and incidence of nosocomial pneumonia were not affected by the IL-6 -174 G/C SNP. Nosocomial pneumonia rates were: (GG: 8%, GC: 7%, CC: 0%; p = 0.909). ETT colonization rates were 25/54 (46%) for infants with the GG genotype, 68/128 (53%) GC genotype, and 52/113 (46%) CC genotype (p = 0.489). CONS were the most common bacteria colonizing the ET tube in both groups. Organism-specific colonization rates were not different among genotype groups.
In contrast to that observed in African-American infants, the IL-6 -174 G/C SNP had no effect on the incidence of late BSI in Caucasian infants. One or more episodes of late BSI developed in 12 (63%) of 19 infants with the GG genotype, 16 (50%) of 32 infants with the GC genotype and 3 (50%) of 6 infants with the CC genotype (p = 0.643). The incidence of fungal BSI was increased in Caucasian infants with CC genotype (2/6 (33%)) compared to infants with the GG (5%) and GC (3%) (p = 0.027) (p = 0.008 comparing CC vs. GC and GG). There were no other significant differences in organism specific BSI rates among genotype groups (Table 2). Neither the rates of non-CONS BSI (GG: 21%, GC: 28%, CC: 33%; p = 0.827) nor multiple BSI episodes (GG: 21%, GC: 13%, CC: 33%, p = 0.415) were different among genotype groups.
The IL-6 -174 G/C SNP had no effect on sepsis related-mortality in Caucasian infants. Overall sepsis mortality was (GG: 5%, GC: 6%, CC: 17%; p = 0.614). The rate of sepsis mortality for Caucasian infants with late BSI was (GG: 8%, GC: 7%, CC: 33%; p = 0.383).
The rate of colonization of ETT tubes and incidence of nosocomial pneumonia in Caucasian infants were not affected by the IL-6 -174 G/C polymorphism. Nosocomial pneumonia rates were: (GG: 5%, GC: 7%, CC: 0%; p = 0.813). ETT colonization rates were: 11/19 (58%) for infants with the GG genotype, 14/32 (44%) GC genotype and 3/6 (50%) CC genotype (p = 0.620). Organism-specific colonization rates were not different among genotype groups.
The incidences of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), CSF infection and infections in other sites were not different among genotype groups in either African-American or Caucasian infants.
IL-10 -1082 G/A polymorphism and infectious complications
The frequency of the IL-10 -1082A allele in the study population was 0.62. The frequency of the A allele was similar between African-American (0.63) and Caucasian infants (0.55) (p = 0.191). Forty (13.7%) infants were homozygous GG, 145 (47.3%) were heterozygous GA and 108 (36.9%) were homozygous AA. Distributions of genotypes were not significantly different between African-American and Caucasian infants (p = 0.088). There were no differences in the frequency of the IL-10 -1082 A allele between study infants and ethnically matched control (term) infants [see Additional File 1]. However, the frequency of the A allele was significantly different between Caucasian and African-American controls [see Additional File 1].
Birth weight, gestational age, gender, TA isolation of Uu or Mh and need for surfactant replacement were not different among genotype groups in either Caucasian or African American infants.
Effect of the IL-10 -1082 GA Polymorphism on Nosocomial Blood Stream Infections in African- American and Caucasian Infants
African American
GG (n = 27)
GA (n = 118)
AA (n = 88)
P value
GG (n = 13)
GA (n = 25)
AA (n = 19)
P value
8 (30)
45 (38)
33 (38)
4 (31)
10 (40)
11 (58)
Non CONS
3 (11)
26 (22)
27 (31)
2 (15)
10 (40)
5 (26)
2 (7)
13 (11)
14 (16)
2 (8)
2 (11)
Gram negative bacilli
1 (4)
10 (9)
6 (7)
1 (8)
4 (16)
3 (16)
Enterococcus sp.
3 (3)
4 (5)
2 (8)
1 (4)
7 (6)
9 (10)
1 (8)
2 (8)
The IL-10 -1082 G/A SNP had no effect on sepsis-related mortality. Overall sepsis mortality was: GG: 3%, GA: 6%, AA: 6% (p = 0.721). Sepsis mortality in infants with late BSI was: GG: 7%, GA: 11%, AA: 10% (p = 0.877).
The IL-10 -10814 G/A SNP did not affect ETT colonization or incidence of nosocomial pneumonia. Nosocomial pneumonia rates were: (GG: 11%, GA: 6%, A: 9%; p = 0.620). ETT colonization rates were: 18/40 (45%) for infants with the GG genotype, 74/145 (51%) GA genotype, and 53/108 (49%) AA genotype (p = 0.791). Organism-specific colonization rates were not different among genotype groups.
The incidences of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), CSF infection and infections in other sites were also not different among genotype groups in either African-American or Caucasian infants.
CD14 -260 C/T polymorphism and infectious complications
The frequency of the CD14-260T allele in the study population was 0.33. The frequency of the T allele was similar between African-American (0.32) and Caucasian infants (0.39) (p = 0.151). One hundred and thirty-two (45%) infants were homozygous CC, 128 (44.2%) were heterozygous CT and 33 (11.3%) were homozygous TT. The frequency of the CD24 -260T allele was significantly greater in Caucasian term infants than in Caucasian VLBW and African-American term infants [see Additional File 1]. Birth weight, gestational age, gender, TA isolation of Uu or Mh and need for surfactant replacement were not different among genotype groups in either Caucasian or African American infants.
Effect of the CD14 -260 CT Polymorphism on Nosocomial Blood Stream Infections in African- American and Caucasian Infants
African American
CC (n = 109)
CT (n = 101)
TT (n = 23)
P value
CC (n = 23)
CT (n = 24)
TT (n = 10)
P value
34 (31)
39 (39)
13 (57)
12 (52)
24 (46)
2 (20)
Non CONS
26 (24)
21 (21)
9 (39)
6 (26)
4 (17)
4 (40)
14 (13)
11 (11)
4 (17)
2 (9)
1 (4)
1 (10)
Gram negative bacilli
13 (12)
2 (2)
2 (9)
3 (13)
2 (8)
3 (30)
Enterococcus sp.
3 (3)
2 (2)
2 (9)
2 (8)
5 (5)
8 (8)
4 (17)
1 (4)
2 (8)
The CD14 -260 CT SNP had no effect on sepsis-related mortality. Overall sepsis mortality was (CC: 6%, CT: 4%, TT: 6%; p = 0.709). Sepsis mortality in infants with late BSI was (CC: 10%, CT: 8%, TT: 20% (p = 0.741).
The rate of colonization of ETT tubes and incidence of nosocomial pneumonia were not affected by the CD14 -260 CT SNP. Nosocomial pneumonia rates were: (CC: 11%, CT: 5%, CC: 7%; p = 0.190). ETT colonization rates were: 66/132 (50%) for infants with the CC genotype, 58/128 (45%) CT genotype, and 21/33 (64%) TT genotype (p = 0.170). Organism-specific colonization rates were not different among genotype groups.
The incidences of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), CSF infection and infections in other sites were not different among genotype groups in either African-American or Caucasian infants.
Interactions between IL-10 -1082 G/A and IL-6 -174 G/C and incidence of sepsis
IL-10 -1082 A and IL-6 174C Allele Carriage on Nosocomial Blood Stream Infections
IL-10 A allele – IL-6 C allele – (n = 31)
IL-10 A allele – IL-6 C allele + (n = 9)
IL-10 A allele + IL-6 C allele – (n = 195)
IL-10 A allele + IL-6 C allele + (n = 58)
P value
Carriage of IL-10 -1082 A and IL-6 174C Alleles
Late BSI (all organisms)
11 (36)
3 (33)
98 (50)
36 (62)
10 (32)
2 (22)
41 (36)
12 (44)
Non Cons
3 (10)
2 (22)
23 (20)
10 (37)
Multiple BSI
3 (10)
1 (11)
17 (15)
6 (22)
Mortality from sepsis
1 (3)
6 (5)
2 (7)
Genetically determined variation in the magnitude of inflammatory response may play a role in determining outcome from serious infections. IL-6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine associated with the development of shock and mortality from sepsis [31]. Therefore genetic variants that influence production of this cytokine may have important implications in the development of and outcome from sepsis in the preterm neonate. The frequency of the IL-6 -174 C allele in both Caucasian and African-American VLBW infants was similar to control term infants and as described in other populations [19, 32, 33]. This suggests that this polymorphism has no effect on the incidence of prematurity or on the need for ventilation at birth. We found that the IL-6 C allele was associated with an increased risk for late BSI (all organisms) in African-American but not Caucasian infants. However, the incidence of fungal BSI was greatly increased in Caucasian infants with CC genotype compared to infants with GG or GC. This suggests that the IL-6 -174CC genotype may be a risk factor for fungal sepsis in specific ethnic groups. However, because there were relatively few Caucasian patients with the IL-6 -174 CC genotype (6), caution must be exercised in interpreting this finding. Further studies are needed to confirm this association.
Earlier studies had suggested that the IL-6 -174 G/C polymorphism was either not associated with increased risk of sepsis, or that VLBW infants who were homozygous GG were at increased risk of Gram positive sepsis [18, 34]. However, the infants in these studies were all or predominately Caucasian. Ethnic differences and small numbers of Caucasian infants in our study may account for some of the discrepancies. In addition, our infants were significantly smaller, less mature and required mechanical ventilation, factors that significantly increase risk of infection and may overwhelm any effect of this polymorphism. There was no effect of the IL-6 -174 G/C polymorphism on mortality-related sepsis. The Ahrens study did not address the effect of polymorphisms on sepsis mortality. In adults, the GG genotype was associated with increased survival in sepsis, but had no effect on the incidence of sepsis (intensive care setting) [19].
The role of the IL-6 -174 G/C polymorphism on IL-6 production is unclear. The IL-6 -174 C allele has been associated with decreased transcriptional activity in response to LPS and IL-1α [33]. The effects of this polymorphism, however, are more complex and may be stimulus dependent, cell line dependent and different in vivo from in vitro. In vitro IL-6 production in LPS-stimulated mononuclear cells is higher in the CC genotype in newborn infants [17]. Following coronary artery bypass surgery the C allele is associated with increased plasma IL-6, whereas following vaccination the G allele is associated with increased plasma IL-6 [35–37]. This complexity is further compounded by additional functional polymorphisms that are in linkage disequilibrium with the -174 SNP [35, 36].
IL-10 downregulates inflammatory mediator production by stimulated immune and epithelial cells. Production of IL-10 can have a potentially beneficial effect by dampening excess inflammatory mediator production in sepsis. Excessive IL-10 production can, however, lead to the phenomenon of immunoparalysis by inhibiting the response of macrophages to pathogenic bacteria. The frequency of the IL-10 -1082 A allele in our ventilated VLBW infants is similar to that in control term infants and to that described in the literature [27, 34, 38–40]. This suggests little effect of this allele on either the incidence of preterm birth or the need for mechanical ventilation at birth. Our results are consistent with those of Kalish et al. [41], in which the IL-10 -1082 SNP was not associated with risk of preterm birth.
The IL-10 -1082A allele (lower IL-10 production) was associated with a two-fold increase in the incidence of late BSI in ventilated VLBW infants. Although not statistically significant, there was a trend towards increased non-CONS BSI (associated with higher mortality and morbidity) in infants with the A allele. This suggests that a more robust inflammatory response may protect the host from invasive disease. There was, however, no effect on sepsis-related mortality. The effect of the IL-10 -1082 G/A polymorphism on the incidence and outcome from infectious disease has been contradictory and may be organism-specific or vary according to ethnicity. There was no effect of the IL-10 -1082 G/A polymorphism on the incidence of invasive meningococcal disease, but disease severity and mortality were associated with the AA genotype [27]. In contrast, the G allele was associated with the development of septic shock in pneumococcal sepsis and severity of the systemic inflammatory response in community acquired pneumonia, whereas there was no association between genotype and risk of infection [23, 42]. In the VLBW infant, an earlier smaller study showed no effect of the IL-10 -1082 G/A polymorphism on development of sepsis [34].
The role of polymorphic variation in the IL-10 gene and IL-10 production is unclear. Variation in IL-10 production in relation to the IL-10 -1082 SNP is affected by the nature of inducing stimulus and association of other polymorphisms [26, 39, 40, 43–46]. The IL-10 -1082 SNP is in linkage disequilibrium with two other SNPs (-819 C/T and -592 C/A) and appears in three haplotypes [26, 47, 48]. The GCC haplotype (G at position -1082, C at position -819, C at -592) is associated with high IL-10 secretion, while the ACC and ATA haplotypes are associated with intermediate and low IL-10 secretion respectively [49]. The -2849 A/G SNP also affects IL-10 production functionally and should be studied [40, 43, 44].
Genetic variation in the ability to recognize and respond to invading organisms may also significantly influence the development of and outcome from infection. CD14 is an important component of innate immunity and plays a role in recognizing both Gram negative and positive organisms. We found that the CD14 -260 C/T SNP did not alter the overall risk for BSI in ventilated VLBW infants. However, the CC genotype was associated with an increased incidence of Gram negative BSI in African-American infants, suggesting a potential role for this polymorphism in determining risk for certain types of infection or in specific ethnic groups. In addition, multiple BSI episodes were more common in infants with the TT genotype owing to the strong effect of the TT genotype on the incidence of multiple BSI in African-American infants. Ahrens et al. demonstrated no association between this SNP and sepsis or sepsis mortality in VLBW Caucasian infants [18] The current study extends those findings by examining a higher risk group (ventilated) of infants with different ethnic backgrounds. In other studies involving primarily Caucasian adults, the CD14 -260 C/T polymorphism does not seem to have a major influence on the risk for or outcome from sepsis [50, 51]. Only a single study suggested that the TT genotype (increased CD14) was associated with the development of septic shock and mortality [10]. Increased soluble CD14 concentrations were associated with mortality from Gram-negative septic shock in earlier studies [52].
In Caucasians the CD14 -260 T allele was significantly less frequent in VLBW infants than in term infants, suggesting a potential role for this polymorphism in premature birth. The role of CD14 polymorphisms in prematurity has not been studied but a larger prior study reported by Hartel et al. does not support a role for the CD14 -260CT SNP [53]. The frequency of the CD14 -260 T allele in our control population is similar to that reported in other control Caucasian populations (both adult and term infants), which varied between 0.352 and 0.548 [10, 53, 54]. The CD14 -260T allele was significantly more frequent in Caucasian control infants than in African-American controls, consistent with other reports [55]. The CD14 -260T allele frequency in African-American infants (both VLBW and term) was similar to that reported in the literature [56, 57]. In contrast to that seen in Caucasians, no effect of the CD14 -260CT polymorphism on prematurity was seen in among African-American infants.
An individual's risk for developing sepsis (and its outcome) probably depends on interactions of several genetic factors. Polymorphisms of both pro-inflammatory (IL-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) may interact either to increase or to decrease risk. In our study, co-carriage of both IL-6 -174 C and IL-10-1082 alleles was associated with a slightly increased risk of late BSI. Multivariate analysis, however, suggests that the IL-10 -1082 A allele is the dominant risk factor.
Other genetic differences may influence risk for and outcome from sepsis in VLBW infants. We recently reported that the TNF-α-308A allele did not affect the risk for sepsis but increased mortality in septic infants [58]. The 3020insC mutation of the NOD2 gene is also associated with increased risk of sepsis in VLBW infants [18]. Polymorphisms in other cytokines, their receptors and other bacterial pattern recognition molecules have been suggested to alter the course of sepsis and are logical candidates for further study in this population [59–62].
The observations of this retrospective case-controlled study are limited by selection bias. Our population of mechanically ventilated infants, most of whom were less than 1000 grams at birth, is at high risk for infection. As a result, the incidence of bacteremia/fungemia in our studied population (47%) is higher than generally reported for a VLBW population and also higher than for the population of VLBW infants in our NICU (approximately 30%) [3]. Mechanical ventilation and lower birth weight are known risk factors for late onset sepsis [63]. Because only infants who were mechanically ventilated were included, the true impact of the polymorphisms studied on the incidence of infectious complications of prematurity may be underestimated.
Very Low Birth Weight
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci
Blood Stream Infection
The authors gratefully acknowledge the expert technical assistance of Dawn Napper in the performance of this investigation.
Authors' Affiliations
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- The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/4/10/prepub
Pre-publication history
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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More than one million couples will be only £1.35 a week better off under David Cameron's flagship proposal for a married couples tax allowance, according to new research.
The Resolution Foundation think tank found that two out of five couples who will pay £3.85 a week less tax from 2015, as the Conservatives announced last month, will see £2.50 of it "clawed back" when the new Universal Credit takes effect two years later.
This is because Universal Credit will be based on post-tax income, which also means the cost of the marriage tax cut to the Treasury will reduce over time.
Donald Hirsch, director of the Centre for Research in Social Policy at Loughborough University, said two thirds of the couples with children who will benefit from the new allowance would do so "only by a negligible amount – less than 20p a day." He said: "This is an important consequence of the new arrangements which has barely been noticed."
The Department for Work and Pensions insisted that all families entitled to both Universal Credit and the marriage tax allowance would see their income increase. It said transferable tax allowances were a progressive measure, with two-thirds of the benefits going to families in the lower half of the income distribution. It added: "Overall, more than 3m households will gain from Universal Credit by around £168 a month on average – with three-quarters of these coming from the bottom two-fifths of the income scale."Reuse content


text: Star Jones Tells Oprah About Gastric Bypass; The View RespondsTracie Egan Morrissey4/02/09 1:30pmFiled to: Weighty Mattersstar jones oprahStar JonesOprahThe Viewgastric bypassClips89EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalinkYesterday, Star Jones discussed her gastric bypass on Oprah. She previously refused to even acknowledge the surgery when she was a co-host on The View. Babs and the panel chimed in on it this morning. Advertisement Because she wouldn't admit to the surgery while she was on The View, it forced her colleagues to "cover" for her (aka "lie"), and that caused a lot of tension amongst the women. The ill feelings ultimately led to Jones' contract with The View to not be renewed. This morning, the ladies on the panel discussed Jones' interview on Oprah. And while Babs attempted to be diplomatic, Joy Behar summed up their feelings by saying, "Now we all know the truth. So good. Let her go and have a happy life." Reply89 repliesLeave a reply


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That's what I don't get about soldiers.<quoted text>
Although I enlisted during wartime, I look back at my time in the service and would do it all over again if I could.
The service is what you make of it. Fortunately for all of us, not all young men and women see things the same way as you do.
But I do respect your reasoning and opinion.
My dad enlisted during war time...had a bad
time, was wounded and sent home. Then tried
like hell to get back. Why? I don't have
the veriest clue.


text:
Chris from Braintree, MA Z6. I have seen numerous Frances Williams in this
area with burnt edges which is one reason I never bought it. I have also seen
Frances Williams in a very shaded well watered area and it looks fine. I have
problems with my montana mountain snow, and montana aureomarginata with burnt
edges. Both of these are relatively young plants in that I have only had them
two years. I am hoping that when they get more mature with a better developed
root system that they will be better. Have others had problems with these two
plants. Do I need to put more organic matter in with them. Do I need to
water them more. Other hostas near them are fine. Thanks for the information
Chris, Braintree, MA Z6
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text:
Pakistan Drops the BGP Bomb
Opinion: In blocking content its government deemed offensive, Pakistan Telecom used an especially egregious form of Internet abuse.A recent Newsweek cover story called Pakistan "the most dangerous country in the world." The writers don't even know the half of it. A few days ago, YouTube's service was interrupted for a couple of hours over a political issue in Pakistan. Someone in the government was offended by a video on YouTube. They issued an order to Pakistan Telecom to remove Internet access to a specific YouTube video. That video is now offline from anywhere, for violating terms of use according to YouTube. (That fact could be another column; I heard it was another one of these Danish cartoon things, but back to the technical issues ...)
I'm guessing that ISPs in Pakistan have to peer with Pakistan Telecom; lots of countries work that way. You can see their peering list (at least a very recent one) here. So it's definitely a point at which one could control the country's Internet access, although this sort of ISP function doesn't have a handy "block this URL" function.
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text:
Summary | Excerpt | Reviews | Beyond the book | Readalikes | Genres & Themes | Author Bio
Li reconstructs her childhood and girlhood through a series of
fragile and powerful vignettes: Fragile because the pre-revolutionary China that
informs her values and shapes her childhood is obliterated before she is old
enough to take her place within it; powerful because Li's family's suffers
cruelties so arbitrary that they are almost surreal, and are threatened by a
savagery wholly indifferent to the familial or the personal.
The brutal ironies commence with the Great Leap Forward: Li's family and neighbors eagerly relinquish pots, pans and metal objects to Li's father's homemade brick furnace until they realize that they don't know how to make iron or steel. Then in 1959 comes the government-ordered eradication of sparrows: Li's family and neighbors enthusiastically shoot the birds or drive them off by banging pots and pans. Li's family is happy and ...
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text:
She has been finished
Fried and burned to a crisp.
Roasted alive in agony
Quietly waiting for the end to come.
It taking so long
For humanity struggled
With it struggling to the bitter end
Not wishing it to be over.
It can't be
We have so much to offer her
As we promise our mother
So stay with us
Your children who walk all over you
Abuse you
From the fruits of your labor
Where we only gain
On this one sided street.
Father comes by
To wash away the tears
That make up most of you now.
So burn now you hag
Freeze in your bitterness at your children
Who lied to you
Claimed to have cared for you
But when you needed them in the final hour
Abandoned you to pursue their dreams,
Even though you want them to
And for them to reach the stars
But all is too late
Now that Mother Earth
Has given up this fatal battle
And so shall we all fall with her
In her mossy arms
That cover us like a coffin
Tucking us into eternal slumber.
© Copyright 2017 Shinjutsu Kage. All rights reserved.
Status: Finished
Genre: Other
Poem / Poetry
Poem / Poetry
Poem / Poetry
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text:
Industrial Correspondent
Southern Electric International of the US has extended its pounds 1bn offer for South Western Electricity to 4 September, having so far received acceptances covering 1.3 per cent of the shares.
SEI, which already owns 14.4 per cent of Sweb, is awaiting the Government's decision on whether to refer the bid to the Monopolies and Mergers Commission, which could come as early as today.
The Department of Trade and Industry has until 1 September to deliver its verdict on a referral, but industry sources believe it is imminent. Sweb, poised to offer shareholders sweeteners worth about pounds 5 a share to reject the bid, will have two working days after any government announcement to give details of its last-ditch defence.
Some City analysts believe that, in the absence of a referral, SEI could win Sweb at little more than the pounds 9 a share on offer. Sweb's shares rose 2p yesterday to 914p.
The situation is being keenly watched by Hanson, which has tabled a pounds 2.5bn agreed offer for Eastern Electricity, and by Scottish Power, which has launched a pounds 1bn hostile bid for Manweb.
City analysts believe that the proposed deal by Scottish Power is the most likely to be referred as it is the first within the industry. There is also a view that it could be referred because of Scottish Power's structure: unlike the regional companies in England and Wales, it generates power as well as distributing it over the wires and selling it to consumers. The Government opted to split generation from distribution and supply before privatising the industry south of the border.
The Office of Fair Trading, which takes advice from the industry regulator, Offer, has yet to make its recommendations to the Government on the Hanson and Scottish Power bids. Professor Stephen Littlechild, director general of Offer, called for an earlier bid by Trafalgar House for Northern Electric to be referred. He was overruled by Michael Heseltine, then President of the Board of Trade.
Scottish Power argues that none, or all, of the proposed takeovers should be referred. It fears that if it is singled out, a rival bidder with few or no existing UK operations could swoop on Manweb.
The company is believed to fear a counter-bid from a European company which may fall under the jurisdiction of the competition authorities in Brussels. Any investigation by the European Commission would almost certainly be quicker than an MMC inquiry.Reuse content


text:
Please forgive me in advance for a stupid question ...
I'm not sure I understand how the IAC hurts anyone other than (maybe)
hybridizers who fail to register their plants. Could you please explain in
more detail your feelings on this particular issue?
As to your comments with regard to the photos of unregistered plants in
AHS publications, the Journal still contains pictures of IAC plants (they are
identified as such) and allows for photos of unregistered hostas not included
in the IAC list ---
these plant pictures are not identified by name but are captioned as
"Seedling of ...".
This makes my job a little more difficult, but I'm not sure I understand how
this hurts anyone else.
Thanks for your continued input.
Sandie Markland
Lorton, Virginia
Zone 7
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text:
Specialties & Services:
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Research At Geisinger:
CONTACT: Matthew Van Stone: 570-808-3248
May 10, 2012
WILKES-BARRE, Pa. – The Frank M. and Dorothea Henry Cancer Center at Geisinger Wyoming Valley Medical Center (GWV) recently received renewed accreditation for its breast cancer program from the National Accreditation Program for Breast Centers (NAPBC). GWV, one of the first four NAPBC-accredited facilities in the country and the first in Pennsylvania, is now accredited through January 2015 and one of about 200 NAPBC-accredited breast centers in the United States.
"Receiving accreditation from the NAPBC is the result of a rigorous process by which a breast treatment center must show evidence of successful outcomes and display a dedication to continuously improving treatments and resources for patients and families," said Laura Borgos, M.D., breast surgeon at GWV. "Receiving this accreditation is a testament to the tireless work of everyone, from leadership to doctors, nurses and support staff, at the Henry Cancer Center."
In order to receive NAPBC accreditation, a breast care center must meet criteria in 27 standards in areas such as leadership, clinical management, research, community outreach, professional education and quality improvement. Additionally, accredited centers must document compliance with 17 components that contribute to high-quality care. Much of the criterion requires breast treatment facilities to have the capabilities to provide many of the latest, most successful breast cancer treatments and procedures.
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Algebraic L-theory and Topological Manifolds
By (author) A. A. Ranicki
Format: Paperback
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Algebraic L-theory and Topological Manifolds by A. A. Ranicki
Book DescriptionThis book presents a definitive account of the applications of the algebraic L-theory to the surgery classification of topological manifolds. The central result is the identification of a manifold structure in the homotopy type of a Poincare duality space with a local quadratic structure in the chain homotopy type of the universal cover. The difference between the homotopy types of manifolds and Poincare duality spaces is identified with the fibre of the algebraic L-theory assembly map, which passes from local to global quadratic duality structures on chain complexes. The algebraic L-theory assembly map is used to give a purely algebraic formulation of the Novikov conjectures on the homotopy invariance of the higher signatures; any other formulation necessarily factors through this one. The book is designed as an introduction to the subject, accessible to graduate students in topology; no previous acquaintance with surgery theory is assumed, and every algebraic concept is justified by its occurrence in topology.
Buy Algebraic L-theory and Topological Manifolds book by A. A. Ranicki from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9780521055215
(228mm x 152mm x 21mm)
Pages: 372
Imprint: Cambridge University Press
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Publish Date: 21-Jan-2008
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Other Editions...
Books By Author A. A. Ranicki
Algebraic L-Theory and Topological Manifolds, Hardback (December 1992)» View all books by A. A. Ranicki
This book explains the applications of quadratic forms to the classification of topological manifolds, in a unified algebraic framework.
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