text:
Genre: Drama
Duration: 155 Mins
Format: 2D
Cast: Mohanlal, Meena, Anoop Menon, Alencier Ley Lopez, ...
Release Date: 16-02-2017
Language: Malayalam
Synopsis: Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol (English: When the Grapevines Sprout) is an upcoming Indian Malayalam family drama film directed by Jibu Jacob and written by Sindhu Raj, l...
Duration: 120 Mins
Cast: Naseeruddin Shah, Arshad Warsi, Sagarika Ghatge
Language: Hindi
Synopsis: A mysterious bomb blast in a business tycoon's factory prompts the state CM to hire an NIA officer. He meets an ex-army man seeking revenge for his dead daughter and a jo...
Genre: Comedy/Drama
Duration: 140 Mins
Cast: Akshay Kumar, Annu Kapoor, Huma Qureshi
Release Date: 09-02-2017
Synopsis: Jolly is a clumsy lawyer who is faced with representing the most critical court case of his career.
Genre: Action
Duration: 94 Mins
Cast: Scott Adkins, Stu Bennett, Daniel Caltagirone
Release Date: 23-02-2017
Language: English
Synopsis: A former US Federal Agent must abandon the witness protection program and come out of hiding when his London home is invaded in error due to a wrong address. When the eve...
Genre: Comedy
Duration: 86 Mins
Cast: Shannon Woodward, Analeigh Tipton, Emile Hirsch
Synopsis: A workaholic father who attempts to visit his daughter during a layover in LA, only to discover that she's disappeared, is forced to team up with her awkward ex-boyfriend...
Duration: 137 Mins
Cast: Casey Affleck, Michelle Williams, Kyle Chandler
Synopsis: An uncle is asked to take care of his teenage nephew after the boy's father dies.
Genre: Drama/War
Duration: 110 Mins
Cast: Jennifer Aniston, Alden Ehrenreich, Toni Collette
Synopsis: Two young soldiers, Bartle (21) and Murph (18) navigate the terrors of the Iraq war under the command of the older, troubled Sergeant Sterling. All the while, Bartle is t...
Genre: Comedy/Romance
Duration: 102 Mins
Cast: Dayahang,Priyanka Karki, Menuka Pradhan, MaosteGur...
Language: Nepali
Synopsis: The movie Purano Dunga renders the life of a poor Bhakta Bahadur Bhujel who has been fulfilling his and his family's livelihoods driving a boat in a lake. When his brothe...
Duration: 160 Mins
Cast: Jayasurya, Lal, Siddique
Synopsis: An aristocratic family welcomes a long-lost heir, but the young fellow may be leading his relatives down the garden path.
Cast: Maguy Bou Ghosn, Carlos Azar, Shukran Murtaja
Language: Arabic
Synopsis: Samar (Maguy Bou Ghosn) and her two brothers are a group of loser bandit outlaws who make their living out of burglaries and armed robberies. One day they find themselves...
Genre: Thriller
Duration: 100 Mins
Cast: Ali Suliman, Maisa Abd Elhadi, Mahmoud Al Atrash
Synopsis: After the vast majority of the world's water supply is lethally contaminated, a small group of survivors who have taken refuge near a rare clean water source are thrust i...
Genre: Action/Sci-Fi/Thriller
Cast: Dan Stevens, Anne Hathaway, Jason Sudeikis
Synopsis: A woman discovers that severe catastrophic events are somehow connected to the mental breakdown from which she's suffering.
Genre: Biography
Duration: 122 Mins
Cast: Ruth Negga, Joel Edgerton, Will Dalton
Synopsis: Richard and Mildred Loving, an interracial couple, are sentenced to prison in Virginia in 1958 for getting married.
Genre: Animation
Duration: 89 Mins
Cast: Luke Wilson, Eddie Izzard, J.K. Simmons
Synopsis: When a radio falls from the sky into the hands of a wide-eyed Tibetan Mastiff, he leaves home to fulfill his dream of becoming a musician, setting into motion a series of...
Duration: 126 Mins
Cast: Taraji P. Henson, Octavia Spencer, Janelle Monáe
Synopsis: A team of African-American women provide NASA with important mathematical data needed to launch the program's first successful space missions.
Cast: Britt Robertson, Logan Miller, Dennis Quaid
Synopsis: A dog looks to discover his purpose in life over the course of several lifetimes and owners.
Genre: Action/Thriller
Duration: 154 Mins
Cast: Vijay Antony, , Miya George, Thyagarajan, Sangili ...
Release Date: 24-02-2017
Language: Tamil
Synopsis: Yaman is a Tamil political thriller film written and directed by Jeeva Shankar. The film features Vijay Antony and Miya George in the lead roles, while Thiagarajan portra...
Genre: Action/Drama/Romance
Cast: Sai Dharam Tej, Rakul Preet Singh, Jagapati Babu, ...
Language: Telugu
Synopsis: Winner is an upcoming Telugu Action film, jointly produced by Nallamalupu Bujji, Tagore Madhu on Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Productions & Leo Productions banner and directed b...
Duration: 108 Mins
Cast: Shirley MacLaine, Amanda Seyfried, Anne Heche
Release Date: 02-03-2017
Synopsis: Harriett is a retired businesswoman who tries to control everything around her. When she decides to write her own obituary, a young journalist takes up the task of findin...
Genre: Drama/History/Romance
Duration: 106 Mins
Cast: Gillian Anderson, Michael Gambon, Hugh Bonneville
Synopsis: In 1947, Lord Mountbatten assumes the post of last Viceroy, charged with handing India back to its people, living upstairs at the house which was the home of British rule...
Genre: Action/Crime
Duration: 124 Mins
Cast: Vidyut Jamwal, Adah Sharma, Esha Gupta
Synopsis: A man uses his combat skills to eradicate black money, which has been siphoned to banks abroad.
Genre: Crime/Drama/Mystery
Duration: 97 Mins
Cast: Benjamin Riley, Melissa Macedo, Rex Howell
Synopsis: A police detective commits suicide, but wakes up still alive after shooting himself in the head. He has no memory of who he is or the reason why he wanted to kill himself...
Genre: Drama/Romance
Duration: 107 Mins
Cast: Alicia Vikander, Cara Delevingne, Christoph Waltz
Synopsis: An artist falls for a young married woman while he's commissioned to paint her portrait during the tulip mania of 17th century Amsterdam.
Duration: 117 Mins
Cast: Julie Estelle, David Hendrawan, Chelsea Islan
Synopsis: Uwais plays a young man who washes ashore, an amnesiac with a serious head injury whose past comes back to haunt him shortly after being nursed back to health by a young ...
Cast: Vadim Bochanov, Mikhail Chernyak, Garik Kharlamov
Synopsis: The lovably simple residents of peaceful Kikoriki Island are thrown kicking and screaming into big adventure, when their resident scientist invents an amazing device - a ...
Duration: 96 Mins
Cast: Nathan Barnatt, Gina Briganti, Bawriboon Chanreuan...
Release Date: 03-03-2017
Synopsis: Zork and Pinky, sworn enemies, wake up chained to each other with no memory. In search of answers, they wander the barren wasteland, looking for RAM, the creator of all r...
Genre: Romance
Cast: Varun Dhawan, Alia Bhatt, Gauhar Khan
Release Date: 09-03-2017
Synopsis: Badrinath Bansal from Jhansi and Vaidehi Trivedi from Kota belong to small towns but have diametrically opposite opinions on everything.This leads to a clash of ideologie...
Cast: Jamie Dornan, Tyler Hoechlin, Dakota Johnson
Synopsis: While Christian wrestles with his inner demons, Anastasia must confront the anger and envy of the women who came before her.
Cast: Felicity Jones, Nicholas Hoult, Anthony Hopkins
Release Date: 23-03-2017
Synopsis: An American backpacker gets involved with a ring of drug smugglers as their driver, though he winds up on the run from his employers across Cologne high-speed Autobahn.
Genre: Adventure/Sci-Fi/Thriller
Cast: Jake Gyllenhaal, Ryan Reynolds, Rebecca Ferguson
Synopsis: An international space crew discovers life on Mars.
Cast: Anushka Sharma, Diljit Dosanjh, Suraj Sharma
Synopsis: Set in the Phillaur district of Punjab, against the backdrop of a Punjabi marriage, this is not so much a wedding drama as a crazy, fun, romantic comedy.
Cast: Dacre Montgomery, Bryan Cranston, Elizabeth Banks
Synopsis: A group of high-school kids, who are infused with unique superpowers, harness their abilities in order to save the world.
Cast: Akshay Kumar, Tapsee Pannu, Anupam Kher
Release Date: 30-03-2017
Synopsis: Sequel to the film Baby.It reveals the reason why she becomes an under cover agent.
Cast: Joe Manganiello, Mandy Patinkin, Rainn Wilson
Synopsis: In this fully animated, all-new take on the Smurfs, a mysterious map sets Smurfette and her friends Brainy, Clumsy and Hefty on an exciting race through the Forbidden For...
Genre: Action/Thriller/Crime
Cast: Scarlett Johansson, Michael Wincott, Michael Pitt
Synopsis: A cyborg policewoman attempts to bring down a nefarious computer hacker.
Genre: Comedy/Drama/Mystery
Duration: 162 Mins
Cast: Ranbir Kapoor, Katrina Kaif, Mukesh Hariawala
Release Date: 06-04-2017
Synopsis: A young detective sets out to look for his missing father on a journey that takes him on a life-changing adventure.
Genre: Mystery/Thriller
Cast: Dane DeHaan, Jason Isaacs, Mia Goth
Synopsis: An ambitious young executive is sent to retrieve his company's CEO from an idyllic but mysterious "wellness center" at a remote location in the Swiss Alps but soon suspec...
Cast: Dwayne Johnson, Charlize Theron, Jason Statham
Release Date: 13-04-2017
Synopsis: When a mysterious woman seduces Dom into the world of crime and a betrayal of those closest to him, the crew face trials that will test them as never before.
Genre: Action/Advanture/Fantasy
Duration: 125 Mins
Cast: Gal Gadot, Robin Wright, Chris Pine
Synopsis: An Amazon princess leaves her island home to explore the world and, in doing so, becomes one of the world's greatest heroes.
Cast: Steve Buscemi, Tobey Maguire, Lisa Kudrow
Release Date: 20-04-2017
Synopsis: A suit-wearing briefcase-carrying baby pairs up with his seven-year old brother to stop the dastardly plot of the CEO of Puppy Co.
Genre: Action/Adventure/Sci-fi
Cast: Chris Pratt, Vin Diesel, Chris Sullivan
Release Date: 04-05-2017
Synopsis: Set to the backdrop of Awesome Mixtape #2, 'Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2' continues the team's adventures as they unravel the mystery of Peter Quill's true parentage.
Cast: Michael Fassbender, James Franco, Katherine Waters...
Release Date: 18-05-2017
Synopsis: The crew of the colony ship Covenant, bound for a remote planet on the far side of the galaxy, discover what they think is an uncharted paradise, but is actually a dark, ...
Genre: Action/Adventure
Cast: Johnny Depp, Geoffrey Rush, Javier Bardem
Release Date: 25-05-2017
Synopsis: Captain Jack Sparrow searches for the trident of Poseidon.
Cast: Alexandra Daddario, Dwayne Johnson, Priyanka Chopr...
Synopsis: Two unlikely prospective lifeguards vie for jobs alongside the buff bodies who patrol a beach in California.
Cast: Jenny Slate, Chris Evans, Octavia Spencer
Synopsis: Frank, a single man raising his child prodigy niece Mary, is drawn into a custody battle with his mother.
Cast: Anthony Hopkins, Mark Wahlberg, Laura Haddock
Release Date: 01-06-2017
Synopsis: Transformers: The Last Knight is an upcoming 2017 American science fiction-action film based on the Transformers toy line. It is the fifth installment of the live-action ...
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|Material Type:
|Document Type:
|Sound Recording
|All Authors / Contributors:
Lil Wayne.; Cory Gunz; Drake; T-Pain; John Legend; Jadakiss.; Bun B; Nas, (Musician); Shyne, (Rapper); Busta Rhymes, (Musician); Tech N9ne, (Rapper)
|OCLC Number:
|Compact disc.
"Parental advisory: explicit content"--Container.
|Lil' Wayne; with vocal and instrumental acc.
|1 audio disc : digital ; 4 3/4 in.
|Intro --
Blunt blowin --
Megaman --
6 foot 7 foot (featuring Cory Gunz) --
Nightmares of the bottom --
She will (featuring Drake) --
How to hate (featuring T-Pain) --
Interlude (featuring Tech N9ne) --
John (featuring Rick Ross) --
Abortion --
So special (featuring John Legend) --
How to love --
President Carter --
It's good (featuring Jadakiss, Drake) --
Outro (featuring Bun B, Nas, Shyne, Busta Rhymes).
|Other Titles:
|Carter IV
Carter Four
|Lil Wayne.
After several delays, Lil' Wayne returns with one of the most anticipated albums of 2011, which includes the single How to Love.
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Is Amra - American Mud Racing Association incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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Hotfrog US provides information regarding Amra - American Mud Racing Association in Monroe LA. Amra - American Mud Racing Association is located at 3695 Prairie Road, Monroe LA 71202 and provides Racing services. Contact them on 318 324 8700 or by visiting them on their website http://www.iracemud.com.
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text: OverviewBack to top Eco-Kids - Eco-Art Pad 9" x 12" - 50 Sheet(s) Item# :105361UPC# :705105466538 Brand:Eco-Kids Size/Form:50 Sheet(s) Ship Weight:0.90 Eco-Kids Eco-Art PadEco-Kids Eco-Art Pad sheets are tree-free natural organic paper made from the discarded stalks of banana trees. The banana fibers give every sheet character. Feel nature as you create with Eco-Kids Eco-Art Pad! 50 chlorine free, 9x12 sheets per pad Eco KidsEco-Kids products are made using only the most natural ingredients and eco-friendly packaging. Whether your buying for yourself, your child or for a gift, you know that you're buying something good for you and our environment. For ages 2+. Non-toxic. Conforms to ASTM D4236 and CPSIA compliant.


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Templeton Welcomes You!
Certified Risk Management Consultants offering products & services for individuals, family, self employed & small businesses with special emphasis on identity theft awareness, prevention &a
Carmel & Naccasha LLP is a growing SLO County law firm committed to providing exemplary legal services to its clients. Our attorneys have a broad range of legal experience and have practiced l
Chilina Law Firm is a full-service business law, real property, and estate planning law firm that provides a wide-range of advising, transactional, and litigation services from it office in Atascad
Legal services - family law (divorce, spousal and child support, custody issues), wills and trusts, labor and employment.
Tom represents individuals and businesses in real property and business disputes, real property transactions, including purchase and sales, vineyard and winery development, easements, commercial an


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Bangkok is the biggest city in the Kingdom of Thailand. It is also one of the most sought after destination to travel to and explore in South East Asia. Since tourism is one of the major draws in Thailand's economic growth, there is no wonder that hotels are abundant throughout this enchanting city. There are many districts in Bangkok with hotels and this article will inform you specifically about the available accommodations in the district of Silom.
The district of Silom is a mix of dense commercial and residential areas combined with one of the most infamous nightlife spots called Patpong. In Patpong you will find several streets full of bars, pubs, clubs and of course the go go bars that defines Patpong as a major red light hotspot.
And in the middle of all the infamous sleaze and booze you will find the famous Patpong night market smack dab right in the middle of the streets. Here in this night market you can bargain for counterfeit goods such as The raucous, seedy nightlife of Patpong is the major reason why so many tourist flock to the district of Silom. So it is no surprise that Silom is dotted with high class fancy hotels to the more budget friendly establishments. And since the Thai currency (Baht) is favorable for most Western countries, the hotel rates are very affordable and reasonable.
But still if you want to save even more money, the best thing to do is to travel during the slow season, which is typically from April to October. During these times you will find discounted prices from the usual hotel rack rates.
The best places to stay in Silom if you want to be extremely close to the action of Patpong and its night market is on the roads of Silom and Surawong. Both of these roads are major streets and run parallel to each other. If you have a problem finding Patpong then just follow the crowd of western tourist. Believe me you will see a lot head to Patpong for a night of debauchery.
But Silom has more to offer then the seedy under belly of Patpong's entertainment. There are a lot of great local Thai restaurants and international pubs with delicious pub fare. One thing for sure is you should check out Suan Lum Night Bazaar. Inside you will find a night market with Thai souvenirs and goods that are lower than Patpong's night market. But you should still bargain hard. And make sure you don't miss out on the huge outdoor food court with a live bands and a beer garden.


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Eleven years ago, Lindsey Nash escaped into the night with her young daughter and left an abusive relationship. Her ex-husband, Andrew, was sent to jail, and Lindsey started over with a new life. Now, Lindsey is older and wiser, with her own business and a teenage daughter who needs her more than ever. When Andrew is finally released from prison, Lindsey believes she has cut all ties and left the past behind her. But she gets the sense that someone is watching her, tracking her every move. Her new boyfriend is threatened. Her home is invaded, and her daughter is shadowed. Lindsey is convinced it's her ex-husband, even though he claims he's a different person. But has he really changed? Is the one who wants her dead closer to home than she thought?
Read more »
Ninety-year-old Margaret Riley is content hiding from the world. Stoic and independent, she rarely leaves her Tennessee home, finding comfort in the mystery novels that keep her company --- until she spots a woman moving into the long-empty house across the pond.
Emily Porter is the descendant of a serial killer. Now she's become the hunted. She's on a quest that will take her to the secret underground of Europe and the inner circles of three ancient orders --- one determined to kill her, one devoted to keeping her alive, and one she ultimately must save. THE PROGENY is the present-day saga of a 400-year-old war between the uncanny descendants of "Blood Countess" Elizabeth Bathory, the most prolific female serial killer of all time, and a secret society dedicated to erasing every one of her descendants.
In downtown Chicago, a young woman named Esther Vaughan disappears from her apartment without a trace. A haunting letter addressed to My Dearest is found among her possessions, leaving her friend and roommate, Quinn Collins, to wonder where Esther is and whether or not she's the person Quinn thought she knew. Meanwhile, in a small Michigan harbor town an hour outside Chicago, a mysterious woman appears in the quiet coffee shop where 18-year-old Alex Gallo works as a dishwasher. He is immediately drawn to her charm and beauty, but what starts as an innocent crush quickly spirals into something far more dark and sinister than he ever expected.
Hailed as "a novel so extraordinary that it reminded me of reading Stieg Larsson for the very first time" (Sunday Times, UK), a near-million copy bestseller in Europe --- centered on a tragic plane crash in the Alps and the mystery surrounding its only survivor, an infant girl.
Heidi Wood has always been a charitable woman. Still, her husband and daughter are horrified when Heidi returns home one day with a young woman named Willow and her four-month-old baby in tow. Despite her family's objections, Heidi invites Willow and the baby to take refuge in their home. Heidi spends the next few days helping Willow get back on her feet, but as clues into Willow's past begin to surface, Heidi is forced to decide how far she's willing to go to help a stranger.
A brilliant, deeply dedicated psychologist, Grace Blades has a gift for treating troubled souls and tormented psyches. Only five years old when she witnessed her parents' deaths in a bloody murder-suicide, Grace took refuge in her fierce intellect and found comfort in the loving couple who adopted her. But even as an adult with an accomplished professional life, Grace still has a dark, secret side. When her two worlds shockingly converge, Grace's harrowing past returns with a vengeance.
When the world's most powerful mob boss loses his wife and daughters in a terrorist attack funded by one of his rivals, he resolves to turn the tables. Rallying the heads of the globe's top criminal organizations, Vincent Marelli launches a war that may be his last. With the weight of the criminal world on his shoulders, he has only one desire in his heart: to know who ordered the hit that took out his girls.
Crime writer Erica Falck is shocked to discover a Nazi medal among her late mother's possessions. To uncover her family's past, Erica must read her mother's wartime diaries. Could what little knowledge she has be enough to endanger her husband and newborn baby? The dark past is coming to light, and no one will escape the truth of how they came to be.
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Tell us about the audiobooks you've finished listening to with your comments and a rating of 1 to 5 stars for both the performance and the content. During the contest period from February 1st to March 1st at noon ET, two lucky readers each will be randomly chosen to win the audio versions of Faye Kellerman's BONE BOX: A Decker/Lazarus Novel, performed by Richard Ferrone, and Christina Baker Kline's A PIECE OF THE WORLD, performed by Polly Stone.
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Web Hosting Reviews – What Is The Perfect Hosting Plan For You?
It will be recommended to read some web hosting reviews first when you're contemplating of which web hosting plan to choose. By reading these kinds of reviews, you would have the chance of knowing what factors are important that you should focus on. These reviews are talking about what you must have in your business, packages available and server locations. With this, it can certainly help you make a smart decision on which plan is best for your business. And speaking of plans, here are few of the options that you could have.
Number 1. Shared web hosting – this kind of web hosting plan is very ideal for both small and mid-sized businesses as it's very affordable. You will have great amount of bandwidth and disk space that meets with the needs of your business. Truth is, it means that you can get a hosting from server that has other pages it's hosting, hence it's called as shared hosting. However, an important note is that, this type of hosting might have reduced performance because of the reason that there are lots of websites being hosted together.
Number 2. Dedicated web hosting – say for example that you want less interference with the performance of your site, then this is going to be the best plan for you. The plan has entire server that is dedicated to your site with lots of disk space and bandwidth right at your disposal. It is so suitable for the websites that receive heavy traffic every day and thus, the performance is not compromise that frequently leads to serious losses.
Why Companies Aren't As Bad As You Think
And if you want to have high level of security, then this plan will work nicely as well. It's taking off worries for traffic spikes and you could also consider resell webhosting if you've got lots of bandwidth and disk space available.
Businesses Tips for The Average Joe
Number 3. VPS hosting – actually, this is a virtual private server hosting that falls between shared and dedicated type of hosting. Here, you're sharing server with other pages but, the resources are divided to fixed proportion to guarantee that traffic spikes on other pages that you are sharing with won't affect in any way to the performance of your page. In comparison to dedicated package, this plan is more stable than shared hosting plan and more affordable.
Cloud hosting – with this plan, it offers you both benefits of shared and dedicated web hosting plan but, you gain the added benefit of modifying the speed of your server according to what you need. So during peak seasons, you can turn it up and reduce it when there is minimal traffic.
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The candidates long-term goal is to explore novel therapeutic strategies to improve clinical outcomes in patients with sepsis by investigating the role of macrolide therapy as an immunomodulator. The proposed career development plan integrates didactic coursework and tutorials with mentored research experience in the design and conduct of pharmacoepidemiological and randomized control trials to provide the candidate the necessary components for a successful career in patient-oriented research. The candidate's educational aims are to 1) acquire sufficient knowledge to conduct pharmacoepidemiology studies using large secondary databases and randomized control trials to study the effect of novel immunomodulators for patients with sepsis;2) understand the potential physiologic and genetic mechanisms of novel immunomodulatory treatments;3) translate research findings into clinical practice with the goal of improving the short and long term outcomes of patients with sepsis. Under the mentorship of Drs. Anzueto, Coalson and Mortensen, the candidate will acquire the knowledge and skills required to investigate the effects of macrolide therapy as an immunomodulator in patients with sepsis. The objective of the proposed research is to examine whether the use of a macrolide in addition to standard therapy is associated with improved host immune response, and how this response will impact short and long-term clinical outcomes. The central hypothesis is that macrolide use in patients with pulmonary and extrapulmonary sources of severe sepsis is associated with improved immune response and other clinical outcomes. This proposal will facilitate and provide pilot data for future studies that will evaluate the potential impact of immunomodulatory therapies on improving clinical outcomes for patients with severe sepsis.
Three research aims will be examined: 1) The association between macrolide therapy and clinical outcomes, including short (30-day) and long-term (3, 6 and 12 months) mortality, length of stay, and rates of mechanical ventilation for patients with severe sepsis;2) The effects of macrolide therapy on inflammatory markers and clinical outcomes in patients with severe sepsis;3) The impact of macrolide use vs. non-use on long-term inflammatory markers and survival in patients with severe sepsis. The approach is innovative, because it utilizes macrolides as immunomodulators for an indication other than community-acquired pneumonia in order to improve outcomes in patients with severe sepsis. The proposed research is significant, because it will improve the level of understanding of the possible mechanisms of immunomodulation and the impact of macrolide therapy in patients with severe infections.
This proposal will provide pilot data for future studies that will evaluate the potential impact of immunomodulatory therapies on improving clinical outcomes for patients with severe sepsis and other serious infectious diseases. (End of Abstract)
|Laserna, Elena; Sibila, Oriol; Fernandez, Juan Felipe et al. (2014) Impact of macrolide therapy in patients hospitalized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 145:1114-20
|Leung, Chi Chiu; Porcel, José M; Takahashi, Kazuhisa et al. (2014) Year in review 2013: Lung cancer, respiratory infections, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, pleural diseases, bronchoscopic intervention and imaging. Respirology 19:448-60
|Restrepo, Marcos I; Aliberti, Stefano (2014) Healthcare-associated pneumonia: where do we go next? Clin Infect Dis 58:340-1
|Mortensen, Eric M; Halm, Ethan A; Pugh, Mary Jo et al. (2014) Association of azithromycin with mortality and cardiovascular events among older patients hospitalized with pneumonia. JAMA 311:2199-208
|Keyt, Holly; Faverio, Paola; Restrepo, Marcos I (2014) Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the intensive care unit: a review of the clinically relevant recent advancements. Indian J Med Res 139:814-21
|Lemay, Allyson C; Anzueto, Antonio; Restrepo, Marcos I et al. (2014) Predictors of long-term mortality after severe sepsis in the elderly. Am J Med Sci 347:282-8
|Brown, Armand O; Mann, Beth; Gao, Geli et al. (2014) Streptococcus pneumoniae translocates into the myocardium and forms unique microlesions that disrupt cardiac function. PLoS Pathog 10:e1004383
|Restrepo, Marcos; Elborn, J Stuart (2014) Bronchiectasis severity: time to score. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 189:508-9
|Faverio, Paola; Aliberti, Stefano; Bellelli, Giuseppe et al. (2014) The management of community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Eur J Intern Med 25:312-9
|Sibila, Oriol; Mortensen, Eric M; Anzueto, Antonio et al. (2014) Prior cardiovascular disease increases long-term mortality in COPD patients with pneumonia. Eur Respir J 43:36-42
Showing the most recent 10 out of 31 publications


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Explore My Elephant Collection and more!
It's fun to pop the question to your bridesmaids, but how do you get creative when asking your gals, "Will you be my bridesmaid?" We gathered a few items from our new Indian Jewel collection to create a "Bindis and Bangles" gift box to surprise your girls. It's a cute and unique gift, especially for South Asian brides or for brides with a jewel tone wedding theme!


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Periodic acid is used as a component for glycoprotein stains. It serves as a pharmaceutical and synthetic intermediate and is used in silk screen printing. It acts as an oxidizing agent especially in the cleavage of 1,2 diols to prepare dialdehydes. It has selective oxidation powers which makes it an ideal reagent for the reclamation of silk screens in the printing industry. It finds application in life sciences for the analysis of intracellular polysaccharides like glycogen, starch and cellulose. Furthermore, it is used in oxidation reactions converting sulfides into sulfones, catalyzed by chromium(VI) oxide and oxidation reactions converting alcohols to aldehydes and ketones.
Oxidizing agent. For reactions of periodate ion, see Sodium metaperiodate, 13798. Reagent for deblocking of dithioacetal and oxathioacetal protecting groups under mild, non-aqueous conditions in THF-ether: Tetrahedron Lett., 37, 4331 (1996). Stoichiometric oxidant used in combination with catalytic Chromium(VI) oxide, 12522, for conversion of alcohols to carboxylic acids in wet acetonitrile: Tetrahedron Lett., 39, 5323 (1998).
Yang, Z.; Sun, B.; Zhao, X.; Shao, B.; An, J.; Gu, Q.; Wang, Y.; Dong, X.; Zhang, Y.; Qiu, Z. Erythropoietin and erythropoietin receptor in hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation with vasculogenic mimicry and poor prognosis. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015, 8 (4), 4033-4043.
Jarrett, B. R.; Gustafsson, B.; Kukis, D. L.; Louie, A. Y. Synthesis of 64Cu-labeled magnetic nanoparticles for multimodal imaging. Bioconjugate Chem. 2008, 19 (7), 1496-1504.
Hazard Statements: H272-H314
May intensify fire; oxidizer. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
Precautionary Statements: P221-P210-P260-P220-P280-P303+P361+P353-P305+P351+P338-P301+P330+P331-P405-P501a
Take any precaution to avoid mixing with combustibles. Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. - No smoking. Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. Keep/Store away from clothing/combustible materials. Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection. IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water/shower. IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Store locked up. Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local/regional/national/international regulations.


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As per your preferred location, I may suggest you with:-
AIMS (Institute of Commerce) for CA - CPT / IPCC / FINAL in Lucknow.
AIMS (IOC) is the best coaching not even Lucknow but entire in North India.
I think, India`s best teaching faculty is in AIMS. the previous result of AIMS is also excellent.
If you really want good success in CA exams (IPCC & Final), then contact only AIMS.


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Friday, Nov. 20, 2009 | The life of a biotech entrepreneur is always filled with uncertainty. But these days it is downright terrifying.
At no time in recent history has it been harder for companies to find new money to fund new discoveries, and it's becoming harder and harder for them to keep money that has already been pledged to them.
Martin Sabarsky is living this harsh life. The chief operating officer of the 5-year-old HR BioPetroleum — an algae biofuel start-up with operations in both Hawaii and San Diego — is the epitome of today's early-stage biotech executive.
The 39-year-old lives out of a suitcase while presiding over a virtual company, and has become more accustomed than he ever thought he would to the word "no."


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Race and Reconciliation
Essays from the New South Africa
By (author) Daniel Herwitz
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Race and Reconciliation by Daniel Herwitz
Book DescriptionA meditation on the lessons to be learned from South Africa's transformation in the wake of apartheid. Justice, truth, and identity; race, society, and law--all come into dramatic play as South Africa makes the tumultuous transition to a post-apartheid democracy. Seeking the timeless through the timely and trying to find the deeper meaning in the sweep of events, Daniel Herwitz brings the vast resources of the philosophical essay to bear on the new realities of post-apartheid South Africa--from racial identity to truth commissions, from architecture to film and television. A public intellectual's reflections on public life, Herwitz's essays question how the new South Africa has constructed its concepts of reconciliation and return and how its historical emergence has meant a rethinking, reimagining, reexperiencing, relabeling, and repoliticizing of race. Herwitz's purpose is to give a philosophical reading of society--a society already relying on implicitly philosophical concepts in its social and political agendas. Working through these concepts, testing their relevance for reading society, his book itself becomes a part of the politics of definition and description in the new South Africa.
Buy Race and Reconciliation book by Daniel Herwitz from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9780816641079
(229mm x 148mm x 19mm)
Pages: 288
Imprint: University of Minnesota Press
Publisher: University of Minnesota Press
Publish Date: 10-Nov-2003
Country of Publication: United States
Other Editions...
Books By Author Daniel Herwitz
Don Giovanni Moment, Paperback (May 2008)
Mozart's "Don Giovanni" is an operatic masterpiece full of iconic and mythical tensions. This book examines the aesthetic and moral legacy of Mozart's opera in the literature, philosophy, and culture of the nineteenth century. It addresses the opera's impact on the philosophical visions of Kierkegaard, Goethe, and Williams.
Action, Art, History, Hardback (February 2007)» View all books by Daniel Herwitz
Presenting a collection of essays on Arthur C Danto's philosophy, this book describes his theories of art, action, and history, and the depth of his innovation as a philosopher of culture. It explores the importance of Danto's philosophy and criticism for contemporary art, along with his theories of perception, action, and historical knowledge.
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Here I have taken off the back frame of The Gearcycle and am planning on replacing it with part of a bicycle frame. This should reduce energy loss since the frame is stiffer and has a bicycle bottom bracket as a gearbox. There are too many steps and it is too complicated to list everything here. Check out my posting The Gearcycle Part 1 for basic instructions on how to make The Gearcycle.
Here is the video along with this posting: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUDpLjS-9CI.


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Intern - Finance
ConfidentialBeverly Hills, CA
Part Time Unpaid Internship
Seeking 1 -2 diligent and ambitious self-starters who are looking to break into the exciting fields of Film/TV Finance, Brand Integration and Worldwide Distribution .
Work with 20+ year veteran producers/execs with 100+ films financed, produced and/or distributed around the world.
Get a leg up on your peers and gain a strong working knowledge and skills to outperform and highly compete with your peers in (both traditional and digital media).
Business students only. This is not a creative nor production position.
• ADVANCED LEVEL: Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, Outlook, PowerPoint, Apps, Cloud)
• Excellent verbal and written communication skills, telephone manner + email (mass) marketing
• Highly effective and engaged in Social Media (LinkedIN, FaceBook, Instagram, Twitter, etc)
• Strong working knowledge of Digital Media Marketing, Advertising, Branding and Sponsorship
• Very efficient in Internet Research and Drafting Reports (spreadsheets, etc.)
• Jr./Sr./Grad School students (3.0+ GPA)
• The paperwork to receive college credit (absolute must)
• Majoring in Business, Finance, Communications, Marketing or related field
• Minimum 2 -3 days/week or 10 -20 + hrs. per week and preferred for 2-3 months (Part time or Full time & Flexible)
Much interactivity with high-profile individuals: Billionaires, Millionaires, Celebrities, Sports and Music Icons
Additional Information
Preferred that you are actively involved and have access to Industry Mixers, networking events, premier screenings/parties, trade shows, etc.
Please note that EntertainmentCareers.Net uses 'disposable' email addresses in our postings. They change frequently so do not post the contact information outside of EntertainmentCareers.Net as it will likely be invalid.
Employer will allow resumes sent in the body of the email OR as an attachment. Apply Online


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I do not have this one, but when I saw it, it seemed to have
relatively few flower stalks even in NJ.
--- In iris-photos@y..., Margie Valenzuela <IrisLady@c...> wrote:
> This is Stairway to Heaven. (Lauer 1992) Funny thing about this
one. For me it is a vigourous grower, but the odd thing is - - it
only sends up a small amount of stalks. Some years if I don't have a
lot of rhizomes - - it won't bloom at all.
> Does this iris act the same for you other growers of it out there?
> Margie V.
> Oro Valley, AZ.
> Zone 8/9
> IrisLady@c...
Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/


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|Hiiro no Kakera 2
|Hiiro no Kakera: The Tamayori Princess Saga
jp. Marie MIYAKE
This annoyed the hell at me . not only was she naive, slow , scaredy cat, weak butt honesst kust plain weak . i rrly dont get it . this anime went was so boring because of her, like the storyline/plot idea is god but charaters need a lot of work espically her she should just annoying.


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Speed Painting Video and Youtube Song Cover by Kenal
Speed Painting Video by Kenal 2013 is more than half-way done and I did a lot of things this year that I have never doneREAD MORE >
Speed Painting Video by Kenal 2013 is more than half-way done and I did a lot of things this year that I have never doneREAD MORE >
Ciara Got Me Good I could start with the title as it is because simply Ciara got me good when I first saw the new music videoREAD MORE >
HYUNA Ice Cream The recently released video by HYUNA a South Korean Pop singer is just 20 years of age, but is no strangerREAD MORE >
Mirrors by Alan Fox Mirrors by Alan Fox These mirrors must not show her that she's an angel because she is much moreREAD MORE >
4 AM by Melanie Fiona ) 4 AM by Melanie Fiona "4 AM" is truly beautiful music for many reasons. "The songREAD MORE >
6 Foot 7 Foot by Lil Wayne ft Cory Gunz "6 Foot 7 Foot" by Lil Wayne ft. Cory Gunz is a fire track. This is oneREAD MORE >
This Little Girl by Cady Groves "This Little Girl" by Cady Groves is a hot song and hit record, but not peakingREAD MORE >
Sing You Home by Xenia As I listened to Sing You Home I thought of the sound Adele produced and shared with the world thatREAD MORE >
Good Feeling by Jay Saint Good Feeling by Jay Saint Jay Saint is a 23yr Pop/R&B Singer Songwriter from Jersey City NJ.READ MORE >
Regret by Letoya ft Ludacris Regret is a somewhat old song, but not too far old. Letoya Luckett is one of my favorite femaleREAD MORE >
Let's Roll by Yelawolf ft Kid Rock Let's Roll by Yelawolf ft Kid Rock is pure country rap and a laid-back anthem.READ MORE >
Mary J Blige Mr Wrong Video On Kenalsworld Two very successful musicians have collaborated again to create a second hit record.READ MORE >


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Not a drop was spilt of the blood parachuted down on to Port Stanley during the Falklands War in 1982 by Sir Alan Reay's Army Medical Services, but at home his personal rearguard action against a thousand cuts was to end a heroic failure.
Reay, the last independent Director-General of the AMS (DGAMS), was to retire at the end of 1984 knowing the knell had sounded for the Army's separate medical college at Millbank in London, where amid splendour since 1907 top brass had considered how to save soldiers' lives in battle.
The blood packets of Stanley, dropped at a time when aircraft could not land, were innovatively treated to extend their useful life and wrapped in material developed over the previous two years by units of the Army's medical pathology branch, a part of the services that had grown from the work of the Duke of Wellington's military surgeon, Sir James McGrigor, DGAMS from 1815-51. The college had its own professors in preventive care, field psychiatry, medicine, pathology and surgery, and its remit also covered dentistry and veterinary science.
"No one could have represented the Army Medical case more strongly or more eloquently, but he and his colleagues were overborne," an Army supporter of his policies declared. "It is a paradox [because of the Falklands field medicine successes] that the greater part of his time in office was spent in resisting pressures for reorganisation and cutbacks inspired politically and on economic grounds."
After Reay's departure the office of DGAMS was combined with that of the Surgeon-General and during the next decade army, navy and air force medical services were merged into the Defence Medical Services training centre at Keogh barracks at Aldershot. A last recorded smile of delight did, however, spread over the face of the tall, dignified military physician when the Royal Army Medical Corps Band reconstituted itself after its abolition in time to play at a Regimental Dinner at Millbank under a Territorial Army guise, with ad-hoc uniforms, on 22 November 1984.
The Royal Army Medical Corps' contingent in "Operation Corporate", the Falklands campaign, included 2 Field Hospital, 16 Field Ambulance, and elements of 19 Field Ambulance. One Field Surgical Team had to be left on board the troopship Canberra as she was escorted out of the "Bomb Alley" landing site at San Carlos to escape heavy air attack, but the other three used Field Dressing Stations at a mutton factory at Ajax Bay, as well as Teal Inlet and Fitzroy on East Falkland, and sent casualties back to the hospital ship Uganda. They had a specialised burns team, performed 233 operations, and alleviated widespread gastro-enteritis and trench foot.
They treated Argentinian as well as British forces, and were thanked by the Argentinian surgeon and staff who, in handing back the King Edward VII Hospital at Stanley, said they knew from the moment the cruiser General Belgrano was sunk that they would lose, as Britain was, after all, still a significant military power.
Reay's own experience in the field brought him a mention in despatches in 1951 for work as second-in-command of 16 Field Ambulance in Malaya.
Reay was born in 1925 in Hednesford, Staffordshire, his father a clergyman. After Lancing College and Edinburgh University he did National Service, then converted to a regular commission in 1952, gaining his MRCP in 1955 and DCH Eng in 1957. By 1968, after service in Singapore and with the British Army on the Rhine, he started the Army's Paediatric Service and became the Ministry of Defence's consultant adviser in the specialty, raising the Cambridge Military Hospital, Aldershot, to be the reference hospital in the UK for Army families' children worldwide.
He became a Brigadier in 1974, Honorary Physician to the Queen in 1976, and Postgraduate Dean and Commandant of the Royal Army Medical College in 1977. He was Director of Medical Services BAOR in 1979 until taking over as DGAMS in 1981. After retiring he continued as an Honorary Outpatient Consultant at Great Ormond Street.
A different battle touched him when he was Chief Honorary Steward of Westminster Abbey, from 1985-97, during a tug of war over the Stone of Destiny that for centuries, except when once stolen, had lain under the Coronation Chair.
On duty each Sunday wearing the stewards' insignia of the Keys of St Peter and Arms of Westminster in silver and enamel on a blue ribbon, Reay was in the front line as the Dean, the Very Rev Michael Mayne, fought to prevent the Stone's removal, but was defeated in November 1996 when the Queen agreed that the Secretary of State for Scotland, Michael Forsyth, might have his wish and take it off to Edinburgh Castle.
Anne Keleny
Hubert Alan John Reay, medical officer and paediatrician: born Hednesford, Staffordshire 19 March 1925; Field Medical Services, Malaya, 1949-52 (despatches); Command Paediatrician: Far East, 1962; BAOR, 1965; Adviser in Paediatrics, MoD (Army), 1968; FRCP 1972; Hon. Out-patient Consultant, Great Ormond Street Hospital, 1975-79, 1985-87; QHP 1976-85; Postgraduate Dean and Comdt, Royal Army Medical College, 1977-79; KBE 1981; Director General, Army Medical Services 1981-84; married 1960 Ferelith Deane (two sons, two daughters and one son deceased); died London 4 February 2012.
- More about:
- Dentistry
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Eric Davidson (1937-2015) on Gene Regulatory Networks
With the passing of paleontologist David Raup and biologist and science historian Will Provine in recent months, we've been given the opportunity to reflect on two famous evolutionary scientists who were brave enough to critique neo-Darwinism. But there's another one we've missed -- Eric Davidson, the developmental biologist from Caltech who, sadly, passed away this past August.
Davidson is famous for formulating the concept of developmental gene regulatory networks (dGRNs), a description of how genes interact with one another to regulate their expression in the early stages of development. The activity of a dGRN is very influential in determining the body plan of an animal.
Recently, an email correspondent contacted me to ask about dGRNs. This person had been in communication with an evolutionary biologist who claimed that dGRNs are very flexible and could show how new animals evolved. I didn't know Eric Davidson so I can't share any personal anecdotes, but it seems like an appropriate time to review what the great dGRN expert Eric Davidson said on this point.
As Stephen Meyer explains in Darwin's Doubt, Davidson believed, based upon his experimental work, that dGRNs aren't very flexible at all. Davidson observed that mutations affecting the dGRNs that regulate body-plan development lead to "catastrophic loss of the body part or loss of viability altogether."1 He explained:
There is always an observable consequence if a dGRN subcircuit is interrupted. Since these consequences are always catastrophically bad, flexibility is minimal, and since the subcircuits are all interconnected, the whole network partakes of the quality that there is only one way for things to work. And indeed the embryos of each species develop in only one way.He further wrote:
Interference with expression of any [multiply linked dGRNs] by mutation or experimental manipulation has severe effects on the phase of development that they initiate. This accentuates the selective conservation of the whole subcircuit, on pain of developmental catastrophe..."2But perhaps most strikingly, Davidson, in discussing hypothetical "flexible" dGRNs, acknowledged that we are speculating "where no modern dGRN provides a model" since they "must have differed in fundamental respects from those now being unraveled in our laboratories."1
Meyer cited much of this evidence in Darwin's Doubt. Now consider how UC Berkeley paleontologist Charles Marshall responded to Stephen Meyer when Marshall reviewed Meyer's book in the journal Science. Marshall wrote: "Today's GRNs have been overlain with half a billion years of evolutionary innovation (which accounts for their resistance to modification), whereas GRNs at the time of the emergence of the phyla were not so encumbered."3
The only reason Marshall would have said this is if modern dGRNs are in fact "so encumbered" that they could not provide a model for evolution. Marshall was forced to ignore modern experimental data and speculate that perhaps in the past dGRNs were different.
Thus, while Marshall's title, "When Prior Belief Trumps Scholarship," was an accusation aimed against Meyer's work, I think that it's far more apt to turn that right around at Marshall's own arguments, as Meyer explained in his response to Marshall.
As a result of all of this, Davidson concluded that, "contrary to classical evolution theory, the processes that drive the small changes observed as species diverge cannot be taken as models for the evolution of the body plans of animals."4 He elaborated:
Neo-Darwinian evolution ... assumes that all process works the same way, so that evolution of enzymes or flower colors can be used as current proxies for study of evolution of the body plan. It erroneously assumes that change in protein- coding sequence is the basic cause of change in developmental program; and it erroneously assumes that evolutionary change in body- plan morphology occurs by a continuous process. All of these assumptions are basically counterfactual. This cannot be surprising, since the neo-Darwinian synthesis from which these ideas stem was a premolecular biology concoction focused on population genetics and . . . natural history, neither of which have any direct mechanistic import for the genomic regulatory systems that drive embryonic development of the body plan.1The bottom line is that experimental research on dGRNs in modern animals shows that they do NOT appear flexible. Experts acknowledge this. They even acknowledge that it poses a challenge to neo-Darwinism. Those who claim otherwise are simply mistaken.
(1) Eric Davidson, "Evolutionary Bioscience as Regulatory Systems Biology." Developmental Biology, 357:35-40 (2011).
(2) Eric H. Davidson and Douglas Erwin. "An Integrated View of Precambrian Eumetazoan Evolution." Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 74: 1-16 (2010).
(3) Charles R. Marshall, "When Prior Belief Trumps Scholarship," Science, 341 (September 20, 2013): 1344.
(4) Eric Davidson, The Regulatory Genome: Gene Regulatory Networks in Development and Evolution. Burlington: Elsevier, 2006, p. 195.
Image: Eric H. Davidson via Caltech.


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We review evidence for hybridization of Phragmites australis in North America and the implications for the persistence of native P. australis ssp. americanus populations in North America. We also highlight the need for an updated classification system, which takes P. australis intraspecific variation and hybridization into account.
We reviewed available published, in press and in preparation literature to assess the likelihood of hybridization and interbreeding in genotypes of P. australis present in North America.
Experimental results demonstrate that hybridization among introduced and native haplotypes is possible within the genus Phragmites, yet evidence that hybridization has occurred naturally is only starting to emerge. The lag in identifying hybridization in Phragmites in North America may be related to under-sampling in some parts of North America and to a lack of molecular tools that provide the capability to recognize hybrids.
Our understanding of the gene flow within and between species in the genus Phragmites is moving at a fast pace, especially on the east and Gulf coasts of North America. More attention should also be focused on the Great Lakes region, the southwestern and the west coast of the USA, where sympatry has created opportunities for hybridization. Where hybridizations have been detected, there are currently no published data on how hybridization affects plant vigour, morphology, invasiveness or conservation of the genetic integrity of the North American native subspecies. We conclude that the detection of more hybridization is highly likely and that there is a need to develop new markers for the different Phragmites species and lineages to fill current knowledge gaps. Finally, we suggest that the classification system for P. australis should be updated and published to help clarify the nomenclature.
As an ecologically and economically globally important species, Phragmites australis has been of significant interest to researchers for decades (e.g. Harris and Marshall 1960; Haslam 1969; Hauber et al. 1991; van der Putten 1997; Brix 1999; Chambers et al. 1999; Meyerson et al. 1999; Orson 1999). Because of its global distribution, its ability to thrive in a wide range of environmental conditions (Meyerson et al. 2000a, b), sexual and clonal reproductive strategies (Brisson et al. 2010; Saltonstall et al. 2010) and high genetic diversity within the species (McCormick et al. 2010a, b; Saltonstall 2011; Lambertini et al. 2012a), Phragmites is increasingly used as a model species in a variety of ecological and genetic research. The identification of three distinct lineages of P. australis in North America (i.e. North American native, introduced and Gulf Coast) and the development of species-specific chloroplast and nuclear markers catalysed research on the ecology, evolution and success of different P. australis haplotypes (Saltonstall 2002, 2003). The current genetic knowledge of Phragmites worldwide is largely based on this original set of markers.
One area of particular interest for ecology and evolution is whether genotypes of this cosmopolitan grass are able to disperse across continents and interbreed within P. australis, as well as hybridize across species within the genus Phragmites. It has been speculated that hybridization in Phragmites could potentially result in offspring with even greater vigour than the highly invasive genotypes that are currently expanding across North America, and that pollen swamping or outbreeding depression could hasten the decline of North American native populations (Meyerson et al. 2010a). Phragmites australis is self-compatible (e.g. Ishii and Kadono 2002), but Kettenring et al. (2011) clearly demonstrated that in the Chesapeake Bay P. australis needs to outcross in order to produce significant amounts of viable seed. This need for outcross pollen would seem to greatly increase the likelihood of hybridization, especially in newly invaded areas where within-species pollen may not be available but where pollen from related species (or subspecies) might be abundant. Despite evidence that native and introduced populations can interbreed under controlled conditions (Meyerson et al. 2010a), no convincing data have been published that demonstrate wild hybrids resulting from crosses of the North American native and introduced Phragmites (Saltonstall 2011). Recently, however, conclusive evidence for hybridization between the introduced and the more distantly related Gulf Coast lineage has been confirmed using different molecular markers (Lambertini et al. 2012a) and that suggests that detection of interbreeding between the native and introduced lineages and native and Gulf Coast lineages is only a matter of time.
In this paper, we review evidence for hybridization of P. australis in North America and the implications for the persistence of native Phragmites populations. We also highlight the need for an updated classification system that takes P. australis intraspecific variation and hybrids into account, and the need for new molecular markers to facilitate hybrid identification.
Overview of the different lineages present in North America
A growing body of published literature from the last decade describes the ecology and genetics of both the native and introduced (haplotype M) lineages of P. australis in North America, particularly on the Atlantic coast. Fewer papers have focused on the Gulf Coast type I and the invasion of type M to the Gulf Coast (Howard et al. 2008; Hauber et al. 2011; Lambertini et al. 2012a), and only two publications have described the additional haplotypes that have recently been found in the Gulf Coast (Hauber et al. 2011; Lambertini et al. 2012a). The literature describing Phragmites in the western USA is growing, particularly in the southwest where haplotype M is sympatric with the native lineage and with haplotype I (e.g. Kulmatiski et al. 2010; Meyerson et al. 2010b; Saltonstall 2002). However, there has been very little published on Phragmites on the Pacific Coast of North America, which is colonized by both the North American native and Eurasian introduced haplotypes (Saltonstall 2002). Below, we briefly describe each of the identified lineages present in North America (summarized in Table 1) and then discuss the evidence for hybridization in some of these lineages and the likelihood that it is occurring in others.
|Common designation
|North America range
|North American native
|North America
|Widely distributed
|North American introduced
|Widely distributed
|New European-related introductions to the Gulf Coast
|M1 (Delta)3,4
Greeny 1 (M)4
Greeny 2 (AD)3,4
Greeny 3 (AI)4
|Mediterranean region (South Europe, North Africa, Middle East)
|Mississippi 'birdfoot' Delta, sporadically in Terrebonne Bay, LA and Grand Isle State Park, LA. Two samples in Florida
|Atlantic Coast, Great Lakes, Mississippi 'birdfoot' Delta
|North America? Or Europe?
|Mississippi 'birdfoot' Delta
|South Africa?
|Mississippi 'birdfoot' Delta
|Or Europe?
|North American Gulf Coast
|Land (I)4
|South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru) or
|Gulf Coast Texas to Florida, South West (California)
|Africa (Uganda Burkina Faso, Senegal)
|Common designation
|North America range
|North American native
|North America
|Widely distributed
|North American introduced
|Widely distributed
|New European-related introductions to the Gulf Coast
|M1 (Delta)3,4
Greeny 1 (M)4
Greeny 2 (AD)3,4
Greeny 3 (AI)4
|Mediterranean region (South Europe, North Africa, Middle East)
|Mississippi 'birdfoot' Delta, sporadically in Terrebonne Bay, LA and Grand Isle State Park, LA. Two samples in Florida
|Atlantic Coast, Great Lakes, Mississippi 'birdfoot' Delta
|North America? Or Europe?
|Mississippi 'birdfoot' Delta
|South Africa?
|Mississippi 'birdfoot' Delta
|Or Europe?
|North American Gulf Coast
|Land (I)4
|South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru) or
|Gulf Coast Texas to Florida, South West (California)
|Africa (Uganda Burkina Faso, Senegal)
Geographic distribution of Phragmites genotypes in North America
North American lineage
North American native P. australis haplotypes are distributed throughout Northern Quebec to North Carolina and west of the Great Lakes, the Pacific northwest of the USA and southern British Columbia, and the southwestern USA (Table 1). Native haplotypes of P. australis do not occur south of North Carolina on the east coast or Gulf Coast of the USA. The native haplotypes appear very closely related to each other (Saltonstall 2002; Lambertini et al. 2006, 2012a; Vachon and Freeland 2011; Saltonstall and Lambertini 2012) and are considered one single lineage in this review, though their origin is still unknown. Their closest relative appears to be haplotype Q, distributed in Asia and Australia (Saltonstall 2002; Chu et al. 2011; Saltonstall and Lambertini 2012). Lambertini et al. (2006) detected a weak nuclear relationship with Phragmites japonicus in the Far East. However, this relationship was not evident in Lambertini et al. (2012a) where North American native P. australis ssp. americanus appeared to have evolved from within P. australis. Another relationship detected recently is with Phragmites mauritianus in Zambia (Lambertini et al. 2012a), which shares a mutation in the trnT-trnL region with the native North American lineage. Phragmites diversity in Asia and Africa has so far been under-represented in phylogeographic studies at the global scale (Saltonstall 2002; Lambertini et al. 2006, 2012a). Collection and analysis of more samples from these continents promise to disclose the origin of the genus (Lambertini et al. 2006) and the history of the North American lineage.
Eleven P. australis haplotypes considered native to North America were first identified by Saltonstall in 2002 and since that time five additional native haplotypes have been added. Meadows and Saltonstall (2007) added haplotypes AB and AC, and Vachon and Freeland (2011) added haplotypes E2, E3 and E4. However, of these, only E4 is identified as a new haplotype based on Saltonstall's classification system, which does not consider cp-microsatellite variants (Saltonstall 2002).
Specifically, Vachon and Freeland (2011) submitted two identical trnT-trnL sequences that they identified as E1 and E2, but these sequences are a cp-microsatellite variant of haplotype AB (Meadows and Saltonstall 2007) following Saltonstall (2002). Similarly, haplotype E3 (Vachon and Freeland 2011; Freeland and Vachon 2012) corresponds to a cp-microsatellite variant of haplotype E, again following Saltonstall (2002). Haplotype E4 (Vachon and Freeland 2011; Freeland and Vachon 2012) is a new haplotype that would be given a new letter in the classification that Saltonstall initiated (Saltonstall 2002). Adding more complexity, there is yet another haplotype E4 that was deposited in GenBank by Chu et al. (2011) that was found in South Korea. In GenBank it is identified as P. australis, but it is thought to be P. japonicus, a haplotype closely related to haplotype AM (Lambertini et al. 2012a, b). The implications of these examples for Phragmites classification are discussed in the concluding section.
Euroasiatic lineage
Until relatively recently, it was believed that there was only a single type of introduced P. australis from Eurasia introduced to North America, haplotype M. This haplotype has been detected throughout North America, overlaps the range of native P. australis (described above) and extends into the Gulf Coast of the USA, where it is known as a 'short form' of P. australis (Hauber et al. 2011) or the EU-type (Lambertini et al. 2012a). However, more recently, a cp-microsatellite variant of haplotype M, described as haplotype M1 or the Delta-type (Hauber et al. 2011; Lambertini et al. 2012a, b), has been detected in the Mississippi Delta and Gulf Coast (described below in the section Gulf Coast lineages), raising the possibility that some populations have been misidentified as type M. M1 differs from haplotype M in the number of repeats in one microsatellite in the trnT-trnL region (Hauber et al. 2011; NCBI accession no. JF271678). It is, therefore, very closely related to haplotype M and is thought to originate from the Mediterranean region, extending throughout North Africa, the Middle East and Southern Europe (Lambertini et al. 2012a, b). Another introduction to North America of haplotype L (most likely from Europe) was found in Quebec, Canada, providing conclusive evidence of multiple introductions of P. australis to North America (L. A. Meyerson and J. T. Cronin, in review).
Gulf Coast lineages
Similar to the evolving understanding of the Euroasiatic lineage, Phragmites researchers had evidence for only one other lineage colonizing the Gulf Coast of the USA:haplotype I. Haplotype I was also detected in the southwestern USA (Meyerson et al. 2010b). However, multiple other haplotypes (Table 1) were recently found in the Mississippi Delta and surrounding marshes, and one sample of M1 was found also in Florida, which makes the story of Phragmites in North America more complicated and suggests additional opportunities to detect interbreeding.
Haplotype I
As with the Eurasian haplotypes (M, M1), haplotype I also exhibits cp-microsatellite variation. Gulf Coast Phragmites is one such cp-variant (also called the 'land type'; Lambertini et al. 2012a; NCBI accession no. HQ664450) and was detected along the Gulf Coast of the USA from Texas to Florida and in the Mississippi River Delta. This haplotype is shared with a population of P. australis in South America (Ecuador, Peru) and with the species P. mauritianus in Uganda and Burkina Faso (Lambertini et al. 2012a). Nuclear alleles indicate a hybrid origin for both the Gulf Coast and the South American populations from a cross between the two species P. mauritianus and P. australis. As the current distribution ranges of these species overlap only in tropical Africa, an African origin has been suggested (Lambertini et al. 2012a). However, given the similarities between the Gulf Coast and South American populations and their long establishment in the Americas, a different earlier distribution range of P. mauritianus could also entail an autochthonous American origin. With the data available, it is not possible to distinguish between an old accidental introduction and the radiation of Phragmites species (Lambertini et al. 2012a).
European-related haplotypes
Three other recently detected haplotypes of P. australis are named for the special blue-green colour of their leaves: Greeny 1 (haplotype M), Greeny 2 (haplotype AD) and Greeny 3 (haplotype AI). Haplotype AI differs from haplotype K (Saltonstall 2002) in one single substitution in the rbcL-psaI region (Lambertini et al. 2012a; NCBI accession no. HQ664451; see Table 1). Although the three Greeny genotypes have three distinct haplotypes, they share the same European nuclear alleles (alleles 195 and 197 at locus PaGT 22, which are distinctive in this group and are shared, along with many more alleles, among the European and North American introduced genotypes). Given the high nuclear similarities among the three Greeny types, their most likely origin is somewhere in Europe. All three haplotypes (M, AD and AI) have, in fact, also been found in Europe (Lambertini et al. 2012b). However, the Greeny 2 haplotype (AD) is closely related to the native North American haplotypes, whereas the best candidate for the origin of Greeny 3 is the South African population of P. australis with haplotype K (Lambertini et al. 2012a). This suggests that the three Greeny types may also have been previously introduced to Europe as well and this possibility further clouds an identification of the historical introduction pathways.
Hybridization of Phragmites in North America
Does Phragmites hybridize in the wild in North America? The answer is probably yes, but so far the conclusive evidence is limited to the Gulf Region of the USA (Fig. 1, Table 1). An interspecific hybrid between the tropical African species P. mauritianus and P. australis became established long ago in South America and on the Gulf Coast of the USA. The hybrid is the 'land-type', previously described as P. australis var. berlandieri. Being an interspecific hybrid, the specific epithet australis does not appear appropriate any longer and should be dropped and renamed when the variation within haplotype I, including its hybrids, is further resolved and better understood.
The recent introductions of the European-related haplotypes of P. australis (M, M1, AD and AI) to the Mississippi River Delta have brought the hybrid in sympatry with its paternal species P. australis. Hybridization in the Gulf Coast appears to be due to back-crossing of the P. mauritianus × P. australis hybrid (haplotype I) with P. australis haplotypes (M, M1, AD and AI) (Fig. 1). Given the high similarities in nuclear markers among haplotypes M, AD and AI, and their sympatry in Europe, it has not been possible to assign haplotype to the European alleles that introgressed into land-type Phragmites. For this reason, in Fig. 1, the dotted line refers to high nuclear similarities among haplotypes, which probably imply extensive gene flow. In this case, evidence against gene flow should be provided to exclude interbreeding.
Another interesting case suggesting gene exchange is given by the Greeny 2 genotypes of haplotype AD. Haplotype AD shares a mutation in the trnT-trnL region that appears exclusive to the native North American haplotypes, and shares the nuclear alleles with the Euroasiatic genotypes of haplotype M (Lambertini et al. 2012a). Further investigations of this group could reveal another history of hybridization.
Why has hybridization not been detected previously?
Since 2002, multiple papers have reported the failure to detect intra- or interspecific breeding in the genus Phragmites (e.g. Saltonstall 2002, 2011; Meyerson et al. 2010a, b) in the wild, despite evidence that it can occur (Meyerson et al. 2010a). Paul et al. (2010) detected possible hybrids in Canadian populations where native and introduced lineages are sympatric, but recombining alleles, providing evidence of interbreeding between the two lineages, have not been found. Recent studies by Chu et al. (2011) and Lambertini et al. (2012a) have identified an explanation for this failure. Chu et al. detected hybrids between P. japonicus and P. australis in the sequences of the PhaHKT1 gene (high-affinity K+ transporter gene). Lambertini et al. detected two hybridization events between P. mauritianus and P. australis, one where P. mauritianus is the seed parent (in the Gulf Coast and South America) and one where P. australis is the seed parent (in Senegal), in nuclear DNA fragments amplified by the grass-waxy gene primers. Introgression in P. australis in the Gulf Coast was recognized by distinguishing ancestral alleles, shared with the native populations, from newly evolved alleles, shared among haplotypes in the Gulf Coast areas but absent in the native populations and therefore probably acquired by gene flow (Lambertini et al. 2012a). Lambertini et al.'s approach, involving a large geographic and taxonomic sampling and the integration of several DNA sources, showed that microsatellite data alone may fail to detect hybridization.
The reason for this failure may be our reliance on the original set of microsatellite primers specifically developed by Saltonstall (2003) to study variation in the nuclear DNA of P. australis in North America. These markers were designed based on variation in the Euroasiatic introduced haplotype M (Saltonstall 2011), and therefore may not be optimally transferrable across species (Barbara et al. 2007) and across Phragmites haplotypes. Meyerson et al. (2010a) produced hybrids with native chloroplast but detected alleles from the Euroasiatic lineage using the microsatellite primers, yet the same microsatellites did not detect native alleles when the hybrid had a chloroplast from the Euroasiatic lineage. Microsatellites specifically designed for the maternal and paternal lineages should optimally be combined to detect hybrids (Symonds et al. 2010). However, this will only increase the support for hybridization hypotheses and will not provide compelling evidence, at least until a sufficiently wide part of the genome can be screened for hybridization. Other approaches, like the aforementioned PhaHKT1 gene or the grass-waxy primers, may work but more markers need to be developed to detect Phragmites hybrids. Until then, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) appear to be a simple and low-cost solution (Lambertini et al. 2006, 2012a; Kettenring and Mock 2012) to evaluate hybridization on a case-by-case basis in combination with microsatellites or other nuclear markers. Technical advances to the protocol introduced by Vos et al. (1995) have presented new opportunities for data analysis (Bensch and Åkesson 2005; Meudt and Clarke 2007), among which are adaptations for the study of hybrids (Vela et al. 2011).
Another reason that microsatellites have failed to detect hybrids may be that polysomic variation (samples with more than two alleles at a microsatellite locus) has so far been largely disregarded. Microsatellite software programs are mostly designed for diploid organisms, so three or more co-dominant alleles cannot be analysed in two-entry matrices. Binary matrices are an alternative for the analysis of polysomic markers and a few programs for tetraploids have been developed (AUTOTET, Thrall and Young 2000; TETRA, Liao et al. 2008; TETRASAT, Markwith et al. 2006; ATETRA, van Puyvelde et al. 2010) and for polyploids with different ploidy levels (PopDist, Guldbrandsten et al. 2000). Given the different ways of handling heterozygotes, calculations of Fst statistics are determined according to ploidy level and should be taken into account when interpreting the results (van Tienderen and Meirmans 2012). While difficult to analyse, polysomic variation may in fact provide evidence of hybridization. Polysomies reflect genomes of recent polyploid origin (which might include F1 hybrids and allopolyploids) that have not yet undergone diploidization (Otto and Whitton 2000) and/or that have somatic instability in chromosome number (Li et al. 2010). An excellent review on polyploidy, hybridization and invasion was recently published by te Beest et al. (2012).
Interbreeding between European and North American P. australis
Meyerson et al. (2010a) showed that no phenological or genetic barriers existed between the North American native and European (M) lineages when the populations were hand-crossed. The recent work by Lambertini et al. (2012a) and the earlier evidence provided by Meyerson et al. (2010a) make the likelihood of conclusive evidence of wild hybrids of the North American and European lineages a near certainty. Saltonstall (2011) showed that despite multiple threats, the genetic diversity in extant populations of native P. australis in eastern North America is being maintained. However, it would be worthwhile to re-analyse these populations for evidence of gene flow using different molecular approaches.
Conclusions and forward look
Our understanding of the gene flow within and between species in the genus Phragmites is moving at a fast pace. The new approaches that have confirmed Phragmites hybridization in the Gulf Coast represent significant progress and promise to provide insights for Phragmites gene flow throughout North America. While the east coast of North America is likely to be a focal point for research because of the extensive sympatry of North American native and Eurasian introduced P. australis, the Great Lakes region, the southwest and west coast deserve more attention. Furthermore, we do not yet have data on how hybridization will affect vigour, morphology and invasiveness of the introduced types or alter conservation strategies for the native Phragmites lineage, but these clearly warrant additional investigations, as highlighted by Schierenbeck and Ellstrand in their 2009 review of hybridization and invasion. In addition, there is a need to develop new markers for the different Phragmites species and lineages.
The lack of a published standardized classification system has resulted in a confused nomenclature. Several sequences are deposited in GenBank that are identified using letters that should indicate haplotype but do not follow the classification system implemented by Saltonstall (2002) and therefore are misleading and can be misinterpreted. In addition, often only one of the two sequences needed to identify Phragmites haplotypes is deposited (e.g. either trn-T or rbc-L) and no indication of the haplotype of the other sequence is provided in GenBank or in publications. Therefore, haplotypes already deposited in GenBank should be revised as needed and meta-data, such as information on the sample collection site, would be helpful.
Furthermore, Phragmites researchers must reach consensus on whether the microsatellite variations in the trnT-trnL and rbcL-psaI regions that are frequently detected constitute new haplotypes (requiring new labels) or whether the cp-microsatellite variants simply represent intra-haplotype variation. In the latter case, these variants should also be coded consistently. Finally, developing an accessible common published classification system would greatly increase the understanding of Phragmites distribution and phylogeography worldwide. While K. Saltonstall and C. Lambertini (pers. commun.) have begun to examine this issue, contributions from the wider research community would make this effort more robust.
A revision of the taxonomic and systematic classification of Phragmites is also needed, but also needed are morphological characters and nuclear markers to describe and identify Phragmites hybrids. It is especially relevant to further investigate DNA variation within haplotypes, particularly within haplotype I, which was recently shown to hybridize liberally (Lambertini et al. 2012a, b). These missing pieces of the puzzle are critical to ascertain the most appropriate classification system for species that readily interbreed and cannot be classified into separate species based on biological species concept (i.e. reproductive barriers, Mayr 1942).
The genus Phragmites is an excellent model system for studying ecology, evolution and species invasions, and is particularly interesting from the perspective of inter- and intraspecific hybridization and reverse evolution. Dogged pursuit by researchers to solve the issues raised in this paper will yield insights and opportunities for future studies.
Sources of funding
Funding for this paper was provided in part to L.A.M. by the US National Science Foundation DEB Award 1049914; the Fulbright Commission of the United States and the Czech Republic; and the University of Rhode Island College of Environment and Life Sciences Agricultural Experiment Station Project RI00H-332, 311000-6044. Funding to C.L. was provided by the Danish Council for Independent Research, Natural Sciences project 10-083195. Funding to M.K.M. and D.F.W. was provided in part by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – Center for Sponsored Coastal Ocean Research grant #NA09NOS4780214.
Contributions by the authors
L.A.M. and C.L. contributed the greatest effort to early drafts of the manuscript, but all authors contributed to the various revisions. All authors have seen and agreed to the submitted manuscript.
Conflict of interest statement
None declared.
L.A.M. wishes to thank Professor Petr Pyšek at the Institute of Botany in the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic for support. C.L. thanks Hans Brix at the Department of Bioscience, Plant Biology, Aarhus University, for postdoctoral support.


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Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition for Tobit Models
In this paper, a decomposition method for Tobit-models is derived, which allows the differences in a censored outcome variable between two groups to be decomposed into a part that is explained by differences in observed characteristics and a part attributable to differences in the estimated coefficients. The method is applied to a decomposition of the gender wage gap using German data.
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- Fairlie, Robert, 2014.
"The Absence of the African-American Owned Business: An Analysis of the Dynamics of Self-Employment,"
Santa Cruz Department of Economics, Working Paper Series
qt49c4n0fg, Department of Economics, UC Santa Cruz.
- Fairlie, Robert W, 1999. "The Absence of the African-American Owned Business: An Analysis of the Dynamics of Self-Employment," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 17(1), pages 80-108, January.
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