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Are you looking for Real Estate in Mornington Peninsula? Hotfrog showcases 415 popular businesses related to Real Estate near Mornington Peninsula! Find a specific suburb using the left navigation.
- 14-Oct-2012
- 18-Oct-2010
- 06-Oct-2010
Mornington, VIC
Biggin & Scott Real Estate â Looking for a Local Mornington Real Estate Agent? If you are looking for Mornington Real Estate Agents in Melbourne, Victoria â or advice on buying, selling or renting real estate in Morn…
Estate AgentsEstate AgentReal Estate AgentsReal Estate Agencies
Frankston, VIC
Proudly independent, for more than ten years Andrew Milne Real Estate
has been setting the standard for exceptional real estate service and
results in Frankston and the surrounding areas. Contact us when buying, selling …
Estate AgentsReal Estate AgentsReal Estate AgenciesReal Estate Management
Jacobs & Lowe Real Estate is your friendly real estate agent in Mornington, Victoria. We are the largest rental management business on the Mornington Peninsula, alongside one of the most dynamic and experienced sales and…
Real Estate for SaleProperty
Hastings, VIC
MC Real Estate is a dynamic company which was established in 2005 by Principal Michael Curry. Michael began his Real Estate career in 2000 and over this time has become well renowned in the local area for expert persona…
Estate PropertyReal Estate AgentsReal Estate ManagementProperties
Harcourts Frankston Real Estate473 Nepean HighwayFrankston Victoria 3199 We are the auction professionals with great results through our comprehensive marketing campaigns
Property ManagementMarketing
Your No.1 Real Estate Portal. Search for current and sold real estate listings advertised by agents right across Australia. Find a wide range of properties including houses, units, townhouses, vilas, businesses, factorie…
Homes for RentHomes for SaleRural PropertyCommercial Property
DROMANA, Vic
Russell Ord Bay Real Estate is a locally owned and independently operated Real Estate Office As we are independents we can offer huge savings on fees and advertising, we are not forced to outlay enormous amount…
Estate RentalEstate AgentRural for SaleReal Estate Agencies
Mount Martha, Vic
Hayes Real Estate is a professional, boutique agency specialising in one on one service, in all aspects of Real Estate
Mount Eliza, VIC
Prime Staff Solutions is a new recruitment company that specialises in Administration and Real Estate recruitment. Servicing Bayside to the Mornington Peninsula, the Company offers a specialised service for the Real Es…
Real Estate RecruitmentReal Estate CareersPrimeOnline Recruitment Centre
Balnarring, VIC
Satchwells Real Estate have a long and proud association with the Mornington Peninsula famous as Melbourne's playground – with it's sandy beaches, mosaic of farmland, wineries, restaurants, and gol…
Office NetworkSales Staff
Mornington, Vic
Honor Baxter Real Estate established ten years ago and have a reputation as a team of local gals who are passionate about real estate, have strong technical building knowledge .. Honor Baxter Real Estate was est…
Rural for SaleReal Estate ManagementCommercial Land for SaleResidential Rentals
Mccrae, VIC
Sandra Dunbar Real Estate was established in 2004 by Sandra Dunbar DIP.PROP.CEA
Community Real Estate is a new and exciting concept in the real estate industry What is Community Real Estate all about The business is designed and built on relationships with the local community and it i…
Real Estate IndustryResidences
Real Estate Your Way | Sell My House | Private Real Estate Sales and Rentals | For Sale By Owner | Free Property Listing |Sell without agent
PropertiesPrivate Real EstateReal Estate AgentHouse Prices
Frankston, Vic
Glenn Ryan Real Estate Frankston and Peninsula
Real Estate SalesReal Estate AgentReal Estate ListingsFlats
Rosebud, VIC
Whether you are buying, selling or renting property, at Norris First National Rosebud - We put you first., Local area specialists for real estate in Rosebud you can count on First National Real Estate
Estate RentalReal Estate SalesHome SalesProperty Appraisal
Abel Real Estate is committed to maintaining the highest possible standard that has seen the company gain wide respect in the Frankston community Abel Real Estate has two offices on Nepean Highway Frankston …
Austin Real Estate are your real estate professionals. We are committed to providing you with outstanding service no matter whether you are buying, selling or renting in the residential or commercial real estate markets.…
Real Estate Property SalesEstate PropertyEstate AgentsReal Estate Agents
Dromana, VIC
Along with one of the most attractive commission structures on the Mornington Peninsula, Paul Keating Real Estate has been continuing its success by keeping things simple, honest and efficient At Paul Keating Re…
Estate AgentsReal Estate Agents
Bayside Real Estate Agents offer services throughout Frankston, VIC including real estate for sale, residential, commercial and rural property to buy, rent and lease
Commercial and Rural PropertyEstate AgentsReal Estate AgentsReal Estate Management
Two Bays Real Estate - Licensed Estate Agents, Property Management, Auctioneers based in Mount Eliza & serving the Mornington Peninsula. Two Bays Real Estate have a highly experienced and ethical team, committed in provi…
Frankston South and Seaford Real Estate, First National Baycity,selling all types of real estate property in the Frankston and Currum Downs of Melbourne Vic Australia. Listings include homes, land, villas, townhouses and…
Types of Real EstateEstate PropertyCommercial Property RentalsReal Estate Management
Bittern, VIC
View select range of Australia's finest lifestyle properties including coastal real estate, beachfront property, rural properties, wineries for sale, and horse realestate
Real Estate ManagementRealestateFeatured PropertyLifestyle Property
Barry Marshall Real Estate offers a range of Real Estate services with particular emphasis on the buying or leasing of properties in East & South East Melbourne
Real Estate OffersEstate AgentsEstate ServicesEstate Agent
Rye, Vic
Selling Real Estate on the Mornington Peninsula and helping to improve people's lifestyle by providing local knowledge and advice
PropertiesReal Estate AgentProperty MarketingProperty
Beachfront Real EstateOffice NetworkSales Staff
To improve the lives of those around us by being expert negotiators and protectors of our clients' interests and real estate. We are committed to doing what is right and take pride in creating opportunities for our staf…
Real Estate SalesRealestateProperty ManagementRental Properties
Welcome to First National Real Estate Tallon
Mornington Peninsula Real Estate Agent, Mornington Peninsula Lifestyle Property - Paton Estate
Estate AgentReal Estate AgentsReal Estate AgenciesReal Estate Management
Inhance is an established furniture retailer, furniture Hirer mainly to real estate marketers, interior design, and showroom located in mornington.
Home StylingFurniture HireFurniture PackagesStyling
Langwarrin, VIC
Stockdale & Leggo Real Estate. Houses for sale and for rent throughout Australia
Homes to LetEstate AgentReal Estate AgentsReal Estate Agencies
Real Estate Agents. Offering services for residential and commercial clients, buying, selling and renting.
Ray White offer a full range of real estate services, including sales, rentals and leasing.
New Zealand Real EstateEstate ServicesEstate AgentReal Estate Agencies
Rosebud West, VIC
Real Estate Agent on the Mornington Peninsula who offers free Market Appraisals who sells and rents lifestyle properties in Sorrento, Blairgowrie, Rye, St Andrews Beach, Tootgarook, Rosebud West, Rosebud, Rosebud South, …
RealestateReal Estate AgentProperty for RentProperty for Lease
Real Estate Services - Mornington Peninusla Real Estate | VIC
Hastings, Vic
Baywest Real Estate is an Agency in Hastings on the Mornington Peninsula with expertise as Rental Property Agents, Sales and high standards in Property Management
Property Management
Real estate agent in Frankston are.
I offer an unparalleled level of service, knowledge and expertise in Frankston area.
Real Estate Agent
Paton Estate Agents are the ones to turn to for lifestyle property on the Mornington Peninsula. They have years of experience selling coastal and rural properties in the area, providing clients with the very best of serv…
Estate Agent
Mount Martha, VIC
Abode Mt Martha - Real Estate Agent. We spend 100% of our time dealing with buyers and sellers for Mt Martha Property. The only exclusively Mt Martha Real Estate Agent. 100% focused and committed to the Mt Martha area
Specialist Real EstateEstate ExperiencePropertiesReal Estate Agent
Real Estate Green Guide a blog featuring brief posts on interesting articles and other stuff we've come across on the Web, in print and elsewhere regarding real estate and real estate related articles
Can't find Real Estate company near near Mornington Peninsula? Let us know by adding the missing business here.
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Full profile →'">
The author is a Forbes contributor. The opinions expressed are those of the writer.
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Heinz (HNZ) was downgraded by UBS (UBS) from buy to neutral with a price target of $62, as momentum in the U.S. market remains slow and is not likely to accelerate in the near future.
Shares are slightly lower in early trading.
Owens Corning (OC) was downgraded by Citigroup (C) from buy to neutral with a price target of $48, as the stock price is approaching the previously set target.
Shares are lower by about seven tenths of a percent.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Forum Posts, Moderating, Reporting, etc. 12/20/2016The Report function of the forum works well. If you see someone acting up, acting out, or just being an okole, use the Report function. It works! I have it set up so it not only sends me an email, but that email is then marked with a flag, and get's put to the top of my email list. I will try to access/look at the report/topic as soon as possible, but remember, I'm on a six hour time delay, and other mods not only have a life, but a real job as well. k den
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About Petetrucker07
MCM Ohana
- Birthday 10/08/1982
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Previous Fields
- Scale I Build 1/24 and 1/25
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- Location Hesperia, Ca
- Full Name Clayton Scheiber
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Petetrucker07's Activity
Petetrucker07 added a post in a topic Michael Schumacher in a coma after a ski accidentI heard that report about him possibly walking while watching the F1 race this past weekend. I thought it seemed kinda odd since all the secrecy around his condition. I think it was Saturday qualifying I heard that.
Petetrucker07 added a post in a topic Mack DM 600The gold Bulldog used to represent "Pure Bred". All Mack, suspension, trans, engine, axles, everything. Who knows now that Volvo has Mack.
Petetrucker07 added a post in a topic What cool trucks (rigs or pick ups) have you seen lately?Saw these 2 last week on my to Vegas. I was loaded (80000 lbs) climbin a hill, they were light or empty.
Took a couple pics of some new trucks at Peterbilt on Monday last week. The mint green and yellow trucks are sister trucks. The VINs are in sequence. They both have 500 horse Cummins with 18 speeds. The cream and brown truck has a 500 Cummins and a 13 speed with air ride Reyco and no axle blocks on the steer. I sat in the yellow truck. It is a really nice truck. Comfy leather seats and a HOOD!
Petetrucker07 added a post in a topic What did you see on the road today?Saw this today, cruising in Modesto.
Petetrucker07 added a post in a topic Mack DM 600What you have done so far looks great. Black is the common color from factory. Most chassis roll off the line black and then if ordered a different color, it's then painted before the cab and other things are assembled. The red is a nice choice, and a black frame would look like it just rolled out of the factory.
Petetrucker07 added a post in a topic 1/25 scale 445/50R-22.5 tires
Petetrucker07 added a post in a topic 1/25 scale 445/50R-22.5 tiresMoluminum.com
Double Replicas... http://kdhumphr.wixsite.com/double-take-replicas#!124-wheels-and-rims/c1f0g
Petetrucker07 added a post in a topic Calling it finishedThat is a good lookin 352. I really like the custom touches. Paint looks great.
Petetrucker07 added a post in a topic Another Bill Signs Pete....Oh boy, oh boy. That truck looks great man. My wife is gonna be made though. I gotta get another BST truck to build in another color. This looks great in blue. Congrats on the hardware.
Petetrucker07 added a post in a topic Rt-66 Cruisin Reunion - September 17, 2016
It's free, but show is over till next year.
Petetrucker07 added a post in a topic 1990 ford f350 7.3 4x4Nice work so far. Good to see you back building some bigger stuff.
Petetrucker07 added a post in a topic Jeff Lindstrom`s: 1930 Ford Model A -10 1/2 second race car on the "Work Bench" 9/10/16 "Finished pictures posted in the "Under Glass" section 11/5/16Awesome work. This is gonna be a really nice piece.
Happy Birthday.
Petetrucker07 added a post in a topic Help identifying this wreckerIt is a Vulcan unit, with metal cabinets. I'm not sure what the model number is though. There's a large tow company here in town that has a couple like that one.
Petetrucker07 added a post in a topic PayStar Service Truck My Way..Great lookin progress on this service truck. You don't see many off highway service truck around here.
I agree totally about Ryan's stuff. I should be receiving my order from him in a few days. Got more stacks, visors and bumpers. Love his stuff. With a guy like him the aftermarket, it sure makes building custom trucks better.
Petetrucker07 added a post in a topic How did you get started in model building?I was about 4 when I watched my dad build me the Mack firetruck snapkit. I was amazed that the pile of parts turned into a firetruck. Then I think I was around 8 when I built my first kit myself. It was an AMT 67 Camaro. I painted it dark blue, no decals, I didn't know how to do them. I think I learned how to do decals around 12 or so. I took a break for about 10 years, then picked it up again about 3 years ago.


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Kocer Beach Hotel
Find Hotel Rates
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Wego searches multiple travel sites so you can find and compare the best rates.
Kocer Beach Hotel Hotel Reviews
Based on reviews from across the web.
Kocer Beach Hotel Hotel Details
Situated on the seafront of Marmaris, this hotel offers a private beach area equipped with sun loungers and parasols, and an outdoor pool. All its rooms offer a balcony and sea views.Featuring parquet floors, the rooms of Kocer Beach Hotel are equipped with air conditioning, refrigerator and a safe box. They also include a seating area and a TV with satellite channels.The day starts with an open buffet breakfast at Hotel Kocer Beach. For lunch and dinner, the à la carte restaurant serves dishes from Turkish and international cuisine. The bar offers a variety of drinks.Marmaris city centre is 2 km from the hotel. Dalaman Airport is within 100 km.


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An icy wind, which can freeze the most stouthearted citizen, is blowing on Clint City. Their courage and valiance will be put to severe test this week. Be ready to fight!
This icy wind has been blowing since one day and a night in Clint City and the negative effects can be felt already… The Piranas are confined to their quarters, the Jungo put back their winter hair and the Ulu Watu gave up their jaunts on the beach.
The frost provokes several technical accidents through the city ; the counter panics and causes the temperature to plummet.
With the damages done in DT, the damages done in DM / ELO / Survivor modes are now also counted.


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Lot 113: Apollo 13 Crew patch
U.S. Space Walk of Fame Museum Charity Space Memorabilia fundraising auction #2
by Space Walk of Fame
29 October 2016
Titusville, FL, USALive Auction
Looking for the realised and estimated price?
Description: Apollo 13 original crew patch in pristine condition
Notes: JR-1
Browse more items


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Deluxe Boa black redItem #: 15604
Fitting for this:
Add the product directly to your basket by clicking the checkbox
Add the product directly to your basket by clicking the checkbox
Deluxe Boa black red
Sexy costume accessory for your fancy dress
This Deluxe Boa black and red serves as a costume accessory for sexy costumes.Also on theme parties and drag shows are always gladly seen feather boas.
The Deluxe Boa black-red consists of elegant black and red ostrich feathers and is a hot accessory for showgirls of all kinds.The luxurious costume accessory is about180 cm long and promises in connection with our Glitter nail polish red and the sexy Fishnet Tights envious glances.Matching sexy costumes for our Deluxe Boa black red you see here at the Horror Shop.
- Delivery: 1x Deluxe Boa black red
- Color: Black red
- Size: approx. 180cm
- Material: 100% ostrich feathers


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Bug fix - php, ajax, jquery
- Status Closed
- Budget $15 - $20 USD
- Total Bids 8
Project Description
At form submission (through jquery) a div tag gets refreshed successfully, however the elements in an iframe DHTML window also get reloaded (it could be that the whole page gets reloaded as well), which should not occur.
A knowledgeable programmer can have this minor issue done quickly.
**IMPORTANT:** Please quote "pineapple" for your bid to be considered. Server logins and ftp logins are not available on this project - only select files to work on will be attached here, not the entire script. The employer will upload the changed files to the website. You will be however given full access to the members area of the site to test the code.
PLEASE, only workers with 5 successfully finished projects involving Ajax and jquery should bid. I do not wish to waste time on someone without experience.
This is only a small part of a large project. Performing a great job will render you steady flow of work.
If anything is unclear or you need more details please do not hesitate to ask.
Thank you.
## Deliverables
* * *This broadcast message was sent to all bidders on Sat. Jun 18, 2011 6:16:13 AM:
Gzeus changed the ExpertRating requirements on this project from:
(None selected)
Advanced PHP Test
* * *This broadcast message was sent to all bidders on Mon. Jul 4, 2011 8:59:15 AM:
Gzeus changed the ExpertRating requirements on this project from:
(None selected)
AJAX TestGet free quotes for a project like this
Skills Required
Looking to make some money?
- Set your budget and the timeframe
- Outline your proposal
- Get paid for your work
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Being one of the most important criteria for website analytics, bounce rate is definitely a thing that website administrator needs to pay close attention to. Visitors who bounce of the page in most cases didn't find what they were looking for. Some of the most common reasons for high bounce rate are: Loading and Error Issues Poor Content Poor Design …Read More »
Home » Tag Archives: google analytics


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Your wedding dress is most likely your most important wedding purchase, and buying it may be quite an event. Here are some ideas to think about when selecting your wedding gown:
Selecting your bridal dress
Dress shopping should be a satisfying experience
However several women are disappointed the very first time they're going wedding dress shopping. Confusion over session times, trial garments that donât fit, relentless look assistants, and dream clothes that look horrible when theyâre tried on, can all merge to make a buying trip from hell.
Be sure you give yourself the required time for purchasing, and can include enjoyable components such as lunch and beverages as well as store visits. If you donât experience entirely more comfortable with the fitters at the bridal shop, donât worry about walking away. A wedding gown is actually a substantial expenditure, so accessories should make every effort to indulge you and allow you to feel truly special and appreciated. A seasoned trimmer must be able to suggest styles that will match your body design, even though you havenât considered them before.
Match your outfit to your wedding-style
Look at the kind of wedding you would like to have when you are picking your attire. If you would like to read a lot more concerning this visit fashion.Which year maybe you have picked? Will it be a formal night affair, or possibly a relaxed beach celebration? Have you been marriage in a yard spot, or a building? If you are having a themed wedding you would possibly need to produce your gown part of that topic. About the other hand some women venture out in order to find the ideal costume and utilize that to influence their wedding theme.
Wedding gowns
Understand what flatters your body type
There are many styles and pieces of weddingdress that there'll continually be anything to suit your body shape. The main element would be to choose a thing that will highlight your very best capabilities, while attracting attention far from the parts you arenât so thinking about. Remember these tips:
Empire line clothes will lengthen short legs
Decreased waist gowns may pay for a quick stomach
V necks have become slimming and ideal for larger broken brides
Detail and obtained substance at the bust is excellent for flatter boxes
Outside lines expand the body and straight lines elongate it
Donât be tempted to try to cover the areas of the human body you donât like under levels of structured fabric as this can just attract awareness of them and give an overall chunky perception. However, ensure your costume isnât also revealing when you donât want to be selfconscious all-day, and you also donât desire your wedding pictures to be something you later flinch over.
Many brides create the error of shopping for a that's too small with the idea of dieting involved with it. Although you will certainly drop some weight ahead of the fashion wedding, you are impossible to reduce entire dress measurements, therefore it is much better to buy a gown that fits and strategy plenty of accessories near the special day to make any required changes.
Select your own personal style over high-fashion
In case you obtain a costume that is really stylish it is possible to assure it'll date your wedding pictures, also it may avoid you wanting as bridal as you want. In place of selecting a bridal dress since it is stylish, select one that you love which allows you to look and feel wonderful. It's safer to incorporate your very own figure into a basic outfit utilizing jewelry, sneakers along with other extras, than to take a wedding attire straight off the wedding catwalks and regret it later.


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Stephen Davidson, 43, has had a long career in investment banking, but it was his stint at Telewest from 1993 to 1998 which really made his name, overseeing the consolidation of the UK cable industry. At WestLB Panmure he will be joining Lorna Tilbian, its well known head of research in the media and entertainment sector.
- More about:
- Banking
- Investment Banks
- Mergers And Acquisitions
- Panmure


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© Copyright 2017 Gadzookziie Spice 99. All rights reserved.
Status: Finished
Genre: Poetry
It's fantastic and kinda creepy but it shows that we're all hiding something great job.
Some dark thoughts about ones self and I have had them myself..But you are not alone and while you are writing there is still life...
Book / Fantasy
Book / Fantasy
Paste the link to picture in the entry below:
Paste the link to Youtube video in the following entry:
Cannot annotate a non-flat selection. Make sure your selection starts and ends within the same node.
An annotation cannot contain another annotation.
There was an error uploading your file.


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Google App script: Using using UI service (javascirpt) with google spreadsheet as database
This project received 4 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $141 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project BudgetN/A
Total Bids4
Project Description
I need someone to work with me or help me with existing code google app script (javascript) to read, write from/to google spreadsheet from google site site UI service in google site
Simple task. I'll provide the database google spreadsheets + some code, and layout of the project.
put it this way someone to modify some javascript code in 1 .gs file at [url removed, login to view] that's it should not take you longer than 30 mins. ( i think 15 mins for the right person) so please bid low it's should only be 15 mins - 30 mins. the code is already written.
If this person could do this in 15 mins, I'll consider to hire you in future help out projects (bigger)
send me some link to your previous code that you've done with google app scripts.
Skills Required
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Viewer's Guide: Round of 32 gets underway after terrific two days
More: NCAA Tourney News | Bracket Hub | Expert Brackets
My memory isn't the world's best, but I can't remember a better Round of 64 than we had this season. There were multiple double-digit upsets, tons of great finishes, memorable moments, etc. I will say it lacked a multitude of amazing buzzer-beaters, but game-tying four-point plays at the end of regulation certainly tide me over. And now we enter what could one of the better NCAA Tournament weekends we've seen in awhile. Not much separates these squads.
Note: All times are Eastern.
No. 1 Florida vs. No. 9 Pittsburgh (12:15 p.m., CBS): The Panthers were one of the most impressive teams during the Round of 64, absolutely steamrolling Colorado in the 8/9 matchup. Meanwhile, Florida let Albany hang around for too long before pulling away down the stretch. The key could be Pittsburgh's outside shooting. The Panthers might find it difficult to score inside against Florida's interior defense, so they need to extend and spread out the Gators. Florida has to attack the offensive glass and get Michael Frazier going.
No. 4 Louisville vs. No. 5 Saint Louis (2:45 p.m., CBS): Neither team looked all that impressive on Thursday, with Louisville needing a late run to overtake Manhattan and Saint Louis having to go on a monumental run to take down North Carolina State in overtime. Tempo will be the big factor on Saturday. Saint Louis has to take care of the ball and not allow Louisville to get out in transition. Moreover, the Billikens have to hope their late offensive momentum carries over.
No. 2 Michigan vs. No. 7 Texas (5:15 p.m., CBS): Two very different styles. Michigan wants to spread the floor, take 3-pointers, play mostly in the half-court, and get some transition opportunities when the opening presents itself. Texas likes to push the ball, use its size inside, and attack the rim. Can the Longhorns guard the Wolverines' crew of shooters and scorers on the perimeter? Can Michigan handle Cameron Ridley and co. down low? The clash of personnel and strategy makes for a fun game.
No. 4 San Diego State vs. No. 12 North Dakota State (6:10 p.m., TNT): This one will be interesting, with both teams coming off overtime wins in the Round of 64. At one end, San Diego State will have to knock down perimeter shots against the North Dakota State pack-line defense. The other end is more intriguing, though. North Dakota State is one of the most efficient and accurate offenses in the country -- while San Diego State's length and size make the Aztecs a dominant defense.
No. 3 Syracuse vs. No. 11 Dayton (7:10 p.m., TBS): Syracuse seemingly snapped out of its funk against Western Michigan, although Dayton will pose a stiffer test. The Flyers got the NCAA Tournament off to a rousing start with its win over Ohio State on Thursday afternoon. Dayton will be able to spread out the 2-3 zone and knock down shots, but it has to be able to care of the ball. At the other end, the Flyers have to continue doing an excellent job on the defensive glass.
No. 2 Wisconsin vs. No. 7 Oregon (7:45 p.m., CBS): This game does have some upset potential -- although it comes down to which side is hitting its outside shots and getting to the free-throw line. Oregon struggled from outside against BYU, but it went to the free-throw line 36 times and constantly attacked off the bounce. That could give Wisconsin some issues on the perimeter. At the other end, Wisconsin will put out at least four players at all times that can make jumpers. Will Oregon be disciplined?
No. 4 Michigan State vs. No. 12 Harvard (8:40 p.m., TNT): Harvard was one of the big stories of Thursday, as the Crimson took down a top-five seed for the second season in a row. They outplayed Cincinnati from start to finish, and will be up to the task against Michigan State. The Spartans received a career performance from Adreian Payne in the Round of 64, as he scored 41 points and dominated. Harvard has no answer for Payne on the inside, but it also has to defend the perimeter.
No. 2 Villanova vs. No. 7 Connecticut (9:40 p.m., TBS): An old-school Big East clash. Big guys won't be the focus in this one at all, as Villanova is led by a couple of matchup problems at the forward position in James Bell and JayVaughn Pinkston, while Connecticut counters with the dynamite backcourt duo of Shabazz Napier and Ryan Boatright. DeAndre Daniels needs to play well again on Saturday, as he needs to match Pinkston's physicality. Whichever team gets hot from 3-point range will likely win this one.


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Vichy LiftActiv Derm Source NightRs. 2,35150ml+Vichy Aqualia Thermal Night SpaRs. 1,69075ml
Rs. 4,040 Rs. 4,040
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- Description
Quick Overview
A new understanding of anti-ageing. VICHY scientists have identified the Derm Source as one of the most important layers of the skin in determining skins youthfulness. Activity that takes place in the Derm Source has a powerful effect throughout the upper layers of the skin. Its the driving force behind the renewal of epidermal skin cells, skin fibres and vital connections between the superficial skin layers.
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How to use product
Apply in the evening on clean face skin, avoiding the eye area.
Explore a wide range ofNight Cream online here.
Expiry Date : Click Here February 2019
All our products are far from expiry, and procured directly from the brand/authorized resellers of the brand.
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this is my mom's new found love and she totally loves using it.. give it a shot.. :)
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Message board »Message Board home »Sign-in or register to get startedOnline now: 5 members: Michael Softball, SSUSA Staff, Serv, bond_171513, galasater; 87 anonymous
Details for Perl
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Messages posted by Perl »Message board home »Start a new discussion
|, July 10, 2014
|Topic: General and miscellaneous
Discussion: Patty Mac
To the friends of Patty Mac. Pat is having some health problems and while he is expecting a full recovery right now he is feeling pretty rough. Keep Pat in your prayers and if you'd like you can give him a call at 850.324.0314
I'm sure hearing from his softball brothers will help in his getting well.
|, June 18, 2014
|Topic: General and miscellaneous
Discussion: Hitting
BP, if Bruce says it I'm listening. He's a great hitter.
Know and trust your swing
Pitch selection
Be aggressive but under control
Hit your pitch and good things will happen
|, June 6, 2014
|Topic: General and miscellaneous
Discussion: Pickle Juice
Dill pickle juice is the ticket. Often at tournaments they have a big jar of pickles. Asked for a cup of ice filled with the pickle juice. Really works.
|, May 27, 2014
|Topic: General and miscellaneous
Discussion: thinking of retireing from tourney ball
Chances are it you quit playing ball you will pick up something else to do like golf, fishing, hunting, etc. All hobbies cost and take time. If you have lost your love for the game or feel the negatives outweigh the positives maybe you should hang it up. Good luck with your decision,
|, May 23, 2014
|Topic: General and miscellaneous
Discussion: Tee-shirts or other prizes?
Hitman (Jim), totally agree, the awards left a lot to be desired. Congratulations on you guys win and your MVP. I heard you were 24 for 25 or something like that. Keep it up and we'll see in Maryville or Marietta.
|, May 22, 2014
|Topic: Tournaments
Discussion: SPA drops the ball.
I don't think the SPA dropped the ball. With the cost to rent fields, pay umpires, purchase awards and other costs if they don't get enough teams they are forced to cancel. It stinks that priceline wouldn't refund your money and you didn't get to play but I can't see how you blame the organization.
|, May 11, 2014
|Topic: Tournaments
Discussion: tourney florida
Unfortunately the website is not working. They have placed the 65 Majors teams with the 60 AAA.
You guys play the Hitmen Friday at 9:30. You play at 11:00 and 2:00 but I don't know who.
|, May 8, 2014
|Topic: General and miscellaneous
Discussion: Bill Gore
Yes, this is the same Bill Gore. The Hulbert team was a great team, Gore could hit it then and still wears it out.
|, May 6, 2014
|Topic: General and miscellaneous
Discussion: Pensacola Brothers
The seniors also get together on Tuesday and Thursday mornings at Exchange. We meet at 8:00am for BP and play a game starting at 9:00. Keep in mind the level of play may not be what you're accustomed to but we still have fun.
JT, hope all is going well. Did you guys win Cartersville?
|, May 2, 2014
|Topic: Bats
Discussion: Bat Makers
I believe if you look in the dugouts what you'll see are more Mikens than all other companies combined. Combat has done a great job. DeMarini, Worth, Easton, TPS and others are vying for a piece of the market which is good for the game. Miken has a big advantage since they started everything with the Ultra II and built a huge fan base.
|, March 19, 2014
|Topic: General and miscellaneous
Discussion: Any results from Montgomery
Great seeing you too. Your TSC team will make some serious noise this season and you will be a big addition to the team. Welcome to senior softball, you will love it.
I am glad we're not playing U-trip. You always made it tough to hit the fast ball. Hope to see you soon.
|, March 16, 2014
|Topic: Bats
Discussion: Senior Easton
Joe, congrats on your win this weekend. You guys were really hitting it well.
Enjoyed meeting your daughter, she is a real sweetheart.
|, March 4, 2014
|Topic: General and miscellaneous
Discussion: Softballs to the Osan Group in Korea....
Big E
Thanks for taking the lead on this most worthy endeavor. I know the troops appreciate your and the others support.
Look forward to seeing you and the Monarchs in Montgomery.
God Bless
|, Feb. 23, 2014
|Topic: Bats
Discussion: Miken new senior bat-----ULTTOC 2014 Ultra-2 Max
Eurskine, glad to hear you're recovery is going well and look forward to seeing you in Montgomery. I hope you and the Monarchs have a great season.
Lefty, Joe you guys should be loaded. Are you playing 60 Major +
|, Feb. 23, 2014
|Topic: Players looking to join a team
Discussion: Looking to play with a 60
Is this Ray from Ft. Walton? If so this guy can play and is a great team mate. Ray Ray, if this is indeed, you good luck on finding someone to play with.
|, Feb. 23, 2014
|Topic: Bats
Discussion: Miken new senior bat-----ULTTOC 2014 Ultra-2 Max
Patty Mac and I hit this bat last week and it seemed extremely stiff. The ball didn't carry as well as the senior bats or U-trip bats we were swinging. This was a new bat so it could possibly wakeup but initially not impressed.
I hear your surgery went well and your home. Look forward to seeing you in Montgomery big man.
|, Feb. 20, 2014
|Topic: General and miscellaneous
Discussion: Dennis Wiley
I am so sorry to hear about the loss of Dennis, your husband and best friend. We can tell from your message that Dennis loved softball but more importantly he was a man of faith.
May GOD Bless you and yours during this most trying time.
|, Jan. 28, 2014
|Topic: Bats
Discussion: Bat Info needed
The Worth ESTs were very good.
I liked the blue model and a lot of guys like the black version.
There are many on ebay.
|, Jan. 24, 2014
|Topic: General and miscellaneous
Discussion: Swing Makeover #12.Using a Double Knobcuff for max power and the 70's Senior Bomb Squad from St. Petersburg, Fl
Airbosn, Lenny you are absolutely right, those guys can still hit it. Hit with Jake Woods a couple days ago and the old Detroit Tiger hit a couple in the 325-350 range.
Something cool about Jake, in 1961, his rookie season with the Tigers he had 17 doubles, 14 triples, 11 HRs, and 69 RBIs. If it wasn't for his .258 BA he may have been Rookie of the year.
Jakes brother, Richard, was an All American linebacker at USC and played in the NFL for 10 years.
Some good genetics in the Woods family.
|, Jan. 22, 2014
|Topic: Players looking to join a team
Discussion: TOURNAMENT OF CHAMPIONS
The Answer
It stinks that you aren't going to get to play in the TOC. Hopefully you and your son will spend many more days together at the ballpark.
May GOD BLESS your family with a miracle.


text:
Kancelaria Radców Prawnych Koza – Nessmann – Tajak – Mura Sp. p. legal advisers' office was founded in 2005. It is currently run by six partners – legal advisers: Wojciech Koza, Ewa Nessmann, Grzegorz Tajak, Grzegorz Mura, Michał Jeziorski and Gabriela Duda.
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ESP-LTD EC10 2 Tone Sunburst Electric Guitar This sculpted single-cutaway basswood axe is ready for action. A set of LH-100 pickups provide sonic firepower via 3-way toggle while the Tune-o-matic-style bridge with stopbar tailpiece keeps you locked in tune. The bolt-on maple neck with a thin, U-shaped profile plays fast and the 24-3/4" scale rosewood fretboard makes note-bending easier. Check the drop-down menu to the right to select colors and/or other options. Features


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 6, 1993
|Filing date
|Jun 3, 1992
|Priority date
|Sep 21, 1990
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Allan J. Zuckerwar, Frank W. Cuomo, William E. Robbins
|Original Assignee
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (25), Classifications (19), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention described herein was made by employees of the United States Government and an contractor employee during the performance of work under a NASA Grant. In accordance with 35 U.S.C. 202, the contractor elected not to retain title.
This is a divisional of copending application Ser. No. 07/586,369 filed on Sep. 21, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,146,083.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to fiber optic sensors, and in particular, to fiber optic microphones for measuring fluctuating pressures.
2. Description of the Related Art
Fiber optic pressure sensors are known and fall primarily into either of two categories: interferometric sensors or intensity-modulated sensors (fiber optic lever). Interferometric sensors respond to a change of phase of light in a sensing fiber relative to that in a reference fiber. The fiber optic lever, on the other hand, responds to changes in intensity of the light reflected from a vibrating surface.
In the fiber optic lever, light from a light source is directed through a transmitting fiber, reflected from a mirror on a membrane, intercepted by receiving fiber(s), and detected by a light receptor. When the membrane vibrates, it modulates the intensity of the received light. A transfer coefficient of light, which is the ratio of total radiated light power from the proximal tip at the photodiode of the receiving fibers to the total incident power into the transmitting fiber, may be determined. The transfer coefficient is highly sensitive to the displacement between the mirror and the distal end of the fibers.
Since prior art fiber optic levers use either a massive optical reflector or an unstretched membrane as the pressure sensing element, they suffer limited frequency response. Further, those using an unstretched membrane have no means of damping the membrane motion to suppress sharp peaks in the frequency response Still further, these sensors lack means for on-line calibration.
Interferometric fiber optic sensors enjoy the advantage of higher sensitivity than known fiber optic levers, but in field applications suffer the serious disadvantage that they respond to vibration and thermal gradients along the entire length of the fibers. The fiber optic lever, on the other hand, is sensitive only to events taking place in the small gap between the distal end of the fibers and the mirror on the vibrating membrane.
Other sensors are known which are based upon a constitutive property such as piezoelectricity, piezo-resistance, or magnetostriction. For example, non-fiber optic pressure sensors include the piezoresistive transducer manufactured by Kulite Semiconductor Products, Inc. or Endevco Corp.; the piezoelectric transducer manufactured by PCB Piezotronics, Inc.; the ceramic microphone manufactured by General Radio Co.; and the condenser microphone manufactured by Bruel & Kjaer, Inc. These sensors are inherently low-temperature devices, although some commercially available sensors permit operation at moderately high temperatures. For example, the Kulite HEM-375 Series or PCB Piezotronics Model 123A can operate at 500° F. The attachment of a water-cooled jacket to such a sensor will permit operation at higher temperatures. However, the attachment of a water-cooled jacket to piezoelectric, piezoresistive, or magnetostrictive sensors has two main disadvantages: first, the water-cooled sensor creates a cold spot in the high-temperature test environment and may profoundly influence the fluctuating pressures to be measured; secondly, the volume occupied by the cooling jacket prevents close sensor proximity which is required in some applications.
The condenser microphone is provided with a backplate and a membrane which create a capacitor wherein pressure changes are measured by measuring capacitance changes. Although the condenser microphone exhibits good performance in regard to bandwidth, it suffers a serious limitation. Since capacitive loading by the connecting cable reduces the microphone sensitivity and contributes to 60 Hz interference, it is necessary that a signal conditioning electronic circuit, also known as a preamplifier, be located in close proximity to the pressure sensing element. This makes the condenser microphone impractical for use in confined spaces. Further, the input capacitance of the preamplifier limits the minimum practical size.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,711 to Cuomo discloses a multi-lever miniature fiber optic transducer. A bifurcated fiber optic transducer comprises one transmit fiber and at least one pair of receive fibers, each receive fiber pair having two fibers with different core diameters. The transmit and receive fibers are separated at one end and combined at the distal end in the vicinity of a miniature reflective surface sensitive to axial motion caused by minute pressure changes, either in air or water, such that any displacement of the reflector from equilibrium will increase or decrease different illuminated areas of the receive fibers which can be used to generate a processed output signal proportional to this motion, thus providing a sensitivity and an output independent of variations at the input. The reflector is provided in an unstretched state at the distal end of the fiber through an optically clear bonding compound.
Kaman Sciences Corporation markets an eddy-current sensor capable of operating at temperatures up to 2000° F. as the "KP-1911 Series Basic System Configuration." A disadvantage of the Kaman sensor is the limited frequency response. Eddy currents are generated in a metallic button attached to a vibrating membrane, and thus the button mass-loads the membrane and severely limits the response at high frequencies.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,149,423 to Zuckerwar discloses a high-temperature microphone system. The sensor is a condenser microphone driven by a radio frequency oscillator through a bulky half-wavelength transmission line. Consequently, the sensor cannot attain a small size, high frequency response, or high operating temperature desired in many applications.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,687,927 to Iwamoto et al discloses a pressure measuring system in which light is transmitted through an optical fiber to an unstretched diaphragm having a reflective surface. The diaphragm reflects light to another optical fiber and to a photosensitive element. A second reference optical fiber is provided to compensate for system fluctuations. The reflective surface area is large compared with the area of the optical fibers.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,926,696 to Haritonidis et al discloses a fiber optic micropressure transducer. A thin diaphragm is positioned across a chamber from an optical surface and micromachined into a substrate. A fiber optic assembly is mounted facing one side of the diaphragm. Coherent light from a fiber is partly reflected by the diaphragm and recombines in the fiber to produce an interference pattern which is indicative of diaphragm deflection.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,932,263 to Wlodarczyk discloses a temperature compensated fiber optic sensor comprising a wall enclosing a chamber formed from two members micromachined in silicon or a similar substance, a membrane which may have an optical grating formed thereon, and a fiber optic fiber which extends into the cavity parallel to the membrane. Light is injected into the fiber with a wavelength that couples with the grating on the membrane. The coupling varies with pressure outside the chamber.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,473,747 to Brogardh et al discloses a semiconductor structure for a fiber optic pressure sensing element. The sensor comprises an unstretched diaphragm consisting of at least two layers applied to an apertured substrate, at least one of the layers having luminescent properties. Stresses in the diaphragm change the spectrum of luminescent light emitted by the active luminescent layer. The luminescence may be sensed by an optical fiber. The sensitivity of the diaphragm is chosen by the cross-sectional area of a cavity formed in the sensor and the thickness of the diaphragm.
In pressure sensors, it is desirable to calibrate the sensor to obtain a true reading of the pressure fluctuations. Calibration has been performed by attaching an electrode to the outside surface of the pressure-sensing membrane. This suffers a disadvantage at high frequencies because the electrode interferes with acoustical signals. Further, since the electrode is not a part of the sensor, the measurements are affected.
Fiber optic sensors which measure fluctuating pressures by detecting changes in light transmission from a membrane require a membrane having good reflectivity. Typically, the membrane must be processed to have the requisite reflectivity. For example, polishing may be required to produce a highly reflective surface.
A number of methods are known for polishing surfaces. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,098,031 to Hartman et al discloses a method for lapping and polishing a semiconductor material. A wafer is bonded to a spacer which is capable of accommodating surface irregularities by applying a suitable adhesive such as wax. The spacer and the wafer are then mounted to a mounting plate which is inserted into a lapping fixture for lapping and polishing.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,258,508 to Wilson et al discloses a method of holding down wafers mounted on a mounting plate without the use of wax. Once mounted, the wafers are mounted on a polishing machine, and thereafter, the wafers are cleaned with hydrofluoric acid.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,512,113 to Budinger discloses a workpiece holder for a polishing operation provided with a template releasably secured to a carrier by an adhesive layer. The template has a plurality of equally spaced holes defining a cavity. Inserts are provided in each cavity and include a vacuum material bonded to a fixturing material by an adhesive layer. Four pieces are releasably secured to the fixturing materials and extend beyond the exposed major face of the template After mounting the workpieces, they can be polished in a polisher.
There is a need for sensors capable of detecting fluctuations in pressure. In particular, there is a need for sensors which are capable of achieving a high frequency response, are small in size, and are capable of operating at high temperatures. Further there is a need for techniques for processing membranes used in such sensors so that their surfaces have the requisite reflectivity for detecting changes in pressure Still further, it is desirable to provide means for calibrating such sensors.
A fiber optic microphone is provided comprising an optical fiber made of at least one transmitting fiber and at least one receiving fiber, and a reflecting membrane for reflecting light from the transmitting fiber to the receiving fiber. Changes in the surface of the reflecting membrane are detected by changes in the light reflected therefrom. In a preferred arrangement of the fiber optic microphone of the invention, the membrane is stretched to provide high frequency response. In an especially preferred embodiment, an active diameter of the membrane corresponds to the diameter of the optical fiber probe. This active diameter may be very small to permit further enhanced high frequency response In another arrangement of the invention, a backplate is utilized to dampen membrane motion. A backplate may also be used in an on-line calibration embodiment of the invention. The backplate and the membrane are subjected to a voltage potential to create membrane vibration which can be used for calibration purposes on-line. The fiber optic microphone can further be constructed for use in high temperature environments.
The present invention also provides a method for processing a thin membrane material to a shiny finish. Membrane material is mounted to a slide which is mounted to a polishing fixture by use of bonding material.
A more complete understanding of the present invention can be obtained by reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view of an optical fiber probe of the present invention;
FIG. 1B is a sectional view of the optical fiber probe shown in FIG. 1A;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a microphone cartridge of the present invention;
FIGS. 3A and 3B are cross-sectional views of a pin-vise assembly of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of another microphone cartridge of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of the microphone cartridge shown in FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a top view of a coil spring used in the microphone cartridge shown in FIGS. 4 and 5;
FIGS. 7A and 7B are cross-sectional views of a fixture assembly of the invention used to perform polishing; and
FIG. 8 is a graph of displacement versus frequency of a microphone of the invention.
The present invention provides an apparatus for measuring time-varying pressures in air or other gases over a wide band of frequencies. Measurement of time-varying pressures may be accomplished in aerodynamic boundary layers where small size, wide dynamic range and on-line calibration means are essential. Further, measurement of time-varying pressures in high temperature (1000° F. or higher) environments may be accomplished by the present invention, as may be found in internal combustion or jet engines, high speed boundary layers, or geothermal applications. The present invention further provides a method for processing membranes used in such sensors.
The basic components of a fiber optic microphone of the present invention are shown schematically in FIG. 1A. An optical fiber probe 11 is comprised of input and output optical transmission lines 12 and 13, respectively. An optoelectronic transmitting unit 14 and an optoelectronic receiving unit 15 are provided for transmitting and receiving light. Light generated in the optoelectronic transmitting unit 14 is transmitted over the optical transmission line 12 into a microphone cartridge 10. The light is reflected by a mirror 22 on a pressure sensing element, and a portion of the light is received by the optical transmission lines 13 and carried to the optoelectronic receiving unit 15. The amount of light received by the optoelectronic receiving unit 15 is used to detect pressure changes upon the pressure sensing element.
The light generated by the optoelectronic transmitting unit 14 may be from a conventional source such as a light emitting diode (LED) such as, for example, Motorola type MFOE1202, or a laser diode (LD) such as, for example, Mitsubishi Part No. 4102A. The optoelectronic receiving unit 15 is also conventional, and may contain a photodiode such as, for example, EG & G type FFD-040, and a transimpedance preamplifier which converts the optical signal to an electrical output.
Sound pressure incident upon the membrane 21 modulates the intensity of the received light, and the optoelectronic receiving unit 15 provides an electrical signal proportional to the instantaneous incident sound pressure at the microphone cartridge 10.
The optical transmission lines of the present invention may be arranged, for example, as shown in FIG. 1B. FIG. 1B shows one possible arrangement of fibers comprised of one centrally located transmitting fiber 12 and six surrounding receiving fibers 13. The optical fibers are contained tightly in a hypodermic metal tubing 16 and held in place by means of a suitable bonding agent 9. The number of receiving fibers and their core diameters can vary, depending on the ultimate size and necessary sensitivity of the microphone cartridge assembly. Smaller core diameters, as small as four microns or less, permit higher frequency response ranges. Core diameters ranging in size from about 50 microns to about 400 microns are acceptable for many uses and are commercially available from Fiberguide Industries.
Connections of the optical fibers to the optoelectronic supporting units 14 and 15 may be achieved by means of optical fiber connectors available from several manufacturers, such as, for example, AMP Special Industries Series 501529 or Amphenol Fiber Optic Products, Series 905/906.
The invention has greater bandwidth sensitivity and miniaturization potential than piezoelectric and piezoresistive sensors. The invention does not suffer from 60 Hz interference or capacitive loading by a connecting cable because it does not require signal conditioning electronics in close proximity to the membrane, as is the case of the condenser microphone. The present microphone can operate effectively at a much smaller size than the condenser microphone. Within the class of intensity-modulated fiber optic pressure sensors, the invention has a greater bandwidth and a smoother frequency response than prior art sensors.
In one embodiment, the invention is designed to achieve operation at temperatures reaching 1000° F. or above. The optical fiber probe components 9, 12, 13 and 16 must be made of materials which will withstand these high temperatures. An important factor involves the construction of the optical fibers 12 and 13. In the past, commonly available organic-coated silica fibers have been satisfactory for use at room temperature. However, at elevated temperatures and harsh environments, these fibers cannot be used. In particular, it is well known that optical fibers fail through moisture-induced microcracking. This moisture-induced microcracking reaches critical levels at elevated temperatures. To overcome this problem, the fibers of the present invention are hermetically sealed to prevent moisture penetration. This protection can be achieved by coating the optical fiber cladding with special materials such as metals or unique polymer jackets. For example, suitable fibers include a multimode step-index fiber having a 100-micron core, a 140-micron cladding, and an aluminum jacket with an outside diameter of about 165 microns, developed by Hughes Aircraft Company to perform at temperatures up to 1022° F. Similar gold-clad fibers are useful up to 1382° F. Other fibers clad with polyamide, for example polyamide available under the trade name "Thermocoat", for operation at lower temperatures such as 725° F., are available from Fiber Guide Industries, Inc.
Suitable materials for the membrane 21 include metal foils, for example of nickel, platinum, aluminum, stainless steel, and the like. Pure metals, or metals having a low alloy content are preferred since alloys tend to crack upon forming. The thickness of the thin membrane may range between about 0.0005 inch and about 0.002 inch. Non-heat resistance materials may also be used, especially in low temperature environments where heat resistance is not required. A thin substrate having a reflective surface deposited thereon, for example a 0.0005 inch thick Mylar substrate having an aluminum film deposited thereon, may also be used. Silicon may be used as a membrane material, but requires fabrication by micromachining techniques, whereby the membrane could be formed as an integral part of the microphone body assembly 20. The remaining parts of the cartridge may be made of stainless steel or any other material capable of withstanding high temperatures in the case of high temperature resistant sensors.
Bonding agent 9 may comprise as suitable adhesive for the environment in which the sensor is to be used. In high temperature applications it is preferred that high temperature adhesives be employed, for example ceramic adhesives, such as that available as "Cermabond" manufactured by Aremco Products, Inc. These high temperature adhesives may be used at temperatures reaching 4400° F. Low temperature adhesives may also be used when the sensor is used in a low temperature environment. The bonding agent may be used such that vent holes are provided for permitting the passage of air around the fibers. This arrangement performs a damping function without the requirement of a damping backplate. Vent holes may eliminate the need for a backplate, and allow for a small-size microphone.
Components 9, 12 and 13 may, if desired, be installed in a suitable sheath such as a hypodermic needle 16 made from, for example, Type 304 stainless steel or ceramic material. The optical fibers 12 and 13 are further protected by a ceramic sleeving 17. This high temperature sleeving may comprise braided alumina fibers such as Nextel 312 braided sleeving manufactured by the 3M Company. This product is rated to retain its strength and flexibility at continuous temperatures up to 2200° F. The ceramic sleeving may be rigid or flexible, and although optional, it is preferred for high temperature applications.
The fiber optic lever shows numerous potential advantages with regard to high-temperature operation. When compared to condenser microphones, the fiber optic lever possesses three primary advantages. First, because acoustical signals are transmitted optically rather than electrically, there is no loading by cable capacitance or 60 Hz noise due to capacitive pickup. The usual practice of locating a condenser microphone preamplifier as close as possible to the microphone cartridge is not viable at high temperatures. Secondly, the same loading effect limits the minimum practical size of a condenser microphone to about 1/8 inch, but the minimum size of a fiber optic microphone is limited by the size of the optical fibers, which are currently available in diameters as small as 0.0039 inch as rated for 600° C. service. Finally, the fiber optic microphone has an inherent advantage in band width. The reason for this stems from the fact that the condenser microphone responds to the mean displacement of the membrane, while the fiber optic microphone responds to the displacement at the center of the membrane. At some frequency between the first and second membrane resonant frequencies, the mean displacement falls to zero. As a result, the response of the condenser microphone drops very rapidly just after the fundamental resonant frequency. The center displacement, on the other hand, never falls to zero. Thus, provided the membrane damping is adjusted properly, the frequency response of the fiber optic sensor can be extended to beyond the second resonant frequency.
In particular, high frequency response may be obtained by stretching the membrane so that tensile stress is provided therein. In the present invention, a membrane may be provided which is under tensile stress while at rest, i.e. in the absence of pressure fluctuations. For room temperature operations, it is preferred that the membrane for the optical fiber microphone be stretched about 60% to about 80% of the yield stress of the material used for the membrane. For high temperature operations, the membrane is stretched less than room temperature operation because the material tends to weaken at higher temperatures. For example, the membrane is preferably stretched to about 25% of the yield stress for high temperature operations of about 2000° F.
A microphone cartridge 10 of the invention is shown in detail in FIG. 2. The microphone cartridge 10 comprises a body assembly 20, tension adjuster 40 and a pin-vise assembly 50.
The body assembly 20 includes the membrane 21 which serves as the pressure sensing element. The membrane 21 is stretched over a tension ring 25 and is secured around a case 23 by a restraining ring 24. The membrane 21 is polished on one surface to improve optical reflectivity, by a novel procedure described below, and then formed into the shape of a cup by means of a punch die. After the cup-shaped membrane 21 is positioned over the tension ring 25 and case 23, the retaining ring 24 is fitted over the membrane 21 (e.g., by press-fitting) to secure its position. To ensure that the membrane is held in place as tension is applied, the membrane 21 is preferably joined to both the case 23 and the retaining ring 24, for example by means of a weld 26, such as an electron beam weld. A taper on the top surface of the tension ring 25 causes the tension to pull the membrane 21 toward the case 23. The taper thus serves to stabilize the static position of the membrane in the presence of severely fluctuating pressure loads. An air gap 18 is provided between the mirror surface 22 of the membrane and the optical fiber probe 11. The air gap may be adjusted to between about 50 and 250 microns.
A tension adjuster is provided for tensioning (stretching) the membrane Any means of applying tension to the membrane may be utilized in the present invention. A stretched membrane extends the bandwidth of the sensor. In an exemplary embodiment, the tension adjuster 40 is provided to apply tension to the membrane 21. A lower portion of the case 23 is provided in a form which may be gripped, securely. For example, the lower portion of the case 23 may be machined into the form of a square or hexagonal nut 28. The tension adjuster 40 contains similar gripping portion, denoted as nut 42, which may be gripped, for example in an external torque wrench, and has external threads 41 which engage mating internal threads 29 in the case 23. Torque applied to the nut 42 forces the tension adjuster 40 to rotate, advance along the axis of the cartridge 10, and exert a force upon the membrane 21 through the tension ring 25. The tension in the membrane 21 is controlled through the level of the applied torque, as may be determined from a reading on a torque wrench indicator (not shown). If the membrane is stretched to a tension corresponding to 25% of the yield stress of nickel (in the case of high temperature operation), then the frequency response will extend to about 100 kHz. With smaller diameter cores of the optical fiber probe, frequency responses beyond 100 kHz are possible.
An axial hole extends through the tension adjuster 40 and includes three sections 30a, 30b and 30c, respectively. Section 30a, which also penetrates the tension ring 25 and is nearest to the membrane 21, is preferably of such a diameter as to ensure a sliding but snug fit to the optical fiber probe. This arrangement further permits the diameter of the reflecting surface to substantially correspond with the diameter of the optical fiber probe. High frequency response is achieved by having a small active membrane diameter corresponding to the optical fiber probe diameter. Generally, where one transmit fiber is surrounded by six receiving fibers, this diameter corresponds to about three times the diameter of an individual fiber of the probe. Individual fiber diameters may be as small as about 1 mil, in which case a membrane diameter of 3 mils would be preferred. Section 30b is of greater diameter than section 30a, and serves to reduce the length of section 30a to facilitate its drilling by a small-diameter drill. Section 30c, of greater diameter than section 30b, seats the collet 51 of the pin-vise assembly 50.
The pin-vise assembly 50 is shown in detail in FIGS. 3A and 3B. The pin-vise assembly 50 comprises a slotted collet 51 and a draw nut 52. The collet 51 contains four slots 53 and four flutes 54 for rendering a firm and secure grip upon the optical fiber probe 11. The draw nut 52 may advance along the axis of the tension adjuster 40 and press the flutes 54 against the optical fiber probe 11 to secure the optical fiber probe in place.
An alternative method of securing the optical fiber probe in place is by use of any suitable bonding agent in place of the pin-vise assembly 50.
In assembling the microphone cartridge 10, the cup-shaped membrane 21 is positioned over the tension ring 25 and case 23, and the retaining ring 24 is fitted over the membrane to secure its position. The weld 26 may be provided to further secure the membrane 21. The tension in the membrane 21 is then adjusted by causing the tension adjuster 40 to rotate and advance along the axis of the microphone cartridge 10. After the membrane tension is adjusted to a value corresponding to a prescribed torque setting, the optical fiber probe 11 is installed into the microphone cartridge 10.
To ensure proper operation of the pressure sensor, the optical fiber probe 11 must be properly positioned in the microphone cartridge 10, and the membrane 21 must be tensioned to provide an acceptable frequency response. Since the width of the air gap 18 establishes the optimum sensitivity of the device, the final adjustment of the probe must conform to this requirement. Then, the probe is secured in place by means of the pin-vise assembly 50. Typical dimensions of the microphone may be 1/8 inch for the cartridge diameter, 0.033 inch for the active membrane diameter, and 50-250 microns for the air gap 18.
In another embodiment of the invention, the basic components of the system shown in FIG. 1A are utilized. However, in addition to modulating the light intensity received by the optoelectronic receiver 15 in proportion to an incident sound pressure, the components of the exemplary microphone cartridge 100 shown in FIG. 4 fulfill two additional functions: damping the membrane motion to achieve smooth frequency response over the entire bandwidth; and providing an on-line calibration means to track changes in microphone sensitivity as may occur in hostile environments.
A cross-section of the microphone cartridge 100 is shown in FIG. 4. A membrane 117 is clamped between a shoulder 119 of a microphone case 118 and a tightly press-fit clamping ring 120. The membrane 117 can be any elastic material with a mirrored finish 121 on the side facing the interior of the cartridge 100. For example, the membrane material may be a thin material as discussed above in connection with the first embodiment. Tension is applied to the membrane by any suitable means which will impart tensile stress to the membrane. In an exemplary embodiment, tension is provided by a tension adjuster 122 and a tension ring 123. The tension adjuster 122 contains external threads 124, which engage similar threads in the case 118, and a nut 125 machined on or attached to the bottom side. Torque applied to the nut 125, by means of an external tool, rotates the tension adjuster 122, forces it to advance along the microphone axis, and presses the tension ring 123 against the membrane 117, thus applying tension to the membrane. A rim 126 of the tension ring 123 is a contact surface of small curvature which defines the active sensing area of the membrane 117 as the circular area of diameter A--A'. This area need not correspond to the diameter of the optical fiber probe as preferred in the first embodiment. The active membrane area may be quite large in comparison with the membrane diameter area preferred in the first embodiment. For example, this area may be as large as about two inches in diameter.
A metallic backplate 127 and an insulating support 128 together comprise a backplate assembly. The backplate assembly fulfills two functions: damping the membrane motion and providing an on-line calibration means. The backplate 127 is bonded to the insulating support 128, and the latter is tightly fit into the tension ring 123. A slot 130 around the periphery of the backplate 127 prevents its contact to the tension ring 123. The slot 130 also functions to permit the passage of air for the damping function.
The remaining parts of the microphone cartridge 100 may be made of any suitable material, for example, titanium or stainless steel. Suitable materials for the insulating support 128 include, for example, nylon, teflon, boron nitride, or a machinable glass-like material. The membrane 117 may also be made of a metal with a polished surface, for example, nickel.
Without the backplate 127, the motion of the membrane 117 may be highly underdamped. Consequently, the microphone response may show a very large peak about a membrane resonant frequency. A function of the backplate 127 is to dampen the membrane motion and thus achieve a smooth frequency response over the entire operating bandwidth. To fulfill this function, the backplate 127 should be located close to the membrane 117. For example, if the active membrane diameter A--A' is 1/4 inch, then the gap 131 between the membrane 117 and the backplate 127 should be no larger than about 0.002 inch to render an effective damping. An advantage of the arrangement shown in FIG. 4 is that as the tension adjuster 122 advances toward the membrane 117, the size of the gap 131 remains constant.
A capillary vent hole can be introduced to pass air between the gap 131 through the cartridge 100 to the ambient environment for the purpose of equalizing the static pressure on either side of the membrane 117.
A secondary function of the backplate 127 is to serve as a fixed electrode of an electrostatic actuator which is used as a means of calibrating a microphone. The present invention provides the fixed electrode internally to the microphone. As discussed below, voltage from an external source is applied between the backplate 127 and the membrane 117 to generate an electrostatic force which attracts the membrane 117 toward the backplate 127. A preferred connection of the external voltage to the backplate 127 and membrane 117 is shown in the arrangement of FIG. 5. A coil spring 132, joined at the ends to form a toroid, is inserted into a slot 129. Other connections may also be used such as, for example, a leaf spring. The slot 129 may be formed, for example, by machining the slot into the backplate 127.
Detail of the toroidal spring 132 is shown in FIG. 6. When the optical fiber probe 111 is inserted into the cartridge 100, the toroidal spring 132 makes a positive electrical contact with the metallic hypodermic tubing 116, thus providing two easily accessible connections, one being the tubing 116 (through the backplate 127) and the other the cartridge case 118 (to the membrane 117). Electrical insulation between the metallic tubing 116 and cartridge components is achieved by means of the insulating material 133. The insulating material may be, for example, teflon tubing, ceramic tubing, or any other insulating material.
The metallic portion of the backplate 127 may be a film deposited on the insulating portion 128, in which case an alternate electrical connection is required.
If the applied voltage between the membrane 117 and backplate 127 consists of an AC component superimposed upon a DC component, then the electrostatic force excites the membrane into motion at the same frequency as the AC component. If the voltage consists of an AC component alone, then the frequency of the membrane motion will be twice that of the applied AC voltage component. In either case, a fixed amplitude of the AC component will produce a fixed amplitude of the exciting force upon the membrane 117.
The responding motion of the membrane 117 modulates the intensity of the light reflected from the mirror 121 in the same manner as when the membrane is excited by an incident sound pressure. Since the electrostatic force is known and constant, changes in membrane response, and thus microphone sensitivity, due to changes in environmental conditions can be monitored at any time.
To obtain the optimum performance from the microphone, it is necessary to adjust the gap, typically 0.0050-0.006 in., between the distal end 134 of the optical fiber probe 111 and the mirror 121. This can be accomplished by manually moving the probe along the axis of the cartridge 100. The coil spring 132 facilitates such motion, in both directions, while maintaining positive electrical contact. After the final adjustment has been accomplished, the optical fiber must be secured in place.
A case seat 135, joined to the case 118 by means of threads 124, completes the cartridge assembly 100 shown in FIG. 4. It contains a plug 136, which fulfills two functions: (1) to secure the fiber probe 111 and (2) to complete the electrical connections to the electrostatic actuator electrodes 117 (membrane) and 127 (backplate).
The plug 136 has a hole through its center, which contains a straight section to pass the optical fiber probe 111 and a tapered section 137 to seat a ferrule 140, made of a readily compressible material such as, for example, nylon or teflon. As torque is applied to a nut 139 at the end of the plug 136 and the threads 138 of the plug engage those of the case seat 135, the ferrule 140 presses at first against surface B--B' of the seat and afterwards radially against the optical fiber probe 111. Sufficient pressure applied to the ferrule 140 secures the fiber probe 111 in place. Alternatively, the optical fiber probe 111 may be secured by means of a collar attached to the bottom surface of the case seat 135 in place of the plug 136 and ferrule 140.
A coaxial cable 141 completes the electrical connections between the electrostatic actuator electrodes and power supply. The coaxial cable 141 contains a center conductor 142, which is connected to the hypodermic tubing 116, and a braided shield 143, which is connected to the nut 139 by means of a jumper wire 144. In the embodiment selected for illustration, the center conductor 142 is soldered to the hypodermic tubing, and the jumper is soldered to the braided shield 141 and into a small hole 145 in the nut 139 at locations designated by 146A, 146B, and 146C respectively. The coaxial cable may alternatively be connected through a miniature connector in place of direct soldering. Thus the electrical path from the power supply PS to the fixed electrode of the electrostatic actuator consists of the center conductor 142, hypodermic tubing 116, coil spring 132, and backplate 127; the path to the variable electrode consists of the braided shield 143, jumper 144, plug 136, case seat 135, case 118, and membrane 117. The optical fibers within the probe 111 and coaxial cable 141 are retained by heat-shrinkable tubing 147, or other insulating cover, from the nut 139 up to their terminations.
Membrane material like nickel foil, as delivered, generally has insufficient optical reflectivity to serve as an effective mirror 22. Thus, the present invention also provides a novel procedure for providing sufficient optical reflectivity to thin membranes.
Discs of foil are cut having a one-fourth inch diameter from a sheet of foil, and are subjected to a procedure which improves the optical reflectivity sufficiently to meet the requirements of the microphone of the invention. FIGS. 7A and 7B show a novel fixture assembly 60 used to perform the polishing operation of the present invention. Foil discs 61 are mounted on a flat piece of a slide 63, for example a 2×2 inch crown glass microscope slide, which is mounted to a polishing fixture mount 65 in one operation. The bonding material for both mounts 62 and 64 may be a hard mounting wax, for example Crystal Bond 509. Initially, the polishing fixture mounts 65 and microscope slide 63 are heated to a temperature of approximately 180° F. Then the Crystal Bond 509 is applied to the mount 65 and microscope slide 63. The foil discs 61 are placed on the microscope slide 63 having a coating of bonding material, taking great care to ensure that no air is trapped under the disc 61. Any air trapped under the disc 61 will deform the thin disc upon cooling due to contraction. After the disc 61 and microscope slide 63 are mounted, the polishing fixture mount 65 is installed into a commercial polishing machine. In the example selected for illustration, the polishing fixture mount 65 may be inserted into a precision polishing jig PP5, which is installed into a precision lapping and optical polishing machine PM2A, both manufactured by Logitech Limited. After installation of the polishing fixture mount 65, polishing is accomplished by means of a polishing pad, for example a felt polishing pad which is continuously loaded with a 0.05 micron colloidal silica polishing suspension (Buehler Mastermet). After polishing, the discs 61 are dismounted by heating the polishing fixture assembly 60, and then cleaned to remove mounting wax residue, for example.
The membrane can also be polished by other methods, for example by vapor deposition, chemical polishing, and the like.
The invention will be further illustrated in the following, non-limiting example, it being understood that the example is intended to be illustrative only and that the invention is not intended to be limited to the materials, conditions, process parameters and the like recited herein.
A high-temperature microphone cartridge is fabricated. Except for the membrane and fiber bundles, all parts are made of type 347 stainless steel. The membrane consists of 0.001" thick nickel 200, pressed into the shape of a cup having an outer diameter of 3.175 mm. The bottom side of the membrane is made shiny by a vapor-deposition technique. After the tension ring and membrane are inserted over the microphone body, the clamping ring is press-fit to hold the membrane in place. Because friction is not adequate to retain the membrane as tension is applied, the membrane and bottom end of the clamping ring are together electron-beam welded to the body. The tension adjuster, such as that shown in FIG. 2, containing threads which engage similar threads in the body, is turned until its torque reaches a prescribed level; as it advances along the microphone axis, it pushes the tension ring and thus provides tension to the membrane.
The bundle of optical fibers, containing typically a central transmitting fiber and several peripheral receiving fibers, is pressed into a hypodermic needle. After the latter is inserted into the microphone body, the assembled cartridge is placed into a fixture, where the membrane is excited acoustically. The hypodermic needle is positioned until the microphone output is maximum, then locked in place by means of a pin vise at the bottom end of the cartridge. The active diameter of the membrane is not the outside diameter of the cartridge, rather the diameter of the inside hole in the tension ring. In this manner microphones of very small active diameter can be constructed. The properties of the fiber bundle are listed in Table 1.
TABLE 1______________________________________Optical fiber bundle used in a microphone.______________________________________Operating temperature to 600° C. (1112° F.)Fiber type metal-coated step-index multimodeCore diameter 100 μmCladding diameter 140 μmCoating diameter 165 μmNumber of fibers 7Hypodermic needle #21, 0.032" OD × 0.023" ID______________________________________
The distance between the proximal end of the fiber bundle and the membrane surface is typically 150 μm. This distance is too small to permit the placement of a back-plate in the air gap to dampen the membrane motion. Nevertheless the bundle of optical fibers may itself serve to fulfill this function. Space between the fibers serving as long vent holes provide viscous damping if the tolerances are sufficiently small. Otherwise, an adhesive is required, and damping may be foregone or provided through capillary openings. If the six receiving fibers are arranged uniformly around a central transmitting fiber, as indicated in Table 1 without adhesive, then there are six such vent holes adjacent to the central fiber and six more around the periphery of the bundle.
The response of a prototype microphone can be predicted with the aid of a theory of condenser microphones as extended by Hu, "Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Optical Fiber Microphone," Dissertation, University of Rhode Island (1987) to fiber optic microphones. A summary of pertinent material and geometric properties is given in Table 2. The membrane tension corresponds to a radial stress assumed to be 25% of the yield stress. In reality this parameter will be very difficult to determine. The membrane thickness is chosen to be five times that found in commercial condenser microphones in order to improve mechanical stability at elevated temperatures. The air gap dimension is based solely upon optimal optical response. The membrane resonant frequencies are computed from the classical formula for an undamped stretched membrane. Since the response at the membrane center, unlike that of the membrane mean, does not fall dramatically shortly after the fundamental resonant frequency, the microphone should prove useful up to the second harmonic and thus fulfill even demanding specifications on bandwidth.
Exposure to high temperatures has three primary effects upon microphone performance. First, thermal expansion increases all dimensions. The increase in gap, in particular, introduces a loss of optical sensitivity. Secondly, a reduction in elastic modulus causes the membrane to relax and lose tension. This effect actually improves the mechanical sensitivity and partly compensates for the optical loss. However, there is an accompanying loss of bandwidth. Finally, an increase in air viscosity improves the membrane damping, but this is important only near a resonant frequency. A decrease in air density is but a minor effect because the air gap compliance is secondary to the membrane compliance.
TABLE 2______________________________________Summary of microphone properties at room andelevated temperatures.Temperature 20° C. (68° F.) 600° C. (1112° F.)______________________________________Membrane (Ni)Radius, mm 0.4064 0.4103Thickness, μm 25.4 25.4Density, kg/m3 8800 8673Tension, N/m 2616 2118Resonant freq.in vacuumFundamental, Hz 101884 91466Second harmonic, Hz 233870 209955AirDensity, kg/m3 1.205 0.4357Isothermal sound 290.16 476.1vel., m/sViscosity, μPa-sec 18.18 37.3Gap, μm 150 151.5Specific heat ratio 1.403 1.35Holes, inner ring &outer ringQuantity 6 & 6 6 & 6Distance from 0.082 & 0.2475 0.082 & 0.2475center, mmRadius, mm 0.056 & 0.056 0.056 & 0.056Depth, mm 38.1 & 38.1 38.1 & 38.1Backchamber volume*, m3 1 000 000 1 000 000______________________________________ *For computational purpose only.
The predicted response of the microphone described in Table 2, according to the theory of Hu, above, is shown in FIG. 8. The membrane motion is obviously underdamped, but in the absence of a backplate remedial measures will prove difficult. Any internal friction within the Ni 200 material itself may help to compensate. The unloaded membrane resonant frequency is 102 kHz at room temperature and drops to 91.5 kHz at 600° C. (1112° F.). The upper cutoff frequency, where the amplitude is 3 dB below its low-frequency level, actually lies beyond the second membrane resonance, located at 234 and 210 kHz for the two temperatures respectively. The high-temperature response further shows a slight improvement in sensitivity and, despite the loss in bandwidth, is highly satisfactory. The minimum detectable sound pressure level is determined by thermal noise in the photodetector and amplifier and is expected to lie in the vicinity of 130 dB re 20 μPa. The microphone is expected to operate linearly over a dynamic range from 130 to at least 190 dB.
While the invention has been described with reference to particular preferred embodiments, the invention is not limited to the specific examples given, and other embodiments and modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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|U.S. Classification
|250/227.21, 250/231.19, 702/85
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 12, 1996
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Apr 6, 1997
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jun 17, 1997
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19970409


text:
Drinking water deliveries to US diplomats in Havana have been stopped because last month's bill went unpaid. The US embassy in Hanoi has been warned to pay up pounds 1,000 in overdue electricity payments or the power will be cut off.
Because of the government cash freeze resulting from the inability of Congress and the White House to agree on a national budget, American diplomatic missions are in turmoil, unable to come up with the cash to pay for local services and locally-hired staff. In Mexico, where people carry resentment against the United States in their bones, newspaper commentators have been chortling at the embarrassment of Uncle Sam, prompting a huffy response from the US embassy.
"The embassy wishes to make it clear," a statement said, "that this situation arises from the constitutional definitions of how the United States budget is passed into law, and does not represent any fundamental inability of the United States of America to pay its bill."
A senior official at the State Department suggested, however, that the caricature of the US as a giant "banana republic" is not all that far off the mark. Richard Moose, under-secretary of state for management, told the Washington Post: "My threshold of believing what can't happen is getting lower all the time." President Bill Clinton saw fit to comment yesterday that "this is not how a great country behaves".
The point has been reached where American embassies are unable to pay for the meals of their Marine guards. In Colombia, consular officials deployed to deal with the families of the victims of last week's American Airlines plane crash worked officially as volunteers, as there was no cash to pay their wages.
If the US is becoming a laughing stock overseas, at home there is growing outrage, not least because the congressmen responsible for the government shut-down (yesterday into its 19th day) continue to receive their wages on time and, in some cases, to venture off on foreign trips. Few are more outraged than the government workers,760,000 of whom have not been paid since 16 December. The Department of Labor reported yesterday that 96,000 government employees had applied for unemployment benefits. Many more have been beseeching their banks for interest-free credit to tide them over so they can pay their mortgages and other bills.
The fall-out of the wrangling in Washington is affecting a growing number of people every day. Meals-on-wheels for the elderly are expected to shut down in a dozen states; shortages of food and supplies are being reported in veterans' hospitals and in federal prisons; tourism is suffering, because museums and national parks have been closed and because of the incapacity of foreign embassies to supply visas - US airlines are reporting that their inbound international flights are carrying half the normal load of passengers.
Mr Clinton and the leaders of the Republican majorities in the House and Senate, Newt Gingrich and Bob Dole, concluded three hours of talks on Tuesday night. They reported "constructive progress".
A concern uppermost in the minds of politicians of all sides is that they should not be identified as being to blame for the mess. Yesterday it became clear that the greatest stumbling block is the House of Representatives. The Senate voted on Tuesday night for the government to be immediately reopened and for unpaid staff immediately to receive their overdue cheques, but the House is refusing to go along.
Mr Dole, Mr Clinton's probable presidential rival this year, said enough was enough: "I don't see any sense in what we've been doing." He disagreed with Mr Gingrich and his zealous Republican foot soldiers in the House. Mr Gingrich insisted yesterday he would continue to play the shut-down card as a means of pressuring Mr Clinton to accept Republican proposals for balancing the federal budget by the year 2002.
The President rejects the proposals because they would cut social welfare while providing tax breaks for the rich.
Mike McCurry, the White House spokesman, yesterdaysaid Mr Gingrich belonged to "a gruesome group" of obstructionist Congressional Republicans, a description which may not have aided the talks Mr Clinton held yesterday with the House Speaker and Mr Dole.
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