text:
Evaluation of arthroscopy and macroscopic scoring
DOI: 10.1186/ar2714
© af Klint et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2009
Received: 14 May 2007
Accepted: 02 June 2009
Published: 02 June 2009
Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive technique for retrieving synovial biopsies in rheumatology during the past 20 years. Vital for its use is continual evaluation of its safety and efficacy. Important for sampling is the fact of intraarticular variation for synovial markers. For microscopic measurements scoring systems have been developed and validated, but for macroscopic evaluations there is a need for further comprehensive description and validation of equivalent scoring systems.
We studied the complication rate and yield of arthroscopies performed at our clinic between 1998 and 2005. We also created and evaluated a macroscopic score set of instructions for synovitis.
Of 408 procedures, we had two major and one minor complication; two haemarthrosis and one wound infection, respectively. Pain was most often not a problem, but 12 procedures had to be prematurely ended due to pain. Yield of biopsies adequate for histology were 83% over all, 94% for knee joints and 34% for smaller joints. Video printer photographs of synovium taken during arthroscopy were jointly and individually reviewed by seven raters in several settings, and intra and inter rater variation was calculated. A macroscopic synovial scoring system for arthroscopy was created (Macro-score), based upon hypertrophy, vascularity and global synovitis. These written instructions were evaluated by five control-raters, and when evaluated individual parameters were without greater intra or inter rater variability, indicating that the score is reliable and easy to use.
In our hands rheumatologic arthroscopy is a safe method with very few complications. For knee joints it is a reliable method to retrieve representative tissue in clinical longitudinal studies. We also created an easy to use macroscopic score, that needs to be validated against other methodologies. We hope it will be of value in further developing international standards in this area.
Diseases causing chronic inflammation in joints are common and often debilitating conditions. The synovial membrane (SM) is the primary target organ for the immune system in many chronic arthritides, and particularly in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) where a pannus of cells is formed, eroding cartilage and bone. Consequently, it is to be expected that investigations of the SM will provide clues to the pathogenesis of disease and effect of therapy. A number of studies have shown that the inflammatory changes in the synovium correlate with clinical [1–6], as well as radiological [7–10], outcomes.
Effects of different treatments [11–32] on these patterns have been studied and efforts have been made to investigate whether synovial histology markers could be used to evaluate the effect of a drug with some success [27, 30, 32]. Sampling of the synovial membrane has also been used as a 'proof of concept' prior to [33] or early on in clinical trials [34] of new drugs. Importantly, more recent studies have also found predictive markers of clinical effect [28, 31, 35]; however, more work needs to be conducted before we have simple markers enabling physicians to individually tailor medication. So far these markers are exclusively present in the synovium, the target organ of the inflammation, requiring surgical sampling of tissue.
Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive technique, traditionally used by orthopaedic surgeons, which has evolved as a research instrument in rheumatology to permit retrieval of SM during the past 20 years. Vital for its use is continual evaluation of its safety and efficacy, and the fact that there is intra-articular variation for synovial markers is important for sampling [36]. For microscopic measurements scoring systems have been developed and validated [37, 38], but for macroscopic evaluations there is a need for further comprehensive description and validation of equivalent scoring systems.
In this report we aim to document our own experience with arthroscopy [36, 39–51] describing the method, its safety and evaluating a macroscopic scoring system of synovitis developed by us.
Materials and methods
For seven years, from September 1999 to September 2005, 234 patients were recruited from the rheumatology clinic at the Karolinska University Hospital, and three patients from private rheumatologists. For research purposes, 210 patients were recruited, and 27 patients were recruited for clinical routine examination. Except for 10 healthy individuals, all patients had clinically active arthritis or joint pain at the time of arthroscopy. Indications for arthroscopy in clinical routine practice were mainly arthritis of unknown origin (mainly monoarthritis) or arthritis in singular joints without satisfying response to therapy. Projects for research purposes were primarily aimed at learning more about the early course of disease and the molecular mode of action of different anti-rheumatic treatments. Contraindications for arthroscopy were age below 18 years, prosthesis, clotting or bleeding deficiency, known allergy to local anaesthetics and cases where we were unable to communicate appropriately with the patient for psychological reasons or for language difficulties. Further, we did not include patients with septic arthritis, haemarthrosis, joint trauma or mechanical joint complications.
All arthroscopies were performed in the same procedure room, designated for this and other small operative procedures requiring sterility and situated at our outpatient clinic. During most procedures three or more persons were involved; one or two operators (one teaching), one nurse and one assistant nurse (not in sterile dressing) taking care of tissue samples. Rod-lens arthroscopes (Karl Storz Gmbh, Tuttlingen, Germany) of three different dimensions (1.9 mm for proximal interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal, wrist and elbow joints; 2.4 mm for shoulder, ankle and knee joints, and 4.0 mm for knee joints), all with a 30° angle, were used throughout. Spoon forceps (Karl Storz Gmbh, Tuttlingen, Germany) of different sizes were used to obtain the biopsies, the largest with a diameter of 3.5 mm, was used in knee joints. To minimise the effects of the procedure on the macroscopic appearance of the SM including circulation, no tourniquet was used, anaesthetic drug (xylocain) was used without adrenaline and maximum water pressure was put at 50 cm (for irrigation fluid). All arthroscopies were performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration, and where appropriate, ethical permission was given by the ethical committee at the Karolinska Institute, and written consent given by each patient before entering study.
Biopsies were put in cryotubes (Simport Plastics, Quebec, Canada) and frozen in precooled (-70°C) isopentane within two minutes (most often within one minute) after removal. They were stored until sectioned in -70°C. Before sectioning, biopsies were embedded in Tissue-Tek® O.C.T. Compound (Sakura Finetek USA Inc, Torrance, California, USA). All biopsies were cut in -20°C (cryostat setting; 7 μm) and stained with H&E in a standard procedure. The sections were evaluated for adequate histology (inflammation and not subsynovial or fibrotic tissue) before further stainings were performed.
The arthroscopic procedure of the knee joint is detailed below, and is principally the same for other joints. The joint is examined from the outside for signs of inflammation (pain, swelling and hypertrophy of the joint capsule). Two entry portals are then localised (infralateral, supralateral and/or supramedial portals) and anaesthetised using 10 to 15 ml of xylocaine 10 mg/ml without adrenaline for skin and joint capsule. Disinfection and draping of the leg occurs. A minimal skin incision is made with a scalpel (<5 mm) for portals. The arthroscope portal and trocar are introduced and excessive synovial fluid is extracted and stored. The trocar is replaced by the arthroscope, and 10 ml of xylocaine is added in to the joint as it is filled with physiological saline for clear vision. The synovium is inspected systematically (suprapatellar pouch, lateral and medial recesses and gutters, leaving the tibiofemoral joint and posterior cavity of the joint). Water pressure is kept below 30 cm, so as not to interfere with vascularity. Biopsy sites are chosen according to maximal macroscopic inflammation and anatomical site (preferably three sites; one close to the cartilage-pannus-junction and two further away), and photographed.
The entire procedure normally takes 40 to 60 minutes, and because only local anaesthetics and no sedation is used, the patient is able to walk immediately after the procedure. Before leaving the clinic, the patient is informed to avoid water contact on the wounds for two days. In order to quantitate possible complications and help patients after the procedure, the patient is contacted by the rheumatologist who performed the arthroscopy within the next few days. The occurrence of any complications is registered immediately after the arthroscopic procedure, at the following telephone contact and at consecutive contacts with the patients.
Creation and evaluation of a macroscopic scoring system
Eight representative video printer photographs, taken at knee joint arthroscopy procedures, were chosen by one of the authors (EaK) to illustrate various features of macroscopic synovitis and serve as reference images. Scoring was made by EaK in relation to three parameters; hypertrophy, vascularity and synovitis. For each parameter a five point scale (0 to 4) was used.
Seven raters (rater 1 to rater 7) with different experience in arthroscopy were asked to score 50 different joint images that had been selected by EaK, after the scale had been described to each rater by EaK. The order of reading was randomised.
All scores were collected and inter-individual variation registered. Images that produced very variable scores were re-evaluated during a joint session. The eight reference image scores used were revised together. Ten new images were scored by all observers individually. These scores were compared, and a reference score was decided for each of these images.
From the experience gained in this study we prepared instructions for macroscopic scoring including characterised arthroscopic images, the 'Macro-score' [see Additional data files 1 and 2]. A new set of 50 images were scored by all raters at two occasions, with a minimum of 24 hours in between. The scores were analysed by descriptive analysis, including intra- and inter-rater variability and median scores.
Five control-raters with no previous experience of arthroscopy scored the same set of 50 images. They did not receive any further instructions than the Macro-score written instructions. Control-rater scores were analysed by descriptive statistics, including inter-rater variability and comparison to the median scores.
Evaluation of the arthroscopic procedure for feasibility, complications and for yield of biopsies suitable for analysis
Patient characteristics at time of arthroscopy
Number of procedures
Number of patients
Age (mean)
52 years (range 20 to 85)
170 women/67 men
Disease duration (mean)
91 months (range 1 to 623)
Arthritis duration (mean)
43.5 weeks (range 0 to 564)
Patients on NSAIDs at arthroscopy
Patients on DMARDs at arthroscopy
99 (88 on methotrexate)
Diagnosis at time of arthroscopy
All patients (n)
Patients with early disease (<12 months) (n)
Rheumatoid arthritis
Undifferentiated monoarhtritis
Undifferentiated oligoarthritis
Undifferentiated polyarthritis
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Adult Still's disease
Undifferentiated spondylarthritis
Psoriatic arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Ulcerative colitis
Undifferentiated systemic inflammatory disease with arthritis
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Cutaneous PAN with arthritis
Healthy individuals
Except for two patients presenting with haemarthrosis three days and two weeks after the arthroscopy, respectively, no major complications were seen including deep vein thrombosis. A minor complication was one wound infection six weeks after arthroscopy at the supralateral portal where the patient had not removed the surgical strips. Intraarticular bleeding during the procedure could complicate biopsy sampling due to loss of vision, especially in small joints. However, in all of these cases bleeding stopped during or soon after the procedure. Pain in the investigated or other joint occurred in a small number of patients and in 12 (3%) cases pain restricted the procedure so that no or fewer biopsies were taken than were originally planned. In one patient pain was considered severe two weeks after the procedure. Additional medical treatment was received and the pain subsided slowly. In one patient the joint was not extending due to an inability to relax, requiring the arthroscopy to be terminated. In 18 procedures (11 knee joints and 7 small or medium-sized joints) we abstained from biopsies as no active synovitis could be visualised. In these cases synovium was either normal or fibrotic as assessed macroscopically. No patient had to stay at the hospital for more than one hour after the procedure, and no long-term complications were seen.
Approved histology per joint
Right knee
Left knee
Procedures (n)
Biopsies approved by histology (%)
Creation and evaluation of a method for macroscopic scoring of synovitis during arthroscopy
Intra-rater variation
Inter-rater variation
Comparison of control-rater scores to median scores of raters 1 to 7
Complications of arthroscopy
First author
AS (n)
Major (%)
Minor (%)
Haemarthrosis (%)
Joint infection (%)
Sherman and colleagues [54]‡
126 (4.8)
97 (3.7)
Small [53]‡
104 (1.0)
21 (0.2)
Szachnowski and colleagues [78]
Kuzmanova and colleagues [79]
4 (2.0)
15 (7.5)*
7 (3.5)
1 (0.5)
Reece and colleagues [80]
1 (0.4)
13 (4.7)
Wollaston and colleagues [81]
1 (0.3)
5 (1.5)
Smith and colleagues [56]
nd (studied pain in conjunction with AS)
Baeten and colleagues [73]
Gerlag and Tak [82]
Kane and colleagues [55]☼
237 (1.5)
141 (0.9)
16 (0.1)
af Klint (present study)
2 (0.5)
1 (0.2)
2 (0.5)
Despite the use of local anaesthesia, pain may still be a problem. In a study of 50 patients [56] pain was reported in 50% during the procedure, and in 67% postoperatively. In that study, the best results for pain were seen in those who had femoral nerve blocks (most had no pain, and none had moderate or severe pain during or after the procedure) as opposed to local anaesthesia (none reported no pain during the procedure, severe pain was reported in 14% during and 10% after the procedure). Despite this only one patient declined to have a future second arthroscopy. In our study all received local anaesthesia. Occurrence of pain was notified in each case by the physician responsible for the procedure, but not captured in a formal protocol; we had to prematurely terminate the procedure in 3% of cases due to pain during the procedure. Only in one patient was there a severe pain that lasted for two weeks after the procedure. Also, the large majority of patients who were asked to a second arthroscopy consented to this procedure, indicating that the subjective experience of pain was not high. For future arthroscopic investigations, however, we advise that formal protocols for measurement of pain are introduced.
The yield of biopsies was highly satisfactory from the procedures directed towards the knee joints (94%) and acceptable from ankles joints (83%). The yield from small joints was, however, only 34%. This may be an obstacle that is possible to overcome as other groups have reported higher success rates for small joints including metacarpophalangeal joints [57]. As we were not able to reach this level of success, we draw the conclusion that sampling small joints requires special skills and training programs, and that new investigators should be aware of the difficulties. In our case, we decided to restrict the studies mainly to knees in studies where repeated biopsy sampling of the same joint was required [46–48, 50, 51].
In polyarticular arthritis patients a high degree of clinical interarticular variation of inflammation between different joints is clinically well recognised. This variation also occurs within the macroscopic and microscopic patterns of the synovium in the individual joint [36, 39, 58–64]. Some studies point to the correlation of macro and microscopic features [12, 36, 65–67], while others support that variation is limited [59, 60, 64, 68, 69]. To cope with this issue four main principles of sampling the synovium in large joints like the knee have been described: sampling predetermined sites [12]; sampling according to macroscopic signs of inflammation [36]; sampling predetermined sites and according to macroscopic signs of inflammation [65]; and sampling a limited number of predetermined sites to represent the whole joint [58, 60, 68]. Some studies point to the cartilage pannus junction [36, 70, 71] as the site of most active inflammation, although not in all aspects [72] implying the special significance of this region. Against this background, we have chosen to sample tissues based on maximum macroscopic inflammation far from and close to cartilage. When performing consecutive studies with repeated procedures, we prioritised sampling of the biopsies close to the same sites as the first. Samples from the same site are then compared for longitudinal outcome comparisons. To aid in this effort, we have made a simplified map of the knee joint (Figure 1) where macroscopic characteristics and biopsy sites are marked. Each site is also photographically documented by the arthroscope, now digitally stored as opposed to earlier video printer photographs.
There is an obvious need to correlate macroscopic findings and microscopic/molecular analysis of inflamed joints. Several different macroscopic scales have been used [36, 65, 73] and have been found to correlate with other SM features [12, 36, 65–67, 74, 75]. Notably few studies have been published on intra and inter-variation of different raters in macroscopic scoring. This issue was addressed by Reece and colleagues [76] using 44 video recordings of the arthroscopic procedure. Three observers reached good correlation for villous formations, the most pronounced form of hypertrophy, in RA; however, the results were not as good in spondylarthritis patients. Granulations and capillary hyperaemia were not reliable in this study. This is interesting as in the study by Lindblad and Hedfors [36], hyperaemia was the most important feature corresponding to microscopic changes, as also noted by oral surgeons [77]. Before reliable correlations can be made between macro and microscopic scoring systems these parameters need to be studied more extensively. This was one reason for undertaking this study.
In our study we chose not only to score global synovitis, but also to individually measure its main features; hypertrophy and vascularity. Hyperaemia was not included as an individual parameter due to its intrinsic variation physiologically as well as observationally. However, hyperaemia was included in the global synovitis score, in which all observed features of inflammation were included. Thus the score adds more information to the history of the synovitis as a global synovitis score of 0 is not always normal, but also includes previously active fibrotic changes scored as hypertrophy. This score set can be used for scoring entire joints where a video perhaps would be of greater value, but our aim was primarily to get low intra and inter-rater score variation in scoring biopsy sites for research purposes. In this study we report that intra-individual scoring variation was low; at the second scoring 99% of all scores were within one point of the first scores using a five-point scale. Further, a perfect match between first and second scoring sessions was reached in 70% of scores, and no single parameter had a substantially greater intrinsic variability. We also showed low inter-rater variation: 1036 of 1050 individual scores (98.7%) were within one point from the median score. The range was two points or less in 139 of 150 (92.7%) image scores. These numbers could presumably be improved with further training.
We also constructed an easy to use set of instructions for macroscopic evaluation, the Macro-score [see Additional data files 1 and 2]. These written instructions were tested on the same set of 50 photographs by five control-raters with no previous experience of arthroscopy. Without any other directions they scored well; between 41% and 56% of individual scores were equal to the median scores of the raters from the first group, and between 82% and 100% of scores were not more than one point from the median. The time to understand the score and score 50 images was about 2 to 2.5 hours, suggesting that the Macro-score is reliable and easy to use.
A weakness in this study was the lack of maximal inflammation scores. We presume that this is due to the population studied – we only included chronic polyarthritis patients, and no acute forms such as septic arthritis or gout. Given the clinical activity in these forms of arthritis, we would probably see more active synovitis in such images. At the other end of the spectrum we had a number of images depicting no inflammation, also from healthy individuals serving as controls. Interestingly, also healthy individuals with no history of joint problems could be seen to have minor inflammatory changes, in line with our earlier experience [41].
It is our experience that rheumatological arthroscopy is a safe method with very few complications. For knee joints it is a reliable method to retrieve representative tissue in clinical longitudinal studies. We also created an easy to use macroscopic score that needs to be validated against other methodologies, which we hope will be of value in further developing international standards in this area.
haematoxylin and eosin
rheumatoid arthritis
synovial membrane.
We would like to express our gratitude to AFA Insurance, the Swedish Rheumatism Association and King Gustaf V's 80-year foundation for financial support of this study. We also thank Marianne Engström, Ola Börjesson, Annika Nordin, Per Larsson, Jóel Kristinn Jóelsson and Anu Lips for valuable help in evaluating synovial images, and Johan Askling for appreciated statistical advice.
Authors' Affiliations
- Gibson T, Fagg N, Highton J, Wilton M, Dyson M: The diagnostic value of synovial biopsy in patients with arthritis of unknown cause. Br J Rheumatol. 1985, 24: 232-241. 10.1093/rheumatology/24.3.232.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Baeten D, Kruithof E, De Rycke L, Boots AM, Mielants H, Veys EM, De Keyser F: Infiltration of the synovial membrane with macrophage subsets and polymorphonuclear cells reflects global disease activity in spondyloarthropathy. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005, 7: R359-369. 10.1186/ar1501.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Tak PP, Smeets TJ, Daha MR, Kluin PM, Meijers KA, Brand R, Meinders AE, Breedveld FC: Analysis of the synovial cell infiltrate in early rheumatoid synovial tissue in relation to local disease activity. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40: 217-225. 10.1002/art.1780400206.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kraan MC, Versendaal H, Jonker M, Bresnihan B, Post WJ, t Hart BA, Breedveld FC, Tak PP: Asymptomatic synovitis precedes clinically manifest arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1998, 41: 1481-1488. 10.1002/1529-0131(199808)41:8<1481::AID-ART19>3.0.CO;2-O.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Smeets TJ, Barg EC, Kraan MC, Smith MD, Breedveld FC, Tak PP: Analysis of the cell infiltrate and expression of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases in arthroscopic synovial biopsies: comparison with synovial samples from patients with end stage, destructive rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003, 62: 635-638. 10.1136/ard.62.7.635.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Baeten D, Demetter P, Cuvelier C, Bosch Van Den F, Kruithof E, Van Damme N, Verbruggen G, Mielants H, Veys EM, De Keyser F: Comparative study of the synovial histology in rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathy, and osteoarthritis: influence of disease duration and activity. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000, 59: 945-953. 10.1136/ard.59.12.945.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Mulherin D, Fitzgerald O, Bresnihan B: Synovial tissue macrophage populations and articular damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1996, 39: 115-124. 10.1002/art.1780390116.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Baeten D, Boots AM, Steenbakkers PG, Elewaut D, Bos E, Verheijden GF, Berheijden G, Miltenburg AM, Rijnders AW, Veys EM, De Keyser F: Human cartilage gp-39+, CD16+ monocytes in peripheral blood and synovium: correlation with joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43: 1233-1243. 10.1002/1529-0131(200006)43:6<1233::AID-ANR6>3.0.CO;2-9.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Yanni G, Whelan A, Feighery C, Bresnihan B: Synovial tissue macrophages and joint erosion in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1994, 53: 39-44. 10.1136/ard.53.1.39.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kraan MC, Haringman JJ, Weedon H, Barg EC, Smith MD, Ahern MJ, Smeets TJ, Breedveld FC, Tak PP: T cells, fibroblast-like synoviocytes, and granzyme B+ cytotoxic cells are associated with joint damage in patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004, 63: 483-488. 10.1136/ard.2003.009225.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Smeets TJ, Kraan MC, Versendaal J, Breedveld FC, Tak PP: Analysis of serial synovial biopsies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: description of a control group without clinical improvement after treatment with interleukin 10 or placebo. J Rheumatol. 1999, 26: 2089-2093.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Veale DJ, Reece RJ, Parsons W, Radjenovic A, O'Connor PJ, Orgles CS, Berry E, Ridgway JP, Mason U, Boylston AW, Gibbon W, Emery P: Intra-articular primatised anti-CD4: efficacy in resistant rheumatoid knees. A study of combined arthroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, and histology. Ann Rheum Dis. 1999, 58: 342-349. 10.1136/ard.58.6.342.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Smeets TJ, Dayer JM, Kraan MC, Versendaal J, Chicheportiche R, Breedveld FC, Tak PP: The effects of interferon-beta treatment of synovial inflammation and expression of metalloproteinases in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43: 270-274. 10.1002/1529-0131(200002)43:2<270::AID-ANR5>3.0.CO;2-H.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kraan MC, Reece RJ, Barg EC, Smeets TJ, Farnell J, Rosenburg R, Veale DJ, Breedveld FC, Emery P, Tak PP: Modulation of inflammation and metalloproteinase expression in synovial tissue by leflunomide and methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Findings in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, parallel-design clinical trial in thirty-nine patients at two centers. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43: 1820-1830. 10.1002/1529-0131(200008)43:8<1820::AID-ANR18>3.0.CO;2-D.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kraan MC, van Kuijk AW, Dinant HJ, Goedkoop AY, Smeets TJ, de Rie MA, Dijkmans BA, Vaishnaw AK, Bos JD, Tak PP: Alefacept treatment in psoriatic arthritis: reduction of the effector T cell population in peripheral blood and synovial tissue is associated with improvement of clinical signs of arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 2776-2784. 10.1002/art.10543.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gerlag DM, Haringman JJ, Smeets TJ, Zwinderman AH, Kraan MC, Laud PJ, Morgan S, Nash AF, Tak PP: Effects of oral prednisolone on biomarkers in synovial tissue and clinical improvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 3783-3791. 10.1002/art.20664.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Youssef PP, Haynes DR, Triantafillou S, Parker A, Gamble JR, Roberts-Thomson PJ, Ahern MJ, Smith MD: Effects of pulse methylprednisolone on inflammatory mediators in peripheral blood, synovial fluid, and synovial membrane in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40: 1400-1408. 10.1002/art.1780400807.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Youssef PP, Triantafillou S, Parker A, Coleman M, Roberts-Thomson PJ, Ahern MJ, Smith MD: Effects of pulse methylprednisolone on cell adhesion molecules in the synovial membrane in rheumatoid arthritis. Reduced E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression. Arthritis Rheum. 1996, 39: 1970-1979. 10.1002/art.1780391205.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- van Holten J, Pavelka K, Vencovsky J, Stahl H, Rozman B, Genovese M, Kivitz AJ, Alvaro J, Nuki G, Furst DE, Herrero-Beaumont G, McInnes IB, Musikic P, Tak PP: A multicentre, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled phase II study of subcutaneous interferon beta-1a in the treatment of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005, 64: 64-69. 10.1136/ard.2003.020347.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ulfgren AK, Andersson U, Engstrom M, Klareskog L, Maini RN, Taylor PC: Systemic anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy in rheumatoid arthritis down-regulates synovial tumor necrosis factor alpha synthesis. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43: 2391-2396. 10.1002/1529-0131(200011)43:11<2391::AID-ANR3>3.0.CO;2-F.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Tak PP, Lubbe van der PA, Cauli A, Daha MR, Smeets TJ, Kluin PM, Meinders AE, Yanni G, Panayi GS, Breedveld FC: Reduction of synovial inflammation after anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody treatment in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1995, 38: 1457-1465. 10.1002/art.1780381012.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cunnane G, Madigan A, Murphy E, FitzGerald O, Bresnihan B: The effects of treatment with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist on the inflamed synovial membrane in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001, 40: 62-69. 10.1093/rheumatology/40.1.62.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Dolhain RJ, Tak PP, Dijkmans BA, De Kuiper P, Breedveld FC, Miltenburg AM: Methotrexate reduces inflammatory cell numbers, expression of monokines and of adhesion molecules in synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1998, 37: 502-508. 10.1093/rheumatology/37.5.502.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Tak PP, Taylor PC, Breedveld FC, Smeets TJ, Daha MR, Kluin PM, Meinders AE, Maini RN: Decrease in cellularity and expression of adhesion molecules by anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1996, 39: 1077-1081. 10.1002/art.1780390702.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Taylor PC, Peters AM, Paleolog E, Chapman PT, Elliott MJ, McCloskey R, Feldmann M, Maini RN: Reduction of chemokine levels and leukocyte traffic to joints by tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43: 38-47. 10.1002/1529-0131(200001)43:1<38::AID-ANR6>3.0.CO;2-L.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Smeets TJ, Kraan MC, van Loon ME, Tak PP: Tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade reduces the synovial cell infiltrate early after initiation of treatment, but apparently not by induction of apoptosis in synovial tissue. Arthritis Rheum. 2003, 48: 2155-2162. 10.1002/art.11098.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Haringman JJ, Gerlag DM, Zwinderman AH, Smeets TJ, Kraan MC, Baeten D, McInnes IB, Bresnihan B, Tak PP: Synovial tissue macrophages: a sensitive biomarker for response to treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005, 64: 834-838. 10.1136/ard.2004.029751.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Teng YK, Levarht EW, Hashemi M, Bajema IM, Toes RE, Huizinga TW, van Laar JM: Immunohistochemical analysis as a means to predict responsiveness to rituximab treatment. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 3909-3918. 10.1002/art.22967.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kavanaugh A, Rosengren S, Lee SJ, Hammaker D, Firestein GS, Kalunian K, Wei N, Boyle DL: Assessment of rituximab's immunomodulatory synovial effects (ARISE trial). 1: clinical and synovial biomarker results. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67: 402-408. 10.1136/ard.2007.074229.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Thurlings RM, Vos K, Wijbrandts CA, Zwinderman AH, Gerlag DM, Tak PP: Synovial tissue response to rituximab: mechanism of action and identification of biomarkers of response. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67: 917-925. 10.1136/ard.2007.080960.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wijbrandts CA, Dijkgraaf MG, Kraan MC, Vinkenoog M, Smeets TJ, Dinant H, Vos K, Lems WF, Wolbink GJ, Sijpkens D, Dijkmans BA, Tak PP: The clinical response to infliximab in rheumatoid arthritis is in part dependent on pretreatment tumour necrosis factor alpha expression in the synovium. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67: 1139-1144. 10.1136/ard.2007.080440.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wijbrandts CA, Vergunst CE, Haringman JJ, Gerlag DM, Smeets TJ, Tak PP: Absence of changes in the number of synovial sublining macrophages after ineffective treatment for rheumatoid arthritis: Implications for use of synovial sublining macrophages as a biomarker. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 3869-3871. 10.1002/art.22964.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Haringman JJ, Kraan MC, Smeets TJ, Zwinderman KH, Tak PP: Chemokine blockade and chronic inflammatory disease: proof of concept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003, 62: 715-721. 10.1136/ard.62.8.715.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Baslund B, Tvede N, Danneskiold-Samsoe B, Larsson P, Panayi G, Petersen J, Petersen LJ, Beurskens FJ, Schuurman J, Winkel van De JG, Parren PW, Gracie JA, Jongbloed S, Liew FY, McInnes IB: Targeting interleukin-15 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a proof-of-concept study. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 2686-2692. 10.1002/art.21249.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Badot V, Galant C, Nzeusseu Toukap A, Theate I, Maudoux AL, Eynde Van den BJ, Durez P, Houssiau FA, Lauwerys BR: Gene expression profiling in the synovium identifies a predictive signature of absence of response to adalimumab therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009, 11: R57-10.1186/ar2678.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lindblad S, Hedfors E: Intraarticular variation in synovitis. Local macroscopic and microscopic signs of inflammatory activity are significantly correlated. Arthritis Rheum. 1985, 28: 977-986. 10.1002/art.1780280904.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Youssef PP, Kraan M, Breedveld F, Bresnihan B, Cassidy N, Cunnane G, Emery P, Fitzgerald O, Kane D, Lindblad S, Reece R, Veale D, Tak PP: Quantitative microscopic analysis of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis synovial membrane samples selected at arthroscopy compared with samples obtained blindly by needle biopsy. Arthritis Rheum. 1998, 41: 663-669. 10.1002/1529-0131(199804)41:4<663::AID-ART13>3.0.CO;2-L.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cunnane G, Bjork L, Ulfgren AK, Lindblad S, FitzGerald O, Bresnihan B, Andersson U: Quantitative analysis of synovial membrane inflammation: a comparison between automated and conventional microscopic measurements. Ann Rheum Dis. 1999, 58: 493-499. 10.1136/ard.58.8.493.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ulfgren AK, Grondal L, Lindblad S, Khademi M, Johnell O, Klareskog L, Andersson U: Interindividual and intra-articular variation of proinflammatory cytokines in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: potential implications for treatment. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000, 59: 439-447. 10.1136/ard.59.6.439.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lindblad S, Hedfors E: Arthroscopic and immunohistologic characterization of knee joint synovitis in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1987, 30: 1081-1088. 10.1002/art.1780301001.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lindblad S, Hedfors E: The synovial membrane of healthy individuals – immunohistochemical overlap with synovitis. Clin Exp Immunol. 1987, 69: 41-47.PubMed CentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lindblad S, Wredmark T: Traumatic synovitis analysed by arthroscopy and immunohistopathology. Br J Rheumatol. 1990, 29: 422-425. 10.1093/rheumatology/29.6.422.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lindblad S: Arthroscopic and synovial correlates of pain in osteoarthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1989, 18 (4 Suppl 2): 91-93. 10.1016/0049-0172(89)90024-3.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ulfgren AK, Lindblad S, Klareskog L, Andersson J, Andersson U: Detection of cytokine producing cells in the synovial membrane from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1995, 54: 654-661. 10.1136/ard.54.8.654.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Catrina AI, Ulfgren AK, Lindblad S, Grondal L, Klareskog L: Low levels of apoptosis and high FLIP expression in early rheumatoid arthritis synovium. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002, 61: 934-936. 10.1136/ard.61.10.934.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Catrina AI, Trollmo C, af Klint E, Engstrom M, Lampa J, Hermansson Y, Klareskog L, Ulfgren AK: Evidence that anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy with both etanercept and infliximab induces apoptosis in macrophages, but not lymphocytes, in rheumatoid arthritis joints: extended report. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 61-72. 10.1002/art.20764.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- af Klint E, Grundtman C, Engstrom M, Catrina AI, Makrygiannakis D, Klareskog L, Andersson U, Ulfgren AK: Intraarticular glucocorticoid treatment reduces inflammation in synovial cell infiltrations more efficiently than in synovial blood vessels. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 3880-3889. 10.1002/art.21488.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Korotkova M, Westman M, Gheorghe KR, af Klint E, Trollmo C, Ulfgren AK, Klareskog L, Jakobsson PJ: Effects of antirheumatic treatments on the prostaglandin E2 biosynthetic pathway. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 3439-3447. 10.1002/art.21390.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Westman M, Korotkova M, af Klint E, Stark A, Audoly LP, Klareskog L, Ulfgren AK, Jakobsson PJ: Expression of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 1774-1780. 10.1002/art.20286.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Catrina AI, Lampa J, Ernestam S, af Klint E, Bratt J, Klareskog L, Ulfgren AK: Anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha therapy (etanercept) down-regulates serum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and MMP-1 in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002, 41: 484-489. 10.1093/rheumatology/41.5.484.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Catrina AI, af Klint E, Ernestam S, Catrina SB, Makrygiannakis D, Botusan IR, Klareskog L, Ulfgren AK: Anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy increases synovial osteoprotegerin expression in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 76-81. 10.1002/art.21528.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA, McShane DJ, Fries JF, Cooper NS, Healey LA, Kaplan SR, Liang MH, Luthra HS, et al: The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1988, 31: 315-324. 10.1002/art.1780310302.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Small NC: Complications in arthroscopic surgery performed by experienced arthroscopists. Arthroscopy. 1988, 4: 215-221.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Sherman OH, Fox JM, Snyder SJ, Del Pizzo W, Friedman MJ, Ferkel RD, Lawley MJ: Arthroscopy – "no-problem surgery". An analysis of complications in two thousand six hundred and forty cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986, 68: 256-265.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kane D, Veale DJ, FitzGerald O, Reece R: Survey of arthroscopy performed by rheumatologists. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002, 41: 210-215. 10.1093/rheumatology/41.2.210.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Smith MD, Chandran G, Youssef PP, Darby T, Ahern MJ: Day case knee arthroscopy under regional anaesthesia, performed by rheumatologists. Aust N Z J Med. 1996, 26: 108-109.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ostendorf B, Dann P, Wedekind F, Brauckmann U, Friemann J, Koebke J, Schulitz KP, Schneider M: Miniarthroscopy of metacarpophalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis. Rating of diagnostic value in synovitis staging and efficiency of synovial biopsy. J Rheumatol. 1999, 26: 1901-1908.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Boyle DL, Rosengren S, Bugbee W, Kavanaugh A, Firestein GS: Quantitative biomarker analysis of synovial gene expression by real-time PCR. Arthritis Res Ther. 2003, 5: R352-360. 10.1186/ar1004.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rooney M, Condell D, Quinlan W, Daly L, Whelan A, Feighery C, Bresnihan B: Analysis of the histologic variation of synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1988, 31: 956-963. 10.1002/art.1780310803.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Youssef PP, Triantafillou S, Parker A, Coleman M, Roberts-Thomson PJ, Ahern MJ, Smith MD: Variability in cytokine and cell adhesion molecule staining in arthroscopic synovial biopsies: quantification using color video image analysis. J Rheumatol. 1997, 24: 2291-2298.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Crotti TN, Ahern MJ, Lange K, Weedon H, Coleman M, Roberts-Thomson PJ, Haynes DR, Smith MD: Variability of RANKL and osteoprotegerin staining in synovial tissue from patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: quantification using color video image analysis. J Rheumatol. 2003, 30: 2319-2324.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hutton CW, Hinton C, Dieppe PA: Intra-articular variation of synovial changes in knee arthritis: biopsy study comparing changes in patellofemoral synovium and the medial tibiofemoral synovium. Br J Rheumatol. 1987, 26: 5-8. 10.1093/rheumatology/26.1.5.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kirkham B, Portek I, Lee CS, Stavros B, Lenarczyk A, Lassere M, Edmonds J: Intraarticular variability of synovial membrane histology, immunohistology, and cytokine mRNA expression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1999, 26: 777-784.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bresnihan B, Cunnane G, Youssef P, Yanni G, Fitzgerald O, Mulherin D: Microscopic measurement of synovial membrane inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis: proposals for the evaluation of tissue samples by quantitative analysis. Br J Rheumatol. 1998, 37: 636-642. 10.1093/rheumatology/37.6.636.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kuzmanova SI, Zaprianov ZN, Solakov PT: Correlations between arthroscopic findings and synovial membrane histology in patients with rheumatoid synovitis of the knee joint. Folia Med (Plovdiv). 2003, 45: 60-65.Google Scholar
- Zschabitz A, Neurath M, Grevenstein J, Koepp H, Stofft E: Correlative histologic and arthroscopic evaluation in rheumatoid knee joints. Surg Endosc. 1992, 6: 277-282. 10.1007/BF02498859.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Loeuille D, Chary-Valckenaere I, Champigneulle J, Rat AC, Toussaint F, Pinzano-Watrin A, Goebel JC, Mainard D, Blum A, Pourel J, Netter P, Gillet P: Macroscopic and microscopic features of synovial membrane inflammation in the osteoarthritic knee: correlating magnetic resonance imaging findings with disease severity. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 3492-3501. 10.1002/art.21373.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Dolhain RJ, Ter Haar NT, De Kuiper R, Nieuwenhuis IG, Zwinderman AH, Breedveld FC, Miltenburg AM: Distribution of T cells and signs of T-cell activation in the rheumatoid joint: implications for semiquantitative comparative histology. Br J Rheumatol. 1998, 37: 324-330. 10.1093/rheumatology/37.3.324.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kraan MC, Smith MD, Weedon H, Ahern MJ, Breedveld FC, Tak PP: Measurement of cytokine and adhesion molecule expression in synovial tissue by digital image analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001, 60: 296-298. 10.1136/ard.60.3.296.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rhodes LA, Tan AL, Tanner SF, Radjenovic A, Hensor EM, Reece R, O'Connor P, Emery P, McGonagle D: Regional variation and differential response to therapy for knee synovitis adjacent to the cartilage-pannus junction and suprapatellar pouch in inflammatory arthritis: implications for pathogenesis and treatment. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 2428-2432. 10.1002/art.20444.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Benito MJ, Murphy E, Murphy EP, Berg van den WB, FitzGerald O, Bresnihan B: Increased synovial tissue NF-kappa B1 expression at sites adjacent to the cartilage-pannus junction in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 1781-1787. 10.1002/art.20260.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kane D, Jensen LE, Grehan S, Whitehead AS, Bresnihan B, Fitzgerald O: Quantitation of metalloproteinase gene expression in rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis synovial tissue distal and proximal to the cartilage-pannus junction. J Rheumatol. 2004, 31: 1274-1280.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Baeten D, Bosch Van den F, Elewaut D, Stuer A, Veys EM, De Keyser F: Needle arthroscopy of the knee with synovial biopsy sampling: technical experience in 150 patients. Clin Rheumatol. 1999, 18: 434-441. 10.1007/s100670050134.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Yates DB, Scott JT: Rheumatoid synovitis and joint disease. Relationship between arthroscopic and histological changes. Ann Rheum Dis. 1975, 34: 1-6. 10.1136/ard.34.1.1.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ostergaard M, Stoltenberg M, Lovgreen-Nielsen P, Volck B, Jensen CH, Lorenzen I: Magnetic resonance imaging-determined synovial membrane and joint effusion volumes in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: comparison with the macroscopic and microscopic appearance of the synovium. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40: 1856-1867. 10.1002/art.1780401020.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Reece RJ, Canete JD, Parsons WJ, Emery P, Veale DJ: Distinct vascular patterns of early synovitis in psoriatic, reactive, and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42: 1481-1484. 10.1002/1529-0131(199907)42:7<1481::AID-ANR23>3.0.CO;2-E.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gynther GW, Holmlund AB, Reinholt FP, Lindblad S: Temporomandibular joint involvement in generalized osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: a clinical, arthroscopic, histologic, and immunohistochemical study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997, 26: 10-16. 10.1016/S0901-5027(97)80838-7.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Szachnowski P, Wei N, Arnold WJ, Cohen LM: Complications of office based arthroscopy of the knee. J Rheumatol. 1995, 22: 1722-1725.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kuzmanova SI, Atanassov AN, Andreev SA, Solakov PT: Minor and major complications of arthroscopic synovectomy of the knee joint performed by rheumatologist. Folia Med (Plovdiv). 2003, 45: 55-59.Google Scholar
- Reece R, Veale D, Kinnon J, Emery P: Patient safety and tolerability of needle arthroscopy. Br J Rheumatol. 1997, 36 Suppl 1: 170-Google Scholar
- Wollaston S, Brion P, Kumar A, Klashman D, Kalunian K: Complications of knee arthroscopy performed by rheumatologists. J Rheumatol. 2001, 28: 1871-1873.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gerlag D, Tak PP: Synovial biopsy. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2005, 19: 387-400. 10.1016/j.berh.2005.01.005.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


text:
Savory Rock Lobster Tails
|Chicken bouillon
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Butter flavoring
|3 Drop
|Fresh lemon juice
|1 Tablespoon
|1⁄8 Teaspoon
|Ground ginger
|1⁄8 Teaspoon
|Chili powder
|1⁄8 Teaspoon
|Rock lobster tails
|20 Ounce (4 Tails Of 5 Ounce Each)
1) In a bowl, mix the butter flavoring, lemon juice, bouillon, bitters, chili powder and ginger.
2) Make a lengthwise cut in the lobster shells, place the lobster tails over a broiler rack with the flesh side up and apply the bouillon mixture over the flesh.
3) Place about 4 inches from the heated coals and broil for about 8-10 minutes.
4) Serve immediately in a nice pate.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size
Calories 157 Calories from Fat 19
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 2 g3.2%
Saturated Fat 0.06 g0.28%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 100.5 mg33.5%
Sodium 273.1 mg11.4%
Total Carbohydrates 5 g1.6%
Dietary Fiber 0.09 g0.37%
Sugars 0.3 g
Protein 29 g58.4%
Vitamin A 1% Vitamin C 3.3%
Calcium 0.1% Iron 0.41%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Womens specific cut. SoftShell construction to block out the wind and elements, this glove doesnt inhibit dexterity, enabling a rider to brake and shift freely. Soft, warm and fleecy internal construction.
Thank you for visiting Sportful Womens Stretch SoftShell Donna Glove Winter Gloves on oakleysbikes.co.uk
We bring the products from many websites to one website for you to search, save and compare.


text:
Noosa Sea Scout GroupSports Canoeing
11 Eumundi Rd, Noosaville, QLD 4566
Best match results for: CATEGORY = Paddle Sport Activities for Kids + LOCATION = the Sunshine Coast Region
11 Eumundi Rd, Noosaville, QLD 4566
Cnr Gregory Street and The Esplanade, Golden Beach, Caloundra, QLD 4551
Lowe Rd, Imbil, QLD 4570
This business can travel to you.
188 Nicklin Way, Warana, QLD 4575
Gympie Tce, Noosaville, QLD 4566
In addition to the results above, we also have included a selection of related kids activities that may interest you.
Sport activities for kids in the Sunshine Coast Region
Noosa, Maroochydore, Currimundi, Sunshine Coast, QLD 4560
70 Windsor Rd, Burnside, QLD 4560
15 Laidlaw Road, Woombye, QLD 4559
Noosa Heads, QLD
This business can travel to you.
Washington St, Nambour, QLD 4560
Nambour Connection Rd, Nambour, QLD 4560
Scout Hall, 32 Erin St, Nambour, QLD 4560
17 Windsor Rd, Nambour, QLD 4560
Pcyc 1 Youth Ave, Nambour, QLD 4560
6 Woodchester Cl, Nambour, QLD 4560
Palmwoods, QLD 4555
Isabella Avenue, Nambour, QLD 4560
34 Glenfern Rd, Woombye, QLD 4559
Po Box 176, Woombye, QLD 4559
Pcyc Youth Ave, Nambour, QLD 4560
Nambour Shwgrnds, Nambour, QLD 4560
Laidlaw Rd, Woombye, QLD 4559
Po Box 54, Woombye, QLD 4559


text:
Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
If you are reading this message, Please click this link to reload this page.(Do not use your browser's "Refresh" button). Please email us if you're running the latest version of your browser and you still see this message.
Newegg.com - Computer Parts, Laptops, Electronics, HDTVs, Digital Cameras and More!
Ships from Hong Kong. Most customers receive within 4-18 days.
Sold and Shipped by Tomorrow Top
This fishing rod is made from hybrid carbon fiber, strong and durable.
With the features of good elasticity and strong heavy capacity.
Adjustable length fishing rod for situations where full-size fishing gear is inconvenient.
Portable closed length design for conveniently carrying around.
Best suitable for fishing from the shore, reefs and rocks on trips and vacations.
Comes with the pad for comfortable holding.
An ideal gift for fishing enthusiasts or collectors.
The total extended length is approx 3m. Please in kind prevail, thanks!
The fishing reel is not included.
Color: Green
Material: Hybrid carbon fiber + alloy
Suit for: Sea fishing, boat fishing
Butt diameter: 28.2mm
Top diameter: 2.35mm
Sections: 7
Closed length: 74cm / 29.1in
Extended length: Approx. 3m / 9.84ft
Weight: Approx. 373g / 13.2oz
Package size: Approx. 74 * 6.5 * 3.8cm / 29.1 * 2.6 * 1.5in
Package weight: Approx. 388g / 13.7oz
Package List:
1 * Fishing Rod (without fishing reel)
Your request will be processed within the next 24 hours.
Please add "email@example.com" to your address book to ensure delivery.See Today's E-Blast Promo
Some manufacturers place restrictions on how details of their products may be communicated.
Some manufacturers place restrictions on how details of their products may be communicated.
Some manufacturers place restrictions on how details of their products may be communicated.


text:
Why Building the Right Thing Means Building the Thing Right
Liz Keogh takes a look at why experimentation underpins everything done in technology, and why it is necessary to be able to move and change the right thing.
Agile in HR and HR in Agile - 2 Sides of the Same Coin in Agile Adoption
Jas Chong shares a case study focusing on HR aspects in the transition including team transition, change of roles, team recruitment, iterative recruitment, knowledge transfer and structuring change.
Power of Personal Influence-How Individuals Can be Changemakers Using Emphaty
Kimble Ngo talks about the individual and empathy, and how to bring change into an organization by starting with every person.
Living with Passion in an Agile Age
Soon Loo encourages listeners to live with passion and to make the most out of their lives.
Agile Projects to Agile Organizations: The Journey
Margaret Morgan discusses adopting an Agile mindset which is not only about IT delivery but also to maximize productivity, quality and responsiveness to changing markets and priorities.
Agile is not Enough: Revolution Over Transformation
Todd Charron argues that for success it is necessary to go beyond a change of processes and tools, to change how people in an organization see themselves and their role in it.
Reinventing Organizations for Agility
Michael Sahota how to produce organizational change by inviting it and not forcing it and by using the Laloux Culture Model.
Concrete Experimentation in Agile Environments
Bernd Schiffer discusses the importance of experiments to drive change, how to start doing experiments right away, and how to plan, execute, and learn from experiments.
How a Simple Hackathon Helped Shape a New Mindset
Rhiannon Gaskell, Brett Wakeman, Rikki-Lee Vrankovich discuss how a hackathon sparked the change at Carsales AUS, followed by a number of initiatives that brought organizational agility.
Data Driven Product Development
Lyndon Maher, Paul McManus discuss data driven development, how to collect data, getting feedback, tools to use, and how to integrate a data-driven mentality into the team.
Developing Cultural Intelligence
Daniel Seltzer discusses what intellectual skills are needed to be able to build and lead a successful group. These skills aren't taught in school and don't come from certification programs.
Moving Beyond the Monolith
David Harrison presents the API and culture journey at freelancer.com.


text:
The mobile food photography phenomenon has been cooking up alongside our affinity for our always-with-us smartphones.
Foodies flock to tap, snap and share the trendiest new treats on the culinary circuit, their camera phones now making it possible to document nearly every morsel. Our prolific posting of what's on our plates has become so popular it's actually been banned by some restaurants. But this trend isn't heading to the back burner anytime soon. And if there are to be countless millions of food photos circulating our Internet world, then let's all give them all the digital brilliance and accessibility they deserve with some easy mobile tricks. Here are a few places to start:
1. Foodspotting
Free in the Apple App Store, Google Play, Windows Marketplace and BlackBerry World
The Foodspotting social network does a great job at quickly leading foodies and food-seekers to restaurants and their particularly popular menu items. The extremely intuitive interface works much like Yelp's ability to show you what establishments are nearby and delicious, except with an added focus on user-generated photos and feedback.
When you snap a photo, the app quickly determines where you are and makes a pretty good guess at the food item over which you are salivating. It will then, of course, ask you if you liked it. Over time, area restaurants build a stack of photos, with some menu items getting more attention than others. The app also allows diners to go back later and upload a geo-tagged food photo from the phone's menu, in case you need some extra time to reflect.
2. EyeEm
Free in the Apple App Store, Google Play, Windows Marketplace
While not specifically geared toward food, but rather "discovery" in general, EyeEm has a satisfying little food photo filter and quick editing functions. After digitizing a meal or snack, the app will ask you simply "What?" and "Where?" It makes a good format for restaurant or bar hopping. EyeEm also encourages a longer "story sharing" aspect to complement your image if you prefer.
3. Instagram
Free in the Apple App Store and Google Play
The simple stream offered by Instagram lends itself to sharing food photography, and most anything else you experience in passing. The savvy foodie can even set up an account dedicated simply to great food moments. The Foodpostss feed has lured over 243,000 followers and the cleverly titled Foodporno has garnered nearly 80,000 fans.
And if you ever feel a little sheepish about sharing your more elaborate delectables online, there's FoodShareFilter, which donates a portion of app sales to a charity aimed at fighting hunger. The app works seamlessly with Instagram so all your followers can learn how help too.
4. Hipstamatic (Foodie SnapPak)
$1.99 in the Apple App Store, in-app purchase of Foodie SnapPak is $0.99
For the extreme closeup vintage look, Hipstamatic offers the in-app purchase of the "Foodie SnapPak" -- a Loftus lens, DC Film and the "Tasty Pop Flash." It does a nice job with simple backgrounds and the quick flash can bring out the details of your lemon sorbet or other treat.
That's what I was able to dish up in my short sojourn as a food photographer. What did I miss, dear foodies?
Dan Schreiber is a journeyman newspaper journalist currently based in California's Bay Area. Perhaps a little light-headed from too many hours in his high school dark room, he decided at a young age to make photography and writing his profession. Twitter: @danschreib
It would be much better to post the picture as it is. Nothing can salvage a mediocre photo from a mediocre phone really!
would like to know what some good "food journal" apps are. example is Evernote Food, the latest version for iOS only supports 6, not the older 5.x OS.
I am actually working on something similar. Private beta in July, public beta in October
looks to me like 1 new app and 3 garbage ones.... meh - so much crapware its amazing!
That is because writing good software is hard. I have Ms.C in computer science and my thesis was in computer graphics. And yet, now that I look into algorithms to improve food pictures taken with an iPhone, I see how difficult it is. If you, or anybody else reading this, can suggest good algorithms, I m all ears
|Classic Cruisers by Surfwalker
from Song Titles- Little Deuce Coupe
|Gosford Reflections DP by MarioSS
from Simple


text:
Paris Jackson to Make Acting Debut in TV Drama 'Star'The 18-year-old Jackson will play a social media "guru" named Rachael,
Michael Jackson's Daughter Paris Claims He Was MurderedIn her first in-depth interview, Paris discusses her suspicions.
Quincy Jones' Michael Jackson Lawsuit Moves ForwardThe music from the film 'This is It' and a reissue of 'Bad' are the subjects of the suit.
Michael Jackson Comedy Pulled After Protests from Family and Fans20,000 people signed a petition to have the show yanked.
Michael Jackson Family Reacts to Joseph Fiennes' 'Urban Myths' Casting"I'm so incredibly offended by it, as I'm sure plenty of people are as well, and it honestly makes me want to vomit," Paris Jackson wrote.
Watch Joseph Fiennes Play Michael Jackson in New TV ShowFiennes and Stockard Channing play Jackson and Elizabeth Taylor on a cross-country road trip in the immediate aftermath of 9/11. Brian Cox plays Marlon Brando, who also joined the alleged ride.
Michael Jackson, Xzibit & More Score 'Despicable Me 3' TrailerDespicable Me 3 just released a new trailer and it features some music from Michael Jackson.
Michael Jackson Companies Accused of Organizing 'Child Sex Abuse' RingAn alleged victim has filed new charges, accusing Jackson of abusing him for eight years and taking part in a child sexual abuse operation.
Paris Jackson Defends Kanye West Against Angry Fans"The first time I ever heard Kanye's Heartbreak album was from my dad," wrote Paris Jackson. "He played it for me all the time. He liked him. He never saw music as a competition or a game."
Michael Jackson's Daughter, Estate Respond to Pornography Reports"Everything in these reports, including what the County of Santa Barbara calls 'content that appears to be obtained off the Internet or through unknown sources' is false," Jackson estate says.
Michael Jackson's Alleged Pornography Collection DetailedThe Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Department has confirmed that a least a portion of the documents seem legitimate.
Michael Jackson 'Thriller Villa' Las Vegas Home for SaleThe massive Las Vegas home boasts a 24,276 square foot main estate, a 2,983 square foot guest house, 9 car garage and a chapel.


text:
Store Details
At the Nashua, NH Home Depot, we're committed to giving you the service and support you deserve, whether you're working on a door screen or installing a washer or dryer.
We're proud to be part of this community and support Nashua area schools, Webster House, Marguerite's Place, and other local organizations. Visit our store today; we're located near Chunky's Cinema and Kohl's by Broad St. and Rte. 3.
We are here to help you build your home improvement dream!
Your North Nashua Hardware Store Team


text:
Middle River Real Estate
Middle River is located in Maryland. Middle River, Maryland has a population of 25,301. Middle River is less family-centric than the surrounding county with 27.48% of the households containing married families with children. The county average for households married with children is 31%.
The median household income in Middle River, Maryland is $53,158. The median household income for the surrounding county is $66,068 compared to the national median of $53,046. The median age of people living in Middle River is 35 years.
Middle River Weather
The average high temperature in July is 88 degrees, with an average low temperature in January of 24 degrees. The average rainfall is approximately 43 inches per year, with 20.6 inches of snow per year. No weather information available.
Middle River Map
Middle River real estate offices
Sort by:
MDREAL.com, Inc.
RE/MAX First Choice
Keller Williams Gateway LLC
Coldwell Banker Residential Brokerage
Real Estate Professionals, Inc.
Realistic Realty
Home Selling Assistance
RE/MAX First Choice
Long & Foster Real Estate, Inc.
Advance Realty, Inc.
Real estate near Middle River
Nearby Cities
Middle River Zip Codes


text:
We had an excellent one day stay at bamboo lagoon.
Wonderful location to spend holidays, clean room and toilet.
The food served was really delicious.
Very good and prompt service.
Thanks for making our trip so enjoyable.
Dear valued guest
bamboolagoon team thanking you for the very positive and encouraging revIew,
we are gearing up with a lot of new features to revice you again
thanks and regards


text:
I did in New Orleans Zem. Armadillos can a destroy a yard and/or garden
in one night. 'Bout the only thing that keeps them out of a yard is a
very large, barking dog.
firstname.lastname@example.com wrote:
My cats keep the squirrels in check, and they apparently have eaten any
rabbits in my yard. I do, however, have a resident armadillo. They might not be
interested in my plants, but they dig craters deep enough to break an ankle
in the flower beds and in the yard looking for grubs. God forbid one decides
to dig a burrow as has been done in several neighbors' yards. They make the
skunks' divots look like nothing at all. Anybody else have problems with
zone 7
West TN
Support hort.net -- join the hort.net fund drive!
Support hort.net -- join the hort.net fund drive!


text: TabsArticle Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids EFSA Journal: EFSA Journal 2014;12(5):3647 [15 pp.]. Possible conflict of interest: One member of the Panel did not participate in the discussion because of potential conflicts of interest identified in accordance with the EFSA policy on declarations of interests. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3647 Panel Members: Ulla Beckman Sundh, Mona-Lise Binderup, Claudia Bolognesi, Leon Brimer, Laurence Castle, Alessandro Di Domenico, Karl-Heinz Engel, Roland Franz, Nathalie Gontard, Rainer Gürtler, Trine Husøy, Klaus-Dieter Jany, Martine Kolf-Clauw, Catherine Leclercq (until July 2013), Jean-Claude Lhuguenot (until November 2012), Wim Mennes, Maria Rosaria Milana, Maria de Fátima Poças, Iona Pratt †, Kettil Svensson, Fidel Toldrá and Detlef Wölfle. Acknowledgements: The Panel wishes to thank the members of the Working Group on Recycling processes: Laurence Castle, Vincent Dudler, Nathalie Gontard, Eugenia Lampi, Maria Rosaria Milana, Cristina Nerin, and Constantine Papaspyrides for the preparatory work on this scientific opinion. Contact: email@example.com Type: Opinion of the Scientific Committee/Scientific Panel On request from: Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Germany Question Number: EFSA-Q-2010-00063 Adopted: 9 April 2014 Published in the EFSA Journal: 6 May 2014 Affiliation: European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy Send Print Note: Read the article on the Wiley Online Library Abstract: This scientific opinion of the EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids deals with the safety assessment of the recycling process Phoenix – ESPS process (EU register No RECYC035). The input to the process is hot caustic washed and dried poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) flakes originating from collected post-consumer PET containers, mainly bottles and containing no more than 5 % of PET from non-food consumer applications. In this process, washed and dried flakes are ground into small particle size powder, this powder is then fed into a reactor at high temperature under inert gas flow for decontamination. Having examined the results of the challenge test provided, the Panel concluded that the two steps, the pulverisation and the decontamination are the critical steps that determine the decontamination efficiency of the process. The operating parameters to control the performance of these critical steps are particle size for the pulverisation (step 2), temperature, dry air flow and residence time for the decontamination (step 3) and these are well defined. The operating parameters of these steps in the process are at least as severe as those used in the challenge test. Under these conditions, it was demonstrated that the recycling process is able to ensure that the level of migration of potential unknown contaminants into food is below a conservatively modelled migration of 0.1 μg/kg food. Therefore the Panel concluded that the recycled PET obtained from this process intended to be used up to 100 % for the manufacture of materials and articles for contact with all types of foodstuffs for long term storage at room temperature, with or without hot-fill is not considered of safety concern. © European Food Safety Authority, 2014 Keywords: food contact materials, plastic, poly(ethylene terephthalate) PET, recycling, process, Phoenix ESPS technology, safety assessment Print on demand Number of Pages: 15