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Bone Heads are individually foil wrapped chunks of delectable Palmer chocolate. Each piece bears the likeness of a classic Halloween character – mummies, skeletons, werewolves, vampires, or Frankenstein. These cute, creepy treat made from our favorite seasonal chocolate are perfect for Halloween celebrations at school or trick-or-treat night.
Our Palmer's Bone Heads come packed in a 5 lb. bulk bag.
Bone Heads Halloween Chocolate Foil Mix Bone Heads Halloween Chocolate Foil Mix is a mixture of Halloween creatures crafted from Palmer's chocolate. Get individually wrapped Bulk Halloween candy from CandyFavorites.
- Price: $31.97


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June 5, 2009
Coming Soon: SEC's New Executive Compensation Rules
As noted in this WSJ article, the SEC intends to roll out new proposals to change its executive compensation disclosure rules sometime in early July. Mark Borges did a great job of recapping what the proposals will likely look like in his blog.
With the SEC's goal to have its rule changes effective before next proxy season – combined with the real likelihood of say-on-pay legislation and the loss of broker nonvotes for director elections – our the "4th Annual Proxy Disclosure Conference" (whose pricing is combined with the "6th Annual Executive Compensation Conference") will be more important than ever.
These Conferences will be held at the San Francisco Hilton and via Live Nationwide Video Webcast on November 9-10th; here is the agenda. And many also attend the NASPP Annual Conference that follows directly thereafter – the full Conference program was justed posted. Take advantage of reduced rates that will expire on June 26th by registering now.
Check out this article from yesterday's Washington Post regarding SEC Chair Schapiro's first days in office and the challenges she faced.
Survey Results: Governance Trends for IPO Companies
David Westenberg of WilmerHale sent over some IPO governance trend stats, uncovered during research for his upcoming PLI book, "IPOs: A Practical Guide to Going Public." Here is the data based on his review of all US IPOs by operating companies (i.e., excluding SPACs, REITs, etc.) in 2007 and 2008 (total sample size was about 185 companies; 93% of companies were incorporated in Delaware):
1. Number of Executive Officers:
– Median – six
– 25% Percentile – five
– 75% Percentile – seven
2. Percentage of IPO companies that identified "key" employees beyond executive officers – 15%
3. Separation of Chair and CEO:
– Separate Chair and CEO – 52%
– Same Chair and CEO – 48% (of these, 8% appointed a lead director)
4. Compensation Consultants – Percentage of IPO companies that disclosed use of compensation consultant – 24%
5. Number of Directors:
– Median – seven
– 25% Percentile – six
– 75% Percentile – eight
– 50% of IPO companies had more than one employee-director.
6. Takeover Defenses:
– Classified board – 60%
– Supermajority voting requirements to approve mergers or change corporate charter and by laws – 53%
– Prohibition of stockholders' right to act by written consent – 69%
– Limitation of stockholders' ability to call special meetings – 74%
– Advance notice provisions – 80%
– Section 203 of the Delaware corporation statute* (chose not to opt out) – 90%
– Blank check preferred stock – 76%
– Stockholder rights plan ("poison pill") – 6%
FASB Issues FAS No. 165 re: Subsequent Events
Last week, the FASB issued FAS No. 165, "Subsequent Events." FAS 165 is effective for interim and annual periods ending after June 15th – and is intended to establish general standards of accounting for (and disclosure of) events that occur after the balance sheet date – but before financial statements are issued or are available to be issued.
– Broc Romanek

subset: commoncrawl


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Never heard of Invisible Illness Awareness Week? You're not alone. Jody Smith sheds a little light to make it more visible
Discuss the article on the Forums.
When do you know you are ready to go back to work (full-time)?
Discussion in 'General ME/CFS News' started by Jeffy14, Dec 26, 2010.
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|21 Aug 1990
|Filing date
|29 Jun 1989
|Priority date
|29 Jun 1989
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Andrew J. Niksa, Marilyn J. Nikasa, Jay M Noscal, Thomas J. Sovich
|Original Assignee
|Eltech Systems Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (123), Classifications (21), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to a metal-air battery consisting of a cell frame and an air cathode attached onto each face of the frame. An anode is inserted into the space between the cathodes so that dissolution occurs on both sides of the anode.
Prior U.S. Pat. No. 3,513,030 discloses a cell comprising an envelope-shaped air cathode, a replaceable consumable anode positioned within the envelope of the cathode, and an electrolyte between the anode and cathode. Zinc is listed as a preferred anode material, but aluminum is also mentioned. The electrolyte can be an aqueous alkali hydroxide, or a "dry" alkali hydroxide in which water is added later. Other electrolytes are also disclosed. A battery, made up of a plurality of these cells, utilizes end plates and a drive screw mechanism pressing the cells together. The anodes are inserted into the envelope cathodes through openings at the top of the envelope cathodes. The openings and anodes have cooperating surfaces which bear against each other. However, aqueous alkali hydroxides are known wetting agents. Even if the opening and anode cooperating surfaces are machined to very close tolerances, the end plates and drive screw mechanism appear to be necessary to press the opening and anode cooperating surfaces together in an attempt to seal the openings. No seal which is effective without the use of a mechanism such as end plates and a drive screw and/or close tolerance machining is disclosed.
Prior U.S. Pat. No. 3,518,123 discloses a structure which is similar to that of U.S. Pat. No. 3,513,030. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,518,123, the cell includes a reservoir in communication with the electrolyte chamber arranged to replenish electrolyte or water lost by transpiration of water vapor through the hYdrophobic member of the cell cathode. In this patent, as with U.S. Pat. No. 3,513,030, no effective seal sealing the anode within the envelope cathode opening is disclosed.
Prior U.S. Pat. No. 3,960,600 discloses an envelope cathode. A removable anode fits within the envelope cathode. Wrappings around the anode retain an electrolyte. A handle on the anode facilitates removal of the anode. The anode is locked into position in the envelope cathode by negative terminals which fit into jacks on the side of the envelope cathode. An O-ring in the anode top seats the anode top within an opening in the envelope cathode. Through experience it has been determined that O-rings can require extremely fine tolerances and high sealing forces to be an effective sea in such applications against leakage of an aqueous alkali hydroxide.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,560,626 discloses a metal/air battery which comprises a housing having electrolyte inlets and outlets. The housing on the inside supports a plurality of anodes and Pairs of cathodes on opposite sides of each anode. Seals between the cathodes and housing walls direct the flow of electrolyte into the spaces between the anodes and cathodes. Means are provided for removing the anodes from the housing. There is no disclosure of a means for anode current collection, nor of openings in the housing into which the anodes are seated.
British Patent No. 1,223,127 discloses a plurality of cell frames. Air permeable cathode surfaces are affixed to opposite sides of the frames. A plate-like anode is inserted between the cathodes. A handle is provided on the anode for removing it. The anode has separator paper impregnated with electrolyte applied to opposite sides of the anode. The patent has no disclosure concerning a means for sealing the anode within the cathode frame.
The present invention resides in a metal-air battery consisting of one or more cells. Each cell comprises a cell frame. An air cathode is attached to each face of the frame. The frame has an access opening. An anode blank comprises a consumable end which is inserted through said access opening into the space between the cathodes. An exposed end on the anode blank protrudes from the access opening and can be grasped for replacement of the anode blank through said opening. The anode blank comprises a labyrinth seal which is molded directly onto the anode blank between said consumable end and said exposed end sealing said access opening.
Preferably, the labyrinth seal is an elastomeric rubber material which is vulcanized directly onto the anode blank. The seal has a cross-section in which a main body portion presses against the anode blank and a plurality of lobes press against the frame opening. The lobes can be tapered in a manner which not only resists removal of the anode blank from the access opening but also enhances the sealing characteristics of the labyrinth seal.
In a battery which comprises a plurality of cells, each cell anode exposed end preferably comprises a contact edge which is the anode electrical contact. Each cell comprises a cathode bus which is disposed to one side of the anode contact edge. The anode contact edges and cathode buses all lie in the same plane. A plurality of contact plates bridge the gap between the anode contact edge of one cell and the cathode bus of an adjacent cell, thus connecting the cells in-series.
An elongated inter-electrode buswork is removably attached to the battery. The contact plates are positioned in spaced-apart relationship longitudinally along the buswork. Alternatively, the contact plates are individual shaped jumper bars engaging the anode contact edge of one cell and the cathode bus of an adjacent cells. If desired, the cells can be connected in parallel.
Further features of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art to which the present invention relates from reading the following specification with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a partially exploded view of a pair of side-by-side cells of the battery of the Present invention;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of a battery of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an elevation side view of the battery of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a section elevation view of a portion of an assembled cell taken along line 4--4 of FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a section view taken along line 5--5 of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a section view taken along line 6--6 of FIG. 4;
FIG. 7 is an elevation side view of the battery of FIG. 2 showing the electrolyte circulation system for the battery;
FIG. 8 is an elevation view of a cathode/anode separator for the battery cell of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a section view taken along line 9--9 of FIG. 8;
FIG. 10 is a partial section view of an anode and labyrinth seal molded to the anode taken along line 10--10 of FIG. 11;
FIG. 11 is an elevational side view of an anode of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a plan view of the anode of FIG. 11;
FIG. 13 is an enlarged perspective view of an interbus contact plate of the present invention;
FIG. 14 is an enlarged partial section view of the cell of FIG. 4 showing a cathode bellows in accordance with the present invention; and
FIG. 15 is an end view of an intercell connector useful in the alternative to the interbus contact plate of FIG. 13.
FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate a battery 12 of the present invention. The battery comprises a plurality of cells 14 in side-by-side relationship. The battery has a cathode end 16 and an anode end 18.
In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the battery has ten cells 14. Each cell comprises an anode contact edge 20 (FIG. 3) and a cathode bus 22 (FIGS. 2 and 3), which preferably has at least general "U-shaped" configuration as shown in FIG. 1. An external buswork 24, to be described in more detail further hereinbelow, comprises a plurality of interbus contact plates 26 (FIG. 3). The contact plates 26 electrically bridge the gap between the cathode bus 22 of one cell and the anode contact edge 20 of a adjacent cell, thus connecting the cells in-series.
The battery has an electrolyte inlet 28 and an electrolyte outlet 30 by which electrolyte is circulated into and out of the cells 14. Air fans 32 are provided for inducing the flow of air through inter-cell spaces, between adjacent cells 14, into the air cathodes, in a manner to be described. The use of air fans 32 is optional.
Details of the cells 14 are shown in FIGS. 1 and 4-6. In FIG. 1, for purposes of illustration, two cells in side-by-side relationship are shown.
Each cell 14 comprises a frame 40 somewhat in the shape of a window frame. The frame comprises top and bottom walls 42 and 44 and side walls 46 and 48. The frames 40 are made of a machinable or moldable plastic that is resistant to electrolyte such as acrylonitrile - butadiene - styrene (ABS) resins or chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) resins and including polypropylene, although the use of other materials is contemplated. In practice, where the battery comprises a plurality of cells, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the cells 14 are held together by welding or gluing the frame 40 of one cell 14 on its walls 42, 44, 46 and 48, to the frame walls 42, 44, 46 and 48 of adjacent cells 14. The top, bottom and side walls of the frame 40 define a rectangular-shaped electrolyte chamber 50. The frame is double-faced with air cathodes 52, 54 glued or otherwise fastened onto each face. The cathode 52 on the side of the frontmost cell in FIG. 1 is substantially fullY visible. The air cathode 54 on the opposite face of the frontmost cell in FIG. 1 is partially visible through the electrolyte chamber 50.
In FIG. 1, which is a partially exploded view of two cells 14, the frontmost air cathode 52, as viewed in FIG. 1, is shown spaced from the frame 40. This is for the purpose of illustration. In actual practice, the cathode 52 is affixed to the frame walls 42, 44, 46 and 48 as shown in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6.
Each cell frame 40 has an elongated vertically extending frame opening 60 (FIG. 1) formed in side wall 46. The opening 60 is in communication with the electrolyte chamber 50. The opening is sized to receive a plate anode 62 plus a seal 68. The anode 62 is inserted through the opening 60 into the electrolyte chamber 50 so that it is between the air cathodes 52, 54. In FIG. 1, both of the plate anodes 62 are shown withdrawn from the electrolyte chambers 50 of the two cells 14, for the purpose of illustration.
Details of the plate anode 62 are shown in FIGS. 10, 11 and 12. As shown in FIG. 11, the anode is essentially a rectangular plate with oppositely facing planar surfaces 61, 63. The plate anode has a consumable end 64 and a hand-grasping, or exposed, end 66. The dimensions of the anode plate are sufficient so that when the consumable end 64 is inserted within the electrolyte chamber 50, the hand grasping end 66 protrudes from the chamber and is exposed permitting the plate anode 62 to be withdrawn from the chamber 50.
As shown in FIG. 10, the hand grasping end 66 can be thinner in cross-section between the opposed planar surfaces 61, 63 than the consumable end 64. A seal 68 is interposed between the hand grasping end 66 and the consumable end 64.
In the embodiment illustrated, the hand grasping end 66 also functions, by means of edge 20, as the anode contact, in a manner to be hereinafter described. It is to be understood that the hand grasping end 66 may be tabbed or slotted or configured in other similar manner to assist manual insertion of the Plate anode 62 through the frame opening 60 and into tight contact therewith. To provide the greatest amount of the plate anode 62 for contact with electrolyte, the hand grasping end 66 supplies only from about 5 to about 30 percent of the length of the plate anode 62. Preferably, for best efficiency and economy overall for the battery, such hand grasping end supplies about 10-25 percent of the plate anode 62 length.
The anode 62 can be comprised of any metal conventionally employed in a metal-air battery. Examples of metals which have been used are aluminum, zinc, iron, beryllium, cadmium, magnesium, lithium and lead as well as alloys and intermixtures of the same. A preferred metal in the practice of the present invention is a high performance, aluminum alloy having low polarization and low parasitic corrosion values. Such alloys are known and are disclosed, by way of example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,379,636, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,751,086, and in patents cited therein. It is possible, by suitably alloying the aluminum, to obtain very low corrosion current values, for instance, ten (10) milliamps per square centimeter. The disclosures of U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,379,636 and 4,751,086 are incorporated by reference herein.
Although it is contemplated that other electrolytes can be used, e.g., saline electrolyte, a preferred electrolyte for use in the present invention is an aqueous solution of an alkali hydroxide, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or caustic mixtures containing the same. However, an aqueous solution of an alkali hydroxide has good surface wetting properties and is capable in many applications of leaking past imperfect seals.
The anode seal 68 is an important aspect of the present invention. It is dimensioned to fit within the frame opening 60 in the frame side wall 46 sealing the opening so as to prevent electrolyte from exiting the cell. This anode seal also protects the portion of the anode under the seal where the anode is at open circuit and therefore susceptible to corrosion. The anode seal 68 is of the labyrinth type having lobes, e.g., the three principle lobes 70, 72 and 74 (FIGS. 10 and 11) which press against opening 60. These lobes concentrate the sealing force and provide a tortuous path for hindering the flow of electrolyte past the anode seal 68 to the outside of the cell. The lobes 70, 72, and 74 have a resilient tapered cross section, as shown in FIG. 10. Thus, they concentrate the force of the lobe against the opening 60 on a small area at the apex of each lobe. This provides high sealing force without a large overall compressive force.
The taper from the apex of each lobe is accentuated in the direction inwardly toward the consumable end 64 of the plate anode. This functions to reduce the amount of force which is required to press the anode blank 62 into the frame opening 60. The taper also functions to resist anode removal and lock the anode in place when the anode/seal assembly is pressed down into the cell frame.
The seal 68 is preferably vulcanized directly onto the anode blank 62. This Provides an intimate seal between the anode surfaces 61 and 63 and the seal 68. Preferred elastomeric rubber materials are neoprene and ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer (EPDM), which are stable to caustic electrolytes. The seal preferably has a low hardness, for instance about 40 durometer.
When the plate anode 62 is inserted within the electrolYte chamber 50, it seats along its innermost edge 76 against an anode gasket 78 (FIG. 5). The anode gasket 78 fits inside of the electrolyte chamber 50 against side wall 48. The gasket 78 is provided with spaced lobes 80. The plate anode 62, in seating against the anode 78, presses against the lobes 80 which hold the anode plate edge 76 slightly spaced from the surface 82 of the gasket. The lobes 80 provide a high, localized force against the anode plate edge 76 and serve three functions: (i) they serve as a stop for the innermost edge 76 of the plate anode 62 centered between the air cathodes 52, 54; (ii) serve to seal the electrolyte within the electrolYte chamber 50; and (iii) to position the anode 62 so that the anode exposed contact edges 20 lie in essentially the same plane.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 5, the cell frame side wall 48 comprises an enlarged section 90 which contains a lower electrolyte inlet manifold 92 and an upper electrolyte outlet manifold 94. The manifolds 92, 94 extend transversely through the section 90. Thus, the inlet manifold 92 of one cell connects with the inlet manifolds 92 of adjacent cells, i.e., cells on opposite sides of the cell shown in FIG. 5. Correspondingly, the outlet manifold 94 connects with the outlet manifolds 94 of the adjacent cells on the opposite side of the cell shown in FIG. 5. The inlet manifold 92 of the endmost cell at the anode end 18 of the battery (FIG. 3) connects with electrolyte inlet 28 (FIG. 3), and the outlet manifold 94 of the endmost cell at the anode end 18 of the battery connects with electrolyte outlet 30.
Each inlet manifold 92, of each cell, communicates with the cell chamber 50 through an electrolyte inlet orifice 96 (shown in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6). Each outlet manifold 94 of each cell communicates with the electrolyte chamber 50 through an outlet port 98. As shown in FIG. 5, the outlet port 98 is much larger in diameter than the inlet orifice 96. The purpose of the small diameter of the inlet orifice 96 is to reduce shunt currents within the cell. The larger diameter of the outlet port 98 establishes only a slight internal Pressure of electrolyte within each electrolyte chamber 50.
Each air cathode 52, 54 is fastened to the cell frame, such as by means of a caustic resistant epoxy cement or the like, e.g., a silicon adhesive. One suitable adhesive is an aluminum filled epoxy cement marketed by Devcon Corporation under the trademark "Devcon". The air cathodes 52, 54 can also be sealed to the frame 40 by means of a gasket. Suitable gasket materials are the same as those given for the anode seal 68, e.g., neoprene or EPDM. In general, it is contemplated that any air cathode which can be employed in an aluminum-air battery will be serviceable for use herein.
Details of a preferred high performance air cathode suitable for use in the present invention are disclosed in prior Pat. No. 4,756,980 assigned to the assignee of the present application. The disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 4,756,980 is incorporated herein by reference. The air cathodes disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,756,980 comprise a thin, single layer of catalyzed carbon particles, in admixture with 10-50 weight percent of a hydrophobic polymeric binder containing a fluorocarbon polymer. Either or both the front or back flat surface of the sheet has pressed into it a foraminous current-conductive metal mesh or screen. In the embodiment illustrated, in FIG. 1, the air cathode 52 is shown schematically as a sheet 102 of a layer of carbon particles in admixture with a hydrophobic binder and an outer foraminous metallic current collector screen 104 embedded in the carbon/binder layer. The metal screen is exposed to the sheet surface but is embedded in the surface. The metal screen is then sintered to the sheet at high temperature. Materials suitable for cathode screens are silver plated copper wire, preferably copper wire which is nickel plated with a silver plate top layer.
The sheet of catalyzed carbon Particles and hydrophobic polymeric binder has an open, porous construction receptive to the flow of air but at the same time one that is impermeable to the flow of aqueous electrolyte into the sheet pores. The metal screen gives the sheet mechanical strength and also functions as a metallic current collector. For imparting even more strength to the air cathode, the cathode can be "double gridded" as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,756,980, with metal screen on both sides.
Another especially suitable high performance air cathode is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,615,954, also assigned to the assignee of the present application. This air cathode comprises at least two bonded composite layers, one of which is a form-stable conductive wet proofing layer, while the other is a thin-active layer containing active carbon particles and having a high internal surface area, e.g., more than 1,000 meters2 /gram. The disclosure of this patent is also incorporated by reference herein.
In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 4, 5 and 6, the foraminous metal screen 104 has a height dimensioned so that it extends beyond the confines of the frame top and bottom walls 42, 44, in upper and lower contact tabs 106 (FIGS. 4 and 5). The cathode bus 22 is in the shape of a handlebar with legs 108, 110, which may be glued, with an epoxy glue or the like, or gasketed, into alignment holes 114 in the cell frame 40. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the cathode bus 22 of the frontmost cell 14 is shown in a position substantially withdrawn from holes 114 of the cell frame 40, whereas the bus 22 of the rearmost second cell 14 is shown in a position inserted into the alignment holes 114 of the cell frame 40.
FIGS. 4 and 5 show connection of the cathode contact tabs 106 to the bus legs 10, 110. As shown in FIG. 4, the contact tabs are wraPPed around the bus legs 108, 110 and can be metallically fastened, e.g., brazed or soldered, or mechanically fastened, e.g., clipped, to the bus legs to provide good current contact.
As shown in FIG. 1, each cathode bus 22 comprises an intermediate, or "post", section 116 between legs 108, 110 which is offset, by bends 118, slightly to one side of the plane defined by the bus legs 108, 110. Thus the bus legs 108,110 and anode contact edge 20 of one cell can be at least substantiallY in the same plane, but the bus intermediate section 116 for that cell is offset from such plane. In the embodiment illustrated, the bus intermediate section 116 of the frontmost cell 44 is offset rearwardly so that the intermediate, or center, section 116 is parallel to and adjacent the anode contact edge 20 of the adjacent rearward cell. When all of the cathode buses of all the cells 14 are inserted fully within the alignment holes 114, all of the bus intermediate sections 116 lie in essentially the same plane, one which is parallel to the side of the battery. The anode contact edges 20 also lie essentially in this same plane. It is preferred that the cathode bus 22 be of a metal whose oxide is electronically conductive or plated with such a metal, e.g., tin plated copper or silver plated copper.
Each cell 14 comprises a pair of separators 122, shown in detail in FIGS. 8 and 9, between the cell plate anode 62 and the cell air cathodes 52, 54. The purpose of the separators 122 is to maintain a gap between the plate anode 62 and the air cathodes 52, 54. The separators 122 have an open mesh construction and are of a flexible plastic material, such as polypropylene, resistant to electrolyte. The mesh construction comprises a plurality of thin spaced-apart horizontal and vertical strands 126 with thickened nodules 124 at the intersections of the strands. The nodules maintain the desired anode/cathode gap separation, whereas the strands, having a nominal thickness much less than the thickness of the nodules, permit the flow of electrolyte in the areas between the cell anode 62 and air cathodes 52, 54.
Referring back to FIG. 1, each air cathode 52, 54 comprises a cathode support frame 130, made of the same material as frame 40. The support frame can be glued onto the air side of the cathode 52, 54 around the perimeter of the cell frame 40 using a caustic resistant epoxy cement or fastened by similar means. The support frame 130 is provided with ribs 132 which prevent bowing of the air cathode during hydraulic upset and also give mechanical support to the cathode glue joints by eliminating shear force generation.
As shown in FIG. 1, the ribs 132, for the air cathode frame 130 facing outwardly are angled slightly with respect to the sides of the frame 130. The ribs 132 of the cathode support frame 130 facing rearwardly, as viewed in FIG. 1, are differently angled. In general, as shown in the figure, such different angles can be at least substantially equal but opposite. Thus, the ribs 132 of one cathode support frame 130 engage but do not mesh with those of the cathode support frame 130 of the facing cathode of an adjacent cell. In this way, interspacing between the air cathodes of adjacent cells is maintained for adequate flow of air into the air cathodes.
Preferably, the cell operates at a low internal electrolyte pressure. This requires very low external air pressure to balance the internal electrolyte pressure. Thus, the cells can be run at, or slightly above, ambient air pressure. A slight pressure above ambient air pressure presses the cathode towards the anode due to the differential pressure in favor of the air side. This maintains the desired anode/cathode gap and allows practical operation at low air pumping/compression costs.
It may be desirable to dimension the component parts so that a very thick plate anode 62, for instance about 0.5 inch, is disposed within the cell electrolyte chambers 50. In such instance, the cathodes 52, 54 can be made movable so that they move towards the anode 62 to maintain anode/cathode gap as the anode dissolves. An example of a suitable mechanism for doing this is a metal bellows 134 such as shown in FIG. 14. The metal bellows 134 is in the shape of a window frame with a flat inner surface 135 which is secured to the air cathode 52, 54. The flat surface 135 extends around the entire periphery of the air cathode 52, 54 and is sealed to the air cathode 52, 54, as by extending over the top of the air cathode 52, 54 and crimping, or bY means such as soldering or brazing. The bellows 134 has an accordion shaped section 136 connected to surface 135. The section 136 also extends around the entire periphery of the air cathode 52, 54, having the same configuration for the entire periphery as shown in FIG. 14. A tab 137 extends outwardly (relative to the cathode 52, 54) from the accordion section 136. The tab 137 extends completely around the peripherY of the cathode 52, 54 and is sealed for the entire periphery in area 138 to the cell frame 40, also using a caustic resistant epoxy cement or similar means. In this way, the metal bellows 134 seals the electrolyte chamber 50 against leakage of electrolyte from the chamber 50 in the area of the air cathodes 52, 54.
The metal bellows 134 is preferably made of a metal foil, the bellows folds in section 136 and other folds in the bellows being formed by crimping or other similar forming means. In the embodiment of FIG. 14, the flat inner metal surface 135 is electrically connected, for instance by brazing or soldering, to the current collector screen of the air cathode 52, 54 around the entire periphery of the cathode 52, 54. This may be in addition to being sealed to the air cathode 52, 54, as where crimping over the cathode is used. The outwardly extending tab 137, at the opposed upper and lower ends of the metal bellows 134, has formed extensions 139 which extend around the cathode bus legs 108, 110. The extensions 139 are electrically connected to the cathode bus legs 108, 110 in a way effective for the flow of electrical current, for instance by brazing, soldering, or clipping. In this way, current collected on the cathode collector screens is transmitted via the metal bellows 134 to the cathode bus legs 108, 110. An exemplary metal for the inner metal surface 135, bellows 134, tab 137 and any extensions, e.g., the extension 139, is a silver or nickel foil.
In operation, the metal bellows 134 is expandable and functions to allow a range of cathode movement as well as Provide electrical contact between the air cathode 52, 54 and bus 108, 110. As the anode 62 is consumed, a positive air pressure indicated by arrow 141 moves the air cathode 52, 54 in the direction of anode 62. Spacing between the anode 62 and cathode 52, 54 is maintained by the spacers of FIGS. 8 and 9 (not shown in FIG. 14).
Details of the inter-electrode buswork 24 are disclosed in FIGS. 1, 13 and 15. The inter-electrode buswork disclosed connects the battery cells in series. It is understood that the battery cells can also be connected in parallel if desired, as discussed in more detail hereinbelow.
The inter-electrode buswork 24 comprises an elongated terminal block 140 (FIG. 1). The terminal block 140 is made of a dielectric material such as ABS. The terminal block has a plurality of slots 142 which are spaced along a face 144 of the terminal block. For a battery with ten cells, there are ten slots 142.
Each slot 142 receives an electrically conductive, e.g., copper, interbus contact plate 26 (FIG. 13) or intercell bus connector 200 (FIG. 15). For purposes of convenience, reference will generally be made hereinafter only to the interbus contact plate 26 for securing in the buswork 24. But it is to be understood that the buswork 24 can be made to accommodate the intercell bus connectors 200 in place of the contact plates 26. Because of this interchangeability between the plates 26 and connectors 200, where the use of the term "contact plate(s)" is used, generally hereinafter (and not, for example, to refer to the specific design of the plate) it is to be understood to also mean "intercell bus connector." In FIG. 1, the frontmost contact plate 26 is shown in an exploded position removed from slot 142, to show details of the plate 26 and slot 142. Each interbus contact plate 26 is an elongated metallic current-conducting member having upper and lower contact portions 148, 150 and a center portion 152, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 13. The interbus contact plates 26 are positioned in the slots 142 so that they are oriented at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the terminal block 140. Each slot 142 is provided with lips 154 which partially close the slot openings. The center portion 152 of each contact plate 26 comprises outwardly extending flaps 156 (FIG. 13). The lips 154 (FIG. 1) engage the flaps 156 (FIG. 13) and serve to prevent removal of the contact plates 26 through the openings of slots 142.
The terminal block 140 has upper and lower retainer plates 160 secured thereto. Only the upper retainer plate 160 is visible in FIG. 1. The retainer plates are made of a dielectric material such as ABS and have slots 162 formed along one edge 164 thereof. The slots 162 correspond with slots 142 of the terminal block, except that the slots 162 are sized to accommodate only the narrower upper and lower portions 148, 150 of the interbus contact plates 26. In this way, the retainer plates 160 engages flaps 156 and function to keeP the interbus contact plates 26 from sliding endwise from the terminal block slots 142.
Each interbus contact plate 26 is U-shaped in cross section, in upper and lower portions 148, 150, with flanges 166 (FIG. 13). The width dimension of the portions 148, 150 is such that when the inter-electrode buswork 24 is placed up against the side of the battery, shown in FIGS. 3 and 6, each interbus contact plate 26 bridges the gap between the anode contact edge 20 of one cell and the cathode bus 22 of an adjacent cell, at its intermediate section 116, making contact with each component. In FIG. 6, this cathode bus 22 of the adjacent cell is shown substantially in phantom, as is the intercell buswork. By such contact plate 26, contact edge 20 and cathode bus 22 connection, current is conveyed in series through the battery.
In FIG. 15, there is depicted in cross-section, an elongated intercell bus connector 200 that is of the spring clip type. The bus connector has a generally "U-shaped" center section 202 having first and second legs 203,207. The first leg 203 not only forms a portion of the central U-shaped section, but also extends through a bend 204 and an opposite leg 205 to form a hairpin section. The opposite leg 205 terminates in an opening flange member 206. The U-shaped center section 202 from the second leg 207, extends into an open curved portion 208 which extends into and terminates at a flange member 209. In use, the U-shaped center section second leg 207, curved section 208 and opPosite leg 203, will clamp onto the intermediate section 116 of a cathode bus 22. Then the hairpin portion of the intercell bus connector 200 slips onto the edge 20 of a plate anode 62. The design of this intercell bus connector provides, principally through the center U-shaped section 202 flexural tolerance, together with strength. The U-shaped section can serve as a lever arm for providing the tolerance needed to facilitate ease of applying the connector for connecting anode and cathode. The intercell bus connector 200 will be a metallic connector such as of standard spring copper or of copper beryllium alloy.
Parts of the circuitry of the battery 12 comprise the battery cathode terminal 168 (FIG. 3) and the battery anode terminal 169 (FIG. 3), which can each be of tin plated copper. As shown in FIG. 3, the cathode terminal 168 is fastened, for instance by soldering or brazing, to the cathode bus 22 of the endmost cell 14 at the cathode end 16 of the battery. The anode terminal 169 is connected into the battery circuit by means of an interbus contact plate 26 in electrical contact with an anode contact edge 20 of an endmost cell 14 at the anode end 18 of the battery.
If desired, the cells can also be connected in a monopolar (in parallel) arrangement. This can be done by modifying the inter-electrode buswork 24 terminal block 140 to jumper the anodes together and separately jumper the cathodes together. This obviates the need for the interbus contact plates 26. It is however contemplated to connect each cell stack in series and to then connect several stacks together in parallel, if parallel arrangement is desired.
As shown in FIG. 2, the battery has clamps 170, 172 at opposite ends. These clamps engage hooks 174, 176 at opposite ends of the inter-electrode buswork 24 and serve to hold the buswork 24 against the side of the batterY. Thus, the cells of the present invention can be connected in-series by a very simple connect. Removing the inter-electrode buswork 24 is accomplished by a very simple disconnect; simply disengaging the clamps 170, 172 from hooks 174, 176. The clamps 170,172 and hooks 174,176 can be made of any economical and rugged metal, e.g., nickel or steel.
Removal of the inter-electrode buswork 24 provides ready access to the anode hand grasping ends 66, permitting simple removal and replacement of the anodes in the cells 14.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, a compressible rubber gasket 180, e.g, of EPDM, is inserted between each interbus contact plate 26 and terminal block 140. The rubber gasket 180 functions to provide a compressive force of the interbus contact plate against the anode contact edge 20 and cathode bus 22 for good electrical contact, and provides tolerance relief from bus-to-bus.
Instead of using an inter-electrode buswork as shown in FIGS. 1 and 13, it may be desired to connect the multiple cells 14 by means of individual clips or jumper bars. These jumper bars have a "U"-shaped configuration, similar to the end configurations of contact plates 26, so as to bridge the gap between the anode contact edge 20 of one cell and the cathode bus 22 of an adjacent cell. Alternatively, the individual jumper bars may have a modified "W"-shaped configuration in which the two slots in each jumper bar are formed to expand and snap onto the anode contact edge 20 of one cell and onto the cathode bus 22 of an adjacent cell. This provides better contact and a more secure engagement of each jumper bar with the anode contact edges 20 and cathode buses 22.
Each cell frame 40 comprises an inwardly oriented slot 182 (FIG. 5) at each of the four corners of the frame 40. The four slots 182 are formed to extend laterally in the frame so that the slots 182 of one cell are aligned with those of the adjacent cells. In this way, the battery of the present invention can be Provided with upper and lower plates 184, 186 (FIGS. 4 and 5), made of ABS or the like, which define an air chamber embracing the cells. Air is fed into a common entrance manifold (not shown) and allowed to freely escape through a common discharge port (not shown). This air chamber containment is used such as when it is desirable to pressurize the air side, or when the the cell is run on oxygen or air scrubbed to remove carbon dioxide, or when the chamber is pressurized to move the cathodes 52, 54 toward the anode when the cathodes 52, 54 are mounted on a metal bellows.
Alternatively, the battery of the present invention can be run without air containment, that is without a physical air chamber, in which case, air movement on the air side of the cathodes can be fan assisted by fans 32. The fans 32 can be mounted on the upper plate 184, which would be suitably apertured to accommodate the air flow, or otherwise mounted above the cells. It is to be understood that it is contemplated that the battery will be run with any of the substituents which can be employed for a battery of this type, for example air or oxygen, and including such as have been scrubbed of carbon dioxide.
As shown in FIG. 7, circulation of electrolyte through the battery 12 can be accomplished by means of a pump 190 forcing electrolyte from a reservoir 192 into the battery through an electrolyte inlet 28. A heat exchanger (not shown) may be placed in this circulation system, e.g., between the reservoir 192 and the pump 190. Electrolyte is exhausted from the battery 12 through an electrolyte outlet 30 back to the reservoir 192 by means of an electrolyte outlet line 194.
In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7, exhaust connection 196 functions to exhaust hydrogen generated in the cells 14. This connection 196 connects with the electrolyte outlet manifold 94 (FIG. 5) of the cell 14 which is at the cathode end of the battery. The manifold 94 (FIG. 5) is sized to accommodate not only electrolyte flow, but also hydrogen gas flow. Alternatively, the hydrogen gas generated in the cells 14 can be exhausted through the electrolyte outlet line 194 (FIG. 7) into the battery reservoir 192. Particularly when an exhaust connection 196 is utilized, it is advantageous to orient the cell stack in the manner as shown in FIG. 7. However, it is understood that differing orientations may be useful and are contemplated.
The following example shows a way in which the invention has been practiced, but should not be construed as limiting the invention.
In this example, ten cells (14) were assembled into a battery stack and were connected to form an aluminum-air battery as shown in FIG. 1, including anodes with labyrinth seals as depicted in FIGS. 10-11 and a glued cathode-to-frame attachment means plus air chamber containment, both as depicted in FIG. 5. The inter-cell gap was 0.080 inch and was established by separators shown in FIG. 8. The overall size of the battery was about 11"�7"�7". A cathode of the type disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,756,980 was used. The length of the aluminum anode used measured, in inches, 41/2", for the consumable end and 1" for the hand-grasping end. The initial electrolyte was a 7.5 molar aqueous Potassium hydroxide solution which was circulated in the manner shown in FIG. 7. Battery operating temperature was maintained at approximately 60� C.
The cathode was depolarized with pure oxygen at essentially atmospheric pressure. The electrolyte pressure was also at essentially atmospheric and the differential pressure across the air cathode was virtuallY zero. The performance profile is summarized in the table below:
TABLE______________________________________Hours onLine Amps Voltage______________________________________0 34.9 13.831.3 34.9 15.102.25 34.9 14.82.88 34.9 14.63.5 34.9 13.624.63 34.9 12.0______________________________________
The battery ran for the full 4.63 hours, after which the test was terminated.
From the above description of a preferred embodiment of the invention, those skilled in the art will perceive improvements, changes and modifications. Such improvements, changes and modifications within the skill of the art are intended to be covered by the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|29 Jun 1989
Owner name: ELTECH SYSTEMS CORPORATION, TOWN EXECUTIVE CENTER,
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|14 Jan 1994
|Fee payment
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|30 Jan 1998
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|4 Dec 2000
Owner name: MELLON BANK, N.A., AS AGENT, PENNSYLVANIA
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ELTECH SYSTEMS CORPORATION;ELTECH SYSTEMS FOREIGN SALES CORPORATION;ELTECH SYSTEMS, L.P., L.L.L.P.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:011442/0165
Effective date: 20001129
|5 Mar 2002
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|21 Aug 2002
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text:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 557
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of all the United States Supreme Court cases from volume 557 of the United States Reports:
- Polar Tankers v. City of Valdez (Docket No. 08-310)
- Nijhawan v. Holder (Docket No. 08-495)
- District Attorney's Office for Third Judicial Dist. v. Osborne (Docket No. 08-6)
- Yeager v. United States (Docket No. 08-67)
- Travelers Indemnity Co. v. Bailey (Docket No. 08-295)
- Gross v. FBL Financial Services, Inc. (Docket No. 08-441)
- Northwest Austin Municipal Util. Dist. No. One v. Holder (Docket No. 08-322)
- Forest Grove School Dist. v. T. A. (Docket No. 08-305)
- Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council (Docket No. 07-984)
- Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts (Docket No. 07-591)
- Safford Unified School Dist.#1 v. Redding (Docket No. 08-479)
- Atlantic Sounding Co. v. Townsend (Docket No. 08-214)
- Horne v. Flores (Docket No. 08-289)
- Cuomo v. Clearing House Assn., L. L. C. (Docket No. 08-453)
- Ricci v. DeStefano (Docket No. 07-1428)


text:
Eliezer [Ĕli ēzûr]—god is my help.
There can be little doubt that the Damascus Eliezer is the nameless servant Abraham sent to his own country and kindred to secure a bride for Isaac, his son of promise. Of the search of Eliezer, Dr. C. I. Scofield says that the entire chapter (Genesis 24) is highly typical, and then he gives us this most helpful outline:
I. Abraham—type of a certain king who would make a marriage for his son (Matt. 22:2; John 6:44).
II. The unnamed servant—type of the Holy Spirit who does not speak of or from himself, but takes of the things of the bridegroom with which to win the bride (John 16:13, 14).
III. The servant—type of the Spirit as enriching the bride with the bridegroom's gifts (1 Cor. 12:7-11; Gal. 5:22).
IV. The servant—type of the Spirit as bringing the bride to the meeting with the bridegroom (Acts 13:4; 16:6, 7; Rom. 8:11; 1 Thess. 4:14-17).
V. Rebekah—type of the Church, the ecclesia, the "called out" virgin bride of Christ (Gen. 24:16; 2 Cor. 11:2; Eph. 5:25-32).
VI. Isaac—type of the bridegroom "whom not having seen" the bride loves through the testimony of the unnamed servant (1 Pet. 1:8).
VII. Isaac—type of the bridegroom who goes out to meet and receive His bride (Gen. 24:63; 1 Thess. 4:16, 17).
Points to emphasize as we peruse this beautiful chapter twenty-four with its love-quest are clearly evident:
Prayer should precede our pursuits (Gen. 24:12).
Leading depends upon living (v. 27).
The Lord is before us and with us (v. 40).
The place of privilege (v. 43 with John 4:14).
The importance of a personal decision (Gen. 24:58).
The right attitude for the reception of God's gifts (v. 63).
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Music was composed by J. Taylor, M. Rodgers, S. Schwartz, M. Grant & C. Carnelia. Lyrics were written by S. Birkenhead, S. Schwartz, C. Carnelia, J. Taylor & M. Grant. The libretto was developed by Schwartz with N. Faso. The first show took place in the Chicago from Dec. 1977 to February 1978. There were 40 performances only. Production was directed by Mr. Schwartz & choreographed by G. Daniele. In the show were involved: J. Ponazecki, J. Footlik, D. P. Kelly, R. Lamont & T. Treas. Try-outs before Broadway started in May 1978. They were from May to June 1978, with 12 preliminaries & 24 regular performances. This production was directed by Stephen Schwartz & choreographed by O. White. The spectacle involved S. Bigelow, A. Freeman, B. Gunton, D. P. Kelly & P. LuPone. In 1982, the show was processed for display on the PBS TV channel.
In March 1999, an updated version took place in New Haven. The production has been created by director C. Ashley & choreographed by D. DiPasquale. The cast was: G. DeGraw, A. Harada, J. Herrera & E. Skinner. From May to June 2008, a rethought variant was staged. It was prepared by director G. Greenberg & choreographer J. Rhodes. The cast was: D. Baker, C. Donnell, N. Joshi & L. McCartney. From February to May 2011, the play was held in Chicago's Water Tower Place. The histrionics was developed by G. Greenberg & J. Rhodes. The cast involved: M. Mahler, E. Gavino, J. G. Ruiz & E. F. Butler. In December 2012, the off-Broadway production was held at 59E59 Theatre. Histrionics was developed by J. Rhodes & G. Greenberg. It had cast: M.-F. Arcilla, J. Cassidy, D. L. Champlin, J. A. Johnson & K. Miller.
Release date: 1978
Last Update:August, 02nd 2016
Working lyrics list
- Act 1
- All The Livelong Day Lyrics
- Traffic Jam Lyrics
- Lovin' Al Lyrics
- Nobody Tells Me How Lyrics
- I'm Just Movin' Lyrics
- Un Mejor Dia Vendra Lyrics
- Neat to Be a Newsboy Lyrics
- Just A Housewife Lyrics
- Millwork Lyrics
- If I Could've Been Lyrics
- Act 2
- The Mason Lyrics
- Brother Trucker Lyrics
- It's an Art Lyrics
- Joe Lyrics
- Cleanin' Women Lyrics
- Fathers & Sons Lyrics
- Something to Point To Lyrics


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The Children and Youth Ministries Department is excited to be able to promote the following Vacation Bible School kits:
1. SonSpark Labs: Discovering God's Plan 4 U = Jesus! - From Gospel Light, where kids meet Jesus Every Day! Establish your research questions (life's most important questions!), grab your lab coats and safety goggles, and test the evidence of God's divine plans for us. We predict kids will discover God's plan 2 Make Us (Genesis 1), 2 Be With Us (Genesis 2-3), 4 Us 2 Know Him (John 1, 5, 6 & 14), 2 Save Us (Luke 22-24), and 2 Love Us 4-Ever (Mark 16:15; Acts 1-2, & 4). Your findings are guaranteed to be reliable! This program offers five age-level groups for preschool through middle school. You can choose from: Skippers (ages 2 & 3); Scooters (age 4 through kindergarten); Voyagers (grades 1 & 2); Pathfinders (grades 3 & 4); and Trailblazers (grades 5 through middle school). Use one group, five groups or any number and combination in between! This program is flexible to fit your church. (Available in Deluxe Kit format or in a Reproducible Power Pack.)
2. Embark on an icy expedition where kids overcome obstacles with God's awesome power. Anchor kids in rock-solid Bible truths that will guide them through life's challenges. At Everest Vacation Bible School kids experience God's Word in surprising and unforgettable ways! Each day, leaders reinforce one simple Bible truth—which makes it easy for kids to remember and apply to real life! (From Group Publishing)
3. Hometown Nazareth VBS 2015 (from Group Publishing) - Hear stories about Jesus' childhood from the best source of all…his mom, Mary! Everyone knows what it's like to hear your mom tell stories from your childhood. Can you imagine the kinds of stories Mary could tell? Take your kids back to Hometown Nazareth, where they'll stand up for their faith among people who doubt that the carpenter's son is really God's son.
4. Get ready for a trip back through time to discover God's never ending love! Bible Blast to the Past: Discover God's Everlasting Love takes children on an amazing journey where they learn the incredible (Exodus 3), faithful (Joshua 2), invincible (1 Samuel 17), unconditional (John 3:16; Luke 7) and real (Acts 12) love of God. Standard Publishing's 2015 VBS helps you lead kids to know what God's love is, explore God's everlasting love, and serve God by loving others.
5. Take the road less traveled, one full of adventure into uncharted territory! At Journey Off The Map: Unknown to Us Known to Him, the 2015 VBS from Lifeway, explorers (kids) encounter the unexpected while seeking the heart of God. They learn that obedience to God leads us beyond the expected!
6. Lifeway's 2015 Journey off the Map - Backyard Kids Club Kit - Take Journey Off The Map VBS to truly uncharted territory - your own neighborhood to unchurched kids! The Backyard Kids Club is designed to work perfectly with all the Journey Off the Map gear and uses the same Bible content, music, and theme, meaning that all the accessories used for a large scale VBS in church coordinate with your Backyard Kids Club. You can also run the club in someone's backyard with as few as 3 or 4 adults or use it with missions teams, even small churches may want to try this simpler VBS version. Recommended for use with groups of 20 children.
7. Thailand Trek - The "New" Cross Culture VBS from Group. Everything you love about VBS—plus a fresh way to ignite kids' faith by immersing them in another culture. At Cross Culture Thailand Trek VBS, you'll share the sights, sounds, smells, and tastes of one unique culture with kids in your community, while helping them discover God's eternal love for the world! The result? Confident, faith-filled kids who understand the power of Jesus' love in a diverse world
Starter Kits for all VBS programs are available through the www.saMinistryCatalogue.ca.
SAMIS STATISTICS: Statistics for this program should be entered into the activity 'VACATION BIBLE SCHOOL''. If you cannot see this on your Enter Statistics page, go to ACTION -> MANAGE PROGRAM ACTIVITIES and locate the activity. Enter an 'open date' in the form and save. Starting from the open date you entered, you will see this item listed on your Enter Statistics page. More SAMIS tips.


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Kids & Family, Religion & Spirituality, ChristianityFollow
|Kids & Family
Need help with raising your kids? Focus on the Family provides tried and true parenting advice to help your children thrive.
January 8th, 2015
Episode 64 of 308 episodes
Dr. Tony Evans gives some practical tips for dealing with a prodigal child.
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Welcome to the daily audio workout for your head.


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Bust-A-Move 3000 GameCube
- Publisher: Ubisoft
- Release Date: Feb 12, 2003
- Summary: Everybody's favorite bubble-bustin' puzzle game is in the house for the Nintendo GameCube! Launch your bubbles and pop as many as you can before they reach the deadline. Score high by matching 3 bubbles or more to trigger a chain reaction.
- Developer: Taito Corporation
- Genre(s): Miscellaneous
- # of players: 1-2
- Cheats: On GameFAQs
- More Details and Credits »
Score distribution:
Positive: 0 out of 4
Mixed: 3 out of 4
Negative: 1 out of 4
While it isn't groundbreaking, it is well done. The one thing that I cant tolerate though is that its only a two player game.
Nintendo PowerThe Bust-a-Move series once again offers hours of fun for action-puzzle fans. [Feb 2003, p.156]
It sports a new title, but Bust-A-Move 3000 is identical to the "Super Bust-A-Move" that was released on the PlayStation 2 in 2000.
Since there is almost certainly going to be another release in the series, pass on this and get "EggMania" instead.


text: Ritual Circumcision Remains Deadly For Xhosa BoysMegan Carpentier7/08/09 1:30pm117EditPromoteGo to permalinkAt least 36 Xhosa boys in South Africa have died this year taking part in a manhood ritual that involves undergoing ritual circumcision under unsanitary conditions. Deaths among youths taking part in the ceremonies are, sadly, not uncommon . [UPI]


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Which Joe gave his name to 'sloppy joes'? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins.
1A free-swimming sexual form of a coelenterate such as a jellyfish, typically having an umbrella-shaped body with stinging tentacles around the edge. In some species, medusae are a phase in the life cycle which alternates with a polypoid phase.Compare with polyp
- 'Two major adult body types characterize the phylum: the medusa is typically a mobile pelagic organism, and the polyp is typically a sessile benthic organism.'
- 'Cnidarians have two basic body forms, medusa and polyp.'
- 'Scyphozoan polyps and medusae exhibit no cephalization and contain no brain, but in some species, light-sensitive eyespots are located along the bell margin of the medusa.'
- 'A medusa, or jellyfish, is part of the life cycle of just one major group of animals, the cnidarians.'
- 'In polyps, medusae, and worms, all longitudinal and circumferential muscles attach to the thin body wall over a wide area.'
- 1.1 A jellyfish.
- 'Predation by an abundance of medusae on zooplankton and ichthyoplankton could affect the North Sea ecosystem through top-down and bottom-up mechanisms.'
- 'In studies with a microscope, Forbes had shown that hydroid jellyfish known as naked-eyed medusae reproduce not only by spewing eggs, but also by asexual budding, which he found marvelous to behold.'
- 'This specialized tank creates a waterflow that keeps medusae and other delicate animals in constant suspension assuring that their tissues are not destroyed by abrasive contact with aquarium walls.'
- 'Noteably, all epipelagic, midwater, and deepsea medusae have very simple, reduced, or absent ocelli.'
- 'Remaining undigested by the medusa, the small snail will devour its host from within, growing larger as its host is correspondingly diminished in size.'
Mid 18th century: named by association with Medusa.
proper nounGreek Mythology
The only mortal gorgon, whom Perseus killed by cutting off her head.
Further reading
6 punctuation marks you might be using incorrectlyRead more
We take a look at several popular, though confusing, punctuation marks.
An A-Z of country name originsRead more
From Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, discover surprising and intriguing language facts from around the globe.
How brothers became buddies and brosRead more
The definitions of 'buddy' and 'bro' in the OED have recently been revised. We explore their history and increase in popularity.


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Quick Supper Pizza
|For tomato topping
|Tinned tomatoes
|28 Ounce (800 Gram)
|Spanish onion
|1 Medium, chopped
|Tomato puree
|2 Tablespoon
|Dried oregano
|2 Teaspoon
|1 Teaspoon
|For scone base
|Self raising flour
|8 Ounce (225 Gram)
|Baking powder
|1 Teaspoon
|1 Teaspoon
|1 Ounce, softened (25 Gram)
|9 Fluid Ounce (250 Milliliter)
|French mustard
|2 Tablespoon (Colman'S)
|For cheese topping
|Strong cheddar cheese/Mozzarella, cubed
|6 Ounce, grated (175 Gram)
|Salami/Other cooked sausage, sliced
|4 Ounce, sliced (100 Gram)
|Stuffed green olives
|2 Ounce, halved (Spanish)
|Grated parmesan cheese
|1 Tablespoon
|To Taste
|To Taste
1) Preheat oven to 400 degree, Gas Mark 6.
2) In a pan, add all the ingredients including juice from tin of tomatoes, season with salt and pepper, and and cook gently for 30 minutes or until the mixture turns to a thick pulp.
3) Sift flour with baking powder and salt, rub in butter, and moisten with milk to make a soft dough.
4) In a floured baking sheet, roll the dough into a circle for the pizza base.
5) Spread Colman's French mustard evenly over the base and then top with the cooked tomato mixture.
6) Add sausage and olives on tomato mixture sprinkle grated cheese and Parmesan cheese.
7) Bake for 30-40 minutes until well risen and brown around the edges.
8) Check seasoning and serve.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size
Calories 651 Calories from Fat 268
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 30 g46.3%
Saturated Fat 16.4 g82.2%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 75.9 mg25.3%
Sodium 2554 mg106.4%
Total Carbohydrates 71 g23.6%
Dietary Fiber 7.4 g29.6%
Sugars 7.8 g
Protein 27 g53.8%
Vitamin A 45.7% Vitamin C 40.2%
Calcium 82.9% Iron 39.2%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet