text:
|Numéro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numéro de demande
|Date de publication
|27 sept. 2005
|Date de dépôt
|17 janv. 2003
|Date de priorité
|24 janv. 1996
|État de paiement des frais
|Autre référence de publication
|Numéro de publication
|James Michael O'Connor, Marc Tremblay
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|Sun Microsystems, Inc.
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citations de brevets (54), Citations hors brevets (15), Référencé par (18), Classifications (46), Événements juridiques (3)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/787,617, filed Jan. 23, 1997, entitled "METHOD FRAME STORAGE USING MULTIPLE MEMORY CIRCUITS," and naming James Michael O'Connor and Marc Tremblay as inventors, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,532,521, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/010,527, filed Jan. 24, 1996, entitled "Methods and Apparatuses for Implementing the JAVA Virtual Machine" (JAVA is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.) and naming Marc Tremblay, James Michael O'Connor, Robert Garner, and William N. Joy as inventors, an is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/647,103, filed May 7, 1996, entitled "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR STACK HARDWARE PARTITIONING FOR A STACK-BASED TYPE PROCESSOR" now abandoned naming James Michael O'Connor and Mark Tremblay as inventors and U.S. application Ser. No. 08/642,253, filed May 2, 1996, entitled "METHODS AND APPARATUSES FOR IMPLEMENTING OPERAND STACK CACHE AS A CIRCULAR BUFFER" now abandoned and naming Marc Tremblay and James Michael O'Connor as inventors both of which also claimed the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/010,527, filed Jan. 24, 1996, entitled "Methods and Apparatuses for Implementing the JAVA Virtual Machine" and naming Marc Tremblay, James Michael O'Connor, Robert Garner, and William N. Joy as inventors.
A portion of the disclosure of this patent document including Appendix I, The JAVA Virtual Machine Specification and Appendix A thereto, contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to computer systems and, in particular, to a memory architecture using multiple memory circuits to store information for a method call.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Many individuals and organizations in the computer and communications industries tout the Internet as the fastest growing market on the planet. In the 1990s, the number of users of the Internet appears to be growing exponentially with no end in sight. In June of 1995, an estimated 6,642,000 hosts were connected to the Internet; this represented an increase from an estimated 4,852,000 hosts in January, 1995. The number of hosts appears to be growing at around 75% per year. Among the hosts, there were approximately 120,000 networks and over 27,000 web servers. The number of web servers appears to be approximately doubling every 53 days.
In July 1995, with over 1,000,000 active Internet users, over 12,505 usenet news groups, and over 10,000,000 usenet readers, the Internet appears to be destined to explode into a very large market for a wide variety of information and multimedia services.
In addition, to the public carrier network or Internet, many corporations and other businesses are shifting their internal information systems onto an intranet as a way of more effectively sharing information within a corporate or private network. The basic infrastructure for an intranet is an internal network connecting servers and desktops, which may or may not be connected to the Internet through a firewall. These intranets provide services to desktops via standard open network protocols which are well established in the industry. Intranets provide many benefits to the enterprises which employ them, such as simplified internal information management and improved internal communication using the browser paradigm. Integrating Internet technologies with a company's enterprise infrastructure and legacy systems also leverages existing technology investment for the party employing an intranet. As discussed above, intranets and the Internet are closely related, with intranets being used for internal and secure communications within the business and the Internet being used for external transactions between the business and the outside world. For the purposes of this document, the term "networks" includes both the Internet and intranets. However, the distinction between the Internet and an intranet should be born in mind where applicable.
In 1990, programmers at Sun Microsystem wrote a universal programming language. This language was eventually named the JAVA programming language. (JAVA is a trademark of Sun Microsystems of Mountain View, Calif.) The JAVA programming language resulted from programing efforts which initially were intended to be coded in the C++ programming language; therefore, the JAVA programming language has many commonalties with the C++ programing language. However, the JAVA programming language is a simple, object-oriented, distributed, interpreted yet high performance, robust yet safe, secure, dynamic, architecture neutral, portable, and multi-threaded language.
The JAVA programing language has emerged as the programming language of choice for the Internet as many large hardware and software companies have licensed it from Sun Microsystems. The JAVA programming language and environment is designed to solve a number of problems in modern programming practice. The JAVA programming language omits many rarely used, poorly understood, and confusing features of the C++ programming language. These omitted feature primarily consist of operator overloading, multiple inheritance, and extensive automatic coercions. The JAVA programming language includes automatic garbage collection that simplifies the task of programming because it is no longer necessary to allocate and free memory as in the C programming language. The JAVA programming language restricts the use of pointers as defined in the C programming language, and instead has true arrays in which array bounds are explicitly checked, thereby eliminating vulnerability to many viruses and nasty bugs. The JAVA programming language includes objective-C interfaces and specific exception handlers.
The JAVA programming language has an extensive library of routines for coping easily with TCP/IP protocol (Transmission Control Protocol based on Internet protocol), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and FTP (File Transfer Protocol). The JAVA programming language is intended to be used in networked/distributed environments. The JAVA programming language enabled the construction of virus-free, tamper-free systems. The authentication techniques are based on public-key encryption.
Many computing systems, including those implementing the JAVA virtual machine, can execute multiple methods each of which has a method frame. Typically, method invocation significantly impacts the performance of the computing system due to the excessive number of memory accesses method invocation requires. Therefore, a method and memory architecture targeted to reduce the latency caused by method invocation is desirable.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a memory architecture to improve the speed of method invocation. Specifically, method frames are stored in two different memory circuits. The first memory circuit stores the execution environment of each method call, and the second memory circuit stores parameters, variables or operands of the method calls. In one embodiment, the execution environment includes a return program counter, a return frame, a return constant pool, a current method vector, and a current monitor address. In some embodiments, the memory circuits are stacks; therefore, the stack management unit can be used to cache either or both memory circuits.
The stack management unit includes a stack cache to accelerate data transfers between the stack-based computing system and the stack. In one embodiment, the stack management unit includes a stack cache, a dribble manager unit, and a stack control unit. Since the vast majority of memory accesses to the stack occur at or near the top of the stack, the dribble manager unit maintains the top portion of the stack in the stack cache. Specifically, when the stack-based computing system is pushing data onto the stack and the stack cache is almost full, the dribble manager unit transfers data from the bottom of the stack cache to the stack so the top portion of the stack remains in the stack cache. When the stack-based computing system is popping data off the stack and the stack cache is becoming empty, the dribble manager unit transfers data from the stack to the bottom of the stack cache to maintain the top portion of the stack in the stack cache.
The stack cache includes a stack cache memory circuit, one or more read ports, and one or more write ports. In one embodiment the stack cache memory circuit is a register file configured in a circular buffer memory architecture. For the circular buffer architecture, the registers an be addressed using modulo addressing. Typically, an OPTOP pointer is used to define and point to the top memory location in the stack cache memory circuit and a bottom pointer is used to define and point to the bottom memory location in the stack cache memory circuit. To avoid confusion, if the stack management unit is used for the execution environment, a FRAME pointer is used to define and point to the top memory location. As data words are pushed or popped off the stack, the OPTOP pointer is incremented or decremented, respectively. Similarly, as data words are spilled or filled between the stack cache memory circuit and the stack, the bottom pointer is incremented or decremented, respectively.
Some embodiments of the stack management unit include a fill control unit and a spill control unit. If the fill control unit detects a fill condition, the fill control unit transfers data from the stack to the stack cache memory circuit. In one embodiment of the stack management unit, a fill condition occurs if the OPTOP pointer is greater than a high water mark. In another embodiment, a fill condition occurs if the number of free memory locations in the stack cache memory circuit is greater than a low cache threshold or the number of used memory locations is less than the low cache threshold. Typically, the low water mark and the low cache threshold are stored in programmable registers. The number of free memory locations can be determined with a modulo subtractor.
In one embodiment of the stack management unit, a spill condition occurs if the OPTOP pointer is less than a low water mark. In another embodiment, a spill condition occurs if the number of free locations in the stack cache memory circuit is less than a high cache threshold or the number of used memory locations is greater than the high cache threshold. Typically, the low water mark and the low cache threshold are stored in programmable registers. The number of free memory locations can be determined with a modulo subtractor.
These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the Figures as explained in the Detailed Description of the Invention. Like or similar features are designated by the same reference numeral(s) throughout the drawings and the Detailed Description of the Invention.
In view of these characteristics, a system based on hardware processor 100 presents attractive price for performance characteristics, if not the best overall performance, as compared with alternative virtual machine execution environments including software interpreters and just-in-time compilers. Nonetheless, the present invention is not limited to virtual machine hardware processor embodiments, and encompasses any suitable stack-based, or non-stack-based machine implementations, including implementations emulating the JAVA virtual machine as a software interpreter, compiling JAVA virtual machine instructions (either in batch or just-in-time) to machine instruction native to a particular hardware processor, or providing hardware implementing the JAVA virtual machine in microcode, directly in silicon, or in some combination thereof.
Regarding price for performance characteristics, hardware processor 100 has the advantage that the 250 Kilobytes to 500 Kilobytes (Kbytes) of memory storage, e.g., read-only memory or random access memory, typically required by a software interpreter, is eliminated.
A simulation of hardware processor 100 showed that hardware processor 100 executes virtual machine instructions twenty times faster than a software interpreter running on a variety of applications on a PENTIUM processor clocked at the same clock rate as hardware processor 100, and executing the same virtual machine instructions. Another simulation of hardware processor 100 showed that hardware processor 100 executes virtual machine instructions five times faster than a just-in-time compiler running on a PENTIUM processor running at the same clock rate as hardware processor 100, and executing the same virtual machine instructions.
In environments in which the expense of the memory required for a software virtual machine instruction interpreter is prohibitive, hardware processor 100 is advantageous. These applications include, for example, an Internet chip for network appliances, a cellular telephone processor, other telecommunications integrated circuits, or other low-power, low-cost applications such as embedded processors, and portable devices.
The present invention increases the speed of method invocation by using an execution environment memory 440 in conjunction with stack 400B. The execution environment of various method calls are stored in execution environment memory 440 while the operands, variables and parameters of the method calls are stored in stack 400B. Both execution environment memory 440 and stack 400B can include a stack management unit 150 that utilizes a stack cache 155 to accelerate data transfers for execution unit 140. Although, stack management unit 150 can be an integral part of hardware processor 100 as shown in
As used herein, a virtual machine is an abstract computing machine that, like a real computing machine, has an instruction set and uses various memory areas. A virtual machine specification defines a set of processor architecture independent virtual machine instructions that are executed by a virtual machine implementation, e.g., hardware processor 100. Each virtual machine instruction defines a specific operation that is to be performed. The virtual computing machine need not understand the computer language that is used to generate virtual machine instructions or the underlying implementation of the virtual machine. Only a particular file format for virtual machine instructions needs to be understood.
In an exemplary embodiment, the virtual machine instructions are JAVA virtual machine instructions. Each JAVA virtual machine instruction includes one or more bytes that encode instruction identifying information, operands, and any other required information. Appendix I, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, includes an illustrative set of the JAVA virtual machine instructions. The particular set of virtual machine instructions utilized is not an essential aspect of this invention. In view of the virtual machine instructions in Appendix I and this disclosure, those of skill in the art can modify the invention for a particular set of virtual machine instructions, or for changes to the JAVA virtual machine specification.
A JAVA compiler JAVAC, (
Compiled instruction sequence 203 is executable on hardware processor 100 as well as on any computer platform that implements the JAVA virtual machine using, for example, a software interpreter or just-in-time compiler. However, as described above, hardware processor 100 provides significant performance advantages over the software implementations.
In this embodiment, hardware processor 100 (
One strategy for selecting virtual machine instructions that are executed directly by hardware processor 100 is described herein by way of an example. Thirty percent of the JAVA virtual machine instructions are pure hardware translations; instructions implemented in this manner include constant loading and simple stack operations. The next 50% of the virtual machine instructions are implemented mostly, but not entirely, in hardware and require some firmware assistance; these include stack based operations and array instructions. The next 10% of the JAVA virtual machine instructions are implemented in hardware, but require significant firmware support as well; these include function invocation and function return. The remaining 10% of the JAVA virtual machine instructions are not supported in hardware, but rather are supported by a firmware trap and/or microcode; these include functions such as exception handlers. Herein, firmware means microcode stored in ROM that when executed controls the operations of hardware processor 100.
In one embodiment, hardware processor 100 includes an I/O bus and memory interface unit 110, an instruction cache unit 120 including instruction cache 125, an instruction decode unit 130, a unified execution unit 140, a stack management unit 150 including stack cache 155, a data cache unit 160 including a data cache 165, and program counter and trap control logic 170. Each of these units is described more completely below.
Also, as illustrated in
The pipeline stages implemented using the units illustrated in
With regard to fetching, aside from instructions tableswitch and lookupswitch, (See Appendix I.) each virtual machine instruction is between one and five bytes long. Thus, to keep things simple, at least forty bits are required to guarantee that all of a given instruction is contained in the fetch.
Another alternative is to always fetch a predetermined number of bytes, for example, four bytes, starting with the opcode. This is sufficient for 95% of JAVA virtual machine instructions (See Appendix I). For an instruction requiring more than three bytes of operands, another cycle in the front end must be tolerated if four bytes are fetched. In this case, the instruction execution can be started with the first operands fetched even if the full set of operands is not yet available.
In decode stage 302 (FIG. 3), the virtual machine instruction at the front of instruction buffer 124 (
Herein, for convenience, the value in a register and the register are assigned the same reference numeral. Further, in the following discussion, use of a register to store a pointer is illustrative only of one embodiment. Depending on the specific implementation of the invention, the pointer may be implemented using a hardware register, a hardware counter, a software counter, a software pointer, or other equivalent embodiments known to those of skill in the art. The particular implementation selected is not essential to the invention, and typically is made based on a price to performance trade-off.
In execute stage 303, the virtual machine instruction is executed for one or more cycles. Typically, in execute stage 303, an ALU in integer unit 142 (
Cache stage 304 is a non-pipelined stage. Data cache 165 (
Write-back stage 305 is the last stage in the pipeline. In stage 305, the calculated data is written back to stack cache 155.
Hardware processor 100, in this embodiment, directly implements a stack 400 (
Stack 400 of hardware processor 100 is primarily used as a repository of information for methods. At any point in time, hardware processor 100 is executing a single method. Each method has memory space, i.e., a method frame on stack 400, allocated for a set of local variables, an operand stack, and an execution environment structure.
A new method frame, e.g., method frame two 410, is allocated by hardware processor 100 upon a method invocation in execution stage 303 (
The object reference is an indirect pointer to an object-storage representing the object being targeted for the method invocation. JAVA compiler JAVAC (See
The list of incoming arguments transfers information from the calling method to the invoked method. Like the object reference, the incoming arguments are pushed onto stack 400 by JAVA compiler generated instructions and may be accessed as local variables. JAVA compiler JAVAC (See
For 64-bit arguments, as well as 64-bit entities in general, the upper 32-bits, i.e., the 32 most significant bits, of a 64-bit entity are placed on the upper location of stack 400, i.e., pushed on the stack last. For example, when a 64-bit entity is on the top of stack 400, the upper 32-bit portion of the 64-bit entity is on the top of the stack, and the lower 32-bit portion of the 64-bit entity is in the storage location immediately adjacent to the top of stack 400.
The local variable area on stack 400 (
When a method is executing on hardware processor 100, the local variables typically reside in stack cache 155 and are addressed as offsets from pointer VARS (FIGS. 1 and 4A), which points to the position of the local variable zero. Instructions are provided to load the values of local variables onto operand stack 423 and store values from operand stack into local variables area 421.
The information in execution environment 422 includes the invoker's method context. When a new frame is built for the current method, hardware processor 100 pushes the invoker's method context onto newly allocated frame 410, and later utilizes the information to restore the invoker's method context before returning. Pointer FRAME (
Operand stack 423 is allocated to support the execution of the virtual machine instructions within the current method. Program counter register PC (
The invoked method may return its execution result onto the invoker's top of stack, so that the invoker can access the return value with operand stack references. The return value is placed on the area where an object reference or an argument is pushed before a method invocation.
Simulation results on the JAVA virtual machine indicate that method invocation consumes a significant portion of the execution time (20-40%). Given this attractive target for accelerating execution of virtual machine instructions, hardware support for method invocation is included in hardware processor 100, as described more completely below.
The beginning of the stack frame of a newly invoked method, i.e., the object reference and the arguments passed by the caller, are already stored on stack 400 since the object reference and the incoming arguments come from the top of the stack of the caller. As explained above, following these items on stack 400, the local variables are loaded and then the execution environment is loaded.
One way to speed up this process is for hardware processor 100 to load the execution environment in the background and indicate what has been loaded so far, e.g., simple one bit scoreboarding. Hardware processor 100 tries to execute the bytecodes of the called method as soon as possible, even though stack 400 is not completely loaded. If accesses are made to variables already loaded, overlapping of execution with loading of stack 400 is achieved, otherwise a hardware interlock occurs and hardware processor 100 just waits for the variable or variables in the execution environment to be loaded.
In one embodiment of stack management unit 150, the memory architecture of execution environment memory 440 is also a stack. As modified method frames are pushed onto stack 400B through stack cache 155, corresponding execution environments are pushed onto execution environment memory 440. For example, since modified method frames 0 to 2, as show in
To further enhance method invocation, an execution environment cache can be added to improve the speed of saving and retrieving the execution environment during method invocation. The architecture described more completely below for stack cache 155, dribbler manager unit 151, and stack control unit 152 for caching stack 400, can also be applied to caching execution environment memory 440.
I/O Bus and Memory Interface Unit
I/O bus and memory interface unit 110 (FIG. 1), sometimes called interface unit 110, implements an interface between hardware processor 100 and a memory hierarchy which in an exemplary embodiment includes external memory and may optionally include memory storage and/or interfaces on the same die as hardware processor 100. In this embodiment, I/O controller 111 interfaces with external I/O devices and memory controller 112 interfaces with external memory. Herein, external memory means memory external to hardware processor 100. However, external memory either may be included on the same die as hardware processor 100, may be external to the die containing hardware processor 100, or may include both on and off-die portions.
In another embodiment, requests to I/O devices go through memory controller 112, which maintains an address map of the entire system including hardware processor 100. On the memory bus of this embodiment, hardware processor 100 is the only master and does not have to arbitrate to use the memory bus.
Hence, alternatives for the input/output bus that interfaces with I/O bus and memory interface unit 110 include supporting memory-mapped schemes, providing direct support for PCI, PCMCIA, or other standard busses. Fast graphics (w/VIS or other technology) may optionally be included on the die with hardware processor 100.
I/O bus and memory interface unit 110 generates read and write requests to external memory. Specifically, interface unit 110 provides an interface for instruction cache and data cache controllers 121 and 161 to the external memory. Interface unit 110 includes arbitration logic for internal requests from instruction cache controller 121 and data cache controller 161 to access external memory and in response to a request initiates either a read or a write request on the memory bus to the external memory. A request from data cache controller 161 is always treated as higher priority relative to a request from instruction cache controller 121.
Interface unit 110 provides an acknowledgment signal to the requesting instruction cache controller 121, or data cache controller 161 on read cycles so that the requesting controller can latch the data. On write cycles, the acknowledgment signal from interface unit 110 is used for flow control so that the requesting instruction cache controller 121 or data cache controller 161 does not generate a new request when there is one pending. Interface unit 110 also handles errors generated on the memory bus to the external memory.
Instruction Cache Unit
Instruction cache unit (ICU) 120 (
The front end of hardware processor 100 is largely separate from the rest of hardware processor 100. Ideally, one instruction per cycle is delivered to the execution pipeline.
The instructions are aligned on an arbitrary eight-bit boundary by byte aligner circuit 122 in response to a signal from instruction decode unit 130. Thus, the front end of hardware processor 100 efficiently deals with fetching from any byte position. Also, hardware processor 100 deals with the problems of instructions that span multiple cache lines of cache 125. In this case, since the opcode is the first byte, the design is able to tolerate an extra cycle of fetch latency for the operands. Thus, a very simple de-coupling between the fetching and execution of the bytecodes is possible.
In case of an instruction cache miss, instruction cache controller 121 generates an external memory request for the missed instruction to I/O bus and memory interface unit 110. If instruction buffer 124 is empty, or nearly empty, when there is an instruction cache miss, instruction decode unit 130 is stalled, i.e., pipeline 300 is stalled. Specifically, instruction cache controller 121 generates a stall signal upon a cache miss which is used along with an instruction buffer empty signal to determine whether to stall pipeline 300. Instruction cache 125 can be invalidated to accommodate self-modifying code, e.g., instruction cache controller 121 can invalidate a particular line in instruction cache 125.
Thus, instruction cache controller 121 determines the next instruction to be fetched, i.e., which instruction in instruction cache 125 needs to accessed, and generates address, data and control signals for data and tag RAMs in instruction cache 125. On a cache hit, four bytes of data are fetched from instruction cache 125 in a single cycle, and a maximum of four bytes can be written into instruction buffer 124.
Byte aligner circuit 122 aligns the data out of the instruction cache RAM and feeds the aligned data to instruction buffer 124. As explained more completely below, the first two bytes in instruction buffer 124 are decoded to determine the length of the virtual machine instruction. Instruction buffer 124 tracks the valid instructions in the queue and updates the entries, as explained more completely below.
Instruction cache controller 121 also provides the data path and control for handling instruction cache misses. On an instruction cache miss, instruction cache controller 121 generates a cache fill request to I/O bus and memory interface unit 110.
On receiving data from external memory, instruction cache controller 121 writes the data into instruction cache 125 and the data are also bypassed into instruction buffer 124. Data are bypassed to instruction buffer 124 as soon as the data are available from external memory, and before the completion of the cache fill.
Instruction cache controller 121 continues fetching sequential data until instruction buffer 124 is full or a branch or trap has taken place. In one embodiment, instruction buffer 124 is considered full if there are more than eight bytes of valid entries in buffer 124. Thus, typically, eight bytes of data are written into instruction cache 125 from external memory in response to the cache fill request sent to interface unit 110 by instruction cache unit 120. If there is a branch or trap taken while processing an instruction cache miss, only after the completion of the miss processing is the trap or branch executed.
When an error is generated during an instruction cache fill transaction, a fault indication is generated and stored into instruction buffer 124 along with the virtual machine instruction, i.e., a fault bit is set. The line is not written into instruction cache 125. Thus, the erroneous cache fill transaction acts like a non-cacheable transaction except that a fault bit is set. When the instruction is decoded, a trap is taken.
Instruction cache controller 121 also services non-cacheable instruction reads. An instruction cache enable (ICE) bit, in a processor status register in register set 144, is used to define whether a load can be cached. If the instruction cache enable bit is cleared, instruction cache unit 120 treats all loads as non-cacheable loads. Instruction cache controller 121 issues a non-cacheable request to interface unit 110 for non-cacheable instructions. When the data are available on a cache fill bus for the non-cacheable instruction, the data are bypassed into instruction buffer 124 and are not written into instruction cache 125.
In this embodiment, instruction cache 125 is a direct-mapped, eight-byte-line size cache. Instruction cache 125 has a single cycle latency. The cache size is configurable to 0K, 1K, 2K, 4K, 8K and 16K byte sizes where K means kilo. The default size is 4K bytes. Each line has a cache tag entry associated with the line. Each cache tag contains a twenty bit address tag field and one valid bit for the default 4K byte size.
Instruction buffer 124, which, in an exemplary embodiment, is a twelve-byte deep first-in, first-out (FIFO) buffer, de-links fetch stage 301 (
In an exemplary embodiment, four bytes can be received into instruction buffer 124 in a given cycle. Up to five bytes, representing up to two virtual machine instructions, can be read out of instruction buffer 124 in a given cycle. Alternative embodiments, particularly those providing folding of multi-byte virtual machine instructions and/or those providing folding of more than two virtual machine instructions, provide higher input and output bandwidth. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize a variety of suitable instruction buffer designs including, for example, alignment logic, circular buffer design, etc. When a branch or trap is taken, all the entries in instruction buffer 124 are nullified and the branch/trap data moves to the top of instruction buffer 124.
In the embodiment of
Instruction Decode Unit
As explained above, virtual machine instructions are decoded in decode stage 302 (
In an exemplary hardware processor 100 embodiment, a single-byte first instruction can be folded with a second instruction. However, alternative embodiments provide folding of more than two virtual machine instructions, e.g., two to four virtual machine instructions, and of multi-byte virtual machine instructions, though at the cost of instruction decoder complexity and increased instruction bandwidth. See U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/786,351, entitled "INSTRUCTION FOLDING FOR A STACK-BASED MACHINE" naming Marc Tremblay and James Michael O'Connor as inventors, assigned to the assignee of this application, and filed on even date herewith, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,026,485, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In the exemplary processor 100 embodiment, if the first byte, which corresponds to the first virtual machine instruction, is a multi-byte instruction, the first and second instructions are not folded.
An optional current object loader folder 132 exploits instruction folding, such as that described above, and in greater detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/786,351, entitled "INSTRUCTION FOLDING FOR A STACK-BASED MACHINE" naming Marc Tremblay and James Michael O'Connor as inventors, assigned to the assignee of this application, and filed on even date herewith, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,026,485, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, in virtual machine instruction sequences which simulation results have shown to be particularly frequent and therefore a desirable target for optimization. In particular, a method invocation typically loads an object reference for the corresponding object onto the operand stack and fetches a field from the object. Instruction folding allows this extremely common virtual machine instruction sequence to be executed using an equivalent folded operation.
Quick variants are not part of the virtual machine instruction set (See Chapter 3 of Appendix I), and are invisible outside of a JAVA virtual machine implementation. However, inside a virtual machine implementation, quick variants have proven to be an effective optimization. (See Appendix A in Appendix I; which is an integral part of this specification.) Supporting writes for updates of various instructions to quick variants in a non-quick to quick translator cache 131 changes the normal virtual machine instruction to a quick virtual machine instruction to take advantage of the large benefits bought from the quick variants. In particular, as described in more detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/788,805, entitled "NON-QUICK INSTRUCTION ACCELERATOR INCLUDING INSTRUCTION IDENTIFIER AND DATA SET STORAGE AND METHOD OF IMPLEMENTING SAME" naming Marc Tremblay and James Michael O'Connor as inventors, assigned to the assignee of this application, and filed on even date herewith, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,065,108, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, when the information required to initiate execution of an instruction has been assembled for the first time, the information is stored in a cache along with the value of program counter PC as a tag in non-quick to quick translator cache 131 and the instruction is identified as a quick-variant. In one embodiment, this is done with self-modifying code.
Upon a subsequent call of that instruction, instruction decode unit 130 detects that the instruction is identified as a quick-variant and simply retrieves the information needed to initiate execution of the instruction from non-quick to quick translator cache 131. Non-quick to quick translator cache is an optional feature of hardware processor 100.
With regard to branching, a very short pipe with quick branch resolution is sufficient for most implementations. However, an appropriate simple branch prediction mechanism can alternatively be introduced, e.g., branch predictor circuit 133. Implementations for branch predictor circuit 133 include branching based on opcode, branching based on offset, or branching based on a two-bit counter mechanism.
The JAVA virtual machine specification defines an instruction invokenonvirtual, opcode 183, which, upon execution, invokes methods. The opcode is followed by an index byte one and an index byte two. (See Appendix I.) Operand stack 423 contains a reference to an object and some number of arguments when this instruction is executed.
Index bytes one and two are used to generate an index into the constant pool of the current class. The item in the constant pool at that index points to a complete method signature and class. Signatures are defined in Appendix I and that description is incorporated herein by reference.
The method signature, a short, unique identifier for each method, is looked up in a method table of the class indicated. The result of the lookup is a method block that indicates the type of method and the number of arguments for the method. The object reference and arguments are popped off this method's stack and become initial values of the local variables of the new method. The execution then resumes with the first instruction of the new method. Upon execution, instructions invokevirtual, opcode 182, and invokestatic, opcode 184, invoke processes similar to that just described. In each case, a pointer is used to lookup a method block.
A method argument cache 134, that also is an optional feature of hardware processor 100, is used, in a first embodiment, to store the method block of a method for use after the first call to the method, along with the pointer to the method block as a tag. Instruction decode unit 130 uses index bytes one and two to generate the pointer and then uses the pointer to retrieve the method block for that pointer in cache 134. This permits building the stack frame for the newly invoked method more rapidly in the background in subsequent invocations of the method. Alternative embodiments may use a program counter or method identifier as a reference into cache 134. If there is a cache miss, the instruction is executed in the normal fashion and cache 134 is updated accordingly. The particular process used to determine which cache entry is overwritten is not an essential aspect of this invention. A least-recently used criterion could be implemented, for example.
In an alternative embodiment, method argument cache 134 is used to store the pointer to the method block, for use after the first call to the method, along with the value of program counter PC of the method as a tag. Instruction decode unit 130 uses the value of program counter PC to access cache 134. If the value of program counter PC is equal to one of the tags in cache 134, cache 134 supplies the pointer stored with that tag to instruction decode unit 130. Instruction decode unit 130 uses the supplied pointer to retrieve the method block for the method. In view of these two embodiments, other alternative embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
Wide index forwarder 136, which is an optional element of hardware processor 100, is a specific embodiment of instruction folding for instruction wide. Wide index forwarder 136 handles an opcode encoding an extension of an index operand for an immediately subsequent virtual machine instruction. In this way, wide index forwarder 136 allows instruction decode unit 130 to provide indices into local variable storage 421 when the number of local variables exceeds that addressable with a single byte index without incurring a separate execution cycle for instruction wide.
Aspects of instruction decoder 135, particularly instruction folding, non-quick to quick translator cache 131, current object loader folder 132, branch predictor 133, method argument cache 134, and wide index forwarder 136 are also useful in implementations that utilize a software interpreter or just-in-time compiler, since these elements can be used to accelerate the operation of the software interpreter or just-in-time compiler. In such an implementation typically, the virtual machine instructions are translated to an instruction for the processor executing the interpreter or compiler, e.g., any one of a Sun processor, a DEC processor, an Intel processor, or a Motorola processor, for example, and the operation of the elements is modified to support execution on that processor. The translation from the virtual machine instruction to the other processor instruction can be done either with a translator in a ROM or a simple software translator. For additional examples of dual instruction set processors, see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/787,618, entitled "A PROCESSOR FOR EXECUTING INSTRUCTION SETS RECEIVED FROM A NETWORK OR FROM A LOCAL MEMORY" naming Marc Tremblay and James Michael O'Connor as inventors, assigned to the assignee of this application, and filed on even date herewith, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,925,123, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Integer Execution Unit
Integer execution unit IEU, that includes instruction decode unit 130, integer unit 142, and stack management unit 150, is responsible for the execution of all the virtual machine instructions except the floating point related instructions. The floating point related instructions are executed in floating point unit 143.
Integer execution unit IEU interacts at the front end with instructions cache unit 120 to fetch instructions, with floating point unit (FPU) 143 to execute floating point instructions, and finally with data cache unit (DCU) 160 to execute load and store related instructions. Integer execution unit IEU also contains microcode ROM 141, which contains instructions to execute certain virtual machine instructions associated with integer operations.
Integer execution unit IEU includes a cached portion of stack 400, i.e., stack cache 155. Stack cache 155 provides fast storage for operand stack and local variable entries associated with a current method, e.g., operand stack 423 and local variable storage 421 entries. Although, stack cache 155 may provide sufficient storage for all operand stack and local variable entries associated with a current method, depending on the number of operand stack and local variable entries, less than all of local variable entries or less than all of both local variable entries and operand stack entries may be represented in stack cache 155. Similarly, additional entries, e.g., operand stack and or local variable entries for a calling method, may be represented in stack cache 155 if space allows.
Stack cache 155 is a sixty-four entry thirty-two-bit wide array of registers that is physically implemented as a register file in one embodiment. Stack cache 155 has three read ports, two of which are dedicated to integer execution unit IEU and one to dribble manager unit 151. Stack cache 155 also has two write ports, one dedicated to integer execution unit IEU and one to dribble manager unit 151.
Integer unit 142 maintains the various pointers, which are used to access variables, such as local variables and operand stack values, in stack cache 155. Integer unit 142 also maintains pointers to detect whether a stack cache hit has taken place. Runtime exceptions are caught and dealt with by exception handlers that are implemented using information in microcode ROM 141 and circuit 170.
Integer unit 142 contains a 32-bit ALU to support arithmetic operations. The operations supported by the ALU include: add, subtract, shift, and, or, exclusive or, compare, greater than, less than, and bypass. The ALU is also used to determine the address of conditional branches while a separate comparator determines the outcome of the branch instruction.
The most common set of instructions which executes cleanly through the pipeline is the group of ALU instructions. The ALU instructions read the operands from the top of stack 400 in decode stage 302 and use the ALU in execution stage 303 to compute the result. The result is written back to stack 400 in write-back stage 305. There are two levels of bypass which may be needed if consecutive ALU operations are accessing stack cache 155.
Since the stack cache ports are 32-bits wide in this embodiment, double precision and long data operations take two cycles. A shifter is also present as part of the ALU. If the operands are not available for the instruction in decode stage 302, or at a maximum at the beginning of execution stage 303, an interlock holds the pipeline stages before execution stage 303.
The instruction cache unit interface of integer execution unit IEU is a valid/accept interface, where instruction cache unit 120 delivers instructions to instruction decode unit 130 in fixed fields along with valid bits. Instruction decoder 135 responds by signaling how much byte aligner circuit 122 needs to shift, or how many bytes instruction decode unit 130 could consume in decode stage 302. The instruction cache unit interface also signals to instruction cache unit 120 the branch mis-predict condition, and the branch address in execution stage 303. Traps, when taken, are also similarly indicated to instruction cache unit 120. Instruction cache unit 120 can hold integer unit 142 by not asserting any of the valid bits to instruction decode unit 130. Instruction decode unit 130 can hold instruction cache unit 120 by not asserting the shift signal to byte aligner circuit 122.
The data cache interface of integer execution unit IEU also is a valid-accept interface, where integer unit 142 signals, in execution stage 303, a load or store operation along with its attributes, e.g., non-cached, special stores etc., to data cache controller 161 in data cache unit 160. Data cache unit 160 can return the data on a load, and control integer unit 142 using a data control unit hold signal. On a data cache hit, data cache unit 160 returns the requested data, and then releases the pipeline.
On store operations, integer unit 142 also supplies the data along with the address in execution stage 303. Data cache unit 160 can hold the pipeline in cache stage 304 if data cache unit 160 is busy, e.g., doing a line fill etc.
Floating point operations are dealt with specially by integer execution unit IEU. Instruction decoder 135 fetches and decodes floating point unit 143 related instructions. Instruction decoder 135 sends the floating point operation operands for execution to floating point unit 142 in decode state 302. While floating point unit 143 is busy executing the floating point operation, integer unit 142 halts the pipeline and waits until floating point unit 143 signals to integer unit 142 that the result is available.
A floating point ready signal from floating point unit 143 indicates that execution stage 303 of the floating point operation has concluded. In response to the floating point ready signal, the result is written back into stack cache 155 by integer unit 142. Floating point load and stores are entirely handled by integer execution unit IEU, since the operands for both floating point unit 143 and integer unit 142 are found in stack cache 155.
Stack Management Unit
A stack management unit 150 stores information, and provides operands to execution unit 140. Stack management unit 150 also takes care of overflow and underflow conditions of stack cache 155.
In one embodiment, stack management unit 150 includes stack cache 155 that, as described above, is a three read port, two write port register file in one embodiment; a stack control unit 152 which provides the necessary control signals for two read ports and one write port that are used to retrieve operands for execution unit 140 and for storing data back from a write-back register or data cache 165 into stack cache 155; and a dribble manager 151 which speculatively dribbles data in and out of stack cache 155 into memory whenever there is an overflow or underflow in stack cache 155. In the exemplary embodiment of
In one embodiment, stack cache 155 is managed as a circular buffer which ensures that the stack grows and shrinks in a predictable manner to avoid overflows or overwrites. The saving and restoring of values to and from data cache 165 is controlled by dribbler manager 151 using high- and low-water marks, in one embodiment.
Stack management unit 150 provides execution unit 140 with two 32-bit operands in a given cycle. Stack management unit 150 can store a single 32-bit result in a given cycle.
Dribble manager 151 handles spills and fills of stack cache 155 by speculatively dribbling the data in and out of stack cache 155 from and to data cache 165. Dribble manager 151 generates a pipeline stall signal to stall the pipeline when a stack overflow or underflow condition is detected. Dribble manager 151 also keeps track of requests sent to data cache unit 160. A single request to data cache unit 160 is a 32-bit consecutive load or store request.
The hardware organization of stack cache 155 is such that, except for long operands (long integers and double precision floating-point numbers), implicit operand fetches for opcodes do not add latency to the execution of the opcodes. The number of entries in operand stack 423 (
One key function provided by stack cache 155 (
As indicated above, all items on stack 400 (regardless of size) are placed into a 32-bit word. This tends to waste space if many small data items are used, but it also keeps things relatively simple and free of lots of tagging or muxing. An entry in stack 400 thus represents a value and not a number of bytes. Long integer and double precision floating-point numbers require two entries. To keep the number of read and write ports low, two cycles to read two long integers or two double precision floating point numbers are required.
The mechanism for filling and spilling the operand stack from stack cache 155 out to memory by dribble manager 151 can assume one of several alternative forms. One register at a time can be filled or spilled, or a block of several registers filled or spilled at once. A simple scoreboarded method is appropriate for stack management. In its simplest form, a single bit indicates if the register in stack cache 155 is currently valid. In addition, some embodiments of stack cache 155 use a single bit to indicate whether the data content of the register is saved to stack 400, i.e., whether the register is dirty. In one embodiment, a high-water mark/low-water mark heuristic determines when entries are saved to and restored from stack 400, respectively (
In one embodiment, stack management unit 150 also includes an optional local variable look-aside cache 153. Cache 153 is most important in applications where both the local variables and operand stack 423 (
One embodiment of local variable look-aside cache 153 is illustrated in
When a new method is invoked, e.g., method 2, a new plane 421A_2 in cache 153 is loaded with the local variables for that method, and method number register 402, which in one embodiment is a counter, is changed, e.g., incremented, to point to the plane of cache 153 containing the local variables for the new method. Notice that the local variables are ordered within a plane of cache 153 so that cache 153 is effectively a direct-mapped cache. Thus, when a local variable is needed for the current method, the variable is accessed directly from the most recent plane in cache 153, i.e., the plane identified by method number 402. When the current method returns, e.g., method 2, method number register 402 is changed, e.g., decremented, to point at previous plane 421_1 of cache 153. Cache 153 can be made as wide and as deep as necessary.
Data Cache Unit
Data cache unit 160 (DCU) manages all requests for data in data cache 165. Data cache requests can come from dribbling manager 151 or execution unit 140. Data cache controller 161 arbitrates between these requests giving priority to the execution unit requests. In response to a request, data cache controller 161 generates address, data and control signals for the data and tags RAMs in data cache 165. For a data cache hit, data cache controller 161 reorders the data RAM output to provide the right data.
Data cache controller 161 also generates requests to I/O bus and memory interface unit 110 in case of data cache misses, and in case of non-cacheable loads and stores. Data cache controller 161 provides the data path and control logic for processing non-cacheable requests, and the data path and data path control functions for handling cache misses.
For data cache hits, data cache unit 160 returns data to execution unit 140 in one cycle for loads. Data cache unit 160 also takes one cycle for write hits. In case of a cache miss, data cache unit 160 stalls the pipeline until the requested data is available from the external memory. For both non-cacheable loads and stores, data cache 165 is bypassed and requests are sent to I/O bus and memory interface unit 110. Non-aligned loads and stores to data cache 165 trap in software.
Data cache 165 is a two-way set associative, write back, write allocate, 16-byte line cache. The cache size is configurable to 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 Kbyte sizes. The default size is 8 Kbytes. Each line has a cache tag store entry associated with the line. On a cache miss, 16 bytes of data are written into cache 165 from external memory.
Each data cache tag contains a 20-bit address tag field, one valid bit, and one dirty bit. Each cache tag is also associated with a least recently used bit that is used for replacement policy. To support multiple cache sizes, the width of the tag fields also can be varied. If a cache enable bit in processor service register is not set, loads and stores are treated like non-cacheable instructions by data cache controller 161.
A single sixteen-byte write back buffer is provided for writing back dirty cache lines, which need to be replaced. Data cache unit 160 can provide a maximum of four bytes on a read and a maximum of four bytes of data can be written into cache 165 in a single cycle. Diagnostic reads and writes can be done on the caches.
Memory Allocation Accelerator
In one embodiment, data cache unit 160 includes a memory allocation accelerator 166. Typically, when a new object is created, fields for the object are fetched from external memory, stored in data cache 165 and then the field is cleared to zero. This is a time consuming process that is eliminated by memory allocation accelerator 166. When a new object is created, no fields are retrieved from external memory. Rather, memory allocation accelerator 166 simply stores a line of zeros in data cache 165 and marks that line of data cache 165 as dirty. Memory allocation accelerator 166 is particularly advantageous with a write-back cache. Since memory allocation accelerator 166 eliminates the external memory access each time a new object is created, the performance of hardware processor 100 is enhanced.
Floating Point Unit
Floating point unit (FPU) 143 includes a microcode sequencer, input/output section with input/output registers, a floating point adder, i.e., an ALU, and a floating point multiply/divide unit. The microcode sequencer controls the microcode flow and microcode branches. The input/output section provides the control for input/output data transactions, and provides the input data loading and output data unloading registers. These registers also provide intermediate result storage.
The floating point adder-ALU includes the combinatorial logic used to perform the floating point adds, floating point subtracts, and conversion operations. The floating point multiply/divide unit contains the hardware for performing multiply/divide and remainder.
Floating point unit 143 is organized as a microcoded engine with a 32-bit data path. This data path is often reused many times during the computation of the result. Double precision operations require approximately two to four times the number of cycles as single precision operations. The floating point ready signal is asserted one-cycle prior to the completion of a given floating point operation. This allows integer unit 142 to read the floating point unit output registers without any wasted interface cycles. Thus, output data is available for reading one cycle after the floating point ready signal is asserted.
Execution Unit Accelerators
Since the JAVA Virtual Machine Specification of Appendix I is hardware independent, the virtual machine instructions are not optimized for a particular general type of processor, e.g., a complex instruction set computer (CISC) processor, or a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processor. In fact, some virtual machine instructions have a CISC nature and others a RISC nature. This dual nature complicates the operation and optimization of hardware processor 100.
For example, the JAVA virtual machine specification defines opcode 171 for an instruction lookupswitch, which is a traditional switch statement. The datastream to instruction cache unit 120 includes an opcode 171, identifying the N-way switch statement, that is followed zero to three bytes of padding. The number of bytes of padding is selected so that first operand byte begins at an address that is a multiple of four. Herein, datastream is used generically to indicate information that is provided to a particular element, block, component, or unit.
Following the padding bytes in the datastream are a series of pairs of signed four-byte quantities. The first pair is special. A first operand in the first pair is the default offset for the switch statement that is used when the argument, referred to as an integer key, or alternatively, a current match value, of the switch statement is not equal to any of the values of the matches in the switch statement. The second operand in the first pair defines the number of pairs that follow in the datastream.
Each subsequent operand pair in the datastream has a first operand that is a match value, and a second operand that is an offset. If the integer key is equal to one of the match values, the offset in the pair is added to the address of the switch statement to define the address to which execution branches. Conversely, if the integer key is unequal to any of the match values, the default offset in the first pair is added to the address of the switch statement to define the address to which execution branches. Direct execution of this virtual machine instruction requires many cycles.
To enhance the performance of hardware processor 100, a look-up switch accelerator 145 is included in hardware processor 100. Look-up switch accelerator 145 includes an associative memory which stores information associated with one or more lookup switch statements. For each lookup switch statement, i.e., each instruction lookupswitch, this information includes a lookup switch identifier value, i.e., the program counter value associated with the lookup switch statement, a plurality of match values and a corresponding plurality of jump offset values.
Lookup switch accelerator 145 determines whether a current instruction received by hardware processor 100 corresponds to a lookup switch statement stored in the associative memory. Lookup switch accelerator 145 further determines whether a current match value associated with the current instruction corresponds with one of the match values stored in the associative memory. Lookup switch accelerator 145 accesses a jump offset value from the associative memory when the current instruction corresponds to a lookup switch statement stored in the memory and the current match value corresponds with one of the match values stored in the memory wherein the accessed jump offset value corresponds with the current match value.
Lookup switch accelerator 145 further includes circuitry for retrieving match and jump offset values associated with a current lookup switch statement when the associative memory does not already contain the match and jump offset values associated with the current lookup switch statement. Lookup switch accelerator 145 is described in more detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/788,811, entitled "LOOK-UP SWITCH ACCELERATOR AND METHOD OF OPERATING SAME" naming Marc Tremblay and James Michael O'Connor as inventors, assigned to the assignee of this application, and filed on even date herewith, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,076,141, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In the process of initiating execution of a method of an object, execution unit 140 accesses a method vector to retrieve one of the method pointers in the method vector, i.e., one level of indirection. Execution unit 140 then uses the accessed method pointer to access a corresponding method, i.e., a second level of indirection.
To reduce the levels of indirection within execution unit 140, each object is provided with a dedicated copy of each of the methods to be accessed by the object. Execution unit 140 then accesses the methods using a single level of indirection. That is, each method is directly accessed by a pointer, which is derived from the object. This eliminates a level of indirection, which was previously introduced by the method pointers. By reducing the levels of indirection, the operation of execution unit 140 can be accelerated. The acceleration of execution unit 140 by reducing the levels of indirection experienced by execution unit 140 is described in more detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/787,846, entitled "REPLICATING CODE TO ELIMINATE A LEVEL OF INDIRECTION DURING EXECUTION OF AN OBJECT ORIENTED COMPUTER PROGRAM" naming Marc Tremblay and James Michael O'Connor as inventors, assigned to the assignee of this application, and filed on even date herewith, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,970,242, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Getfield-putfield Accelerator
Other specific functional units and various translation lookaside buffer (TLB) types of structures may optionally be included in hardware processor 100 to accelerate accesses to the constant pool. For example, the JAVA virtual machine specification defines an instruction putfield, opcode 181, that upon execution sets a field in an object and an instruction getfield, opcode 180, that upon execution fetches a field from an object. In both of these instructions, the opcode is followed by an index byte one and an index byte two. Operand stack 423 contains a reference to an object followed by a value for instruction putfield, but only a reference to an object for instruction getfield.
Index bytes one and two are used to generate an index into the constant pool of the current class. The item in the constant pool at that index is a field reference to a class name and a field name. The item is resolved to a field block pointer which has both the field width, in bytes, and the field offset, in bytes.
An optional getfield-putfield accelerator 146 in execution unit 140 stores the field block pointer for instruction getfield or instruction putfield in a cache, for use after the first invocation of the instruction, along with the index used to identify the item in the constant pool that was resolved into the field block pointer as a tag. Subsequently, execution unit 140 uses index bytes one and two to generate the index and supplies the index to getfield-putfield accelerator 146. If the index matches one of the indexes stored as a tag, i.e., there is a hit, the field block pointer associated with that tag is retrieved and used by execution unit 140. Conversely, if a match is not found, execution unit 140 performs the operations described above. Getfield-putfield accelerator 146 is implemented without using self-modifying code that was used in one embodiment of the quick instruction translation described above.
In one embodiment, getfield-putfield accelerator 146 includes an associative memory that has a first section that holds the indices that function as tags, and a second section that holds the field block pointers. When an index is applied through an input section to the first section of the associative memory, and there is a match with one of the stored indices, the field block pointer associated with the stored index that matched in input index is output from the second section of the associative memory.
Bounds Check Unit
Bounds check unit 147 (
In one embodiment, bounds check unit 147 includes an associative memory element in which is store an array identifier for an array, e.g., a program counter value, and a maximum value and a minimum value for the array. When an array is accessed, i.e., the array identifier for that array is applied to the associative memory element, and assuming the array is represented in the associative memory element, the stored minimum value is a first input signal to a first comparator element, sometimes called a comparison element, and the stored maximum value is a first input signal to a second comparator element, sometimes also called a comparison element. A second input signal to the first and second comparator elements is the value associated with the access of the array's element.
If the value associated with the access of the array's element is less than or equal to the stored maximum value and greater than or equal to the stored minimum value, neither comparator element generates an output signal. However, if either of these conditions is false, the appropriate comparator element generates the active array bound exception signal. A more detailed description of one embodiment of bounds check unit 147 is provided in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/786,352, entitled "PROCESSOR WITH ACCELERATED ARRAY ACCESS BOUNDS CHECKING" naming Marc Tremblay, James Michael O'Connor, and William N. Joy as inventors, assigned to the assignee of this application, and filed on even date herewith, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,014,723, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The JAVA Virtual Machine Specification defines that certain instructions can cause certain exceptions. The checks for these exception conditions are implemented, and a hardware/software mechanism for dealing with them is provided in hardware processor 100 by information in microcode ROM 141 and program counter and trap control logic 170. The alternatives include having a trap vector style or a single trap target and pushing the trap type on the stack so that the dedicated trap handler routine determines the appropriate action.
No external cache is required for the architecture of hardware processor 100. No translation lookaside buffers need be supported.
Stack management unit 150 contains a stack cache memory circuit 610. Stack cache memory circuit 610 is typically fast memory devices such as a register file or SRAM; however, slower memory devices such as DRAM can also be used. In the embodiment of
As explained above, dribble manager unit 151 controls the transfer of data between stack 400 (
Although stack management unit 150 is described in the context of buffering stack 400 for hardware processor 100, stack management unit 150 can perform caching for any stack-based computing system. The details of hardware processor 100, are provided only as an example of one possible stack-based computing system for use with the present invention. Thus, one skilled in the art can use the principles described herein to design a stack management unit in accordance to the present invention for any stack-based computing system.
One embodiment of the pointer addresses of the registers of stack cache memory circuit 610 are shown in
Since most reads and writes on a stack are from the top of the stack, a pointer OPTOP contains the location of the top of stack 400, i.e. the top memory location. In some embodiments of stack management unit 150, pointer OPTOP is a programmable register in execution unit 140. However other embodiments of stack management unit 150 maintain pointer OPTOP in stack control unit 152. Since pointer OPTOP is often increased by one, decreased by one, or changed by a specific amount, pointer OPTOP, in one embodiment is a programmable up/down counter.
Since stack management unit 150 contains the top portion of stack 400, pointer OPTOP indicates the register of stack cache memory circuit 610 containing the most recently written data word in stack cache memory circuit 610, i.e. pointer OPTOP points to the register containing the most recently written data word also called the top register. Some embodiments of stack management unit 150 also contains a pointer OPTOP1 (not shown) which points to the register preceding the register pointed to by pointer OPTOP. Pointer OPTOP1 can improve the performance of stack management unit 150 since many operations in hardware processor 100 require two data words from stack management unit 150.
Pointer OPTOP and pointer OPTOP1 are incremented whenever a new data word is written to stack cache 155. Pointer OPTOP and pointer OPTOP1 are decremented whenever a stacked data word, i.e., a data word already in stack 400, is popped off stack cache 155. Since some embodiments of hardware processor 100 may add or remove multiple data words simultaneously, pointers OPTOP and OPTOP1 are implemented, in one embodiment, as programmable registers so that new values can be written into the registers rather than requiring multiple increment or decrement cycles.
If stack cache 155 is organized using sequential addressing, pointer OPTOP1 may also be implemented using a modulo SCS subtractor, which modulo-SCS subtracts one from pointer OPTOP. Some embodiments of stack cache 155 may also include pointer OPTOP2 or pointer OPTOP3.
Since data words are stored in stack cache memory circuit 610 circularly, the bottom of stack cache memory circuit 610 can fluctuate. Therefore, most embodiments of stack cache memory circuit 610 include a pointer CACHE_BOTTOM to indicate the bottom memory location of stack cache memory circuit 610. Pointer CACHE_BOTTOM is typically maintained by dribble manager unit 151. The process to increment or decrement pointer CACHE_BOTTOM varies with the specific embodiment of stack management unit 150. Pointer CACHE_BOTTOM is typically implemented as a programmable up/down counter.
Some embodiments of stack management unit 150 also includes other pointers, such as pointer VARS, which points to a memory location of a data word that is often accessed. For example, if hardware processor 100 is implementing the JAVA Virtual Machine, entire method frames may be placed in stack management unit 150. The method frames often contain local variables that are accessed frequently. Therefore, having pointer VARS pointed to the first local variable of the active method decreases the access time necessary to read the local variable. Other pointers such as a pointer VARS1 (not shown) and a pointer VARS2 (not shown) may point to other often used memory locations such as the next two local variables of the active method in a JAVA Virtual Machine. In some embodiments of stack management unit 150, these pointers are maintained in stack control unit 152. In embodiments adapted for use with hardware processor 100, pointer VARS is stored in a programmable register in execution unit 140. If stack cache 155 is organized using sequential addressing, pointer VARS1 may also be implemented using a modulo-SCS adder which modulo-SCS adds one to pointer VARS.
To determine which data words to transfer between stack cache memory circuit 610 and stack 400, stack management unit 150, typically tags, i.e. tracks, the valid data words and the data words which are stored in both stack cache memory circuit 610 and stack 400.
For the embodiment illustrated in
When hardware processor 100 reads a stacked data word using a stack popping operation from a register of stack cache memory circuit 610 through either read port 640 or read port 650 the valid bit of that register is set to the invalid logic state and the saved bit of that location is set to the unsaved logic state. Typically, stack popping operations use the register indicated by pointer OPTOP or pointer OPTOP1.
When hardware processor 100 reads a data word with a non-stack popping operation from a register of stack cache memory circuit 610 through either read port 640 or read port 650 the valid bit and saved bit of the register are not changed. For example, if hardware processor 100 is implementing the JAVA Virtual Machine, a local variable stored in stack cache memory circuit 610 in the register indicated by pointer VARS may be used repeatedly and should not be removed from stack cache 155. When dribble manager unit 151 copies a data word from a register of stack cache memory circuit 610 to stack 400 through read port 680, the valid bit of that register remains in the valid logic state since the saved data word is still contained in that register and the saved bit of that register is set to the saved logic state.
Since stack cache 155 is generally much smaller than the memory address space of hardware processor 100, the pointers used to access stack cache memory circuit 610 are generally much smaller than general memory addresses. The specific technique used to map stack cache 155 into the memory space of hardware processor 100 can vary. In one embodiment of hardware processor 100 the pointers used to access stack cache memory circuit 610 are only the lower bits of general memory pointers, i.e. the least significant bits. For example, if stack cache memory circuit 610 comprises 64 registers, pointers OPTOP, VARS, and CACHE_BOTTOM need only be six bits long. If hardware processor 100 has a 12 bit address space, pointers OPTOP, VARS, and CACHE_BOTTOM could be the lower six bits of a general memory pointer. Thus stack cache memory circuit 610 is mapped to a specific segment of the address space having a unique upper six bit combination.
Some embodiments of stack cache management unit 150 may be used with a purely stacked based computing system so that there is not a memory address space for the system. In this situation, the pointers for accessing stack cache 155 are only internal to stack cache management unit 150.
As explained above, hardware processor 100 primarily accesses data near the top of the stack. Therefore, stack management unit 150 can improve data accesses of hardware processor 100 while only caching the top portion of stack 400. When hardware processor 100 pushes more data words to stack management unit 150 than stack cache memory circuit 610 is able to store, the data words near the bottom of stack cache memory circuit 610 are transferred to stack 400. When hardware processor 100 pops data words out of stack cache 155, data words from stack 400 are copied under the bottom of stack cache memory circuit 610, and pointer CACHE_BOTTOM is decremented to point to the new bottom of stack cache memory circuit 610.
Determination of when to transfer data words between stack 400 and stack cache memory circuit 610 as well as how many data words to transfer can vary. In general, dribble manager unit 151 should transfer data from stack cache memory circuit 610 to stack 400, i.e., a spill operation, as hardware processor 100 fills stack cache memory circuit 610. Conversely, dribble manager unit 151 should copy data from stack 400 to stack cache memory circuit 610, i.e., a fill operation, as hardware processor 100 empties stack cache memory circuit 610.
Specifically in the embodiment of
For a circular buffer using sequential modulo-SCS addressing, as in
where SCS is the size of stack cache 155. Thus, for the specific pointer values shown in
Similarly, for a circular buffer using sequential modulo addressing, the number of used registers USED is defined as
Thus, for the specific pointer values shown in
Thus, stack cache status circuit 910 can be implemented with a modulo SCS adder/subtractor. The number of used registers USED and the number of free registers FREE can also be generated using a programmable up/down counters. For example, a used register can be incremented whenever a data word is added to stack cache 155 and decremented whenever a data word is removed from stack cache 155. Specifically, if pointer OPTOP is modulo-SCS incremented by some amount, the used register is incremented by the same amount. If pointer OPTOP is modulo-SCS decremented by some amount, the used register is decremented by the same amount. However, if pointer CACHE_BOTTOM is modulo-SCS incremented by some amount, the used register is decremented by the same amount. If pointer CACHE_BOTTOM is modulo-SCS decremented by some amount, the used register is incremented the same amount. The number of free registers FREE can be generated by subtracting the number of used registers USED from the total number of registers.
Spill control unit 694 (
Fill control unit 698 (
If the value in cache high threshold 930 and cache low threshold 940 is always the same, a single cache threshold register can be used. Fill control unit 698 can be modified to use the number of free registers FREE to drive signal FILL to the fill logic level if the number of free registers is greater than the value in cache low threshold 950, with a proper modification of the value in cache low threshold 950. Alternatively, spill control unit 694 can be modified to use the number of used registers.
Fill control unit 698 includes a low water mark register 1010 implemented as a programmable up/down counter. A comparator 1030 in fill control unit 698 compares the value in low water mark register 1030, i.e. the low water mark, with pointer OPTOP. If pointer OPTOP is less than the low water mark, comparator 1040 drives fill signal FILL to the fill logic level to indicate a fill operation should be performed. Since the low water mark is relative to pointer CACHE_BOTTOM, the low water mark register is modulo-SCS incremented and modulo-SCS decremented whenever pointer CACHE_BOTTOM is modulo-SCS incremented or modulo-SCS decremented, respectively.
The low water mark is calculated by doing a modulo-SCS addition. Specifically, cache low threshold register 950 is programmed to contain the minimum number of used data registers desired to be maintained in stack cache memory circuit 610. The low water mark is then calculated by modulo-SCS adder 1060 by modulo-SCS adding the value in cache low threshold register 950 with pointer CACHE_BOTTOM stored in cache bottom register 920.
As described above, a spill operation is the transfer of one or more data words from stack cache memory circuit 610 to stack 400. In the embodiment of
In embodiments using a saved bit and valid bit, as shown in
A fill operation transfers data words from stack 400 to stack cache memory circuit 610. In the embodiment of
In embodiments using a saved bit and valid bit, as shown in
As stated above, in one embodiment of stack cache 155, hardware processor 100 accesses stack cache memory circuit 610 (
Multiplexer (MUX) 1110 drives a read pointer RP1 for read port 640. A select line RS1 controlled by hardware processor 100 determines whether multiplexer 1110 drives the same value as pointer OPTOP or a read address R_ADDR1 as provided by hardware processor 100.
Multiplexer 1120 provides a read pointer RP2 for read port 650. Modulo adder 1140 modulo-SCS adds negative one to the value of pointer OPTOP and drives the resulting sum to multiplexer 1120. A select line RS2 controlled by hardware processor 100 determines whether multiplexer 1120 drives the value from modulo adder 1140 or a read address R_ADDR2 as provided by hardware processor 100.
Multiplexer 1130 provides a write pointer WP for write port 630. A modulo adder 1150 modulo-SCS adds one to the value of pointer OPTOP and drives the resulting sum to multiplexer 1130. Select lines WS controlled by hardware processor 100 determines whether multiplexer 1130 drives the value from modulo-SCS adder 1140, the value from modulo-SCS adder 1150, or a write address W_ADDR as provided by hardware processor 100.
Thus by using the stack cache according to the principles of the invention, a dribbling management unit can efficiently control transfers between the stack cache and the stack. Specifically, the dribbling management unit is able to transfer data out of the stack cache to make room for additional data as necessary and transfer data into the stack cache as room becomes available transparently to the stack-based computing system using the stack management unit.
The various embodiments of the structure and method of this invention that are described above are illustrative only of the principles of this invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention to the particular embodiments described. In view of this disclosure, those skilled-in-the-art can define other memory circuits, registers, counters, stack-based computing systems, dribble management units, fill control units, spill control units, read ports, write ports, and use these alternative features to create a method or system of stack caching according to the principles of this invention.
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text:
Hi Margie: What ag. zone are you in? I would love to grow "regular"
irises but my zone (9) seems to preclude anything but Spurias, Dietes,
Ungulacaris, etc. I do have a yellow iris, TB, that blooms very early
here and a purple that blooms a little later. The pictures many
publish just make me drool but I know I cannot grow them. Thanks
Beverly A.
On Thu, Jul 16, 2009 at 12:48 AM, Margie Valenzuela<firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote:
> This is GUATEMALA................A 2005 Tom Johnson Introduction. Unusual.
> It is listed as an early bloomer, but it blooms mid-season for me. It could
> be that it just seems to be a midseason bloomer to me, because I'm working
> with quite a few V VE, VE to E varieties in my crosses. Our weather is
> usually warm enough to have irises bloom in late February, or early March,
> but there are just not many of those V VE irises that exist. Part of my
> hybridizing efforts is to create more of these irises so those of us in the
> warm southern states can experience a longer bloom season. The biggest
> drawback for introducing irises that bloom this early in the season is that
> many of them are usually long past 'their bloom season' by the time the Iris
> Treks or AIS Conventions are in full swing. So <alas> they are rarely seen
> by the public.
> ~ Margie V.
> Oro Valley, AZ.
Wild Ginger Software Certified Educator

subset: commoncrawl


text:
If Famous Physicists Had Logos
Visualised by Dr Prateek Lala and the Perimeter Institute.
1. Galileo Galilei.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was the first person to turn a telescope on the moon, the planets, and the stars, discovering four of Jupiter's moons.
2. Isaac Newton.
Isaac Newton (1642-1727) is one of the most famous scientists who ever lived. He invented calculus (see Leibniz), formulated the laws of motion, and proposed the new idea of universal gravitation.
3. Gottfried Leibniz
Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) invented calculus independently of Isaac Newton, though Newton and is more widely credited as the field's founder. It's Leibniz's notation we use today, though.
4. Johannes Kepler.
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) was a mathematician and astronomer, best known for discovering three rules that describe the orbits of planets. His second law states that a line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.
5. Joseph Fourier.
Joseph Fourier (1768-1830) was a pioneer in theories of heat and vibration. The technique he invented for this work – representing complex waves by adding together simpler waves – is now used everywhere in science and engineering.
6. Thomas Young.
Thomas Young (1773-1829) pioneered the "double-slit" experiment that showed the dual wave-particle nature of light by shining a light through two narrow slits, producing a interference pattern.
7. Michael Faraday.
Michael Faraday (1791-1867) proposed the idea of electromagnetic fields extending through space – at the time a radical notion – after conducting research into the relationships between electricity and magnetism.
8. Nikola Tesla.
Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) was a physicist, electrical engineer, and inventor who designed the modern AC electrical supply system as well as a method to send electricity wirelessly through the air through the use of Tesla coils that produced giant lightning bolts.
9. Max Planck.
Max Planck (1858-1947) showed that light could only come in packets of certain sizes. It was the first step on the road to quantum mechanics.
10. William Henry and William Lawrence Bragg.
William Henry Bragg (1862-1942) and William Lawrence Bragg (1890-1971) were the father-son team behind Bragg's law, which describes how X-rays diffract inside crystals.
11. Marie Curie.
Marie Skłodowska-Curie (1867-1934) developed the theory of radioactivity (a term that she coined), learned to isolate radioactive isotopes, and discovered two new elements, radium and polonium.
12. Niels Bohr.
Niels Bohr (1885-1962) laid the groundwork for developing subatomic physics and quantum mechanics. His Bohr model of the atom was the first to place a large atomic nucleus at the centre and the small electrons around it.
13. Ernest Rutherford.
Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) theorized that atoms have their charge concentrated in a very small nucleus. By bombarding atoms with high energy particles and mapping how they bounced back, or didn't, he discovered (and named) the proton.
14. Albert Einstein.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955) came up with relativity, one of the pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics).
15. Erwin Schrödinger.
Erwin Schrödinger (1887-1961) famously proposed a thought experiment, now known as Schrödinger's Cat, to point out the apparent paradox of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics: if a particle can really be in two states at once, what of a cat whose fate depends on the particle's state?
16. James Clerk Maxwell.
James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) formulated the equations that describe electricity, magnetism, and optics as manifestations of the same phenomenon – the electromagnetic field. He's also the namesake of Maxwell's demon, a thought experiment in which a hypothetical demon violates the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
17. Louis de Broglie.
Louis de Broglie (1892-1987) suggested that all matter also has wave-like properties. This concept is known as wave-particle duality, or the de Broglie hypothesis, and became central to quantum mechanics.
18. Richard Feynman.
Richard Feynman (1918-1988) made ground-breaking contributions to many branches of physics. He's lives on in Feynman diagrams, a visual system for figuring out what happens when particles interact. Feynman painted them on his van.
19. Rosalind Franklin.
Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958) was a biophysicist who used X-ray diffraction data to determine the structures of complex minerals and living tissues, including – famously – DNA.
20. Peter Higgs.
Peter Higgs (born 1929) was one of several physicists to propose that elementary particles acquire mass by interacting with a new kind of field, now known as the Higgs field. In 2012 the Cern particle physics lab announced they had discovered a Higgs boson, confirming the existence of Higgs' field.