text:
Hall Caine
|Sir Hall Caine
From a portrait by R E Morrison
|Thomas Henry Hall Caine
14 May 1853
Runcorn, Cheshire, England
|31 August 1931
(aged 78)
Greeba Castle, Isle of Man
|Resting place
|Maughold, Isle of Man
|Victorian, Edwardian
|Novels, biography, religion
|Mary Chandler (m. 1886–his death 1931)
Sir Thomas Henry Hall Caine CH KBE (14 May 1853 – 31 August 1931), usually known as Hall Caine, was a British author. He is best known as a novelist and playwright of the late Victorian and the Edwardian eras. In his time, he was exceedingly popular, and, at the peak of his success, his novels outsold those of his contemporaries. Many of his novels were also made into films. His novels were primarily romances, involving love triangles, but also addressed some of the more serious political and social issues of the day.
Caine acted as secretary to Dante Gabriel Rossetti and at one time he aspired to become a man of letters. To this end he published a number of serious works, but these had little success. He was a lover of the Isle of Man and Manx culture, and purchased a large house, Greeba Castle, on the Island.
For a time he was a Member of the House of Keys, but he declined to become more deeply involved in Manx politics. A man of striking appearance, he travelled widely and used his travels to provide the settings for some of his novels to good effect. He came into contact with, and was influenced by, many of the leading personalities of the day, particularly those of a socialist leaning.
Caine's novels are considered outdated by creators of English literature curricula today, and despite his immense popularity during his life, he is now virtually unknown or forgotten. However, some of his more popular novels have been published as paperbacks in recent years, predominantly for the Manx market catering for tourists to the Isle of Man.
- 1 Early life and influences
- 2 The writer
- 3 The Great War
- 4 After the war
- 5 Politics
- 6 Films
- 7 Personal and domestic
- 8 Postscript
- 9 Bibliography
- 10 Filmography
- 11 Notes
- 12 References
- 13 External links
Early life and influences[edit]
Early days[edit]
Thomas Henry Hall Caine was born on 14 May 1853 at 29 Bridgewater Street, Runcorn, Cheshire, England,[1][nb 1] the eldest of six children of John Caine (1825-1904) and his wife Sarah Caine (née Hall, (1828-1912)). Sarah was born in Whitehaven, Cumbria, and descended from an old Quaker family of Ralph Halls, china manufacturer.[2] After living for many years in Cumbria the Hall family moved to Liverpool where Sarah, a seamstress, met and married John. As her husband was a member of the Anglican Church and not a Quaker she lost her connection with the Society of Friends. Throughout her life she retained the Quaker simplicity of life and dress.[3] John Caine, a blacksmith, came from the Isle of Man. In the absence of work he emigrated to Liverpool, where he trained as a shipsmith. At the time of Caine's birth, he was working temporarily in Runcorn docks. Within a few months the family were back in Liverpool, where Caine spent his childhood and youth. They rented rooms at 14 Rhyl Street, Toxteth, convenient for Liverpool Docks and within a small Manx expat community. By 1858 they had moved to number 21. Early in 1862 they moved to 5 Brougham Street.[4]
During his childhood Caine was occasionally sent to stay with his grandmother, Isabella, and uncle, William, a butcher-farmer, in their thatched cottage at Ballaugh on the Isle of Man.[5][6] His grandmother nicknamed him 'Hommy-Beg', Manx for 'Little Tommy'.[7] The island has a long history of folklore and superstition, passed from generation to generation.[8] Continuing this tradition Grandmother Caine passed on her knowledge of local myths and legends to her grandson, telling him countless stories of fairies, witches, witch-doctors and the evil eye while they were sat by the fire.[9]
When Caine was nine he lost two of his young sisters within a year. Five year old Sarah developed hydrocephaly after a fever. Fourteen month old Emma died in convulsions brought on by whooping cough she caught from him and his brother John. Caine was to be sent to the Isle of Man to recover from his illness and grief. He was put on a boat to Ramsey by his father, with a label pinned on his coat and assurances that his uncle would meet him. A fierce storm occurred preventing the ferry from reaching land. Caine was rescued by a large rowing boat. He would later draw on this experience when writing the scene in The Bondman in which Stephen Orry is cast ashore there.[10]
The Caine family belonged to the Baptist Church in Myrtle Street, Liverpool, presided over by the charismatic Hugh Stowell Brown, a Manxman and brother of poet Thomas Edward Brown. Brown's public lectures and work among the poor made him a household name in Liverpool. Caine participated in the literary and debating society Brown had established. While Caine was very young he became well known and highly regarded by the people of south Liverpool. There he was in great demand as a speaker, having the ability to engage an audience from his first word.[11] Through studying the works of the Lake School of Poets, and the best writers of the eighteenth century, he combined this knowledge with his own ideas of perfection, and went on to develop his level of eloquence to oratory.[12]
From the age of ten Caine was educated at the public school in Hope Street, Liverpool, becoming head boy in his last year there.[13] He spent many hours on his own avidly reading books, notably at Liverpool's Free Library.[14] Caine also experienced what he described as the 'scribbling itch' for writing. He produced essays, poems, novels and overview histories with little thought of them being published.[15]
In common with all 19th century towns Liverpool was unsanitary. In 1832 there had been a cholera epidemic. As panic and fear of this new and misunderstood disease spread, eight major riots had broken out on the streets along with several smaller uprisings.[16] In 1849 a second epidemic occurred.[17] When Caine was thirteen the third outbreak of cholera occurred in July 1866.[18] Memories of that time were to stay with him, the deaths, the large volume of funerals and prayer meetings in open spaces that were happening all around him.[19]
Apprentice and schoolmaster[edit]
At fifteen, after leaving school, he was apprenticed to John Murray, an architect and surveyor.[20] Murray was a distant relative of William Ewart Gladstone.[21] On 10 December 1868, the day of the general election when Gladstone was to be elected as Prime Minister, Caine was running to offices in Union Court, belonging to Gladstone's brother, with telegrams announcing the results of the contests all over the country. Caine was breaking the news of great majorities before Gladstone had time to open his telegrams.[22] Caine was to meet Gladstone on another occasion when he was on Gladstone's estate at Seaforth, Merseyside. The surveyor-in-chief had not appeared one morning and a fifteen year old Caine took his place.[23] Caine had left a lasting impression on Gladstone, as two years later Caine had a letter from Gladstone's brother saying the Prime Minister wished to appoint him steward of the Lancashire Gladstone estates. Caine declined the offer.[24]
Caine's maternal grandparents had lived with the rest of his family while they were growing up in Liverpool. His grandfather, Ralph Hall, died in January 1870, when Caine was seventeen. In the same year of his life Caine was reunited with William Tirebuck, a friend from his school days, when the business of their masters brought them together. United in their interest in literature, they made a juvenile attempt to establish a monthly manuscript magazine, assisted by Tirebuck's sister. Tirebuck was editor, printer, publisher and postman; Caine was principal author. One of the magazine's contributors inherited a small fortune which he invested. About ten thousand copies were printed, followed by a delayed issue no.2. After this venture Tirebuck returned to his position as junior clerk in a merchant's office.[25][26]
Suffering from what he would describe as "the first hint of one of the nervous attacks which even then beset me", and later as "the first serious manifestation of the nervous attacks which have pursued me through my life",[27] Caine quit his job with Murray and, arriving unannounced, went to live with his uncle and aunt, James and Catherine Teare in Maughold on the Isle of Man.
Teare was the local schoolmaster, and as Caine was to learn, ill with tuberculosis. Caine became his assistant teaching in the schoolhouse. Finding their accommodation in part of the schoolhouse was crowded Caine camped in a nearby tholtan, a half-ruined cottage. Using his stonemason skills, taught to him by his grandfather Hall, he restored and lived in the cottage. On the stone lintel above the door he carved the name Phoenix Cottage and the date 8 January 1871.[28][29]
Encouraged by Teare, after he had written to reassure Caine's parents that he might one day be able to make a living as a writer, Caine wrote anonymous articles for a local newspaper on a wide range of religious and economic questions.[30]
John Ruskin had started his Guild of St George and began expressing his ideas in his new monthly series, Fors Clavigera, written as a result of his feelings regarding the acute poverty and misery in Great Britain at the time. Rumours of undergraduates, following Ruskin's ideas, digging the ground outside Oxford, reached Caine. He was inspired by Ruskin to begin writing denunciations of the social system and of the accepted interpretation of the Christian faith.[31] Caine was to become 'an eager pupil and admirer' of Ruskin.[32] He later became a frequent visitor to Ruskin's Coniston home, Brantwood.
Following the death of James Teare in December 1871, Caine carved a headstone for the grave. After officially taking his place as schoolmaster, he also performed the extra unpaid services his uncle had provided, "such as the making of wills for farmers round about, the drafting of agreement and leases, the writing of messages to banks protesting against crushing interest, and occasionally the inditing of love letters for young farm hands to their girls in service on farms that were far away". Later he would draw on this material to use in his writing.[33] In March 1872, he had a letter from Murray his master, the architect, which said "Why are you wasting your life over there? Come back to your proper work at once." Caine was on his way back to Liverpool within a week.[34][35]
Journalist and theatre critic[edit]
In April 1872, at the age of eighteen, Caine was back home in Liverpool where he set about applying his knowledge, gained working in the drawing office, into articles on architectural subjects, and subsequently published in the Builder and Building News. These were Caine's first works published for a national audience. The articles caught Ruskin's attention and he wrote words of encouragement to Caine.[36]
Seeking to be published, he offered his services, without payment, as a theatre critic to a number of Liverpool newspapers, which were accepted. He used the pseudonym 'Julian'.[37] Before Henry Irving played Hamlet, his intention to play the part differently to any other actor was known to Caine and he contributed many articles on the subject to various papers.[38] The study of Shakespeare and the Bible from his earliest years were his 'chief mental food'.[39] As he had become more absorbed by literary studies he was not content with reading Shakespeare's plays, so he was reading all of the most notable playwrights of the Elizabethan age and "he began to make acquaintance with the dramatists'.[40] In the summer of 1872 Caine wrote his first play. The Charter was an adaptation of Charles Kingsley's novel Alton Locke, but as an unknown writer he could not get it staged.[41] "Partly from the failure of faith in myself as a draughtsman and partly from a desire to be moving on"[42] Caine left his employment with Murray and joined the building firm of Bromley & Son as a draughtsman.
Together with William Tirebuck and George Rose, his friends from school days,[43] Caine applied himself to establishing Liverpool branches of the Shakespeare Society, and the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings.[44] They called their own organisation Notes and Queries Society and held their meetings at the prominent Royal Institution, Colquitt Street. Caine was president of the society and their meetings were reported in the Liverpool newspapers.[45] The 'Notes' were often provided by John Ruskin, William Morris and Dante Gabriel Rossetti.[46]
On 16 October 1874 Henry Irving wrote to Caine agreeing to his request to use his portrait in Stray Leaves a new monthly magazine he was launching.[47][48] In his capacity as critic of the Liverpool Town Crier, Caine attended the first night of Hamlet at the Lyceum Theatre, London, on 31 October 1874, with Irving in the title role. Caine was enthralled by Irving's performance and after his enthusiastic review was published in the newspaper, he was asked to reprint it as a broad-sheet pamphlet, as it was of such a high quality.[49]
Caine's long narrative poem, Geraldine, appeared in print in March 1876. It was a completion of Coleridge's unfinished poem Christabel.[50][51]
The Caine family had moved into a larger house in 1873, at 59 South Chester Street, Toxteth, where Caine shared a bedroom with his younger brother John, a shipping clerk.[52] John contracted tuberculosis which he passed to his brother. By 1875 Caine had permanent lodgings in New Brighton, spending weekends there "for the sake of his health".[53] Caine became increasingly unwell from the beginning of January 1877. In April the same year John, died from tuberculosis, aged 21. Dangerously ill, Caine was terrified of suffering the same fate.[54] He recovered, but the disease left him with permanent lung damage, and throughout his life he had attacks of bronchitis. In his 1913 novel The Woman Thou Gavest Me, he describes Mary O'Neil dying of tuberculosis.[55]
Manchester Corporation had covertly been buying land for building the proposed Thirlmere Aqueduct, intended to supply water to the city. When discovered, it outraged the local community. Thirlmere, close to the centre of the Lake District, in an area, not only celebrated in the poetry of early conservationist William Wordsworth and fellow Lake poets, but also used as a summer residence by writers, amongst others.[56] In opposition to damming the lake at Thirlmere to form a reservoir, the first environmental group, Thirlmere Defence Association was formed in 1877.[57] It was supported by the national press, Wordsworth's son and John Ruskin. Caine, incensed at what he perceived as a threat to his beloved Cumbria, joined the movement, initiating a Parliamentary petition.[58] Thirlmere was to be the setting for his novel The Shadow of a Crime.[59]
In response to his lecture The Supernatural in Shakespeare,[60] given in July 1878, in a meeting chaired by Professor Edward Dowden, Matthew Arnold wrote him a long letter of praise. He was also praised by Keats's biographer, Lord Houghton.[61] The lecture appeared in Colburn's New Monthly Magazine in August 1879,[62]
Irving presided at a meeting of the Liverpool Notes and Queries Society in September 1878. At Irving's invitation, he travelled to London to attend Irving's first night at the Lyceum Theatre under his own management, presenting his new production of Hamlet with Ellen Terry as Ophelia on 30 December. It was at this time that Caine was introduced to Irving's business manager, Bram Stoker, who was to become one of his closest friends.[63] Stoker was subsequently to dedicate his famous novel Dracula to Caine, under the nickname 'Hommy-Beg'.
In 1879 Caine edited a booklet of the papers presented to the Notes and Queries Society by William Morris, Samuel Huggins and John J. Stevenson on the progress of public and professional thought on the treatment of ancient buildings which was described as "'well worth reading".[64][65] At the 1879 Social Science Congress held in Manchester Town Hall, Caine read his paper A New Phase of the Question of Architectural Restoration. He spoke of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, its purpose, actions and achievements.[66] Caine had joined the society the previous year and remained a member for the rest of his life. One of the society's founders was William Morris.
Friendship with Francis Tumblety[edit]
As a young man of 21 Caine encountered the self-proclaimed 'Great American Doctor', Francis Tumblety, aged 43, after he set up at 177 Duke Street, Liverpool, offering herbal cure-all elixirs and Patent medicines to the public, which he claimed were secrets of the American Indians. Tumblety posed at various times in his life as a surgeon, an officer in the federal army, and a gentleman.[67] He always followed his name with "M.D." and used the title 'Doctor', without the supporting qualifications for which he was fined in Saint John, New Brunswick in 1860.[68]
From September 1874, Tumblety was announcing his arrival in Liverpool by advertising in local newspapers, later including testimonials.[69] Following the death of Edward Hanratty in January 1875, the same night he took a spoon of medicine supplied by Tumblety, and action taken by William Carroll to sue Tumblety for £200 after allegedly publishing a false testimonial, Tumblety fled to London.[70] Many newspapers reported the stories and in the wake of this adverse publicity, Tumblety recruited Caine to edit his biography. Late January Tumblety wrote requesting Caine to obtain a quote for printing ten thousand copies in Liverpool, telling of being betrayed by a supposed friend, and praising Caine for his genuine friendship.[71][72] After Caine forwarded his letters, he wrote February 1 discussing the upcoming biography and enclosed a letter supposedly originating from the Isle of Wight, by Napoleon III.[73] The following day the first advert for the upcoming pamphlet appeared in the Liverpool Mercury.[74] Tumblety changed lodgings, initially missing an urgent telegram from Caine indicating there was a problem with the publication. His response was to tell Caine to stop until he saw the proofs. Tumblety offered to pay for Caine to visit him in London to discuss the pamphlet, his letter dated February 16 indicating Caine had taken up the offer.[75] He told a friend that his visit to Tumblety was "arduous".[76] A spate of correspondence relating to the publication ensued, Tumblety supplying Caine with names of notable people to be included in the pamphlet, along with money for printing and advertising. Tumblety later wrote of disputes with the printer. Claiming to be too ill to send money, he sent Caine a printer's bill for payment. Tumblety had hired an assistant who read the proofs to him. The pamphlet entitled Passages from the Life of Dr Francis Tumblety, and the fourth of Tumblety's biographies, was published March 1875.[77]
Tumblety wrote to Caine in April 1875 that he was contemplating manufacturing his pills in London, and required a partner to share the profits, telling Caine to approach Liverpool chemists as proposed outlets.[78] Caine had declined a further invitation to London, but Tumblety persisted with his invites to join him in London, later made by telegram, additionally inviting him on a planned trip to America.[79] Around the time Alfred Thomas Heap was hanged in Kirkdale Gaol, Liverpool, for an abortion-related death, Tumblety, who had been arrested in 1857 for selling abortion drugs, disappeared. Caine made enquiries as to his whereabouts.[80][81] Briefly Tumblety set up offices in Union Passage, Birmingham. His correspondence turned menacing, demanding money from Caine.[82] Tumblety left London for New York City in August 1876. Failing to entice Caine to join him, he followed months later with a pleading letter from San Francisco, after which there is no record of any further contact.[83][84]
Rossetti years[edit]
Caine delivered a series of three lectures on Dante Gabriel Rossetti's work and the Pre-Raphaelite movement between November 1878 and March 1879, afterwards combining them into an essay which was printed in Colburn's New Monthly Magazine.[85] Caine sent a copy of the magazine to the poet Rossetti, who by that time had become a virtual recluse and was "ravaged by years of addiction to chloral and too much whisky".[86] Rossetti wrote his first letter to Caine 29 July 1879. This letter was the first of nearly two hundred in quick succession.[87] Around this time Caine's father was badly injured in an accident at work and Caine took responsibility for supporting his parents and siblings.[88] Early in 1880 he wrote Stones Crying Out, a short book on the restoration of old buildings. Two of the chapters were papers he had read at the Social Science Congress and Liverpool Library.[89] Rossetti introduced Caine to Ford Madox Brown, who was at the time working on The Manchester Murals. Following his visit to write an article on Brown's frescoes in July 1880 they became friends. On a later visit Caine accepted Brown's invitation to sit for one of the figures while he was working on The Expulsion of the Danes from Manchester, the third fresco.[90] on another visit he modelled for Crabtree watching the Transit of Venus A.D. 1639, the fifth fresco to be painted.[91] Caine and Rossetti eventually met in September 1880 when Caine visited Rossetti in his home at 16 Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, London, where he lived "in shabby splendour".[92]
The strain of overworking was affecting Caine's health and in 1881, deciding to focus on his literary career, he left his job at Bromley & Son and went to St John's in the Vale, Cumbria.[93] Before long Rossetti wrote that he too was ill and asked Caine to go to London planning to return to Cumbria with him. By the time Caine arrived in London Rossetti had changed his mind and instead Caine became Rossetti's housemate.[94] Early in September, persuaded by friends and family Rossetti spent a month with Caine at St John's in the Vale, accompanied by Fanny Cornforth.[95] Whilst there, Caine recited a local myth to Rossetti. The myth was to become the inspiration for his first novel The Shadow of a Crime.[96] He was also delivering weekly lectures in Liverpool.[97]
Caine negotiated the acquisition of Rossetti's largest painting Dante's Dream of the Death of Beatrice by Liverpool's Walker Art Gallery,[98][99] representing the painter at its installation in November 1881.[100] In January 1882 Caine's anthology Sonnets of Three Centuries was published.
After Rossetti "had an attack of paralysis on one side", his medical adviser Mr John Marshall recommended a change of air.[101] Architect John Seddon offered Rossetti the use of Westcliffe Bungalow at Birchington, Kent.[102] Caine eventually persuaded Rossetti to make the trip to Birchington and they both arrived on February 4, 1882, accompanied by Caine's sister and Rossetti's nurse. Caine stayed with Rossetti until his death on Easter Sunday, 1882.[103][104]
The writer[edit]
From 1882 Caine was employed as a leader-writer on the Liverpool Mercury and was given free reign as to the subject and number of articles he wrote.[105] [106] This gave him the opportunity to attend and review numerous first nights at the London theatres.[107] One review angered actor-playwright Wilson Barrett and he demanded a meeting with Caine.[108] Barrett concluding his complaint added "I think you could write as play, and if someday you should hit on a subject suitable to me, I shall be glad if you will let me hear of it".[109]
Caine's Cobwebs of Criticism: A Review of the First Reviewers of the Lake, Satanic and Cockney Schools was published in 1883. It began as a series of Liverpool lectures exposing unjustified reviews of poets Byron, Coleridge, Hunt, Keats, Shelley, Southey and Wordsworth that were written during their lifetimes[110]
Remaining in London after Rossetti's death, Caine had moved to 18 Clement's Inn, in July 1882, sharing rooms with his academic friend Eric Robertson, where they often hosted intellectual gatherings.[111] They had evening meals delivered from a nearby coffee shop in Clare Market, which were brought by two teenage girls; one being 13 year old Mary Chandler, who was to eventually marry Caine.[112] [113] Months later, Mary's stepfather, and the other girl's father confronted Caine and Robertson demanding marriage, claiming the girls had been 'ruined'.[114] Robertson married the older girl and moved to Kent.[115] Refusing to marry, Caine went to Liverpool to deliver lectures, returning to London early December 1882.[116] Upon Caine's return Mary's stepfather abandoned her at Clement's Inn. Caine's choices were to leave Mary on the street, marry or adopt her.[117] Until she could start school after Christmas Mary lived at Clements Inn, she had received little education as a child.[118] Caine's visiting friends assumed he and Mary had married as Robertson had.[119][120] Mary was secretly sent to Sevenoaks where she stayed for six months being taught either at a private school or privately by a governess, financed by Caine.[121]
At the end of October 1883, with enough money to last about four months Caine, accompanied by Mary, went to the Isle of Wight where he rented Vectis Cottage, close to the cliffs and sea near Sandown.[122][123] There he set to work writing his first novel The Shadow of a Crime. Inspired by his Cumbrian heritage the plot was based on one of the oldest legends of the Lake District, told to him by his grandfather, Ralph Hall.[124][125][126] In it he uses the Cumbrian dialect that he had listened to and spoke during his childhood.[127] When he had finished he moved back to London. Living in rooms on the fourth floor of New Court, in Lincoln's Inn, he re-wrote it.[128] After running as a serial in the Liverpool Mercury, Caine's novel was published in February 1885, by Chatto & Windus, and serialised in several newspapers.[129] He was later invited to write the story of writing The Shadow of a Crime, which after its appearance in the Idler was published in 1894 in My First Book.[130] After the publication of Caine's first novel, Mary created a series of scrapbooks containing items relating to his public life.[131]
Mary and Caine's son, Ralph Hall, was born in their rented house Yara, Worseley Road, Hampstead on 15 August 1884. The following month they moved to live in Aberleigh Lodge, Bexleyheath, next door to William Morris' Red House.
In order to make essential money and acquire exposure in America, disregarding the advice of his friends, Caine's short novel She's All The World To Me, was published in New York, in 1885 by Harper & Brothers. The first of his novels to be set on the Isle of Man. Under American copyright laws the book's copyright was forfeited to Harper and Brothers, a situation unforeseen by Caine, he was incensed.[132] The novel was never released outside America. Caine recycled much of the material from the book in his later works, particularly in The Deemster. It is likely that the story is Caine's 1883 Liverpool Mercury weekly serial entitled Danny Fayle.[133] At the time Caine and the Mercury's editor John Lovell attempted to publish the serial as a book but were unable to find a publisher.[134]
Set in the contrasting locations of the Vale of Newlands in the Lake District and Victorian London,[135] A Son of Hagar, Caine's third novel was written in 1885-86 and published in 1886 by Chatto and Windus.[136][137] Begun in collaboration with Robert Buchanan, their partnership was discontinued early on after discovering they did not work well together.[138] Dealing with the theme of illegitimacy, Caine has written a story close to his own life.[139] The opening scene is set in Victorian London police court where a girl is charged with attempted suicide after she and her illegitimate baby had been dragged from the Thames, a scene he could well have witnessed while working as reporter.[140] Later Caine attempted to suppress A Son of Hagar from both of the Collected Editions of his novels. Licensed to Thomas Nelson in 1907 by Chatto, the novel was printed in the Nelson Library.[141]
In 1886 Mary and Caine travelled to Scotland to watch Irving when he was on tour in Edinburgh where they covertly married on 3rd September under Scottish law by declaration before witnesses.[142]
Publisher Walter Scot engaged Eric Robertson, Caine's former roommate, to edit a series entitled Great Writers.[143] Aware of the study Caine had already made of Coleridge, Robertson asked Caine to contribute a brief biography of the poet to the series. In three weeks Caine wrote Life of Coleridge, published in 1887.[144] November the same year The Deemster was published in three volumes by Chatto & Windus. Set in 18th century Isle of Man, where the title of Deemster is given to the Island's judges. The plot includes the story of a fatal fight, with the body being taken out to sea only to float back to land the next day. It ran to more than fifty English editions and was translated into every major European language.[145] Caine sent a copy of the novel to Wilson Barrett as he suited the main character, then set to work adapting his novel into a stage version called Ben-my-Chree, Manx for 'Girl of my Heart'. [146] Irving, after reading the book, saw potential in it, himself playing the Bishop, [147][148] The play opened at the Princess Theatre on 17 May 1888 and ran for a profitable nine weeks. [149]< A popular staple on Barratt's provincial and international tours for several years afterwards and successfully produced by others to whom he licensed the rights.[150][151] Barratt's substantial contributions were acknowledged by naming him co-writer by an appreciative Caine.[152]
In January 1890, the next novel was published after being serialised in the Isle of Man Times. This was The Bondman which was published by Heinemann rather than Chatto & Windus, because they offered better terms. It is set in the Isle of Man and in Iceland. Again it was a great success, despite its complicated story and its being "hopelessly sentimental and melodramatic".[153] Later the same year, in September, the next novel, The Scapegoat, was published. This time the novel was set in Morocco and its main theme is the persecution of the Jews; Caine hated anti-Semitism. It had a pro-Jewish theme and although it was a critical success, it did not sell as well as The Bondman. The Scapegoat brought Caine a considerable correspondence, mainly because of its pro-Jewish stance.[154]
Following this, Caine returned to non-fiction, publishing three lectures on the history of the Isle of Man as a book entitled The Little Manx Nation. His next fiction consisted of three novellas in one volume which were entitled Cap'n Davey's Honeymoon, The Last Confession, and The Blind Mother. This book was published in 1893 and was dedicated to Bram Stoker, but did not sell well. However, his next book, The Manxman, published in 1894, was one of his greatest successes, eventually selling over half a million copies and being translated into 12 languages. This was again set in the Isle of Man and involved a love triangle.
During his career Caine travelled widely, and used his experiences abroad in his writings. Places visited included Iceland, Morocco, Egypt, Palestine, Rome, Berlin, Austria, and the Russian frontier. For many years Caine had been concerned about matters relating to copyright, and in 1895 he travelled via the United States of America to Canada for the Society of Authors and successfully negotiated for the introduction of copyright protection there.
In 1897 came the most successful novel yet, The Christian. It was the first novel in Britain to sell over a million copies[155] although once again it attracted much adverse publicity. As with most of his novels, it was first published in serial form, this time in the Windsor Magazine and then, dramatised by the author, produced as a play. The theme of the novel was the problems encountered by a young woman trying to live an independent life; it was the first time that Caine had taken up the Woman Question. The play was first performed at the Knickerbocker Theatre in New York in October 1898, and it was also a great success. Caine followed it by a lucrative lecture tour. However, when The Christian was first produced in England at the Duke of York's Theatre in October 1899, its reception was only lukewarm.[156]
It was to be four years before the appearance of Caine's next work, The Eternal City. This was set in Rome and was the only novel to be first conceived as a play.[157] It appeared in serial form in The Lady's Magazine and finally in book form in August 1901. This proved to be Caine's most successful novel; it sold more than a million copies in English alone, and appeared in 13 other languages. It was another romance, with the hero being accused of plotting to murder the Italian king. The stage version opened at His Majesty's Theatre, London in October 1902. Once again the reviews were mixed, the literary critics tending to be scathing, while it was praised by many clergymen.[158] Around this time, Caine tried to revive the literary magazine Household Words which had been founded by Charles Dickens.
In August 1902 King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra visited the Isle of Man. The Queen had enjoyed Caine's Manx novels and Caine was invited to join the royal couple on their yacht and to accompany them on their tour of the island the following day. The Eternal City opened as a play in October with incidental music by Mascagni. A few days after the London opening the Caines went to USA for the play's American opening in Washington, which was followed by a tour. In 1902 all of Caine's novels were still in print and towards the end of 1903 six companies were performing The Eternal City, in England, USA, Australia and South Africa. However, that year Household Words ceased publication.
The Prodigal Son was published in November 1904, again by Heinemann, and in the same month it opened as a play at the Grand Theatre, Douglas. It was set mainly in Iceland, with scenes in London and the French Riviera, and is again based on the eternal triangle. The book was again an instant success and once again the criticisms were mixed; it was translated into 13 languages. The play opened in September 1905 at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane with Caine's sister, Lily, playing a main part but it had only a moderate run. In 1906 The Bondman appeared for the first time as a play, produced again at Drury Lane, with Caine's son Derwent aged 16, making a stage début. The setting had been changed from Iceland to Sicily, which gave an opportunity for an eruption of Mount Etna in the last act. Mrs Patrick Campbell took a leading role. Once again while the play was a huge popular success, it was panned by the critics. 1908 saw the publication of My Story, an autobiography which said more about others, particularly Rossetti, than about himself, and much of what was written was not entirely correct.[159] It did not sell particularly well.
Caine's next major work of fiction was The White Prophet which was set in Egypt and which addressed the problems of colonial rule and attempted a synthesis of the world's religions. It appeared first in its stage version in Douglas in August 1908. On the first night one of the actors was ill and Caine himself took his part. It appeared as a book the following month. For the first time in a Caine novel, the strongest element was not romance, but rather adventure, with a degree of theological discussion. The book did not do as well as his previous ones.
The next major work was The Woman Thou Gavest Me, published in 1913, which "caused the biggest furore of any of his novels".[160] Libraries objected to its morals, dealing as it did with the divorce laws of the time and attitudes towards illegitimacy. Once again it addressed the Woman Question. However, it sold extremely well. It was reprinted five times before the end of the year when nearly half a million copies had been sold. Despite the storm of criticism, or maybe because of it, Caine's reputation as a novelist had been restored.
The Great War[edit]
In previous years Caine had edited books to raise money for Queen Alexandra's charities in 1905 and 1908. In 1914, following the outbreak of the Great War, he decided to produce another charity book, this time in support of the exiled King Albert of Belgium.[161] King Albert rewarded him by creating him an Officer of the Order of Leopold of Belgium.
Caine tried to involve America in the war by writing articles, mainly for The New York Times and in 1915 he gave a series of lectures in the USA but these were not well received. He wrote a series of articles for The Daily Telegraph about how the war was affecting "ordinary" people. These were published in 1915 as a book entitled The Drama of 365 Days: Scenes in the Great War. In 1916 he was invited to work with Lord Robert Cecil at the Foreign Office towards the creation of the League of Nations after the end of the war. The same year Caine produced a small book entitled Our Girls: Their Work for the War Effort to show that women were also playing an active part in the war. He was also involved in writing a propaganda film to assist the war effort but the war ended before the film could be completed.
Towards the end of 1917 Caine was offered a baronetcy but he declined it and instead he accepted a knighthood as a KBE, insisting on being called, not 'Sir Thomas Hall Caine' but 'Sir Hall Caine'.
After the war[edit]
Caine returned to writing novels and in 1921 Heinmann's published The Master of Man: The Story of a Sin. It was set in the Isle of Man and involves infanticide. Initially it sold well but sales soon dropped. It was considered to be old-fashioned; Caine was using old themes and had not kept up with the time. One reviewer referred to Caine as "this Victorian author".[162] The following year Caine acquired the Sunday Illustrated newspaper which had been founded by Horatio Bottomley. In October of that year he was made a Companion of Honour. Caine's last novel The Woman of Knockaloe was brought out in 1923, this time published by Cassell's. It is another love story set on the Isle of Man but this time dealing with the harm caused by racial hatred. That year he sold the Sunday Illustrated and also made his first broadcast, an address on 'Peace'.
Caine's last published work in his lifetime was a revised version of Recollections of Rossetti with a shortened title to coincide with the centenary of Rossetti's birth in 1928. In 1929 Caine was given the Freedom of Douglas. For much of his life Caine worked on a book entitled Life of Christ but it was not published until some time after his death, in 1938 with a foreword by his two sons. It "aroused little or no interest and quickly disappeared".[163]
In 1901 Caine was elected a Member of the House of Keys as a Liberal for the constituency of Ramsey at a by-election and was re-elected, with a smaller majority, in 1903. This had been helped by the success of his Manx novels benefiting the tourist trade of the island. He continued as a member until 1908, although due to the other pressures on his time he seldom spoke in the House. He also had little time to offer to politics on a larger scale. When he was invited by Lloyd George to stand for the British parliament he refused. He was, however, elected as the first president of the Manx National Reform League.[164]
Some of Caine's novels were made into films, all of which were black-and-white and silent. Unauthorised versions of The Deemster and The Bondman were made by Fox Film Corporation. In 1914, Vitalograph filmed The Bondman, which was also unauthorised.
The first authorised film of a Caine novel was a version of The Christian, made by the London Film Company in 1915 and starred his son Derwent Hall Caine in one of the parts. In 1916, The Manxman, also produced by the London Film Company, was filmed on the Isle of Man and, when released in 1917, drew huge crowds in Britain and America. In 1918 Caine was recruited by the Prime Minister David Lloyd George to write the screenplay for the propaganda film Victory and Peace (1918). A film of The Deemster, also starring Derwent, was made by the Arrow Film Corporation and released in 1918. The Christian was also remade in 1923, produced by Samuel Goldwyn, and directed by the celebrated Maurice Tourneur.
In 1915, the first version of The Eternal City was produced by Paramount Pictures, and in 1923 the Samuel Goldwyn Company shot a remake in Italy. Caine was so unhappy with the latter film that he tried to withdraw his name from it, unsuccessfully.[165]
More films were in progress, including Darby and Joan. This was based on an old novella, was produced by Master Films, and again starred Derwent. A film of The Woman Thou Gavest Me was made in 1919 by Famous Players and this drew good audiences and good reviews. The Woman of Knockaloe was filmed by Paramount Pictures in 1927 as Barbed Wire. Then Alfred Hitchcock arrived on the Isle of Man to film The Manxman (1929) but he and Caine did not get on well and the rest of the film was shot in Cornwall. The Manxman was Hitchcock's last silent film. Caine was not happy with it.[166]
Personal and domestic[edit]
In appearance Caine was a short man who tended to dress in a striking fashion. His eyes were dark brown and slightly protuberant, giving him an intense stare. He had red-gold hair and a dark red beard which he trimmed to appear like the Stratford bust of Shakespeare; indeed if people did not notice the likeness he was inclined to point it out to them.[167] He was also preoccupied throughout his life with the state of his health. This was often the result of overwork or other stresses in his life and he would sometimes use nervous exhaustion as an excuse to escape from his problems.[168]
In 1888 after the success of The Deemster, the lease on Aberleigh House was nearing its end and Caine wanted to live in the Lake District. He bought a house called Hawthorns in Keswick and the family moved there while Caine rented part of a flat in Victoria Street, London, leaving Mary to supervise the move. She became a devoted wife, reading all his work, advising and criticising when appropriate and was his first secretary. Later Caine distanced himself from her which "nearly destroyed her".[169]
Their second son, Derwent was born in 1891. Caine felt an urge to move to the Isle of Man and in 1893 they rented a castellated house which looked over the Douglas to Peel road called Greeba Castle for six months. Meanwhile, their London home, which had been in Ashley Gardens, became a flat in Whitehall Court between Whitehall and the Victoria Embankment. They did not return to Greeba Castle at this time but took a house in Peel. Hawthorns, which in the meantime had been occupied by Thomas Telford, was sold.[citation needed] After years of haggling, Caine bought Greeba Castle in 1896. He lived there for the rest of his life and made extensive internal and external alterations to it. However, Mary never liked the house. Following the production of The Christian in New York and the subsequent lecture tour, the marriage began to come under strain but it did survive.
In 1902 the Caines rented a large house on Wimbledon Common, The Hermitage, and Mary spent much time there while Caine was abroad or at Greeba Castle. Rumours spread that the marriage was in trouble and, as many of his visitors were male, that Caine was homosexual. However, there was never any reliable substance to this.[170] By 1906 the couple were leading increasingly separate lives but Mary remained loyal and faithful throughout.[171]
In 1912, Derwent Hall Caine had an illegitimate daughter, Elin, and she was brought up as Caine and Mary's child.[172] By 1914 Mary at last had her own London house — Heath Brow which overlooked Hampstead Heath. After the Great War this house had become too big and Mary moved into Heath End House, again overlooking Hampstead Heath. By 1922 they informally separated; Caine could not live with Mary, nor could he break with her completely.[173] From that time, both suffered from various ailments.
In August 1931 at age 78 Caine slipped into a coma and died. On his death certificate was the diagnosis of "cardiac syncope".[174] He was buried in Kirk Maughold churchyard and a slate obelisk was erected over his grave, designed by Archibald Knox. A memorial service was held in St Martin's-in-the-Fields. In March 1932, six months after her husband's death, Mary Hall Caine died from pneumonia. She was buried alongside her husband. A statue of Hall Caine stands in Douglas, financed by money from the estate of Derwent Hall Caine.
Caine's legacy[edit]
Hall Caine was an enormously popular and best-selling author in his time. Crowds would gather outside his houses hoping to get a glimpse of him. He was "accorded the adulation reserved now for pop stars and footballers",[175] and yet he is now virtually unknown.
Allen suggests two reasons for this. First that, in comparison with Dickens, his characters are not clearly drawn, they are "frequently fuzzy at the edges" while Dickens' characters are "diamond-clear"; and Caine's characters also tend to be much the same as each other. Something similar could also be said about his plots. Possibly the main drawback is that although Caine's books can be romantic and emotionally moving, they lack humour; they are deadly earnest and serious.[176]
At one time the Isle of Man had a second civil airport near Ramsey which was called the Hall Caine Airport. It closed in 1939.[177]
Critical appraisals[edit]
- Despite his proving the wealthiest of Victorian novelists,[178] Caine has been largely dismissed as a mere melodramatist by subsequent criticism.[179]
- G. K. Chesterton said in "A Defence of Penny Dreadfuls" that "it is quite clear that this objection, the objection brought by magistrates, has nothing to do with literary merit. Bad story writing is not a crime. Mr. Hall Caine walks the streets openly, and cannot be put in prison for an anticlimax."[180]
- Thomas Hardy criticised Caine for his excessive egotism.[181]
Prose fiction[edit]
- 1885 - The Shadow of a Crime
- 1885 - She's All the World to Me: A Manx Novel
- 1886 - A Son of Hagar
- 1887 - The Deemster
- 1890 - The Bondman: A New Saga
- 1890 - The Scapegoat: A Romance
- 1890 - The Prophet, published as a novella
- 1893 - Cap'n Davey's Honeymoon, The Last Confession, The Blind Mother, 3 novellas published in one volume
- 1894 - The Manxman
- 1897 - The Christian
- 1901 - The Eternal City
- 1904 - The Prodigal Son
- 1906 - Drink: A Love Story on a Great Question
- 1909 - The White Prophet
- 1913 - The Woman Thou Gavest Me
- 1914 - Charlie the Cox: A Life Poem, a short story published as a part of Princess Mary's Gift Book[182]
- 1921 - The Master of Man: The Story of a Sin
- 1923 - The Woman of Knockaloe: A Parable (published in 1927 as Barbed Wire)
Theatre and film scripts[edit]
- 1894 - The Madhi: or Love and Race, A Drama in Story
- 1896 - Jan the Icelander or Home, Sweet Home, A Lecture Story
- 1888 - The Prophet, a play which was never staged
- 1889 - The Good Old Times, a play
- 1903 - The Isle of Boy: A Comedy, a play
- 1906 - The Bondman Play
- 1916 - The Prime Minister, a play
- 1916 - The Iron Hand, a one-act play
- 1919 - Darby and Joan, a film script
- 1879 - "The Supernatural in Shakspere"
- 1880 - "The Supernatural Element in Poetry"
- 1880 - "Politics & Art"
- 1882 - Sonnets of Three Centuries: An Anthology edited by Caine
- 1882 - Recollections of Dante Gabriel Rossetti
- 1883 - Cobwebs of Criticism
- 1887 - Life of Samuel Coleridge Taylor
- 1891 - The Little Manx Nation
- 1894 - The Little Man Island: Scenes and Specimen Days in the Isle of Man, a guide to the island
- 1905 - The Queen's Christmas Carol, an anthology edited by Caine, for the queen's charities
- 1906 - My Story, an autobiography
- 1908 - Queen Alexandra's Christmas Gift Book, another anthology edited by Caine
- 1910 - King Edward: A Prince and a Great Man
- 1914 - King Albert's Book, a tribute to the Belgian King and people
- 1915 - The Drama of 365 Days: Scenes in the Great War
- 1916 - Our Girls: Their Work for the War
- 1928 - Recollections of Rossetti, an expanded version of the earlier book
- 1938 - Life of Christ, published posthumously
In addition he wrote countless articles and stories of which an account has never been kept. The above bibliography is based on that compiled by Allen.[183]
- 1911 - The Christian, based on the play. Directed by Franklyn Barrett in Australia. 28 minutes
- 1914 - The Christian, based on the play and the novel. Directed by Frederick A. Thomson in USA.
- 1915 - The Eternal City, based on the play and the novel. Directed by Hugh Ford and Edwin S. Porter in USA. 80 minutes
- 1915 - The Christian, based on the novel. Directed by George Loane Tucker in UK.
- 1916 - The Manxman, based on the novel. Directed by George Loane Tucker in UK. 90 minutes
- 1916 - The Bondman, based on the novel. Directed by Edgar Lewis in USA.
- 1917 - The Deemster, based on the novel (also known as The Bishop's Son). Directed by Howell Hansel in USA.
- 1918 - Victory and Peace. Directed by Herbert Brenon in UK.
- 1919 - The Woman Thou Gavest Me, based on the novel. Directed by Hugh Ford in USA. 60 minutes
- 1923 - The Prodigal Son, based on the novel. Directed by A.E. Coleby in UK and Iceland.
- 1923 - The Christian, based on the play and the novel. Directed by Maurice Tourneur in USA. 80 minutes
- 1923 - The Eternal City, based on the novel. Directed by George Fitzmaurice in USA. 80 minutes
- 1924 - Name the Man based on the novel The Master of Man: the Story of a Sin. Directed by Victor Sjöström in USA. 80 minutes
- 1927 - Barbed Wire, based on the novel The Woman of Knockaloe, a Parable. Directed by Rowland V. Lee in USA. 67 minutes
- 1929 - The Bondman, based on the novel. Directed by Herbert Wilcox in UK.
- 1929 - The Manxman, based on the novel. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock in UK. 90 minutes.
The above filmography is based on the Hall Caine page on the Internet Movie Database[184]
- ^ Runcorn Urban District Council (7 September 1931). "Council meeting minutes".
- ^ "Sunday Times Pert WA". 16 February 1913.
- ^ "Manx Quarterly, #12". June 1913.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 15.
- ^ Caine 1908, pp. 3–29.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 16.
- ^ Caine 1908, p. 9.
- ^ Moore 1891, pp. 1–18.
- ^ Kenyon 1905, pp. 21–22.
- ^ Allen 1997, pp. 17–18.
- ^ Kenyon 1905, pp. 26–27.
- ^ Kenyon 1905, p. 30.
- ^ Kenyon 1905, p. 22.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 23.
- ^ Caine 1908, p. 35.
- ^ Burrell, Sean; Gill, Geoffrey (1 October 2005). "The Liverpool Cholera Epidemic of 1832 and Anatomical Dissection—Medical Mistrust and Civil Unrest". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 60 (4): 478–498. doi:10.1093/jhmas/jri061. ISSN 0022-5045.
- ^ "A walk through the Cholera Districts of Liverpool". www.old-merseytimes.co.uk. Liverpool Journal. 24 November 1849.
- ^ "The cholera and the burial of cholera victims, 1866". www.old-merseytimes.co.uk. Liverpool Mercury. 20 August 1866.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 26.
- ^ Kenyon 1905, p. 27.
- ^ Kenyon 1905, p. 27.
- ^ Caine 1908, p. 33.
- ^ Caine 1908, p. 34.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 22.
- ^ Tirebuck 1903, pp. x - xiii.
- ^ Caine 1908, pp. 36–38.
- ^ Caine 1908, pp. 38.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 21.
- ^ Caine 1908, pp. 38–39.
- ^ Caine 1908, pp. 38–39.
- ^ Caine 1908, p. 39.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 26.
- ^ Caine 1908, p. 40.
- ^ Caine 1908, p. 43.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 29.
- ^ Caine 1908, pp. 44–46.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 43.
- ^ Kenyon 1905, p. 34.
- ^ Kenyon 1905, p. 36.
- ^ Kenyon 1905, p. 36.
- ^ Waller 2006, p. 753.
- ^ Caine 1908, p. 48.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 31.
- ^ Caine 1908, p. 50.
- ^ "Local News". Liverpool Mercury. 5 February 1879.
- ^ Tirebuck 1903, p. xv.
- ^ Stoker 1906, p. 115.
- ^ Kenyon 1905, p. 44.
- ^ Stoker 1906, p. 115.
- ^ Kenyon 1905, p. 44.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 44.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 32.
- ^ Kenyon 1905, p. 52.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 55.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 353.
- ^ Ritvo 2009, pp. 12, 102.
- ^ Ritvo 2009, pp. 1–6.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 62.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 62.
- ^ "Notes and Queries. Professor Dowden on the study of Shakespere". Liverpool Mercury. 10 July 1878. p. 8.
- ^ Kenyon 1905, p. 58.
- ^ "The Magazines For September". Liverpool Mercury. 3 September 1879. p. 6.
- ^ Foulkes 2008, p. 55.
- ^ "Literary Notices,". Liverpool Mercury. 22 February 1879.
- ^ [The Restoration of Ancient Buildings. Papers by William Morris, Samuel Huggins, J. J. Stevenson, etc., edited by T. H. Hall Caine. Royal Institution, Liverpool. 1877. Crown 8vo. 50 pp.]
- ^ "Social Science Congress". Liverpool Mercury. 7 October 1879. p. 7.
- ^ Curtis Jr. 2001, p. 29.
- ^ Storey 2012, p. 93.
- ^ Storey 2012
- ^ Storey 2012
- ^ Storey 2012, p. 116.
- ^ Riordan 2009, p. 148.
- ^ Storey 2012, p. 114.
- ^ Riordan 2009, p. 148.
- ^ Riordan 2009, p. 149.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 29.
- ^ Storey 2012, p. 116.
- ^ Storey 2012, p. 118.
- ^ Riordan 2009, p. 150.
- ^ Storey 2012, p. 120.
- ^ "An Indian Herb Doctor - Curious Case". Liverpool Mercury. 12 October 1857. p. 2.
- ^ Storey 2012, p. 123.
- ^ Storey 2012, p. 128.
- ^ Riordan 2009, p. 152.
- ^ Allen 1997, pp. 63, 68.
- ^ Allen 1997, pp. 69–71.
- ^ Kenyon 1905, pp. 59–62.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 103.
- ^ Allen 2000, pp. 25, 36, 110.
- ^ Allen 1997, pp. 88, 105;
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 152.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 91.
- ^ Caine 1908, p. 148.
- ^ Caine 1908, p. 150.
- ^ Waugh 2011, p. 228.
- ^ Caine 1908, pp. 176-177.
- ^ Caine 1908, pp. 173, 190.
- ^ Caine 1908, p. 149
- ^ "The sale of 'Dante's Dream at the time of the Death of Beatrice' to the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool: The Correspondence between D. G. Rossetti and T. H. Caine.". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ Allen 1997, pp. 109, 133.
- ^ Rossetti 1895, pp. 384, 387.
- ^ Rossetti 1895, pp. 388, 395.
- ^ Caine 1882, pp. 294–295.
- ^ Allen 1997, pp. 88, 141.
- ^ Kenyon 1905, p. 82.
- ^ Caine 1908, p. 252.
- ^ Kenyon 1905, p. 34.
- ^ Caine 1908, p. 255.
- ^ Tetens 2015, p. 37.
- ^ Waller 2006, p. 133.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 153.
- ^ Caine 1908, p. 258.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 153.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 153.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 154.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 155.
- ^ Caine 1908, p. 259.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 155.
- ^ Kenyon 1905, p. 83.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 159.
- ^ Allen 1997, pp. 159–160.
- ^ Kenyon 1905, pp. 82–83.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 168.
- ^ {{Harvnb|Caine|1905|p=ix.} }Bram Stoker Introduction to Hall Caine, Shadow of a Crime
- ^ Jerome 1897, p. 59.
- ^ Caine 1908, p. 283.
- ^ {{Harvnb|Caine|1905|p=ix.} }Bram Stoker Introduction to Hall Caine, Shadow of a Crime
- ^ Kenyon 1905, p. 88.
- ^ Allen 1997, pp. 174-175.
- ^ Kenyon 1905, p. 83.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 176. Now held in the Manx Museum, Douglas
- ^ Allen 1997, pp. 165, 178.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 178.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 165.
- ^ Kenyon 1905, p. 93.
- ^ Caine 1905, p. vi.Bram Stoker Introduction to Hall Caine, Son of Hagar
- ^ Kenyon 1905, p. 92.
- ^ Caine 1905, p. vi.Bram Stoker Introduction to Hall Caine, Son of Hagar
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 181.
- ^ Caine 1908, pp. 259-261.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 178.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 184.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 185.
- ^ Kenyon 1905, p. 120.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 55.
- ^ Kenyon 1905, p. 120.
- ^ Tetens 2015, p. 48.
- ^ Caine 1908, pp. 348-349.
- ^ Tetens 2015, p. 47.
- ^ Tetens 2015, p. 47.
- ^ Kenyon 1905, p. 121.
- ^ Caine 1908, p. 346.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 204.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 211.
- ^ Allen, Vivien (2011) [2004], "Caine, Sir (Thomas Henry) Hall (1853–1931)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, retrieved 3 August 2013 ((subscription or UK public library membership required))
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 269.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 271.
- ^ Allen 1997, pp. 279–280.
- ^ Allen 1997, pp. 153, 325–327.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 351.
- ^ Caine, Hall (ed.), King Albert's Book, a Tribute to the Belgian King and People from representative men and women throughout the World (The Daily Telegraph, in conjunction with The Daily Sketch, The Glasgow Herald and Hodder & Stoughton, Christmas 1914) "Sold in aid of the Daily Telegraph Belgian Fund."
- ^ Allen 1997, pp. 380–381.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 430.
- ^ Allen 1997, pp. 282–284.
- ^ Brownlow 1990, p. 457.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 416.
- ^ Allen 1997, pp. 35–36.
- ^ Allen 1997, pp. 24, 213.
- ^ Allen 1997, pp. 205–206.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 292.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 313.
- ^ Allen 1997, pp. 348–350.
- ^ Allen 1997, pp. 388–389.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 423.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 7.
- ^ Allen 1997, pp. 430–431.
- ^ Hall Caine Airport, Mers Online, retrieved 2007-09-02
- ^ J. Sutherland, The Stanford Companion to Victorian Fiction (1990) p. 97-9
- ^ I. Ousby ed., The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English (1995) p. 144
- ^ A DEFENCE OF PENNY DREADFULS at www.cse.dmu.ac.uk
- ^ M. Seymour-Smith, Thomas Hardy (1994) p. 645
- ^ Princess Mary's Gift Book available on www.archive.org (accessed 23 March 2015)
- ^ Allen 1997, pp. 433–435.
- ^ Hall Caine at the Internet Movie Database
- Caine, Hall (1908), My Story, London: Collier & Co
- Kenyon, Charles Fredrick (1901), Hall Caine: The Man and the Novelist, London: Greening & Co Ltd
- Allen, Vivien (1997), Hall Caine: Portrait of a Victorian Romancer, Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, ISBN 1-85075-809-3
- Brownlow, Kevin (1990), Behind the Mask of Innocence, New York: Alfred Knopf, ISBN 978-0-520-07626-6
- Moore, A.W. (1891), The Folk-Lore of the Isle of Man, Isle of Man: Brown & Son
- Tirebuck, William Edwards (1903), Twixt God and Mammon, New York: D. Appleton and Company
- Stoker, Bram (1906), Personal Reminiscences of Henry Irving Volume II, London: William Heinemann
- Ritvo, Harriet (2009), The Dawn of Green: Manchester, Thirlmere, and Modern Environmentalism, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 9780226720821
- Foulkes, Richard (2008), Henry Irving: ARe-Evaluation of the Pre-Eminent Victorian Actor-Manager, Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Limited, ISBN 978-1-138-66565-1
- Riordan, Timothy B. (2009), Prince of Quacks: The Notorious Life of Dr. Francis Tumblety, Charlatan and Jack the Ripper Suspect, Jefferson, North Carolina, and London: MaFarland & Company, Inc, ISBN 978-0-786-44433-5
- Storey, Neil R. (2012), The Dracula Secrets: Jack the Ripper and the Darkest Sources of Bram Stoker, Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press, ISBN 978-0-752-48048-0
- Caine, Hall (1882), Recollections of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, London: Elliot Stock
- Rossetti, William Michael (1895), Dante Gabriel Rossetti; his family-letters, with a memoir by William Michael Rossetti, London: Ellis and Elvey
- Allen, Vivien (2000), Dear Mr Rossetti: The Letters of Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Hall Caine 1878-1881, Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, ISBN 1-84127-049-0
- Waller, Philip (2006), Writers, Readers, and Reputations: Literary Life in Britain 1870-1918, UK: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0198206771
- Jerome, Jerome Klapka (1897), My first book : the experiences of Walter Besant, James Payn, W. Clark Russell, Grant Allen, Hall Caine, George R. Sims, Rudyard Kipling, A. Conan Doyle, M. E. Braddon, F. W. Robinson, H. Rider Haggard, R. M. Ballantyne, I. Zangwill, Morley Roberts, David Christie Murray, Marie Corelli, Jerome K. Jerome, John Strange Winter, Bret Harte, "Q", Robert Buchanan, Robert Louis Stevenson, London: Chatto & Windus
- Caine, Hall (1905), The Works of Hall Caine, London: William Heinemann
- Tetens, Kristan (2015). Sir Thomas Henry Hall Caine, dramatist, with a special study of Mahomet (1890) and its contexts (Ph.D.). University of Leicester. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
- ^ House numbers were not in use in Bridgewater Street at the time of Caine's birth.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hall Caine.
|Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Caine, Thomas Henry Hall.
- Works by Hall Caine at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Hall Caine at Internet Archive
- Works by Hall Caine at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Hall Caine's page on the Manx Literature website
- Information from manxnotebook website
- "Archival material relating to Hall Caine". UK National Archives.
- Portraits in the National Portrait Gallery
- The Sir Hall Caine Papers (Woodson Research Center, Fondren Library, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA)
- Film footage of Hall Caine and son, Derwent, in the middle of the film, The King's Ride in the Isle of Man (1902), from the BFI
- 1853 births
- 1931 deaths
- Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
- Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
- People from Runcorn
- 19th-century English novelists
- 20th-century English novelists
- 19th-century journalists
- English male journalists
- People associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
- Manx people
- Manx writers
- Manx politicians
- Manx culture
- English male novelists
- 19th-century male writers
- Manx dramatists and playwrights


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Alex Buncombe Onboard RJN Nissan GTR GT3 British GT Donington
First couple of laps onboard with Alex Buncombe in no35 RJN Motorsport Nissan GTR GT3 in the final round of the 2012 Avon Tyres British GT Championship.

subset: commoncrawl


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Browse Through:
Default Task - Undo
Classification (27)Regression (5)Clustering (13)Other (5)
Attribute Type
Categorical (3)Numerical (22)Mixed (0)
Data Type - Undo
Multivariate (221)Univariate (13)Sequential (27)Time-Series (48)Text (22)Domain-Theory (10)Other (8)
Life Sciences (5)Physical Sciences (1)CS / Engineering (13)Social Sciences (0)Business (2)Game (0)Other (6)
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27 Data Sets
Table View List View
1. Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) Recognition Using Binary Sensors: This dataset comprises information regarding the ADLs performed by two users on a daily basis in their
own homes.
2. User Identification From Walking Activity: The dataset collects data from an Android smartphone positioned in the chest pocket from 22 participants walking in the wild over a predefined path.
3. Activity Recognition from Single Chest-Mounted Accelerometer: The dataset collects data from a wearable accelerometer mounted on the chest. The dataset is intended for Activity Recognition research purposes.
4. Molecular Biology (Protein Secondary Structure): From CMU connectionist bench repository; Classifies secondary structure of certain globular proteins
5. Open University Learning Analytics dataset: Open University Learning Analytics Dataset contains data about courses, students and their interactions with Virtual Learning Environment for seven selected courses and more than 30000 students.
6. UJI Pen Characters: Data consists of written characters in a UNIPEN-like format
7. UJI Pen Characters (Version 2): A pen-based database with more than 11k isolated handwritten characters
8. Online Handwritten Assamese Characters Dataset: This is a dataset of 8235 online handwritten assamese characters. The "online" process involves capturing of data as text is written on a digitizing tablet with an electronic pen.
9. Machine Learning based ZZAlpha Ltd. Stock Recommendations 2012-2014: The data here are the ZZAlpha® machine learning recommendations made for various US traded stock portfolios the morning of each day during the 3 year period Jan 1, 2012 - Dec 31, 2014.
10. Indoor User Movement Prediction from RSS data: This dataset contains temporal data from a Wireless Sensor Network deployed in real-world office environments. The task is intended as real-life benchmark in the area of Ambient Assisted Living.
11. Activity Recognition system based on Multisensor data fusion (AReM): This dataset contains temporal data from a Wireless Sensor Network worn by an actor performing the activities: bending, cycling, lying down, sitting, standing, walking.
12. Online Retail: This is a transnational data set which contains all the transactions occurring between 01/12/2010 and 09/12/2011 for a UK-based and registered non-store online retail.
13. Localization Data for Person Activity: Data contains recordings of five people performing different activities. Each person wore four sensors (tags) while performing the same scenario five times.
14. UJIIndoorLoc-Mag: The UJIIndoorLoc-Mag is an indoor localization database to test Indoor Positioning System that rely on Earth's magnetic field variations.
15. Educational Process Mining (EPM): A Learning Analytics Data Set: Educational Process Mining data set is built from the recordings of 115 subjects' activities through a logging application while learning with an educational simulator.
16. EEG Eye State: The data set consists of 14 EEG values and a value indicating the eye state.
17. Bach Choral Harmony: The data set is composed of 60 chorales (5665 events) by J.S. Bach (1675-1750).
Each event of each chorale is labelled using 1 among 101 chord labels and described
through 14 features.
18. Wearable Computing: Classification of Body Postures and Movements (PUC-Rio): A dataset with 5 classes (sitting-down, standing-up, standing, walking, and sitting) collected on 8 hours of activities of 4 healthy subjects. We also established a baseline performance index.
19. microblogPCU: MicroblogPCU data is crawled from sina weibo microblog[http://weibo.com/]. This data can be used to study machine learning methods as well as do some social network research.
20. Wall-Following Robot Navigation Data: The data were collected as the SCITOS G5 robot navigates through the room following the wall in a clockwise direction, for 4 rounds, using 24 ultrasound sensors arranged circularly around its 'waist'.
21. Gesture Phase Segmentation: The dataset is composed by features extracted from 7 videos with people gesticulating, aiming at studying Gesture Phase Segmentation. It contains 50 attributes divided into two files for each video.
22. Molecular Biology (Promoter Gene Sequences): E. Coli promoter gene sequences (DNA) with partial domain theory
23. Molecular Biology (Splice-junction Gene Sequences): Primate splice-junction gene sequences (DNA) with associated imperfect domain theory
24. Ozone Level Detection: Two ground ozone level data sets are included in this collection. One is the eight hour peak set (eighthr.data), the other is the one hour peak set (onehr.data). Those data were collected from 1998 to 2004 at the Houston, Galveston and Brazoria area.
25. Libras Movement: The data set contains 15 classes of 24 instances each. Each class references to a hand movement type in LIBRAS (Portuguese
name 'L�ngua BRAsileira de Sinais', oficial brazilian signal language).
26. Grammatical Facial Expressions: This dataset supports the development of models that make possible to interpret Grammatical Facial Expressions from Brazilian Sign Language (Libras).
27. Hill-Valley: Each record represents 100 points on a two-dimensional graph. When plotted in order (from 1 through 100) as the Y co-ordinate, the points will create either a Hill (a �bump� in the terrain) or a Valley (a �dip� in the terrain).
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NYRA Board to Discuss Future of Franchise
The leaders of the New York Racing Association will start outlining a path for the racing giant's future at a board meeting Nov. 12, and it could be a precursor to talks at the state Capitol next year.
The leaders of the New York Racing Association will start outlining a path for the racing giant's future at a board meeting Nov. 12, and it could be a precursor to talks at the state Capitol next year.
Facilitating new access to affordable health insurance coverage, the New York Racing Association Nov. 7 announced a formal agreement with the Jockeys' Guild which extends health care coverage to New York State jockeys.
Genting Americas is using its casino anniversary at Aqueduct Racetrack Oct. 28 as part of a well-timed message to proclaim how valuable it has been to New York State government.
The New York Racing Association Oct. 17 expressed its full support of the New York State Gaming Commission's proposed rules on threshold limits for therapeutic medications on race day.
The New York Racing Association announced that starting Saturday, Oct. 18, visitors to NYRA.com will be offered a special, two-day sneak preview of new, HD video capabilities.
Santa Anita Park and the New York Racing Association announced an all-new $2 wager called the "Belmont/Santa Anita Cross-Country Double," which will link Belmont Park's final race each day to a selected race at Santa Anita.
New York Racing Association director of television and interactive platforms Dan Silver said plans to offer racing fans their choice of unique perspectives could see NYRA surge past those sports in that area.
With an eye on the future, New York Racing Association president and chief executive officer Chris Kay extolled the successes of the present and the recent past at a meeting of NYRA's board of directors on Sept. 29.
California Chrome may have lost the Belmont Stakes (gr. I), but the potential for a Triple Crown winner helped to drive up the New York Racing Association's overall pari-mutuel handle in the first half of 2014.
The New York Racing Association reported attendance spiked during the 40-day summer meet at Saratoga Race Course, which also experienced a decline in wagering.
Hall of Fame rider John Velazquez, a two-time Eclipse Award winner, was presented with the Mike Venezia Memorial Award Aug. 30 at Saratoga Race Course.
It's last call for Tom Durkin. The voice of horse racing on the New York circuit is silencing himself Sunday, Aug. 31, retiring after a 43-year career in which he also announced Triple Crown and Breeders' Cup races.
New York officials said Aug. 29 they are conducting a probe into the relatively high number of equine deaths during the New York Racing Association's Saratoga Race Course meet.
Dan Eidson has been named the New York Racing Association's interim racing secretary for the fall championship meet at Belmont Park, which begins Sept. 5.
The illustrious career of longtime track announcer Tom Durkin will be celebrated with two days in his honor at Saratoga Race Course Aug. 31 and Sept. 1, the New York Racing Association announced.
A state investigative agency has concluded that key executives of the New York Racing Association were derelict in their duties to halt a practice that cost bettors more than $7 million.
Hall of Fame trainers H. Allen Jerkens and D. Wayne Lukas, along with legendary track announcer Tom Durkin, were honored Aug. 22 in the second annual "Red Jacket" ceremony in the winners' circle at Saratoga Race Course.
Gulfstream Park, which plans to become the racetrack prototype for integrity in the sport, is to to offer furosemide-free races for 2-year-olds in 2015 and eventually operate an on-track pharmacy to control medication.
Larry Collmus, who took over the race calling duties at Churchill Downs earlier this year, is moving on to succeed Tom Durkin as the announcer for the New York Racing Association.
The future structure of the New York Racing Association and the implications for year-round racing in the state were examined Aug. 12, the first day of the Saratoga Institute on Racing & Gaming Law in Saratoga Springs, N.Y.
NYRA's Martin Panza said tracks need to focus on reducing race days or carded races in order to maintain quality for fans and bettors. He said the U.S. needs to build race days with national and international appeal.
A revamped racing program and enhancements to the customer experience were among the successes trumpeted by the NYRA board of directors Aug. 6, and in return president Christopher Kay received a bonus and a raise.
The head of the New York Racing Association is suggesting the racing giant might not be able keep open both its downstate Thoroughbred tracks when it morphs back into some form of private control in the fall of 2015.
Thanks, in part, to a bump in wagering from a Triple Crown being on the line this year in the Belmont Stakes (gr. I), the Belmont Park spring-summer meet saw improved total all-sources handle numbers compared with 2013.
Every horse that breaks from the starting gate in a race at a New York Racing Association track will generate a $1 donation to the Permanently Disabled Jockeys Fund , it was announced July 24.
The New York State Gaming Commission and New York Racing Association announced enhanced security protocols July 24 for horses running in the $1.5 million Whitney Stakes (gr. I) and $1.25 million Travers Stakes (gr. I).
First passed as a temporary surcharge in 2007, legislation has been signed into law again authorizing the New York Thoroughbred Horsemen's Association to receive 2% of purse proceeds at New York Racing Association tracks.
Jockey Rosario Montanez was resting at Albany Medical Center July 20 after reportedly undergoing eye surgery at 3 a.m., according to the New York Racing Association publicity office.
A year after his first experience with the intense scrutiny that comes with the opening of the Saratoga Race Course meet, a more confident, knowledgeable, and experienced Chris Kay discussed the racing season.
The New York Daily News won't be providing daily coverage from the Saratoga Race Course meeting that starts July 18 or any of the New York Racing Association tracks going forward.
Attendees who register by Aug. 15 for the inaugural Thoroughbred Owner Conference in Lexington will receive an iPad mini as a bonus upon arrival at the Oct. 13-16 event.
TVG Network and the New York Racing Association announced July 15 a multi-year extension of their agreement for TVG to televise, stream, and accept wagers on live horse races from NYRA tracks.
A pair of presenters on racetrack surfaces at the Welfare and Safety of the Racehorse Summit talked about how improved information is helping to improve surfaces throughout the U.S.
A state-created fan advisory group has blasted NYRA for operations June 7 for Belmont Stakes (gr. I) day, saying problems that hit everything from parking lot to betting lines to lack of security hurt fan development.
The New York State Gaming Commission and New York Racing Association have announced enhanced security protocols for horses running in the two grade I stakes on the July 5 Stars and Stripes card at Belmont Park.
Fasig-Tipton will add another component to its Oct. 7 fall mixed sale at Saratoga Springs, N.Y., with an open session of New York-bred yearlings.
With customer experience a priority for upcoming meet at Saratoga Race Course, the New York Racing Association will invest $1.9 million in a series of capital improvements at the track.
New York Racing Association steward Braulio Baeza Jr. has imposed a $2,500 fine on trainer Mike Maker in connection with General a Rod being a late arrival at the Belmont Stakes pre-race test barn June 7.
An official with the New York Racing Association said no rules were apparently broken June 7 when General a Rod was a late arrival to the pre-race testing barn for the Belmont Stakes (gr. I).
In a special two-part video released June 3, NYRA's Chris Kay and two industry experts discuss the steps being taken to enhance equine safety and ensure the integrity of racing in New York.
NYRA chief executive officer Chris Kay said the association has invested in many improvements designed to make the experience at Belmont Park for Belmont Stakes day more enjoyable for customers.
The weekend breakfast program Belmont Park is a mainstay of the spring meet. It got a supercharged boost May 31 when a few hundred guests showed up to watch California Chrome work in advance of the Belmont Stakes.
The status of Social Inclusion for the June 7 Belmont Stakes (gr. I) remained uncertain June 2 after the Pioneerof the Nile colt acted up while schooling in the gate at Belmont Park.
Optimism was evident May 28 as the board of directors of the New York Racing Association heard Chris Kay, president and CEO, detail several improvements customers can expect on what could be an historic Belmont Stakes day.
The New York Racing Association has added two executives to its senior management team, naming Lynn LaRocca to the newly created position of chief experience officer and Joseph Lambert as its general counsel.
The New York Racing Association will host a weekly celebration of global culture and heritage with its inaugural International Heritage Series at Saratoga Race Course during the 2014 summer meet.
The New York State Gaming Commission and New York Racing Association has announced enhanced security protocols for horses running in the four $1 million-plus grade 1 stakes races on Belmont Stakes day, June 7.
New York Racing Association stewards ruled May 19 that the Kentucky Derby Presented by Yum! Brands and Preakness Stakes (both gr. I) winner will be allowed to wear a nasal strip in the Belmont Stakes (gr. I) June 7.
The connections of California Chrome have asked New York regulators and stewards for permission to race the winner of the Kentucky Derby Presented by Yum! Brands and Preakness Stakes with a nasal strip in the Belmont Stakes.
A New York-themed group of entertainers are scheduled to perform Belmont Stakes Day, June 7, at Belmont Park.


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2016 Shoot Dates
- February 14 - Valentines Day Shoot. Bring your sweetheart
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Looking for a place to stay while you are in town? Stay at one of Marshall's hotels or a Missouri State Park.
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Of all the ingredients used in perfumery, the butter extracted from the root of the iris is the most precious. "A complex mixture of irones is what gives iris-root butter its magnificent, melancholy smell," writes Luca Turin, author of The Secret of Scent, estimating the price of the raw material as more than €70,000 (£50,000) a kilo. "Good iris notes in fragrance are correspondingly rare, but, when properly executed, exude a frosty luxury that everyone falls in love with, sooner or later."
Small wonder, then, that iris is the principle component of the Prada Group's biggest fragrance launch to date, Infusion d'Iris. "The project had been decided upon, the bottle already designed, but Miuccia Prada always knew that iris would be the key note," says Daniela Andrier, the perfumer behind it. Andrier also created the first Prada fragrance for men and the Prada Parfums Collection, a line of single-note scents available exclusively in Prada stores that include Cuir, Ambre, Oeillet, Fleur d'Oranger and, not insignificantly, Iris. "Just for her, I had done a fresh version of that Iris," Andrier continues, "and that's actually Infusion d'Iris. We reworked it, but it's basically that smell."
Andrier is one of a growing number of female "noses" (who, perhaps unsurprisingly, now prefer to be known by the rather more elegant term "perfumer") gaining increased prominence in what was hitherto a closed, almost entirely male world. She studied philosophy before entering the Givaudan's Ecole de Parfumerie in Grasse in 1989 - she still works for that company. Her love affair with scent goes back much further, however, to her youth when she remembers mixing her mother's favourite fragrances - Yves Saint Laurent's Rive Gauche, Hermès's Calèche and Chanel No 19 - which is iris-based, incidentally - among them.
"I would go to a concert, for example, and if I was bored I'd pass the time trying to recognise the fragrances around me," she says. "I thought everyone did it. I never wondered where any of the smells came from. They were just part of a world that I took for granted, in much the same way as one might Coca-Cola. When I found out that it was possible to make a profession out of creating smells, I knew it was for me."
Andrier says that her sense of smell is no more acute than anyone else's. "We all have noses, and most function normally, but some people are very sensitive to smell, and their way of communicating to the world is through fragrances. My perception of the outside world and of emotions is very much alive through smell.
"I think also that our sense of smell reassures us that we have a past, gives depth to our past. Of course we have memories, we have photographs, but the older we become, the more things are confused. Through smell one really gets back there. Smell is very strong for human beings because it gives them some power over the past, and that's something I really , really love."
In the 14th century, the iris root was highly sought-after for its use in perfumed water for washing hands during meals, and also for scenting clothing and bed linen. And Prada's Infusion d'Iris is, on first impression at least, a fresh and clean scent, an aspect that is heightened by the inclusion of orange blossom and mandarin. Earthy galbanum from Iran and lentisc from the Mediterranean adds a green contrast and ensures that freshness - often the first element to disappear - endures. Benzoin and incense evoke a sensual, provocative quality, and vetiver and cedarwood introduce a more masculine side.
At the heart of the fragrance, though, is the iris note, which is achieved using modern technology to recreate the ancient process of infusion, whereby the precious iris root would be steeped in alcohol for months, sometimes even years.
Infusion d'Iris contains both natural and synthetic notes of iris, however, and that is because, intriguingly, the actual flower of the iris has only a faint aroma. Some blooms - jasmine and rose to name just two - extract beautifully. Others - freesia, lily of the valley and violet, for example - are more elusive and must therefore be recreated in a lab. While the iris root is fragrant, the scent of the flower must be imagined by the individual perfumer, which goes some way towards explaining the great difference between iris-based fragrances such as, say, Dior Homme and the aforementioned Chanel No 19.
"The iris note is very 'faceted'. I've been working on it for years," Andrier says. "It's very difficult if you work with iris not to be overly rooty, not to overdo an earthy feeling or get too powdery. Like when you look at an Impressionist painting, it's about how you contrast the shadows and the light so that something appears more airy and more delightful than it otherwise might.
"What I will say is that this fragrance is composed of traditional ingredients of a high-end quality, yet the result is something innovative, something that wasn't there before."
And this makes it the perfect match with the brand it was created to represent. Andrier takes this idea to the point where she actually compares Infusion d'Iris to the current Prada women's collection, which springs from its designer's fascination with the morphing of one very traditional fabric into another, and the creation of something entirely surprising and modern as a result.
"In the collection there are some fabrics that start out as wool and, I believe, finish as silk," she says. "They start off grey and become green. So that although you are familiar with silk and wool, what appears in the middle of the coat is like a new material. I think Infusion d'Iris has that quality, that it takes elements of traditional perfumery and yet the overall result is lightness. It's a very emotional fragrance and one that is very different from anything else that's out there."
It is true that the overcrowded women's fragrance market tends to rely more today upon targeting a specific customer than the creation of anything truly remarkable. Aiming their products squarely at various feminine stereotypes - the intelligent working woman, say, the seductress, the bright young thing - the big brands turn out green fragrances, oriental fragrances, fruity fragrances, floral fragrances, accordingly. Miuccia Prada was intent on resisting such a reductive viewpoint, however, encouraging Andrier to take just the same unorthodox approach with Infusion d'Iris as she might with her own work.
"You can be any kind of woman and wear this fragrance," says Andrier. "And yet it has a lot of character. In some ways, Infusion d'Iris is a very simple fragrance. The central note of iris, however, is not simple at all."
www.prada.com; 020-7499 4420
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My Fun Outdoor Projects For The Weekend
I had a brilliant idea to go on pinterest and type in outdoor projects for the weekend. Wow I was blown away with the thousands of pictures that came up. Of course I expected a lot, but this was just to many to go through. So I picked two I thought were easy enough for me, and could definitely be finished in two days.
The first one only costs $8! It is a back yard chair, made with one board. The reason I thought this was a cool project is it is stow-able, and will make an exceptional conversational piece with company. Also because there was no glue or nails involved. Me and glue do not get along! I had all the tools on hand in my shed; so I went to work and made a beautiful board chair. It was way more sturdy than I thought it would be from the pictures on pinterest. It was so easy that I went back to the store and bought two more boards, and made two more for company. I did three of these chairs in one day, which cost a total of about $24! I'm pretty proud of myself.
The next project I set my sites on was a back yard firepit. I have always wanted a firepit! I picture lots of company sitting around the firepit in the summer roasting marshmallows and having a great time. This was a fairly easy project, but laborious . I printed out the instructions and went to the store and the tire shop for all my supplies. Went back home and slaved away at digging the hole and setting up the firepit to look beautiful. In 3 hours I was done! It wasn't picture perfect, but it will do for some good entertaining.
I am very happy with my outdoor projects for the weekend! I made 3 board seats, which I am still deciding if I should paint or leave plain, and made the backyard firepit I have always wanted! All in all it was a very productive weekend.


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Art director & Designer / Nike @R/GA / Love all things digital, social science, the future, silliness, and the general quirks of the world.
I'll do it my way, thanks
Yujin Lee
Doing things "your way" gets a bad rep in schools and corporations in this society. And even in social settings. Where adaptation to group mentality and following rules are keys to survival. Where you're often told to not question but just do.
I have a problem with authority in general for this...
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Written Apr 11, 2015
Turning Thirty 30
Yujin Lee
I found myself trying to explain what turning thirty has been like for me lately. I turned thirty the other day but it was a process that started a few months ago. It's not what I expected at all.
Turning thirty, I thought, was going to be dreadful. Reflection of lost times, getting old, missed ...
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Written Jan 29, 2013


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Ancient Greece was the origin of democracy, history and theatre. Successive civilizations – Mycenaean, Classical, Byzantine – have left a language and a culture which survived centuries of Ottoman Turkish rule to re-emerge in the 19th century as modern Hellas. This was partially aided and abetted with the encouragement given by the young Lord Byron, who helped inspire the Greeks to throw off the Ottoman Empire.
The dominant condition of Greece's climate is the alternation between hot, dry summers and cold, damp winters typical of the Mediterranean. In summer Greece experiences hot, dry conditions and an average sea-level temperature of 27° C in July. Summer winds have a moderating effect along the coast, but very dry, hot winds affect the Aegean area. The Ionian and Aegean islands are especially warm in October and November.
At higher elevations in the interior, some rainfall occurs year-round, and higher mountains in the southern Peloponnesus and on Crete are snow-capped for several months of the year. The mountains of Macedonia and Thrace have colder continental winters influenced by winds channelled through the river valleys from the north.


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Freddy and Fredericka
By (author) Mark Helprin
Format: Paperback / softback
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Freddy and Fredericka by Mark Helprin
Book DescriptionA New York Times bestseller by Mark Helprin, author of Winter's Tale , which is now a major motion picture starring Colin Farrell, Jessica Brown Findlay, Russell Crowe, William Hurt, and Jennifer Connelly Mark Helprin s legions of devoted readers cherish his timeless novels and short stories, which are uplifting in their conviction of the goodness and resilience of the human spirit. Freddy and Fredericka a brilliantly refashioned fairy tale and a magnificently funny farce only seems like a radical departure of form, for behind the laughter, Helprin speaks of leaps of faith and second chances, courage and the primacy of love. Helprin s latest work, an extraordinarily funny allegory about a most peculiar British royal family, is immensely mocking of contemporary monarchy and yet deeply sympathetic to the individuals caught in its lonely absurdities."
Buy Freddy and Fredericka book by Mark Helprin from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9780143037255
(206mm x 144mm x 32mm)
Imprint: Penguin Books
Publisher: Penguin Books
Publish Date: 25-Jul-2006
Country of Publication: United States
Other Editions...
Books By Author Mark Helprin
New York Winter's Tale, Paperback (February 2014)
The New York Times No. 1 bestseller - now a major film starring Russell Crowe, Colin Farrell and Jessica Brown Findlay.
Winter's Tale, Paperback (February 2014)
Mark Helprin's acclaimed novel is now a major motion picture starring Colin Farrell, Jessica Brown Findlay, Jennifer Connelly, William Hurt, Eva Marie Saint, and Russell Crowe. Written and directed by Oscar-winning screenwriter Akiva Goldsman (A Beautiful Mind).
In Sunlight and in Shadow, Paperback / softback (October 2013)
An epic love story set in post-war New York, by the bestselling author of "Winter's Tale. "
Digital Barbarism, Paperback / softback (January 2011)» View all books by Mark Helprin
In Helprin's Jeffersonian defense of private property, the author explains why the popular campaign for an open source approach to intellectual property undermines not just the possibility of an independent literary culture but threatens the future of civilization itself.
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Author Biography - Mark Helprin
Educated at Harvard, Princeton, and Oxford, Mark Helprin served in the Israeli Army, Israeli Air Force, and British Merchant Navy. He is the author of, among other titles, A Dove of the East and Other Stories, Refiner's Fire, Ellis Island and Other Stories, Winter's Tale, A Soldier of the Great War, and Memoir from Antproof Case.
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We operate a re-rolling, slitting, multi-slitting and sheeting service for Industrial fabrics. With Rollcut, quality and service are assured.
We hold a range of Woven Polypropylene and Non Woven Fabrics that is comprehensive and complete.
Our friendly and knowledgeable team are always happy to give you technical advice and product information
To order call us on 0845 900 2981 Monday to Friday from 8.00am to 5.00pm. Alternatively you can fax your order on 0845 900 2982 or email your order to firstname.lastname@example.com