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Aftermath of the Lemon Creek spill
Residents of the Slocan Valley depend on their rivers for drinking water, irrigation, and recreation. So what happens when they can't use that water? Rebecca Zandbergen spoke with Andrea Ryman, the owner of a rafting company that has to keep its clients out of the Slocan River. She also spoke with Central Kootenay Regional District public information officer Bill Macpherson, for an update on the aftermath of last Friday's jet fuel spill.
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4/27/2009 7:46am, #91
- Join Date
- Aug 2008
- Posts
- 38
--It's the former (last 22 minutes). Right at 28:29 INTO the show for those who don't want to listen to the other segments or hunt around for this one.
If you have wget (or another command line web getter) then use this:
wget "http://www.thefightworkspodcast.com/podcasts/fightworkspodcastepisode89.mp3"
2/12/2010 10:53am, #92
- Join Date
- Oct 2007
- Posts
- 78
- Style
- I don't do anything now
8/22/2010 3:19pm, #93
- Join Date
- Mar 2010
- Location
- Charlotte, NC
- Posts
- 289
- Style
- Kyokushin/Capoeira
--Sorry if this is a thread necro but since this was asked a few times and someone might search it, here are the techniques listed in the manual. (Not sure if this violates some copyright BS or forum rule, if so, please delete). THere are more than 34 perhaps because some are doubled up and used in different applications or perhaps because they don't count some of these as "techniques."
1. Trap and Roll Escape
2. Americana Armlock
3. Positional Control
4. Take the Back
6. Leg Hook Takedown
7. Clinch (Aggressive Opponent)
8. Punch Block Series (Stage 1-4)
9. Straight Armlock
10. Triangle Choke
11. Elevator Sweep
12.Elbow Escape
13. Positional control
14. Body fold takedown
15. Clinch (Conservative opponent)
16. Headlock Counters
17. Double leg takedown
18. Head lock escape 1
19.Straight Armlock
20. Double Ankle Sweep
21. Pull Guard (Is this really a "street" move?)
22.Headlock escape 2
23. Guillotine choke
24. Shrimp escape
25. Kimura
26. Standing Headlock Defense
27. Punch Block Series (Stage 5)
28. Hook Sweep
29. Rear Takedown
30. Haymaker Punch Defense
31. Take the Back
32. Guillotine Defense
33. Elbow Escape from Side Mount
34. Standing Armlock
35. Twisting Arm Control
36. Double Underhook Guard Pass
8/30/2010 5:44pm, #94
- Join Date
- May 2009
- Posts
- 18
- Style
- Brazilian Jiu Jitsu
--I spoke with Pedro Sauer about this course. He explained to me that the blue belt is not something you get with the course. Rather, the blue belt is a prerequisite for graduation from the course.
He told me the course is meant to be taught in three parts. It's supposed to be for military & law enforcement types. The first level of the course deals with prevention of takedowns and weapons retention. The second level teaches the ground. The third level is where you spend a minimum (for some people it takes longer, obviously) of 100 hours training BJJ to earn your blue belt.
There are 10 pages of text and if this has been mentioned, I'm sorry. But I thought it was worth mentioning.
9/29/2010 1:28am, #95
- Join Date
- Jul 2009
- Location
- too close to San Francisco, CA, US
- Posts
- 293
--I like this post because it feels more in line with what Gracie University is all about now: spreading the art worldwide. not everywhere has San Diego-like access to bjj, even within the US, and even within the state of California.
sounds like what i had imagined, i'm a little surprised Prof. Sauer knows of this program.
9/29/2010 2:09am, #96
- Join Date
- Jul 2009
- Location
- too close to San Francisco, CA, US
- Posts
- 293
--now that i've read this thread, i'll provide a few updates, since i've only had one reply to what i wrote in my thread of choice.
-it's no longer a 2 week "vacation" with no previous experience necessary. all candidates for the program must have earned a blue belt through GracieUniversity.com with a minimum score of 90/100 (passing score is 80). I haven't read anything about someone actually taking the test in person at the Torrance, I would think they would let someone with a (subjectively) very good blue belt test be a candidate. so that list of 36 techniques posted previously coincides with being the exact techniques in the Gracie combatives program.
-don't believe it's been mentioned yet, but once a person is an instructor, it's not for life
Q. Once somone becomes gracie jiu jitsu instructor how often does he need to do the re-certification course ?
stsafi (7/22/2010 9:13 AM)
A. Every two years, here at the Academy.
GracieAcademy8In the past, an individual could not participate in the ICP unless he/she was already an instructor at an established school of martial arts. Since the launch of GracieUniveristy.com, however, we realized that there are thousands of Gracie Jiu-Jitsu students around the world who have the character, desire, and dedication to become amazing instructors even though they have never taught a martial arts class in their life. As a result, we have decided to open the Gracie Academy Instructor Certification Program to all dedicated practitioners of the art who meet the three basic qualification requirements, so that those who have the passion can help us spread the word. The final goal is to turn dedicated students into amazing instructors so that they can make Gracie Jiu-Jitsu available in their communities with the proven system and the support of the Gracie Academy.
and the three reqs seem to defined as 1) Technique Preservation, 2) Discipline, Integrity, and Honor, and 3) Gracie Combatives Mastery. It still bugs that they say "technique preservation" because i believe they mean "philosophy preservation", but that's another point.
-instructors don't have to wait for a head instructor to pass by for belt evaluations. you might have guessed, students are filmed taking the Blue Belt Qualification Test and upload it to GU.
-more interested parties can read on here and here.
9/29/2010 2:57pm, #97
- Join Date
- May 2009
- Posts
- 18
- Style
- Brazilian Jiu Jitsu
--Not only does Pedro Sauer know of it, he suggests it's a good program. I brought it up in order to get his opinion of it. He told me the course is well thought out and recommends it to anyone interested in working with LEOs or Military.
That's some high praise coming from a very very well respected source.
10/02/2010 8:32pm, #98
- Join Date
- Jul 2009
- Location
- too close to San Francisco, CA, US
- Posts
- 293
--yeah, i'm still surprised, mainly because i've spent so much energy providing a defense for the Gracie Combatives/Gracie University in that thread that i'm surprised to hear someone so high up in the BJJ community supporting the Gracies in Torrance, CA. very nice to hear, though, thanks for sharing that.
10/10/2010 8:32am, #99--
This is very similar to what happens when you go through the academy. You are taught a few effective techniques and drill them to get good at them. Then you are hopefully better prepared than you were the day you walked in the door. I'm actually very thankful for the Gracie Combatives programs. It has allowed us to have access to better techniques than we were given in the academy.
Since they started the LEO program a few years ago, the state has added their techniques to the curriculum. We had a certified instructor teach us the combatives program, and it was very well done.
No belts were given, but that was not why we were there. The knowledge has save lives and prevented injury. That was the point for us. When I went through the program, there was no BJJ within 500 miles. We don't all live in Cali or New York.Combatives training log.
Gezere: paraphrase from Bas Rutten, Never escalate the level of violence in fight you are losing. :D
Drum thread
Pavel Tsatsouline: kettlebell workouts give you cardio without the dishonour of aerobics.
10/18/2010 4:23pm, #100--
So it's on tv now. Gracie combatives during Spike's mma programming. The official ad copy is something like "you can't win in mma without mastering gracie jiujitsu."
Which is far afield from the official line of the gracie combatives program decrying competition and sport jiujitsu.I'm picturing you drooling onto the keyboard as you type, one eye rotating independent of the other as your hands mash the keys. - Sophist

subset: commoncrawl


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She knows she doesn't have a case.
Check it out:
After Marilyn Mosby's moment in the sun, where she delivered a 1960s-style speech to announce charges against six officers in the death of Freddie Gray, the Baltimore prosecutor is now asking the court to impose a gag order, according to CBS Baltimore.
The order would prevent attorneys and witnesses for both sides from releasing information or commenting publicly about the case.
The request came after a news conference Wednesday by Ivan Bates and Tony Garcia, the attorneys for Sgt. Alicia White.


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The following column comes courtesy of former U.S. Congressman Pat Williams in response to the Yellowstone oil spill. Williams served nine terms as a U.S. Rep from Montana and, after his retirement, he returned to Montana. He currently teaches at UM.
His full column:
The recent fouling of Montana's Yellowstone River is a warning alarm that we must be more diligent to secure the integrity of our priceless waterways. Yesterday's farmers, ranchers, miners and honyockers needed the rivers. Now, under increasing industrial and population pressures, the rivers need us.
As with other states, Montana once mistreated many of our rivers, using them as public sewage dumps and mine waste depositories. Early-day farmers and ranchers dewatered the springs and creeks, grazers ruined the riparian grounds. Beginning in the 1960s we came to our senses, writing and passing into law a series of protective legislation which guaranteed cleaner, safer rivers with excellent public access.
Now, with the Exxon Mobil pipeline spill in the Yellowstone, we realize we have more to do in assuring the ecological integrity of what Montana's governor calls "our treasure trove."
It is a tragic irony that 42,000 gallons of oil have surged into the nation's last free-flowing, undammed river in the continuous states—the Yellowstone. Channeling through much of western history, the river was home to the Sioux, Crow, Cheyenne, and Cree. Called the "Mi tse a-da-zi" or Yellow Rock, the river bore the travails of the war against Indian people and rolled on near where Custer died. It provided guidance to William Clark, the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition, as well as the many thousands of early travelers moving west.
Today the people who live near its banks depend upon it for water—be it the Big Ditch Project near Billings or the Lower Yellowstone Project that has served the folks of Glendive and Sidney. This river, as with each of Montana's one hundred plus other "treasure troves," needs ironclad protection and Montanans must provide it.
This recent spill is just another example of peril to our land and waterways from major corporations. The Yellowstone and Silvertip pipelines originate from the oil refineries near Billings. Running west for 550 miles the line, during the past 50 years, has leaked hundreds of thousands of gallons into Montana's land and rivers. About 10 years ago, Exxon and Conoco applied for pipeline right-of-way renewal through the Flathead Reservation. Noting that the pipeline had already spilled 71 times on the reservation, the Tribes refused to grant the lease.
The Salish and Kootenai Tribes created a lesson from which we should all learn: Yes, we want the money and the oil jobs, but we insist on our terms; we demand that clean river laws and regulations be written and enforced. Why, twice in just the past year the federal Environmental Protection Agency has delivered letters of warning to Exxon about concern with this very pipeline. Given the most recent spill, the corporation's response was inadequate. Our pipeline laws and regulations must be more, not less, stringent.
Be it oil spills, dewatering, or overuse, the majority of Montanans are determined to stop the abuses and proudly accept our state's obligation as the headwaters of America's great river systems: the Missouri-Mississippi on the east and the Columbia to our west. We owe it not only to ourselves and our children but also to neighbors across the nation.


text:
Going out to eat allows you to enjoy fine dining without having to procure exotic ingredients or build a sommelier out of an old computer. Enjoy an uncommon treat with this Groupon.
Choose Between Two Options
- $15 for $30 worth of Ethiopian cuisine
- $25 for $50 worth of Ethiopian cuisine for groups of four or more
Traditional Ethiopian spices, such as berbere and turmeric, add warmth and savory flavor to dishes such as tegabino ($9.95), a spicy vegetarian dish with roasted legumes, and doro wat alicha ($11.95), a mild chicken dish served with hard-boiled eggs. Fasika fish ($11.95), a house specialty, features generously spiced catfish.
Fasika Ethiopian Restaurant
Inside Fasika Ethiopian Restaurant, companions gather around a traditional mesob, a table woven from colorful straw, for a communal dining experience. Upon the mesob's concave surface, servers nestle a broad platter that holds a family-style meal neatly scooped out onto a foundation of spongy injera bread. Diners dive in together, tearing scraps of injera, which they use to pinch turmeric-spiced bites of beef, lamb, poultry, and veggies from the menu's selection of specialty dishes. Between bites, patrons can sip tej, a wine fermented from hops and raw honey that is served hot or cold. After meals, rounds of warming coffee signal the repast's end as clearly as the gong that sounds at the end of a Shakespearian soliloquy.


text:
Save yourself 2 hours and a lot of facepalms... this is gist of the recent "debate" between atheist Matt Dillahunty and Christian apologist Sye Ten Bruggencate.
That's unreal! Did this guy have a reputation as a knowledgeable debater beforehand, or did he just come out 100% stupid and blindside everyone? It seems like all the parties should have known what they'd be getting into before agreeing to this charade.
Bruggencate has been relentlessly challenging Matt to debate him for years. Matt knows full well how ignorant (and dishonest) the guy is. But I guess he decided "Fuck it. I'll spank him once, and then I won't have to hear from him anymore."
Such ignorance. Revelation my ass
I was doing actual face-palms, even with the abridged version.
Matt quoted Bertrand Russell "...the stupid are cocksure while the intelligent are full of doubt". I had never heard that quote before but I sure can relate to it in my own life. On so many issues or topics I find that most atheists, myself included, do not make definitive claims which are not supported by at least a reasonable shred of evidence, data or proof. We obviously have certain biases based upon our own human experience but I applaud the fact that we strive to be accurate and fair in our claims. As Matt mentions, Sye claims to know the absolute truth due to a special friend that tells him what is true. How convenient, arrogant and closed to seeking the truth can one man be? My experience tells me that there are plenty more (millions I dare say) that share that say cocksure belief in something on bad unsupported evidence.
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text:
Welcome to Okanagan Hockey, proud partners in the Edmonton Oilers Hockey School. Our camps offer a high instructor-to-student ratio, extensive on-ice training, and visits from Oiler players and alumni. Come develop your skills, meet new friends, and build great memories!
Okanagan Hockey currently offers camps in four locations across Western Canada. In addition to the Edmonton Oilers Hockey School, we offer a full range of camps in, Penticton, Kelowna and Calgary.
The staff at OHA pushed me to new heights and it's something that I try to do each and everyday.
Zach Urban
Northern Michigan University / NCAA
201-853 Eckhardt Ave. West
Penticton, BC
P: (250) 493-1408 ext. 3354
TF: 1-888-844-6611 ext. 3354


text:
Table of Contents
Definition / General | Terminology | Clinical Features | Case Reports | Micro Description | Micro Images | Cytology Description | Positive Stains | Negative Stains | Differential Diagnosis | Additional ReferencesCite this page: Lobular carcinoma - histiocytoid variant. PathologyOutlines.com website. http://pathologyoutlines.com/topic/breastmalignantlobularhistiocytoid.html. Accessed March 30th, 2017.
Definition / General
- Diffuse growth of tumor cells with abundant granular, foamy (vacuolated) cytoplasm and small bland nuclei
- First described by Hood et al (Cancer 1973;31:793)
- Also called myoblastomatoid variant of lobular carcinoma
Clinical Features
- Metastases may appear before diagnosis of primary tumor
- May metastasize to eyelid
- May be a variant of apocrine carcinoma (Am J Surg Pathol 1995;19:553)
Case Reports
- 68 year old man with 2.5 cm mass (Ann Diagn Pathol 2011;15:190)
- 93 year old woman with erythematous breast (Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003;127:1626)
- Histiocytoid metastases at autopsy (Arch Pathol Lab Med 1986;110:759)
- Triple negative case (Breast J 2010;16:84)
Micro Description
- Diffuse growth of tumor cells with abundant granular, foamy (vacuolated) cytoplasm and small bland nuclei
- Resembles histiocytes or granular cell tumor
Micro Images
Images hosted on PathOut server:
Images hosted on other servers:
Cytology Description
- Loosely cohesive tumor cells with abundant foamy to granular cytoplasm and bland nuclei (Pathol Int 2005;55:353)
Differential Diagnosis
- Granular cell tumor: PAS+ cytoplasmic granules
- Histiocytoma: no atypia, histiocytes are CD68+, keratin-
- Lipid rich carcinoma: infiltrating ductal carcinoma with lipid in tumor cytoplasm, no mucin, very rare
- Xanthelasma: lipid filled cells, often in eyelid
- Xanthoma: no atypia
Additional References


text:
I had a conundrum one night. I had painted a quick watercolour of my favourite island in Brazil (Florianopolis), but I hated the way the rocks turned out. I had to figure out a way to fix and disguise them... so I decided to soak some rice paper in glue and create textures. I liked the way it turned out and decided to try this technique with my students at school. In addition, I masked out certain areas (which appear white). It was simple but striking... I've posted my class's results below.
Sunday, November 27, 2011
Textured Watercolour Painting
Posted by Ms. George-Easton at 9:55 PM 0 comments Links to this post
Grade 11 Textured Watercolour Paintings (AVI3O-AVI3M)
What I love about my school and school board is that we include students of every ability and background in our classrooms. My current grade 11 class is one of those groups, where we all teach each other and have a great amount of fun- because we all love art! Click on the pictures below to see the textures close-up.
Posted by Ms. George-Easton at 9:49 PM 4 comments Links to this post
Grade 9-10 Stipple Architecture (AVI1O-AVI2O)
I thought I had lost these pictures, but they were backed up, whew! It always amazes me to see the art that is created by students who have just learned most of their fine art skills- I'm always so proud of them! I'm posting some of my favourites, from October.
Posted by Ms. George-Easton at 9:23 PM 2 comments Links to this post
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Navajoland Mission and Service Partnership (NMSP) is an ongoing effort with Good Shepherd Mission in Fort Defiance, Arizona, that includes an annual Mission Trip that is sponsored and coordinated by Saint Andrew's. The Navajoland Mission and Service Partnership was originally known as Mission with Meaning (MWM) and was established with the following purposes.
- To know Christ and make Him known
- To explore the mission of the church
- To deepen our understanding of domestic and foreign mission
- To develop our identity as mission-driven people
- To enrich local mission
Mission trips to the Navajoland have taken place in June 2012, 2013, 2014, 2105 and the 2016 trip will be June 17 – 25, 2016. NMSP has several ministry areas: Veterinary Service, Construction, Gardening, Vacation Bible School and Ministry Support.
What can you do to help NMSP?
Anyone interested in helping with the 2016 NMSP Trip should complete this registration form – NMSP 2016 Trip Registration Form.


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French Enamel Side Cupboard with Black Wax Below, you can see what this French Enamel Side Cupboard looked like before and after by sliding the arrows left and right: We sanded the… Continue Reading →
A Milk Painted Dresser Named … ? Do you name your painted furniture pieces? I love this little milk painted dresser and how she turned out. I know some bloggers or… Continue Reading →
Celebrating Trophy & French Enamel! Colours of the Month – March If you've been following my blog for some time, you'll know that Miss Mustard Seed's Milk Paint is… Continue Reading →
A Farmhouse Look & a New Stencil for this Repurposed Drawer Wondering what to do with an old dresser drawer? Here's one of four that I had lying around from an old dresser. The dresser… Continue Reading →
Outback Petticoat – a NEW Miss Mustard Seed's Milk Paint Colour Introducing Outback Petticoat Miss Mustard Seed's Milk Paint is one of my favourite furniture paints to use, and I was so excited when Marian… Continue Reading →
Brick Wall Meets Miss Mustard Seed's Milk Paint! The Dim, Dark, Brick Wall Makeover I've been annoyed by the dim darkness of our brick wall entry way for years now. I mean,… Continue Reading →
A Vintage Pot Cupboard Milk Paint Transformation It's been awhile since I've posted a step by step process for one of my makeovers, so here's one I hope you'll try and… Continue Reading →
Furniture Fanatics – Interview with Wendy from Front Porch Mercantile Introducing Front Porch Mercantile: The next installment in my series of interviews with Furniture Fanatics and fellow up-cyclers, I introduce you to a lady… Continue Reading →
The Boho Coffee Table Milk Paint Experiment I'm linking up with Silver Pennies Sundays Link Party for this post: I had been wanting to do something in this particular style for… Continue Reading →
Can I use Milk Paint on Walls? A Customer Experience Milk Paint on Walls? When a customer first contacted me with some enquiries about using Miss Mustard Seed's Milk Paint, I had no idea… Continue Reading →


text:
American Wind Band Announces Scholarship Winners
American Wind Band, an adult community band based in Downers Grove, awarded one high school scholarship of $1,300 to Allison Brandt, a student at Downers Grove South and two eighth grade scholarships of $900 to Evan Eldridge and Chinmay Amin, both students at Westview Hills Middle School on March 12, 2016.
Applicants submitted a recording of their solo and then the band's scholarship committee narrowed the contestants to the final twelve that competed in the live audition.
The winners will receive their scholarships and be featured performers at the band's concert on Sunday, April 24, 2016, 3:00 p.m. at the Hinsdale South High School Auditorium, 7401 Clarendon Hills Road, Darien, IL. The band endeavors to inspire talented young musicians by sponsoring this scholarship competition for eighth grade and high school band musicians. Our scholarships are provided to encourage private music study or attendance at a band camp of the student's choosing.
For more information about American Wind Band, visit the website at www.americanwindband.org or email questions to firstname.lastname@example.com.
This item was posted by a community contributor. To read more about community contributors, click here.


text:
Welcome to Annual Conference
Labour's Annual Conference takes place every Autumn and is one of the largest and most high profile political events in Europe.
Our delegates and visitors take part in debates to shape Labour's vision for Britain.
Over 11,000 people attend Conference for the wider experiences available. With over 400 fringe events, a vibrant exhibition and great opportunities to network and share ideas, Annual Conference is an event not to be missed.
In 2017, we are delighted to be returning to Brighton. Our Conference venue is the Brighton Centre and the Conference hotel will be the Brighton Hilton Metropole.
Annual Conference 2017 will take place from Sunday 24 September to Wednesday 27 September 2017.
National Women's Conference will take place on Saturday 23 September before Annual Conference opens. More information on National Women's Conference can be found here.
What's at Conference for me?
There are opportunities at Conference for everyone. You might be an individual visitor interested in attending for a day, a business keen to have a high profile presence or a charity wanting to promote your message and work.
For more information about any of the opportunities available, please click below to learn more:
o Pass applications (accreditation)
o Fringe
o Accommodation
o Exhibition
o Advertising and promotional opportunities
o Business Forum
o Being a delegate to Conference
o Disability provision
o Crèche
o Stewarding
o National Women's Conference 2017
o Youth Day at Annual Conference
o Frequently asked questions
o Contact us


text:
Publication number | US4818099 A |
Publication type | Grant |
Application number | US 06/791,580 |
Publication date | Apr 4, 1989 |
Filing date | Oct 25, 1985 |
Priority date | Oct 25, 1985 |
Fee status | Lapsed |
Publication number | 06791580, 791580, US 4818099 A, US 4818099A, US-A-4818099, US4818099 A, US4818099A |
Inventors | Fritz K. Preikschat, Ekhard Preikschat |
Original Assignee | Preikschat F K, Ekhard Preikschat |
Export Citation | BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan |
Patent Citations (34), Referenced by (44), Classifications (9), Legal Events (4) | |
External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet | |
The present invention relates to an optical radar system, i.e., a system for determining the range or other characteristics of a target by illuminating the target with a light beam and detecting the target reflection.
Optical radar systems have come into use over the last twenty years, largely in response to the availability of pulsed, high-powered light sources such as YAG lasers. Such systems have operated by generating a single pulse, or have been modulated at a few pulses per second. The low pulse repetition rate of such lasers, together with the size, cost and bulk of YAG lasers, have limited such radar systems to various specialized applications.
The present invention provides an optical radar system that includes a number of innovative features that serve to overcome limitations of prior optical radar systems, and make the present radar system suitable for a much wider range of applications than prior optical systems.
In one aspect, the optical radar system of the present invention comprises a transmitter, a receiver, a signal processor, and means for conveying a return signal from the receiver to the signal processor. In a preferred embodiment, the transmitter comprises a metallic heat sink including a base and a pedestal upstanding from the base, a laser diode mounted to the pedestal, a capacitor positioned adjacent the pedestal and an avalanche transistor. The laser diode has first and second terminals and has its first terminal electrically connected to the pedestal. The capacitor comprises first and second plates, the first plate being connected to the heat sink. The collector of the avalanche transistor is connected to the second plate, and the emitter of the avalanche transistor is connected to the second terminal of the laser diode. Means are provided for supplying a trigger signal to the base of the avalanche transistor, and for charging the second plate.
In another embodiment, the transmitter comprises circuit board means having a conductive strap defining a ground plane on one surface, a laser diode, a capacitor, and an avalanche transistor. The laser diode has first and second terminals and is mounted within a metallic case, the first terminal being electrically connected to the case. The second terminal of the laser diode is connected to a conductive pin that extends from the case. The laser diode is mounted to said one surface of the circuit board with the pin extending through the circuit board to the opposite surface thereof. The capacitor comprises first and second plates, the capacitor being substantially mounted within a cutaway portion of the circuitboard. The first plate is positioned adjacent said one surface and electrically connected to the conductive strap. The avalanche transistor is mounted adjacent the opposite surface of the circuit board. The collector of the avalanche transistor is electrically connected to the second plate of the capacitor, and the emitter of the avalanche transistor is electrically connected to the conductive pin.
In a preferred embodiment, the receiver of the optical radar system of the present invention comprises a reversed biased photodiode coupled through a capacitor to a preamplifier. The preamplifier comprises a gallium arsenide field effect transistor having two gate terminals, a source terminal and a drain terminal. One gate terminal and the source terminal are grounded, the other gate terminal is connected to receive the signal from the photodiode, and the output of the preamplifier is taken at the drain terminal. An inductor may be connected between the capacitor and the first gate terminal to compensate for the input capacitance of the field effect transistor.
In another aspect, the optical radar system of the present invention comprises a transmitter for generating pulses of optical radiation, a receiver for receiving optical radiation reflected from a target and for producing a corresponding electrical return signal, a signal processor, a coaxial cable and one or more cable amplifiers. The coaxial cable comprises a signal line and a grounded shield, one end of the coaxial cable being connected to the receiver such that the signal line is connected to receive the electrical return signal, the other end of the coaxial cable being connected to the signal processor. The cable amplifier is connected in line with the coaxial cable, and the frequency versus gain characteristics of the cable amplifier are selected to compensate for the signal attenuation caused by the coaxial cable. The cable amplifier may comprise an even number of amplification stages interconnected to highpass T filters, and the compensation provided by the cable amplifiers preferably produces an essentially flat frequency versus gain characteristic up to 1000 MHz.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a transceiver for the optical radar system of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of the transmitter;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the collector-to-emitter voltage of the avalanche transistor;
FIG. 4 is a top plan view of a preferred embodiment of the transmitter;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 5--5 of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a bottom plan view of a second preferred embodiment of the transmitter;
FIG. 7 is a top plan view of the embodiment of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of FIG. 6;
FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram of the receiver;
FIG. 10 is a top plan view of a preferred embodiment of the gallium arsenide field effect transistor;
FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 11--11 of FIG. 10;
FIG. 12 is a block diagram of the optical radar system;
FIG. 13 is a graph showing attenuation versus frequency for a coaxial cable;
FIG. 14 is a circuit diagram of a preferred embodiment of the cable amplifier;
FIG. 15 is a graph showing modification of the coaxial cable attenuation characteristics by means of the cable amplifier; and,
FIG. 16 is a graph showing the return signal.
FIG. 1 illustrates one preferred embodiment of transceiver 10 for use in the optical radar system of the present invention. The transceiver includes cylindrical enclosure 12 consisting of side wall 14 and bottom wall 16. Bottom wall 16 may be made removable to provide access to the interior components. The front end of enclosure 12 comprises window 18 that is essentially transparent to optical radiation but that protects the system from the environment. The terms "light" and "optical" are used herein to refer to electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet ranges. Mounted within enclosure 12 are transmitter 20, receiver 22 and parabolic mirror 24. Transmitter 20, described in detail below, generates pulsed laser beam 26 that passes through collimating lens 28 to produce collimated beam 30 that is directed toward a target. Laser radiation reflected from the target passes back through window 18, impinges on parabolic mirror 24, and is focused to receiver 22. The transmitter and receiver are mounted along the central axis of enclosure 12 by aluminum beams 32 and 34. Electrical circuitry associated with the transmitter and receiver is mounted on circuit board 36 that is in turn mounted to support 38 mounted adjacent the rear surface of mirror 24. Connections between circuit board 36 and the transmitter and receiver are via lines 40 that extend along the inner surface of side wall 14.
Important characteristics of an optical radar system are the width and power of the light pulses that it produces. The pulse width determines the range resolution, e.g., a width of one nanosecond corresponds to a range resolution of 15 centimeters (6 inches). The intensity of the pulse determines the overall sensitivity and maximum range of the system. A suitable circuit for transmitter 20 is illustrated in FIG. 2. Transmitter 20 comprises laser diode 50, avalanche transistor 52, resistor 54, capacitor 56, trigger generator 58 and protective diode 60. Laser diode 50 is connected between the emitter of avalanche transistor 52 and ground. The collector of avalanche transistor 52 is connected to ground via capacitor 56 and to positive voltage supply V+ through resistor 54. The base of avalanche transistor 52 is connected to trigger generator 58. The emitter of avalanche transistor 52 is connected to ground through laser diode 50 and protective diode 60.
In the absence of a trigger signal applied to the base of avalanche transistor 52, the transistor is nonconductive, and laser diode 50 emits no radiation. During this time, capacitor 56 charges to voltage level V+. This voltage level is selected to be near the collector/emitter breakdown voltage of avalanche transistor 52. When a trigger signal from trigger generator 58 is applied to the base of the avalanche transistor, the collector/emitter junction will breakdown (avalanche) to produce a direct short between the collector and emitter of the avalanche transistor. Capacitor 56 then discharges through laser diode 50, resulting in a short intense pulse of light emitted by the laser diode. Protective diode 60 is high speed diode that conducts whenever the avalanche pulse goes negative, thereby protecting the laser diode against reverse voltages. When avalanche transistor 52 breaks down, resistor 54 protects the transistor by limiting current from the charging circuit through the transistor.
FIG. 3 illustrates the collector/emitter voltage (VCE) of avalanche transistor 52 over time, assuming that trigger signals are periodically applied to the avalanche transistor base. The VCE waveform of FIG. 3 includes avalanche period 70, recovery period 72 and recharging period 74. At the end of each recharging period, the voltage level 76 is equal to V+, which is just under collector/emitter breakdown voltage VB. At time t1, a trigger signal is applied to the base of the avalanche transistor, resulting in a breakdown that reduces VCE essentially to zero and causes a rapid discharge of capacitor 56 through the laser diode. The duration T1 of breakdown period 70 is typically on the order of one nanosecond. The breakdown period is immediately followed by recovery period 72 that typically has a duration T2 on the order of 100 to 1,000 nanoseconds. Resistor 54 limits the current through the laser diode during the recovery period. At the end of recovery period 72, the avalanche transistor becomes nonconductive and capacitor 56 again charges to voltage level V+. The recharging of capacitor 56 is represented by recharging period 74 in FIG. 3, and the speed of recharging is determined by the values of capacitor 56 and resistor 54. Values for these components should be selected such that the capacitor has substantially recharged at the end of recharging period T3, in preparation for the subsequent trigger signal. Typical values for resistor 54 and capacitor 56 and 50 kilohms and 500 picofarads, respectively. A typical value for V+ is 150 volts.
The frequency of the trigger signals generated by trigger generator 58, i.e., the pulse repetition rate of transmitter 20, is limited by the ability of laser diode 50 to dissipate heat at the diode junction. If the pulse repetition rate is too high, then more heat builds up at the diode junction than can be dissipated between pulses, and the temperature becomes high enough to destroy the lasing action. For laser diodes that are currently commercially available, it has been found that the practical upper limit for the pulse repetition rate is about 10 kHz, even with pulses having widths as short as 1 nanosecond.
In an ideal circuit, when avalanche occurs, the power stored in capacitor 56 is immediately discharged through and dissipated in laser diode 50, resulting in a very brief and intense pulse of light. Two factors that limit the power and the minimum pulse width in an actual circuit are self-inductance effects and stray capacitive coupling to ground. The discharge current must pass through the leads of capacitor 56 to the collector of the avalanche transistor, then through the collector/emitter junction of the avalanche transistor, through the lead connecting the emitter of the avalanche transistor to the laser diode, and from there back to ground. At the very high current levels (e.g., 50 amps) required for many practical optical radar systems, skin depth effects are encountered wherein the current flow is mainly in the outer layers of a conductor. This current flow sets up fields within the conductor that oppose the current flow. For a high-frequency pulse, this self-inductance inpedance is considerable, and may typically by on the order of 0.5 ohms. The conducting leads will have the least self-inductance if they have the highest possible surface/volume ratio, i.e., if the leads are flat (wide and thin) like the conducting strip on a circuit board.
A second mechanism that can reduce the actual current flow through the laser diode is stray capacitive coupling to ground. A wide, flat conducting strip, selected to minimize self-inductance, generates comparably large values of capacitance. To the extent that there exists stray capacitance between the collector of avalanche transistor 52 and ground, the discharge pulse will charge such stray capacitance, instead of being dissipated in the laser diode. In this case, the charging and discharging of the stray capacitance will show up as positive and negative voltage spikes in the waveform of FIG. 3. Unfortunately, currently available laser diodes do not readily lend themselves to minimizing the combined effects of self-inductance and stray capacitance, thereby limiting the minimum pulse width and maximum power of such laser diodes.
One preferred technique for physically arranging the components of transmitter 20 to minimize the combination of self inductance and stray capacitive coupling is illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5. The transmitter comprises heat sink 80 that includes base 82 and pedestal 84. Heat sink 80 is used to provide a system ground and to conduct away heat generated by operation of the transmitter. Base 82 is mounted to circuit board 88 that provides physical support for the transmitter. Laser diode 50 is mounted to pedestal 84 near the upper end thereof, the cathode of the laser diode being electrically connected to the pedestal. The laser diode is oriented so as to produce a light beam directed upward in FIG. 5. Capacitor 56 comprises dielectric 96 sandwiched between upper plate 92 and lower plate 94. Dielectric 96 may comprise a berylia platelet or other insulating material having a high thermal conductivity. Lower plate 94 is directly connected (e.g., soldered) to base 82, and thus to ground.
Avalanche transistor 52 has its collector mounted directly to upper plate 92 of capacitor 56, and its emitter connected to the anode of laser diode 50 through lead 98. Protective diodes 100 and 102 are mounted to pedestal 84 on either side of laser diode 50. Each protective diode has its anode connected to pedestal 84 (and therefore to ground), and has its cathode connected to the anode of laser diode 50 via leads 104 and 106, respectively. The transmitter is mounted within an enclosure formed by base 82, case 108 and window 110. Case 108 is mounted directly to the base, and may comprise a standard T05 mounting case or the like. Window 110 is mounted to the upper edge of case 108, and is fabricated from a material that is transparent to the light from the laser diode. Case 108 may be metallic, in which case the case is an extension of the ground formed by heat sink 80. Trigger signals are delivered to avalanche transistor 52 through lead 112 that extends through opening 116 in base 82 and a corresponding opening in circuit board 88. The junction between capacitor 56 and avalanche transistor 52 is connected through lead 114 and through externally mounted resistor 54 (not shown in FIGS. 4 or 5) to positive supply voltage V+. Lead 114 extends through opening 118 in the base and a corresponding opening in the circuit board.
In some applications, the available mounting and packaging for laser diodes may make the arrangement shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 impractical. Under these circumstances, a preferred arrangement is as shown in FIGS. 6-8. In FIGS. 6-8, laser diode 120 is mounted inside a conventional T-05 case 122 that includes base 124, pedestal 125 and window 126. The anode of laser diode 120 is connected to post 128 through lead 130. Post 128 extends through an opening in base 124 of the T-05 case, the passage of the post through the base being sealed by glass flux 132. The cathode of the laser diode is preferably connected to case 122. Laser diode 120, including its case, is mounted on circuit board 134 that includes ground plane 136. The case 122 is electrically connected to ground plane 136, thereby grounding the cathode of laser diode 120.
The arrangement of FIGS. 6-8 includes avalanche transistor 140 mounted on the underside of circuit board 134, and capacitor 150 that is mounted within a circular opening 133 within circuit board 134. Avalanche transistor 140 has the miniature SOT-23 configuration having very short leads. Capacitor 150 includes dielectric 152 sandwiched between upper plate 154 and lower plate 156. Lower plate 156 is connected to the collector of avalanche transistor 140 through conductor 158. The emitter of avalanche transistor 140 is connected to post 128 through conductor 142. Upper plate 154 is connected to ground plane 136 through ground strap 160. Finally, the base of avalanche transistor 140 is connected to conductor 162 that may in turn be connected to a suitable source of trigger signals.
A preferred embodiment for receiver 22 of transceiver 10 is illustrated in FIG. 9. The receiver comprises photodiode 170 and dual gate gallium arsenide field effect transistor (GaAsFET) 172. GaAsFET 172 includes gates G1 and G2, drain D and source S. The output of the receiver is taken from drain D through capacitor 192. Gate G2 and source S of GaAsFET 172 are connected to ground potential. The cathode of photodiode 170 is connected to ground through capacitor 178 and to supply voltage VD through resistor 174. The anode of photodiode 170, at node 176, is connected to gate G1 of GaAsFET 172 by interface circuit that includes resistors 180 and 182 and coil 186. Resistor 180 is connected between node 176 and negative voltage supply V-, resistor 182 is connected between node 176 and drain D, and coil 186 is connected between nodes 176 and gate G1. Drain D is connected to a second positive voltage supply V+ through coil 184 and resistor 190.
Resistors 180 and 182 are selected such that node 176 is maintained at a potential of approximately -1.8 to -2.2 volts. Voltage supply VD is selected to be a large positive voltage, typically much larger than voltage supply V+. Photodiode 170 is therefore strongly reverse biased, the photocurrent through the photodiode being opposite to the conduction current. Without such bias, the response speed of the photodiode would be very slow, due to the high capacity at the diode junction. With a high bias voltage, the photodiode capacitance is greatly reduced, and the response speed is correspondingly increased.
A preferred component for GaAsFET 172 is the MRF 966 N channel GaAsFET available from Motorola. The MRF 966 GaAsFET has a finite input capacitance (between G1 and G2 and between G1 and S) of about 0.45 picofarads. This capacitance would cause the amplification factor to decrease at the very high frequencies. For this reason, a "peaking coil" inductor 186 is inserted between node 176 and gate G1, the size of inductor 186 being selected to peak the response function at around 800-900 MHz. The grounding of gate G2 and source S results in a very high separation between the input and output stage, i.e. very little feedback and high signal-to-noise ratio. The interface comprising resistors 180 and 182 provides a relatively high input impedance of about 1,000 ohms. This impedance provides a good match between the high impedance of photodiode 170 and the impedance of GaAsFET 172. When the current through photodiode 170 goes up in response to the receipt of illumination, the voltage at gate G1 goes up, and the voltage at drain D goes down. The latter voltage is fed back via resistor 182 and maintains the voltage at gate G1 nearly constant at about -2 volts, producing an improved signal-to-noise ratio. A preferred mounting arrangement for GaAsFET 172 is illustrated in FIGS. 10 and 11. The GaAsFET is positioned such that it is nearly flush with circuit board 182, and is partially positioned within circular opening 184 in the circuit board. Terminals G1 and D are both soldered to the upper surface of the circuit board, and terminals G2 and S are bent down and soldered to the bottom (ground plane) of the circuit board.
FIG. 12 sets forth a schematic diagram of an overall optical radar system according to the present invention. The optical radar system includes signal processor 200, one or more cable amplifiers 202, and transceiver 10 that includes transmitter 20 and receiver 22. The signal processor, cable amplifiers and transceiver are interconnected by power (V+) lines 204 and coaxial cables 206. Each coaxial cable includes signal line 208 and shield 210. Power lines 204 function to transmit electrical power (V+) from signal processor 200 to the cable amplifiers and to the transmitter/receiver. Shields 210 operate to shield signal lines 208, as well as to provide common ground connections between the signal processor, cable amplifiers and transceiver. Transmitter 20 periodically produces a short intense pulse of optical radiation at a rate controlled by trigger generator 58 (FIG. 2). The pulses are reflected from a target, and the reflections are received by receiver 22. Receiver 22 (FIG. 9) converts the optical signal into an electrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to signal processor 200 via signal lines 208 and cable amplifiers 202. The signal processor analyzes the return signal to determine the target range and/or other target characteristics.
It is contemplated that the optical radar system of the present invention will frequently be configured with transceiver 10 positioned at a remote site at which a range or other measurement is to made, and it will therefore be necessary to transmit the return signal over a considerable distance to a centrally located signal processor. Although subsystems for sampling and/or analyzing the return signals could be located at each remote site, it is preferable to locate such systems centrally and to transmit the entire return signal, essentially without change, from the transceiver to the central signal processor. The function of cable amplifiers 202 can be illustrated with reference to FIG. 13. FIG. 13 shows the attenuation of a 100 foot length of coaxial cable (type RG 58) as a function of frequency in the range 1-1000 MHz. As indicated, the attenuation continuously increases as the frequency increases, and reaches a value of approximately 20 db at 1000 MHz. The function of the cable amplifier is to compensate for this attenuation, such that the cable/cable amplifier transsmision system has essentially zero attenuation up to 1000 MHz.
A preferred embodiment of cable amplifier 202 is set forth in FIG. 14. The cable amplifier includes amplifiers 220, 222, 224 and 226. Each amplifier is connected (not shown) between the V+ supply on power line 204 and ground potential provided by coaxial cable shield 210. The signal on signal line 208a is input to amplifier 220 via capacitor 228. The output of amplifier 220 is connected to pull-up resistor 230, and is input into highpass T filter 240 comprising capacitors 232 and 234, inductor 236 and resistor 238. The output of highpass filter 240 is input to amplifier 222. The output of amplifier 222 is connected to pull-up resistor 244, and is input into highpass T filter 246 that comprises capacitors 248 and 250, inductor 252 and resistor 254. The output of highpass filter 246 is input to amplifier 224. The output of amplifier 224 is connected to pull-up resistor 258 and is input into highpass T filter 260 that comprises capacitors 262 and 264, inductor 266 and resistor 268. The output of highpass filter 260 is input to amplifier 226. The output of amplifier 226 is connected to pull-up resistor 269, and is connected to signal line 208b via capacitor 270. For some applications, inductors 236, 252 and 266 may be omitted from the respective highpass filters. The cable amplifier also comprises inductors 272 and 274 connected in line 204, and capacitors 276 and 278 connecting line 204 to ground.
The function of cable amplifier 202 is to compensate for the attenuation illustrated by FIG. 13. Suitable devices for amplifiers 220, 222, 224, and 226 are the wideband MWA amplifiers available from Motorola. Such amplifiers are integrated modules with wideband frequency responses, and with built-in compensation networks to match the input and output to 50 ohm coaxial cable. The MWA 100 series is designed for applications from DC up to 400 MHz, the MWA 200 series operates up to 600 MHz, and the MWA 300 series operates up to 1 GHz. There should be an even number of amplifiers in cable amplifier 202, to avoid inverting the input signal. Circuit 280 of the cable amplifier shown in FIG. 14 may therefore be removed, depending on the particular application. Highpass filters 240, 246 and 260 are adjusted such that the frequency response of amplifiers 220, 222, 224 and 226, combined with the responses of the highpass filters and the attenuation of the coaxial cable, results in an essentially flat frequency response up to 1000 MHz for the return signal from transceiver 10 to signal processor 200. Inductors 272 and 274 operate to filter high frequency components out of the V+ line. Capacitors 276 and 278 perform a similar function. Capacitor 276 preferably has a value of around 150 pF to filter out very high frequency components, and capacitor 278 is an electrolytic capacitor to filter out low frequency noise.
A typical result achieved with the cable amplifier of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 15. Curve 282 represents the attenuation of 100 feet of RG 58A/U coaxial cable as a function of frequency in the range DC-1 GHz. Curve 284 shows the results with a two stage cable amplifier comprising two MWA 310 amplifiers and an intervening highpass filter having a value of 4.7 pF for each capacitor and a resistor value of 100 Ohms.
FIG. 16 illustrates a typical signal transmitted from transceiver 10 to signal processor 200. Referring initially to the upper curve in FIG. 16, negative going pulse 290 represents an artificially-introduced timing signal that is derived directly from the output of trigger generator 58 (FIG. 2). Positive pulse 292 is a return signal due to reflection and scattering of light from window 18 of transceiver 10. Since even with a very clear and clean window, about 10% of the light from the transmitter will be scattered at the window, in many cases it will not be necessary to introduce timing pulse 290. Variable signal portion 294 represents light scattering off atmospheric dust and the like, while the pulse at 296 is caused by light reflection from the target. It is assumed in FIG. 16 that the target is solid, and therefore no signals are received subsequent to pulse 296. For a radar system having a range, for example, of up to 300 meters, the total time t1 occupied by the sequence from timing pulse 290 to return pulse 296 is on the order of 2 microseconds. As described above, a practical upper limit for the pulse repetition rate for presently available laser diodes is about 10 KHz. At such a repetition rate, the time t2 between successive transmitter pulses is on the order of 100 microseconds. The signal of interest therefore occupies 2% of the time band, and the time outside the region of interest can be used to transmit additional encoding information or the returns from multiple lasers that are operated in parallel with one another.
Processing of the signal illustrated in FIG. 16 may employ any conventional range tracking techniques, and will vary with the particular application of the radar system. For example, a simple tracking technique would involve scanning the range of interest using a gate controlled by a ramp generator, the ramp starting upon receipt of pulse 290 or 292. The ramp signal is input to a comparator circuit, the other comparator input being a slowly varying scanning voltage. When the ramp exceeds the scanning voltage, the return pulse is sampled by a suitable sample and hold circuit. Such an arrangement would be simple to implement but would provide a comparatively slow data speed. For example, at 4,000 pulses/second and a resolution of 1 in 2,000 over 2 microseconds, a ten-second scan would average over 20 pulses at each time increment. The signal-to-noise ratio could be enhanced by looking only at a small portion of the 2 microsecond signal, i.e., by scanning across the whole pulse only occasionally, and then locking in on the peak of the return pulse. The lock-in could be accomplished using a tracking gate comprising two gates a distance of 2 nanoseconds apart, which gates track the signal peak to maintain equal signal amplitude at the two gates. If the signal amplitudes differ, the gates are shifted up or down the ramp, depending on the polarity of the difference reading. With signal averaging it is possible that this tracking technique can provide a further increase in the resolution by a factor of ten. If even greater accuracy is required, the tracking system can use a larger number of gates, triggering them at consecutive time intervals. This gate array can then be shifted up or down the ramp to scan a particular region of interest.
While the preferred embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it is to be understood that variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments illustrated and described, and the true scope and spirit of the invention are to be determined by reference to the following claims.
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US20050245118 * | Mar 31, 2005 | Nov 3, 2005 | Finisar Corporation | Flex circuit assembly |
US20060032665 * | Jul 11, 2005 | Feb 16, 2006 | Ice Donald A | Single layer flex circuit |
US20060192221 * | Apr 24, 2006 | Aug 31, 2006 | Jds Uniphase Corporation | Methods, apparatus, and systems with semiconductor laser packaging for high modulation bandwidth |
USRE40676 * | Feb 11, 2005 | Mar 24, 2009 | Dr. Johannes Heidenhain Gmbh | Scanner unit for an optical position measuring device |
WO1990010312A1 * | Feb 16, 1990 | Sep 7, 1990 | Pencom International Corporation | Semiconductor laser assembly |
WO2002017451A1 * | Aug 14, 2001 | Feb 28, 2002 | Osram Opto Semiconductors Gmbh | Laser module comprising a drive circuit |
U.S. Classification | 356/5.05, 257/433, 372/36 |
International Classification | G01S7/00, G01S7/481 |
Cooperative Classification | G01S7/4812, G01S7/003 |
European Classification | G01S7/00R, G01S7/481B1 |
Date | Code | Event | Description |
Jul 27, 1992 | FPAY | Fee payment | Year of fee payment: 4 |
Nov 12, 1996 | REMI | Maintenance fee reminder mailed | |
Apr 6, 1997 | LAPS | Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees | |
Jun 17, 1997 | FP | Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee | Effective date: 19970409 |


text:
New: stamp cards and coupons
Benefit now from digital stamps and discounts in the food, fashion, electronics and other sectors. More than just payments … that's TWINT.
As of now, constantly discover great new offers in your digital wallet which you can only benefit from. Using TWINT stamp cards, collect digital stamps with every payment, and take advantage of attractive discounts in various stores and online shops with TWINT coupons.
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Home: here you'll find the offer highlights. Tap on a message to learn more about it and activate the offer by pushing it into the wallet with one click.
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Wallet: see your activated stamp cards and coupons at a glance. If you want to cash in your coupon, simply enter the coupon code in the discount field in the relevant online shop. When cashing in at a store, if you have a 'coupon for presentation', present it. If you have a 'coupon' it is included directly in the payment process. That's how easy it is to benefit!
If you don't want to take advantage of such exclusive offers, you can deactivate them under the menu item 'More' / 'Third-party offers'.


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Group Description
this community is for introduce awesome, amazing, wonderful ,
but "not english" music of youtube each other.
the fantastic english music is easy to access for a people all over the world,
but others are not.
like Spanish, Francis, Portuguese, Chinese, Tagalog,
Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Arabic etc...
let us introduce!
we are waiting for your music!!
Discussion Board
0 comments
Nena Daconte - Tenía tanto que darte
i found this youtube and become fun.
there are i believe lots of good music not only eng...
0 comments
Hi everyone
Hi, everyone. i just become a member of this group. I love asian music very much. I hope that you will also share music here so that i ...
0 comments
a bunxh of flowers with love to you.
sorry,it is only jap...
0 comments
what about Gallic? ;)
Swiss band Eluveitie plays folk metal and sings in Gallic besides English!
0 comments
Music from Finland
folk metal band Korpiklaani (Wilderness Clan or Woodsclan), song "Metsämies" (Forest Man or Woodcutter) *I don't know exact...
introduce your favorite,but "not english" music!!
Group Creation Date | Apr 3, 2009 |
Administrator | tony@英語学習中 |
Available to | Anyone can join. Anyone can post messages. |


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We´re the mod leaders. We have also received invaluable contributions from Dan Gaskill and Lezing.
After four years of silence: The dream team comes again with some updates!
For the precious few people that is looking forward for this mod. What´s going on with it?
Maxwolf Goodlife has made three fan trailer for our mod, we have chosed this one because of its originality. Give it a look and well... Vote us! :)
Yeah we´re trying to make some hype, to stay on the lines of the game :D
Davox and Micky C have released a three-map episode for our mod!


text:
The passion of porn and the elegance of erotica blend together in these sexy movies. If you love the stills of a beautiful woman in all her naked glory, you'll absolutely the sight of the same woman in motion. The unveiling of her delectable curves takes on a stunning fluidity found only within these adult videos. Enjoy!
Jasmin strips and shows off her smoking-hot body today. In this Playboy Plus video you get to see the brunette babe waste no time getting out of her clothes for your viewing pleasure. Check her out as she shows off her perky tits and hot ass in a bunch of enticing poses. Wanna see more?
Over the years, Playboy has become one of the most well-known brands worldwide. The name is synonymous with gorgeous women taking their clothes off for highly erotic and quality productions that will take your breath away. Playboy Plus is exactly what you think it is; here you'll find everything from celebrities, playmates, coeds and amateurs posing in all their naked glory for your viewing pleasure. You won't be able to look away.


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I dont quite know what to say other than I am praying for you and your family. Where do you live? Fire is one of the most frightening things on earth. I also worry about all the little animals. May God bless you and keep you safe from this fire. Jane
Thanks, luckily we have gotten rain these past two days and I think they have a good barrier and its almost out, just a few hot spots left but none of those huge flames. We were lucky and didn't have to evacuate! We live in WY.
Thanks so much for leaving a comment! I read each and every one!


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Children of Bodom's Roy vs. Judas Priest's Painkiller – Metal Mascot Madness, Round 2
Roy or Painkiller? Cast your vote now!
Roy or Painkiller? Cast your vote now!
Roy or Jesterhead? Cast your vote now!
Testament's Chuck Billy and Children of Bodom's Alexi Laiho lead an all-star cover of 'Mr. Crowley' on the upcoming 'Immortal Randy Rhoads' tribute disc.
Robb Flynn has taken to the Internet to rip Children of Bodom's fans and the band's frontman Alexi Laiho over their reaction to a recent tour cancelation.
Children of Bodom frontman Alexi Laiho shares his unhappiness over the cancellation of the tour and tells fans the band is planning to write "some angry s--t.'
Awesome tour announcement! A powerhouse bill has been put together for a month-long North American trek featuring Machine Head, Children of Bodom, Epica and Battlecross...
Children of Bodom wrapped up their headlining 'Halo of Blood over North America Tour' recently with two packed shows at Irving Plaza in New York City. Incredible support was offered up by the legendary Death Angel and the unique sounds of Tyr.
Congratulations to Finnish metal masters Children of Bodom! The technical metal heroes have won their fourth consecutive Death Match, securing a place in our Death Match Hall of Fame.
We've got two modern metal heavyweights who will face off in the quarterfinals of March Metal Madness 2014. Which one deserves to advance out of the Devil Horn region in the challenge to determine the Best Metal Album of the 21st Century? That's up to you.
What an exciting Death Match we just had! In a battle between Children of Bodom and Whitechapel, tons of votes were cast and both bands switched back and forth with commanding leads throughout. However, it was Children of Bodom who emerged victorious, and if they win this next matchup, 'Scream for Silence' will claim a spot in our Death Match Hall of Fame both on Loudwire and our official YouTube channel.


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Natural Disaster(Duplicated CD)
Product Notes
Two of the hottest unsigned artist in the music industry today! Big Dundee & M.G. DA Gooch have set out to make it a point to be heard in this music industry. With their multi-level marketing skills and professional team work these two individuals are destine to make it to the top! It's only a matter if Time!


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Study Evaluating Etanercept 25mg or 50mg Administered Subcutaneously to Healthy Chinese Male Subjects
This study has been completed.
Wyeth is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Pfizer
Information provided by:
Wyeth is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Pfizer
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: July 16, 2007
Last updated: December 4, 2007
Last verified: December 2007
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
The primary purpose of this study is to assess the pharmacokinetics of etanercept in healthy Chinese male subjects. Safety and tolerability data will also be obtained.
Condition | Intervention | Phase |
Healthy |
Drug: Enbrel (etanercept) |
Phase 1 |
Study Type: | Interventional |
Study Design: | Allocation: Randomized Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment Masking: Open Label Primary Purpose: Treatment |
Official Title: | A Randomized, Open-Label, Single-Dose Administration, Parallel-Group Study of the Pharmacokinetics of Etanercept, 25mg or 50 mg, Administered Subcutaneously to Healthy Chinese Male Subjects |
Resource links provided by NLM:
Further study details as provided by Wyeth is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Pfizer:
Ages Eligible for Study: | 18 Years to 45 Years (Adult) |
Sexes Eligible for Study: | Male |
Accepts Healthy Volunteers: | Yes |
- Men, aged 18 to 45 years, of Chinese descent and living in China.
- Body mass index in the range of 18.0 to 30.0 kg/meter squared and body weight equal to or greater than 50 kg.
- Healthy as determined by the investigator on the basis of medical history, physical examination, clinical laboratory test results, vital signs, chest x-ray, and 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG).
- Have a high probability for compliance with and completion of the study.
Contacts and Locations
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study.
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the Contacts provided below.
For general information, see Learn About Clinical Studies.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00502879
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00502879
China | |
Beijing, China, 100730 |
Sponsors and Collaborators
Wyeth is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Pfizer
Study Director: | Medical Monitor | Wyeth is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Pfizer |
Principal Investigator: | Trial Manager | For China: firstname.lastname@example.com |
More Information
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on March 28, 2017
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: | NCT00502879 History of Changes |
Other Study ID Numbers: |
Study First Received: | July 16, 2007 |
Last Updated: | December 4, 2007 |
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Etanercept Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal Analgesics, Non-Narcotic Analgesics Sensory System Agents Peripheral Nervous System Agents |
Physiological Effects of Drugs Anti-Inflammatory Agents Antirheumatic Agents Gastrointestinal Agents Immunosuppressive Agents Immunologic Factors |
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on March 28, 2017


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Quite short
Lovely floral pattern
Hand cut so the edges aren't sewn.Size 8/10/12
Shop Tigers Wardrobe
Saturday, 27 October 2012
Asos Bodycon Floral Skirt Size 12
Gorgeous skirt, I wore it as a dress so very versatile
Size 12 but will fit smaller if you wear it as a dress!
Cropped Studded Sweatshirt size 8
Unfortunetly a few studs have fallen off and I havent been bothered to put them on again, but will provide studs with this so you can do it yourself (im so lazy!)
Slightly Cropped
Size S/8
Vintage floral Midi Skirt size 8/10
As seen worn on my blog HERE
Size 8/10 but is very stretchy so would fit bigger sizes
Subscribe to:
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text:
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All images that we used are property of their respective owners and no harm is intened by as at all by displaying them. We are just sharing those. If you feel that photo or images should not be displayed on our website and you want it removed please contact us and we will remove it immediately!


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Posted on 08/23/2012 5:30:50 AM PDT by kevcol
Aquille Carr, a star high school basketball player who has verbally committed to playing at Seton Hall, was arrested in Baltimore Friday for allegedly assaulting the mother of his child.
According to the Baltimore Sun, the assault occurred after the victim, 26-year-old Treshonda Williams, informed Carr, 18, that she no longer wished to be in a relationship with him.
Carr grabbed her by her shirt and threw her to the ground. He then is accused of kicking her in the back, and punching her in the head and face before fleeing in his vehicle, according to records.
(Excerpt) Read more at inquisitr.com ...
Just out of high school and has a child. I guess he started a year early from most. Too bad he is so stupid he could not behave long enough to start playing college ball.
It seems to me that, in view of this kid's behavior, he should go directly to the NBA. He'll fit right in.
His kids don't matter...You're paying for them anyway.
More of obama's sons with typical family values.
According to the Baltimore Sun, the assault occurred after the victim, 26-year-old Treshonda Williams, informed Carr, 18, that she no longer wished to be in a relationship with him. . . Carr grabbed her by her shirt and threw her to the ground. He then is accused of kicking her in the back, and punching her in the head and face before fleeing in his vehicle, according to records.
Oh! Here's one!
When we first moved to Wisconsin (nearly 30 years ago) my husband was invited to a speech given by a candidate for Attorney General. The hot topic of the day was where to build a proposed prison. The AG candidate quipped, "Build it in Green Bay. That way the Packers can walk to work."
Of course that was 30 years ago. I don't think we have any Packers in jail right now.
This article doesn't even have the best part - this guy's nickname is . . . "CrimeStopper". I kid you not!
The alleged victim refused medical treatment, and did not have any visual injuries despite "being thrown to the ground, kicked in the back, and punched in the head and face". There is no mention of any witnesses.
I'm making no judgement one way or the other.....however Tawana Brawley plus the Duke U. lacrosse team phony victim come to mind. This unwed mother may have an agenda, who know$.
At any rate, I think it's a little soon to rush to judgement.
Zackly, probably how she came to be the mother of his child.
Sounds to me like the baby momma could be a sexual predator. Baby daddy is 18 now so I'm guessing he was less than 18 when the then 20 something hoochy had her way with him.
"Police say that upon their arrival, Ms. Williams refused medical treatment and did not have any visual injuries but did complain of a strong pain in her arm."
I am going to reserve judgment on this one. Sadly, a huge percentage of domestic violence complaints by women, against men, are fabricated, these days. Bozo the Vice President and his Violence Against Women Act, and the general War Against Men on the part of liberals deserve much of the "credit" for this.
She is 26 and he is 18 and they have a child together. I wonder how old the baby is? If he/she is old enough to be potty trained, there might be a statutory rape case against the woman.
Their age disparity, when added to her lack of visible injuries makes me even more suscpicious of her claim. The type of women who is immoral and unstable enough to get impregnated by a teenager is likely to be dishonest, as well.
"Just out of high school and has a child. I guess he started a year early from most. Too bad he is so stupid he could not behave long enough to start playing college ball."
He isn't out of high school. He still has a year to go.
I, too, am skeptical about a 26 year old woman who has a child with an 18 high school kid. She's trash and very well may be lying about this assault. However, what I think will hit most people who read this article is how messed up these people are and how outrageous it is that the taxpayers undoubtedly are sustaining their lifestyle. The actual assault story is secondary.
How old is this child? I couldn't find it in the article. Looks like a case of statutory rape aagainst this young man that should be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.
According to NBAdraft.net, he will be 20 next month. When I played sports in high school you couldn't play at that age.
I tihnk they might be surprised that "the program" wouldn't suffer at all....
And the institutions of higher education would be free of many headaches and legal problems of its own...
Just wonderin'
People no longer care. We just pay and pay and pay . . . and things get worse and worse and worse.
maybe you should go run for the Senate somewhere.....
It is the truth. It has become very common for women to make false allegations, especially in divorce and custody cases. It is pretty much considered a legitimate legal tactic by many divorce lawyers these days.
Men who actually beat up women should go to jail for a long time, but so should women (or men) who make false allegations.
You count back to the day of impregnation, which would be 14-15 months ago - this kid is still in high school.
Age of consent in Maryland is 16 but in Baltimore nobody gives a flip.
He's 20 in high school? Sheesh - I was in graduate school at that age. How does one get to be 20 in high school?
I don't know why this woman is complaining. If she gets beat up her body will wish her not to get pregnant again. Cheaper than birth control pills.
Maryland "Freak State" PING!
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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Good Morning too you all! I'm just about to pick up my new Ebony black A4 S-line Avant. Has anybody got any photo's to send to me to show the guy's at work which car I'm buying. Cheers
I take it the car is a 1.8T? There's a place in Scotland somewhere called Star Performance (I think) that has a good rep for VAG tuning. Also, try searching the forum for posts by Ess_Three - he's done a lot of stuff to his S3 that may be useful to know and he's also north of the border.
The engine in your A4 is not the same as in the TT. The TT engine (and A3, S3) is transverse and the A4 engine is longitudinal although I suspect some of the parts are the same.


text:
Brentwood 1.0L Vacuum S/S Bottle With Handle
Same Day Shipping on orders placed before 4pm EST
Availability: 11 In Stock
Please Login or Register for a wholesale/dropship account to purchase products or see prices.Details
Wide Mouth
High Quality Stainless Steel with Handle
Vacuum Insulated Double Wall Stucture
Maximum Temperature Control
High Quality Stainless Steel with Handle
Vacuum Insulated Double Wall Stucture
Maximum Temperature Control
Additional Info
Additional Info | No |
Package Includes | Brentwood 1.0L Vacuum S/S Bottle With Handle |
UPC Code | 181225810008 |
Condition | Brand New |
Condition Description | This item is brand new, unopened and sealed in its original factory box. |
Warranty | 1 Year Direct Manufacturer Warranty |
Qty Available | 11 |
Model Number | FTS-1000 |
Package Length | No |
Package Width | No |
Package Height | No |
Weight | 3.0100 |
Shipping Costs | CALCULATED |
Ship From Zip | 93312 |
MAP Price (minimum advertised price) This is the lowest price you can advertise this product for (you can always price higher), if 0.00 then there is no MAP price and you can sell for whatever price you choose. | $0.00 |
Returns Accepted | You can return your purchase for up to 30 days, There will be a 20% restocking fee on unwanted items (if you are not returning for an exchange the item is considered unwanted). If the item is defective please contact us to set up an exchange. |


text:
Gateway to Lake Nasser and felucca capital of the world.
The High Dam at Aswan is one of the most impressive feats of engineering in the whole African continent.
Cairo's bustling capital city and home to the Pyramids, Sphinx and Egyptian Museum.
A history of this fascinating country from the time of the Pharaohs to modern day Egypt.
Every year, some of our tours will take place during Ramadan, when adherents of the Muslim faith fast during daylight hours. This short guide explains what to expect during Ramadan.
For every Egypt tour we sell we make a donation to the Dar al Rahman orphange in Cairo, Egypt.
"The tour was great value for money, I would definitely use you again and would have no hesitation in recommending your Company to others."
Ms. J. Casey (Cairo City Break)
Our offers, straight to your inbox
Egypt Uncovered, Head office: Leigh House, Varley Steet, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS28 6AN
Phone: +44 (0) 845 130 48 49 Fax: +44 (0) 845 130 48 84
Office Hours: Mon-Fri 09:00-18:00, Sat 09:30-12:30. Registered in the UK: 7560987
Copyright © 2017 Uncover the World Travel Ltd.


text:
biosolids-to-fertilizer process Events
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Related terms for "biosolids-to-fertilizer process ": biosolids events , biosolids-to-fertilizer events
The International Slag Valorisation Symposium has become one of the benchmarks in the domain of slag engineering and zero-waste slag valorisation. It aims to contribute towards near zero-waste processing and closed material loops by offering to researchers and industrial actors the opportunity to share knowledge and critically discuss the challenges and opportunities in the field of slag ...
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text: Thinking about signing off but not sure how it will pan out? After 12 years I've decided to jump and for a laugh, thought it would be a good idea to Blog the process. If you are thinking of jumping then now you can watch some other idiot do it first and see how he lands. bobbyeightball.blogspot.com


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Lido House, Autograph Collection
Marriott Irvine Spectrum
Long Beach CA
PointSavers offers up to 33% in point savings, depending on the hotel category and number of nights requested. This hotel is offering Seasonal Awards, so you can use fewer points when you book a stay during these dates.
3300 Newport Boulevard Newport Beach, California 92663
17.8 miles from Long Beach
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Located on the site of the old City Hall at the entrance of Balboa Peninsula, Lido House is within walking distance of Newport Beach's iconic beach, marina and city, situated just outside of the burgeoning Lido Marina Village.
7905 Irvine Center Dr. Irvine, California 92618
25.3 miles from Long Beach
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I am seriously rethinking staying at Courtyards. While the addition of the... --douginmaryland
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Home page
Click images to view enlarged with details
Gath Bayley
Registered: 30/10/2013 Last Update: 29/05/2015
Garth Bayley - Artist Statement
I choose to work predominantly in oils because of the richness of the colours and the consistency achieved by layering the paint with a combination of brush and palette use resulting in a rich texture. My use of colour and light is influenced by my African heritage in relation to vibrancy and spatial elements.
More recently as Artist in Residence I have been experimenting with 3D work. I use clay like I use paint- layering and loose and incorporating skip finds and taxidermy. Here I restrained my pallet focusing on form.
I work loosely with bold colours showing form and movement. My subjects are diverse ranging from sport and dance to abstracted landscape. My landscapes are drawn from emotions when visiting a site and often include derelict buildings or left over manmade debris. I use personal experiences to create beautifully expressive canvases evoking both emotional and physical sensuality. The overriding theme is reinterpreting and allowing captured glimpses into my everyday experiences.
I draw inspiration from images in the media, life drawing and my own photography. I work from sketches and directly from images as well as painting plein air.
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Luxury Noble
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Lot 20067: SMITH AND WESSON MODEL 60 REVOLVER 38 S&W SPL
FIREARM AUCTION - Modern, Antique, Military, Class 3 NFA Machine Guns
by Centurion Auctions
December 13, 2016
Tallahassee, FL, USA
Live AuctionSold
Looking for the realized and estimated price?
Description: SMITH AND WESSON MODEL 60 REVOLVER 38 S&W SPL Smith & Wesson Model 60 stainless revolver. In original box with wax paper, literature, and cleaning tools. | Caliber / Gauge: .38 S&W SPL | Barrel Length: 2" | Serial Number: R284763 | Condition: Overall very good condition.
Condition Report: Overall very good condition.


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Money week
Classroom resourceKS 1 & 2
Supported by Citi
This image bank provides a set of images for use as either starters or inspiration for a lesson. Images can be reproduced for educational use and teaching suggestions are provided.
Image: Gold aureus of emperor Claudius; AD 46-47; minted at Rome, Italy


text:
from Dhaneesh Jameson
'Wilson Periera' takes you to a small village in Kerala (South India) and further into an old house near the village cemetery. The story revolves around Wilson Periera, the cemetery keeper and his only family, his pets. The film shows perplexed Periera's quest to find out the mystery behind the disappearance of his beloved fish.
The film has three language versions narrated by acting stalwarts like Mohanlal, Naseeruddin Shah and Tom Alter
Running time of the film is 6min 15sec.
website: wilsonperiera.blogspot.com/


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Get an overview of this hotelThousand Oaks motel in Newbury Park with free breakfast and seasonal outdoor pool
Located in Newbury Park, this motel is 1.1 mi (1.8 km) from MB2 Raceway Indoor Go Karting and 3 mi (4.9 km) from The Oaks. Camarillo Springs Golf Course and Big Sycamore Canyon Hike are also within 6 mi (10 km).
Property Features
This motel features a seasonal outdoor pool, a meeting room, and laundry facilities. Free continental breakfast, free WiFi in public areas, and free self parking are also provided. Other amenities include a 24-hour front desk.
Room Amenities
All 75 rooms offer free WiFi, TVs with satellite channels, and free local calls.
Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Opens in a new windowAmericas Best Value Inn Thousand Oaks
Hotel Amenities
A complimentary breakfast is offered. Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wireless Internet access. This business-friendly motel also offers a seasonal outdoor pool and laundry facilities. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
- Total number of rooms - 75
- One meeting room
- 24-hour front desk
- Number of floors - 2
- Free breakfast
- Laundry facilities
- Free self parking
- Outdoor seasonal pool
- Free WiFi
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Premium TV channels
- Daily housekeeping
- Phone
- Free local calls
- Private bathroom
- Hair dryer (on request)
- Shower/tub combination
- Satellite TV service
- Television
- Desk
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Free WiFi
Where to Eat
Guests are offered a complimentary continental breakfast.
Nearby Things to Do
Recreational amenities at the motel include a seasonal outdoor pool.
If you have requests for specific accessibility needs, please note them at check-out when you book your room.
- Accessible bathroom
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Pets not allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No rollaway/extra beds available
No cribs (infant beds) available
Hotel Name
- Americas Best Value Inn Motel Thousand Oaks
- Americas Best Value Inn Thousand Oaks
- Americas Best Value Inn Thousand Oaks Motel


text:
When you spend £250 or more
We do more than just insulation!
We will beat any like for like quote
£3.41 each (exc VAT)
£4.09 each (inc VAT @20%)
Available to order online.
DONN Main Runners are used to complete a suspended ceiling unit. The main runner is joined on the ends by means of integral splice. Splice connections shall be supported within a ceilings hanger and staggered across the whole ceiling area. This product comes in a 3.7m length
Length: | 3700 mm |
Manufacturer Model No: | DX15XH370W |
Brand Name: | Donn |
Range Description: | Suspending Ceiling |


text: Hi, I'm Jonathan, a Miami wedding photographer ( Key West wedding photographer + South Florida wedding photographer ) and owner of Jonathan Connolly Photography. We're so incredibly blessed to have worked with such an amazing group of clients over the years. We certainly would not be here if it wasn't for them. We've had the distinct honor to photograph many well-known clients and guests at our weddings, such as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, both designers of the fashion label Badgley Mischka, the former CEO of Urban Outfitters & David Yurman, professional athletes, celebrity stylists, art directors, designers and artists of all various kinds. We've collaborated alongside some of the best industry professionals, including prestigious hotel venues, high-end wedding planners and luxury design teams, most of which are located throughout Palm Beach, Miami, New York City and California. We are available for travel and welcome US and International destination weddings. All that to say, our work does not define us and we don't take ourselves too seriously. So whether big or small, we would love to preserve the greatest chapter of your life.