text:
Metastasis | |
Synonyms | metastatic disease |
Illustration showing hematogeneous metastasis | |
Pronunciation |
Classification and external resources | |
Specialty | Oncology |
DiseasesDB | 28954 |
MedlinePlus | 002260 |
Metastasis is the spread of a cancer or other disease from one organ or part of the body to another without being directly connected with it. The new occurrences of disease thus generated are referred to as metastases (mets).[1][2]
Cancer occurs after a single cell in a tissue is progressively genetically damaged to produce cells with uncontrolled proliferation. This uncontrolled proliferation by mitosis produces a primary heterogeneic tumour. The cells which constitute the tumor eventually undergo metaplasia, followed by dysplasia then anaplasia, resulting in a malignant phenotype. This malignancy allows for invasion into the circulation, followed by invasion to a second site for tumorigenesis.
Some cancer cells acquire the ability to penetrate the walls of lymphatic and/or blood vessels, after which they are able to circulate through the bloodstream (circulating tumor cells) to other sites and tissues in the body. This process is known (respectively) as lymphatic or hematogenous spread. After the tumor cells come to rest at another site, they re-penetrate the vessel or walls and continue to multiply, eventually forming another clinically detectable tumor. This new tumor is known as a metastatic (or secondary) tumor. Metastasis is one of the "Hallmarks of Cancer", distinguishing it from benign tumors.[3] Most neoplasms can metastasize, although in varying degrees (e.g., basal cell carcinoma rarely metastasize).[3]
When tumor cells metastasize, the new tumor is called a secondary or metastatic tumor, and its cells are similar to those in the original or primary tumor. This means, for example, that, if breast cancer metastasizes to the lungs, the secondary tumor is made up of abnormal breast cells, not of abnormal lung cells. The tumor in the lung is then called metastatic breast cancer, not lung cancer. Metastasis is a key element in cancer staging systems such as the TNM staging system, where it represents the "M". In Overall Stage Grouping metastasis places a cancer in Stage IV. The possibilities of curative treatment are greatly reduced, or often entirely removed, when a cancer has metastasized.
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Initially, nearby lymph nodes are struck early.[4] The lungs, liver, brain, and bones are the most common metastasis locations from solid tumors.[4]
- In lymph nodes, a common symptom is lymphadenopathy
- Lungs: cough, hemoptysis and dyspnea[4] (shortness of breath)
- Liver: hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), nausea[4] and jaundice[4]
- Bones: bone pain,[4] fracture of affected bones[4]
- Brain: neurological symptoms such as headaches,[4] seizures,[4] and vertigo.[4]
Although advanced cancer may cause pain, it is often not the first symptom.
Some patients, however, do not show any symptoms.[4] When the organ gets a metastatic disease it begins to shrink until its lymph nodes burst, or undergo lysis.
Metastatic tumors are very common in the late stages of cancer. The spread of metastasis may occur via the blood or the lymphatics or through both routes. The most common places for the metastases to occur are the lungs, liver, brain, and the bones.[5]
Factors involved[edit]
Metastasis is a complex series of steps in which cancer cells leave the original tumor site and migrate to other parts of the body via the bloodstream, the lymphatic system, or by direct extension. To do so, malignant cells break away from the primary tumor and attach to and degrade proteins that make up the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), which separates the tumor from adjoining tissues. By degrading these proteins, cancer cells are able to breach the ECM and escape. The location of the metastases is not always random, with different types of cancer tending to spread to particular organs and tissues at a rate that is higher than expected by statistical chance alone.[6] Breast cancer, for example, tends to metastasize to the bones and lungs. This specificity seems to be mediated by soluble signal molecules such as chemokines[7] and transforming growth factor beta.[8] The body resists metastasis by a variety of mechanisms through the actions of a class of proteins known as metastasis suppressors, of which about a dozen are known.[9]
Human cells exhibit three kinds of motion: collective motility, mesenchymal-type movement, and amoeboid movement. Cancer cells often opportunistically switch between different kinds of motion. Some cancer researchers hope to find treatments that can stop or at least slow down the spread of cancer by somehow blocking some necessary step in one or the other or both kinds of motion.[10]
Cancer researchers studying the conditions necessary for cancer metastasis have discovered that one of the critical events required is the growth of a new network of blood vessels, called tumor angiogenesis.[11] It has been found that angiogenesis inhibitors would therefore prevent the growth of metastases.[3]
Several different cell types are critical to tumor growth. In particular, endothelial progenitor cells have been shown to have a strong influence on the growth of tumor blood vessels. This finding was published in the journals Science (2008) and Genes and Development (2007) together with the fact that endothelial progenitor cells are critical for metastasis and angiogenesis.[12][13] The importance of endothelial progenitor cells in tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis has been confirmed by a recent publication in Cancer Research (August 2010). This seminal paper has demonstrated that endothelial progenitor cells can be marked using the Inhibitor of DNA Binding 1 (ID1). This novel finding meant that investigators were able to track endothelial progenitor cells from the bone marrow to the blood to the tumor-stroma and even incorporated in tumor vasculature. This finding of endothelial progenitor cells incorporated in tumor vasculature proves the importance of this cell type in blood vessel development in a tumor setting and metastasis. Furthermore, ablation of the endothelial progenitor cells in the bone marrow lead to a significant decrease in tumor growth and vasculature development. Therefore, endothelial progenitor cells are very important in tumor biology and present novel therapeutic targets.[14]
NFAT transcription factors are implicated in breast cancer, more specifically in the process of cell motility at the basis of metastasis formation. Indeed, NFAT1 (NFATC2) and NFAT5 are pro-invasive and pro-migratory in breast carcinoma[15][16] and NFAT3 (NFATc4) is an inhibitor of cell motility.[17] NFAT1 regulates the expression of the TWEAKR and its ligand TWEAK with the Lipocalin 2 to increase breast cancer cell invasion [18] and NFAT3 inhibits Lipocalin 2 expression to blunt the cell invasion.[17]
Epigenetic regulation also plays an important role in the metastatic outgrowth of disseminated tumor cells. Metastases display alterations in histone modifications, such as H3K4-methylation and H3K9-methylation, when compared to matching primary tumors.[19] These epigenetic modifications in metastases may allow the proliferation and survival of disseminated tumor cells in distant organs.[20]
Recently, a series of high-profile experiments suggests that the co-option of intercellular cross-talk mediated by exosome vesicles is a critical factor involved in all steps of the invasion-metastasis cascade.[21]
Routes of metastasis[edit]
Metastasis occurs by following four routes:
1. Transcoelomic[edit]
The spread of a malignancy into body cavities can occur via penetrating the surface of the peritoneal, pleural, pericardial, or subarachnoid spaces. For example, ovarian tumors can spread transperitoneally to the surface of the liver.
2. Lymphatic spread[edit]
Lymphatic spread allows the transport of tumor cells to lymph nodes and ultimately, to other parts of the body. This is the most common route of metastasis for carcinomas. In contrast, it is uncommon for a sarcoma to metastasize via this route. It is worth noting that the lymphatic system does eventually drain into the systemic venous system via the azygos vein, and therefore these metastatic cells can eventually spread through the haematogenous route.
3. Hematogenous spread[edit]
This is typical route of metastasis for sarcomas, but it is also the favored route for certain types of carcinoma, such as those originating in the kidney (renal cell carcinoma). Because of their thinner walls, veins are more frequently invaded than are arteries, and metastasis tends to follow the pattern of venous flow.
4. Transplantation or implantation[edit]
Cancer cells may spread to lymph nodes (regional lymph nodes) near the primary tumor. This is called nodal involvement, positive nodes, or regional disease. ("Positive nodes" is a term that would be used by medical specialists to describe a patient's condition, meaning that the patient's lymph nodes near the primary tumor tested positive for malignancy. It is common medical practice to test by biopsy at least two lymph nodes near a tumor site when doing surgery to examine or remove a tumor.) Localized spread to regional lymph nodes near the primary tumor is not normally counted as metastasis, although this is a sign of worse prognosis. Transport through lymphatics is the most common pathway for the initial dissemination of carcinomas.[3]
Organ-specific targets[edit]
There is a propensity for certain tumors to seed in particular organs. This was first discussed as the "seed and soil" theory by Stephen Paget over a century ago, in 1889. The propensity for a metastatic cell to spread to a particular organ is termed 'organotropism'. For example, prostate cancer usually metastasizes to the bones. In a similar manner, colon cancer has a tendency to metastasize to the liver. Stomach cancer often metastasises to the ovary in women, then it is called a Krukenberg tumor.
According to the "seed and soil" theory, it is difficult for cancer cells to survive outside their region of origin, so in order to metastasize they must find a location with similar characteristics.[23] For example, breast tumor cells, which gather calcium ions from breast milk, metastasize to bone tissue, where they can gather calcium ions from bone. Malignant melanoma spreads to the brain, presumably because neural tissue and melanocytes arise from the same cell line in the embryo.[24]
In 1928, James Ewing challenged the "seed and soil" theory and proposed that metastasis occurs purely by anatomic and mechanical routes. This hypothesis has been recently utilized to suggest several hypotheses about the life cycle of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and to postulate that the patterns of spread could be better understood through a 'filter and flow' perspective.[25] However, contemporary evidences indicate that the primary tumour may dictate organotropic metastases by inducing the formation of pre-metastatic niches at distant sites, where incoming metastatic cells may engraft and colonise.[26] Specifically, exosome vesicles secreted by tumours have been shown to home to pre-metastatic sites, where they activate pro-metastatic processes such as angiogenesis and modify the immune contexture, so as to foster a favourable microenvironment for secondary tumour growth.[26]
Metastasis and primary cancer[edit]
It is theorized that metastasis always coincides with a primary cancer, and, as such, is a tumor that started from a cancer cell or cells in another part of the body. However, over 10% of patients presenting to oncology units will have metastases without a primary tumor found. In these cases, doctors refer to the primary tumor as "unknown" or "occult," and the patient is said to have cancer of unknown primary origin (CUP) or unknown primary tumors (UPT).[27] It is estimated that 3% of all cancers are of unknown primary origin.[28] Studies have shown that, if simple questioning does not reveal the cancer's source (coughing up blood—"probably lung", urinating blood—"probably bladder"), complex imaging will not either.[28] In some of these cases a primary tumor may appear later.
The use of immunohistochemistry has permitted pathologists to give an identity to many of these metastases. However, imaging of the indicated area only occasionally reveals a primary. In rare cases (e.g., of melanoma), no primary tumor is found, even on autopsy. It is therefore thought that some primary tumors can regress completely, but leave their metastases behind.
Common sites of origin[edit]
- Lung
- Breast
- Skin: melanoma (other skin tumors rarely metastasize)
- Colon
- Kidney
- Prostate
- Pancreas
- Liver
- Cervix[29]
The cells in a metastatic tumor resemble those in the primary tumor. Once the cancerous tissue is examined under a microscope to determine the cell type, a doctor can usually tell whether that type of cell is normally found in the part of the body from which the tissue sample was taken.
For instance, breast cancer cells look the same whether they are found in the breast or have spread to another part of the body. So, if a tissue sample taken from a tumor in the lung contains cells that look like breast cells, the doctor determines that the lung tumor is a secondary tumor. Still, the determination of the primary tumor can often be very difficult, and the pathologist may have to use several adjuvant techniques, such as immunohistochemistry, FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization), and others. Despite the use of techniques, in some cases the primary tumor remains unidentified.
Metastatic cancers may be found at the same time as the primary tumor, or months or years later. When a second tumor is found in a patient that has been treated for cancer in the past, it is more often a metastasis than another primary tumor.
It was previously thought that most cancer cells have a low metastatic potential and that there are rare cells that develop the ability to metastasize through the development of somatic mutations.[30] According to this theory, diagnosis of metastatic cancers is only possible after the event of metastasis. Traditional means of diagnosing cancer (e.g. a biopsy) would only investigate a subpopulation of the cancer cells and would very likely not sample from the subpopulation with metastatic potential.[31]
The somatic mutation theory of metastasis development has not been substantiated in human cancers. Rather, it seems that the genetic state of the primary tumor reflects the ability of that cancer to metastasize.[31] Research comparing gene expression between primary and metastatic adenocarcinomas identified a subset of genes whose expression could distinguish primary tumors from metastatic tumors, dubbed a "metastatic signature."[31] Up-regulated genes in the signature include: SNRPF, HNRPAB, DHPS and securin. Actin, myosin and MHC class II down-regulation was also associated with the signature. Additionally, the metastatic-associated expression of these genes was also observed in some primary tumors, indicating that cells with the potential to metastasize could be identified concurrently with diagnosis of the primary tumor.[32]
Expression of this metastatic signature has been correlated with a poor prognosis and has been shown to be consistent in several types of cancer. Prognosis was shown to be worse for individuals whose primary tumors expressed the metastatic signature.[31] Additionally, the expression of these metastatic-associated genes was shown to apply to other cancer types in addition to adenocarcinoma. Metastases of breast cancer, medulloblastoma and prostate cancer all had similar expression patterns of these metastasis-associated genes.[31]
The identification of this metastasis-associated signature provides promise for identifying cells with metastatic potential within the primary tumor and hope for improving the prognosis of these metastatic-associated cancers. Additionally, identifying the genes whose expression is changed in metastasis offers potential targets to inhibit metastasis.[31]
Micrograph of thyroid cancer (papillary thyroid carcinoma) in a lymph node of the neck. H&E stain
CT image of multiple liver metastases
CT image of a lung metastasis
Metastasis proven by liver biopsy (tumor (adenocarcinoma) - lower two-thirds of image). H&E stain.
Treatment and survival is determined, to a great extent, by whether or not a cancer remains localized or spreads to other locations in the body. If the cancer metastasizes to other tissues or organs it usually dramatically increases a patient's likelihood of death. Some cancers—such as some forms of leukemia, a cancer of the blood, or malignancies in the brain—can kill without spreading at all.
Once a cancer has metastasized it may still be treated with radiosurgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, biological therapy, hormone therapy, surgery, or a combination of these interventions ("multimodal therapy"). The choice of treatment depends on a large number of factors, including the type of primary cancer, the size and location of the metastases, the patient's age and general health, and the types of treatments used previously. In patients diagnosed with CUP it is often still possible to treat the disease even when the primary tumor cannot be located.
Current treatments are rarely able to cure metastatic cancer though some tumors, such as testicular cancer and thyroid cancer, are usually curable.
Although metastasis is widely accepted to be the result of the tumor cells migration, there is a hypothesis saying that some metastases are the result of inflammatory processes by abnormal immune cells.[33] The existence of metastatic cancers in the absence of primary tumors also suggests that metastasis is not always caused by malignant cells that leave primary tumors.[34]
In March 2014 researchers discovered the oldest complete example of a human with metastatic cancer. The tumors had developed in a 3,000-year-old skeleton found in 2013 in a tomb in Sudan dating back to 1200 BC. The skeleton was analyzed using radiography and a scanning electron microscope. These findings were published in the Public Library of Science journal.[35][36][37]
Metastasis is a Greek word meaning "displacement", from μετά, meta, "next", and στάσις, stasis, "placement".
See also[edit]
- Abscopal effect
- Brain metastasis
- Brown–Séquard syndrome (Sections on cavernous malformation, germinoma, renal cell carcinoma and lung cancer)
- Contact normalization
- Disseminated disease
- Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis
- Positron emission tomography (PET)
- ^ Klein CA (September 2008). "Cancer. The metastasis cascade". Science. 321 (5897): 1785–7. doi:10.1126/science.1164853. PMID 18818347.
- ^ Chiang AC, Massagué J (December 2008). "Molecular basis of metastasis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 359 (26): 2814–23. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0805239. PMC 4189180. PMID 19109576.
- ^ a b c d Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K; Fausto, Nelson; Robbins, Stanley L; Cotran, Ramzi S (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 978-0-7216-0187-8.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k National Cancer Institute: Metastatic Cancer: Questions and Answers. Retrieved on 2008-11-01
- ^ "Metastatic Cancer: Questions and Answers". National Cancer Institute. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
- ^ Don X. Nguyen and Joan Massagué, Genetic determinants of cancer metastasis, Nature, 2007. http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v8/n5/pdf/nrg2101.pdf
- ^ Zlotnik A., Burkhardt A. M., Homey B., Homeostatic chemokine receptors and organ-specific metastasis, Nature reviews, 2007
- ^ Yvette Drabsch, Peter ten Dijke, TGF-β Signaling in Breast Cancer Cell Invasion and Bone Metastasis, J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia (2011) 16:97–108
- ^ Yoshida BA, Sokoloff MM, Welch DR, Rinker-Schaeffer CW (Nov 2000). "Metastasis-suppressor genes: a review and perspective on an emerging field". J Natl Cancer Inst. 92 (21): 1717–30. doi:10.1093/jnci/92.21.1717. PMID 11058615.
- ^ Matteo Parri, Paola Chiarugi. "Rac and Rho GTPases in cancer cell motility control" 2010
- ^ Weidner N, Semple JP, Welch WR, Folkman J (Jan 1991). "Tumor angiogenesis and metastasis—correlation in invasive breast carcinoma". N Engl J Med. 324 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM199101033240101. PMID 1701519.
- ^ Gao, D; Nolan, D. J.; Mellick, A. S.; Bambino, K.; McDonnell, K.; Mittal, V. (2008). "Endothelial Progenitor Cells Control the Angiogenic Switch in Mouse Lung Metastasis". Science. 319 (5860): 195–198. Bibcode:2008Sci...319..195G. doi:10.1126/science.1150224. PMID 18187653.
- ^ Nolan, DJ; Ciarrocchi, A.; Mellick, A. S.; Jaggi, J. S.; Bambino, K.; Gupta, S.; Heikamp, E.; McDevitt, M. R.; Scheinberg, D. A.; B., R.; Mittal1, V. (2007). "Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells are a major determinant of nascent tumor neovascularization". Genes & Development. 21 (12): 1546–1558. doi:10.1101/gad.436307. PMC 1891431. PMID 17575055.
- ^ Mellick As; Plummer PN; et al. (2010). "Using the Transcription Factor Inhibitor of DNA Binding 1 to Selectively Target Endothelial Progenitor Cells Offers Novel Strategies to Inhibit Tumor Angiogenesis and Growth". Cancer Research. 70 (18): 7273–7282. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-1142. PMC 3058751. PMID 20807818.
- ^ Jauliac, S; López-Rodriguez, C; Shaw, LM; Brown, LF; Rao, A; Toker, A (July 2002). "The role of NFAT transcription factors in integrin-mediated carcinoma invasion.". Nature Cell Biology. 4 (7): 540–4. doi:10.1038/ncb816. PMID 12080349.
- ^ Yoeli-Lerner, M; Yiu, GK; Rabinovitz, I; Erhardt, P; Jauliac, S; Toker, A (2005-11-23). "Akt blocks breast cancer cell motility and invasion through the transcription factor NFAT.". Molecular Cell. 20 (4): 539–50. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.10.033. PMID 16307918.
- ^ a b Fougère, M; Gaudineau, B; Barbier, J; Guaddachi, F; Feugeas, JP; Auboeuf, D; Jauliac, S (2010-04-15). "NFAT3 transcription factor inhibits breast cancer cell motility by targeting the Lipocalin 2 gene.". Oncogene. 29 (15): 2292–301. doi:10.1038/onc.2009.499. PMID 20101218.
- ^ Gaudineau, B; Fougère, M; Guaddachi, F; Lemoine, F; de la Grange, P; Jauliac, S (2012-10-01). "Lipocalin 2 (LCN2), the TNF-like receptor TWEAKR and its ligand TWEAK act downstream of NFAT1 to regulate breast cancer cell invasion.". Journal of Cell Science. 125 (19): 4475–4486. doi:10.1242/jcs.099879. PMID 22767506.
- ^ Franci, C; Zhou, J; Jiang, Z; Modrusan, Z; Good, Z; Jackson, E; Kouros-Mehr, Hosein (2013). "Biomarkers of residual disease, disseminated tumor cells, and metastases in the MMTV-PyMT breast cancer model.". PLoS ONE. 8 (3): e58183. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058183. PMC 3592916. PMID 23520493.
- ^ Lujambio, A; Esteller, M (Feb 1, 2009). "How epigenetics can explain human metastasis: a new role for microRNAs.". Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.). 8 (3): 377–82. doi:10.4161/cc.8.3.7526. PMID 19177007.
- ^ Syn, Nicholas; Wang, Lingzhi (May 2016). "Exosome-Mediated Metastasis: From Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition to Escape from Immunosurveillance". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 37 (7): 606. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2016.04.006. PMID 27157716.
- ^ List of included entries and references is found on main image page in Commons: Commons:File:Metastasis sites for common cancers.svg#Summary
- ^ Hart, Ian R. "'Seed and soil' revisited: mechanisms of site-specific metastasis". Cancer Metast Rev. 1 (1): 5–16. doi:10.1007/BF00049477 – via link.springer.com.
- ^ Robert Weinberg, The Biology of Cancer, cited in Basics: A mutinous group of cells on a greedy, destructive task, by Natalie Angier, New York Times, 3 April 2007
- ^ Scott, J; Kuhn, P; Anderson, A (July 2012). "Unifying metastasis — integrating intravasation, circulation and end-organ colonization". Nature Reviews Cancer. 12 (7): 445–446. doi:10.1038/nrc3287. PMID 22912952.
- ^ a b Syn, Nicholas; Wang, Lingzhi; Sethi, Gautam; Thiery, Jean-Paul; Goh, Boon-Cher (2016-05-03). "Exosome-Mediated Metastasis: From Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition to Escape from Immunosurveillance". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 37 (7): 606–17. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2016.04.006. ISSN 1873-3735. PMID 27157716.
- ^ Ettinger; et al. (2011). "Occult primary". J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 9 (12): 1358–95. PMID 22157556.
- ^ a b Briasoulis E, Pavlidis N (1997). "Cancer of Unknown Primary Origin". Oncologist. 2 (3): 142–152. PMID 10388044.
- ^ Mokahhal, Mohammed (2010). Metastasis. California: Robbins and Cotran. p. 270.
- ^ Poste G, Fidler IJ (January 1980). "The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis". Nature. 283 (5743): 139–46. Bibcode:1980Natur.283..139P. doi:10.1038/283139a0. PMID 6985715.
- ^ a b c d e f Ramaswamy S, Ross KN, Lander ES, Golub TR (January 2003). "A molecular signature of metastasis in primary solid tumors". Nature Genetics. 33 (1): 49–54. doi:10.1038/ng1060. PMID 12469122.
- ^ van 't Veer LJ; Dai H; van de Vijver MJ; et al. (January 2002). "Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer". Nature. 415 (6871): 530–6. doi:10.1038/415530a. PMID 11823860.
- ^ Shahriyari, Leili (2016). "A new hypothesis: some metastases are the result of inflammatory processes by adapted cells, especially adapted immune cells at sites of inflammation". F1000Research. 5: 175. doi:10.12688/f1000research.8055.1. PMC 4847566. PMID 27158448.
- ^ López-Lázaro, Miguel (2015-01-01). "The migration ability of stem cells can explain the existence of cancer of unknown primary site. Rethinking metastasis". Oncoscience. 2 (5): 467–475. doi:10.18632/oncoscience.159. ISSN 2331-4737. PMC 4468332. PMID 26097879.
- ^ Kelland, Kate (17 March 2014). "Archaeologists discover earliest example of human with cancer". Reuters. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
- ^ Ghosh, Pallab (18 March 2014). "Ancient skeleton is the earliest case of cancer yet detected". BBC. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
- ^ Ross, Philip (17 March 2014). "Possible Oldest Cancer Found In 3,000-Year-Old Skeleton Could Reveal 'Evolution' Of Modern Disease". International Business Times. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
External links[edit]
Look up metastasis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Metastasis. |
Medical information about metastatic cancer
- Q&A: Metastatic Cancer—from the National Cancer Institute
- Invasion and Metastases—from Cancer Medicine e.5
- How Cancer Grows and Spreads—an interactive Flash presentation that explores the progression of a carcinoma from a single cell to metastasis; from Children's Hospital Boston
Charities and advocacy groups dealing with metastatic cancer
- The MetaCancer Foundation—resources and support for metastatic cancer survivors and their caregivers
- Metastatic Breast Cancer Network
- Children's Cancer Research Charity for Metastatic Cancer in Kids


text:
Warren scores 17 in NC State 77-70 win over IrishBy TOM COYNE , Associated Press
Jan. 7, 2014 11:42 PM ET
SOUTH BEND, Ind. (AP) — T.J. Warren scored 17 points and North Carolina State outscored Notre Dame 25-9 at the free-throw line to beat the Fighting Irish 77-70 Tuesday night. Notre Dame center Garrick Sherman, left, posts up against North Carolina State center Jordan Vandenberg in the first half of an NCAA college basketball game, Tuesday, Jan. 7, 2014, in South Bend, Ind. (AP Photo/Joe Raymond)
The Wolfpack (11-4, 1-1 Atlantic Coast Conference), who had squandered double-digit leads in two of their previous three games — and nearly did in the other one also — allowed the Irish to use a 12-3 run in the second half to tie the score at 54. But N.C. State never let the Irish get the lead in the second half. It was the first loss in three games for the Irish (10-5, 1-1) since leading scorer Jerian Grant was dismissed from school for an academic violation. Anthony "Cat" Barber added 16 points for the Wolfpack, Desmond Lee and Ralston Turner added 12 each and the Wolfpack bench outscored the reserves 23-9. Garrick Sherman led the Irish with 21 points and a career-high 18 rebounds, Pat Connaughton had 15 and Eric Atkins 14. Lee got the Wolfpack going in the second half when he answered a 3-pointer by Connaughton with a 3 of his own, launching a 9-2 run by the Wolfpack. He followed that up with a pair of free throws and then Barber drove inside for a layup. Barber tried to go inside for another layup that was blocked by Austin Burgett. But Jordan Vandenberg scored on the rebound to give the Wolfpack their largest lead at 51-42. Tom Knight made a pair of dunks and Connaughton hit a 3 to start an Irish rally. The Irish had a chance to cut the lead to 53-49 only to have Knight's undefended dunk attempt clanked off the rim. But the Irish tied it moments later at 54 on a 3 by Connaughton capped a 12-3 run. The Wolfpack responded with a jumper and a basket inside by Warren and moments later Turner converted on a three-point play when he was fouled on a fast break to give the Wolfpack a 66-59 lead. The Irish used a 7-3 run to cut the lead to 69-66 when Steve Vasturia hit a 3-pointer with 1:29 left. But the Irish never got any closer as the Wolfpack made 8 of 10 free throws to hold on, making 25 of 32 free throws for the game. The Wolfpack also forced the Irish into 11 turnovers and had a 16-10 advantage in points off turnovers. N.C. State, which lost its ACC opener 74-62 to Pittsburgh on Saturday, improved to 3-0 in road openers under coach Mark Gottfried. © The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. Learn more about our Privacy Policy and Terms of Use. |

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Telephone 01353 740821
Email firstname.lastname@example.com
Author: BURTON Richard F.
Title: Falconry In The Valley Of The Indus
Price: £40.00
Year: 1997
Edition: 3rd Edn,
Publisher: Goverment Of Sindh
City of Publication: Karachi
Summary: XXIV 83 pages, four colour plates by Joseph Wolf, a fine copy in similar dj. This edition has a new introduction by Christopher Ondaatje. A well produced reprint of the 1852 1st edition Swift 99.03
Ref: 18755
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Got a broken Electrolux cooktop? PartSelect.com can help. To find the Electrolux part you need, try searching with your cooktop model number. We offer same day shipping on all in-stock parts and free installation videos to help you complete your Electrolux cooktop repair.
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text: Harry Potter and the Deathly HallowsHarry is so devastated by Dumbledore's death, he decides to tell his friends he will not be returning to Hogwarts next year and will instead search out and kill Voldemort by destroying all of the Horcruxes. Voldemort consolidates his support and power, including covert control of the Ministry of Magic. Harry, Ron and Hermione move off to search the Horcruxes. They couldn't even imagine that it will become the main test not only their friendship, but also their. Invasion into the Ministry of Magic, visit to the Godric's Hollow, rescue from death in the Malfoy Manor, break into vault at Gringotts bank, fight for Hogwarts. The final chapter of story about Harry Potter, the Boy Who Lived.


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George Godfrey was a male R&B singer from the 80's. Not much information is given about him, but he was signed to Fever Records.
In 1987, he released the single, a cover version of Otis' Redding's song "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" entitled "Dock of the Bay" which was produced by Kurtis Blow. It's unknown how or if the single ever charted.
After that, it seems as if George has faded into obscurity. Nothing much has been heard from him since.
[There are no videos available for this entry]


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We've had plenty of face time with this little guy already, but Verizon Wireless has finally fessed up to a precise release date and price point for its EV-DO BlackBerry Pearl 8130. The phone is available for pre-order at $200 with a 2 year contract and an automatic $100 online discount, and will ship out on November 8th. Let's see if that's good enough to beat Sprint's version to market.
Verizon's BlackBerry Pearl 8130 now available for pre-order
*Verizon owns AOL, Engadget's parent company. However, Engadget maintains full editorial control, and Verizon will have to pry it from our cold, dead hands.


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(1594 quotes found)
"Enjoy the challenges you face today, some people have none."
Thomas Flajnik - antichimerapodal
"I can't go to the park, see? So I create my own park at Paradisal Decor, my own nature, my own space, my everythin', that's all for me to savor and cherish and to enjoy."
Tommy Polo
"I'm glad that even more people can enjoy the show and now even computer geeks from around the world can help feed my ego."
Chris Moyles
"Charles said everything went well. But I expected him to enjoy it. They have good people there and they all know each other."
Carl Poston
""No one else out there is able to express your heart to the world the way you can. So enjoy this ability before it stops beating!""
Maurice Spees
"Don't run away from reality. Walk, and enj0y the view. It could be breathtaking."
Joan Colleen R. Katipunan
"I've enjoyed this spring. No pressure at all. It's been a lot different spring. Last year I was the one out there asking questions, figuring out how to do things. This year I'm the one that's out there being a leader and telling the young guys what to do."
Brandon Cox
"Enjoy the benefit of life, don't let someone who doesn't know the definition wreak havoc on it."
"Our time on earth is short, but we are ignorant enough to fret over little decisions. Take time to enjoy what time you have left, because it is much too precious to waste."
Elizabeth Barrett
"Life is too precious to stress yourself out by worrying about everything. Relax, have fun, and enjoy the learning process."
Taiwo OlaSOT


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Investment projects in energy sector – a perspective of HEP Group Ivona Štritof, HEP d.d. Brussels, hotel Thon EU, 21st Jan 2015
HEP Group at a glance Operating across the entire market spectrum 2 Mission To provide secure and quality energy supply to customers, with a high degree of social responsibility. Vision HEP Group as a strong regional, modern and socially responsible company, recognized as an example of efficient energy generation and supply to customers.
Investment projects' pillars in the EU context Climate Action and Energy Reform and reorganise Europe's energy policy in a new European Energy Union CEF Energy (electricity and gas) An amount of €5.85 billion will be made available for improving the trans-European energy infrastructure for the period 2014-2020. Operational Programme Competitiveness and Cohesion 2014 - 2020
HEP Group - Project list LNG Hrvatska d.o.o. Program Sava d.o.o. HEP d.d. Construction of a regasification terminal in Omišalj on the island of Krk (760mil€) Multipurpose hydro-engineering system project - protection, development and utilization of river Sava from Slovenian border to Sisak (Zagreb on Sava), including 7 HPPs with total installed capacity of 150 MW (1208 mil€) *Share of energy production of the entire programme is around 40%. TPP Plomin location - CO 2 storage HPPs projects – Molve, Osijek, Senj
CEF Energy (electricity and gas) The first PCI list was adopted by the EC in October 2013 and the TEN-E Regulation no 347/2013 foresees that it shall be updated every two years.no 347/2013 Corridor ("NSI East Gas") i. Cluster Krk LNG including the following PCIs: LNG Regasification vessel in Krk (HR) Gas pipeline Zlobin – Bosiljevo – Sisak – Kozarac – Slobodnica (HR) LNG evacuation pipeline Omišalj – Zlobin (HR) – Rupa (HR)/Jelšane (SI) – Kalce (SI) or Gas pipeline Omišalj (HR) – Casal Borsetti (IT) ii. PCI Interconnection Croatia – Slovenia ( Bosiljevo – Karlovac – Lučko – Zabok – Rogatec (SI)) Corridor ("NSI East Electricity") i. Cluster B&H– CRO: Interconnection Banja Luka (B&H) - Lika (HR) Internal lines Brinje, Lika, Velebit & Konjsko (HR) ii. Cluster CRO – HU – SLO : Interconnection Žerjavenec (HR)/Heviz (HU) and Cirkovce (SI) Internal line Divača - Beričevo (SI) Internal line Beričevo - Podlog (SI) Internal line Podlog - Cirkovce (SI)
OP Competitiveness and Cohesion 2014 - 2020 Open issues: State aid Eligibility ITI Opportunities for HEP projects to be funded from the ESI funds Three-folded role: Direct user Partner Service provider PA 4 - Supporting the shift towards a low- carbon economy in all sectors Supporting energy efficiency, smart energy management and renewable energy use in public infrastructure, including in public buildings, and in the housing sector (energy efficincy in housing, district heating..) Developing and implementing smart distribution systems that operate at low and medium voltage levels (distribution operator) PA 7 - Promoting sustainable transport and removing bottlenecks in key network infrastructures Developing and improving environmentally-friendly and low- carbon transport systems PA 1 - Strengthening research, technological development and innovation Promoting business investment in R&D
Improvement of the efficiency of district heating system – SO 4c3 The main goals of the projects are: decrease of energy losses in distribution network, decrease of ratio of water added to the network volume, improvement of the energy efficiency of plants producing thermal energy and increase of share of the RES used in production of thermal energy Time line: 2015 - preparation of project documentation and project application 2016 - start of project implementation Integrated territorial investments (ITI) - financial instrument 7 cities: Zagreb, Split, Rijeka, Osijek, Slavonski Brod, Zadar, Pula, Purpose: sustainable urban development (min. 5% of ERDF) based on an integrated strategic documents that include economic, environmental, climate and social aspects and take care of connecting the city with the surrounding area.
Projects No.The name of the project DescriptionEstimated cost (mil€) 1. The revitalisation of hot water pipelines in Zagreb The replacement of 100 km of old classical hot water pipelines by new preinsulated ones. 104,5 2. The revitalisation of main hot water pipeline from cogeneration plant TE- TO Osijek to heating plant from HEP- TOPLINARSTVO The replacement of existing main hot water pipeline DN 550 with the new one DN 800. 9,1 3. The construction of central heating system in Velika Gorica, Zaprešić and Samobor The modernisation of existing local plants, the connecting of local plants in mentioned areas with the common distribution network, introducing the cogeneration system and renewable energy resources. 13,4
No.The name of the projectDescriptionEstimated costs (mil HRK) 1. Investments in Systems for management Standardization of the system, interconnections and improvement of the management system. 24,8 2. HV(MV)/MV substation refurbishment and SCADA implementation Aim is to make SCADA more efficient by implementing it in every HV(MV)/MV substation. Results in less outages and shorter fault duration. 10 – 15 per year 3. Automation and management per depth of grid It is necessary to create strategic document in which system concept and requirements on individual components of distribution network would be defined 20 – 30 per year (continuously from 2017) 4. Implementation of new smart technologies Programme connected with project 4. At the moment realization of small pilot projects 2 for 2015 5. Advanced Metering Infrastructure It is planned to install 5.900 smart/advanced meters in pilot phase. In the second phase the goal is to install advanced metering devices for measurement of total energy consumption in low-voltage substations 8 yearly Investment programme in implementation of smart grids (SO 4d1)
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Sources Info Centres –20 centres (public awareness, education etc.) energy service providing company - ESCO concept - develops, executes and finances EE projects on a commercial basis buildings public lightening industry energy supply systems Thermography –HEP ESCO service Supporting energy efficiency (PA 4)
eMobility (Electric charging infrastructure) Partners Local and regional authorities Academic and research institutions Producers PA 1(b) – Strengthening research, technological development and innovation (refering to promotion of investments in product and service Development) PA 7(ii) - Promoting sustainable transport and removing bottlenecks in key network infrastructures (refering to environmentally- friendly and low- carbon transport systems)
Q & A Thank you for your attention Ivona Štritof EU and Regulatory Affairs Department firstname.lastname@example.com www.hep.hr HEP - more than electricity 12
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Detalles bibliográficos
Título: A Proper Price
Editorial: NAL, NY, NY
Año de publicación: 1966
Encuadernación: Hard Cover
Condición del libro: Fine
Condición de la sobrecubierta: Near Fine
Edición: First Edition
1ST. ED. FINE/NEAR FINE DJ shows minimal yellowing as usual, else fine. After thirty years as sheriff, the main character finds he is behind the times to what is really going on in his jurisdiction.Small town madness at it's best. N° de ref. de la librería 016511
Opciones de pago
Esta librería acepta las siguientes opciones de pago:
[Buscar en el catálogo de esta librería]
Librería en AbeBooks desde: 23 de abril de 1997
Valoración librería:
All items subject to prior sale. All prices subject to change.
Some books are at the store (which is open to the public) and some are kept elsewhere. I will verify (by e-mail, telephone, etc.) what is available and what is not (due to prior sale, etc). Confirmation will be made as soon as possible but may take a day or two depending on the circumstances. Please leave a phone number or street address with your query as emails frequently get...
Shipping costs are based on books weighing 2.2 LB, or 1 KG. If your book order is heavy or oversized, we may contact you to let you know extra shipping is required.
Descripción de la librería: MURDER BY THE BOOK is now in it's 35th year. When in Rhode Island come by and stop in for a visit. We are less than 1/2 mile from the airport. HOURS: Appointment Only


text:
The Pedestrian Facility Selection Tool is designed to help Australian and New Zealand practitioners select the most appropriate type of pedestrian crossing based on walkability, safety and economic outcomes.
Accessing the tool
Webinar Overview
Introducing the Pedestrian Facility Selection Tool is a 47 minute webinar providing an introduction to the tool and demonstrating how to use it with a fully worked example.
View in full screen to see the tool's details.
Download the webinar FAQ | 49kb PDF.
What does it do?
The online tool assesses the viability of different types of pedestrian crossing facilities according to the physical and operational parameters of a site and its safety performance.
It can be used to assess both mid-block and intersection locations.
Practitioners are required to enter a range of site variables into the tool including site information, physical/environmental variables, operational variables and safety performance.
For each feasible option, the tool then evaluates pedestrian and vehicle delay, safe sight distances, pedestrian level of service and, using default economic parameters developed for each Australian jurisdiction and New Zealand, calculates a benefit cost ratio.
What facilities can the tool assess?
The tool can assess raised platforms, kerb extensions, median refuges, zebra crossings, signals, grade separation or combinations of these facilities.
While the tool has been developed to assist practitioners in the decision making process, it does not replace professional judgement, local regulations, best practice or community consultation.
What are the benefits of using the tool?
- Analyses mid-block and intersection pedestrian crossing facilities
- Accounts for economic factors in Australia and New Zealand
- Uses a walkability-based pedestrian level of service calculation
- Calculates delays at signals
- Calculates sight distances
- Calculates a Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) for each facility type
What research was undertaken?
The report Development of the Australasian Pedestrian Facility Selection Tool details the research that informed the development of the tool.
All state road authorities in Australia and New Zealand contributed to the development of this tool.


text:
Overall we were satisfied with our accommodation. Lack of top quality TV channels and Hot water for showers were the only short comings. We would stay here again when in the area. Hope hot water is on next time.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- The BEST WESTERN PLUS Cypress Creek is conveniently located on the Mississippi Gulf Coast near the popular Casino row and many historic locations around Biloxi. Our hotel offers easy access to recreational opportunities including fishing, beaches and golf. Our hotel guests will also appreciate the variety of nearby dining and shopping options. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Hotels.com, Travelocity and Best Western so you can book your BEST WESTERN PLUS Cypress Creek reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Best Western Plus Cypress Creek Hotel Biloxi
- Best Western Biloxi
- Biloxi Best Western


text:
We make payroll easy!
Complete Payroll is based in Crystal Lake, IL and serves business throughout the Midwest. We pride ourselves on providing exceptional service, with friendly staff and experience that you can count on.
Standard Payroll Service Includes: Laser printed checks Tax payments made electronically Quarterly payroll tax filings – Federal 941, state 941, state unemployment Annual payroll tax filings – Federal W-2, W-3, and unemployment Payroll management reports Additional Payroll … [Read More...]
Did you know, that purchases of local goods and services return 68% to your local economy? So it only makes sense to choose a local payroll company for your business. As a locally owned business and member of the local community, you can … [Read More...]
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Bal Bay Miami Mansion
252 Bal Bay Dr, Bal Harbour, FL 33154
Interior, exterior and aerial photos page: 1
The ultimate subtropical modern oasis, this just completed, museum quality residence was impeccably designed by award-winning architect Chad Opennheim in the most exclusive and secure community in Miami Beach, Bal Harbour. The residence was masterfully de signed to seamlessly blur the lines of indoor-outdoor with over 17,000 sqft of living space. Experience spectacular water and sunset views from a vantage point just 300 yards from one of only 2 inlets in Miami Beach, where the ocean meets the bay.
252 Bal Bay Dr, Bal Harbour, FL 33154
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23-06-2005 | |
I love model_mom!
Spring 2006 Collections : September 9th - 16th, 2005
The website hasn't been updated yet w/SP 2006 info, but it will be. http://www.olympusfashionweek.com/fall2005/home.html
We sometimes encounter people, even perfect strangers, who begin to interest us at first sight, somehow suddenly, all at once, before a word has been spoken. |
23-06-2005 | |
tea time
the fashion spot already has its own events calendar for all things fashion related
"It is the unseen, unforgettable, ultimate accessory of fashion. that heralds your arrival and prolongs your departure." - Coco Chanel http://cedricandfanny.blogspot.com/ |


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What to look for, where to buy and how to prepare the best chicken.
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British online mattress start-up eve Sleep has submitted a number of trademark applications.
Filed last month to the Intellectual Property Office, eve Sleep Limited has applied to trademark phrases 'Give the day a hug', 'Eve rejuvenated', 'Nap station', 'Beautifully simple, simply beautiful', 'Every great day starts the night before' and 'eve'.
Currently eve has its brand name and logo already registered, dating back to 2014.
Since its launch, the online retailer has expanded into the US, France and Germany and confirmed that a duvet would be launching in late October, whilst recently growing its raised capital to £17m.


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FT GRUNT undergear is the highest reviewed product at Fort Troff. This is our Trooper collection...inspired by pervy Stormtroopers. The fully formed mesh pouch gives you a XL bulge, with dual-layer side stitching that rocks your butt.
Compare our engineered fabric to Under Armour gear…it's made in the SAME factory! Breathable 'n sweat-resistant, it feels like a second skin.
Here is the Boxer Jock. Square cut...with an open back that frames your ass in a fresh-as-FUCK way! If you got a bulkier frame and meaty legs, our Boxer Jock is gonna make 'em look XTRA lickable.
CARE: Premium performance fiber, made of 84 PCT polyester and 16 PCT spandex. Wash cold. Low heat tumble dry. No bleach or ironing.
Small is for waist sizes 28-30 inches.
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These make my ass and cock look even more amazing lifts them up and out and i love having crotch room for the jewels. Soft and comfortable fabric and plenty of stretch.
— GingerboyWith having a larger dick I thought the pouch on this would be too small but it actually fit perfectly even when i got hard it still had room to grow.
— Jermain


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How will my family benefit with Zurich TermLife?
TermLife is a term life insurance policy by Zurich which offers flexible coverage and affordable premiums . Choose how long you'd want to be covered for death and permanent disability.
Do you want to keep paying until your children moves out of the house? Until you reach retirement? It's your choice.
This Zurich TermLife is non-participating policy - that means you wouldn't have to pay extra for any unwanted investments, making your premium payments that much more manageble.
What kind of protection will I get?
In the event of your death or total and permanent disability, Zurich can pay the total amount of your sum assured to you or your next of kin.
Unlike other insurance providers with shorter coverage of up until the age of 65, total and permanent disability benefits by Zurich will be payable up till you reach 70 years old - that's 5 years worth of extra protection.
Who can buy this term life policy?
TermLife by Zurich is offered to anyone between the ages of 16 to 65 years.
Can I choose how long I want to be covered for?
That great thing about the Zurich TermLife is that it gives you flexibility to choose how long you want to be covered for.
That means you can pick an insurance plan that fits your individual timeline and personal finances - do you think you won't be needing this insurance protection once your retirement funds kicks in? Now that's something for you to think about!
You can also add on various enhancement options to this life term insurance plan. These additional riders can be tailored fit to the areas of your family life and finances which need additional protection, whether it is a mortgage, health coverage, or your children's education.
Anything else that's special about this plan?
As an insurance provider serving many other Malaysians like yourself, Zurich understands that protecting you also means protecting your business interests.
If you run your own business, you can buy the Zurich TermLife to keep things running smoothly during an unfortunate loss of an employee.
You'll be provided with cash liquidity in the event of the unexpected death or permanent disability of an employee while you take the time to find a suitable replacement.


text:
BECOME A PREFERRED SUBSCRIBER+ Get 10% off Your Next Order
The best deals come to your inbox. Sign up for Ben Meadows emails to get exclusive offers, the scoop on new products and information you can actually use.
Fast action trigger maintains constant pressure for smooth, even coverage. Fast clean-up, no brushes, rollers or pans. Spra-Tool Spray Gun sprays most liquids, including higher-viscosity paints such as latex. Ideal for fast drying, short-life epoxies and virtually any other liquid. Spray Gun is ideal for covering scratches and paint blemishes; can even be used to protect plants from insects and disease. Spray Gun Kit includes three interchangeable spray tip inserts. Choose red for fine mist, white for regular delivery or blue for high delivery.
© 2017 Ariens Specialty Brands LLC CAGE Code: 3ZEL7 | DUNS: 18-854-1176 Reference Number: WB0000


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You don't need a driver.
The best way to download pictures from your camera to your computer involves removing the memory card from the camera and plugging it into a card reader (either built-in to the computer or connected via USB or FireWire). This is likely to be faster than connecting the camera to the computer, and won't run down your camera's batteries.
Once the card is plugged in, it will appear to your computer as a removable drive. You can use the operating system's drag&drop facility to copy pictures from the card to the computer's hard drive, the same way you copy any other files. Or you can use any photo cataloging program such as Picasa.
Posted on Feb 12, 2013
If your pictures are on a sd memory card then get a sd card usb adapter, (available from most pound shops) use this to transfer your pictures to your pc and it means you dont even have to install the cameras usb driver, which is what is causing you problems....hope this helps....
Posted on Oct 04, 2009
>turn the unit OFF connect the camera to your PC,
>then turn it on,
>wait for the camera screen to display a selection
>pick COMPUTER,
>your computer should detect it as a REMOVABLE DEVICE
>open that
>you should see a DCIM folder open it again and >
your should see SSCAM 100, SSCAM 101 folders
each folder consists of 100 images that you took, the camera will automatically create a folder for every 100 pictures you take
hope this helps
Posted on Jul 03, 2009
SOURCE: Unable to download pics on my Samsung L100
try usuing a new usb cable or turn the camera off then back on
Posted on May 16, 2009
SOURCE: Samsung S860 Drivers
Try this link and download the driver of your Samsung S860. "http://www.samsungcamera.com/customer/download/cus_down_main.asp?key=s860"
Posted on Jun 05, 2009
SOURCE: dont know how to turn flash off on a samsung l100 camera.
Press the button with the lightning bolt icon and watch the screen. When you see a lightning bolt with a line through it, the flash is off.
Posted on Feb 18, 2010
a 6ya expert can help you resolve that issue over the phone in a minute or two.
best thing about this new service is that you are never placed on hold and get to talk to real repairmen in the US.
the service is completely free and covers almost anything you can think of (from cars to computers, handyman, and even drones).
click here to download the app (for users in the US for now) and get all the help you need.
Posted on Jan 02, 2017
May 24, 2011 | Samsung Cameras
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text:
link: "//www.loc.gov/pictures/item/fsa1997000437/PP/",
url :"//cdn.loc.gov/service/pnp/fsa/8a00000/8a00400/8a00446_150px.jpg",
alt:'Image from Prints and Photographs Online Catalog -- The Library of Congress'
[Untitled photo, possibly related to: Slum front yard playground, Washington, D.C. Such is the front yard available to these two youngsters to play in]
- Digital ID: (digital file from original neg.) fsa 8a00446 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/fsa.8a00446
- Reproduction Number: LC-USF33-T01-000197-M5 (b&w film dup. neg.) LC-DIG-fsa-8a00446 (digital file from original neg.)
- Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
About This Item JPEG (49kb) | JPEG (124kb) | TIFF (13.4mb) | TIFF (26.8mb)


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Poll: What's the resolution and refresh rate of your gaming monitor? One of the hottest topics in the wake of AMD's Ryzen CPU launch has been the appropriate monitor resolution at which to test CPU... Poll Question: • What's the resolution and refresh rate of your gaming monitor? Type: News story Tags: Displays |
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Poll: Did you take Microsoft up on a free Windows 10 upgrade? Microsoft's free update offer for Windows 10 expired this past Friday. Most of the TR staff took that offer almost as soon as it became... Poll Question: • Did you take Microsoft up on a free Windows 10 upgrade? Type: News story Tags: Windows |
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What are your Windows 10 upgrade plans? Windows 10 arrives about a month from now, and many of you have no doubt seen the little "reserve your copy of Windows 10"... Poll Question: • What are your Windows 10 upgrade plans? Type: News story Tags: Software Windows |
196 |
How do you prefer to read books? It's way past time for a new poll, and I have an honest question about how folks like to consume books. Have you made... Poll Question: • How do you prefer to read books? Type: News story Tags: Personal tech |
125 |
Jury finds Samsung violated Apple patents The jury in Apple's patent infringement case against Samsung has found that Samsung violated a great many of the patents Apple sought to enforce, and... Poll Question: • Your reaction to the Apple-Samsung verdict? Type: News story Tags: Operating systems Personal tech |
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Poll: Where do you most want a high-DPI display? High-DPI screens are all the rage these days. Apple deserves credit for starting the trend with the Retina display on the iPhone 4, and... Poll Question: • I most want a high-DPI display on my: Type: News story Tags: Graphics Displays |
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Poll: What's the best premium upgrade? When upgrading their PCs, most enthusiasts seem to focus on swapping in faster CPUs and graphics cards. The CPU has the biggest impact on... Poll Question: • Best premium upgrade: Type: News story Tags: Multimedia Cooling Displays Input devices |
158 |
Poll: The third dimension I went to see the new Harry Potter movie the other day, and predictably, the most convenient screening available at 9 PM on a Saturday... Poll Question: • When it comes to stereoscopic 3D, I prefer: Type: News story Tags: Multimedia Gaming |
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Poll: What sort of products should TR cover more? We're constantly evaluating our content mix here at TR. There are only so many hours in each day and much interesting hardware to cover.... Poll Question: • I'd most like to see TR cover more: Type: News story Tags: Mobile computing Personal tech |
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Poll: Rawest tech deal? Sometimes, life gives you a raw deal. Other times, the tech industry is the one handing out crappy cards. Crysis 2's $60 asking... Poll Question: • Rawest deal: Type: News story Tags: Chipsets Gaming Personal tech |
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Poll: What's the best new web browser? In the last few weeks, we've been treated to a bevvy of major browser releases: Chrome 10, Internet Explorer 9, and Firefox 4. If... Poll Question: • What's the best web browser? Type: News story Tags: Internet Software |
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Poll: Which tech company is the most evil? Microsoft is generally assumed to be evil, Google likes to say that it's not, and Apple is too cool to care one way or another.... Poll Question: • Who's the most evil? Type: News story Tags: Software Operating systems |
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Poll: How do you back up your data? The more data we accumulate in our increasingly digital lives, the more we stand to lose in the event of a catastrophic storage failure. ... Poll Question: • How do you back up your personal data? Type: News story Tags: Software Personal tech |
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Poll: What kind of panel lives inside your LCD monitor? Thanks to the rise of TN panels, LCD monitors have become incredibly cheap. However, some of us are still willing to pay a premium... Poll Question: • My primary LCD's panel type is: Type: News story Tags: Displays |
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Poll: How much did you spend on your best PC speakers or headset? We'll have a new sound card review very shortly, and writing it got me thinking about how much folks spend on the speakers or headset... Poll Question: • How much did you spend on your best PC speakers or headset? Type: News story Tags: Multimedia |
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Gigabyte has two A320 boards for bread-and-butter Ryzen builds | 8 |


text:
Endpoint Encryption
Gain control over your data by monitoring and regulating how employees use and transfer data via common channels.
Intel Security
- Gain control over your data by monitoring and regulating how employees use and transfer data via common channels, such as email, IM, printing, and USB drives—both in and away from the office.
- Stop data loss initiated by sophisticated malware that hijacks sensitive and personal information.
- Secure data when it's stored on desktops, laptops, tablets, and in the cloud.
- Manage Apple FileVault and Microsoft BitLocker native encryption on endpoints directly from McAfee ePO software.
- Communicate with and take control of your endpoints at the hardware level, whether they are powered off, disabled, or encrypted, to halt deskside visits and endless help desk calls due to security incidents, outbreaks, or forgotten encryption passwords.
- Prove compliance with advanced reporting and auditing capabilities; monitor events and generate detailed reports that show auditors and other stakeholders your compliance with internal and regulatory privacy requirements.
All about endpoint encryption. Consists of:
- Enterprise-Grade Drive Encryption
- Removable Media, File and Folder, and Cloud Storage Encryption (FRP)
- Management of Native Enctyption (MNE) – management of BtLocker (Windows) or FileVault (OS X) encryption, including reporting, managed within ePO.
These are separate products on the tech side.
Varies per product, see data sheets.
Data Sheet
Solution Brief
Product Guide MNE 4.1
Product Guide Drive Encryption 7.1
Product Guide FRP 5.0
Healthcare Case Study
ExpertCenter MNE
ExpertCenter FRP
Intel Security
Data Security
Data Security describes how your business protects it's Intellectual Property or "Crown Jewels".
Cognosec Services
The service would typically involve full or part-time management of some or all of the following technologies:
- Antimalware
- Browser Control
- Endpoint Encryption
- Host Based Intrusion Prevention
- Database Security
- Host-based Data Loss/Leakage Prevention (DLP)
- Cloud Application Controls & BYOD
Data Security describes how your business protects it's Intellectual Property or "Crown Jewels". Data Security is achieved by combining various technologies at specific points on a network and configuring these to work together according to security best practice. Every company's network will differ slightly from others, so it is important to architect the solution before implementing it. We provide a full service from consulting, gap analysis, architecture & design, implementation and management.
Remote Managed Services imply the virtual presence of our people on your premises. Our staff work remotely either as technical consultants or subject matter experts, or may perform specific operational security tasks for your company, depending on your requirements and the type of service you require. Our Remote Managed Cyber Security Service options are:
- Retainers, where a fixed amount of hours are purchased, bundled with an SLA for a guaranteed response.
- Full Outsource Where you fully outsource one or more of your security functions to us. We take full responsibility for the function from end to end, (this can include design, implementation, which would take place on site. Once implementation has been completed, we will remotely perform the daily management of the platform and / or the chosen solutions. This would typically include reporting, escalation, troubleshooting and upgrading.
- Partial Outsource Where you partially outsource one or more of your security functions to us. We take partial responsibility for the function, and this work takes place remotely. This can include aspects of design, implementation, management of a platform or solution, reporting, escalation, troubleshooting and upgrading.
Our Managed Cyber Security Services can be tailored according to your exact needs and budget. We do not subscribe to a one size fits all approach. We have developed and refined an agile framework which focuses on the successful delivery and implementation of affordable security services to all sectors of the market. Customers who adopt our framework through our managed security services make noticeable progress towards a more mature security posture in very short timeframes. This is borne out in vastly improved coverage, policies, detection rates, correlation, deduplication, escalation processes, analysis, incident response and forensic capability, reporting and visibility.
Data Protection
We offer complete design, implementation, and customisation support for access-rights management systems and data leakage prevention solutions. This provides valuable information used for detecting unauthorised access events and any possible data leakages
Cognosec Services
Cognosec can assist you while implementing the correct architecture to protect your data.
Network DLP
Typically a software or hardware solution that is installed at network egress points near the perimeter. It analyzes network traffic to detect sensitive data that is being sent in violation of information security policies.
Endpoint DLP
Such systems run on end-user workstations or servers in the organization. Like network-based systems, endpoint-based can address internal as well as external communications, and can therefore be used to control information flow between groups or types of users.
Data identification
DLP solutions include a number of techniques for identifying confidential or sensitive information. Sometimes confused with discovery, data identification is a process by which organizations use a DLP technology to determine what to look for (in motion, at rest, or in use).
Data leakage detection
Sometimes a data distributor gives sensitive data to a set of third parties. Some time later, some of the data is found in an unauthorized place (e.g., on the web or on a user's laptop). The distributor must then investigate if data leaked from one or more of the third parties, or if it was independently gathered by other means.[8]
Data at-rest
"Data at rest"" specifically refers to old archived information that is stored on either a client PC hard drive, on a network storage drive or remote file server, or even data stored on a backup system, such as a tape or CD media. This information is of great concern to businesses and government institutions simply because the longer data is left unused in storage, the more likely it might be retrieved by unauthorized individuals outside the Network.[9] In order to protect this phase of data, systems use methods such as access control and data encryption.[1]
Data in-use
"Data in use" refers to active data stored in databases that the user is currently interacting with. DLP systems that protect data in-use may monitor and flag certain unauthorized activities.
Data in-motion
"Data in motion" is data that is currently traversing through a network to an endpoint destination. These networks can be internal or external. DLP systems that protect data in-motion monitor sensitive data that is being sent over a network through various communication channels such as email or IM
The protection of sensitive data such as passwords, payment information, financial data, or intellectual property needs to a priority for organisations. With the establishment of security regulations such as the PCI DSS, HIPAA, and the EU Data Protection Directive, systems can be brought to a high standard of security, but the sheer number of threats targeting vital systems is dramatically increasing, so efforts towards protecting data should as well. Security breaches resulting in leaked data can become very costly to an organisation and to it's clients should attackers get ahold of sensitive data. Cognosec can perform an assessment on the IT-infrastructure handling the data and can ensure that your sensitive data is properly managed . We offer complete design, implementation, and customisation support for access-rights management systems and data leakage prevention solutions. This provides valuable information used for detecting unauthorised access events and any possible data leakages
The term data protection is used to describe both operational backup of data and disaster recovery/business continuity (BC/DR). A data protection strategy should include data lifecycle management (DLM), a process that automates the movement of critical data to online and offline storage and information lifecycle management (ILM), a comprehensive strategy for valuing, cataloging and protecting information assets from application/user errors, malware/virus attacks, machine failure or facility outages/disruptions.


text:
Stellar Partners has appointed Ellery Plowman as its new director of business development.
In her new position, Plowman's responsibilities will include developing and managing airport relationships, as well as winning new contracts.
"I am delighted to welcome someone so highly respected in our industry as Ellery to our Stellar team," says Susan Stackhouse, founder and CEO of Stellar Partners. "Ellery will play a key role in helping to execute our aggressive growth strategy and increasing Stellar's footprint throughout U.S. airports. Her breadth of industry experience and proven track record of fostering strong stakeholder relationships will be tremendous assets for our company."
Plowman has 28 years of experience in retail management and business development. She previously was principal and founder of Elleco. She has also served as vice president of business development and leasing at Westfield.


text:
13.21 acres in Rockwall County, Texas
13.20 acres located across off Hwy 276 across from Southern Junction. Large metal building with individual storage units. Over 500 feet of street frontage on Green Circle. Level Topography. Currently zoned residential.
From Rockwall take Hwy 276 East, Turn Right on Green Circle, land on the right. Across from Southern Junction.
Tax Data (Show Tax Data)
- Rockwall County Properties by City
- Royse City, TX Land for Sale
- Rockwall, TX Land for Sale
- Heath, TX Land for Sale
- McLendon-Chisholm, TX Land for Sale
- Fate, TX Land for Sale
- Properties for Sale in Nearby Counties
- Collin County Land for Sale
- Dallas County Land for Sale
- Hunt County Land for Sale
- Kaufman County Land for Sale
NOTE: The information contained herein is provided as general information only and has been obtained from sources deemed reliable. It is provided without any guaranty, warranty or representation, expressed or implied, made by Lands of America, or any related entity, as to the accuracy or completeness of the information. The information is presented subject to errors, omissions, change of price or conditions, prior sale or withdrawal without notice. Prospective purchasers should make their own investigations, projections and conclusions concerning the information.


text:
East & West rooms with sea view ***
Maks. liczba gości2
Rozmiar16 m²
- Klimatyzacja
- Internet
- Zamykany pokój
- Ręczniki
Podsumowanie obiektu
Adres | babina, 21000 Split, Chorwacja |
Rodzaj nieruchomości | Prywatny pokój |
Kod referencyjny | P7IZYBXN |
The house is in the historic part of the city just steps away from the Diocletian's Palace- the place from the world heritage list ,with a great view of the city of Split- chosen by the Roman emperor as his retirement place, the clearest sea and all surrounding islands worth to be visited because of the beautiful beaches and picturesque places, it is also situated at the entrance to the Park forest Marjan where you can have a walk, rent a bike and have a ride, or just simply enjoy visiting little medieval churches.
There are many typical restaurants and cafes there, you can also take a sightseeing tour, while the ferry port and the bus and train stations can be reached in a 10-minute walk. Many city parking places are nearby.
Enjoy your stay! Hope to see you soon!
Ceny |
Opłata tygodniowa dla maksymalnie 2 gości | 1663 zł |
Opłata miesięczna za maksymalnie 2 gości | 5393 zł |
Szczegóły |
Zameldowanie po | 14:00 |
Zameldowanie przed | Do ustalenia |
Wymeldowanie przed | 11:00 |
Zasady Anulowania Rezerwacji |
First of all I would like to thank Biljana for being such an nice host. From the beginnig to the end of my journey she always gave me the best tips where to go and how to get there. She was and is a very polite and sympathetic person. The location is so wonderful with a perfect view over the harbour and the islands you´ll see from the on the opposite of the beautiful city of Split. In the morning you´ll see the big ships and ferries pass by and arrive and the harbour. The appartment is classy arrangend with a view for the deatil, a nice bathroom and a a big bed for two. Even if you´ll travel as a couple you´ll enjoy the romantic atmosphere of this small town and the house(s) in the small alleys.
The location is very close to all the important sights (City-centre, shopping-mile, the promenande, the Diokletan Palace, the Marjan, the Railway-Station and the place where the shuttle-busses arrive). It will only take some minutes to get there. Supermarkets, nice restaurants and the promenade are very very close. I think most of the five star hotels can´t offer you this kind of accomodation. I would highly reconmend to go there. See you probably next year.
- Gwarancja jakości zakwaterowania
- Każdy gospodarz jest weryfikowany telefonicznie
- Bezpieczna płatność za pomocą szyfrowania SSL