text:
Publication number | US7553902 B2 |
Publication type | Grant |
Application number | US 10/522,715 |
PCT number | PCT/EP2003/008099 |
Publication date | Jun 30, 2009 |
Filing date | Jul 24, 2003 |
Priority date | Aug 15, 2002 |
Fee status | Paid |
Also published as | DE10238146A1, EP1530605A1, EP1530605B1, US20050245675, US20090211704, WO2004022624A1 |
Publication number | 10522715, 522715, PCT/2003/8099, PCT/EP/2003/008099, PCT/EP/2003/08099, PCT/EP/3/008099, PCT/EP/3/08099, PCT/EP2003/008099, PCT/EP2003/08099, PCT/EP2003008099, PCT/EP200308099, PCT/EP3/008099, PCT/EP3/08099, PCT/EP3008099, PCT/EP308099, US 7553902 B2, US 7553902B2, US-B2-7553902, US7553902 B2, US7553902B2 |
Inventors | Karl Haeberle, Rainer Koeniger, Eva Wagner, Klaus Dieter Hoerner |
Original Assignee | Basf Aktiengesellschaft |
Export Citation | BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan |
Patent Citations (43), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (3), Classifications (43), Legal Events (3) | |
External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet | |
The invention relates to water-emulsifiable isocyanates possessing improved emulsifiability and featuring increased hardness of coatings obtained using them, to processes for preparing them, and to their use.
Water-emulsifiable polyisocyanates are added as crosslinking agents to aqueous polymer dispersions and have been widely described in the literature. Emulsifiability in water is brought about by blending the polyisocyanates with emulsifiers which are obtained by reacting the polyisocyanates with hydrophilic molecules.
Hydrophilic molecules commonly used include nonionic hydrophilic molecules such as polyalkylene oxide alcohols.
EP-A2 206 059 describes water-dispersible polyisocyanate formulations comprising an aliphatic polyisocyanate and a reaction product of an aliphatic polyisocyanate with a monohydric or polyhydric, nonionic polyalkylene ether alcohol emulsifier which has at least one polyether chain containing at least 10 ethylene oxide units. As suitable polyisocyanates, extensive lists are given of aliphatic and cycloaliphatic diisocyanates, more preferably isocyanurates and biurets based on 1,6-diisocyanatohexane (HDI) and/or isocyanurates based on 1-isocyanato-3,5,5-trimethyl-5-isocyanatomethylcyclohexane (IPDI).
EP-A1 540 985 likewise describes polyisocyanate mixtures, but in this case the polyether chains have an average ethylene oxide unit content of from 5.0 to 9.9.
EP-A2 486 881 describes nonaqueous aliphatic polyisocyanate formulations comprising polyisocyanates from a list of aliphatic polyisocyanates and comprising an amount, sufficient to ensure the dispersibility of the aliphatic polyisocyanate, of a reaction product of an aromatic or aliphatic diisocyanate and a monohydric or polyhydric polyalkylene ether alcohol having at least 8 ethylene oxide units in the polyether chain.
DE-A1 199 58 170 describes polyether-modified, water-dispersible polyisocyanate mixtures which have been modified with monohydric polyalkylene oxide polyether alcohols. Very particular preference is given to polyisocyanates or polyisocyanate mixtures with an isocyanurate structure based on HDI, IPDI and/or 4,4′-diisocyanatodicyclohexylmethane.
DE-A1 198 22 890 describes aqueous two-component polyurethane coating systems whose hardener component is prepared from polyalkylene oxide polyether alcohols and aliphatically and/or cycloaliphatically attached isocyanate groups, preferably isocyanurate structures based on HDI, IPDI and/or 4,4′-diisocyanatodicyclohexylmethane, under allophanatization conditions. The predominant attachment of polyether chains by way of allophanate groups is also known from DE-A1 198 47 077.
Nonionic emulsifiers described include polyvinylpyrrolidone-modified polyisocyanates (EP-A2 754 713).
Also in use as actively dispersing units are polyalkylene oxide ethers containing carboxylic acid groups, as described in DE-A1 100 07 820 and DE-A1 41 13 160, or polyether ester alcohols (EP-A1 728 785).
DE-A1 40 01 783 describes polyisocyanate mixtures which, with a uretdione content of 1 to 23% by weight, contain chemically bonded carboxyl groups for dispersibility.
Furthermore, carboxyl-containing compounds are described as emulsifiers (EP-A2 548 669), tertiary amino and/or ammonium groups (EP-A1 582 166 and EP-A1 531 820), acidic esters of phosphoric acid (DE-A1 197 24 199) or sulfonic acids (EP-A1 703 255).
A disadvantage of the polyisocyanate mixtures described is that they do not meet the requirements imposed on the hardness of the coatings obtainable using them.
Water-emulsifiable isocyanates can be dissolved in organic solvents such as, for example, carbonic esters or lactones for the purpose of improving dispersibility, as described in EP-A 697 424.
From "Lackharze" [Resins for Coatings] (edited by D. Stoye and W. Freitag, Hanser 1996, p. 195) it is known that IPDI trimer, which gives resins for coatings a comparatively high level of hardness, even going as far as brittleness, is frequently employed in blends with HDI derivatives in order to lessen the hardness.
Users require the water-emulsifiable isocyanates to have the following properties:
It is an object of the present invention to provide water-emulsifiable polyisocyanates which exhibit improved emulsifiability properties and with which it is possible to produce coatings having high hardness, rapid increase in hardness, and enhanced emulsifiability at the same time.
We have found that this object is achieved by mixtures comprising
The mixtures of the invention prove readily emulsifiable, lead to a fine, stable emulsion, and can be used to give coatings which exhibit a rapid increase in hardness and a high ultimate hardness.
Polyisocyanates (A) are isocyanurates (A1) and/or biurets (A2) of 1,6-diisocyanatohexane (HDI). In accordance with the invention this includes those polyisocyanates composed to an extent of at least 50% by weight, preferably at least 66%, more preferably at least 75%, very preferably at least 85%, and in particular at least 95% by weight, of compounds of the formula (Ia) and/or (Ib),
and their higher homologues.
The composition of the polyisocyanates, i.e., for example, the fractions of isocyanurates and/or biurets and their higher homologues, and the average functionality are determined in this specification by gel permeation chromatography using polystyrene as standard and tetrahydrofuran as eluent.
Polyisocyanates (B) are isocyanurates of 1-isocyanato-3,5,5-trimethyl-5-isocyanatomethylcyclohexane (IPDI). In accordance with the invention, this includes those polyisocyanates which are composed to an extent of at least 50% by weight, preferably at least 66%, more preferably at least 75%, very preferably at least 85%, and in particular at least 95% by weight, of the compound of the formula (II),
in which X is
and their higher homologues.
Suitable emulsifiers (C) in accordance with the invention are compounds obtainable by reacting at least part of one of the abovementioned compounds (A) and/or (B) with at least one component (C1) containing at least one group which is reactive toward isocyanate groups and containing at least one hydrophilic group. (C1) is referred to below as "hydrophile".
Examples of isocyanate-reactive groups are hydroxyl groups (—OH), unsubstituted or monosubstituted amino groups or mercapto groups (—SH), preferably hydroxyl groups.
Generally, therefore, the emulsifiers (C) contain component (C1) in chemically attached form.
The components (C1) may, for example, comprise compounds such as are known in the prior art: for example, from the prior art cited in the introduction.
In particular, these may be compounds which contain at least one isocyanate-reactive group and
Preferred compounds (C1) contain 1 to 3 isocyanate-reactive groups and 1 to 3 hydrophilic groups, more preferably 1 to 2 isocyanate-reactive groups and 1 to 2 hydrophilic groups, and very preferably one isocyanate-reactive group and one hydrophilic group.
Compounds (C1a) contain at least one isocyanate-reactive group and at least one cationic hydrophilic group or at least one hydrophilic group which can be converted into a cationic group, and are, for example, compounds such as those described in EP-A1 582 166, especially from page 5 line 42 to page 8 line 22 and in particular from page 9 line 19 to page 15 line 34 therein, or in EP-A1 531 820, especially from page 3 line 21 to page 4 line 57 therein, or in DE-A1 42 03 510, especially from page 3 line 49 to page 5 line 35 therein. Those documents are explicitly incorporated into the present disclosure content by reference.
Compounds (C1b) contain at least one isocyanate-reactive group and at least one anionic hydrophilic group or at least one hydrophilic group which can be converted into an anionic group, and are, for example, compounds as described in EP-A1 703 255, especially from page 3 line 54 to page 4 line 38 therein, in DE-A1 197 24 199, especially on page 3 lines 4 to 30 therein, in DE-A1 40 10 783, especially column 3 lines 3 to 40 therein, in DE-A1 41 13 160, especially from column 3 line 63 to column 4 line 4 therein, and in EP-A2 548 669, especially from page 4 line 50 to page 5 line 6 therein. Those documents are expressly hereby incorporated into the present disclosure content by reference.
Compounds (C1c) contain at least one isocyanate-reactive group and at least one nonionic hydrophilic group and are for example compounds as described in EP-A2 754 713, especially on page 3 lines 31 to 51 therein, in EP-A2 206 059, especially on page 8 line 33 to page 9 line 26 therein, in EP-A2 486 881, especially on page 2 lines 42 to 54 therein, in EP-A1 540 985, especially on page 4 lines 43 to 58 therein, in EP-A1 728 785, especially on page 4 line 55 to page 5 line 54 therein, in EP-A1 959 115, especially on page 4 lines 23 to 46 therein, in DE-A1 199 58 170, especially on page 4 lines 22 to 48 therein, and in DE-A1 100 07 820, especially from page 4 line 10 to page 5 line 12 therein. Those documents are hereby expressly incorporated into the present disclosure content by reference.
The hydrophiles (C1) are preferably compounds (C1c) containing at least one isocyanate-reactive group and at least one nonionic hydrophilic group.
Particularly preferred hydrophiles (C1c) are polyalkylene oxide polyether alcohols obtainable by alkoxylating suitable initiator molecules.
Suitable initiator molecules for the preparation of monohydric polyalkylene oxide polyether alcohols are thiol compounds, monohydroxy compounds of the formula
or secondary monoamines of the formula
in which
R1, R2, and R3 independently of one another are each C1-C18 alkyl, C2-C18 alkyl uninterrupted or interrupted by one or more oxygen and/or sulfur atoms and/or by one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups, or are C6-C12 aryl, C5-C12 cycloalkyl or a five- or six-membered heterocycle containing oxygen, nitrogen and/or sulfur atoms, or R2 and R3 together form an unsaturated, saturated or aromatic ring whose members are uninterrupted or interrupted by one or more oxygen and/or sulfur atoms and/or by one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups, it being possible for the radicals mentioned each to be substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles.
Preferably R1 is C1 to C4 alkyl, i.e., methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl; very preferably R1 is methyl.
Examples of suitable monofunctional initiator molecules may be saturated monoalcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, sec-butanol, the isomeric pentanols, hexanols, octanols and nonanols, n-decanol, n-dodecanol, n-tetradecanol, n-hexadecanol, n-octadecanol, cyclohexanol, cyclopentanol, the isomeric methylcyclohexanols or hydroxymethylcyclohexane, 3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyloxetane, or tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol; unsaturated alcohols such as allyl alcohol, 1,1-dimethylallyl alcohol or oleyl alcohol, aromatic alcohols such as phenol, the isomeric cresols or methoxyphenols, araliphatic alcohols such as benzyl alcohol, anisyl alcohol or cinnamyl alcohol; secondary monoamines such as dimethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, diisopropylamine, di-n-butylamine, diisobutylamine, bis(2-ethylhexyl)amine, N-methyl- and N-ethylcyclohexylamine or dicyclohexylamine, heterocyclic secondary amines such as morpholine, pyrrolidine, piperidine or 1H-pyrazole, and also amino alcohols such as 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-diisopropylaminoethanol, 2-dibutylaminoethanol, 3-(dimethylamino)-1-propanol or 1-(dimethylamino)-2-propanol.
Alkylene oxides suitable for the alkoxylation reaction are ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, iso-butylene oxide, vinyloxirane and/or styrene oxide, which may be used in any order or else in a mixture in the alkoxylation reaction.
Preferred alkylene oxides are ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and mixtures thereof; particular preference is given to ethylene oxide.
Preferred compounds (C1c) are polyether alcohols based on polyalkylene oxide polyether alcohols prepared using saturated aliphatic or cycloaliphatic alcohols of the abovementioned type as initiator molecules. Very particular preference is given to those based on polyalkylene oxide polyether alcohols prepared using saturated aliphatic alcohols having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical. Polyalkylene oxide polyether alcohols prepared starting from methanol are especially preferred.
The monohydric polyalkylene oxide polyether alcohols contain on average generally from 5 to 35, preferably from 7 to 30, more preferably from 7 to 25, very preferably from 10 to 22, alkylene oxide units per molecule, in particular from 10 to 22 ethylene oxide units.
Preferred polyether alcohols (C1c) are, therefore, compounds of the formula
The polyether alcohols may further contain, as hydrophilic synthesis components, minor amounts of other isocyanate-reactive compounds containing anionic or cationic groups—for example, with carboxylate, sulfonate or ammonium groups. This, however, is less preferred.
To prepare the component which is active as emulsifier (C) the starting components (A) and/or (B) are reacted with one another at temperatures from 40 to 180� C., preferably 50 to 150� C., observing an NCO/OH equivalents ratio of from 1:1 to 100:1, preferably from 1:1 to 50:1, more preferably from 1.5:1 to 20:1.
The reaction time is generally 10 min to 5 hours, preferably 15 min to 4 hours, more preferably 20 to 180 min, and very preferably 30 to 120 min.
The emulsifier (C), for example, may
Preference is given to variants 1) and 2).
In order to accelerate the reaction it is possible where appropriate to use suitable catalysts.
These are the customary catalysts which are known for these purposes, examples being metal carboxylates, metal chelates or tertiary amines of the type described in GB-A-0 994 890, alkylating agents of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,769,318, or strong acids as described by way of example in EP-A-0 000 194.
Suitable catalysts are, in particular, zinc compounds, such as zinc(II) stearate, zinc(II) n-octanoate, zinc(II) 2-ethyl-1-hexanoate, zinc(II) naphthenate or zinc(II) acetylacetonate, tin compounds, such as tin(II) n-octanoate, tin(II) 2-ethyl-1-hexanoate, tin(II) laurate, dibutyltin oxide, dibutyltin dichloride, dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin dimaleate or dioctyltin diacetate, aluminum tri(ethyl acetoacetate), iron(III) chloride, potassium octoate, manganese compounds, cobalt compounds or nickel compounds, and strong acids, such as trifluoroacetic acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, phosphoric acid or perchloric acid, for example, or any desired mixtures of these catalysts.
Suitable though less preferred catalysts for the process are also those catalysts as described for example in EP-A-0 649 866 on page 4 line 7 to page 5 line 15.
Preferred catalysts for the process of the invention are zinc compounds of the abovementioned type. Very particular preference is given to using zinc(II) n-octanoate, zinc(II) 2-ethyl-1-hexanoate and/or zinc(II) stearate.
Where used, these catalysts are employed in an amount of from 0.001 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.005 to 1% by weight, based on the overall weight of the reactants.
The polyaddition reaction for preparing the polyurethane formulation of the invention may take place with particular preference in the presence of cesium salts, as described in the earlier German patent application of Dec. 12, 2001 bearing the reference 10161156.0. Preferred cesium salts are compounds in which the following anions are employed: F—, Cl—, ClO—, ClO3—, ClO4—, Br—, I—, IO3—, CN—, OCN—, NO2—, NO3—, HCO3—, CO3 2—, S2—, SH—, HSO3—, SO3 2—, HSO4—, SO4 2—, S2O2 2—, S2O4 2—, S2O5 2—, S2O6 2—, S2O7 2—, S2O8 2—, H2PO2—, H2PO4—, HPO4 2—, PO4 3—, P2O7 4—, (OCnH2n+1)—, (CnH2n−1O2)—, (CnH2n−3O2)—, and (Cn+1H2n−2O4)2—, n standing for numbers from 1 to 20.
Particularly preferred compounds are cesium carboxylates in which the anion is of the formula (CnH2n−1O2)— or (Cn+1H2n−2O4)2— where n is from 1 to 20. Especially preferred cesium salts contain monocarboxylate anions of the formula (CnH2n−1O2)— where n stands for numbers from 1 to 20. Particular mention may be made here of formate, acetate, propionate, hexanoate, and 2-ethylhexanoate.
The cesium salts are used in amounts of from 0.01 to 10 mmol of cesium salt per kg of solvent-free reaction mixture. They are preferably used in amounts of from 0.05 to 2 mmol of cesium salt per kg of solvent-free reaction mixture.
The cesium salts can be added to the reaction mixture in solid form, but preferably in dissolved form. Suitable solvents are polar, aprotic solvents or else protic solvents. Particularly suitable besides water are alcohols; especially suitable are polyols, such as are also used as synthesis units for polyurethanes, such as ethane-, propane-, and butane-diols, for example. The use of the cesium salts makes it possible to carry out the polyaddition reaction under the customary conditions.
Addition to the reaction mixture may take place by any desired method. Thus, for example, it is possible to admix the catalyst (where used) either to the polyisocyanate component (A), (B) and/or to the emulsifier component (C1) before the beginning of the actual reaction. It is also possible to add the catalyst to the reaction mixture at any time during the reaction or else, in a two-stage reaction regime, following the urethanization, i.e., when the NCO content corresponding theoretically to complete conversion of isocyanate and hydroxyl groups has been reached.
The sequence in which components (A), (B), and (C) are mixed is not critical to the invention: for example, the components may be mixed with one another simultaneously, (C), or at least part of it, can be included in an initial charge and then (A) and/or (B) added to that initial charge, or (A) or (B), at least in part, can be included in an initial charge, (C) can be added, and then the last component can be added.
The course of the reaction can be monitored by determining the NCO content by means, for example, of titrimetry. When the target NCO content has been reached the reaction is terminated. In the case of a purely thermal reaction regime, this can be done, for example, by cooling the reaction mixture to room temperature. Where a catalyst of the aforementioned type is used, however, the reaction is generally stopped by adding suitable deactivators. Examples of suitable deactivators include organic or inorganic acids, the corresponding acid halides, and alkylating agents. Examples that may be mentioned include phosphoric acid, monochloroacetic acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, benzoyl chloride, dimethyl sulfate, and, preferably, dibutyl phosphate and also di-2-ethylhexyl phosphate. The deactivators can be used in amounts of from 1 to 200 mol %, preferably from 20 to 100 mol %, based on the number of moles of catalyst.
The resultant polyisocyanate mixtures generally have an NCO content of preferably 6.0 to 23.0% by weight, more preferably 8.5 to 22.0% by weight.
The resulting polyisocyanate mixtures generally have a viscosity at 23� C. of preferably 0.2 to 20 Pas, more preferably 0.5 to 8 Pas.
The process may be carried out where appropriate in a suitable solvent (D) which is inert toward isocyanate groups. Examples of suitable solvents are the conventional paint solvents known per se, such as ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethylene glycol monomethyl or monoethyl ether acetate, 1-methoxy-2-propyl acetate, 3-methoxy-n-butyl acetate, acetone, 2-butanone, iso-butyl methyl ketone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, white spirit, aromatics with relatively high degrees of substitution, such as are sold, for example, under the names Solventnaphtha�, Solvesso�, Shellsol�, Isopar�, Nappar� and Diasol�, propylene glycol diacetate, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol ethyl and butyl ether acetate, N-methylpyrrolidone, and N-methylcaprolactam, and also, preferably, carbonic esters or lactones, which are specified in EP-A1 697 424, page 4 lines 4 to 32, more preferably dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, 1,2-ethylene carbonate and 1,2-propylene carbonate, lactones such as β-propiolactone, γ-butyrolactone, ε-caprolactone, and ε-methylcaprolactone, or else any desired mixtures of such solvents.
It is also possible first to prepare the isocyanates of the invention without solvent and then to use a solvent (D) to take up the product thus obtainable.
The mixtures of the invention preferably comprise in solvent-free form
Based on the total mixture, the solvent (D) may be present in amounts of from 0 to 60% by weight, preferably in amounts of from to 50% by weight.
The mixtures of the invention may be dispersed preferably in water for the purpose of preparing aqueous dispersions; with particular preference, the mixtures of the invention are mixed into aqueous dispersions.
The polyisocyanate formulation of the invention is suitable for modifying aqueous coating materials (paints, protective coatings) for substrates such as wood, wood veneer, paper, paperboard, cardboard, textile, leather, nonwoven, plastics surfaces, glass, ceramic, mineral building materials such as cement moldings and fiber cement slabs, coated or uncoated metals, adhesives or impregnating compositions, for dyeing, for example, based on aqueous dispersions or solutions with a solids content of from 5 to 40% by weight, preferably from 5 to 20% by weight. Suitable coating materials include the aqueous dispersions, known per se, of homopolymers and copolymers of olefinically unsaturated monomers or polyurethanes or else solutions of natural substances, such as of casein, for example.
The polyisocyanate formulations of the invention are added to the aqueous coating materials generally in an amount of 1 to 25% by weight, preferably from 2.5 to 20% by weight, based on the solids content of the coating material.
They are applied to the substrate in a known manner by means, for example, of spraying at a rate of from 5 to 50 g solids/m2.
Suitable dispersions of homopolymers or copolymers of olefinically unsaturated monomers are, for example, conventional dispersions of homopolymers or copolymers based on vinyl esters of carboxylic acids having 2 to 18, preferably 2 to 4, carbon atoms such as vinyl acetate in particular, where appropriate with up to 70% by weight, based on the total amount of olefinically unsaturated monomers, of other olefinically unsaturated monomers, and/or of homopolymers or copolymers of (meth)acrylic esters of alcohols having 1 to 18, preferably 1 to 4, carbon atoms, such as (meth)acrylic acid, methyl, ethyl, propyl, hydroxyethyl or hydroxypropyl esters in particular, together where appropriate with up to 70% by weight of other olefinically unsaturated monomers, and/or butadiene-styrene copolymers having a butadiene content of about 20 to 60% by weight, and/or of other diene polymers or copolymers such as polybutadiene or copolymers of butadiene with other olefinically unsaturated monomers such as styrene, acrylonitrile and/or methacrylonitrile, for example, and/or aqueous dispersions of polymers or copolymers of 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene, where appropriate with other olefinically unsaturated monomers of the type exemplified above, e.g., those with a chlorine content of about 30 to 40% by weight, in particular a chlorine content of about 36% by weight.
Preference is given to aqueous dispersions of copolymers of 90 to 99.5% by weight of acrylates or methacrylates of alkanols containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms and 0.5 to 10% by weight, based in each case on the copolymer, of hydroxyalkyl acrylates and methacrylates having 2 to 20 carbon atoms in the hydroxyalkyl radical, such as hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl or hydroxybutyl acrylate or methacrylate. Such dispersions are known per se and can be prepared conventionally by emulsion polymerization (see Houben-Weyl, Methoden der organischen Chemie, 4th edition, vol. E 20, p. 217 ff.).
Suitable aqueous polyurethane dispersions are those of the type known per se, as described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,479,310, GB-A 1,076,688, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,108,814, 4,092,286, DE-A 2 651 505, U.S. Pat. No. 4,190,566, DE-A 2 732 131 or DE-A 2 811 148.
The aqueous dispersions used may comprise the customary auxiliaries and additives. These include, for example, fillers, such as quartz powder, quartz sand, highly dispersed silica, heavy spar, calcium carbonate, chalk, dolomite or talc, which are often used together with suitable wetting agents such as polyphosphates, for example, such as sodium hexametaphosphate, naphthalenesulfonic acid, ammonium or sodium salts of polyacrylic acids, the wetting agents being added generally in amounts of from 0.2 to 0.6% by weight, based on filler.
Further suitable auxiliaries are organic thickeners to be used in amounts, for example, of from 0.01 to 1% by weight, based on the dispersion, such as cellulose derivatives, alginates, starch or starch derivatives or polyacrylic acid, or inorganic thickeners to be used in amounts of from 0.05 to 5% by weight, based on the dispersion, such as bentonites, for example.
Fungicides for preservation may also be added to the dispersions. These are employed generally in amounts of from 0.02 to 1% by weight, based on the dispersion. Examples of suitable fungicides are phenol and cresol derivatives and also organotin compounds.
Substrates for impregnation are, for example, synthetic or nonsynthetic fibers and/or woven or nonwoven fabrics comprising such fibers.
The mixtures of the invention can be dispersed very finely in aqueous dispersions. The resulting dispersions are very stable on storage. Moreover, little of the water-emulsifiable polyisocyanate need be added in order to set the desired properties of the dispersion or to achieve the desired properties during application.
The mixtures of the invention can of course be provided with customary auxiliaries and additives of coatings technology. These include, for example, defoamers, thickeners, leveling assistants, pigments, emulsifiers, dispersing assistants, and also solvents. The desired processing viscosity is set by adding water.
To prepare the dispersions it is sufficient in the majority of cases to use simple emulsifying techniques, for example, with a mechanical stirrer, or else in many cases simple mixing of the two components by hand, in order to obtain dispersions having very good properties. Naturally it is also possible, however, to employ mixing techniques involving a relatively high shearing energy, such as jet dispersion, for example.
The coating materials comprising the mixtures of the invention may be used in particular as primers, surfacers, pigmented topcoat materials, and clearcoat materials in the sector of automotive refinish or the painting of large-size vehicles. The coating materials are particularly suitable for applications where particularly high application reliability, outdoor weathering stability, optical properties, solvent resistance, chemical resistance, and water resistance are required, such as in automotive refinishing and the painting of large-size vehicles.
The coating materials comprising the mixtures of the invention may be applied by any of a wide variety of spraying methods, such as, for example, air-pressure, airless or electrostatic spraying methods using one-component or two-component spraying units, or else by spraying, troweling, knife coating, brushing, rolling, roller coating, flow coating, laminating, in-mold coating or coextrusion.
The coatings are generally dried and cured under normal temperature conditions, i.e., without heating the coating. Alternatively, the mixtures of the invention may be used to produce coatings which following application are dried and cured at elevated temperature, e.g., at 40-250� C., preferably 40-150� C., and especially from 40 to 100� C.
Despite the fact that certain publications relating to the preparation of water-emulsifiable polyisocyanates, such as DE-A1 40 01 783, EP-A2 206 059, EP-A2 486 881, EP-A1 540 985 or DE-A1 199 58 170, include mixtures of isocyanurates and/or biurets of 1,6-diisocyanatohexane (HDI) and isocyanurates of 1-isocyanato-3,5,5-trimethyl-5-isocyanatomethylcyclohexane (IPDI) with emulsifiers within long lists of suitable starting isocyanates, it was impossible for the skilled worker to infer from any of the abovementioned publications any specific indication whatsoever that the mixtures according to the invention exhibit improved hardness, an improved increase in hardness, and a ready emulsifiability at the same time. Moreover, as compared with the prior art, the mixtures according to the invention exhibit a longer "potlife", this being the period of time within which a batch remains usable after all of the constituents have been mixed, and does not, for example, undergo separation or premature curing.
The examples which follow are intended to illustrate the properties of the invention but without restricting it.
In this specification, unless indicated otherwise, parts are to be understood as meaning parts by weight.
All specimens were tested in the formulation given below:
Binder Dispersion
240 p
Daotan � 1225 (from Solutia)
119 p
Plusaqua � V 608 (from Omya)
310 p
distilled water
18 p
Fluorad � FC 430 (from 3M)
9 p
AMP 90 (from Angus Chemie)
One part of the polyisocyanate was added with stirring to one part of this binder dispersion (amounts relate to nonvolatile weight fractions).
The finished emulsion was applied with a 200 μm doctor blade to a degreased metal panel and was flashed off at room temperature for 20 minutes before the painted panel was baked in a gradient oven for 30 minutes. Prior to testing, the finished panels were stored for 24 hours under standard conditions (50% humidity, 23� C.). The hardness of the paint films was then measured by means of a pendulum damping test in accordance with DIN 53157 (K�nig hardness). Measurements are indicated in pendulum swings (the higher the number of pendulum swings, the harder the paint film).
Isocyanate A1:
HDI isocyanurate having an NCO content of 22.2% and a viscosity at 23� C. of 2.8 Pas
Isocyanate A2:
HDI biuret having an NCO content of 22.0% and a viscosity at 23� C. of 6.4 Pas
Isocyanate B:
IPDI isocyanurate having an NCO content of 17.2% (Vestanat� T 1890/100 from Degussa)
HDI hexamethylene diisocyanate
IPDI isophorone diisocyanate
PC propylene carbonate
p parts by weight
600.5 g (1.20 mol) of a monofunctional polyethylene oxide with a molecular mass of 500, prepared starting from methanol, are added to 3 560 g (18.8 eq NCO) of isocyanate A1. After 3 hours at room temperature, hydrophilicized isocyanate a1 is obtained, with an NCO content of 17.1% and a viscosity of 2.4 Pas. The pure isocyanate a1 obtained can, it is true, be emulsified effectively in water by simple stirring, to give a fine emulsion, but exhibits a slow increase in hardness and a low ultimate hardness. Isocyanate a1 is mixed with isocyanate B at 100� C. in the proportions indicated in table 1. Like isocyanate a1 itself, the mixtures obtained can be emulsified effectively in water by simple stirring, to produce fine emulsions, but have more rapid increases in hardness and higher ultimate hardnesses (table 2).
Isocyanate A1 hydrophilicized, isocyanate B not
(% by
(% by
Example No. 1
Comparative, C
Hardness increase and ultimate hardness of examples 1.1
to 1.3 and comparative
Baking temp.
Pendulum damping
60 g (0.246 eq NCO) of isocyanate B were added to 6.7 g (0.007 mol) of a monofunctional polyethylene oxide with a molecular mass of 1 000, prepared starting from methanol, and the components were stirred at 130� C. for 80 minutes. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature. The product is a solid polyisocyanate (=b1) having an NCO content of 15.2%. The pure hydrophilicized isocyanate b1 can be emulsified in water to give a white, coarse emulsion only with considerable mechanical effort.
By preparing a mixture of isocyanate a1 from example 1 and b1 at 100� C. a readily emulsifiable product is obtained which exhibits better emulsifiability and good properties in respect of the hardness of the coating.
Isocyanates A1 and B hydrophilicized
NCO con-
(% by
(% by
Example No. 2
Comparative, C
Hardness increase and ultimate hardness of examples 2.1
to 2.4 and comparative
Baking Temp.
Pendulum damping
126.3 g (0.25 mol) of a monofunctional polyethylene oxide with a molecular mass of 500, prepared starting from methanol, are added to 800 g (4.19 eq NCO) of isocyanate A2. After 3 hours at 70� C., hydrophilicized isocyanate a2 is obtained, having an NCO content of 17.2% and a viscosity of 6.3 Pas. The pure isocyanate a2 obtained can be emulsified effectively in water but exhibits only poor paint hardness properties.
By preparation of a mixture of isocyanate a2, isocyanate B, and propylene carbonate, a water-emulsifiable product is obtained which exhibits a substantially higher paint hardness than a2 alone.
Isocyanate A2 hydrophilicized, isocyanate B not
NCO con-
(% by
(% by
(% by
Example 3
Comparative C
Hardness increase and ultimate hardness of examples 3.1
to 3.2 and comparative
Baking temp.
Pendulum damping
14 g (0.014 mol) of a monofunctional polyethylene oxide with a molecular mass of 1 000, prepared starting from methanol, were added to a solution of 125 g (0.51 eq NCO) of isocyanate B in 53.6 g of Solvesso� 100 (about 28% by weight). The mixture is stirred at 85� C. for 3 hours and, after cooling, gives a turbid, viscous paste having an NCO content of 11% isocyanate b2, which with considerable mechanical effort can be converted into an aqueous, coarse emulsion.
By preparation of a mixture of isocyanate a2 from example 3, isocyanate b2, and propylene carbonate, water-emulsifiable products were obtained which exhibit substantially better paint hardness properties than a2 alone and an improved emulsifiability as compared with b2 alone.
Isocyanates A2 and B hydrophilicized
NCO con-
Example No.
(% by
(% by
(% by
Comparative, C
Hardness increase and ultimate hardness of examples 4.1
and 4.2 and comparative
Baking temp.
Pendulum damping
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US4190566 | Dec 2, 1976 | Feb 26, 1980 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Water-dispersible polyurethanes |
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US4687813 * | Jan 6, 1986 | Aug 18, 1987 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Production of coatings |
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US5856420 | Apr 17, 1996 | Jan 5, 1999 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Bis(isobutyraldimine) of 1,4-diaminobutane in HDI trimer and biuret-based coatings |
US6426414 * | May 14, 1999 | Jul 30, 2002 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Polyether-modified polyisocyanate mixtures having improved dispersibility in water |
US6472493 * | Nov 23, 1999 | Oct 29, 2002 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Clear coating composition having improved early hardness and water resistance |
DE2651505A1 | Nov 11, 1976 | May 24, 1978 | Bayer Ag | Kationische elektrolytstabile dispersionen |
DE2732131A1 | Jul 15, 1977 | Jan 25, 1979 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von seitenstaendige hydroxylgruppen aufweisenden isocyanat-polyadditionsprodukten |
DE2811148A1 | Mar 15, 1978 | Sep 20, 1979 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von waessrigen polyurethan-dispersionen und -loesungen |
DE4001783A1 | Jan 23, 1990 | Jul 25, 1991 | Bayer Ag | Polyisocyanatgemische, ein verfahren zu ihrer herstellung und ihre verwendung als bindemittel fuer ueberzugsmittel oder als reaktionspartner fuer gegenueber isocyanatgruppen oder carboxylgruppen reaktionsfaehige verbindungen |
DE4113160A1 | Apr 23, 1991 | Oct 29, 1992 | Bayer Ag | Polyisocyanatgemische, ein verfahren zu ihrer herstellung und ihre verwendung |
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DE10007820A1 | Feb 21, 2000 | Aug 23, 2001 | Bayer Ag | Acylharnstoffgruppen enthaltende Polyisocyanatgemische |
DE10161156A1 | Dec 12, 2001 | Jun 18, 2003 | Basf Ag | W�ssrige Polyurethan-Dispersionen, erh�ltlich mit Hilfe von C�siumsalzen |
DE19724199A1 | Jun 9, 1997 | Dec 10, 1998 | Basf Ag | Emulgatoren |
DE19822890A1 | May 22, 1998 | Nov 25, 1999 | Bayer Ag | Neue w��rige 2 K-PUR-Beschichtungssysteme |
DE19847077A1 | Oct 14, 1998 | Nov 25, 1999 | Bayer Ag | Polyether-modifizierte Polyisocyanatgemische mit verbesserter Wasserdispergierbarkeit |
DE19958170A1 | Dec 2, 1999 | Jun 7, 2001 | Bayer Ag | Hochfunktionelle wasserdispergierbare Polyisocyanatgemische |
EP0000194A1 | Jun 26, 1978 | Jan 10, 1979 | Bayer Ag | Preparation of isocyanate-substituted allophanates and their use for the preparation of lacquers |
EP0129813A2 | Jun 16, 1984 | Jan 2, 1985 | BASF Aktiengesellschaft | Coating preparation process |
EP0206059A2 | Jun 6, 1986 | Dec 30, 1986 | Bayer Ag | Water-dispersible polyisocyanate composition and its use as additive for aqueous adhesives |
EP0486881A2 | Nov 7, 1991 | May 27, 1992 | BASF Aktiengesellschaft | Non-aqueous polyisocyanate composition |
EP0531820A1 | Aug 28, 1992 | Mar 17, 1993 | Bayer Ag | Polyisocyanate mixtures, process for their preparation and their use |
EP0540985A1 | Oct 27, 1992 | May 12, 1993 | Bayer Ag | Water-dispersible polyisocyanate mixtures |
EP0548669A2 | Dec 9, 1992 | Jun 30, 1993 | Bayer Ag | Isocyanato carboxylic acids, a method for their preparation and their use |
EP0582166A1 | Jul 26, 1993 | Feb 9, 1994 | Bayer Ag | Multifuctional resins without chlorine for paper finishing |
EP0649866A1 | Oct 7, 1994 | Apr 26, 1995 | Bayer Ag | Lacquer polyisocyanates and their use |
EP0697424A1 | Aug 11, 1995 | Feb 21, 1996 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Blends containing water-emulsifiable isocyanates |
EP0703255A1 | Sep 14, 1995 | Mar 27, 1996 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Water-emulsifiable polyisocyanates |
EP0728785A1 | Feb 13, 1996 | Aug 28, 1996 | Bayer Ag | Water-dispersible polyisocyanate mixtures |
EP0754713A2 | Jul 9, 1996 | Jan 22, 1997 | BASF Aktiengesellschaft | Water-emulsifiable polyisocyanates |
EP0959087A1 | May 8, 1999 | Nov 24, 1999 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Water-dispersable polyether-modified mixtures of polyisocyanates |
EP0959115A1 | May 8, 1999 | Nov 24, 1999 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Aqueous two-component PUR coating systems |
GB994890A | Title not available | |||
GB1076688A | Title not available | |||
WO2001038415A1 | Nov 16, 2000 | May 31, 2001 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Clear coating composition having improved early hardness and water resistance |
Reference | ||
1 | Edited by Stoye, D. et al. "Lackharze", Hanser, p. 195 1996. | |
2 | * | Odian, George, Principles of Polymerization, Third Edition, 1991, pp. 29-33. |
3 | see Houben-Weyl, Methoden der organischen Chemie, 4th ed., vol. E20, pp. 217-226. |
Citing Patent | Filing date | Publication date | Applicant | Title |
US8476362 * | Oct 20, 2009 | Jul 2, 2013 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Moisture-curing polyisocyanate mixtures |
US20100099816 * | Oct 20, 2009 | Apr 22, 2010 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Moisture-curing polyisocyanate mixtures |
CN103788329A * | Oct 29, 2012 | May 14, 2014 | 罗门哈斯公司 | Ethoxylated isocyanate compounds and applications thereof as emulsifiers |
U.S. Classification | 524/590, 156/330.9, 427/385.5, 427/372.2, 524/591, 524/839, 524/589, 156/331.7, 524/840, 156/331.4 |
International Classification | C09D7/12, B05D7/24, C08G18/79, C09D175/00, C09J175/08, C08K5/3477, C09J4/00, C08L71/02, C08K3/20, C08L75/00, C09J101/00, C08G18/78, C09D175/08, C09J175/04, B05D3/02, C08G18/28, C09J11/06, C09J201/00, C09D175/04, C09J5/00, C08J3/00, C08K5/21, C08G18/70 |
Cooperative Classification | C08G18/7831, C08G18/792, C08G18/706, C08G18/283, C09D175/00 |
European Classification | C08G18/78B4F, C08G18/70K5D, C08G18/28D5F, C08G18/79D4, C09D175/00 |
Date | Code | Event | Description |
Mar 1, 2005 | AS | Assignment | Owner name: BASF AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, GERMANY Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HAEBERLE, KARL;KOENIGER, RAINER;WAGNER, EVA;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:016318/0967 Effective date: 20030829 |
Dec 24, 2012 | FPAY | Fee payment | Year of fee payment: 4 |
Dec 22, 2016 | FPAY | Fee payment | Year of fee payment: 8 |


text:
Do you have a sinister sound? Is your music as dark and demented as the pages of FANGORIA? Then you're likely familiar with our lurid label FANGORIA Musick, from which FANGORIA releases some of the most terrifying tunes out there in the digital music space. Now, FANGORIA Musick takes the next step in its eerie evolution as it is opening its doors to any and all musicians for their next unique compilation album, entitled THE HORDE MIXTAPE!
Read more »-
Books/Art/Culture,Fangoria Musick,Mixtapes,News Fangoria Staff
FANGO Flashback: "PRISON"
Fearful Features,Movies/TV,News Ken W. HanleyFor longtime readers of FANGORIA.com, this writer's affection for the work of Renny Harlin has been well-documented. With genuinely awesome cinematic offerings such as MINDHUNTERS, DEEP BLUE SEA, A NIGHTMARE ON ELM STREET PART IV, THE LONG KISS GOODNIGHT, DIE HARD 2 and CLIFFHANGER under his belt, few directors can capture the spirit of popcorn entertainment better than Harlin. Even his cinematic missteps- FORD FAIRLANE, DEVIL'S PASS and EXORCIST: THE BEGINNING- are perhaps hobbled by their own ambition, and the fact that they still are fairly entertaining in their own right is a testament to Harlin's work as a filmmaker. Yet unfortunately, too few horror hounds have seen one of Harlin's legitimately best terror titles: the 1988 haunting thriller PRISON.
Read more » -
Transgressive Terror Attraction "DYSTOPIA" Frightens Up N.J., U.K. Experiences!
Books/Art/Culture,News Ken W. HanleyConsidering their growing popularity among more adventurous and daring horror audiences, it's no wonder why the cult-like atmosphere of extreme, immersive haunts is becoming an art form in and of itself. Of course, one of the most controversial figures in that arena would be Russ McKamey, whose McKamey Manor and other full-contact haunt experiences have lead to protests, regional bans and psychological scars for the unprepared. Following his exile from his successful, Long Island-based haunt, McKamey has teamed with NY horror collective Fringe Horror Theatre to create his latest immersive experience, DYSTOPIA, which has finally found a pair of venues daring enough to bring it to life.
Read more » -
FANGORIA Podcast Network: "THE GIRLS IN THE BACK ROW" Dig Up Indie Vampire Flicks!
Books/Art/Culture,Features/Interviews,Home,News Fangoria StaffOut of all the subgenres in horror history, few have as much of a storied history with women as vampire horror. From its Gothic beginnings to contemporary reinventions, vampire horror has tackled subjects of lust, hunger, power, and mortality in perspectives that challenged traditional gender roles throughout the years. With that in mind, THE GIRLS IN THE BACK ROW tackle a pair of independent vampire horror films that continue that unique tradition: A GIRL WALKS HOME ALONE AT NIGHT and ONLY LOVERS LEFT ALIVE!
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Found Footage… For Real: Jim Gillespie's Award-Winning Short Film, "JOYRIDE"!
Fearful Features,Movies/TV,News Ken W. HanleyIn the wild world of Hollywood, there are numerous dream archetypes by which most filmmakers hope to find themselves eventually inhabiting. For some, it's that one's screenplay reaches the right person on the right day at the right time, launching them into a career not unlike Quentin Tarantino or Shane Black. For others, it's the path more frequently taken, especially as video hosting has become the norm: a filmmaker directs a short, it gets seen by the right people, and the next thing they know, they're running full-speed on the path of becoming the next go-to studio director. And while that dream may not be a complete fantasy- just ask genre directors such as Andres Muschietti, Fede Alvarez or David Sanberg-, the pure glut of short films on the web and in festivals nowadays has turned those chances into those akin to hitting the lottery.
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CA! Meet Tim Thomerson etc. at "TRANCERS" cast/crew reunion and CD signing this weekend
Movies/TV,News Michael GingoldOne of the most beloved films from Charles Band and Empire Pictures (and the franchise it spawned) is celebrated this weekend at a Burbank, CA event celebrating the release of the TRANCERS soundtrack on CD. Read on for the guest list and other details.
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"WEIRD DETECTIVE #1" (Comic Book Review)
Book and Comic Reviews,Books/Art/Culture,News Svetlana FedotovSolving supernatural mysteries requires a very specific set of skills, the most preferred being a dictionary-like knowledge of the occult, a taste for cheap whiskey, and a hefty dose of self-loathing from continuously watching your loved ones being ripped apart by the denizens of Hell. Luckily for us, WEIRD DETECTIVE manages avoid all those tropes, instead creating a detective who is just as strange as the cases he seems to solve. Dark Horse's newest comic is a refreshing addition to the heavily saturated genre of horror noir while harking back to that WEIRD TALES vibe that turned many a reader into a raving maniac howling from the abyss.
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Toys of Terror #103
Books/Art/Culture,Features/Interviews,Home,News Ken W. HanleyWelcome to TOYS OF TERROR, Fango's weekly feature exhibiting the coolest horror accessories across the web. Whether you're a collector, connoisseur or simply making your love of horror a family affair, these petrifying playthings are likely to impress even the most heartless horror fan. So if you're searching for a ghoulish gift, look no further…
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"OUTCAST: Season 1, Episode 1" (TV Review)
Movies/TV,News,Reviews Ken W. HanleyFor fans of Robert Kirkman's particular brand of pulp horror, one certainly knows the value of patience. While OUTCAST, the new exorcism horror series from Kirkman and Cinemax, does start out of the gate with a bit of stomach-twisting nastiness (including one shot that is guaranteed to give off phantom pains), the narrative itself does demand that the audience follow the story at a specific pace, investing its time into building the characters and world before throwing us into exorcist action. In some ways, it's tonally more akin to the likes of HANNIBAL than Kirkman's own WALKING DEAD, with mature, artful storytelling with glimpses of brutal, goosebump-inducing horror. But by no means does this mean OUTCAST is any less of a horror show, and in its debut episode, the series offers a layered tale of terror that's engages you intimately before bringing its nightmares to life.
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FANGORIA Podcast Network: Joe & Pat get Greed-y on "WE'LL SEE YOU IN HELL"!
Books/Art/Culture,Features/Interviews,Home,News Fangoria StaffGreed may not be good, but it is certainly somewhat necessary in all of our lives. Whether it's for experience, personal gain, financial gain or to rise in your profession, greed is something that is relatively common among the seven deadly sins, and can even be manageable if one is not consumed by the need for Greed. So, of course, Greed lives decadently on this week's WE'LL SEE YOU IN HELL!
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Falls Horror Fest Scares Up Killer Line-Up!
Movies/TV,News Fangoria StaffWhile those in the Niagara Falls, Canada, area know that Niagara Falls Comic Con has become a hub of nerd culture, horror fans know that the venue also is home to the Falls Horror Fest. From June 3rd to June 5th, the event features over 5,000 square feet of horror exhibitors, celebrities, artists, props, makeup, costumes, free Q&As and workshops, and much, much more.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hanging Plant Cage Pendant Light
Lightbulb at the centre top surrounded by a cage feature, a medium sized cup sits gently on the bottom far from the power. Perfectly safe and very suitable for vines.
Hang some plants and light up the room!
Number of bulbs | 1 |
Power | 60W, 110 - 240V |
Fitting type | E27 |
Material | Metal |
Colour | White |
Measurements | 40cm D x 40cm H x 1.2m cable |
Total package weight | 4 kg |
Compatibility: |
This light is compatible to be used in: USA 110volt EU / UK 220~240volt AU / NZ 220~240volt |
Free Shipping Eligibility |
FREE shipping for orders above $150 to the USA, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Singapore, Japan and South Korea. |


text:
Corporate News
Nakumatt eyes PE investors in June to fund expansion plans
Thursday, April 19, 2012 19:52Retailer Nakumatt Holdings is seeking to open talks with private equity investors and international retailers from June to help fund its regional expansion plans.
The managing director of the retail chain Atul Shah told The African Report in its April issue that it will consider bringing on board fresh investors to the family-owned supermarket after hanging up on Sudanese billionaire Mo Ibrahim in 2009.
The chain has indicated its intention to extend its wings to West and South Africa as part of its strategic plan to grow beyond the East African region with Nigeria, Gambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Malawi on its radar.
"We shall be ready again to talk with trading partners after June this yea after closing and auditing our books," Mr Shah said.
"Yes, we were looking at PE a few years ago with Mo Ibrahim, but at that time we were not happy with our books," he said.
Nakumatt turned to commercial banks for funds after buy-out talks with a consortium led by London-based private equity firm Satya Capital collapsed, sending the management back to the drawing board. Satya Capital is associated with Dr Mo Ibrahim.
Mr Shah told Reuters in February that the chain would initially seek to sell a 15 per cent to 18 per cent stake for $50 million (Sh4.2 billion) to private equity investors and invite international retailers to take up about 25 per cent to 30 per cent thereafter.
Nakumatt is currently owned by the Atul Shah family and Hotnet Ltd, a company associated with the Kilome Member of Parliament Harun Mwau. The supermarket management want to attract equity investors rather than rely on costly bank loans, and does not intend to list on the Nairobi bourse for the next four years, said the company. The chain, which targets middle and upper income customers, has a total of 36 branches in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda, and hopes to open outlets in South Sudan and Burundi by the end of next year.
"Our next landing will be in West and South Africa where we want to conquer and create more wealth not only for Kenya, but for Africa," Mr Shah told the Business Daily recently, added that the retail chain expects to grow sales 20 per cent in the year to June.
(Read: Nakumatt eyes expansion to South Africa)
As the continent's middle class continues to expand, with more disposable incomes and a refined taste in consumer goods, Nakumatt plans to increase the number of branches to 50 across Africa by 2014.
In the Headlines
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By DENNIS ODUNGA1 hour ago
Treasury's Sh20bn KQ loan terms alarm MPs
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text:
Because History Repeats Itself
In the last decades of the 19th century, an American named Wong Chin Foo tried to organize the small Chinese American community of New York City against mounting calls that "the Chinese must go!" During a time of economic hardship following the Civil War, Chinese in America became a perfect pincushion for aspiring politicians. Wong was part of a tiny politically active cadre. They were an exception among the hundreds of thousands of Chinese who lived in America but outside of its politics. The whole lot were thus defenseless against racially charged attacks from soapbox speeches to the Senate floor to the lynch mobs in the Los Angeles night. In 1882 Chinese became the only ethnic group to ever be deemed ineligible for American citizenship. Wong would not live to see the end of his Sisyphean crusade; the Exclusion Acts were not repealed until 1943 after millions of Chinese had, and continued to die fighting the Empire of Japan, a fact that greatly aided America's own war effort.
Today, many Asian Americans still shirk politics. Our voter registration and turnout rates are the lowest of any racial group. Maybe we feel that we have nothing to gain or lose from an act as simple as voting. This year Asian Americans, especially non-Muslim and East Asian Americans, have not been targeted by racist and bigoted politics to the extent of many other groups. However, don't think for a minute that this means we have achieved coveted "white privilege" status. What do you suppose a person that votes to ban Muslim arrivals or deport Latino immigrants thinks of people who look like us? How does opinion about our communities change when both political parties make a sport of bashing Asian countries for ruining the American economy and for threatening national security?
Since the founding of our country, people from Asia have come to these shores in search of economic opportunity. We ascribe to a very American narrative that individual hard work is the secret ingredient to success. If we keep our heads down, slowly disappear, the rest of the country will live and let live. We carry on at the margins of society, hoping to have first pick of the crumbs that the dominant groups in this country let fall from their table. "Success" achieved this way is a privilege, not a right; we exist at the permission of the ruling class. How quickly that privilege can be taken away: from Pearl Harbor to Japanese Internment, the rise of Japanese manufacturing to Vincent Chin, 9/11 to the Oak Creek shooting, the renaissance of China to Xi Xiaoxing, when Americans taste bitter in world events, Asians among us suffer as scapegoats.
Unlike in Wong's time, our community is not only able but encouraged to participate in politics. Today we are the fastest growing racial group in the country. Although they still exist, we face fewer barriers at the ballot box than ever before. Multilingual ballots can be found at many polls. You can vote absentee from home or bring friends or family to assist at the voting booth. From the city council member who fixes the roads in your town to the president who directs our nation's grand strategy, elected officials want to hear from our community. The responsibility is now on us to grasp these opportunities on November 8th and beyond. We are blessed to live in a democratic society under the rule of law. This means that although we are less than 6% of the population and 4% of registered voters, when Asian Americans vote, we create the institutions that protect our communities and sponsor our success. We shout that we are of this country and that this country is of us.


text:
Title | Houstonian 1999 |
Creator (Local) |
Place of Creation (TGN) |
Date | 1999 |
Description | This edition of the Houstonian, published in 1999, is the official yearbook of the University of Houston. |
Subject.Topical (LCSH) |
Genre (AAT) |
Language | English |
Type (DCMI) |
Original Item Location | LD2281.H745 H6 v. 65 1999 |
Original Item URL | http://library.uh.edu/record=b1158762~S11 |
Digital Collection | Houstonian Yearbook Collection |
Digital Collection URL | http://digital.lib.uh.edu/collection/yearb |
Repository | Special Collections, University of Houston Libraries |
Repository URL | http://info.lib.uh.edu/about/campus-libraries-collections/special-collections |
Use and Reproduction | This image is in the public domain and may be used freely. If publishing in print, electronically, or on a website, please cite the item using the citation button. |
File Name | index.cpd |
Title | Student Life Division |
Format (IMT) |
File Name | yearb1999020.jpg |
Transcript | A PRAYER for BRENDA by Leslie Castleman For some, finding the time between work, school, and life in general to regularly attend a church service was nearly impossible. For others, like part time graduate student Brenda Brunston, it was not so hard. Brunston moved to Houston from Georgia, where she was raised in a Catholic family with two brothers and one sister. Finding a place to continue her worship was important to her and after a period of not attending services, she decided to visit the Catholic center. Shortly after, she began receiving e-mail greetings and information concerning upcoming events, which led to her attending meetings and mass. l Although living on campus gave her a chance meet people and make new friends, Brunston felt she had a special bond to those she met through the center. It is at the Center where I have found the friends who I will continue to stay in touch with," Brunston said, "even after I leave Houston in May." Brunston, served as the Vice President of the Catholic Student Association, and believed that the community's involvement and support was important to the center. "The center has a very strong foundation built by not only the students but members of the community" she said. When students become active members, they often leave after they graduate, but there are members of the community who attend before the students come and will continue to long after students go. While working part time at the Catholic Newman Association and attending to her nine hours of class and study time, "going the week without taking the hour or so to regroup leaves me frazzled," says Brunston. PETE MEDRANO |


text:
Star Wars Galaxy of Heroes APK MOD
Star Wars: Galaxy of Heroes / Description
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Chef Matthias Merges (Yusho, Billy Sunday) heads south to Hyde Park, bringing Italian and French cuisine in the form of small plates, pizza, pasta dishes, sweets and Sunday brunch. The name of the restaurant derives from Merges's travels along the A10 motorway in Europe. The lunch and dinner crowd can choose from small plates like wood fired snails and chicken liver mousse, among others, and large plates featuring fish, steak, pork and even rabbit as the main components. Pasta dishes with a twist area available as well--such as the pheasant agnolotti with brown butter and sage. Choose from one of several sides to accompany your meal--from stone ground polenta and eggplant gratin. The Sunday brunch menu features Quiche Lorraine, the A10 burger with pork jowl bacon, tallegio and mustard jam, and spruced-up favorites like French toast with red wine poached pear, polenta griddle cakes and an olive oil doughnut with lemon curd. The drink list features craft cocktails with a variety of bitters, as well as beer and wine.
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Education You Can Build On Education Central Engage, Apply, Retain Emerson 6" Series Thermostats Homeowner Support Hotline: 800-284-2925 Note: This module covers common elements. Refer to Specification Sheet or Installation Instructions for detailed information.
Application Coverage by SystemModel Stages Heat / Cool by System ApplicationsProgramming OptionsPower Source Single Stage (SS) Multi-Stage (MS) Heat Pump (HP1 or HP2) Universal (All) Model Number Single Stage Multi-Stage Heat Pump Gas/Oil/Electric 3-Wire Zone Value Millivolt Compatible Humidity Control Program Days per Week Program Periods per Day Hardwire Battery Power Assist Universal - Wireless 1F98EZ-16211/12/24/2 ✓ H,D7, Ø4, 2, ØB Universal 1F95-0680 Commercial 1/12/24/2 ✓✓✓ 7, 5+1+1, Ø4, 2, ØB,H,PA 1F95EZ-0671 Easy Reader 1/12/24/2 ✓✓✓ Ø, 74, 2, ØB,H,PA 1F95-06711/12/24/2 ✓✓✓ 7, 5+1+1, Ø4, 2, ØB,H,PA Emerson 6" Thermostats Selecting the Right Thermostat for the Job
Applications Wiring Configuration Programming Featured Products In This Module – 1F98EZ-1621 4 Wire Universal –1F95-0680 Commercial, Universal –1F95EZ-0671 Easy Reader, Universal 6" Series Thermostats Agenda Comfort Interface Sensor Equipment Control
Staging By System Type Programming Options Applications Terminal Identification Part Number Look at the Box for Detailed Information
Intuitive operating choices –One Button – One Function Universal Up to 4 heat / 2 cool Large, Easy to Read Characters –Easy to view without glasses Simple-to-use Non-Programmable Thermostat –7-day programming can be enabled if desired Dual Fuel Capable with Smart Fuel™ Logic Program –No outdoor sensor need for Furnace / Heat Pump Systems –No Fossil Fuel Kit Required 6" Series Thermostat Overview
6" Series Specification Sheets Contain Detailed Information
6" Series Applications ApplicationStagesProgrammingFeatureType Universal4/2 7, 0Wireless EZ Install1F98EZ-1621 7, 5+1+1, 0Commercial1F95-0680 0, 7Easy Reader1F95EZ-0671 7, 5+1+1, 06" Screen1F95-0671
6" Series Terminal Designations 6" Series Universal, Conventional or Heat Pump TerminalDescription1F95-06711F95EZ-06711F95-06801F98EZ-1621 Programming7, 5+1+1, 00, 77, 5+1+1, 00, 7 W/E Stages4/2 1 st. Stage Heat (SS1, MS2) or Aux Heat 1st Stage (HP) ● W2 2 nd Stage Heat (MS2) or Aux Heat 2nd Stage (HP2) ● Y 1 st Stage Compressor (SS, MS2 or HP) ● Y2 2 nd Stage Compressor (MS2 or HP2) ● O/BReversing Valve Combined● GFan Relay● RH and RC24 VAC Hot (TH) Separate● R24 VAC Hot (TH) ● C 24 VAC Common (TR) Wire ● LDiagnostics● +, S, -Remote Sensor Terminals● ● 6 Wet Heat, 3 Wire Zone Valve ●●● Hum, Dehum(2)Humidity Terminals ● A1Economizer ● Note:Outdoor SensorEasy ReaderCommercial Wireless Easy Install
6" Series Heat Pump / Dual Fuel Staging Detail Stage+ HP1 Heat Mode HP2 Heat Mode HP2 w/2 stage Dual Fuel Heat Mode 1 st Y1 Compressor 2 nd W/E Aux, stage 1Y2 Compressor 3 rd W2 Aux, stage 2W/E Aux, stage 1W/E 1 st Stage Gas 4 th W2 Aux, stage 2W2 2 nd Stage Gas Dual fuel option de-energizes any compressor stage when auxiliary heat is energized
Power Stealing Assist extends battery life significantly by drawing "stealing" small amounts of voltage from the heat (W) or cool (Y) circuit. Power Stealing Switches on the back of the thermostat should be left in the "ON" position for most systems. On a small number of heating or cooling systems with high impedance electronic modules you may observe one of the following conditions: –The furnace, draft inducer or fan run or continue running when the thermostat is not calling for operation. Switch the "W" dip switch to OFF. –If the condition continues to occur switch the "Y" dip switch to OFF to disable Power Stealing Assist completely and operate the thermostat on batteries only. Power Stealing Assist Extends Battery Life If the Power Stealing Assist method is not compatible with your system both switches can be turned off and the thermostat will operate normally. Not available on the Easy Reader 1F95EZ-0671
6" Series Wiring for Conventional Systems - AC Furnace (No Heat Pump) ** * Common connection optional – required for diagnostic indicator ** For two transformer systems remove the jumper Single Stage (SS) in Red Multi-Stage (MS) add Orange #6 Terminal is for a 3 wire zone valve
6" Series Wiring Heat Pump Single Stage (HP1) in Red Multi-Stage (HP2)) and Green **
6" Series Easy Viewer Configuration Outdoor Unit Type Thermostat Configuration OptionsThermostat Applications # Stages Heat / Cool Air Conditioner Single Stage 1 (SS1) No Heat Pump – Single Stage Compressor Gas Oil Electric Heat Only / Cool Only Split Heat/Cool Systems 2 or 3 wire Hydronic Zone (Hot Water or Steam) Systems 24 VAC or Milli-volt 1 / 1 Multi Stage 2 (MS2) No Heat Pump – Two Stage Compressor 2 / 2 Heat Pump Heat Pump 1 (HP1) Heat Pump – Single Stage Compressor Single Stage Compressor Heat Pump Systems Up to Two Stages Aux/Emergency Heat 3 / 1 Heat Pump 2 (HP2) Heat Pump – Two Stage or Two Compressor Two Stage or Two Compressor Heat Pump Systems Up to Two Stages Aux/Emergency Heat 4 / 2 Four Thermostats in One
6" Series Navigation Battery Status = Full Charge = Half Capacity Change = Replace Batteries Indicates Heat Pump System (does not appear for multi-stage or single stage Heat Button Press to select Heating Off Button Press to turn off both Heating and Air Conditioning systems and Fan Fan Button Press to select Fan operation Fan = Fan On/Continuous Fan = Fan Auto – Fan runs only during a call for Heat or Air Conditioning (typical setting) A/C Button Press to select Air Conditioning Button Labels Solid colored labels Indicate selection is On. Non-solid or outlined labels Indicate not selected of Off. (Heat is on in this example) Actual Room Temperature Desired Temperature Run Button Menu Button Temperature Adjustment Buttons
6" Entering System Configuration 1. System must be in HEAT or A/C Mode 2. Press and hold the MENU button for five seconds Most technical service calls are the result of improper system configuration
After steps 1 and 2, Press RUN to get the system running quickly MENU ITEM DISPLAY (DEFAULT)OPTIONSCOMMENTS System Configuration(MS 2) SS1, MS2, HP1, HP2 Installer Set Electric Heat Fan(GAS)GAS, ELEInstaller Set 1. Choose System 2. Select Fan Function 6" Application Specific Versus Customization—Don't Go Overboard!
Outdoor Unit Type Thermostat Configuration Options Air Conditioner Single Stage 1 (SS1) No Heat Pump – Single Stage Compressor Multi Stage 2 (MS2) No Heat Pump – Two Stage Compressor Menu Item Display (Default)OptionsComments System Configuration (MS 2) SS1, MS2, HP1, HP2 Installer Set Electric Heat Fan(GAS)GAS, ELEInstaller Set Choose Your System Press Up / Down to select system type Press MENU to go to Step 2
Menu Item Display (Default)OptionsComments System Configuration (MS 2) SS1, MS2, HP1, HP2 Installer Set Electric Heat Fan(GAS)GAS, ELEInstaller Set Select Fan Function If there is Gas Heat in the system, leave on Gas (default) Press Up / Down to select Press Menu to go to additional configuration options Press Run to complete initial configuration
Configuration Punch List Record settings of key items for Homeowner Reference
MENU ITEM These Menu Items MUST be correct for the applications! NOTE: Item Numbers are different depending on application selected. SS1 MS2 (Fossil Fuel) HP1 HP2 (Heat Pump) Displayed (Default) Press Δ or to Select From Listed Options Comments 11(MS 2)HP 1, HP 2, SS 1 Selects Multi-Stage (MS 2 No Heat Pump), Heat Pump 1 (HP 1, 1 compressor), Heat Pump 2 (HP 2, 2 compressor or 2 speed compressor), or Single Stage (SS 1) 22 (GAS) for SS or MS ELE GAS setting: furnace controls the blower ELE setting: thermostat controls the blower 12 P (0)7Defaults to P (0) non-programmable P (7) is 7-day programming 13 PS (2)4 Selects Program either 2 or 4 periods per day: –19 dF (0)1 to 9 Selects dF (dual Fuel) setting. 0 is Off (If dual Fuel option is required, a selection of 5 is recommended) Cd (60) 0 to 99Selects compressor delay in seconds when dF is greater than 0 1820A/C On (o)Heat On (b) Selects operation of the reversing valve terminal (O/B) output as an O or B terminal 6" Configuration Items That Are APPLICATION CRITICAL Denotes Critical to the Application
Configuration Menu, Denotes Critical to the Application Denotes not application critical but an option you may want to consider MENU ITEM DISPLAY DEFAULTOPTIONSCOMMENTS 1.System Configuration (MS 2) HP1, HP2, SS1 2.Electric Heat Fan(GAS)ELE 3. EMRE (On)Off Not enable in non- programmable 4. Heat Cycle RateCr HEAT (ME)SL, FASS1, MS2 only 5. Heat Pump Configuration Cycle Rate Cr Heat / A/C (ME) SL, FAHP1, HP2 only 6.A/C Cycle Rate or Aux Cycle Rate Cr A/C (ME) or CR Aux Heat A/C Off SL, FA SL SS1, MS2 only HP1, HP2 only 7.Compressor Lockout Time CL (OFF)CL ON Compressor Lock Out Engaged EMR starts system before program time Application Specific Set By Installer
Configuration Options MENU ITEMDISPLAY DEFAULTOPTIONSCOMMENTS 8. System Mode Configuration (Heat, A/C, Off) Heat, Off, Fan/ Heat, Off/ A/C Off Installer Set 9. Compressor Optimization CO (OFF)OnInstaller Set 10. LCD Display Light dL(ON)OFF Selects Display Light On or Off 11. Temperature Display Adj. Hi (0)1 to 5 Hi or LO Adjustment of Temperature Display 12. °F/°C Selection(°F)°CFahrenheit/Celsius CO gives you a Fan On / Off delay in cooling
Configuration Options MENU ITEM DISPLAY DEFAULTOPTIONSCOMMENTS 14.Schedules per week P (0)7 Ships as Non- Programmable 15.Periods per dayPS(2)4Number of Periods/Day 15. Fast HEATHEAT FA (On)OffOption to Disable 16. Fast A/CA/C FA (On)OffOption to Disable 17. Daylight Savings Time dS (On)Off Automatic Time Adjustment for Daylight Savings Time 18. Temp Range Heat Limit HL (99)62 - 98 Limit the amount of temperature change allowed 19. Temp Range A/C Limit LL (45) 46-82 Aux. heat comes on if the temp is manually raised a few degrees Control energy costs and childproof a thermostat
Configuration Options MENU ITEM DISPLAY (DEFAULT)OPTIONSCOMMENTS 20. Dual Fuel Setting plus DF Compressor Delay dF (0) Cd (60) 1 to 9 00 to 99 Selecting 1 to 9 enables Dual Fuel Option 21. O/B Output Configuration On A/C (O)On Heat (B) O defaults to heat B defaults to cool 22. Exit Menu Application Specific Set By Installer (HP1 or HP)
Two Options for Staging 1.Smart Logic (Computed Staging) –Easy Viewer tracks system performance and calculates optimum time to bring on additional stages (0 to 30 minutes). Note: Depending on system performance the time for staging will vary depending on the algorithm software. The calculation is not purely time nor temperature based. Staging times are going to vary from day to day. Gives homeowner the choice of cost savings or comfort 2.Fast Second Stage (Optional feature) –Brings additional heat stage when temperature is manually raised 3°F –Gives homeowner optimal comfort For initial startup, configure for Fast Second Stage to save time evaluating system operations
Staging Logic versus Outside Sensor Dual Fuel Applications (Optional) –Easy Viewer uses its Smart Logic to manage coordination of heat pump and furnace operation. When the Dual Fuel stages are called for the Easy Viewer will shut down the compressors on the heat pump. Without the use of an outdoor sensor and a fossil fuel kit If you normally use an outdoor sensor and a fossil fuel kit for dual fuel applications the Easy Reader is a great solution! Think of the time and money you will save on the next installation.
6" Dual Fuel Settings—No Sensor Req. The Dual Fuel Logic allows control of a heat pump with fossil fuel backup heat without the use of a fossil fuel kit. When fossil fuel is called for the thermostat will turn off the compressor and switch to gas heat automatically using the Dual Fuel Logic algorithm. Access the Configuration Menu Step 20 –The dual fuel setting options range is 0 to 9 0 is default Off allowing electric heat to be used –Settings of 1 to 9 is a value used in the software algorithm. Up for Comfort –Increasing the value up to the max of 9 will result smaller staging separation Down for Energy Savings –Decreasing the value to a minimum of 1 will result in larger separation Select Compressor Delay – When dF is enabled, the shut down of the compressor(s) is delayed for a time period after the auxiliary stage is energized. This delay, Cd, is factory set at 60, but can be set in the range of 0 to 99 seconds by using the PLUS or MINUS touchpad's.
6" Program Worksheet Technical Service has never spoken to anyone who could not program the thermostat once they filled out the schedule worksheet in the manual and KEPT it. Save a call back and fill it out with the homeowner. Ensure they have the Homeowner Support Hotline: 888-616-0030
6" Home Screen Programmable Mode Day of Week Time of Day Programmed Period Button used for Scheduling Buttons used for Forward or Back AUX, Heat Pump Only (to energize AUX press and hold HEAT button for 5 seconds) Mon 12:24 A Day Menu AUX
6" Set Time and Day 1.In Heat or AC, press Menu button 2.Press the Time button to display hour and A or P 3.Press the UP/DOWN button to set correct hour and AM or PM 4.Press Time to display minutes 5.Repeat steps 3 and 4 to set minutes, year, month and day of week 6.Press Run to return to home screen Time Run Menu/ UP/ DOWN
6" Configure Program Options System must be set for Heat or Cool. Press the Menu button for at least 5 seconds. The display will display step #1 in the configuration menu Press the UP button to the configuration Menu No –Select the programs per week by pressing UP/DOWN button "0" for non-programmable "7" for independent program days Press the UP button to the configuration Menu No –Select the programs per day by pressing UP/DOWN button "2" for Morn/Eve program periods per day "4" for Morn/Day/Eve/Night program periods per day Press Run
Heat Adv Day Time Run Sched 72 Day 6:00 P Mon Sched Menu 6" How to Set A Program 1.In Heat mode, press the MENU button to display additional button choices. 2.Press Sched button. The display will show the day being programmed and the time and desired temperature for the period. Either "Day" for two period configuration or "Morn" for four period configuration will be displayed to indicate the period. "Heat" is displayed indicating the mode being programmed. 3.Press the UP/DOWN button to change the temperature to your selected temperature for the 1 st. Heating period. 4.Press the TIME button to toggle between Time and Temperature. Press the UP/DOWN buttons to adjust the start time for the period in 15 minute increments. 5.Press Sched to advance to the next program period. 6.Repeat steps 3 through 5 until all of the program times and temperatures are set for all program periods for that day. 7.Use the Copy button to copy current day's program to any other day or press Adv Day and repeat steps 3 through 6 until all programs are entered. 8.Press Run to complete programming TimeRun UP/ DOWN
Features Your Customer Should Be Aware Of Auxiliary Heating (Equivalent to Emergency Mode) –To turn on – Hold Heat button for 5 seconds – (Heat Pump) changes to bold (Aux Heat On) Temporary Temperature Hold (2 hours) –Press the Up or Down button to change the temp. Permanent Temperature Hold (Indefinitely) –Press the Up or Down button to change the temp. –Press the Hold button to complete Systems Diagnostics –"Call for Service" will display if your system has diagnostic capabilities and is wired to the "L" terminal Power to "L" triggers "CALL FOR SERVICE"
Troubleshooting Tips "My thermostat brings on 2 nd stage too fast! I don't want to use the expensive back-up heat" –Solution: Homeowner needs to lower temperature settings to avoid use of that stage of heat. "My thermostat won't bring on 2nd stage, even when I raise the temperature a few degrees, for 15 or 20 minutes sometimes" –Solution: Turn on the fast 2nd stage. "I've been timing the thermostat to see when it brings on the back-up heat and writing it down. This thing is possessed" –Solution : Put down the stop watch. It is a complicated calculation, not solely time or temperature based.
Some Things To Remember Most common mistake is not choosing correct configuration for the application –SS, MS, HP1, HP2 Easy Reader does not have Staging Indicators –Designed intentionally for simplicity of operation Easy Reader ships as a Non-Programmable –Ask the homeowner if they want programmable Dual Fuel can be used on both HP1 and HP2 –Some think it is only for HP2
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Mayhem # 2095771
About MeHey!Thanks for popping by my page ;) I am a part time model with 5 years experience behind me working alongside a wide range of photographers, MUA's and stylist. I work full time so I am free to shoot on weekends however, if you are local, I am always happy to shoot in the evenings. I do mainly Payed work however if you have an awesome idea i am happy to do TF. I DO NOT do any nude/topless/etc. However i DO do lingerie/swimwear and so on. - Height: 5ft8inch - Shoe Size: 6 - Dress Size: 6 - Bust/Cup: 32 B/C - Long Blonde hair (occasionally i tone it candyfloss pink and am happy to do this for shoots) - Green eyes I am easy to work with, very laid back and If I'm honest...i don't take much seriously so we will be sure to have a laugh. I have on many occasions done my own hair and makeup. Most of the shoots you can view below are my own work. I have also done many Fashion and Hair fashion shows and am confident on the catwalk. I have been published in many magazines and wedding and fashion websites. As you can see (hard to miss it) i do have a dimple which i am more than happy to be edited out of images however this has got me work many times. If i had a choice it wouldn't exist. Ha! So do not be afraid to ask if you can edit it out. On the plus side, i am lucky enough to be very toned without working out. My horse is my gym. Onto my horse, She is a VERY big grey (white) horse in which i am also happy to be involved in shoots. Feel free to drop me a message. I am always open to idea's and happy to hear from you. X. CreditsHave you worked with -Rach-? Add Credits for -Rach-! >>Credit Notes#2428745 Sev Landan - Photographer#2442222 Dress simple - Make up Artist #2434943 RobGardner - Photographer #1554956 LucieZphotography - photographer #1710295 Make up by amna - make up artist #2763013 ChrisWRCox - Photographer Friends


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Ronnie King
Daily Forecast for March 29th 2017
Ronnie King is a male celebrity.
He was born on Friday August 1st 1947, in Rotterdam, Netherlands,.
March 29th 2017 combines responsibilities with financial opportunity for Ronnie King.
It is a day of emotional strength for Ronnie, and he may find himself playing the role of counseling and comforting in domestic affairs and among his friends, up to the point of self-sacrifice.
While studying the color and flavor of the day, it is a good practice to keep in mind the greater meaning of March and the master plan of 2017 in Ronnie's life.
You and Ronnie
About Ronnie's Numerological Forecast & Personal Day Cycle
Just as Ronnie King evolves through a nine-year cycle and experiences the nine-month cycle, he is also subjected to nine-day cycles, even though their impact is subtle compared to the Personal Year and even Personal Month cycles. The Personal Day cycles proceed according to the same pattern - 1 through 9 - that the Personal Year and Personal Month cycles do. The numbers within the daily cycles have a similar impact on Ronnie to the yearly and monthly cycles - though less pronounced.
Read more about our numerological daily forecast for


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Right now have a single for sale, it's the middle one.
The other two may be available in the future. Measures around 8 ohms, will get the exact reading shortly. Original diaphragm! http://i64.photobucket.com/albums/h1...d/DSC_2693.jpg http://i64.photobucket.com/albums/h1...d/DSC_2694.jpg http://i64.photobucket.com/albums/h1...d/DSC_2695.jpg http://i64.photobucket.com/albums/h1...d/DSC_2696.jpg $600 plus shipping. Comes with four mounting bolts. Would prefer a US sale if possible. |
Okay, just one available now!
Hi Sir Byrd,
Do you still have any TAD TD 4001 drivers for sale. I am local and can pay CASH. David ////// forbes.d at comcast dot net |
These are all sold.
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text: CLOUD SHORTS $445.00 6 / WHITE - $445.00 8 / WHITE - $445.00 10 / WHITE - $445.00 12 / WHITE - $445.00 Quantity This variant is currently sold out The Georgia Alice Cloud short, is made from a lightweight cotton and is fully lined. It fastens with an invisible side zip and is designed to sit on the hip. Tierd layers are slightly gathered creating volume and texture. Invisible side zip closure Designed to sit on the hip Made in New Zealand Fabrication: 100% Cotton Care instructions: Cold hand wash only, warm iron Model is wearing size 8 Featured with the Georgia Alice San Pedro Shirt