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Credit card fraud
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Credit card fraud is a wide-ranging term for theft and fraud committed using or involving a payment card, such as a credit card or debit card, as a fraudulent source of funds in a transaction.[1] The purpose may be to obtain goods without paying, or to obtain unauthorized funds from an account. Credit card fraud is also an adjunct to identity theft. According to the United States Federal Trade Commission, while the rate of identity theft had been holding steady during the mid 2000s, it increased by 21 percent in 2008. However, credit card fraud, that crime which most people associate with ID theft, decreased as a percentage of all ID theft complaints for the sixth year in a row.[2]
Although incidence of credit card fraud is limited to about 0.1% of all card transactions, this has resulted in huge financial losses as the fraudulent transactions have been large value transactions. In 1999, out of 12 billion transactions made annually, approximately 10 million—or one out of every 1200 transactions—turned out to be fraudulent.[3] Also, 0.04% (4 out of every 10,000) of all monthly active accounts were fraudulent. Even with tremendous volume and value increase in credit card transactions since then, these proportions have stayed the same or have decreased due to sophisticated fraud detection and prevention systems. Today's fraud detection systems are designed to prevent one twelfth of one percent of all transactions processed which still translates into billions of dollars in losses.[3]
In the decade to 2008, general credit card losses have been 7 basis points or lower (i.e. losses of $0.07 or less per $100 of transactions).[4] In 2007, fraud in the United Kingdom was estimated at £535 million.[5]
Initiation of a card fraud[edit]
Card fraud begins either with the theft of the physical card or with the compromise of data associated with the account, including the card account number or other information that would routinely and necessarily be available to a merchant during a legitimate transaction[dubious ]. The compromise can occur by many common routes and can usually be conducted without tipping off the card holder, the merchant, or the issuer at least until the account is ultimately used for fraud. A simple example is that of a store clerk copying sales receipts for later use. The rapid growth of credit card use on the Internet has made database security lapses particularly costly; in some cases, millions[6] of accounts have been compromised.
Stolen cards can be reported quickly by cardholders, but a compromised account can be hoarded by a thief for weeks or months before any fraudulent use, making it difficult to identify the source of the compromise. The cardholder may not discover fraudulent use until receiving a billing statement, which may be delivered infrequently. Cardholders can mitigate this fraud risk by checking their account frequently to ensure constant awareness in case there are any suspicious, unknown transactions or activities.
Stolen cards[edit]
When a credit card is lost or stolen, it may be used for illegal purchases until the holder notifies the issuing bank and the bank puts a block on the account. Most banks have free 24-hour telephone numbers to encourage prompt reporting. Still, it is possible for a thief to make unauthorized purchases on a card before the card is cancelled. Without other security measures, a thief could potentially purchase thousands of dollars in merchandise or services before the cardholder or the card issuer realizes that the card has been compromised.
The only common security measure on all cards is a signature panel, but, depending on its exact design, a signature may be relatively easy to forge. Some merchants will demand to see a picture ID, such as a driver's license, to verify the identity of the purchaser, and some credit cards include the holder's picture on the card itself. In some jurisdictions, it is illegal for merchants to demand card holder identification.[7] Self-serve payment systems (gas stations, kiosks, etc.) are common targets for stolen cards, as there is no way to verify the card holder's identity. There is also a new law that has been implemented that identification or a signature is only required for purchases above $50, unless stated in the policy of the merchant.[citation needed][where?] This new law makes it easier for credit card theft to take place as well because it is not making it necessary for a form of identification to be presented, so as long as the fraud is done at what is considered to be a small amount, little to no action is taken by the merchant to prevent it.
A common countermeasure is to require the user to key in some identifying information, such as the user's ZIP or postal code. This method may deter casual theft of a card found alone, but if the card holder's wallet is stolen, it may be trivial for the thief to deduce the information by looking at other items in the wallet. For instance, a U.S. driver license commonly has the holder's home address and ZIP code printed on it. Visa Inc. offers merchants lower rates on transactions if the customer provides a ZIP code.[8]
In Europe, most cards are equipped with an EMV chip which requires a 4 to 6 digit PIN to be entered into the merchant's terminal before payment will be authorised. However, a PIN isn't required for online transactions, and is often not required for transactions using the magnetic strip. However magnetic strip transactions are banned under the EMV system (which requires the PIN). In many/most European countries, if you don't have a card with a chip, you will usually be asked for photo-ID - e.g. national ID card, passport, etc. at the point of sale. Many self-service machines (e.g. ticket machines at railway stations, and self-service check-in at airports) require a PIN and chip in EMV-land (i.e. which is most of Europe, Asia, Middle East etc.).
Requiring a customer's ZIP code is illegal in California, where the state's 1971 law prohibits merchants from requesting or requiring a card-holder's "personal identification information" as a condition of accepting the card for payment. The California Supreme Court has ruled that the ZIP code qualifies as personal identification information because it is part of the cardholder's address. Companies face fines of $250–1000 for each violation.[8] Requiring a "personal identification number" (PIN) may also be a violation.[citation needed]
Card issuers have several countermeasures, including sophisticated software that can, prior to an authorized transaction, estimate the probability of fraud. For example, a large transaction occurring a great distance from the cardholder's home might seem suspicious. The merchant may be instructed to call the card issuer for verification, or to decline the transaction, or even to hold the card and refuse to return it to the customer. The customer must contact the issuer and prove who they are to get their card back (if it is not fraud and they are actually buying a product).
In some countries, a credit card holder can make a contactless payment for goods or services by tapping their credit (or debit) card against a RFID or NFC reader without the need for a PIN or signature if the total price falls under a pre-determined floor limit (for example, in Australia this limit is currently at 100 AUD). A stolen credit or debit card could be used for a significant amount of these transactions before the true owner can have the account cancelled.
Compromised accounts[edit]
Card information is stored in a number of formats. Card numbers – formally the Primary Account Number (PAN) – are often embossed or imprinted on the card, and a magnetic stripe on the back contains the data in machine readable format. Fields can vary, but the most common include:
- Name of card holder
- Card number
- Expiration date
- Verification/CVV code
Card not present transaction[edit]
The mail and the Internet are major routes for fraud against merchants who sell and ship products, and affects legitimate mail-order and Internet merchants. If the card is not physically present (called CNP, card not present) the merchant must rely on the holder (or someone purporting to be so) presenting the information indirectly, whether by mail, telephone or over the Internet. While there are safeguards to this,[9] it is still more risky than presenting in person, and indeed card issuers tend to charge a greater transaction rate for CNP, because of the greater risk.
It is difficult for a merchant to verify that the actual cardholder is indeed authorising the purchase. Shipping companies can guarantee delivery to a location, but they are not required to check identification and they are usually not involved in processing payments for the merchandise. A common recent preventive measure for merchants is to allow shipment only to an address approved by the cardholder, and merchant banking systems offer simple methods of verifying this information. Before this and similar countermeasures were introduced, mail order carding was rampant as early as 1992.[10] A carder would obtain the credit card information for a local resident and then intercept delivery of the illegitimately purchased merchandise at the shipping address, often by staking out the porch of the residence.
Small transactions generally undergo less scrutiny, and are less likely to be investigated by either the card issuer or the merchant. CNP merchants must take extra precaution against fraud exposure and associated losses, and they pay higher rates for the privilege of accepting cards. Fraudsters bet on the fact that many fraud prevention features are not used for small transactions.
Merchant associations have developed some prevention measures, such as single use card numbers, but these have not met with much success. Customers expect to be able to use their credit card without any hassles, and have little incentive to pursue additional security due to laws limiting customer liability in the event of fraud. Merchants can implement these prevention measures but risk losing business if the customer chooses not to use them.
Identity theft[edit]
Identity theft can be divided into two broad categories: application fraud and account takeover.
Application fraud[edit]
Application fraud takes place when a person uses stolen or fake documents to open an account in another person's name. Criminals may steal documents such as utility bills and bank statements to build up useful personal information. Alternatively, they may create fake documents. With this information, they could open a credit card account or Ioan account in the victim's name, and then fully draw it.
Account takeover[edit]
An account takeover occurs when a criminal poses as a genuine customer, gains control of an account and then makes unauthorized transactions. According to Action Fraud,[11] Fraud is committed at the point money is lost.[12] The most common method of account takeover is a hacker gaining access to a list of user names and passwords. Other methods include dumpster diving to find personal information in discarded mail, and outright buying lists of 'Fullz,' a slang term for full packages of identifying information sold on the black market.[13]
Skimming is the crime of getting private information about somebody else's credit card used in an otherwise normal transaction. The thief can procure a victim's card number using basic methods such as photocopying receipts or more advanced methods such as using a small electronic device (skimmer) to swipe and store hundreds of victims' card numbers. Common scenarios for skimming are restaurants or bars where the skimmer has possession of the victim's payment card out of their immediate view.[14] The thief may also use a small keypad to unobtrusively transcribe the 3 or 4 digit Card Security Code, which is not present on the magnetic strip. Call centers are another area where skimming can easily occur.[15] Skimming can also occur at merchants such as gas stations when a third-party card-reading device is installed either outside or inside a fuel dispenser or other card-swiping terminal. This device allows a thief to capture a customer's card information, including their PIN, with each card swipe.[16]
Instances of skimming have been reported where the perpetrator has put over the card slot of an ATM (automated teller machine) a device that reads the magnetic strip as the user unknowingly passes their card through it.[17][18] These devices are often used in conjunction with a miniature camera (inconspicuously attached to the ATM) to read the user's PIN at the same time.[19][20] This method is being used in many parts of the world, including South America, Argentina,[21] and Europe.[22] Another technique used is a keypad overlay that matches up with the buttons of the legitimate keypad below it and presses them when operated, but records or wirelessly transmits the keylog of the PIN entered. The device or group of devices illicitly installed on an ATM are also colloquially known as a "skimmer". Recently made ATMs now often run a picture of what the slot and keypad are supposed to look like as a background, so that consumers can identify foreign devices attached.
Skimming is difficult for the typical cardholder to detect, but given a large enough sample, it is fairly easy for the card issuer to detect. The issuer collects a list of all the cardholders who have complained about fraudulent transactions, and then uses data mining to discover relationships among them and the merchants they use. For example, if many of the cardholders use a particular merchant, that merchant can be directly investigated. Sophisticated algorithms can also search for patterns of fraud. Merchants must ensure the physical security of their terminals, and penalties for merchants can be severe if they are compromised, ranging from large fines by the issuer to complete exclusion from the system, which can be a death blow to businesses such as restaurants where credit card transactions are the norm.[citation needed]
Checker is a term used for a process to verify the validity of stolen card data.[23] The thief presents the card information on a website that has real-time transaction processing. If the card is processed successfully, the thief knows that the card is still good. The specific item purchased is immaterial, and the thief does not need to purchase an actual product; a web site subscription or charitable donation would be sufficient. The purchase is usually for a small monetary amount, both to avoid using the card's credit limit, and also to avoid attracting the card issuer's attention. A website known to be susceptible to carding is known as a cardable website.
In the past, carders used computer programs called "generators" to produce a sequence of credit card numbers, and then test them to see which were valid accounts. Another variation would be to take false card numbers to a location that does not immediately process card numbers, such as a trade show or special event. However, this process is no longer viable due to widespread requirement by internet credit card processing systems for additional data such as the billing address, the 3 to 4 digit Card Security Code and/or the card's expiration date, as well as the more prevalent use of wireless card scanners that can process transactions right away.[24] Nowadays, carding is more typically used to verify credit card data obtained directly from the victims by skimming or phishing.
A set of credit card details that has been verified in this way is known in fraud circles as a phish. A carder will typically sell data files of the phish to other individuals who will carry out the actual fraud. Market price for a phish ranges from US$1.00 to US$50.00 depending on the type of card, freshness of the data and credit status of the victim.
BIN attack[edit]
Credit cards are produced in BIN ranges. Where an issuer does not use random generation of the card number, it is possible for an attacker to obtain one good card number and generate valid card numbers by changing the last four numbers using a generator. The expiry date of these card IDs would most likely be the same as the good card. But the probability for such an action remains very low and because of the presence of the Valid date / Expire date and the CVV.[citation needed]
Scammers may use a variety of schemes to lure victims into giving them their card information through tricks such as websites pretending to be of a bank or payment system. Telephone phishing can also be employed, in which a call center is set up to pretend to be associated with a banking organization.
Balance transfer checks[edit]
Some promotional offers include active balance transfer checks which may be tied directly to a credit card account. These are often sent unsolicited, and may occur as often as once per month by some financial institutions. In cases where checks are stolen from a victim's mailbox they can be used at point of sales locations thereby leaving the victim responsible for the losses. They are one path at times used by fraudsters.
Unexpected repeat billing[edit]
When a card holder buys something from a vendor and expects the card to be charged only once, a vendor may charge the card a small amount multiple times at infrequent intervals such as monthly or annually until the card expires. The vendor may state in the fine print that the customer is now a "member" and the membership will be renewed periodically unless the card holder notifies the vendor in accordance with a cancellation procedure in the "membership agreement" which the card holder agreed to when they made the initial purchase. Because the periodic charges are unexpected, infrequent, and small, most card holders will not notice the charges. If a card holder complains to the bank that the charges were unauthorized, the bank will notify the vendor of the disputed charges and the vendor will respond that the card holder never cancelled the "membership" which the card holder agreed to. Since most card holders have no idea what the cancellation procedure is and the vendor will reveal it only to new customers, the bank will not reverse the charges, but instead will offer to cancel the credit card and reissue it with a different account number or expiration date. Unexpected repeat billing is in a gray area of the law, depending on whether the customer legitimately agreed to the charges.
Online bill paying or internet purchases utilizing a bank account are a source for repeat billing known as "recurring bank charges". These are standing orders or banker's orders from a customer to honor and pay a certain amount every month to the payee. With E-commerce, especially in the United States, a vendor or payee can receive payment by direct debit through an Automated Clearing House (ACH). While many payments or purchases are valid, and the customer has intentions to pay the bill monthly, some are known as Rogue Automatic Payments.[25]
Another type of credit card fraud targets utility customers. Customers receive unsolicited in-person, telephone, or electronic communication from individuals claiming to be representatives of utility companies. The scammers alert customers that their utilities will be disconnected unless an immediate payment is made, usually involving the use of a reloadable debit card to receive payment. Sometimes the scammers use authentic-looking phone numbers and graphics to deceive victims. The Edison Electric Institute (EEI) and a coalition of electric, gas and water companies from across North America created the Utilities United Against Scams Day beginning November 16, 2016 to raise awareness about scams that target utility customers.[26]
Profits, losses and punishment[edit]
United States[edit]
The Department of Justice has announced in September 2014 that it will seek to impose a tougher law to combat overseas credit card trafficking. Authorities say the current statute is too weak because it allows people in other countries to avoid prosecution if they stay outside the United States when buying and selling the data and don't pass their illicit business through the U.S. The Department of Justice asks Congress to amend the current law that would make it illegal for an international criminal to possess, buy or sell a stolen credit card issued by a U.S. bank independent of geographic location.[27]
Cardholder liability[edit]
In the US, federal law limits the liability of card holders to $50 in the event of theft of the actual credit card, regardless of the amount charged on the card, if reported within 60 days of receiving the statement.[28] In practice many issuers will waive this small payment and simply remove the fraudulent charges from the customer's account if the customer signs an affidavit confirming that the charges are indeed fraudulent. If the physical card is not lost or stolen, but rather just the credit card account number itself is stolen, then Federal Law guarantees card holders have zero liability to the credit card issuer.[29]
The merchants and the financial institutions bear the loss. The merchant loses the value of any goods or services sold, and any associated fees. If the financial institution does not have a charge-back right then the financial institution bears the loss and the merchant does not suffer at all. These losses incline merchants to be cautious and often they ban legitimate transactions and lose potential revenues. Online merchants can choose to apply for additional services that credit card companies offer, such as Verified by Visa and MasterCard SecureCode. However, these are complicated and awkward to do or use for consumers so there is a trade-off of making a sale easy and making it secure.
The liability for the fraud is determined by the details of the transaction. If the merchant retrieved all the necessary pieces of information and followed all of the rules and regulations the financial institution would bear the liability for the fraud. If the merchant did not get all of the necessary information they would be required to return the funds to the financial institution. This is all determined through the credit card processory.
United Kingdom[edit]
In the UK, credit cards are regulated by the Consumer Credit Act 1974 (amended 2006). This provides a number of protections and requirements.
Any misuse of the card, unless deliberately criminal on the part of the cardholder, must be refunded by the merchant or card issuer.
In Australia, credit card fraud is considered a form of 'identity crime'. The Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre has established standard definitions in relation to identity crime for use by law enforcement across Australia:
- The term identity encompasses the identity of natural persons (living or deceased) and the identity of bodies corporate
- Identity fabrication describes the creation of a fictitious identity
- Identity manipulation describes the alteration of one's own identity
- Identity theft describes the theft or assumption of a pre-existing identity (or significant part thereof), with or without consent and whether, in the case of an individual, the person is living or deceased
- Identity crime is a generic term to describe activities/offences in which a perpetrator uses a fabricated identity, a manipulated identity, or a stolen/assumed identity to facilitate the commission of a crime(s).[30]
Estimates created by the Attorney-General's Department show that identity crime costs Australia upwards of $1.6 billion each year, with majority of about $900 million being lost by individuals through credit card fraud, identity theft and scams.[30] In 2015, the Minister for Justice and Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for Counter-Terrorism, Michael Keenan, released the report Identity Crime and Misuse in Australia 2013-14. This report estimated that the total direct and indirect cost of identity crime was closer to $2 billion, which includes the direct and indirect losses experienced by government agencies and individuals, and the cost of identity crimes recorded by police.[31]
Cardholder Liability[edit]
The victim of credit card fraud in Australia, still in possession of the card, is not responsible for anything bought on it without their permission. However, this is subject to the terms and conditions of the account. If the card has been reported physically stolen or lost the cardholder is usually not responsible for any transactions not made by them, unless it can be shown that the cardholder acted dishonestly or without reasonable care.[30]
Credit card companies[edit]
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To prevent being "charged back" for fraud transactions, merchants can sign up for services offered by Visa and MasterCard called Verified by Visa and MasterCard SecureCode, under the umbrella term 3-D Secure. This requires consumers to add additional information to confirm a transaction.
Often enough online merchants do not take adequate measures to protect their websites from fraud attacks, for example by being blind to sequencing. In contrast to more automated product transactions, a clerk overseeing "card present" authorization requests must approve the customer's removal of the goods from the premises in real time.
Credit card merchant associations, like Visa and MasterCard, receive profits from transaction fees, charging between 0% and 3.25% of the purchase price plus a per transaction fee of between 0.00 USD and 40.00 USD.[32][33] Cash costs more to bank up, so it is worthwhile for merchants to take cards. Issuers are thus motivated to pursue policies which increase the money transferred by their systems. Many merchants believe this pursuit of revenue reduces the incentive for credit card issuers to adopt procedures to reduce crime, particularly because the cost of investigating a fraud is usually higher than the cost of just writing it off.[citation needed] These costs are passed on to the merchants as "chargebacks". This can result in substantial additional costs: not only has the merchant been defrauded for the amount of the transaction, he is also obliged to pay the chargeback fee, and to add insult to injury the transaction fees still stand.[citation needed]. Additionally merchants may lose their merchant account if their percent of chargeback to overall turnover exceeds some value related to their type of product or service sold.
Merchants have started to request changes in state and federal laws to protect themselves and their consumers from fraud, but the credit card industry has opposed many of the requests.[citation needed] In many cases, merchants have little ability to fight fraud, and must simply accept a proportion of fraud as a cost of doing business.[citation needed]
Because all card-accepting merchants and card-carrying customers are bound by civil contract law there are few criminal laws covering the fraud.[citation needed] Payment transfer associations enact changes to regulations, and the three parties— the issuer, the consumer, and the merchant— are all generally bound to the conditions, by a self-acceptance term in the contract that it can be changed.[citation needed]
The merchant loses the payment, the fees for processing the payment, any currency conversion commissions, and the amount of the chargeback penalty. For obvious reasons, many merchants take steps to avoid chargebacks—such as not accepting suspicious transactions. This may spawn collateral damage, where the merchant additionally loses legitimate sales by incorrectly blocking legitimate transactions. Mail Order/Telephone Order (MOTO) merchants are implementing Agent-assisted automation which allows the call center agent to collect the credit card number and other personally identifiable information without ever seeing or hearing it. This greatly reduces the probability of chargebacks and increases the likelihood that fraudulent chargebacks will be successfully overturned.[9]
Famous credit fraud attacks[edit]
Between July 2005 and mid-January 2007, a breach of systems at TJX Companies exposed data from more than 45.6 million credit cards. Albert Gonzalez is accused of being the ringleader of the group responsible for the thefts.[34] In August 2009 Gonzalez was also indicted for the biggest known credit card theft to date — information from more than 130 million credit and debit cards was stolen at Heartland Payment Systems, retailers 7-Eleven and Hannaford Brothers, and two unidentified companies.[35]
In 2012, about 40 million sets of payment card information were compromised by a hack of Adobe Systems.[36] The information compromised included customer names, encrypted payment card numbers, expiration dates and information relating to orders Chief Security Officer Brad Arkin said.[37]
In July 2013, press reports indicated four Russians and a Ukrainian were indicted in New Jersey for what was called "the largest hacking and data breach scheme ever prosecuted in the United States."[38] Albert Gonzalez was also cited as a co-conspirator of the attack, which saw at least 160 million credit card losses and excess of $300 million in losses. The attack affected both American and European companies including Citigroup, Nasdaq OMX Group, PNC Financial Services Group, Visa licensee Visa Jordan, Carrefour, J. C. Penny and JetBlue Airways.[39]
Between 27 November 2013 and 15 December 2013 a breach of systems at Target Corporation exposed data from about 40 million credit cards. The information stolen included names, account number, expiry date and Card security code.[40]
From 16 July to 30 October 2013, a hacking attack compromised about a million sets of payment card data stored on computers at Neiman-Marcus.[36][41] A malware system, designed to hook into cash registers and monitor the credit card authorisation process (RAM-scraping malware), infiltrated Target's systems and exposed information from as many as 110 million customers.[42]
On September 8, 2014, The Home Depot confirmed that their payment systems were compromised. They later released a statement saying that the hackers obtained a total of 56 million credit card numbers as a result of the breach.
On May 15, 2016, in a coordinated attack, a group of around 100 individuals used the data of 1600 South African credit cards to steal 12.7 million USD from 1400 convenience stores in Tokyo within three hours. Using a Sunday and acting in an other country than the bank which issued the cards, they are believed to have won enough time to leave Japan before the heist was discovered.[43]
Countermeasures to combat credit card fraud include the following.
By merchants:
- PAN truncation – not displaying the full number on receipts
- Tokenization (data security) – not storing the full number in computer systems
- Requesting additional information, such as a PIN, ZIP code, or Card Security Code
- Perform geolocation validation, such as IP address
- Use of Reliance Authentication, indirectly via PayPal, or directly via iSignthis or miiCard.
By card issuers:
- Fraud detection and prevention software[44][45][46] that analyzes patterns of normal and unusual behavior as well as individual transactions in order to flag likely fraud. Profiles include such information as IP address.[47] Technologies have existed since the early 1990s to detect potential fraud. One early market entrant was Falcon;[44] other leading software solutions for card fraud include Actimize, SAS, BAE Systems Detica, and IBM.
- Fraud detection and response business processes such as:
- Contacting the cardholder to request verification
- Placing preventative controls/holds on accounts which may have been victimized
- Blocking card until transactions are verified by cardholder
- Investigating fraudulent activity
- Strong Authentication measures such as:
- Multi-factor Authentication, verifying that the account is being accessed by the cardholder through requirement of additional information such as account number, PIN, ZIP, challenge questions
- Multi possession-factor authentication, verifying that the account is being accessed by the cardholder through requirement of additional personal devices such as smart watch, smart phone Challenge-response authentication[48]
- Out-of-band Authentication,[49] verifying that the transaction is being done by the cardholder through a "known" or "trusted" communication channel such as text message, phone call, or security token device
- Industry collaboration and information sharing about known fraudsters and emerging threat vectors[50][51]
By Governmental and Regulatory Bodies:
- Enacting consumer protection laws related to card fraud
- Performing regular examinations and risk assessments of credit card issuers[52]
- Publishing standards, guidance, and guidelines for protecting cardholder information and monitoring for fraudulent activity[53]
- Regulation, such as that introduced in the SEPA and EU28 by the European Central Bank's 'SecuRe Pay'[54] requirements and the Payment Services Directive 2[55] legislation.
By cardholders:
- Reporting lost or stolen cards
- Reviewing charges regularly and reporting unauthorized transactions immediately
- Installing virus protection software on personal computers
- Using caution when using credit cards for online purchases, especially on non-trusted websites
- Keeping a record of account numbers, their expiration dates, and the phone number and address of each company in a secure place.[56]
Additional technological features:
See also[edit]
- Carding (fraud)
- Chargeback fraud
- Chargeback insurance
- Credit card hijacking
- Financial crimes
- Identity theft
- Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
- International credit card data theft
- Internet fraud
- Organized crime
- Phishing
- Predictive analytics
- Reimbursement
- Traffic analysis
- United States Postal Inspection Service
- United States Secret Service
- White-collar crime
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(help) - ^ "Consumer Sentinel Network Data Book: January - December 2008" (PDF). Federal Trade Commission. 26 February 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
- ^ a b Hassibi PhD, Khosrow (2000). Chapter 9 on "Detecting Payment Card Fraud with Neural Networks in book "Business Applications of Neural Networks". Singapore-New Jersey-London-Hong Kong: World Scientific. pp. 141–158. ISBN 978-9810240899.
- ^ Paterson, Ken (December 2008). "Credit Card Issuer Fraud Management, Report Highlights" (PDF). Mercator Advisory Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2009.
- ^ "Plastic card fraud goes back up". BBC. 12 March 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
- ^ "Court filings double estimate of TJX breach". 2007.
- ^ "Can Stores Require an ID When I Pay by Credit Card?". Privacy Rights Clearinghouse. Privacy Rights Clearinghouse. 2008-02-05.
- ^ a b "Zip Codes Draw Fire", Wall Street Journal, 22 February 2011, page C7
- ^ a b Adsit, Dennis (21 February 2011). "Error-proofing strategies for managing call center fraud". isixsigma.com.
- ^ http://www.phrack.org/issues.html?issue=39&id=11&mode=txt
- ^ "Action Fraud".
- ^ ActionFraud (2010-07-07). "Account takeover". Action Fraud. Retrieved 2016-05-09.
- ^ "What Hackers Want More Than Your Credit Card Number | Credit.com". Credit.com. 2015-09-01. Retrieved 2016-05-16.
- ^ Inside Job/Restaurant card skimming. Journal Register.
- ^ Little, Allan (19 March 2009). "Overseas credit card scam exposed". bbc.co.uk.com.
- ^ NACS Magazine – Skimmming. nacsonline.com
- ^ All About Skimmers Krebs on security
- ^ William Westhoven (17 November 2016). "Theft ring rigged Florham Park ATM, attorney general says". Daily Record (Morristown). Retrieved 18 November 2016.
- ^ ATM Camera Snopes.com
- ^ "Manipulated ATMs". The H. 2007. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013.
- ^ Clarin.com. "Piden la captura internacional de un estudiante de Ingeniería".
- ^ "A Dramatic Rise in ATM Skimming Attacks". Krebs on Security. 2016.
- ^ Krebs, Brian (4 June 2014). "Peek Inside a Professional Carding Shop". Retrieved 8 August 2015.
- ^ "Hacker shows how easy it is to steal credit card numbers from thin air". Daily Mail Australia.
- ^ "Rogue automatic payments- Retrieved 2016-02-07
- ^ "EEI launches awareness campaign to protect utility customers from scammers". Daily Energy Insider. 2016-11-15. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
- ^ Tucker, Eric. "Prosecutors target credit card thieves overseas". AP. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
- ^ Section 901 of title IX of the Act of May 29, 1968 (Pub. L. No. 90-321), as added by title XX of the Act of November 10, 1978 (Pub. L. No. 95-630; 92 Stat. 3728), effective May 10, 1980
- ^ "Lost or Stolen Credit, ATM, and Debit Cards". Ftc.gov. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
- ^ a b c "Identity Crime". Australian Federal Police. Commonwealth of Australia. 2015.
- ^ "Identity crime in Australia". www.ag.gov.au. Commonwealth of Australia Attorney-General's Department. 2015.
- ^ Mastercard Interchange Rates
- ^ Visa Interchange Rates
- ^ Zetter, Kim (2010-03-25). "TJX Hacker Gets 20 Years in Prison". WIRED. Wired Magazine.
- ^ 20:49, 17 Aug 2009 at; tweet_btn(), Dan Goodin. "TJX suspect indicted in Heartland, Hannaford breaches".
- ^ a b Skimming Off the Top; Why America has such a high rate of payment-card fraud, 15 February 2014, The Economist
- ^ Krebs, Brian (2014-10-04). "Adobe hacked: customer data, source code compromised". The Sydney Morning Herald. The Sydney Morning Herald Newspaper.
- ^ Russian hackers charged in 'biggest' data breach case, 160mn credit card numbers stolen, 25 July 2013, Catherine Benson, Reuters
- ^ Reuters (2013-07-25). "Six charged in biggest credit card hack on record". CNBC.
- ^ "Target Faces Backlash After 20-Day Security Breach". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ Neiman Marcus Data Breach FAQ: What to Do Now, by Paul Wagenseil, 27 January 2014, Tom's guide
- ^ Perlroth, Elizabeth A.; Popper, Nathaniel; Perlroth, Nicole (2014-01-23). "Neiman Marcus Data Breach Worse Than First Said". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
- ^ McCurry, Justin (2016-05-23). "100 thieves steal $13m in three hours from cash machines across Japan". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
- ^ a b Hassibi PhD, Khosrow. Detecting Payment Card Fraud with Neural Networks in the book titled "Business Applications of Neural Networks". World Scientific. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
- ^ IBM RiskTech. "Risk — Smarter Risk Management for Financial Services". Risk — Smarter Risk Management for Financial Services. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- ^ Richardson, Robert J. "Monitoring Sale Transactions for Illegal Activity" (PDF). Monitoring Sale Transactions for Illegal Activity. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- ^ FraudLabs. "10 Measures to Reduce Credit Card Fraud". 10 Measures to Reduce Credit Card Fraud for Internet Merchants. FraudLabs. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- ^ Alhothaily, Abdulrahman; Alrawais, Arwa; Cheng, Xiuzhen; Bie, Rongfang (2014). "Towards More Secure Cardholder Verification in Payment Systems". 8491: 356–367. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07782-6_33. ISSN 0302-9743.
- ^ BankInfoSecurity. "FFIEC: Out-of-Band Authentication". FFIEC: Out-of-Band Authentication. BankInfoSecurity. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- ^ Early Warning Systems. "Early Warning Systems". Early Warning Systems. Early Warning Systems. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- ^ Financial Services - Information Sharing and Analysis Center (FS-ISAC). "Financial Services - Information Sharing and Analysis Center". Financial Services - Information Sharing and Analysis Center. FS-ISAC. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- ^ FFIEC. "IT Booklets » Information Security » Introduction » Overview". FFIEC IT Examination Handbook - Credit Cards. FFIEC. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- ^ FFIEC. "IT Booklets » Retail Payment Systems » Retail Payment Systems Risk Management » Retail Payment Instrument Specific Risk Management Controls". FFIEC IT Examination Handbook - Credit Cards. FFIEC. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- ^ Bank, European Central. "ECB releases final Recommendations for the security of internet payments and starts public consultation on payment account access services".
- ^ "2013/0264(COD) - 24/07/2013 Legislative proposal".
- ^ "Consumer Information - Federal Trade Commission".
External links[edit]
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) |
- Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) IT Booklets » Information Security » Appendix C: Laws, Regulations, and Guidance
- Visa's fraud control basics for merchants
- Mastercard's merchant training support
- Stopping Card Fraud
- The Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) is a partnership between the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the National White Collar Crime Center(NW3C).
- Internet Fraud, with a section "Avoiding Credit Card Fraud", at the Federal Bureau of Investigation website
- Counterfeiting and Credit Card Fraud at the Royal Canadian Mounted Police website
- Avoiding Credit and Charge Card Fraud at U.S. Federal Trade Commission
- Credit Card Fraud: Prevention and Cures Idaho Office of Attorney General
- US Federal Trade Commission Consumer Sentinel Network Report


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Partner Highlight: ECHO and UVM September 12, 2011 Vrylena OlneyIn 2008, Dennis Clougherty, a physics professor at the University of Vermont, called up nearby ECHO Lake Aquarium and Science Center to see if they'd be interested in working together to host a NanoDays event. In the three years since, ECHO and UVM have developed an ongoing partnership. I recently spoke with Linda Bowden at ECHO about their work together. The partnership didn't... Blog
NISE Network announces new 2012 Mini-Grants for partners - due November 1, 2011 September 8, 2011 Catherine McCarthyWhat's a Mini-Grant? The NISE Network is making available a limited number of small, one-time awards to support initiatives by NISE Net partners to engage their local audiences in nanoscale science, engineering, and technology topics. Requests can be made for an award up to $3,000 dollars to fund a small project or be put towards a larger endeavor. Program Overview The Program Overview gives basic program info as well as examples of applicable projects. How do... Blog
Partner Highlight: MOST, Syracuse, New York July 26, 2011 Vrylena OlneyWhat do 17th-century Japanese literature and a science summer camp in Syracuse, NY have in common? Haiku! The Milton J. Rubenstein Museum of Science and Technology (MOST) in Syracuse, New York has been working to incorporate nano content into their ongoing summer camp program. As part of that effort, they're using the haikus from the Nano Bite newsletter to spark discussions about science content. The camps are five days long, and each day includes nano content in the morning and a nano movie of some sort at... Blog
National Science Board Reviews Broader Impact Criterion July 25, 2011 Carol Lynn AlpertScience museums and their audiences often benefit from sub-awards provided by research centers which choose to address the NSF Broader Impact Criterion through partnerships for education outreach. Therefore, the National Science Board's current review of this criterion (commonly known as "BIC") alongside its companion criterion "Intellectual Merit," is of particular interest to the science museum and entire informal science education community. After reviewing comments from 5,100 stakeholders, the NSB has decided to retain both criteria, but to... Blog
NanoDays Collaborations July 8, 2011 Vrylena OlneyAs many of you know, NanoDays is the NISE Network's annual festival of educational programs about nanoscale science and engineering and its potential impact on the future. Each Spring, hundreds of NISE Net partners across the country plan and host local NanoDays events (find out who participated in NanoDays 2011 here). We in the NISE Net ask that partners hosting events let us know about their experiences by filling out an online NanoDays report. One of our goals for NanoDays is to encourage local collaborations, so... Blog
If you missed the deadline, you can still submit your NanoDays 2011 report June 22, 2011 Catherine McCarthy Thanks to partners who have filled out their NanoDays 2011 reports! A few exciting results have already emerged from the existing report data. For example, of the 129 respondents who provided information about future use of NanoDays kits, all 129 indicated that they intend to use activities and resources from their kits as part of other, ongoing educational efforts! Also, 68% of those who reported by May 1st indicated that they partnered with at least one other organization. If you ever want to find other organizations in your area to partner with on nano, you can do an... Blog
Nanotechnology moves from discovery to commercialization May 6, 2011 Larry BellResearch on publications and patent applications filed by both large and small corporations illustrates the trends in commercialization of nanotechnology -- to what extent and in what fields ideas are turning into commercial products. Jan Youtie of Georgia Tech presented the following slide at a workshop on Nanotechnology, Business, and Anticipatory Governance organized by the Center for Nanotechnology in Society at Arizona State University today. I thought you might enjoy seeing it. (Click on the image to see it full size.) ... Blog
CAPITALIZING on your NanoDays Partnerships, Pt. 2 April 20, 2011 Carol Lynn Alpert The demos and banners have been put away; the thank you notes have gone out, the reports filed, and NanoDays 2011 is now a pleasant blur receding into the collective archive of organizational events, while you, perhaps, move on to tackle your next big project… BUT WAIT -- Before the glow fades completely, take a moment to... Blog
Partner Highlight: CNSE at the University of Albany April 5, 2011 Vrylena OlneyMany NISE Net partners planned great NanoDays events at their museums or research centers, but a few went a little further afield. For instance, as part of a comprehensive line-up of events for NanoDays, the College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE) at the University of Albany hosted a series of programs at a local mall! Blog
NanoDays Report - PDF version April 4, 2011 Vrylena OlneyWith many (but not all!) NanoDays events now over, it's time to fill out your reports! The report is available at this link). However, if you're not quite ready to fill out the report just yet but want to read through the questions first, you can download the attached pdf version with all the questions and text from the report. Blog

subset: commoncrawl


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Twix is a chocolate biscuit brand made by the Mars company, consisting of a biscuit finger, topped with caramel and coated in milk chocolate. There is a very thin layer of chocolate between the biscuit and the caramel. Twix Caramel Cookie Bar was first introduced in the United States in 1979. With crunchy cookie, smooth caramel, and creamy chocolate to savor twice each time, Twix allows you to make whatever you are doing more fun. Twix bars are typically packaged in pairs.
Doesn't get much easier!"It really doesn't get any easier! From selecting, to ordering, checking shipping costs, updating cart, and checking out with PayPal - the entire process went without a hitch! And then I get rewarded with a delicious, great priced, "thanks a million" gift for the holidays!"by Carol G. Portage, IN on 11/25/2015
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RTX332SJ.jpg Conflict & Justice Young Arabs have a message for their leaders: Security is about more than war and terrorism GlobalPost March 28, 2017 At the annual Arab League summit this week in Jordan, top agenda items include ongoing violent conflicts and terrorism threats. But many young Arabs say their leaders need to do much more to address jobs, education and the economy.
AZR_7023EDITWEB.jpg Arts, Culture & Media Go inside a maternity ward at the world's largest Syrian refugee camp PRI's The World March 22, 2017 The war in Syria takes lives every day. But at a clinic just eight miles south of the Syrian-Jordanian border, new lives are being created.
AZR_7291EDITWEB_top.jpg Conflict & Justice Photos: What do refugee parents tell their children about Syria? PRI's The World March 22, 2017 At the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan more than 7,000 children have been born over the last five years since the camp was set up to handle the large numbers of Syrians fleeing the conflict in their country. How do parents describe what's happening in Syria to their children who have no memory of the country? What do they say about their home? Photographer Alisa Reznick offers a glimpse of life in the Zaatari camp.
Lina1.jpg Business, Economics and Jobs This Jordanian started her country's first self-defense studio for women PRI's The World March 16, 2017 Growing up, Lina Khalifeh's father called her a troublemaker. She used to get into fights with boys a lot. Today, she's a "leader of social change," teaching girls to defend themselves.
RTX132IG.jpg Arts, Culture & Media Jordan is wasting a lot of talent. Like, almost half the country. PRI's The World March 09, 2017 Jordan is home to some of the most educated women in the Middle East. It also has some of the lowest rates of female participation in the workforce.
JordanWomenStreet (2).jpg Business, Economics and Jobs Why do so few women work (for pay) in Jordan? Whose Century Is It? March 08, 2017 Get a good education, and the world's your oyster, right? Not necessarily, if you're a woman in Jordan. While Jordan has one of the highest female literacy rates in the Middle East, and there are more women in college there than men, gender discrimination still abounds in the workplace. This is not just costing women, it's costing Jordan — half to almost a full percentage point of GDP growth each year, says the Brookings Institution. What's at play here? Jordanian lawyer and human rights activist Asma Khader shares her thoughts with The World's Shirin Jaafari.
AZR_7731EDITWEB.jpg Conflict & Justice This Palestinian priest found his calling at a little church in Jordan PRI's The World February 23, 2017 Growing up, Father Khalil Jaar had to flee his home. Now he's taking in Iraqi refugees forced to leave theirs.
RTX2VG0S.jpg Conflict & Justice After three years of vetting, this Syrian refugee is giving up on moving to the US PRI's The World February 21, 2017 Thaer al-Tahli was an activist in Homs, Syria, threatened by the regime. He was selected for possible resettlement in the US. But after three years and many hours of interviews, he's decided to withdraw his application.
14494646_10154398385871708_5327715964623635872_n.jpg Arts, Culture & Media Anyone who shares religious satire on Facebook should care about this murder in Jordan PRI's The World September 27, 2016 Here are some initial reflections on a matter that demands further thought.
RTR1PR1Bcropped.jpg Arts, Culture & Media There appears to be a secret temple buried in the ancient city where 'Indiana Jones' filmed PRI's The World June 11, 2016 Archaeologists have found a huge monument buried in the ancient city of Petra, Jordan. Petra is well known as the backdrop for dozens of Hollywood movies from Indiana Jones to the Mummy Returns. Now there appears to be a real life secret temple.
RTX2VG0S.jpg Conflict & Justice After three years of vetting, this Syrian refugee is giving up on moving to the US PRI's The World February 21, 2017 Thaer al-Tahli was an activist in Homs, Syria, threatened by the regime. He was selected for possible resettlement in the US. But after three years and many hours of interviews, he's decided to withdraw his application.
Peter_O'Toole_in_Lawrence_of_Arabia.jpg Arts, Culture & Media Is Peter O'Toole's Lawrence of Arabia fact or fiction? PRI's The World December 16, 2013 With the death of Peter O'Toole, everyone is talking about one of his great roles, as Lawrence of Arabia — the British intelligence officer who lead an Arab revolt in World War I. So that led producer Christopher Woolf to examine just how much of the film is actually based on history.
Aysha_2.jpg Arts, Culture & Media Slam poetry brings honesty, and nervousness, to Jordan PRI's The World November 26, 2013 There's a slam poetry underground in Amman, Jordan, and it's mainly filled with women. A Jordanian woman brought the art form home after studying in the US and winning slam poetry contests there.
RTR4OI40.jpg Conflict & Justice Jordan is divided over the fight against ISIS PRI's The World February 11, 2015 Jordan is fighting with the US against ISIS — but many Jordanians actually support the militant group.
Feature1.jpg Lifestyle & Belief Why don't you see the Sunni-Shia divide in the US? PRI's The World June 23, 2014 Drive by the Yusuf Mosque in Boston on a Friday afternoon, prayer day, and you'll see men and women from across the Muslim world, from Indonesia to Iraq to North Africa, in a wide variety of dress. And none of them care which Islamic sect anyone is from.
obamaabdullah.jpg Conflict & Justice Why Jordan is at the epicenter of nearly all Middle Eastern issues America Abroad December 17, 2014 The rise of ISIS is connected to Jordan. The Israeli-Palestinian crisis plays out in the shadow of Jordan. The Syrian civil war and it's ensuing refugee crisis are taking a heavy toll on Jordan. Even the Iranian nuclear talks has a connection to Jordan. So, why Jordan, a landlocked country with few natural resources but tremendous importance for American foreign policy, at the middle of it all.
Jordan looks to Egypt PRI's The World February 16, 2011 The World's Matthew Bell looks at what the events in Egypt mean for government-reform forces in Jordan. The Islamists there view this as the greatest gift to their movement in decades.
Hamada-support-demo-e1340311147594.jpg Conflict & Justice Syrian Fighter Pilot Defects to Jordan PRI's The World June 21, 2012 A Syrian Air Force colonel flew his fighter jet into Jordan, landed, then requested and received political asylum.
800px_Israel_Flag_628843595.jpg Israel's growing isolation in the Middle East PRI's The World September 15, 2011 Tensions run high between Israel and its neighbors Egypt and Turkey, leaving many Israelis feeling isolated in the Middle East.
5711136098_581fcae1ea_b_1_398019104.jpg NATO leader says Syria not to be trusted The Takeaway September 10, 2013 NATO, the U.S-led military alliance is standing largely in the background as the United Nations, the United States, France and others grapple with how to respond to last month's chemical weapons attack. But leaders of the alliance, which is committed to protecting Syrian-neighbor Turkey, say Syria isn't to be trusted.


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A co to za karzeł?
- Size: 640px
- Quality: High
- Size: 5.77 MB
This Gif entitled A co to za karzeł? was created from the youtube video 3 years ago. It uses 18 frames per second and is displayed at 640px resolution. This animated image plays for 2 seconds, was built with high quality and an estimated weight of 5.77 MB for download. This animation was originally created from the Kim Dzong "Mój dzień" - ZDUPPING video from 01:22 to 01:24.
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Updated: 10 Mar 2004
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Book an Appointment
Qualifications and Experience
- Medical School - State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Doctor of Medicine
- New York Eye and Ear Infirmary
- The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, Residency in Ophthalmology
Hospital Affiliations
- Lenox Hill Hospital
- The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary
Languages Spoken
- English
Board Certifications
- American Board of Ophthalmology
In-Network Insurances
- Aetna
- Beech Street
- View all
- Ophthalmologist
Professional Statement
Zocdoc Awards
Verified Patient Reviews
Dr. Breingan is very pleasant and professional. His office staff are friendly and organized. No long wait. This doctor operation is running very efficiently.
I think he's a great eye doctor. The office space leaves a bit to be desired. The waiting room is too small given that everyone needs to be out there both waiting for the appointment and then waiting for dilation. The couch is very uncomfortable and not enough chairs. They also have a guest wifi network but it requires a password and when I asked the medical assistant for it, she said they were not allowed to share it because of HIPAA, which is absurd. Almost all doctors' offices now have wifi access for patients and it has nothing to do with patient records or HIPAA regulations. In any event, the check out was quick but they don't give you receipts right away, you have to wait for the offsite billing department, which is annoying if you need these forms to file for third party reimbursement. But Dr. Breingan is an excellent doctor and the office is tolerable.
Dr Breingan and his office are everything a patient in need wants to see when seeking treatment. My paper work was processed swiftly by reception staff, and I was warmly welcomed. I waited a few minutes before being called, and Dr Breingan's medical assistant was sensitive and confident in examining me. When the doctor saw me, he promptly and confidently diagnosed me with a corneal ulcer - a prior doctor had dismissed it as mere irritation! - and immediately gave me pain relief. I felt so taken care of in his warm yet extremely efficient office - so beautifully run. That's to say nothing of the immense professionalism of the place - left and right I was called "Mr Wright". I felt 1000% better upon returning to work that day.
Overall, excellent.
Excellent all round.
Dr. Breingan and his office staff were all exceptionally friendly and patient. I had a thorough eye exam, opted into the extra screenings, and was satisfied with the results. I have a new glasses script and was given guidance for future measures to take should my lazy eye and loss of eye focus were to get worse. The doctor seemed exceptionally knowledgeable and didn't rush me, answered all of my questions, and was still on time and efficient. I will be back for future eye appointments! I was, however, confused on how the glasses testing was an out of pocket expense. Seemed to me like something my eye insurance would cover! Regardless, worthwhile and helpful visit.
The staff were very helpful and smiling even while they were being yelled at by rude patients. Doctor Breigngan was fantastic. One of the best specialists I have been to in a long while. I highly recommend him.
Dr. Breingan was very friendly and attentive. The office had my prefilled forms and only needed to sign a few papers. Although the doctor didn't see me right at my appointment time, I was seen by the nurse ten minutes before to be ready for him. Great experience. Would definitely recommend.
Very professional and thorough Doctor. Will definitely recommend and use again in the future!
Easy annual check-up. Office isn't the most impressive, but Dr. Breingan was professional and thorough.
Took the time to explain and was very efficient.
Very efficient system, they're busy but it flows smoothly. Dr. Breingan and Dr. Smith were great, very thorough and informative.
Very friendly office. Don't Cote was very professional.
Dr. Smith and Dr. Breingan were both extremely nice, made me feel comfortable, and were very efficient. I appreciated that they did their best to see me right away and know that everyone's time is valuable. Dr. Smith was very patient with me when I was being fitted and trying out contact lenses. I definitely would recommend.
Dr. Breingan and his staff were great!
Vey pleasant, clear and competent
My visit went really well. I ended up being very early and the office staff was able to work me in.
First time visit. Listened carefully to my questions answered them clearly. Provide clear directions just a real professional all around... Office staff and tech were equally pleasant and professional .... Highly recommend !
Office staff is very helpful and nice. Dr. Breingan is very professional and takes the time to make sure all your questions are answered.
Very professional and knowledgeable MD and staff. Efficient operation, courteous staff.
I have been a patient of Dr.Breingan for several years and I would rate him as one of the best doctors I have ever had. .I can not say enough good things about the doctor and about his staff. He is thorough, explains everything in language you can understand, answers all your questions with great patience and never makes you feel rushed or that you didn't have a thorough exam and testing. And he has a great personality and extremely pleasant. The office staff and technicians are very proffesional and very helpful, patient and pleasant..this is one doctor's appointment I don't mind going to. .I feel that my eyes are under the best care at Dr B..I give him and his staff my highest recommendation.
Great visit! Staff was friendly and efficient. Dr. Breingan was really nice, seemed very knowledgeable, and made the visit enjoyable for me. Wish I had reasons to go back more often!
Perfect visit
Efficient and no nonsense but also took the time to explain things and answer questions.
I never enjoyed too much physical attention to my eyes and was nervous before my appointment. Not anymore, it seems. I experienced Dr. Breingan as sensitive, understanding, non-alarmist with excellent communication skills. At all times he explained to me what was going to happen next and why. Thank you.
He was great - Thorough, explained everything he was doing and even did a wrap up at the end of the visit. He was pleasant and treated me like a person. I never felt like I was being rushed.
Very satisfactory
Was not told that my eyes would be dilated for general consult until the drops were already in my eyes.
Thoughtful, caring, gentle, smart -- overall an excellent eye doc with a very efficient office staff.
Very efficient and professional.
Excellent doctor, answers all questions. Been going to him for 5 years.
Dr. Breingan is very professional. He is obviously experienced: the exam was thorough and quick. Although you have to ask him, he does answer questions in an understandable way. The office staff is pleasant and efficient. I recommend him.
He was just putting drops in my eyes without really explaining them. The office is super dim and seems really old. He may have seemed uninterested in me because he knew he would have to refer me elsewhere because he did not specialize in the issue I was having, but I have still had much, much better experiences elsewhere. Front desk seemed extremely frazzled and tense with each other pointing out each other's mistakes. Just an unprofessional vibe throughout the place. The doctor may be amazing though...he just couldn't do too much but check my eyes for general problems when it came to the issues I am having.
The office staff were wonderful and moved me through the registration process quickly. I was very happy with my appointment with Dr. Breingan. Very professional, thorough, polite, and understanding.
Clear explanations.
Highly recommended. Clean office. Everyone was professional and friendly.
Experience w/ doc was very positive - efficient, warm, thorough. Office staff were nice but very overwhelmed. Got last-minute appointment, which I very much appreciate. I will return!
Great doctor and very quick and efficient.
Knowledgable and to the point, Dr. Breingan addressed my concerns about my subconjunctival hemorraghing and did a thorough eye exam.


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Karsta Lowe had a case of opening-night jitters when she made her debut for the U.S. national women's volleyball team against China last Friday night in Honolulu.
"First night, I was pretty nervous," said Lowe, the outside hitter out of UCLA. "First time in the USA jersey."
The nerves were unnecessary.
Lowe had your basic storybook debut, pounding out 16 points on 14 kills with an ace and block thrown in for good measure in leading Team USA to a three-set sweep of China in the USA Volleyball Cup, which continues at the Bren Center Tuesday night .
"She's one of the players we're excited about," U.S. coach Karch Kiraly said. "We think she has lots and lots of potential."
In that regard Kiraly isn't alone.
Lowe's Hawaiian coming-out party was but the latest unlikely turn in the career of a player who was not recruited out of high school by the top volleyball schools, walked on at UCLA, didn't secure a regular starting role until she was a junior and now might just be the next big thing in American volleyball.
"There are still no guarantees," Lowe said. "I think that's what makes me not rest on my laurels. I've never been able to rest on my laurels."
Lowe is one of a group of young players Kiraly is giving a hard look as he puts together a squad for the Olympic qualifiers later this year and next year's Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro.
"We want to see how it all comes together," Kiraly said. "We want to see how things shake out."
That Lowe is even in the mix to make a team that is the reigning World champion is the just the latest head-shaking moment in a journey full of them.
"Karsta is a late bloomer," Kiraly said.
Lowe split time between tennis and volleyball until her junior year at LaCosta Canyon High. She was ignored by the nation's top collegiate volleyball programs, recruited by only a handful of East Coast schools. UCLA offered her a chance to walk-on with no promise of even making the team let alone a scholarship.
"(UCLA) Coach (Michael) Sealy had a little faith in me," Lowe said.
Kiraly remembers seeing Lowe play as a Bruins freshman against USC.


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The Department of Health and Human Services in July issued an interim final rule (IFR) providing for a streamlined process by which individuals can appeal insurance company decisions about their coverage, including both an internal claims and appeals and an external review process. While most states and insurance plans already have such processes in place, there is great variation in these plans. These regulations attempt to establish a baseline of consumer protections for healthcare beneficiaries in the private sector.
Under the new rules, new health plans beginning on or after September 23, 2010 must have an internal appeals process that allows consumers to appeal when a health plan denies a claim for a covered service or rescinds coverage. Plans must clearly explain to consumers the grounds for any denial, including the medical necessity criteria used. The rules also call for states to adopt specified standards for external review processes. HHS has issued a fact sheet explaining the IFR in greater detail.
The National Council has drafted comments to HHS in response to the IFR. Our draft comments urge HHS to increase transparency, strengthen consumer protections, and provide assistance to providers, who are often the key intermediaries between patients and insurance plans. The National Council is seeking input from members on our comments before we submit them to HHS. If you have thoughts or suggestions for improving the draft comments, please contact Stacey Larson at staceyl(at)thenationalcouncil(dot)org by 5:00pm on Sept. 16.


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Staybridge Suites Ofallon Chesterfield
Welcome to Staybridge Suites - O'Fallon/Chesterfield. Featuring apartment-style suites ideal for vacationing families and those in town for business. Staybridge Suites ® O'Fallon MO hotel is designed for the discerning traveler. Conveniently located near the intersection of Hwy 40 and Highway K, we offer the best accommodations for your travel.
Our all-suite hotel is great for visiting local companies and institutions: Mastercard, Citi. After a long day at work, come relax in your spacious suite equipped with a full kitchen, plush bedding and a flexible workspace. Stay connected with our free Wi-Fi access throughout the hotel.
Leisure travelers enjoy shopping at local outlet malls or trying their luck at Ameristar or Harrah's casinos. Our hotel is also located near historic St. Charles, Hollywood Casino Amphitheater, Gateway Arch and the St. Louis Cardinals' stadium.
After a day of adventure, come back to your hotel suite and take advantage of all the thoughtful amenities that our hotel provides. During your extended stay, indulge in our evening social Mon-Wed with complimentary dinner, soft drinks, beer and wine. We also offer a complimentary breakfast, guest laundry facilities, Fitness Center, Business Center and outdoor pool. We offer plenty of space and privacy, with fully stocked kitchens, microwaves, full size refrigerators and dishes. Pets are also welcome for an additional fee. Allow us to be your home away from home!
Información rápida
- Entrada: 3:00 p.m.
- Salida: 12:00 p.m.
- Edad mínima para registrarse: 18
- Parking: Free
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Puntos destacados hotel
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- Servicio íntegro de limpieza
- Bufé de desayuno incluido
- Servicio gratuito de internet inalámbrico estándar todos los miembros
- Centro de fitness en el hotel
- Disponibilidad de autobús directo gratuito
Opiniones de los huéspedes
Valoración general
convenience, staff and comfort
26 marzo 2017
Your maintenance person went above and beyond to give me help while there. He had to cut the lock off my luggage and the next morning he swept snow off my car.
Hockey tourney
22 marzo 2017
Hotel was very clean, beds comfortable, internet speed good, breakfast perfect for heading out to hockey games
Very Clean and Comfortable
22 marzo 2017
Stayed overnight for my cousin's wedding. Check in was easy, room was very clean and the staff were great.
Tried A New Brand But Didn't Like It
22 marzo 2017
The front desk staff seemed over-worked and stressed during our arrival and spent most of my check-in time trying to figure out if they had a room left or not and how their computer system could be wrong. Our hotel room was clean and definitely well equipped. The decor was fairly nice but it felt sterile. We didn't enjoy smelling other people's food cooking in the hallways and the breakfast buffet in the morning was less than impressive.
The staff couldn't keep up with the crowd and ran out of everything from coffee to biscuits and even the oatmeal. I had to ask for numerous items that were just left empty. Seating space is pretty limited in the breakfast area and so I had to ask for a tray to carry our food back up to our room so we'd have a place to eat.
People who are living in the hotel piled up their dirty laundry and trash in the hallway which didn't smell very pleasant since housekeeping doesn't operate on a normal schedule over the weekends. Front desk staff the rest of the stay wasn't very friendly or helpful. I thought I'd give Staybridge Suites a try and think I'll just go back to my favorite IHG brand, Holiday Inn Express. I do have to say the location of this hotel was pretty good with several places to eat, shop, and get gas nearby.


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Category:Wikisource process templates
From Wikisource
This category groups templates used as part of Wikisource's processes, ranging from requesting cleanup to nominating for deletion.
This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total.
Pages in category "Wikisource process templates"
The following 16 pages are in this category, out of 16 total.


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CodePlexProject Hosting for Open Source Software
I have done successful implementation sofar with AutoSPInstaller, want to check to see if Central Admin along with all other DB's created, can be created with Prefix without GUID.
Ex: it currently shows WSS_Content _(GUID), can we have it automatically created with prefix (SH_Test_CentralAdmin) ?
Hi Ramii,
check the database settings part in your xml file, based on your input it should look somewhat like this:
<CentralAdmin Provision="localhost"> <Database>CentralAdmin</Database> <Port>8080</Port> <UseSSL>false</UseSSL> </CentralAdmin> <Database> <!-- If you are creating an alias (recommended!), <DBServer> is actually the value of the SQL alias; otherwise it's the NetBIOS name of the SQL server or instance. If you leave <DBServer> blank or specify localhost, script will assume the local server for SQL databases --> <DBServer>SERVICE_ALIAS</DBServer> <!-- The script can create a SQL alias for you. Enter the DBInstance, and if you leave <DBPort> blank, script will assume default port value of 1433 --> <DBAlias Create="true" DBInstance="localhost\namedinstance" DBPort="1433" /> <!-- The DBPrefix is prepended to all database names. e.g. If you set this to TEST, your config DB will be TEST_ConfigDB. If you set the prefix to localhost, script will prepend each database with the name of the server on which the script is run. Leave this blank for no prefix. NOTE: If you are installing a multi-server farm, it is recommended that you do not use localhost as services provisioned on different servers will have different prefixes. --> <DBPrefix>SH_Test</DBPrefix> <!-- The name of the farm configuration database --> <ConfigDB>ConfigurationDBName</ConfigDB> </Database>
This will create your databases like this: Configuration Database: SH_Test_ConfigurationDBName Central Admin Content Databse: SH_Test_CentralAdmin
Best Regards, Stefan
Let AutoSPInstaller do all the work and it will take care of the CA Creation. Some tries to run the config wizard to create the farm then use AutoSPInstaller to complete the config, this would result in the GUID Suffix for the CA Content Database.
Also CA Database standard naming convention is SharePoint_AdminContent_(GUID) if you run Config wizard and Prefix_AdminContentDB if you run AutoSPInstaller
WSS_Content is the standard naming prefix for Content Databases.
Hi Thanks for your quick replies,
I have used similar script and I got config DB created with SH_Test_ConfigDB,
but for the Central Admin Content DB, it got created with WSS_Content _(GUID).
Thanks, Ramii
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Wednesday, January 4, 2012
The Wizard of Osmosis
Another form of one of my fave all time toons of mine for me anyway. I've done a handful of Osmoses iterations. This marks the first time in color. Done for the Funnies Extra papers coming soon across the land.
Funnies Extra!
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Claiborne Building, 1201 N. 3rd St., Suite 7-300
Baton Rouge, LA 70802
Baton Rouge, LA 70802
Website: www.ulsystem.edu
Location: Southeast AL AR FL GA KY LA MS NC SC TN VA WV
Location: Southeast AL AR FL GA KY LA MS NC SC TN VA WV
Research admissions information for
University of Louisiana-System Administration, including application requirements, admissions rates and more.
Admissions Information
Phone: 2253426950Application Fee: $0
Requirements for Applications
GPA: NoHigh School Record: No
Recommendations: Not Required
Test Scores: Not Required
School data was obtained from the US Dept. of Education's Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). Data may vary depending on school and academic year.


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Return to World Chelonian Trust Main Page for more Turtle and Tortoise Information
The following species can be found in the Genus Manouria. Click on the small photo below to see the full size image.
Care Sheets and Articles:
Burmese Mountain Tortoise ( Manouria emys) - Glen Jacobsen and Chris Tabaka DVM
Breeding and Nesting of Manouria emys emys - a photo essay - Pat Ruby and Darrell Senneke
Quiz: Name that Manouria - Chris Tabaka DVM and Darrell Senneke
Differentiating the two Subspecies of the Burmese Mountain Tortoise (Manouria emys emys and Manouria emys phayrei) - Chris Tabaka DVM
Differentiating Male and Female Manouria impressa (Impressed Tortoise) - Pat Ruby and Chris Tabaka DVM
Return to Species Galleries WCT Home Page


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Donald and Phyllis Marstein of Bowlus, will celebrate their 50th wedding anniversary with an open house June 21, 2014, from 2 p.m. – 6 p.m. at the Bowlus Community Center. The event will be hosted by the couples children.
Donald and Phyllis (Kelash) were married June 22, 1964, at St. Elizabeths Catholic Church in Brennyville.


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Photos >> Browse Albums by ania416 >> Deer visits every morning
Created over 6 years ago
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Category: Other (Photos)
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