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Aid Locations during Civil Wars South of the Sahara The UCDP and AidData User s Notes Version 1.0
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1 20 Aug 2012 Uppsala University AidData Aid Locations during Civil Wars South of the Sahara The UCDP and AidData User s Notes Version 1.0 Daniel Strandow, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University Michael Findley, Department of Government, University of Texas at Austin Audrey Faber, Department of Social Science, Kiel University Ettore Marchesoni, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University Josh Powell, Development Gateway 1
2 Introduction The aim of these user s notes is to facilitate the use of the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) and AidData dataset Aid Locations during Civil Wars South of the Sahara. To understand these particular data, users should consult two documents: Version 1.0 (this one) and Version 1.1, which can be found through UCDP here and which we refer to below. Whereas the V 1.0 user s notes describes a particular dataset the first dataset of foreign aid geocodes from the AidData portal the V 1.1 document describes the UCDP/AidData approach to georeferencing generically. This 1.0 document describes the spatial and temporal domain of the dataset, variable names, differences between this and the generic version of the aid georeferencing codebook (V 1.1), and clarifies some casespecific coding decisions. A note on the two versions may help explain why we are releasing these V 1.0 notes along with the V 1.1 codebook. After we began georeferencing aid projects from the AidData portal for the 1.0 dataset, interest quickly arose elsewhere to georeference aid based on full-length project documents. Thus, while we were still in the process of coding Version 1.0 (the dataset released here), we also worked together with AidData, the World Bank, and others to georeference additional aid projects. In that process, we published a generic version of the codebook (V 1.1) through the UCDP Paper Series (link here). The World Bank s coding procedures are based almost completely on V 1.1 with some minor exceptions (see here). This 1.0 manual proceeds with some basic information on the dataset and moves on through the specific spatial variables and the differences between V 1.0 and V 1.1. In conjunction with this, the other variables from AidData are also presented. Following this related publications and websites are listed to further facilitate the use of this and related datasets. 2
3 Time Period and Spatial Boundaries To enter the dataset a country in Sub-Saharan Africa needs to have experienced at least one year of intra-state conflict since the start of To experience intra-state conflict means that there have been 25 annual deaths, or more, in violence between at least one organized group and the government. The thresholds and year ranges are based on standards adopted by UCDP. Once a country has entered the dataset, the years where organized non-state groups battle each other are also coded. A country remains in the dataset for every first year after a year of intra-state conflict, or non-state violence. After spells of inactivity a country can always enter the dataset again. A country in which a conflict starts after 2007 is not included. For the cases that are included in the dataset, 2008 is the last year that is coded. The geographic extent of what is here called Sub-Saharan Africa includes a couple of cases that are sometimes not considered a part of Sub-Saharan Africa, and lacks a couple of candidates. The list below for example includes Sudan but excludes Mali. We describe below which countries and year ranges we have covered. Figure 1 Countries South of the Sahara with Active Conflicts Country State-based Additional Postconflict Comment conflict years Organized non-state conflict years year Angola , , 2003 Burundi , , , , 2008 Central African , , 3
4 Republic 2006, ( ) Chad , , 2008 also coded , Comoros Islands 1989, has not been coded although it is a post-nonstate year Congo, Democratic , Note that 2005 is postnon-state year Republic Congo, Republic of , , , 2000, 2003 Djibouti , , 2000 Versus Eritrea 2008 not coded since it is an interstate conflict Eritrea 1997, 1999, , 2000, 2004 Djibouti versus Eritrea 2008, and versus Ethiopia ( ) intermittent year 2001 not included since those are interstate conflict years Ethiopia , Guinea Bissau Guinea (Conacry) Ivory Coast has not been coded since it is a post-conflict 4
5 year of a non-state dyad that wasn t coded as such by the time we did our coding Lesotho Liberia , , , 1997, 2004 Mozambique Nigeria 2004 (2009) (2008) 2005 Conflict year 1996 (Cameroon vs Nigeria) is not coded Rwanda , , , 2003 Includes only two events from 1995 ( ) Sierra Leone Somalia , , , are missing since non-state prior to 2002 weren t available when we started coding Sudan All years.... Note that South Sudan was considered a part of Sudan by the time the area was coded Uganda , 1994 (2010) , 2003,
6 AidData Variables Below is a shortlist of the names of the AidData variables that have been included with this data release. For a full description see the AidData codebook version 1.6 and 2.0. Figure 2 Variable Names and Contents Name Content Comment project id Unique identification number rname Name of the recipient country recipient_id Numeric identifier of the recipient dname Name of the donor state or organization donor_id Numeric identifier of the donor year The year that the aid project was committed comtorig Size of the commitment in the original currency This value is for all locations within a project. To arrive at an average per location divide the value over numbloc (see figure 3) origtyp Type of original currency usdcr Size of commitment in current US dollars This value is for all locations within a project. To arrive at an average per location divide the value over numbloc (see figure 3) 6
7 usdco crspcode src data_source_id oecd_id Size of commitment in constant (2000) US dollars The OECD Creditor Reporting System code that describes the type of activities that the project supports Source of the AidData variables Identification number of the source The OECD identification number This value is for all locations within a project. To arrive at an average per location divide the value over numbloc (see figure 3) This code is also used for most non-crs projects Only available for project information available from the Creditor Reporting System 7
8 UCDP and AidData Spatial Variables The following variables are the result of the cooperation between AidData and the Uppsala Conflict Data Program. For a full description see the UCDP and AidData codebook on Georeferencing Aid, V 1.1 (2011). Figure 3 Variable Names and Contents Name Content Comment event id Within an aid project each location that receives aid gets an event id. This id is constructed based on the project id and has two decimals. For instance location one in project 635 is 635,01 lat long Coordinates that express the latitude of a location with up to six decimals Coordinates that express the longitude of a location with up to six decimals If events only have information on the administrative division, and not the exact location, then the centroid point of the administrative division is recorded precision ADM1 ADM2 loctext For each set of coordinates, the precision of the geo-referencing is specified Specifies the name of the first-order administrative division Specifies the name of the second order administrative division A comment from the coder(s) concerning the project location The nominal scale have values between 1 (exact location or city) and 8 (aid to central government) String String String this typically includes the location name and any 8
9 numbloc The number of locations that a project reaches notes of why the location was georeferenced Numeric Differences in Content between the 1.0 Dataset and the 1.1 Codebook Sources for Coordinates The 1.1 codebook specifies Geonames as the main source for finding coordinates, and has the NGA GNS as a complementary source. In the 1.0 dataset it is the NGA GNS that is the main source and Geonames that is the complementary source. 1 Statoids.com has been added as a source for the coding based on the 1.1 codebook but it has only been consulted sparingly in this dataset. Roads and Other Lines According to the 1.1 codebook if a source specifies a stretch of road which receives funding, then the coder should record all towns that are explicitly mentioned in the source and that connect the road, as well as any provinces through which the road passes. The difference to the 1.0 dataset is that in the dataset no provinces through which the road passes are recorded. 1 The only exception is Chad which is coded with the most recent method. The two sources are however similar enough that there should be no substantial and systematic deviations from the coding done on the other countries. 9
10 Areas Greater than an ADM1 When areas greater than an ADM1 are coded with precision code 5, the 1.1 codebook says that the ADM1 field should be left blank and that each province containing a portion of that geographic feature (such as a National Park or Ecological Reserve) should receive a separate code. However, in the 1.0 dataset the administrative regions contained within a greater region is normally not coded only the greater region is coded. Although the most recent method provides greater potential to capture details, for many uses of the dataset the difference between the two methods will not be substantial. 10
11 Related Publications and Websites African Development Bank Geocoded Dataset ( Projects): Projects.zip African Development Bank 2011 Annual Development Effectiveness Review: Operations/ADER%20(En)%20-%20Websafe.pdf African Development Bank 2012 Annual Development Effectiveness Review: Operations/ADER%202012%20(En).pdf African Development Bank Interactive Mapping Demonstration: Climate Change and African Political Stability Aid Dashboard: Findley, Michael, Josh Powell, Daniel Strandow, and Jeff Tanner The Localized Geography of Foreign Aid: A New Dataset and Application to Violent Armed Conflict. World Development. doi: /j.worlddev Malawi Aid Management Platform Multi-Donor Geocoded Dataset: Strandow, Daniel, Michael Findley, Daniel Nielson, and Josh Powell The UCDP and AidData codebook on georeferencing aid. Version 1.1 UCDP Paper. No. 4.codebook on georeferencing aid. Version 1.1 UCDP Paper. No. 4. Website of the AidData and WorldBank Initiative Mapping for Results: 11
12 Website at AidData on Geocoding Aid Information: Website of the Uppsala University Project Development aid, humanitarian assistance and conflict risks: istance_and_conflict_risks/ World Bank Mapping for Results Dataset: p 12
13 Appendix: Case Specific Coding Decisions Funding commitments to some countries proved so difficult to code that specific coding decisions were made in a team of coders and a supervisor. The most far-reaching decisions were made for Ethiopia, Uganda, and Somalia, and are detailed below. The preferential treatment of these cases was necessary since they received great amounts of funding commitments to areas that have de facto or de jure seceded (Somalia and Ethiopia); to a government outside the national border (Somalia); or areas within systems of administrative divisions that have changed considerably over time (Uganda). Ethiopia The latest update to the coding decisions for Ethiopia took place on 28 July The Ethiopian census data, which is used to help distinguish zones, woredas and misspellings, can be accessed electronically at 1. Wikipedia: Over the course of the coding procedure, it has been determined that Wikipedia is an adequate source to help determine basic facts regarding Ethiopian locations. Wikipedia was only cited when no other additional source was available. 2. Duplicate Names: In many cases, GNS provided numerous locations with duplicate names. To determine which location is most appropriate, Google Earth was used to narrow down the results. If this option was not available, the administrative division was chosen over the populated place if both were located in the same region. In the event they were not, the populated place was chosen alternatively if the region was known. 3. Contradictory results: In case database results were not corresponding to the areas referred to in the project descriptions, the information in the description of the project was always given priority if consistent with census data. In this case, in order to refer to the most appropriate area in the coding, correctness was preferred to granularity. In these cases the discrepancy between the project description and the database was always reported in the loctext section. 13
14 4. Woredas/Weredas: Woredas could not be distinguished through gazetteers. They are however analogous to ADM3 districts which means that they may contain populated places that could be coded. These places were coded with a precision code of 2, if a populated place found in GNS was believed to belong within the woreda. In the event that a populated placed was believed to belong outside of the woreda, it was coded with precision 5. In event that no matching location information was available in GNS, the census data was utilized to code the corresponding zone (according to zone coding rules - see next entry). 5. Zones: Due to the lack of matching entries in the standard codebook, zones were coded by their corresponding ADM1 and precision code 4, by utilizing the census data. These entries were marked with "zone" in the desig column 6. NGOs and Local Associations: If the organization only had one location, the corresponding city was coded with precision 1. In the event the organization had multiple locations and the project description did not indicate which area the aid went to, the country was coded with precision 7. If the project description indicated where the aid was going, this location trumped all others and was coded. 7. Refugee camps: Since refugee camps are not static entities, the region they were located in was coded. 8. Dire Dawa: Dire Dawa is a chartered city of Ethiopia. Coordinates are available at both the ADM1 level and the populated place level, as there is a section of the ADM1 that is non-urban. If the project description indicated that the aid was going to the city itself, the populated place was coded with precision code 1. If it was not indicated, the ADM1 was coded with precision code Addis Abeba: Addis Abeba is also a chartered city of Ethiopia. However, in this case, the city encompasses the entire ADM1 and thus only the city was coded with precision code Central Ethiopia: any region that has a border within the most central section of the country. 11. Streams or intermittent streams: These entries were coded with precision 2 or 5, depending on the size of the stream. In light of future possible changes in the 14
15 coding system, the coders made sure to include the word river or stream in the loctext of any location of this kind, to make it easier to trace back such cases. Uganda The latest, December 2010, update of statoids.com reports that Uganda is currently divided into 80 districts (ADM1s) and 160 counties, which can be approximated to ADM2s. (http://www.statoids.com/uug.html ; ) The detailed description provided by statoids.com allows the observation of the changes of the administrative divisions of the country, which have been growing in number (and continue to grow). Thus changing district numbers and sizes will be a difficulty moving forward and users should take caution in merging the data. The problem here is that these variations are not represented in any of the databases used to obtain the coordinates of the locations targeted with aid. This is because the websites used to geo-reference only present the coordinates of the most up-to-date version of the administrative division. Therefore in order to account for the territorial changes of Uganda s administrative divisions, the following precautions have been adopted: 1. ADM1: When encountering an aid commitment directed towards an ADM1 the occurrence of territorial changes over time were verified on statoids.com: a. In case territorial changes did not occur, the ADM1 was coded as 4 as stated in the codebook b. In case territorial changes occurred, the date of the commitment of aid was taken into account to check whether the coordinates provided by GNS exactly corresponded to the ones of the location mentioned in the aid project. i. If the administrative division under consideration did not experience territorial changes since the commitment of aid, the coordinates provided by GNS were used and precision code 4. ii. If the administrative division under consideration experienced territorial changes since the commitment of aid, the coordinates for 15
16 the location provided by GNS were used. However, a precision code representing the uncertainty of the exact locations targeted in the project was used. Therefore, in case of an ADM1 precision code 5 was used. 2. ADM2: When encountering an aid commitment directed towards an ADM2 the occurrence of territorial changes over time were verified on statoids.com: a. In case territorial changes did not occur, the ADM2 was coded as 3 as stated in the codebook. b. In case territorial changes occurred, the date of the commitment of aid was taken into account to check whether the coordinates provided by GNS exactly corresponded to the ones of the location mentioned in the aid project. i. If the administrative division under consideration did not experience territorial changes since the commitment of aid, the coordinates provided by GNS were used with precision code 3. ii. Cases of territorial changes over time of the ADM2s under consideration were not found, but should be coded following a procedure consistent with 1.b.ii. 3. Former administrative division: When encountering an aid commitment directed towards a former administrative division, whose territorial changes are unclear (see West Nile): the former capital of the administrative division, presented on statoids.com, was coded with precision code 2 or 5, depending on the size of the original territory. 4. Large Areas: When encountering aid commitments targeting areas of the country (e.g. North-West Uganda), the changes of each ADM1 contained in the area under consideration need to be taken into account. 16
17 Somalia These decisions were last updated on December 20, Autonomous areas: Given the existence of autonomous Somali territories, such as Puntland and Somaliland, which have been specific recipients of international aid, the following measures have been adopted: a. Puntland and Somaliland: Despite Puntland s autonomous status and Somaliland s declared independence, they could not be considered as independent entities that receive aid, and therefore all the ADM1s covering their territories were coded. The definition of their territory was complicated by the dispute between the two over the control of the Sool and Sanaag ADM1s. In order to assess their territory at the time of commitment of aid to the region reference was made to the UCDP report on the conflict (http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=141®ionselect= 1-Northern_Africa#). However, in order to be as accurate as possible in the assessment of the territories targeted by aid projects, contested ADM1s between Puntland and Somaliland were not coded as part of any of the aforementioned territories. This choice was made because none of the parties in conflict managed to establish complete control over the ADM1 during the duration of the dispute. b. It was decided to assign the Area denomination in the desig column to aid commitments targeting autonomous areas of the country and to code all the ADM1s included in that area. (The design column is for internal use only and is not made public.) 2. Administrative divisions: Some particular clarifications had to be made for Somalia. a. North-West (North-Western Region) and North-East: These zones have been found in GNS to refer not to areas of the country, but to specific ADM1s, respectively Gobolka Woqooyi Galbeed and Gobolka Togdheer. Therefore a strict distinction has been applied between the different 17
18 spellings, differentiating between projects targeting these ADM1s and the ones referring to the wider north-western or north-eastern areas of the country. i. Spelling has been used as a strict criterion of distinction between projects targeting areas. As a matter of fact, aid directed to areas such as south central Somalia (also spelled south-central) have been assumed to target a smaller area than projects targeting south/central Somalia (also spelled as south and central Somalia), which have been assumed to target both the areas mentioned. b. ADM2s: GNS does not report any ADM2s for Somalia. However, projects often refer to district entities. Therefore these cases have been coded with precision code 3 and with the coordinates of the populated place retrieved by GNS to overcome the insufficient information provided by the database. c. Communities: Coded as 2 because deemed to refer to an area wider than a simple populated place. 3. Institutions and Organizations: a. Somali organizations and institutions abroad: When coding projects targeting organizations or institutions working on Somali territory from abroad, these were coded as within the country unless the aid committed clearly had no specific returns to the country. For instance, aid committed to a government abroad is coded as going to Somalia, whereas aid committed to the maintenance of a government building in Kenya is not coded because outside the country. In particular, due to the changing nature of the Somali government, it was coded as follows: i. Transitional National Government. Established in 2000, it exerted its authority exclusively on some parts of the Somali territory. However, being it located in Somalia and deeming to be the only legitimate central authority in the country, in the coding it was considered as the government of the country and coded as 8 when recipient of aid. 18
19 ii. Transitional Federal Government (TFG). Established in 2004, it operated from abroad until 2006, when it was first established on the country s territory. Despite the change in location of the institution (hence the destination of aid) in the coding the difference was not considered as relevant, when the final recipient of the committed aid could be considered to be the country of Somalia. Therefore aid committed to the TFG was coded with precision 8, following the same principle as for Somali organizations working on the territory from abroad. b. Government institutions of unrecognized state entities (Somaliland and Puntland): Unless their locations could be determined, they were coded as unclear with coordinates referring to the entirety of the Somali territory. 19
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Suniva OPT270-60-4-BOB Optimus Series Solar Module, Monocrystalline, 270W, 60 Cells
Product Description
Optimus Series Solar Module, Monocrystalline, 270W, 60 Cells
Optimus Series Solar Module, Monocrystalline, 270 Watt, Maxium System Voltage: 1000 Volts DC, 60 Cells, Black Frame
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South Africa
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New Zealand v South Africa, 3rd Test, Hamilton
Du Plessis calls on in-form players to make it count
Mar 24, 2017: Faf du Plessis has urged his batsmen to deliver a series victory in Hamilton by being more consistent, as South Africa target to finish the season as the No.2 ranked Test side
Indian Premier League 2017
Knocking on (national) eleven's door
Mar 18, 2017: The IPL has catapulted many unknown faces on to the international scene over the years. Here are ten of IPL's best finds
New Zealand v South Africa, 2nd Test, Wellington, 3rd day
'Asked for real hard cricketers' - du Plessis
Mar 18, 2017: Faf du Plessis praised his team for fighting hard through the difficult phases of the second Test, after they overcame a score of 94 for 6 in the first innings to win comprehensively on the third day
New Zealand v South Africa, 2nd Test, Wellington
Taylor's absence could be a hole too big for New Zealand
Mar 15, 2017: Kane Williamson shone in the opening Test and now there is even more on the shoulders of the captain
New Zealand v South Africa, 1st Test, Dunedin, 5th day
Taylor's absence an opportunity to apply pressure - du Plessis
Mar 12, 2017: South Africa captain Faf du Plessis said his team fancied their chances, while Kane Williamson said batting last was not impossible by any means after the final day in Dunedin was washed out
New Zealand v South Africa, 1st Test, Dunedin, 5th day
Du Plessis surprised no action taken in Bengaluru DRS-incident
Mar 12, 2017: The South Africa captain has admitted to being "surprised" that neither Virat Kohli nor Steven Smith were charged with any breaches of the ICC's code of conduct in the aftermath of the Bengaluru Test
New Zealand v South Africa, 1st Test, Dunedin
NZ, SA brace for contest of craft and class
Mar 7, 2017: New Zealand are unbeaten at home this season, but will have their task cut out against a side keen to re-establish their old mantra of 'success without borders'
South Africa in New Zealand 2016-17
Bat, ball, keeper, spinners: how South Africa and New Zealand stack up
Mar 6, 2017: It's the No. 3 side versus the No. 5, so, in rankings at least, there is not much between the two sides
South Africa news
Imran Tahir claims top spot in ODI rankings for bowlers
Feb 11, 2017: South Africa legspinner Imran Tahir has claimed the top spot in the ODI rankings for bowlers, to go with his No. 1 rank in T20 internationals
What do Warner and du Plessis have in common?
Feb 10, 2017: Their ODI careers have been remarkably similar so far, and over the last couple of years both have reached new highs in the format
South Africa v Sri Lanka, 4th ODI, Cape Town
'Test captaincy has made me a better player' - du Plessis
Feb 7, 2017: Faf du Plessis has credited his promotion to the Test captaincy with his current form, which has seen him rack up two hundreds in three innings
South Africa v Sri Lanka, 4th ODI, Cape Town
Du Plessis' 185 makes it 4-0 for SA
Feb 7, 2017: Faf du Plessis struck the second-highest score by a South African in ODIs to help them win by 40 runs and move within one win to become the No. 1 ranked team
South Africa v Sri Lanka, 3rd ODI, Johannesburg
Du Plessis stunner stings Sri Lanka
Feb 4, 2017: Plays of the day from the third one-day international between South Africa and Sri Lanka
South Africa v Sri Lanka, 2nd ODI, Durban
Du Plessis thrilled with SA fielding displays
Feb 2, 2017: Faf du Plessis struck a match-winning 117, and pulled off a superb catch for South Africa as they beat Sri Lanka by 121 runs in Durban
South Africa v Sri Lanka, 2nd ODI, Durban
Miller and du Plessis hundreds set up thumping victory
Feb 1, 2017: Faf du Plessis' velvet-smooth 105, and David Miller's mature, unbeaten 117 - replete with finishing fireworks - sent South Africa to an imposing 307 that Sri Lanka would always struggle to chase
Sri Lanka in South Africa 2016-17
SA attack feasts on weaknesses, but Bavuma form a concern
Jan 15, 2017: It quickly became a one-sided series as South Africa made the most of home advantage. ESPNcricinfo assesses those who took part
South Africa v Sri Lanka, 3rd Test, Johannesburg, 3rd day
Abbott's absence cannot undermine South Africa's surge
Jan 14, 2017: Duanne Olivier and Wayne Parnell impressed in helpful conditions against supine opponents, as South Africa made strides in their search for a third seamer
Captain of the year
Jan 14, 2017: Kohli's India were unstoppable, so were Faf's South Africa
Sri Lanka in South Africa 2016-17
Du Plessis only has eyes for a whitewash
Jan 11, 2017: Faf du Plessis wants South Africa to pull of a whitewash that proved elusive in Australia
South Africa v Sri Lanka, 3rd Test, Johannesburg
Amla could be last South African to 100 Tests - du Plessis
Jan 11, 2017: On the eve of Hashim Amla's 100 Test, captain Faf du Plessis said there may not be another South African to reach that landmark in the format
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text:
American Bar Association Guide to Resolving Legal Disputes
American Bar Association Guide to Resolving Legal Disputes
Inside and Outside the Courtroom
Random House Reference, Paperback, Large Print, 9780375721410, 208pp.
Publication Date: February 13, 2007
Whether you're fighting with a neighbor about who should pay for a fence, pursuing a charge of discrimination at work, or chasing a $5000 loan, the ABA Guide to Resolving Legal Disputes: Inside and Outside the Courtroom can help you decide what steps to take to resolve disputes. This book, written in easy-to-read language with dozens of real-life examples, includes tips on how to be a better negotiator. It also provides important information about mediation, arbitration, small claims court, and civil court procedures, and includes a chapter on working with a lawyer, with tips on how you can save time and money.


text:
Apple Corps and Apple Inc have joined forces to release a new iTunes store app containing lyrics and guitar chords for more than 160 Beatles songs.
The Beatles: The Little Black Song Book for iPhone and iPod Touch also features 30 fully-licensed backing tracks for musicians to play along with, and several instructional videos.
This is the first officially endorsed Beatles material to be sold on iTunes, and marks perhaps the first breakthrough in the impasse between the two Apple companies which has left The Beatles' music absent from the iTunes thus far.
The Little Black Song Book costs US$6.50/£3.99, and requires the iPhone 2.2.1 Software Update or later.
Also on this day...
- 2010: Ringo to get Hollywood Walk of Fame star in February
- 1969: Allen Klein meets The Beatles
- 1969: Get Back/Let It Be sessions: day 17
- 1964: Travel: Lennon and Harrison fly from Paris to London
- 1963: Live: Majestic Ballroom, Newcastle
- 1962: Live: Casbah Coffee Club, Liverpool
- 1961: Live: Aintree Institute, Liverpool
- 1961: Live: Lathom Hall, Liverpool
Want more? Visit the Beatles history section.


text:
Check out Backyard Abundance's restoration projects through their Abundant Safari program in Iowa City, including the Terry Trueblood recreational site:
Terry Trueblood Recreation Area
The Terry Trueblood Recreation Area is located along the Iowa River at the south edge of Iowa City. It was once a sand and gravel quarry and spans over 200 acres. The beautiful lake comprises almost half the area and is home to fish, ducks, and other wildlife.
A paved trail around the entire lake runs through forested and open areas providing opportunities for biking, running, walking, and sightseeing. Many interesting destinations can be found along the diverse lakeshore for canoes and boaters. Sandy dunes and beaches on the lake's south peninsula will supply hours of adventure.
The long trails and diverse terrain creates a great habitat for children and adults to wade, get muddy, see waterfowl, catch frogs, and enjoy themselves. Boaters, picnicers, bird watchers, insect enthusiasts, and photographers will enjoy a part or full-day trip to the area.


text:
Pentium processors
Published: Last Edited:
This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers.
The Pentium brand refers to Intel's line of single-core mainstream and high-end desktop and laptop central processing units (CPUs) introduced on November 20, 2000 (August 8, 2008 was the date of last shipments of Pentium 4s). They had the 7th-generation micro-architecture, called Net-Burst, which was the company's first all-new design since 1995, when the Intel P6 micro-architecture of the Pentium Pro CPUs had been introduced. Net-Burst differed from the preceding Intel P6 (Pentium III, II, etc.) by featuring a very deep instruction pipeline to achieve very high clock speeds (up to 3.8 GHz) limited only by TDPs reaching up to 115 W in 3.4 GHz -3.8 GHz Prescott and Prescott's 2M cores (a high TDP requires additional cooling that can be noisy or expensive). In 2004, the initial 32-bit x86 instruction set of the Pentium 4 microprocessors was extended by the 64-bit x86-64 set.
The first Pentium 4 cores, codenamed Willamette, were clocked from 1.3 GHz to 2 GHz and the first Willamette processor was released on November 20, 2000 using Socket 423. Notable with the introduction of the Pentium 4 was the 400 MHz FSB. It actually operated at 100 MHz but the FSB was quad-pumped, meaning that the maximum transfer rate was four times that of a normal bus, so it was considered to run at 400 MHz's. The AMD Athlon's FSB was running at 266 MHz (using a double-pumped bus) at that time. Pentium 4 CPUs introduced the SSE2 and, in later versions, SSE3 instruction sets to accelerate calculations, transactions, media processing, 3D graphics, and games. Later versions featured Hyper-threading (HTT), a feature to make one physical CPU work as two logical and virtual CPUs. Intel also marketed a version of their low-end
Celeron processors based on the Net-Burst micro-architecture (often referred to as Celeron 4), and a high-end derivative, Xeon, intended for multiprocessor servers and workstations. In 2005, the Pentium 4 was complemented by the Pentium D and Pentium Extreme Edition dual-core CPUs
Introduction of Pentium Processor
The original Pentium processor was a 32-bit microprocessor produced by Intel. The first superscalar x86 architecture processor, it was introduced on March 22, 1993. Its micro-architecture (sometimes called P5) was a direct extension of the 80486 architecture with dual integer pipelines, a faster FPU, wider data bus, and features for further reduced address calculation latency. In 1996, the Pentium MMX was introduced with the same basic micro-architecture complemented with MMX instructions, larger caches, and some other enhancements. The name Pentium was derived from the Greek pente, meaning 'five', and the Latin ending -ium, a name selected after courts had disallowed trade marking of number-based names like "i586" or "80586". In 1995, Intel started to employ the registered Pentium trademark also for x86 processors with radically different micro-architectures (Pentium Pro / II / III / 4 / D / M). In 2006, the Pentium brand briefly disappeared from Intel's roadmaps, only to re-emerge in 2007.
Block diagram of the Pentium
Pentium Processor-1
The original Pentium processor was a 32-bit microprocessor produced by Intel. The first superscalar x86 architecture processor, it was introduced on March 22, 1993. Its micro-architecture (sometimes called P5) was a direct extension of the 80486 architecture with dual integer pipelines, a faster FPU, wider data bus, and features for further reduced address calculation latency. In 1996, the Pentium MMX was introduced with the same basic micro-architecture complemented with MMX instructions, larger caches, and some other enhancements. The name Pentium was derived from the Greek pente, meaning 'five', and the Latin ending -ium.
Architecture of Pentium 1
It had two five-stage integer pipelines, which Intel designated U and V, and one six-stage floating-point pipeline. The chip's front-end could do dynamic branch prediction, but as we'll learn in a moment most of its front-end resources were spent on maintaining backwards compatibility with the x86 architecture.
The Pentium's U and V integer pipes were not fully symmetric. U, as the default pipe, was slightly more capable and contained a shifter, which V lacked. The two pipelines weren't fully independent, either; there was a set of restrictions, which I won't waste anyone's time outlining, that placed limits on which combinations of integer instructions could be issued in parallel. All told, though, the Pentium's two integer pipes provided solid enough integer performance to be competitive, especially for integer-intensive office apps.
Floating-point, however, simply went from awful on the 486 to just mediocre with the Pentium ? an improvement, to be sure, but not enough to make it even remotely competitive with comparable RISC chips on the market at that time. First off, you could only issue both a floating-point and an integer operation simultaneously under extremely restrictive circumstances. This wasn't too bad, because floating-point and integer code are rarely mixed. The killer, though, was the unfortunate design of the x87 stack-based floating-point architecture.
Introduction date: March 22, 1993
Process: 0.8 micron
Transistor Count: 3.1 million
Clock speed 60 and 66 MHz
Cache sizes: L1: 8K instruction
Features: MMX added in 1997
The Pentium II microprocessor was largely based upon the micro architecture of its predecessor, the Pentium Pro, but with some significant improvements. Unlike previous Pentium and Pentium Pro processors, the Pentium II CPU was packaged in a slot-based module rather than a CPU socket. The processor and associated components were carried on a daughterboard similar to a typical expansion board within a plastic cartridge. A fixed or removable heat sink was carried on one side, sometimes using its own fan.[2]
The Pentium II brand refers to Intel's sixth-generation micro architecture ("Intel P6") and x86-compatible microprocessors introduced on May 7, 1997. Containing 7.5 million transistors, the Pentium II featured an improved version of the first P6-generation core of the Pentium Pro, which contained 5.5 million transistors. However, its L2 cache subsystem was a downgrade when compared to Pentium Pro's. In early 1999, the Pentium II was superseded by the Pentium III. In 1998, Intel stratified the Pentium II family by releasing the Pentium II-based Celeron line of processors for low-end workstations and the Pentium II Xeon line for servers and high-end workstations. The Celeron was characterized by a reduced or omitted (in some cases present but disabled) on-die full-speed L2 cache and a 66 MT/s FSB.
Produced From mid 1997 to early 1999
Common manufacturer(s) Intel
Max. CPU clock rate 233MHz to 450MHz
FSB speeds 66MHz to 100MHz
Min. feature size 0.35µm to 0.25µm
Instruction set x86, MMX
Microarchitecture P6
Cores 1
Socket(s) Slot 1
Core name(s) Deschutes
Pentium-1 Vs Pentium-2
The first Pentium processor was introduced that ran at a clock speed of 60 and 66 MHz whereas the Pentium 2 was introduced when the first Pentium processor technology became obsolete. It was designed to run from 233 MHz to 450 MHz.
Front Side Bus (FSB) speed has a dramatic effect on the overall performance of a computer system. Front Side Bus (FSB) speed of Pentium -1 is 50-60 MHz whereas FSB speed of Pentium-2 is 66MHz -100MHz.
The Pentium III brand refers to Intel's 32-bit x86 desktop and mobile microprocessors based on the sixth-generation Intel P6 micro architecture introduced on February 26, 1999. The brand's initial processors were very similar to the earlier Pentium II-branded microprocessors. The most notable difference was the addition of the SSE instruction set (to accelerate floating point and parallel calculations),
Similarly to the Pentium II it superseded, the Pentium III was also accompanied by the Celeron brand for lower-end versions, and the Xeon for high-end (server and workstation) derivatives. The Pentium III was eventually superseded by the Pentium 4, but its Tualatin core also served as the basis for the Pentium M CPUs, which used many ideas from the Intel P6 micro architecture. Subsequently, it was the P-M micro architecture of Pentium M branded CPUs, and not the NetBurst found in Pentium 4 processors, that formed the basis for Intel's energy-efficient Intel Core micro architecture of CPUs branded Core 2, Pentium Dual-Core, Celeron (Core), and Xeon.
Architecture of Pentium -3
The Pentium III processor is the first implementation of the Internet SSE. The Internet SSE contains 70 new instructions and a new architectural state. It is the second significant extension of the instruction set since the 80386 and the first to add a new architectural state. MMXÔ was the first significant instruction extension, but it did not add any new architectural state. The new instructions fall into different categories:
Ø SIMD FP instructions that operate on four single precision numbers
Ø Scalar FP instructions
Ø Cache ability instructions including prefetches into different levels of the cache hierarchy
Ø control instructions
Ø data conversion instructions
- 1.26 GHz 370-pin FC-PGA2 package with 512 KB Advanced Transfer Cache (on-die, full-speed L2 cache)
- 1 GHz, 866, 850, 733, 700 and 600 MHz, 370-pin FC-PGA package
- 700, 500 and 400 MHz BGA2 package
- 1 GHz, 866 and 733 MHz processor supports 133 MHz processor side bus
- 256 Kbytes Advanced Transfer Cache (on-die, full-speed L2 cache)
- Compatible with Intel® 840, 815, 815E, 810E2, 810 chipsets; Intel® 82801E C-ICH; Intel® 440BX AGPset and 440MX chipset
Intel Pentium III processor family |
Desktop |
Code-named |
Core |
Date released |
Katmai Coppermine Coppermine-T Tualatin |
(250nm) (180nm) (180nm) (130nm) |
May 1999 Mar 2000 Aug 2000 Apr 2001 |
List of Intel Pentium III microprocessors |
Pentium-2 Vs Pentium-3
- The Pentium-2 was designed to run from 233 MHz to 450 MHz whereas Pentium-3 was processor replaced the Pentium 2 and ran at a clock speed of 450 MHz to 1.4 GHz.
- Front Side Bus (FSB) speed has a dramatic effect on the overall performance of a computer system. Front Side Bus (FSB) speed of Pentium-2 is 66MHz -100MHz speed of Pentium -3 is 100MHz to 133MHz
The Pentium 4 family of processors, which has its roots in the Intel486(TM) processor, uses the Intel486 instruction set (with a few additional instructions). The term ''Pentium processor'' refers to a family of microprocessors that share a common architecture and instruction set. The first Pentium processors (the P5 variety) were introduced in 1993. This 5.0-V processor was fabricated in 0.8-micron bipolar complementary metal oxide semiconductor (BiCMOS) technology. The P5 processor runs at a clock frequency of either 60 or 66 MHz and has 3.1 million transistors.
The Intel Pentium processor, like its predecessor the Intel486 microprocessor, is fully software compatible with the installed base of over 100 million compatible Intel architecture systems. In addition, the Intel Pentium processor provides new levels of performance to new and existing software through a reimplementation of the Intel 32-bit instruction set architecture using the latest, most advanced, design techniques. Optimized, dual execution units provide one-clock execution for "core" instructions, while advanced technology, such as superscalar architecture, branch prediction, and execution pipelining, enables multiple instructions to execute in parallel with high efficiency. Separate code and data caches combined with wide 128-bit and 256-bit internal data paths and a 64-bit, burstable, external bus allow these performance levels to be sustained in cost-effective systems. The application of this advanced technology in the Intel Pentium processor brings "state of the art" performance and capability to existing Intel architecture software as well as new and advanced applications.
Clock Speed: 1.3 - 3.06GHz
FSB Speed: 400 - 800MHz
L1 Cache: 8 KB
L2 Cache: 256 - 512 MB
Introduction: 2000
Package: PGA
Socket: Socket 423 and Socket 478
Operating Modes
The Pentium processor has two primary operating modes which are discussed below and a "system management mode." The operating mode determines which instructions and architectural features are accessible. These modes are:
Protected Mode
Real-Address Mode (also called "real mode")
System Management Mode
Protected Mode
This is the native state of the microprocessor. In this mode, all instructions and architectural features are available, providing the highest performance and capability. This is the recommended mode that all new applications and operating systems should target. Among the capabilities of protected mode is the ability to directly execute "real-address mode" 8086 software in a protected, multi-tasking environment. This feature is known as Virtual-8086 "mode" (or "V86 mode").
Real-Address Mode (also called "Real Mode")
This mode provides the programming environment of the Intel 8086 processor, with a few extensions (such as the ability to break out of this mode). Reset initialization places the processor in real mode where, with a single instruction, it can switch to protected mode.
System Management Mode
The Pentium microprocessor also provides support for System Management Mode (SMM). SMM is a standard architectural feature unique to all new Intel microprocessors, beginning with the Intel386 SL processor, which provides an operating-system and application independent and transparent mechanism to implement system power management and OEM differentiation features. SMM is entered through activation of an external interrupt pin (SMI#), which switches the CPU to a separate address space while saving the entire context of the CPU. SMM-specific code may then be executed transparently. The operation is reversed upon returning.
Architecture of Pentium 4
With a carefully optimized application code, the first Pentium 4s did outperform Intel's fastest Pentium III (clocked at 1.13 GHz at the time), as expected. But in legacy applications with many branching or x87 floating-point instructions, the Pentium 4 would merely match or even fall behind its predecessor. Its main handicap was a shared unit-directional bus. Furthermore, the Net Burst micro architecture gave off more heat than any previous Intel or AMD microarchitecures.
As a result, the Pentium 4's introduction was met with mixed reviews: Developers disliked the Pentium 4, as it posed a new set of code optimization rules. For example, in mathematical applications AMD's much lower-clocked Athlon (reaching a peak clock speed of 1.4 GHz) easily outperformed the Pentium 4, which would only catch up if software were re-compiled with SSE2 support. Tom Yager of InfoWorld magazine called it "the fastest CPU - for programs that fit entirely in cache". Computer-savvy buyers avoided Pentium 4 PCs due to their price-premium and questionable benefit. In terms of product marketing, the Pentium 4's singular emphasis on clock frequency (above all else) made it a marketer's dream. The result of this was that the Net Burst micro architecture was often referred to as an architecture by various computing websites and publications during the life of the Pentium 4.
At the launch of the Pentium 4, Intel stated Net Burst-based processors were expected to scale to 10 GHz (which should be achieved over several fabrication process generations). However, the Net Burst micro architecture ultimately hit a frequency ceiling far below that expectation — the fastest clocked Pentium 4 models reached a peak clock speed of 3.8 GHz and a maximum TDP of 115 W. Intel had not anticipated a rapid upward scaling of transistor power leakage that began to occur as the chip reached the 90 nm process node and smaller. This new power leakage phenomenon, along with the standard thermal output, created cooling and clock scaling problems as clock speeds increased. Reacting to these unexpected obstacles, Intel attempted several core redesigns ("Prescott" most notably) and explored new manufacturing technologies, such as using multiple cores, increasing FSB speeds, increasing the cache size, and using a shorter, more efficient pipeline along with lower clock speeds.
Pentium-3 Vs Pentium-4
- The Pentium-3 was designed to run from 450 MHz to 1.4 GHz whereas Pentium-4 has processor replaced the Pentium-3 and ran at a clock speed of 1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz.
- Front Side Bus (FSB) speed has a dramatic effect on the overall performance of a computer system. Front Side Bus (FSB) speed of Pentium-3 is 100MHz -133MHz speed of Pentium-4 is 400 MT/s to 1066 MT/s
Today's Processor: - AMD Athlon XP
AMD introduced their new line of Athlon processor: the Athlon XP. While still an Athlon processor, the Athlon XP does not use the conventional MHz rating to depict its speed.AMD believes that a MHz rating would undermine its true performance and therefore wishes to change public perception. For those who insist of raw MHz numbers, AMD claims a 25% performance increase of their XP 1900+ compared to a Pentium 4 running at 1900 MHz.
AMD Athlon XP speed rating calculation
MHz = (XP rating/1.5) + (500/1.5)
For example, using the 1800+ processor
MHz = (1800+/1.5) + (500/1.5)
MHz = 1200 + ~333.33333333...
MHz = ~1533.33
The sign ~ means "approximately." Since .333 is infinitely repeated, it's just nice way to represent "short form.
Microprocessor Comparison Chart
Transistors CPU Speed L2 Cache Front-Side Bus Speed
Celeron 7,500,000 1.06 GHz - 2 GHz 256 KB, full speed 133MHz- 400 MHz
Pentium II 7,500,000 233 MHz - 450MHz 512 KB, half speed 100 MHz
Pentium III 9,500,000 450 MHz - 1 GHz 256 KB, full speed 133 MHz
P- III Xeon 28,100,000 500 MHz - 1 GHz 256KB-2 MB, full 100 MHz
Pentium- 4 55,000,000 1.4 GHz - 3.4 GHz 256 KB, full speed 800 MHz
K6-II 9,300,000 500 MHz - 550 MHz N/A 100 MHz
K6-III 21,300,000 400 MHz - 450 MHz 256 KB, full speed 100 MHz
Athlon (K7) 22,000,000 850 MHz - 1.2 GHz 256 KB, full speed 200 MHz- 266 MHz
Athlon XP 37,500,000 1.67 GHz 384 KB, full speed 266 MHz
Duron N/A 700-800 MHz 64 KB, full speed 200 MHz
PowerPC G3 6,500,000 233 MHz - 333 MHz 1 MB, half speed 100 MHz
PowerPC G4 10,500,000 400 MHz - 800 MHz 1 MB, half speed 100 MHz
Athlon 64 105,900,000 800 MHz 1 MB, half speed 1.6 GHz
G5 58,000,000 2.5GHz 512 KB 900MHz - 1.25GHz


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Whos In Your Social Network Paperback
Understanding the Risks Associated with Modern Media and Social Networking and How It Can Impact Your Character and Relationships
by Melissa Nesdahl; Pam Stenzel;
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Full Product Description
Whos In Your Social Network by Melissa Nesdahl; Pam Stenzel was published by Gospel Light in January 2012. The ISBN for Whos In Your Social Network is 9780830760541.
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Page last updated | 26th February 2017 |
Author / Artist | Melissa Nesdahl; Pam Stenzel |
Book Format | Paperback / softback |
Publisher | Gospel Light (January 2012) |
Weight | 141g |
Number of Pages | 135 |
Thickness | 10 mm |
Height | 214 mm |
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Product Code | 3978601 |


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The Resolution approving establishment of the Assembly outlines five topics to be considered by the Assembly. The second of these is how we best respond to the challenges and opportunities of an ageing population.
The Assembly will consider this issue once it has completed its work on the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution. Once completed, it will produce a report and make recommendations to the Houses of the Oireachtas.
Schedule of Meetings
It is a matter for the Assembly to structure its work programme and agree a date for consideration of this topic. The Assembly will meet approximately once per month. A full list of all meeting dates is available in the calendar.
The Assembly is interested to hear what citizens and advocacy groups have to say on this topic. A call for submissions will be made prior to the Assembly considering this topic.
Once completed the Report by the Assembly will be available here.
Video Archive
The Citizens' Assembly will be live streamed and therefore available for the public to view.
Following this meeting, archive footage will be able to view here.


text:
Brookwood Baptist Health is reinventing the way employers support and encourage employees to take better care of themselves. It's a physician-led program, leveraging the science of real behavior change and creating convenient access to increase the likelihood that people get the care they need when they need it. Be Well delivers unique programs and advanced technologies that allow for more personal service. This preventative approach helps you manage healthcare costs, increase productivity, and encourage the overall well-being of your valuable workforce.
Be Well screenings determine whether your employees are at risk for one or more of the Five Modifiable Risk Factors to Prevent Chronic Disease – tobacco use, diabetes and pre-diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and excess weight and physical inactivity. We also assess "readiness to change," understanding where people are in the behavior change process so that we can provide them the right tools to reduce risk of unhealthy behavior. When gathering and using this data, we pay close attention to maintenance of compliance with privacy standards. Individually identifiable information is kept confidential and group summary reports are created with employee consent.
With this data to guide us, Be Well prepares a prescription for your workforce, with tailor-made solutions that encourage both individual engagement in health and a better bottom line for your business.
For more information, please contact:
Laura Catherine Mason Employer Relations Specialist Brookwood Baptist Health (205) 715-5334 firstname.lastname@example.com
We learn about your needs. In our first conversation, we listen to your assessment of the health issues your workforce faces.
We conduct a comprehensive screening of your employees. Once we understand your concerns, we screen to acquire valuable data that leads to objective observations about the health of your workforce.
We determine your risk workforce's risk factors. We review both the subjective and objective concerns, determining where your company is greatest at risk for one or more of the Five Modifiable Risk Factors to Prevent Chronic Disease.
We recommend and implement your solution. This is our prescription for you. We create a truly customized plan for every employer resulting in better and more accessible care for every employee. As a part of an overall Be Well plan, employees will receive individual results as well as on-site counseling providing context for their numbers. Be Well programs provide proactive employee education and clinical support focused on the Five Modifiable Risk Factors to Prevent Chronic Disease.
Be Well works for you.
Screenings assess risks, but they are not diagnostic. For the ongoing health needs of your workforce, Be Well personalizes solutions to fit your employees' needs.
What if your employees could schedule an annual physical, see somebody about a nagging headache or follow up on a new medication without having to leave your company campus? What if your employees could schedule an appointment online, get lab work, and see a doctor without driving across town, improving workforce efficiency and saving your employees valuable time?
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Anne-Laura Cook, MD, is the physician behind the Be Well program and is a practicing internal medicine physician at the Brookwood Baptist Health, in Birmingham, Alabama. Dr. Cook has a passion for improving the delivery of healthcare on a broad scale, and has developed a new model of primary care that will help people maintain or improve their health. The basis of her plan is to provide timely health advice and high quality medical services in innovative and efficient ways, which is at the core of Be Well.
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Becky Sanders Administrator Becky's 30 years of healthcare experience has been instrumental in developing Brookwood Baptist Health's alternative methods of healthcare. Her insight on the frontline of practice management is critical to fostering quality, patient-centered healthcare which further promotes our Community of Care philosophy.
We know it's easy to get overwhelmed thinking about a major lifestyle change. Be Well encourages people to believe in the power of small changes.
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Modifiable Conditions are those for which an individual's personal choices influence outcomes. Non-modifiable risk factors include genes and family history.
Brookwood Baptist Health Occupational Medicine services offer a range of acute, occupational and preventive care services as well as education centered on encouraging employees to Be Well at work.
Services at our participating facilities include work-related injury treatment as well as non-injury related care in the following categories:
* Required field. Read our terms and privacy policy. If you have a potentially life-threatening medical emergency, please call 911.
With five hospitals, dozens of specialty centers, and the largest primary care network in the state, Brookwood Baptist Health has convenient locations all across central Alabama.
Find a Physician orBook An Appointment with a primary or specialty care provider
Heart disease is the No. 1 killer in America. Are you at risk? Take the online risk assessment and find out.
Interested in joining a group of people whose mission is to improve the quality of patients' lives? Come share our passion.


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^movie iron man still kicked the crap out of Thor, who has way more combat experience than master chief. Just figured I'd point that out. Also vibranium, the metal I assume your talking about, does have an overloading point and people with adamantium laced skeletons *cough* can still be knocked out.
Are you kidding me?Iron Man would wipe the floor with Master Chief. By the suit alone Iron Man, without being connected to an external power source, can lift in excess of 100 tons. He has survived ground zero of a nuclear explosion. He his weapons are powerful enough to injure actual gods and otherworld beings. His intellect and mechanical skills are such that he has completely taken over alien technology for his own use after only a brief contact with them. Hell, he beat Magneto...who controls metal. I'm sorry but Master Chief would be utterly destroyed by Iron Man. Tony could very easily hack and over ride Master Chiefs Armor since he doesn't need to be connected into a system like Cortana does. He would probably confine Cortana by playing Iron Maiden over the Chiefs com channel. He'd then power down the suit and gloat before punching MC into Orbit. But let's say Iron Man left Master Chiefs suit alone. Master Chief has no weapons that could actually injure tony outside of possibly an over charged point blank spartan laser, which would probably only scar the armor. Iron Man is more durable, stronger, and faster then Master Chief. Master Chief is brave and he is lucky, but he's also been fighting against advisories of at the very least average intelligence. Tony is one of the smartest people in the marvel universe. He's the Bat Man of Marvel.
You are not allowed to request a sticky.


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User talk:JakobVoss
Hello, JakobVoss, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful:
- The five pillars of Wikipedia
- Tutorial
- How to edit a page and How to develop articles
- How to create your first article (using the Article Wizard if you wish)
- Manual of Style
I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your messages on discussion pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically insert your username and the date. If you need help, check out Wikipedia:Questions, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question on this page and then place {{helpme}}
before the question. Again, welcome! --Susu Dancow (talk) 09:32, 5 October 2010 (UTC)
ArbCom elections are now open![edit]
You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:51, 24 November 2015 (UTC)
A barnstar for you![edit]
The Original Barnstar | |
Dear Jakob, recently I found my name in an Wikipedia article on Fullerenes in both the German and English version. As I did not contribute to the text I was wondering who did it and found your name in the view history (of 2011). Although it is 5 years ago
I would like to thank you very much for your intervention. Few days ago I have been trying to correct and complete the article, however, it is a hard job to convince admins, it takes time. Now, I have even requested a WP biography but cannot wright it myself. I wonder how my former colleagues created theirs. Can you hand me out any advice? Φως (talk) 00:07, 24 February 2016 (UTC) |
- Sorry but it's difficult to answer not knowing your actual name? -- JakobVoss (talk) 08:05, 24 February 2016 (UTC)