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We have two exciting new updates in our campaign to End Child Sex Slavery in the United States. First, we are travelling to Miami in November to film the community collaborative efforts to end sex trafficking in conjunction with area community groups. Miami Dade County has one of the most progressive anti-trafficking approaches in the country, and we're thrilled to be making a short film amplifying the voices of survivors, police and advocates, and their vital work.
Second, we recently completed an impact report on our feature documentary Tricked. The extensive report details all the elements of our anti-trafficking campaign, from short films to national television interviews, and showcases the impact we've created.
Please email firstname.lastname@example.com for a PDF copy of the report.
We can't continue our work without your support, so please donate today!
3 Generations is thrilled to announce the release of our new Law Enforcement DVD! At the request of members of the FBI's Innocence Lost Task Force, 3 Generations has created an additional DVD especially for trainings. The Law Enforcement DVD Extras includes explicit interviews with pimps outlining their methods of recruitment and control as well as extended interviews with the law enforcement officials and johns featured in Tricked. This footage was deemed too controversial to be included in the public release of Tricked and is, therefore, strictly for educational purposes.
3 Generations' Law Enforcement DVD is the next step in 3G's effort to engage the public on the issue of sex trafficking and create meaningful change. Over the last 10 years, public attitudes towards prostitution have shifted in a number of important ways. A developing body of research on America's sex industry has revealed the prevalence of sex trafficking here in the United States. Increased awareness regarding sex trafficking has resulted in public demands for changes in laws concerning treatment of children caught in the sex industry, services for victims of trafficking and penalties for purchasers and pimps. Gone are the days when prostitution was viewed as a victimless crime. There is, however, considerable work to be done. In order to continue to combat sex trafficking, it is critical that law enforcement officials and those on the front lines of the fight learn how to interact with individuals who have very likely suffered unimaginable abuse.
It is 3 Generations' hope that by providing law enforcement officials around the country with the stories of those involved in all sides of America's sex trade, officials may gain a greater understanding of both the perpetrators and the victims. 3 Generations would not have been able to continue its campaign to end sex trafficking without the help of its supporters. Please join us in our fight! A donation of just $20 will help fund the production and packaging of one DVD. We can get it into the hands of police departments all over the country. Donate today and help make it happen!
Help put an end to child sex trafficking! You can support 3 Generations as we raise awareness by sharing survivor stories and working directly with organizations that participate in direct service and advocacy. The fight against trafficking has seen some tremendous wins recently, with 37 states passing more comprehensive trafficking laws in the past year alone (polarisproject.org).
Our film TRICKED, which sheds light on the personal plights of victims and widespread sex trafficking in America, has been screened in cities across the country and we are thrilled to announce that TRICKED is now streaming on Netflix! We have been receiving amazing feedback, insight, and an array of diverse opinions since the release. Our goal is to engage people in issues that matter, working to spread awareness and to generate discourse. It is, therefore, incredibly rewarding to watch as our goals become reality.
We still need your help to educate and engage more people in this fight. Over the next year, 3 Generations will launch a law enforcement campaign which will utilize unreleased footage and extended interviews from TRICKED to educate law enforcement. Just 13 donations of $20 would help us distribute our law enforcement DVD and engagement materials to five major cities. The more support, the more we can do to help end this dehumanizing crime. Your donations and support matter to us; help us and be part of the change!
What is it like to find yourself suddenly involved in a world of slavery? A world of exploitation, oppression, and psychological torment. To many survivors, their immersion into the world of sex trafficking was unexpected and all too sudden. A boy in Chicago flees a volatile family and suddenly finds himself being 'broken in' for the world of prostitution. In Boston, a college freshman meets a stranger at a party and soon after becomes another victim to the Johns of Massachusetts.
In our continued effort to amplify and convey the voices of victims worldwide, 3 Generations recently screened interviews of survivors from our feature film, TRICKED. In a speaking panel following the screening, survivors Nick and Danielle provided their own insights on how easily the world of sex slavery can claim another victim. In their own words we learned how a combination of psychological manipulation at the hands of pimps and the johns who fuel the trade only perpetuate the cycle of slavery.
3 Generations' campaign to end child sex slavery in the U.S relies on your support to raise awareness for the hidden world of sex trafficking. As we look to 2015, 3 Generations will continue to amplify and honor the voices of survivors to ensure children do not find themselves vulnerable to world of sex slavery. 2015 will be a year in which we highlight the dark and little discussed exploitation of young boys.
Help put an end to child sex trafficking! You can support 3 Generations as we raise awareness by sharing survivor stories and working directly with organizations that participate in direct service and advocacy. The fight against trafficking has seen some tremendous wins recently, with 37 states passing more comprehensive trafficking laws in the past year alone (polarisproject.org).
Our film TRICKED, which sheds light on the personal plights of victims and widespread sex trafficking in America, has been screened in cities across the country, the last one being Miami. But we need your help to educate and engage more people in this fight.
Just 5 donations of $20 will help us invest in the latest technology to help vulnerable survivors. 13 donations of $20 will be used to for special tools like hidden cameras to expose the dangerous world of sex trafficking. With more support, the more we can do to help end this dehumanizing crime. You're donations and support matter to us; help be a part of the change!
Project Reports on GlobalGiving are posted directly to globalgiving.org by Project Leaders as they are completed, generally every 3-4 months. To protect the integrity of these documents, GlobalGiving does not alter them; therefore you may find some language or formatting issues.
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MOSCOW, Sept. 18— Authorities in Vilnius, the capital of the Lithuanian republic, have authorized construction of what would apparently be the first Holocaust memorial in the Soviet Union, according to an American involved in the project.
The monument would be a significant victory for Soviet Jews, who have been told for decades that the Nazi genocide carried out against the Jews in World War II should not be singled out from the vast horror inflicted on the Soviet people as a whole.
The memorial is to include seven bronze bas-relief tablets of the Holocaust by Arbit Blatas, the Lithuanian-born American sculptor and painter, according to Mr. Blatas's wife, Regina Resnik, the mezzo-soprano, ''It will be the first memorial in the Soviet Union paying homage to the Holocaust,'' Miss Resnik said in a telephone interview from Vilnius. ''We think it is an important breakthrough.'' Details Are Approved
The couple has been in Vilnius this week negotiating final approval of the memorial, along with a group of Vilnius Jews who have been campaigning for the project for seven years.
Miss Resnik said authorization came this week from the Lithuanian Ministries of Culture and Propaganda, and from Lionginas Shepetis, a secretary of the Communist Party Central Committee of the republic.
She said the project was announced in Lithuanian newspapers today.
Soviet officials have maintained that it would be unfair to elevate the mass killing of Jews above other Nazi atrocities. The idea of a singular Jewish Holocaust has sometimes been attacked in official publications.
Even the internationally known memorial at Babi Yar in the Ukraine, the site of a famous Nazi massacre, does not mention that four of out of five victims were Jewish. It is inscribed only to ''the victims of fascism, 1941-1943.''
But Lithuania, one of the three Baltic republics, has a long European tradition and has often shown independent tendencies. At the moment, all the Baltic republics are in the middle of an officially tolerated campaign for greater political and economic autonomy. A 'Very Independent' Republic
''This republic seems to be very independent from Moscow, and one thing they are doing with their independence is to try to bind their different ethnic groups together,'' Miss Resnik said. Before World War II, Lithuania's Jewish population was about 160,000. Today it is 14,000 out of a total Lithuanian population of 3.6 million.
Miss Resnik said that while some details of the project remain to be worked out, officials had approved the main points: a sign in several languages identifying the site as the ''Jewish memorial of the Holocaust,'' the word ''Remember'' in Hebrew, the seven bas-reliefs, an eternal flame and a museum honoring the Jewish contribution to Lithuania.
She said the sculptures are to be installed next spring near the university in the old Jewish quarter of Vilnius. They will be duplicates of bronzes Mr. Blatas cast for display outside the United Nations building in New York and at Holocaust memorial sites in Paris and in Venice.
Mr. Blatas was born in Kaunas, studied in Paris, and was unable to return to Lithuania when World War II broke out.


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Alicia Josipovic
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Alicia Josipovic | |
Biographical | |
Birth Name | Alicia Dea Vita Jones |
Date of Birth | February 16, 1991 (age 26) |
Place of Birth | Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
Gender | Female |
Nickname(s) | Leesh, Leesha |
Height | 5'4 |
Eye Color | Brown |
Hair Color | Brown |
Information | |
Occupation(s) | Actress, Musician, Dancer |
IMDb | Alicia Josipovic |
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Alicia Dea Vita Jones is a Canadian actress. She is best known for her role as Bianca DeSousa on Degrassi. She also portrays Dancy Cologne on the show, Debra!, on the Family Channel. She is a professional dancer and has appeared in Harriet the Spy: Blog Wars and Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam as a dancer. Alicia is also a member of PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals).
- Alicia is an Aquarius.
- She is good friends with co-stars Tamara Duarte, Melinda Shankar, Luke Bilyk, Samantha Munro, Jessica Tyler and Sam Earle.
- She went to the prom with fellow Canadian actor Devon Bostick, who played Nic in Season 6.
- Alicia was the leading lady in Tyler Medeiros's music video.
- Alicia is a vegetarian.
- She has a YouTube account here.
- She is of Italian and Croatian heritage.
- Her cat is named Bello.
- She is a fan of the show Breaking Bad.
- She is a professional dancer.
- She ships Drianca.
- She, Munro Chambers, Luke Bilyk, Daniel Kelly and Justin Kelly created a fake family: an Italian Mafia family.
- She changed her last name to her mother's maiden name.


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In 2001 Gujarat legislature passed a law regulating the supply, transmission and distribution of Natural Gas. It was aimed at promoting the use of gas in the state, by both industry and domestic consumers. This Act was sent to president for his assent to convert it into law.
President did not give his assent, instead on 8th Oct 2001, he referred it to Hon'l Supreme Court under Clause 1 of Article 143 of the Constitution of India, which states that:
Article 143 (1)If at any time it appears to the President that a question of law or fact has arisen, or is likely to arise, which is of such a nature and of such public importance that it is expedient to obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court upon it, he may refer the question to that Court for consideration and the Court may, after such hearing as it thinks fit, report to the President its opinion thereon.
[Note:(i) There have been 15 presidential references so far to SC, out of which only 1 have NOT been answered so far, which was regarding a question on whether Ram temple was there in disputed area in Ayodhya. SC declined to answer this presidential reference.
(ii) Recently Smt. Pratibha Patil had sent presidential reference to Supreme Court, regarding clarifying on distribution policy w.r.t Natural Resources.
(iii) An Advisory Jurisdiction is an opinion which the Supreme Court expresses and hence not binding on President. Nevertheless, it is entitled to due weight and highest amount of respect by all courts and the Executive as well as the Legislature. The whole purpose of advisory jurisdiction is to be able to avoid problems rather than being confronted with problem and then the Court being brought in to adjudicate the issue. So this preventive power which has been vested in the President and the jurisdiction which has been vested in the SC is to avoid problems in the future which are clearly foreseeable.]
A question had therefore arisen whether "Natural Gas" is a Union subject or State subject and whether the State of Gujarat and the other States have the legislative competence to make laws on the subject of "Natural Gas."
Questions asked in the reference are as follows:
Q1. Whether Natural Gas in whatever physical form including Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is a Union subject covered by Entry 53 of the List I and the Union has exclusive legislative competence to enact?
Q2. Whether States have legislative competence to make laws on the subject of natural gas and liquefied natural gas under Entry 25 of List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution?
Q3. Whether the State of Gujarat had legislative competence to enact the Gujarat Gas (Regulation of Transmission, Supply & Distribution) Act, 2001?
What's there in Constitution?
Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India has details as under:
Union List I - Entry 53 : Regulation and development of oilfields and mineral oil resources; petroleum and petroleum products; other liquids and substances declared by Parliament by law to be dangerously inflammable.
State List II - Entry 25: Gas and gas-works
Court Proceedings:
There was intense debate on both sides(Union and State) explaining why "Natural Gas" should be considered as a subject enumerated in their list.
Arguments by State:
The learned Counsel for the State brought to the attention the Hon'l SC of various publications and research papers on the subject to show as to what is 'natural gas' and its derivative forms. Elaborate arguments were made to this respect:
- Expression "gas" used in Entry 25 of List II would include all types of gases and, therefore, any legislation related to "gas and gas works" is perfectly within the legislative competence of the State.
- It was submitted that in previous judgement by SC held that the field of entire industry, dealing with "gas and gas works" would fall under Entry 25 of List II.
- It was further submitted that the entries in the three Lists(Union, State and Concurrent) were only legislative heads or fields of legislation and they only set boundary limit on the area over which the appropriate Legislature could operate. Widest amplitude should be therefore be given to the interpretation of the language of the entries.
- When there is a conflict between two entries(Union Vs State list), the Court should reconcile the entries and attempt should be made to harmonise the apparently conflicting entries and the State should not be denuded of its power to legislate on the subject.
- It was further contended that "gas" as defined in the Gujarat Act means matter in gaseous state which predominantly consists of methane and it will not come within the ambit of 'petroleum and petroleum products.'
- It was argued that "gas" could be extracted from the bowl of the earth without there being any petrol or petroleum products and according to the learned counsel, it would fall within the domain of State legislation under Entry 25 of List II.
Arguments by Union:
- The learned Attorney General argued that the various definitions in different enactments(in past) indicate that there is uniform and consistent legislative practice and it is evident that 'petroleum and petroleum product' include 'natural gas' and hence 'natural gas' is a Union subject covered by Entry 53 of List I.
- The Entry 25 under List II of the Seventh Schedule deals with "gas and gas works" and it relates to manufacture gas like acetylene, oxygen, carbon dioxide, which are locally manufactured and used in industries e.g welding purposes, hospitals, preparing aerated drinks etc. and hence enables the State Govt to regulate and control the manufacture and distribution of these gases by the local industry.
- Union govt. then tried to establish that Natural Gas is a Petroleum product:
- "Petroleum" means naturally occurring hydrocarbons in a free state, whether in the form of natural gas or in a liquid viscous or solid form, but does not include helium occurring in association with petroleum, or coal, or shale, or any substance which may be extracted from coal, shale, or other rock by the application of heat or by a chemical process.
- "Natural gas' is defined as a naturally occurring mixture of hydro-carbon and non-hydrocarbon gases found in the porous geologic formations beneath the earth's surface, often in association with petroleum.
- In Cauvery Water Dispute Tribunal, the right to flowing water of rivers was described as a right 'publici juris', i.e. a right of public. So also the people of the entire country has a stake in the natural gas and its benefit has to be shared by the whole country. There should be just and reasonable use of natural gas for national development. If one State alone is allowed to extract and use natural gas, then other States will be deprived of its equitable share. This position goes on to fortify the stand adopted by the Union and will be a pointer to the conclusion that "natural gas' is included in Entry 53 of List I. Thus, the legislative history and the definition of 'petroleum', 'petroleum products' and 'mineral oil resources' contained in various legislations and books and the national interest involved in the equitable distribution of natural gas amongst the States - all these factors lead to the inescapable conclusion that "natural gas" in raw and liquefied form is petroleum product and part of mineral oil resource, which needs to be regulated by the Union.
- Natural gas being a petroleum product, the court was of the view that under Entry 53 List I, Union Govt. alone has got legislative competence.
- Entry 25 of List II, as suggested for the States, will have to be read as a whole. The expressions therein cannot be compartmentally interpreted. The word 'gas' in the Entry will have to be read along with other word 'gasworks'. In Ballantine's Law Dictionary 'Gas Works' is defined as "a plant for the manufacture of artificial gas". Similarly in Webster's New 20th Century dictionary, it is defined as "an establishment in which gas for heating and lighting is manufactured". The meaning of the term 'gas works' is well understood in the sense that the place where the gas is manufactured. So it is difficult to accept the proposition that 'gas' in Entry 25 of List II includes Natural Gas, which is fundamentally different from manufactured gas in gas works. Therefore, Entry 25 of List II could only cover manufactured gas and does not cover Natural Gas within its ambit.
- In view of this specific Entry 53, for any petroleum and petroleum products, the State Legislature has no legislative competence to pass any legislation in respect of natural gas. To that extent, the provisions-contained in the Gujarat Act are lacking legislative competence.
In the result, the Reference is answered in the following terms :
Q.1. Whether Natural Gas in whatever physical form including Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is a Union subject covered by Entry 53 of the List I and the Union has exclusive legislative competence to enact.
A .1. Natural Gas including Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is a Union subject covered by Entry 53 of List I and the Union has exclusive legislative competence to enact laws on natural gas.
Q. 2. Whether States have legislative competence to make laws on the subject of natural gas and liquefied natural gas under Entry 25 of List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution.
A. 2. The States have no legislative competence to make Saws on the subject of natural gas and liquefied natural gas under Entry 25 of List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution.
Q. 3. Whether the State of Gujarat had legislative competence to enact the Gujarat Gas (Regulation of Transmission, Supply & Distribution) Act, 2001.
A.3. The Gujarat Gas (Regulation of Transmission, Supply & Distribution) Act, 2001, so far as the provisions contained therein relating to the natural gas or liquefied natural gas (LNG) are concerned, is without any legislative competence and the Act is to that extent ultra vires of the Constitution.
In the light, of the opinion rendered in Special Reference No. 1/2001 under Article 143(1) of the Constitution of India, the Writ Petition and the Civil Appeals was dismissed.


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Thursday, September 6, 2012
Mosquito Falls - Picture Rocks National Lakeshore
This pretty little Michigan waterfall is hidden in the Beaver Basin Wilderness , PRNL. If you like brook trout fishing there are lots of them in here. Sorry I've been a lame contact here on flickr , lots of irons in the fire lately!
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Camera - Nikon D700
Lens - Nikon16-35mm
Exposure -..1/5 sec
Focal length -26mm
Aperture - f/8
ISO Speed -200
Quality - raw processed in capture NX2
© Copyright 2012 John McCormick , All Rights Reserved
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About Me
- Michigan Nut
- Hi, My name is John McCormick I'm an avid Michigan / Great Lakes Landscape Photographer. I am a life long Michigan resident and have been into landscape photography for over 30 years. On my website Michigan Nut Photography I offer high quality Fine Art Prints for the home and office. Also available are canvas wraps, standouts, framed prints, mugs, glasses, magnets, and a variety of other gifts and merchandise all of which can be printed on with a photo of your choice in my galleries.


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Donaji & the Magical Poncho
This is the story of a fearless girl and her encounter with the wicked cold wind god
4.30 / 5.00 5,327 ViewsUPDATE 060814 - Daily 2nd Place and frontpage Thank you all!
The final part in the Who Goes There Series?
I like to thank the brilliant voice actors at the newgrounds voice acting club for making all the amazing voice acting. Hope you enjoy the show and please review!
With this cliffhanger...
Ya must continue with somethin. :D
I don wanna push or anythin I just say that this is a short but not bad series and I'd love to see if it can go on. :)
Awesome work
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I'm not gonna bitch, but thats my thought, I respect the series, and think you ended perfectly and their could'nt have been a better one (:
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2007-04-18 - SIRENIA singer Monika Pedersen will be co-hosting The DJ PainKiller Show on the popular Rock/Metal online radio station Hard Rock Radio Live (www.hardrockradiolive.com).
The show will air live on Thursday, April 26th at 2 pm EST / 8 pm CET.
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SIRENIA's latest album, "Nine Destinies And A Downfall",
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SIRENIA – announce »Perils Of The Deep ...2013-08-08 00:00 - SIRENIA will be touring Australia for the very first time. One of the pioneer Symphonic Gothic Metal artists, SIRENIA is the complete package; they have that captivating ... Details |
SIRENIA – hit the charts!2013-07-10 06:00 - Norwegian gothic metallers SIRENIA have hit the charts with their recently released new studio album »Perils Of The Deep Blue«! They've entered the official German album ... Details |
SIRENIA: New Lyric Video2013-06-28 00:00 - Norwegian symphonic gothic metallers SIRENIA have uploaded a brand-new lyric video for the song "My Destiny Coming To Pass"... Details |
SIRENIA: Behind the Scenes Look2013-06-21 03:00 - Norwegian symphonic gothic metallers SIRENIA have released a behind the scenes look at the making of their "Seven Widows Weep" video clip Details |
SIRENIA – release video clip!2013-06-05 00:00 - The upcoming new SIRENIA record is called »Perils Of The Deep Blue« and will be out on June 28th on Nuclear Blast Records. SIRENIA recently shoot the video clip to the ... Details |
SIRENIA – Second Albumtrailer released
2013-05-21 00:00 - The upcoming new SIRENIA record is called »Perils Of The Deep Blue« and will be out on June 28th on Nuclear Blast Records. |
SIRENIA: First Studio Trailer for New Album2013-05-07 02:00 - Norwegian symphonic gothic metallers SIRENIA have released the first studio trailer for their upcoming sixth studio... Details |
SIRENIA - reveal title, tracklist & cover ...2013-04-18 01:00 - Today, Norwegian symphonic gothic metallers SIRENIA are happy to reveal first details on their upcoming new album that will be released via Nuclear Blast on June 28, 2013! ... Details |
SIRENIA – send an update from the studio!2012-10-16 04:00 - Hot news on Norwegian gothic metallers SIRENIA: The band has recently entered the studio to record the follow-up to 2011's highly successful output »The Enigma Of Life«! ... Details |
SIRENIA – introduce new guitar player!2011-10-25 00:00 - SIRENIA – the Norwegian gothic metal outfit led by guitarist and songwriter Morten Veland – introduce a new lead guitarist! Main man Morten states: "We are very happy to ... Details |


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The name Murray comes from the region of Moray in the north-east.
In the 11-12th centuries Scottish monarchs began controlling their kingdom more tightly by establishing reliable knights, often Anglo-Norman families, in specific regions giving them absolute power over the local population.
David I had installed the Flemish knight Freskin in Linthgowshire. After suppressing the Celtic chiefs of Moray in 1130, David I placed loyal Freskin in control of that area. The Murray families originate from here taking the name of the lands as their surname.
Sir Andrew Murray fought in William Wallace's rebellion of 1297.
The Murrays of Tullibardine descend from Malcolm de Moray whose son, Sir John, married the daughter of the Seneschal of Strathearn bringing them the lands of Abercairney (east of Crieff) around 1320. Another marriage by the family into the old Celtic aristocracy of Perthshire by Sir William brought further lands around Tullibardine and their place in Perthshire history.
Why not take a short break of vacation in 'Murray country'!
Sir David Murray founded a Collegiate Church at Tullibardine in 1445 - this remains unaltered.
In 1528 Doune Castle (confiscated in 1424) was given back to the descendant of Duke of Albany and from him to the earls of Moray who still own this property.
James VI granted lands around Scone to David Murray making him Lord Scone in 1605 and Viscount Stormont in 1621.
The Earldom of Atholl passed to John Murray of Tullibardine through female decent in 1629. In 1703 Queen Anne raised the title to Duke. The chief of the Murray Clan is present the Duke of Atholl.
Lord George Murray was Bonnie Prince Charlie's brilliant general during the 1745 Jacobite Rebellion.
William Murray, son of the 5th Viscount Stormont became Lord Mansfield in 1756 and 1st Earl of Mansfield in 1776.
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text: Divxturka.net is using Redbunker! Because Redbunker is better than Hotfile, Netload and Rapidshare ! Click here and buy REDBUNKER premium account! Plot: Mo is a young boy growing up in a traditional Egyptian household, but beyond the front door of the family's modest London flat is a completely different world – the streets of Hackney. The impressionable Mo idolizes his handsome older brother Rashid and wants to follow is his footsteps. However, Rashid, a charismatic and shrewd member of a local gang, wants a different life for his little brother and deals drugs hoping to put Mo through college. One eventful summer, Rashid's sexual awakening forces Mo to confront his own fears and phobias and threatens to tear the brothers apart. Genre: Drama IMDB rating: 6.5/10 from 303 users Directed by: Sally El Hosaini Starring: James Floyd, Fady Elsayed, Saïd Taghmaoui Release Name: My.Brother.The.Devil.2012.BDRip.XviD-SPLiTSViLLE Size: 700 MB x 2 CD Video: AVi | 624×256 | 1294 kbps Audio: English | AC3 | 448 kbps Runtime: 1h 47mn Information: Code: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2076897/ Download: Code: Single Link Single Extraction http://www.redbunker.net/lp545rdpruki/My.Brother.The.Devil.2012.BDRip.XviD-SPLiTSViLLE.rar.html Screens:


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Nancy will come to your house, bringing her guitar and brightly colored bags of instruments and props. During the show, children will play three different sets of instruments. Songs include familiar favorites, like Old Macdonalds Farm, interactive originals, and of course Happy Birthday!
For information and availability, email WHERE IN MY HOUSE SHOULD I HAVE THE
ENTERTAINMENT? DO I NEED TO PROVIDE ANYTHING? CAN MOMS AND DADS STAY AND WATCH? WHAT IF MY CHILD DOESN'T JOIN IN? ONE AND TWO YEAR OLDS' PARTIES And don't forget to just have fun! |


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Photo: Internet
Previously Baby taxis were run by diesel or petrol but due to environmental pollution baby taxis were converted to CNG, which are environment friendly. The green outer color of the CNG (auto rickshaw) also reminds us the nature's green.
Archive for the 'Transport' Category
CNG, Two strokes three wheelers
Posted in Transport, tagged Bangladesh, CNG, Two strokes three wheelers on February 4, 2009| Leave a Comment »
Palki Art & Painting by Shakia
Posted in Transport, tagged Bangladesh, palki painting by Shakia on February 4, 2009| Leave a Comment »
Photo: Shakia
Painting & Art present in one photography, it is a great combination of traditions. And the painter shows her creativity in her painting. It was a old rural tradition also.
Ban Transport
Posted in Transport, tagged Ban on two strokes three wheelers, Bangladesh on February 1, 2009| Leave a Comment »
Photo: Internet
Transport in Bangladesh takes many forms. There is the ubiquitous rickshaw, three wheeled rickshaws, also called mini-taxis or baby-taxis. Ministry of Communication has taken a step to a total ban on plying of two strokes three wheelers in Dhaka City from January 2003.
Posted in Transport, tagged in Bangladesh, three wheeled rickshaws on January 27, 2009| Leave a Comment »
Photo: Internet
Transport in Bangladesh takes many forms. There is the ubiquitous rickshaw, three wheeled rickshaws, also called mini-taxis, and the bus. As you can see the picture, riding a bus in Bangladesh is not for the feint of heart. Every day, one can read of buses racing across country roads and careening wildly into ponds, rivers or simply becoming airborne, momentarily, over flood embankments. In fact, those passengers that die in bus accidents usually die of drowning, not from the collision itself. One of the reasons bus travel is so risky is that the drivers rarely have any training and, indeed, most do not even have a driver's license.
This is how, sometimes our traditional transport shows the negative impact on our country. But now a days things are changes a lot.
Photo: Internet
Posted in Transport, tagged Bullock cart, Palki, Tomtom (Horse cart), transportation which are fading out on January 23, 2009| Leave a Comment »
There are some transportation which are parts of culture of Bangladesh. In rural areas bullock cart, buffalo cart and tomtom (Horse cart) are commonly used. In old Dhaka once tomtom was a common vehicle and still it is found. Bicycles are used both in rural and urban areas. Both vehicle pictures are given below-
Photo: Internet (Tomtom gari)
Photo: Internet ( Bullock cart)
Palki (a box-like vehicle carried on shoulders by six men) is a wedding transportation means. Brides are carried to the bridegrooms' places by Palki. And now-a-days palki is totally vanished vehicle.
Photo: Internet (Palki)


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Europe 'moving towards recession'The world economy has clearly lost momentum with inflation slowing in emerging countries, while growth in Europe is likely to be zero next year and possibly the following year too, said Dexia Asset Management chief economist Anton Brender. More… |
Dexia opens new office in DubaiDexia Asset Management, a specialist in financial analysis, fund management and institutional and private mandates, has opened its new office in Dubai in line with its regional expansion plans. The new office established at the Dubai Inter More… |
Equities 'still attractive to investors'Equity markets still present attractive value going forward despite the first half of 2011 seeing revolts in Northern African countries, a devastating earthquake and tsunami in Japan and sovereign debt worries in peripheral Europe. "Sector More… |
Firm 'look to bonds for financing needs'Although the global economic crisis has not impacted the GCC quite like elsewhere in the world, it has changed the way companies look for financing, according to Dexia Asset Management regional head Firas Mallah. 'We have noticed an in More… |


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A former model in Mumbai reportedly committed suicide in her flat in Versova. 26-yr-old Archana Pandey's body was found lying from the ceiling fan in her bedroom on Monday after her neighbours smelt foul odour emanating from her flat, said police officials. Cops did find a "suicide" note by Archana in which she held her boyfriend Omar Pathan liable for her suicide.
Archana had quit modeling and was working as a financial consultant in a production house. In the suicide note, Archana blamed Omar Pathan for her suicide and said that he was "ill-treating" her.
Archana had been living alone in the 12th floor of Shubham Karoti building at New Mahada colony in Versova. Though she had committed suicide sometime back, no one had clue on her death. Only after bad smell emanating from her flat, neighbours rang her door bell but in vain. Then they informed police about it. By the time, police found her body, it was highly decomposed and police sent it to post-mortem. Cops are probing the issue, checking her mobile phone contents, call records and smses. Cops are also contemplating to book a case against her boyfriend on the charges of abutment of suicide.
Ex Model Archana commits suicide
Posted : September 30, 2014 at 8:10 pm IST by


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In the past, we were content to do quiet work for friends (and friends of friends). But we still had the incessant nagging feeling to reach out to more people. Now that we are in a new place with very few traditional Witches in our area, we felt perhaps that time has come to offer our gifts to our new community. The nagging has only gotten stronger since returning to my partner's place of origin- Appalachia. The land spirits are poking him to follow the Wyrd. I too have been dreaming, almost every night, of a life that involves tangible work with my hands and heart that serves others.
Witch bottle from 17th century. |
My partner is incredibly gifted at divination- both tarot and runes. I am a creative and powerful spellstress- I can make charms, talismans, witch bottles, candle spells, and more that pack quite a wallop (if I do say so myself).
I am so excited to grow my own magical and medicinal herbs and create my own remedies and toiletries. Excited to become more tied to a piece of land (and its cycles) and how it can give to me (and I to it). I am going to be making tinctures, balms, oils, lotions, sachets, poppets, wreaths, and much more with all kinds of plants, curios, and such. Making blessing soaps, floor washes, wards for folks' homes, candle spells, and the like sounds like a fabulous way to spend some time each week. Growing Reishi and other medicinal mushrooms, mugwort, and henbane.
I will also be using the Etsy store (and this blog) to share my homeschool curriculum. I start writing units this semester and will be selling .pdfs of units as they happen.
While the Boline Etsy store won't be fully operational until after our move next month we are offering a limited number of services until we are up and running at full speed.


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Light Chicken Kabobs Recipe
Margaret Balley of Coffeeville, Mississippi shares her flavorful recipe for Light Chicken Kabobs. "They're easy to make ahead and grill in less than 30 minutes," raves Margaret.
- 6 boneless skinless chicken breast halves (4 ounces each)
- 2 large green peppers, cut into 1-1/2 inch pieces
- 2 large onions, cut into 18 wedges
- 18 medium fresh mushrooms
- 1 bottle (8 ounces) low-fat Italian salad dressing
- 1/4 cup light soy sauce
- 1/4 cup Worcestershire sauce
- 2 tablespoons lemon juice
- 1. Cut each chicken breast half into three lengthwise strips. Place the chicken in a large resealable plastic bag. Place the green peppers, onions and mushrooms in another large resealable plastic bag.
- 2. In a large bowl, combine the salad dressing, soy sauce, Worcestershire sauce and lemon juice. Remove 1/3 cup; cover and refrigerate. Divide the remaining salad dressing mixture between the chicken and the vegetables; seal both bags and turn to coat. Refrigerate 4 hours or overnight, turning occasionally.
- 3. Drain and discard marinade from chicken and vegetables. Alternately thread chicken and vegetables on 18 metal or soaked wooden skewers. Grill over medium heat for 12-15 minutes or until chicken juices run clear, turning and basting with reserved marinade occasionally. Yield: 6 servings.
Nutritional Facts
1 each: 210 calories, 4g fat (0 saturated fat), 74mg cholesterol, 673mg sodium, 13g carbohydrate (0 sugars, 0 fiber), 29g protein. Diabetic Exchanges: 3 lean meat, 2 vegetable.
Reviews for Light Chicken Kabobs
Wine Pairings
Light-Bodied White Wine
Enjoy this recipe with a light-bodied white wine such as Sauvignon Blanc or Pinot Grigio.
© 2017 RDA Enthusiast Brands, LLC


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Economic Analysis: Growth won't be so pretty by the end of the year
Today's growth figures should have small print stamped on them like the products of banks and fund mangers up and down the country: "Past performance is not an indicator of future returns."
Jim Armitage: Keep filling the talent pool with Europe's brightest
Every morning, my neighbour Rui is at our local pool, giving his first swimming lesson at 6.30am. He works until eight or nine most evenings and runs lessons for a few hours at weekends.
It's official: Christmas dinner is £5 cheaper this year
Inflation on the rise but no chance of interest rate hike yet
UK's 'Goldilocks' economy set for good year-end after services growth
What is deflation and should we be worried about it?
Britain sees deflation again as wine and spirits get cheaper


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Textured White Triangle Bikini, Attractive Strapwork - Tropez White
The sophisticated graphic design created by the straps that cross at the front and tie at the back make this plain white Brazilian bikini très chic!
This item ships to United States.
Delivered between Friday 31 March, 2017 and Monday 03 April, 2017. When you choose the Express Delivery. Learn more.
Free delivery for this product Learn more.
100 Days exchange Policy. Learn more.
Return address: Miami, United States.
Payment methods: Visa, Mastercard, Amex, Paypal, Maestro, Discover, Diners Club, JCB, Bank transfer, PaysafeCard.
Why be dull when you could be intricately elegant? The straps of this bikini triangle top by Kiminis cross over at the front and tie up beautifully at the back, and are echoed by the straps on the bikini bottom. Every stitch is flawless and pleasing from every angle. Fully lined.
- • Brand: Kiminis
- • Color: White
- • Style: Two Piece Swimwear
- • Top style: Triangle - Removable Pad
- • Bottom style: Tab Side / Larger side - Brazilian
- • Composition: 85% Polyamide, 15% Elastane - LYCRA® Xtra Life fibers
- • Lining: 100% Polyamide
- • Washing instructions: Hand wash cold, dry flat
- • Origin: Made in Brazil
This swimsuit is ideal for body shapes : X / Sandglass


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EU justice ministers agreed to seek better data protection
European Union (EU) justice ministers considered possible perspectives of the EU justice area from 2014 and submitted proposals regarding implementation of the EU personal data protection reform in the informal meeting on 19 July in Vilnius.
"I am pleased with the outcome of today's meeting. We had fruitful discussions on both the future of the EU justice area and the personal data protection reform topics. They will contribute to making decisions that meet interests of the EU citizens best. The justice ministers have demonstrated strong desire to seek constructive solutions on the items of agenda proposed by Lithuania, which is holding Presidency of the EU Council," said Justice Minister Juozas Bernatonis after the meeting.
During the discussions on the future of the EU area of justice after 2014, when the Stockholm Programme expires, the justice ministers of EU member states expressed opinion that new strategic guidelines defining legislative and operational priorities for the area of freedom, security and justice are necessary.
In the opinion of most justice ministers of EU member states, legislative and operational strategic guidelines for the area of freedom, security and justice should be developed taking into account the following key principles: establishment of EU strategic goals in the justice area, close cooperation among EU institutions and proper funding of the envisaged measures.
The participants of the meeting also expressed position that key priorities in the area of justice after 2014 should be these ones: implementation of already adopted EU legal acts in the member states, safeguarding fundamental rights, including data protection, more efficient judicial cooperation among member states as well as wider use of IT in the justice field.
"Everybody agrees that the growing EU needs appropriate measures that would meet the challenges of today and by creating stable and proper legal environment would promote economic growth and help to achieve that economy and society would be more predictable and more open," said Lithuanian Minister of Justice.
The key objective of the General Data Protection Regulation, which is currently discussed at the EU Council, is to ensure more consistent, clearer and smoother application of data protection standards across the EU. That would enable to avoid partial transposition of the 1995 Data Protection Directive into national legislation and do away with the requirement that companies have to report about data processing to the supervisory authorities of all the member states in which they operate.
During the debates on the EU data protection reform issues the ministers focused on the role of the European Data Protection Board (EDPB) role in applying the this regulation in all member states.
The establishment of the EDPB, comprising heads of a supervisory authority from each member state and the European Data Protection Supervisor, is one of the tools envisaged to achieve this key objective. The ministers agreed to seek that the EU data protection rules would be consistently followed and expressed support to the role of EDPB in this direction.
"The EU must respond sharply to the challenges of globalization and development of information technology. Protection of human rights must be our priority. Everybody agrees that reliable data protection mechanisms are of vital importance," said J. Bernatonis.


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"I am still determined to be cheerful and happy in whatever situation I may be."
Martha Washington
"Don't settle for a life that doesn't bring you cheers but tears."
Philip T. M.
"I am determined to be cheerful and happy in whatever situation I may find myself. For I have learned that the greater part of our misery or unhappiness is determined not by our circumstance but by our disposition."
"I am always happy, because whenever I am sad I just know that somewhere, somehow, there is a person who is PUSHING a door that says PULL."
Auliq Ice
"The best way to cheer yourself is to try to cheer someone else up."
Mark Twain
"Wondrous is the strength of cheerfulness, and its power of endurance - the cheerful man will do more in the same time, will do it better, will preserve it longer, than the sad or sullen"
Thomas Carlyle
"The voluntary path to cheerfulness, if our spontaneous be lost, is to sit up cheerfully, and act and speak as if cheerfulness wee already there. To feel brave, act as if we were brave, use all our will to that end, and courage will very likely replace fear. If we act as if from some better feeling, the bad feeling soon folds its tent like an Arab and silently steals away"
William Shakespeare


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Certifications & CodesTCC has been a long-term and trusted small business cable assembly manufacturer to many leading defense contractors. Our manufacturing experience has awarded us long-standing partnerships in the military, aerospace, and defense industries since 1989.
Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, and L3 Communications are just a few who trust TCC as their privately-owned, small business cable assembly contract manufacturer to build and deliver high-quality cable assemblies and products on time. Call us to begin your quote |
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The Expansion Rate Of Idp Australia Commerce Essay
Published: Last Edited:
This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers.
The purpose of this report is to study the expansion of IDP Australia in the Indian market and to explore the existing cultural dimensions. This would also cover analysis based on relative best known academic theories to identify the differences within the PCN (Parent Country National) and HCN (Host Country National), identifying the resulting impact of the cultural diversity on the IHRM practices; review whether the leadership and motivational systems are in place in accordance with the legal and ethical considerations in HRM policies and practices followed by the parent company and then finally concluding the report by recommending the necessary changes in strategies to be made on the host country's culture.
The report covers four key aspects of the IDP's expansion process. In the first part it evaluates the external environment and cultural dimensions and analysis the differences in the practices and pattern between PCN and HCN. In the second part it analysis the existing IHRM Practices and based on the best culture fit for the host country, PCN implements the most viable practice. The third part focuses on the implementation of leadership and motivational systems that will help IDP Australia achieve its objective in the host country. The final section of the report would explore the legal and ethical considerations for HRM polices based on the Indian legal systems and ethical viability of strategies. And the report would be concluded by constructive and necessary recommendations at the end.
Research Methodology:
The research methodology adapted in compiling this report indulges a detailed reading and critical analysis on various academic books and journal articles based on cultural diversity and the knowledge gained during lectures and information from IDP website.
The report is based on assumptions that IDP Education Australia is intending to expand its operations to India and the data gathered for the purpose of the report is through secondary resources. As major portion of the data was deemed classified and was not accessible a few calculative and achievable assumptions have been made. Hence there are limitations.
Overview on the Organisation - IDP Education
IDP Education Pty Ltd is a global company that offers student placements in international educational institution around the world and also provides English language testing services (IELTS). IDP Education was first incepted in September 1969 under the Australian-Asian Universities Cooperation Scheme which allowed them to play a major role in the international education and development. Since then over the last 41 years IDP has grown its network over 75 offices in 29 countries, and has placed more international students into Australian institutions than any other organisation around the world.
Initially established with a mission to strengthen teaching and research in a number of intuitions in south-east Asia, IDP gradually transformed into an organisation with three major business arms - recruitment o international students, English language testing and management of international aid projects.
IDP's core corporate culture is based on the values of intelligent risk-taking, integrity, leadership, customer service, commitment to quality, empowerment, accountability and honesty valuing the people by openness to thoughts and imbibed teamwork.
Currently half of IDP's equity is owned by 38 universities through their holding company IDP Education Australia Ltd and on the other hand the remaining half is owned by SEEK Ltd, Australia's leading online employment and training company (idp.com 2009).
IDP's Rationale for Expansion in India
In 2008-09, studies revealed that revenue generated by international students has totalled to $3.47 billion, and is further forecasted to grow to $3.7 billion in 2009-10 (Refer Appendix 1). An estimated 339,580 international students are already enrolled at Australian higher education institutions in early 2010. And by 2010-2011 almost 70% of these students are estimated to study onshore in Australia, and the remaining may opt for offshore studies in Australian universities (IBIS world 2010). As the education industry is the second largest source of revenue for Australian economy and studies reveal that a large portion is generated from strong and fast growing economies like India, China etc (IBIS world 2010). IDP's top management planned for a massive expansion in India to boost its revenue and make the company a dominant force in its sector of education.
The rationale behind choosing India as the potential market by the management team was the education system in India that is making fast progress and with the massive system of higher education consisting of 342 universities, 17000 colleges and 887 polytechnics (refer Appendix 1: source: mapsofIndia.com) made it the first in IDP's list of potential market. Recent studies indicate that India has been a leader in sending students overseas for international educational exchange, with over 123,000 students in 2006 where staying outside the home country.
A recent study by Australian High Commission recorded a growth of 7%in the number of students from India that contributed to a number of 27,000 coming to Australia. As at year-to-date (YTD) April 2009 there were 436,895 enrolments by full-fee international students in Australia on a student visa. This represents growth of 20.1% on YTD April 2008 figures. There were 170,168 commencements in the same period, representing growth of 17.0%. China and India were the largest markets in both enrolments and commencements. China accounted for 24.1% of enrolments and 24.2% of commencements; India accounted for 18.7% and 16.7% respectively (Annual International Student Statistics, 2009). A research conducted by IDP has also analysed a gap in the demand that indicates that globalization and other economic shifts have turned India into an economically dynamic region, which has repercussions that extend into the educational sector by offering new opportunities to Indian students creating the need of IDP in India. Also in terms of the economic aspects, India is the fastest growing economy in the world with the total foreign direct investment increasing by $250 million during the period 1981 to 1991 to $6.6 billion by 2005 and in 2006 alone India's GDP increased in excess of 8% (Luthans & Doh 2009). All these factors contributed towards the expansion of IDP in India.
Environmental Factors
Firms small or large that expand beyond their national boundaries they need to take in consideration the various internal and external environmental factors that directly or indirectly impact the organisation. The political factors can be related to the risks that an organisation is encountered with or might encounter in the future, and these risks "are any changes in the political environment that may adversely affect the value of a firm's business activities" (Griffin & Pustay 2005, p.72). Although every country has its own share of political risks, the nature and importance of these risks vary. There are two potential political risk that IDP could face in India, one of which would the nature of instability of the Government at the national level, which will adversely cause a repetitive change in the government and will bring in constantly changing policies that may affect foreign trade investment, the labour market, etc., and this will indirectly would trim down the flow of people moving to study in Australia which will directly affect IDP's business. Also the second most important reason could also be the recent imbalance between the relationship between Indian and Australian government due to current attacks taking place on Indian students that has raised a question of the security of Indian students in Australia. This might also be an obstacle for IDP to represent Australia and its government safety measures taken to avoid such situations in India. With regards to the economic factors, any change in the political scenario will have a fluctuating impact on the economy of the host country and this will affect the organisation's business, in this case it being IDP. However, there are no eminent threats to IDP in the social and technological aspect; the management will also have to closely analyse into the cultural dimensions and differences that prevail in India when compared to the ones in Australia, as globalization not only brings about services, capital and people across borders together, it also brings about the fusion of information and ideas as well (Chris Chase-Dunn, 2005).
Analysis of Cultural Dimensions - Australia Vs India
As the world globalises the organisation find a need to reform their workplace management, and an opportunity to diversify and innovate the operating system and work culture. The success of such a step lies in the balance between the consistency in the changes and the actual adaptation to these changes (Trompenaars, 1993).
Culture as a word in its broader sense refers to the result of human interactions and knowledge acquired during conversations which is then used by people to interpret experience and generate social behaviour which further leads to various forms of values, creates attitudes and influence the behaviour of people among the group (Michael Porter, 1986). An academic study by Luthans& Doh (2009), indicate that culture is about learning, sharing, being trans-generational, symbolic, patterned and adaptive.
Thus on the basis of critical analysis with abstract to the academic references indicate that for IDP during its expansion in India may face a challenge in moving beyond its boundaries due to the cultural differences. Below are the challenges IDP may face:
Figure 5.1
Australian Culture
Indian Culture
Deal Focused
Relationship Focused
Variably expressive
Thus IDP would have to consider a calculative step but also have to concentrate over building relationship among the various stakeholders it has to deal during its expansion. Also, every organisation has a fixed set of strategic predispositions to manage across various cultures. These have been identified into four distinct types:
If IDP, decides to adopt Ethnocentric predisposition, then it would allow the values and interests of the parent company to guide strategic decisions in this case it would not be able to blend itself among the Indian culture and thus may lose trust and loyalty among the staff that they would recruit in India . In reverse if only a Polycentric predisposition is adopted then it would allow the parent company to make strategic decisions tailored to suit the cultures of the host countries which might disturb the corporate identity of IDP, and the Vision, values and mission of the company may not be same among the whole organisation . Regiocentric predisposition on the other end would lead the parent company to blend its own interests with those of its subsidiaries on a regional basis but not international basis, so this might not work effectively for IDP. And the last element called Geocentric predisposition would allow the parent company to integrate a global systems approach to decision making but this would force the company to recruit people and expertise all around the globe which may not work at initially stages in India as it is a new sector all together (Luthans & Doh 2009).
Due to the difference in cultures, a comparison of the differences and similarities across cultural dimensions would be ideal in establishing the right approach to be perused by IDP. Thus a blend of Polycentric predisposition and Ethnocentric predisposition would allow IDP, to not only manipulate certain process as per Indian culture and acceptance but also be able to retain the vision and mission same across the borders.
Cultural Dimensions
After analysing the strategic predispositions the understanding of cultural dimensions would help IDP understand the differences and similarities between two or more cultures along each dimension (Phatak et al. 2005). The dimensions of the two countries are further analysed by using the Dutch researcher, Geert Hofstede's five cultural dimensions of:
Power Distance
Individualism and collectivism
Uncertainty Avoidance
Masculinity & Femininity
Long-Term Orientation
Power Distance - High or Low
As the existing culture in Australia is about questioning the authority and directive of work if felt wrong, indicates it to be a low power distance culture, while there exists a great respect for authority, power and age and people to blindly obey their superiors in India (Singh 1990) indicating it to be a high power distance culture. In relation to this theory, IDP in order to have a productive workforce will have to consider placing more senior personnel in terms of age, at the managing level who can influence the lower and mid level management to attain the vision and mission of IDP.
Individualism and collectivism
Australian culture emphasises more on self-achievement, individual goals, etc., indicating it as an individualistic culture whereas the Indian culture though is high on power distance is inclined towards group work and group achievement in order to seek the best outcomes (Bond 1986), indicating it to be a Collectivistic culture. Unlike its current setup in the parent company, IDP will have to focus on having a team oriented workforce with equal and shared responsibilities, as an individualistic culture in an Indian workforce will not blend in and eventually distort its objectives.
Uncertainty Avoidance - High or Low
As per the research, Australia is low on uncertainty avoidance while India is high on uncertainty avoidance (Luthans & Doh 2009). This aspect of the theory holds the key in IDP achieving its main objective with its expansion in India. As the Indian work force being high on uncertainty avoidance, IDP will have to base its setup by strategically phasing out its vision, rather than going on an all out attack of achieving its goals, as it currently follows in Australia.
Masculinity & Femininity
The research also indicates the Australian culture inclined towards recognition and wealth, indicating it to be Masculine while the culture in India on the other-hand thrives on caring and looking after everyone in the group, indicating it to be feminine (Luthans & Doh 2009). IDP while establishing a masculitive workforce in India will have serious consequences as this will bring in non-cooperation amongst staff, as the current culture is feministic and focused on functioning as a group.Based on this framework the dimensions of Australia and India can be classified as given in the following table.
Figure: 6.4.1
Australian Culture
Indian Culture
Documentation based oriented
Trust based orientation
Mastery orientated
Harmonious orientated
Present orientated
Past orientated
Private orientated
Public orientated
Doing orientated
Being Orientated
Individualistic orientated
Hierarchy oriented
Source: Phatak et al. 2005
As the Indian culture is foreign to the Australian manager, IDP will have to implement strategies by understanding the cultural sensitivity for the values of the Indian culture. It's necessary for them to understand that without making the necessary changes will hold back IDP's progression in India.
Human Resource Management is one of the most important resources of any organisation and the importance given to these practices have a profound impact on the performance of the organisation (Wild et al. 2007). In today's world of globalization and innovativeness, the effective management and leadership of human resources is the most innovative source for competitive advantage (Porter 1986). Unlike domestic HRM, International Human Resource Management - IHRM is considerably different as it deals with organisations across national borders and is the process that deals with the procuring, allocation and effective utilization of human resources in an international arena (Aswathappa 2009). The success of an organisation across borders depends on the effectiveness of key HR practices like internal & external Recruitment and Selection, Training and Development, Performance Management and Compensation.
Internal and External Requirement and Selection:
In a global workforce organisations need to open their recruitment process and need to watch out for the unlawful discrimination of applicants (Leighton& Proctor, 2006). As IDP is in the business of placing students in Australian institutions, the candidate needs to meet the specific requirement of having a working knowledge of the industry. In Australia, IDP recruits from within and outside the sector and across national boundaries to increase its knowledge and experience pool and the role of staff is to implement new strategies for business and reform existing ones to enhance productive. This type of recruitment is geocentric in nature and helps organisations to develop staff who can easily adjust to changing business environments (Wild et al. 2007). Recruiting people from any background or culture increases the cultural diversity of an organisation. In India IDP will have to recruit for top and middle management who will be responsible for making policies and managing the business operations and front line staff who will be the face of the organisation and work towards achieving its objective and will be solely responsible for generating revenue. Although, IDP adopts a geocentric approach of recruitment in Australia, it will have to use a polycentric approach in India, as the one major downside of geocentric approach is the expense that incurs on the organisation (Wild et al. 2007). Apart from being cost effective the advantages of using a polycentric approach is that locals have a better knowledge of the region and its effects on the market (Daniels et al. 2004).
Although, as per the best practices it is advisable for organisations to follow a geocentric approach, IDP for its India operations will have to adopt a polycentric approach for both internal and external recruitment. As the operations are just being setup in India, IDP will have to initially focus on external recruitment procedures and along with the print media, will have to use the services of recruitment agencies and job centres. While using the services of agencies, organisations have to be very careful in choosing the right agency and will give the necessary instructions required, as any action taken by the agency will become the organisation's responsibility. Also the role of these agencies, for effective recruitment should be only to identify the likely applicants, based on the requirement of the organisation and the selection should be done by the employer. Similarly, organisations could also use the services of a Jobcentre, as this gives free advertising access to a pool of labour that are initially scanned through a set of set guidelines by the jobcentres and finally be selected by the employer.
Training and Development:
Training and Development is the key component of the human resources, as it draws the path of an organisations success. An effective organisation initially trains staff in various aspects of the organisational behaviour, working styles, production, etc., and then imparts the necessary training needed by the top management to support employees and continually monitor the performance to provide further development programs.
In a global organisation, training is necessary particularly for those expected to be working on foreign assignments. On such occasions, the employees need the necessary cross cultural training - CCT which helps understand the host country's culture, history, economy, social and business practices (Aswathappa 2009).
According to Aswathappa (2009) such training though has its own merits and demerits as discussed below:
Figure: 7.2.1
Increases the ratio of success in foreign assignments
Develops a false sense of confidence amongst staff
Provides a detailed global perspective
Cannot completely remove cultural biases and prejudices still persist
Helps in the management of foreign employees
Might not make a visible difference on business volumes
Reduces culture shock
Can never fully prepare as assignee to counter real problems
As training also helps in the alteration of employee behaviour and attitude and is directly proportional to the attainment of set goals, the host country staffs also require training and development programs (Luthans & Doh 2009). As IDP, for its operations in India do not have the option of expatriates; however it needs to form training and development programs for host country staff. The top management staffs require training on the management of policies, protocols, leadership, team management, etc., while the front line staffs require training on product development, service orientation, in order to achieve the vision and mission of the organisation. The training should also focus on the awareness of the parent company, its history, the key objectives for the specified subsidiaries and the working culture of the parent company (Aswathappa 2009).
7.3. Performance Management:
While recruitment, selection and training and development focus on the achieving the company's objective, performance management focuses on the productivity of the organisation and its employees (Aswathappa 2009). The effectiveness of the performance management depends on the overall HRM strategy of the organisation. As IDP in Australia, has a standard performance appraisal system management systems across all Australian offices and consists of a 360 degree feedback reviewed once a year, it indicates of having a geocentric approach. With regards to its expansion, the same system if followed in India will reap the desired benefits, however, it needs to be carried out once every three months, as the organisation is new and monitoring the performance regularly will help in identifying any training needs. The performance evaluation may be based on the revenue generated and the market growth (Griffin & Pustay 2005). Also IDP must look at setting goals which are specific, measurable, accurate, real and timely - SMART, as this will enhance performance management within the organisation yielding better results (Aswathappa 2009).
7.4. Compensation:
Compensation packages contribute to performance and can be classified under base salary, benefits, allowances and incentives and should align with the objectives of the employee with that of the organisation (Aswathappa 2009). IDP in Australia compensates its employees by means of a base salary, incentive based on the revenue generated every financial year, benefits for staff and their family, with health cover, insurance, child care, etc. Based on the Indian work culture where focus is more on monetary gains than other benefits, IDP had developed a base salary for various levels of profile there by standardising the pay structure and have a half yearly incentive option based on the net profit made. This indicated that IDP needs to adopt a polycentric approach while dealing with the compensation aspect. However, the challenge for IDP in designing the compensation is to avoid excessive cost and at the same time main the employee morale (Luthans & Doh 2009).
Leadership at IDP
Leadership is the process of influencing the activities of an organisation or a group, in a synchronized effort to achievement of the goal (Bass 1990). The sheer dynamics of change today requires a more structured approach effectively managed by determined leadership. IDP's leadership agenda is all about progressive learning. As the culture, in which the parent company operates, is individualistic and futuristic oriented, this kind of a leadership is perfectly accepted and effective. However, in India an organisation will have to look at the sub diversity within the national culture and this makes a particular style of leadership in effective (Griffin & Pustay 2005). The leadership that IDP in India would try and demonstrate should take into consideration the various levels of behaviours at different levels of the organisation and a more situational based approach is necessary.
Motivation System
The current system of motivation that exists in the IDP world, is that of Performance = Reward. However, in an Indian workforce, IDP will have to focus more on appreciation oriented along with group rewards methods to motivate staff, as the organisation is still in its infancy phase. Since in its early phase, the best way of motivating staff would be to involve subordinates in the decision-making process. Also this is a good way to maintain a good team environment and to empower teams to work autonomously and make their own decisions. Also IDP could motivate staff by taking care of the five basic needs as described by Maslow's Need Theory: physiological, safety, social, esteem and self actualisation. IDP by focusing on these needs will have to religiously monitor staff needs for effective motivation, as once the needs are satisfied, a much high level needs arise and the ones satisfied, no longer act as motivators (Luthans & Doh 2009). This is possible by having regular performance appraisals.
Legal and Ethical considerations in IHRM:
While expanding across national boundaries, the parent company faces a major challenge in dealing with the host country's legal system and this has a direct impact on the development of the IHRM policies. As being the largest democracy and with a vast diversity of cross cultures surrounding infinite belief systems, IDP's major legal challenge in India would be the privacy of individuals (Craig 1999).
Ethical behaviours in a cross culture is relative to how an organisation treats its employees and how the employees treat the organisation and its objectives (Griffin & Pustay 2005). IDP's focus on ethics is very straight forward and it is transparent its objective of integrity and honesty. All employees, from the top management to the front line staffs are mandatorily required to follow the organisational code of ethics, be it in Australia or India.
Based on the finding, it is best recommended that IDP with its expansion to India starts with an ethnocentric approach and gradually moves into a long standing polycentric approach. With regards to the IHRM practices IDP will have to bring in the following changes for effective functioning of the business. In terms of Recruitment, IDP after the monitoring period is over, should look at advertising for vacancies online within the intranet and slowly drive the option of staff from other offices in the network, look at working in a different environment thereby bring in broader ideas of running the business. With regards to its current Training and Development program, a more detailed training needs to be developed for staff on understanding the local market thereby helping in the progression of the business. Also an online induction program will be beneficial. With respect to the Performance Management system, as the industry is very fluctuating, a review once at the end of the financial or calendar year is much better, as it gives employees the time to do a self appraisal. Also the development of an online tool to gauge performance will help in this process. Finally in respect to the compensation aspect, IDP definitely needs to improve its base salary structure keeping in mind the market size and potential.
To conclude it is essential for any organisation to manage people and business in any country outside the national boundaries of the parent company, it has to study and understand the culture and diversity of the region and accordingly implement IHRM practices that will best fit both the parent company and the host country's needs and expectations. It is also clear that a cultural geometry and plays a very important role in establishing the right kind of leadership required navigating the organisation forward in today's competitive world.
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