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Market research report: Environmental monitoring and software use by oil palm growers
- Amberlynn Terry
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1 Marketresearchreport:Environmentalmonitoringand softwareusebyoilpalmgrowers ZoologicalSocietyofLondon SophiaGnych,MichalZrust,LauraD Arcy,DollyPriatna Zoological Society of London, Indonesia Office, Jl. Gunung Gede I No. 11A, Bogor 16151, Indonesia BACPDeliverable:Resultsofmarketresearchonsuitabilityofthevarious softwareanddatabasesincurrentuse,andidealmethodfordisseminationand uptake. April2012
2 Marketresearchreport:Environmentalmonitoringandsoftwareusebyoilpalmgrowers TableofContents ListofFigures... 2 Executivesummary... 3 Introduction... 4 Purposeandmission... 4 Situationalanalysis... 4 Methods... 8 Results... 9 Qualitativeresearch... 9 QuantitativeResearch...10 Discussion...20 Conclusion...23 References...25 Appendices...25 ListofFigures Figure1:Sizeofcompanyconcession Figure2:PercentageofconcessionthathasundergoneHCVassessment...11 Figure3:PercentageofHCVareasundergoingmonitoring...11 Figure4:Currentenvironmentalmonitoringundertakenandfrequencywithwhichitis carriedout Figure5:Teamsresponsibleforanalysisofenvironmentalmonitoringdata Figure6:Frequencyofenvironmentaldataanalysis Figure7:Modeofdeliveryofenvironmentaldatatoseniormanagement..14 Figure8:Numberofstaffresponsibleforenvironmentalmonitoring..14 Figure9:NumberofstaffwithHCVtraining Figure10:Respondentsinterestinenrollingtheirstaffinenvironmentalmonitoring training...15 Figure11:Preferredmethodofdeliveryforenvironmentalmonitoringtraining 16 Figure12:Respondentsinterestinuseofenvironmentalmonitoringsoftware...16 Figure13:Respondentsinterestinuseofenvironmentalmonitoringsoftware..17 Figure14:Preferredmethodofpaymentfortrainingandsupport...17 Figure15:Aspectsofenvironmentalmonitoringsoftwareratedbyimportance...18 Figure16:Featuresofenvironmentalmonitoringsoftwareratedbyusefulness...18 Figure17:Currentsoftwareuseamongstgrowers TheZoologicalSocietyofLondon 2
3 Marketresearchreport:Environmentalmonitoringandsoftwareusebyoilpalmgrowers Executivesummary Market research conducted by ZSL between February and April 2012 indicates thatcurrentenvironmentalmonitoringofhcvareaswithinoilpalmplantations islimitedandsotooistheuseofbasicsoftwaretostoreandanalysedata.this research reflects current criticism of the RSPO by NGO groups and the media, who argue that membership reporting requirements, especially with regard to environmental monitoring and management, are inadequate. Monitoring is widelyseenasanecessarypartofsuccessfulmanagementhoweverthereislittle capacity at growers level to develop standardised monitoring protocols and limitedscientificallyrobustevaluationofmanagementpractices. Despite the availability of environmental monitoring software designed specifically for the agricultural sector, usage amongst palm oil growers is virtually non existent. This can be attributed to limited knowledge of the softwaresystemsavailableandalackoftechnicalandfinancialcapacitytomake useofthem.apractical,easytouseandcomprehensivesoftwareprogrammefor data storage, analysis and output would improve monitoring, analysis and reporting.itwouldalsoencouragecommunicationandintegratedmanagement withincompanies,enablingbettermanagementpractices.scientificallyrigorous dataanalysisthatproducedclear,reliableoutputswouldalsoimprovereporting and provide growers with a format for communicating their progress, thereby generatingpositivepublicityandincreasingdemandforcspo. The market research conducted for this report, via semi structured interviews and questionnaires, recommends that to successfully deliver the monitoring protocol and software so as to ensure uptake and usage amongst oil palm growers,softwaredevelopersshould: Provide a modular software package, which offers a basic database and analysistoolandsubsequentadd onsformoresophisticatedandcomplex dataentryandanalysis. Provide a software programme that produces clear, informative outputs forseniormanagementincludinggismaps,graphicsandnumericaldata aswellasprescriptivehcvmanagementrecommendations. Provide monitoring and software training to field and sustainability teamsaswellastrainingininterpretingoutputsformanagement. Training must be phased, allowing companies to progressively build capacity and move from basic monitoring to more sophisticated monitoringandanalysis. Limitthecostsofmonitoringtrainingandsoftwaresupport. Engage in a marketing strategy that targets Malaysian and Indonesian growersandraiseawarenessofavailabletoolsfromthestartinareasof newdevelopmentsuchaswestafrica. Successfully communicate the benefits of environmental monitoring and reportingtocompaniesinrelationtocosts. TheZoologicalSocietyofLondon 3
4 Marketresearchreport:Environmentalmonitoringandsoftwareusebyoilpalmgrowers Introduction Purposeandmission Membership of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) continues to increase and diversify, yet so too does the threat to its credibility. This can be partly attributed to the absence of a transparent mechanism by which recommended management actions amongst members are evaluated and reported. Monitoring is widely seen as a necessary part of successful management, however the current requirements for structured reporting of monitoring results are weak and there is little capacity at plantation level to developstandardisedmonitoringprotocolsin house.recentattemptstodevelop astructuredmechanismhaveasyetbeenunsuccessful.thezoologicalsocietyof London (ZSL) therefore will use a collaborative approach, utilizing its working relationships with oil palm growers to develop a practical, impartial and scientificallyrigorousmonitoringprotocol. In conjunction with this monitoring protocol, ZSL will develop a software programme that will store and analyse the environmental monitoring data collected and generate a range of clear and reliable outputs to inform and influence better management practices. The patrol and staff management elementsofthesoftwareitselfwillbeadaptedfromthehighlysuccessfulzslmstripessoftwarecurrentlyusedbypatrolteamsinprotectedareasinindiaand NepalandwillbeadaptedtomeetplantationHCVrequirements. Inordertodevelopthissoftware,abetterunderstandingofcurrentmonitoring practices and software use by oil palm growers in Malaysia and Indonesia is needed. This report describes and discusses the results of market research carriedoutbythezsl sbiodiversityandoilpalmprojectbetweenfebruaryand April The results of this research will then feed in to the brief for the environmental monitoring protocol and software. The key objective of this market research report is to feed in information at each stage of the software developmentprocessby: Providing information on current data collection and storage by environmentalmonitoringstaff. Assessingcurrentlevelsofdataanalysiswithinoilpalmcompanies. Understandingdatareportingandpresentationrequirementsofoilpalm companiesandtherspo. Establishing the current level of HCV training and software usage amongstenvironmentalmonitoringstaff. Determining the best mechanisms for software delivery in order to encourageuptakeandusage. Situationalanalysis Backgroundinformation: A growing awareness of the need to promote and provide sustainable palm oil ledtotheconceptionoftheroundtableonsustainablepalmoil(rspo)in2004. Initially growers and processors dominated membership; they understood that TheZoologicalSocietyofLondon 4
5 Marketresearchreport:Environmentalmonitoringandsoftwareusebyoilpalmgrowers inordertocontinueexportingtowesternmarketstheywouldneedtoimprove environmentalpractices.however,asconsumerpressuremountsforsustainably sourced products, membership of consumer goods manufacturers and retailers also increased. In 2011 membership of manufacturers and retailers had grown by60%and50%respectively(rspo2011). Twenty ninegrowercompaniesarecurrentlycertifiedasincompliancewiththe RSPOprinciplesandcriteria(RSPOP&Cs).Thisrepresentsanareaof1,130,968 ha of oil palm with a production capacity of 5.6 metric tonnes of Certified SustainablePalmOil(CSPO).SupplyofCSPOhasincreasedby250%since2009 whilst sales volume has increased by 620%. However, whilst demand is increasing, so is supply. There is currently a great disparity in production and salesresultinginasurplusofcspo.with4,798,512mtofcspoproducedin2011 and only 2,490,526mt sold, many growers have lost out on the CSPO price premium as certified palm oil is then sold at a non certified price (RSPO SecretariatSdnBd,2011). However,itishopedthatdemandforCSPOiswillrisewithincreasedconsumer awarenessofsustainabilityissues.asconsumerslooktotherspoforguidance towardsthemostsustainableproductsviatheirnewtrademarklabel,therspo needs to ensure strict member compliance via more accurate and transparent reportingsystems.organisationssuchasgreenpeaceaswellasothermediaand civilsocietyorganisationsremaindoubtfulofthersposabilitytoachieveitsgoal tomitigatenegativeimpactsonbiodiversityandecosystemservices.withouta systemforstandardisedandaccuratereportingtheargumentsagainsttherspo willstillstand. The requirement to identify, maintain and enhance High Conservation Values (HCVs),thatmaybeaffectedbyexistingornewoilpalmdevelopments(P&C5.2 & 7.3 of RSPO Principles& Criteria for Sustainable Palm Oil Production, 2007) hasbeenidentified,asoneofthemostcomplexanddifficultaspectsofthep&cs. Establishing a practical and informative system for monitoring the progress of management will improve conservation and enhancement of HCV areas. AccurateandconsistentmonitoringandrecordswillalsoprovidetheRSPOand growerswithquantitativedatatodemonstratecompliancetop&c5.2. The RSPO must demonstrate its ability to significantly reduce the negative environmental and social impacts associated with oil palm. It must also ensure thatcertifiedproducersaregivensufficientguidancetoimplementthep&csand that uncertified growers can clearly see the requirements and incentives to becomingacertifiedmember. Productandmarketanalysis: Thepalmoilmarketismadeupofanumberofdifferentstakeholdercategories. Theoilpalmcompaniesthatcontroltheproductionendofthesupplychaincan be divided into two key groups. The first group is made up of large companies such as Golden Agri Resources, Wilmar and Sime Darby with land banks in the hundreds of thousands of hectares. They employ intensive, well managed high tech practices and produce a large percentage of the palm oil traded TheZoologicalSocietyofLondon 5
6 Marketresearchreport:Environmentalmonitoringandsoftwareusebyoilpalmgrowers internationally. Certain larger producers are also beginning to expand operations into Western Africa and it is therefore key that best practices are learned and institutionalised now so as to avoid environmental damage and losses to biodiversity in these new regions. Having a monitoring protocol and software programme that can be easily adapted from the outset is of practical use. Thesecondgroupismadeupofanumberofsmallercompanieswithlandbanks between 10,000 30,000 ha, such as SIPEF and PT Agro Lestari. Both small and large companies are under pressure to improve their environmental track records,throughimprovedpracticesandaccountability.inordertoprotecttheir publicimageandsatisfywesternmarketsmanyofthesecompanieshavebecome members of the RSPO and are improving practices based on the RSPO P&Cs. However,smallercompaniesoftenhavefewertechnicalandfinancialresources availabletothemtofulfilthesecriteriathanlargercompanies. Research shows that there are a range of environmental software programmes and databases available to growers online, which are designed to simplify and facilitate environmental monitoring, such as EDAS2 and Geotech. These are availabletopurchaseorasfreeopensourceresources.programmesrangefrom simple software for data storage and analysis to complex systems that enable storage of multiple data sets, complex analysis and the generation of GIS maps andgraphics. A range of freely available open access statistical analysis programmes can be found online. These are utilised by ecologists and conservationists internationallyandcarryoutspecifictaskssuchascalculatingdiversityindices andspeciesrarityindices.forexampleestimatesisafreesoftwareapplication that uses biotic sampling data to compute a range of biodiversity functions, estimators, and indices. CARE CApture-Recapture), SECR and SPADE (Species Prediction And Diversity Estimation) arealsoexamplesofopenaccessresources. It is important to include scientifically rigorous levels of analysis within the software developed but it is even more important to determine the technical capacity of environmental monitoring teams using the software and provide trainingifcapacityislimited. Therearealsoanumberofprogrammesthathavebeendevelopedspecificallyto assist the agricultural sector in environmental monitoring and managing. Products such as EDAS2, which is an open source project for the web based management,analysis,andexchangeofenvironmentaldataandgeotech,which providesdatamanagementandgistoolsformanaging,mapping,andanalysing laboratory and field data for water, soil, air etc. These programmes allow data storage, analysis and generate various outputs. They are designed and structured to be much more user friendly and are therefore often available to purchaseviasubscriptionorforaone offfee.manyoftheseprogrammeshave been developed for the American and European markets. This research will assess whether they have also penetrated the Indonesian and Malaysian markets. Large agricultural companies in developed countries often employ high tech agricultural systems and have well trained IT departments dealing TheZoologicalSocietyofLondon 6
7 Marketresearchreport:Environmentalmonitoringandsoftwareusebyoilpalmgrowers withdatastorageandanalysis.standardsofeducationandknowledgeofitmay bealothigherthanindevelopingcountriesinasia. Market analysis indicates that some of the software programmes available to purchase offer technical support, either online or in person. Whereas the free open source programmes do not. In some instances the free programmes will offer limited assistance through an online Q&A forum. Many of these packages aremodularandbeginwithabasicsystemtowhichextramodulessuchasgis canbepurchasedandadded on.buildingaprogrammewithadd onsallowsthe softwaretobeassimpleandcomplexasyouwishandconsideringthevariation in technical capacity and resources of oil palm growers this is something to be consideredwhendevelopingthezslhcvmonitoringsoftware. Analysisoftheenvironmentalmonitoringsoftwarepackagescurrentlyavailable identified useful features as well as highlighting factors that potentially limit uptakewhendevelopinganewsoftwarepackageforpalmoilproducers. TheZoologicalSocietyofLondon 7
8 Marketresearchreport:Environmentalmonitoringandsoftwareusebyoilpalmgrowers Methods Qualitativeresearch: Semi structuredinterviewswereconductedwithrepresentativesfromoilpalm companies including Sime Darby, Bumitama Gunajaya Agro, PT Agro Harapan lestari,bismadharmakencana,ptastraagrolestaritbkandsipef.interviews with growers from the oil palm sector were mostly with senior level managementandsustainabilitydepartments.thecompaniesinterviewedvaried insizefromsmallconcessionsof20,000hatolargercompanieswithlandbanks of hundreds of thousands of hectares. Technical information was also gathered fromsipefandwilmar,thetwogrowercompanieshostingthefieldtrialsofthe monitoringprotocolandsoftware.theinformationdetailedcurrentmonitoring practices,dataandanalysis. InadditionarangeofNGOsandconsultancyfirmsincludingDaemeter,theRSPO, Copenhagen Zoo, WWF and Wetlands International were contacted. Interviews were arranged with local organisations whereas members of the RSPO engo group and representatives from the HCV network were ed with a list of broad, discursive questions that were designed to draw out insights into the current environmental standards and monitoring capacity amongst oil palm growersaswellasrecommendationsfordatacollectionandanalysis. Quantitativeresearch: ZSLisworkingcloselywithtwooilpalmgrowersofdifferingsizesandtechnical capacitiestotrialthemonitoringprotocolandsoftware.however,researchwas expandedtoincludeothercompaniesandamarketresearchquestionnairewas created to evaluate current monitoring practices and software use amongst a range of growers. The survey consisted of short, closed questions designed to encourageparticipation.thequestionnairewasinitiallydistributedtoattendees attheicopeconferenceinbalionthe22 nd February2012inhardcopyformat. Aftertheconferencethesurveywasthentransferredtoanonlineformatusing Survey Monkey and ed to grower members of the RSPO for their input. Reminder s were sent out and phone calls conducted to encourage participation. After consultation with the RSPO secretariat it was decided that responselevelsmightbeimprovedifthesurveywastranslatedintoindonesian. The survey was then translated and the link sent out via by the RSPO to emphasise RSPO backing and encourage participation. In total we received 24 responses. Thegrowerssurveycanbeaccessedviathefollowinglink: https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/mt6lcf2 TheZoologicalSocietyofLondon 8
9 Marketresearchreport:Environmentalmonitoringandsoftwareusebyoilpalmgrowers Results Qualitativeresearch Analysis of semi structured interview responses indicated two central themes: capacity&technicaldifficultyandcost&managementbuyin. Capacity&Technicaldifficulty: The technical knowledge and resources that would enable advanced environmental monitoring and management practices within companies is currently limited. Monitoring within HCV areas is not carried out on a regular basis and is limited within plantations themselves, but factors such as palm health/leaf fall index that impact palm productivity are often recorded. HCV areas themselves are ecologically very varied, ranging from peat lands to grasslands, however there is little ecological knowledge within field teams and littletrainingavailabletohelpimproveit. There is an absence in the market of a clear, easy to use and prescriptive monitoringprotocolandsoftware.therefore,thereisawillingnesstoparticipate in the protocol and software development process and make use of the final product. There is recognition that companies cannot continue to out source environmentalresponsibilitiestoconsultants.thecostsofhiringconsultantson a regular basis are substantial and businesses are looking to build capacity inhouse. Reports of consultancy firms producing weak HCV assessments and spending insufficient time conducting research on the ground have emerged. Thisreducesavailabilityofaccuratebaselinedataandlimitsmonitoring. There is currently limited use of databases and software amongst smaller oil palmgrowersandmostdataisstillstoredinhardcopy.manysmallercompanies have also avoided the costs of investing in complete GIS systems by using free software such as map info. Larger companies have developed simple database systems in house that use excel and have greater experience of software use however uptake of sophisticated systems is still limited. There is also a poor understanding and knowledge of available software systems. Specialist consultantsareoftenemployedformonitoringrequiringsophisticatedtechnical analysis.patrolteamsmayhaveonlyabasiclevelofeducation;theyhavelimited understanding of English and often identify species by their local names. Some respondents stated that the technical language used in the current HCV toolkit limitsunderstandinganduptake. Costandmanagementbuyin: Research indicated that there is poor bottom up communication with senior level management that results in a lack of understanding of environmental monitoring and management and limited buy in to the sustainability agenda. Theremayalsobelimitedunderstandingatthefield/patrolteamlevelastothe purposeofmonitoringbecausetheyhavelittleinvolvementindataanalysisand output, which is predominantly undertaken by sustainability teams. Human factors have a large impact on the success of monitoring and management thereforeitisimportantthatzslnotonlydeliversamonitoringandanalysistool but tackles knowledge and communication issues in training as well. Data TheZoologicalSocietyofLondon 9
10 Marketresearchreport:Environmentalmonitoringandsoftwareusebyoilpalmgrowers protectionisimportantamongstgrowers,especiallyindustryleaders.plantation managementhaveaccesstodatafromallplantationswhereasestatesaregiven accesstoestatedataonly. Management often categorise projects as money spending or money earning. Environmental management is rarely part of any plantation managers key performance indicators which focus predominantly the yields from fresh fruit bunches. Budgets for environmental management are also limited; 60 70% of plantation budget is spent on fertiliser. The protocol needs to be seen to be providing benefits such as improvements in ecosystem services or feeding into thecompanies sustainableimageandprovidingaccesstoforeignmarketsrather than simply being an exercise in money spending. The reports generated from themonitoringprotocolandsoftwarewillshowthatgrowersaremeetingtheir commitments as RSPO members and moving towards certification for the plantation. QuantitativeResearch Respondents: Thegrowerssurveyreceivedtwenty fourresponses. Responses predominantly came from head office orsustainability teams. There werelimitedresponsesfromfieldteamsoritdepartments.figure1showsthat responsescamefromarangeofcompanysizes.twenty oneoftherespondents hadhcvareaspresentintheirconcession.oftheareasdesignatedashcv,only eightcompanieswerecarryingoutmonitoringon100%oftheirhcvareas.the restweremonitoringbelow50%oftheirhcvareas(seefigure3). Figure1:Sizeofcompanyconcession TheZoologicalSocietyofLondon 10
11 Marketresearchreport:Environmentalmonitoringandsoftwareusebyoilpalmgrowers Figure2:PercentageofconcessionthathasundergoneHCVassessment Figure3:PercentageofHCVareasundergoingmonitoring Budget: Eightrespondentschosetodisclosehowmuchofthecompaniesannualbudget was spent on environmental monitoring. Of the four that answered as a percentageofannualrevenuetheresultsindicatedanywherebetween2 25%. TheZoologicalSocietyofLondon 11
12 Marketresearchreport:Environmentalmonitoringandsoftwareusebyoilpalmgrowers TworespondentsestimatedtotalannualspendinUSDollarstobeUS$200, ,000. Whereas another two respondents stated that no budget had been allocatedtoenvironmentalmonitoring. Currentenvironmentalmonitoringpractices: Figure 4 illustrates that water quality, pollution, soil quality, biodiversity, fire managementandsocialconflictmonitoringiscarriedoutmostfrequentlybythe most respondents. However monitoring frequencies varied greatly. A large number of respondents indicated that monitoring was carried out infrequently oronanadhocbasis. Trends in wildlife populations, habitat size, vegetation structure and cover, invasivespeciesandhuntingandloggingweremonitoredbyfewerthanfifteen respondentsandmostlyatanannualoradhocbasis. Figure 4: Current environmental monitoring undertaken and frequency with whichitiscarriedout. In house sustainability teams are predominantly responsible for analysis of environmental information (Figure 5) but there was great variation in the frequencyofanalysisofenvironmentalmonitoringinformation(figure6). TheZoologicalSocietyofLondon 12
13 Marketresearchreport:Environmentalmonitoringandsoftwareusebyoilpalmgrowers Figure5:Teamsresponsibleforanalysisofenvironmentalmonitoringdata Figure6:Frequencyofenvironmentaldataanalysis Thequestionnaireindicatedthatenvironmentalmonitoringresultsaredelivered predominantlyviareportsaswellasmeetingsandpresentations(figure7) TheZoologicalSocietyofLondon 13
14 Marketresearchreport:Environmentalmonitoringandsoftwareusebyoilpalmgrowers Figure7:Modeofdeliveryofenvironmentaldatatoseniormanagement Results indicated that teams responsible for environmental monitoring ranged between 0 13 members, with the average being between 3 5. Only four respondents indicating that they had more that thirteen people carrying environmentalmonitoring(figure8).themajorityofenvironmentalmonitoring staff had a bachelors degree with only three respondents indicating that the majorityoftheirstaffhadamastersdegree.onerespondentchosetocomment that some of their field staff only had school education with some basic environmentaltraining. Figure8:Numberofstaffresponsibleforenvironmentalmonitoring TheZoologicalSocietyofLondon 14
15 Marketresearchreport:Environmentalmonitoringandsoftwareusebyoilpalmgrowers HCVmonitoringprotocolandsoftware: The number of staff with HCV training was roughly evenly divided (figure 9), however seventeen respondents out of 24 stated they would be interested in enrolling their staff in HCV training. Two said they were not interested in enrolling their staff in training, with one commenting that this was because currentfieldmonitoringwassufficient. Figure9:NumberofstaffwithHCVtraining Figure 10: Respondents interest in enrolling their staff in environmental monitoringtraining Figure 11 shows that of the seventeen that said they would be interested in enrolling in an HCV training course, 62% stated they would prefer a phased TheZoologicalSocietyofLondon 15
16 Marketresearchreport:Environmentalmonitoringandsoftwareusebyoilpalmgrowers trainingcoursewithcontinuedsupport.respondentscommentedthatitwould dependonthecostoftrainingandthatsomewouldbehappiertotrainin house. Figure11:Preferredmethodofdeliveryforenvironmentalmonitoringtraining Seventeen respondents said they would be interested in using monitoring software in their concession (Figure 12). Figure 13 illustrates that of these seventeentherewasalargeamountofvariationwithregardtohowthesoftware should be distributed with 35% requesting free software with no support and 65%requestingtrainingorsupport.50%ofthoserequestingtrainingorsupport statedtheywouldliketopayforthisviaannualsubscription(figure14). Figure12:Respondentsinterestinuseofenvironmentalmonitoringsoftware TheZoologicalSocietyofLondon 16
17 Marketresearchreport:Environmentalmonitoringandsoftwareusebyoilpalmgrowers Figure13:Preferredmethodofdeliveryofenvironmentalmonitoringsoftware Figure14:Preferredmethodofpaymentfortrainingandsupport Ease of use and level of data entry and output were rated as the most important factors with regard to the monitoring software. Flexibility & performance was less important and cost was rated as the least important factor, which is surprising as previously 35% (figure 13) of respondents said TheZoologicalSocietyofLondon 17
18 Marketresearchreport:Environmentalmonitoringandsoftwareusebyoilpalmgrowers they didn t want to pay for the software. GIS maps and numerical data were indicated to be the most useful elements of the software whereas graphics, statisticalanalysisandpopulationmodellingwereratedlessuseful(figure15). Figure15:Aspectsofenvironmentalmonitoringsoftwareratedbyimportance Figure16:Featuresofenvironmentalmonitoringsoftwareratedbyusefulness Currentsoftwareuse: Six respondents stated that they already use software to store and analyse informationandfiveofthesestatedthatthiswasdevelopedin house,however TheZoologicalSocietyofLondon 18
19 Marketresearchreport:Environmentalmonitoringandsoftwareusebyoilpalmgrowers thesearelimitedtoexcelbaseddatabases(figure17).ninerespondentsstated thattheywerenotusingsoftware. Figure17:Currentsoftwareuseamongstgrowers Training was required to use the software currently used for environmental monitoring and this was given to the in house sustainability teams. In some casesitwasgiventotheitdepartmentandonlyinonecasewerethefieldteam trainedinhowtousethesoftware. TheZoologicalSocietyofLondon 19
20 Marketresearchreport:Environmentalmonitoringandsoftwareusebyoilpalmgrowers Discussion This research has identified key themes and problem areas relating to current environmentalmonitoringpracticesandsoftwareusage. Monitoring: The majority of oil palm companies interviewed or surveyed had HCV areas present in their concessions; however, the number of HCV designated areas undergoing regular monitoring varied greatly between growers as shown in figure 3. Interview responses indicated that large companies have both the expertiseandfinancialcapacitytocarryoutmonitoring,butbothlargeandsmall companies lack the technical knowledge to implement this. In general in house sustainabilityteamscarryoutenvironmentalmonitoringandanalysis,however the number of personnel with HCV specific training varies greatly between oil palmgrowercompanies. The budgets allocated to environmental monitoring also vary greatly between companies with the mean percentage of annual revenue being 7.3%. Therefore the cost of the environmental monitoring training and the software must cater forarangeoffinancialresources,butultimatelykeepcostslow.environmental monitoring teams range from small teams of less than three people to larger sustainability teams with over thirteen members of staff, the most common categorybeingbetween3 5membersofstaff.Thismaydependonthesizeofthe companyandtheconcessionsundergoingmonitoring.thesoftwarewillhaveto beflexibleanddynamictoaccommodatethisvariationincapacity. Resultsfromthesemi structuredinterviewsweregenerallyinlinewiththoseof theoilpalmgrowers surveywithregardtocurrentmonitoringpractices.many interviewees stated that environmental monitoring within plantations was limited, however the results of the survey indicated that although monitoring wasoccurringinfrequentlyoradhoc,arangeofbioticandabioticfactorswere beingmonitored.themonitoringprotocolshouldstipulateaspecificmonitoring methodologywithcorrespondingareasfordatainputwithinthesoftware. TheHCVareaswithinconcessionswillvarygreatlyfromtropicalforesttopeat land,thereforethemonitoringprotocolwillhavetobedynamicandadaptableto catertothesedifferentecosystemsandthesoftwareitselfwillhavetobeflexible andinclusiveinordertobeappliedindifferentregions. Softwareuse: Figure 17 shows that only 25% of the Indonesian and Malaysian growers who carriedoutthesurveycurrentlyusedatabasesandsoftware.ifsoftwareisinuse, it has often been developed in house using excel, carries out only basic data analysis,andproducessimplegraphicsornumericaldatathereareanumberof openresourceenvironmentalmonitoringsoftwareprogrammesavailableonline, whichareabletoconductsophisticatedstatisticalanalysisandproducevarious graphical and numerical outputs as well as GIS maps. However, the research indicates that these programmes are not in common use by environmental monitoring and sustainability teams in the oil palm sector. These results highlighttheneedforhcvspecificsoftwareandtraining.italsoemphasisesthe TheZoologicalSocietyofLondon 20
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Bell's Diner
- Telephone 0131 225 8116
- Food served Mon–Fri 5–11:30pm; Sat noon–11:30pm; Sun 3–10:30pm.
- Average price £13 (lunch); £13 (evening meal)
- Website www.bellsdineredinburgh.com
Serving up epic burgers since 1972; friendly service in an understated environment.
The 2016/17 edition of The List's Eating & Drinking Guide is out now – only £5.95 (+p&p).
This review is taken from the current (2016) edition.
When you find a restaurant where generations of families return regularly you know you've found a gem. Bell's Diner has been serving up epic burgers since 1972 and long may this Edinburgh institution continue. Located in Stockbridge, it has a wonderfully cosy and welcoming interior with simple wooden tables and ruby red walls. A blackboard announces a host of specials and a friendly waitress effortlessly buzzes around ensuring everyone is well cared for. To start, the mushroom soup of the day is thick and creamy while the pâté comes with a generous pile of oatcakes. But the main event is the burgers, with a variety of sizes from the 4oz for kids right up to a belly-busting 8oz for the ravenous. They're served with or without bun, with a side salad and a pleasingly large pile of fries. To finish, desserts are well worth leaving room for – pancakes served with chocolate sauce and ice cream are a particular delight. Only problem: it gets busy, so be sure to book ahead.
- High point: Friendly, attentive staff
- Low point: It's tricky to get in without booking ahead
- Notable dish: Amazing burgers
- Provides: Vegetarian options (at least ¼ main courses), Gluten-free options, Children's portions, Children's high chairs, Wheelchair access
- Music on stereo: Classics
- Capacity: 32
- Largest group: 32
- Open since: 1972
- Number of wines sold by the glass: 4
- House wine: £14.50 per bottle

subset: commoncrawl


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Posts by j
Total # Posts: 1,013
did you ever get answer for this ?
January 14, 2007
largest possible area
The largest possible area is therefore A(max)=(1/2)xy =(1/2)[[5/sqrt(2)][5/sqrt(2)]] = (1/2)(25/2)= 25/4 sq cm
November 18, 2006
What controversy was connected to Surface Mining Control and Recovery Act? Check this site for opposition to that act. http://www.teachcoal.org/aboutcoal/articles/coalamer.html
October 27, 2006
word unscramble
September 28, 2006
theres no place like home
September 20, 2006
Distributive property
Use the distributive property to remove the parentheses. -(-w-2u+2)
September 20, 2006
So I'm still confused on what's happening here?
September 18, 2006
Physics, Desperate Need of help!
I would assume it's 80x32x26 = 66560cm^3
August 31, 2006
australia's role in united nations
Outline Australias positions and responsibilities in the United Nations australia plays a big role :P australia's role in the united Nations was to ..... not much Hey, it would help heaps if you could andwer this question, What is Australia's role in the United ...
August 8, 2006
History, Geography
Outline Australias positions and responsibilities in the United Nations
August 8, 2006
What has been Australias involvement in UNESCO, UN conventions and international environmental treaties? These sites detail Australia's involvement in these international organizations. http://www.dfat.gov.au/un/ https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/as....
August 8, 2006
MATH - Rational Expressions
HELP PLEASE! I am taking my college placement test tomorrow and am working on the sample test now. I need help with this question about Rational Expressions... For all r (<INSERT>is not equal to sign)+ or - 2 r(squared) - 5r+6 (All Over) r(squared)- 4 I know the answer ...
August 16, 2005
Linear Equation in Two Variables
I have to take a college placement test and am studying the practive test. He is the question . . . What is the equation of the line that contains the points with (x,y) coordinates (-3,7) and (5,-1)? I know that the answer is y=-x+4, but I cannot remember from high school what...
August 2, 2005


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The products in the Energy Power Series provide simple audio solutions that instantly upgrade your sound system without a receiver. Just plug in and stand back. The power is undeniable.
Minimum Space – Maximum Sound
Most TVs today are incapable of giving you sound quality that cannot even come close to matching their high definition picture. Some TVs even strain to reproduce the human voice in a legible manner, making it difficult to hear everything in something as basic as a newscast! The Energy Power Bar One is a simple "all-in-one" solution: a 2.1 soundbar designed to significantly improve your television's sound.
A Soundbar and Subwoofer in one
The Energy Power Bar One uses, for each audio channel, one full range driver for midrange and high frequencies and one specialized oval woofer driver for low frequencies. This means you get detailed highs and booming lows all in one sleek, sexy cabinet. Measuring 30-inches in length and exuding a contemporary look, it's the perfect companion to your high-def television.
Easy Plug and Play Setup
The Energy Power Bar One is designed to quickly connect to most TV's without additional cables. All the necessary cables are included in the box, so setup is a snap.
Remote Control
The remote control learning feature allows the easy-to-install-and-use system to function via your existing TV controller. You can program the Energy Power Bar One's Volume Up and Down and Mute functions into your own TV remote for easy operation from one, familiar control. You also have the option of controlling the same functions, plus bass output, with the included remote control.
3D Surround Sound
The Energy Power Bar One features 3D Surround Mode which adds spaciousness to the sound, simulating the effect of having multiple speakers surrounding you. This immersing feature requires no distinct speaker placement, special room requirements or specific program material to work properly.
The soundbar can be positioned on its own feet on a shelf or stand, or can be wall- mounted using the included easy-to-use template.
Shipping Note: Eligible for shipping to all 50 states
Warranty: 90 Day Energy
Specifications: | |
System Type: | 2-way soundbar with built-in subwoofers |
Frequency Response: | 80Hz to 20kHz +/- 3dB |
Power Handling: | 120 watts peak |
Inputs: | 1 Optical input, 1 RCA input |
Mounting Options: | Two built-in keyhole mounts for wall mounting |
Midrange: | Two 3" (7.6 cm) IMG drivers |
Subwoofer: | Two 3" x 5" (7.62 cm x 12.7 cm) front firing fiber composite cone/sealed enclosure |
Dimensions: | 4.4"(H) x 30"(W) x 4.1"(D) |
Weight: | 7.7 lbs |
In the box:
- Energy Power™ Bar One Soundbar with Built-in Subwoofers
- 4.9' optical cable
- 4.9' long 3.5 mm to dual RCA cable
- Pair of rubber feet
- Wall mounting template
Sales Stats
- Speed to First Woot:
- 1h 18m 30.004s
- First Sucker:
- jose2412
- Last Wooter to Woot:
- rsdesai
Purchaser Experience
Purchaser Seniority
Quantity Breakdown
Percentage of Sales Per Hour
12 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
Percentage of Sales Per Day
Mon | Tue | Wed | Thu | Fri | Sat | Sun |


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"because it is true; had he not said it, it would have been misleading."
Yasser Arafat
"They all say they are loyal, but I know that's not true, well not in today's generation."
"People say they love truth, but in reality they want to believe that which they love is true."
Robert J. Ringer
"It is incredibly misleading, it is devious, it is deceptive, ... This initiative does not put more cops on the street. It puts more marijuana on the street."
Charlie Brown
"Nobody can mislead you if you follow your own steps......."
"[Both are using legalisms to defend themselves. Gingrich says] I did not intend to mislead the committee. ... In the areas where we had more direct control, our campaign and the legal defense fund, as far as I know, the proper Decisions were made, because the proper scrutiny was applied. The Democratic Party case, they've already admitted they did not apply the proper review."
Bill Clinton
"Massachusetts does not need or want federally funded programs that promote a particular religion and contain misleading information when it comes to preventing pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. Our students need federally funded programs that discuss the benefits of abstinence and teach them about effective use of contraception."
Carol Rose


text:
Unless you already have experienced it, the efficiency of a pregnancy pillow might elude you. Needless to say, most of us love to place our feet up and rest after a tough day on the job. In this instance, the proverbial workplace means living through another long day having a tire mounted on your tummy.
The worthiness of some good hours of sleep during pregnancy can not be stressed enough. Additionally it is to metaphorically put on extra sleep prior to 3AM feedings as well as 5AM diaper changes start! The heck with my safety blanket; where is my pillow?
Ease and comfort
When it comes to comfort, what can a pillow, particularly a pregnancy pillow, accomplish for anyone anyway? In pregnancy there is really a tendency for the spine to become an unnatural curve leading to tenderness and also possible chronic trauma. It may present itself in slipped discs or perhaps pregnancy connected sciatica. Put in simple English - it leads to back ache.
In bed it is difficult to get comfortable and sleeping on the back just isn't advised as it may block oxygen supply, particularly after 5 months of being pregnant. This pillow is an aid - perhaps a God sent one. The essential concept of the pregnancy pillow is to correct the posture in bed as well as take strain off the spine. Women declare it is good and therefore the appreciation for any alleviation.
Pregnancy pillows are sold commercially and are usually extended body pillows that can go between the legs or might be held while trying to rest on the left side of the body. In fact, any kind of pillow that serves the objective is actually beneficial and constitutes a great pregnancy pillow.
Health and General Well-Being
Health factors beyond what we mentioned previously include maintaining an optimistic mindset, with which the whole 9 month period of child bearing could be borne smilingly. Real well being, to both mother and child is where the pregnancy pillow makes it's wings as they say. The pregnancy pillow could easily get punched a couple of times, however it is more probable that it will change from just any kind of pillow to a trustworthy friend. It is not completely uncommon to see the mother-to-be transporting her pregnancy pillow throughout the house together with her and in many cases to the hospital. It gives balance, safety and even a subliminal early possibility to practice carrying baby!
Chiropractors provide pillows for the neck as well as spine. After pregnancy it may be burned in the yard, given to charity - or perhaps kept in the closet for the next time.
Terje Brooks has written articles online for many years. He likes to write about health and fitness, home and family issues as well as other topics. Take a look at his website containing prenatal yoga dvd reviews and information, for example about sun salutation yoga exercises.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Terje_Brooks


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Connecting Families to Senior Living
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Caretypes Provided: Home Care
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*Prices quoted are monthly rental charges and are provided by the communities themselves. Actual prices may differ due to one-time fees, timing and care services required. Speak with your Senior Living Advisor to learn more.
Our apologies. Pricing is currently unavailable for this particular community.
We understand that lifestyles may change with age, but the ability to maintain a safe, independent life doesn't have to. That is why Caring Senior Service provides GreatCare®. Our GreatCare® method addresses the three most important areas of concern; quality caregivers, care solutions and active involvement. For more than two decades, Caring Senior Service has set the standard for non-medical services such as personal care, nutrition services and environmental management. Our care solutions help you or your loved one remain safely at home. By using quality caregivers and maintaining active involvement we give you the control needed to live healthy, happy and at home.
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Caring Senior Service Amarillo
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Details & Care Instructions This minimalist blouse is a basic staple of any well-organised wardrobe. This sleeveless top made of loosely draped fabric flatters the figure and is easy to mix and match. The slit at the back adds a subtle touch. Team with high-waisted jeans for a smart look.Soft fabricRound necklineSleeveless designCentral seam with a slit at the back 100% viscose 885.610.34.2004.4992.34 EAN: 4051436898866
Shop benefits SECURE PAYMENT BY CREDIT CARD & PAYPAL EU SHIPPING BIGGEST LIEBESKIND BERLIN COLLECTION
Size / fit info European sizes 34 36 38 40 42 44 American sizes XS S M L XL XXL Bust circumferencein cm 84-86 86-88 90-92 94-96 98-100 102-104 Waist circumferencein cm 65-67 69-71 73-75 77-79 81-83 85-87 Hip circumferencein cm 90-92 94-96 98-100 102-104 106-108 110-112 To calculate the correct clothing size, please stand up straight. The tape measure should lie directly against the body. It is best to take measurements without wearing outer clothing. How do I measure correctly? Height: Measure from the crown of your head to the soles of your feet without shoes. Bust circumference: Measure horizontally around the fullest part of your bust. Waist circumference: Measure around your waist, making sure the tape measure is not too tight. Hip circumference: Measure horizontally around the fullest part of your hips.


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I have a confession: Before teaching a 6 a.m. cycle class, I try to have half a banana with my coffee but sometimes I don't have enough time to. The coffee part of the equation is non-negotiable, however: 1½ mugs of coffee are an absolute must for me before an early morning indoor cycling class. Part of the reason is I need the jolt of java to clear the cobwebs that are lingering in my sleepy head and make me feel confident that I can form coherent sentences when I teach the class (an essential job requirement!). It's also because the caffeine helps my body wake up and get ready to exert some energy.

After all, caffeine is widely known to boost mental alertness, energy, and the ability to focus and concentrate. It offers many health benefits from relieving headaches to reducing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and various forms of cancer. And many athletes recognize (and use!) caffeine as a performance-enhancing supplement. There's strong research to support these latter benefits, in particular.

Caffeine and Cycling Performance

In a 2015 study from Brazil, researchers found that when cyclists ingested caffeine (a dose of 5 mg. per kilogram of body weight) an hour before cycling at a steady state for 30 minutes, they gained a 23 percent improvement in their time to exhaustion (a mark of endurance) than when they consumed a placebo. (Some perspective: 5 mg of caffeine per kg of body weight translates into about 340 mg of caffeine for someone who weighs 150 pounds. A 12-ounce serving of coffee often contains 150 to 260 mg. of caffeine, depending on how and where it's made.)

Meanwhile, in a 2015 study, researchers from the University of Oklahoma had cyclists consume caffeine or a placebo 60 minutes before a cycling strength challenge, followed by a time trial: The caffeine improved their maximal strength and motor recruitment of their knee extensors by 6 percent during the strength challenge and reduced the muscle pain they experienced and their ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). What's more, the caffeine kicked up the cyclists' time-trial performance by 5 percent, compared to a placebo.

If you can consume caffeine with a few carbohydrates (such as my half-a-banana routine, plus java), that may be even better. A 2012 study from James Madison University in Virginia found that when indoor cyclists performed steady-state cycling, followed by a simulated time trial, after consuming caffeine, a carbohydrate, caffeine plus carbs, or a placebo, the combo of caffeine and carbs led to improved time-trial performance but the other conditions didn't.

Caffeine's Added Calorie-Burning Perks

Believe it or not, the combination of caffeine and cycling exercise also can lead to a greater expenditure of calories than a given workout alone provides, according to a 2014 study from Australia. An added benefit: The caffeinated cyclists perceived the workout as less difficult and more enjoyable. This suggests that having a cup or two of Joe (or the caffeine equivalent) ahead of time could provide a serious benefit for using indoor cycling to help you lose weight or maintain your weight over time!

Caffeine and Hydration

Traditionally, athletes have been warned about the risk of dehydration with caffeine consumption but this concern appears to be unfounded. A review of studies on the subject, published in the International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, found that caffeine and water have similar diuretic and fluid retention effects as each other. In other words, the fluid in a serving of coffee actually helps with hydration! The review concluded that: "athletes and recreational enthusiasts will not incur detrimental fluid-electrolyte imbalances if they consume [caffeinated beverages] in moderation." So go ahead and cross that item off the worry list! But do be sure to consume plenty of water or an electrolyte-containing beverage during and after an indoor cycling workout, to ensure that you stay well hydrated as you sweat buckets.


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Are Vegetarians Any Healthier Than Normal Biology Essay
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This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers.
Vegetarianism is the practice of eating animal-free diet including fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, nuts, and seeds, with or without dairy products and eggs. According to Vorvick (2009) , Zieve (2009) and an article from Well Sphere, there are a number of categories of vegetarians, namely lacto-ovo vegetarian, ovo vegetarian, vegans, Su vegetarians, pescetarians and Pollo vegetarians. Lacto-ovo vegetarians consume eggs and dairy products and lacto vegetarians exclude eggs but consume dairy products. Ovo vegetarians eliminate dairy products but include eggs in their meal. Su vegetarians exclude animal products and vegetables that have onion and garlic smell whereas Pollo vegetarians are called as half-vegetarians as they consume chicken and fish. Vegans, the subject of this investigation, are the strictest vegetarians. They omit all animal-based products in their diet and do not use any animal products.
These people choose to be a vegetarian due to several reasons such as for environment, compassion for animals and belief in non-violence. Early ideas in vegetarianism come from certain religions such as Brahmanism, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism.
Even though vegetarian diet is always claimed to be healthy, vegetarians are actually omit essentials nutrients as they eliminate some products in their meals. Therefore, they take other sources as substitute of the eliminated products. As a consequence, the consumption of too much of the substitution agent will lead to severe effects. In this case, they vegetarians consumed too much soy as protein substitute. Saturated fats which are essential are also excluded. As more research are conducted, the issue that arose is whether the claim that says that being a vegan is a great way of becoming healthy is fact or fake.
The issue of the real health effect of vegetarian diet has lead to the research question:
To What Extent Vegetarians Are Healthy?
1.1 History of Vegetarianism
Some of the early people in vegetarianism are Plato, Plotinus and Socrates. However, it is said that the first renowned modern vegetarian is Pythagoras. From Veg World.com, the other prominent personnel in vegetarianism history are Albert Einstein, Benjamin Franklin and Hitler.
Based on Toronto Vegetarian Association, it is stated that during Renaissance in Europe, eating meat is seen to be a reflection of wealth and vegetarians during that time were mostly Christians. In the 17th century, the idea of not eating meat slowly begins to influence England. In the 18th century, health consciousness increase and more people fight for the animals' right and in the 19th century, more people opted to become vegetarians and has bloomed the number of vegetarian societies' members all over the globe. Today, vegetarians have become a significant part of the society. From Foods Standards Agency's Public Attitudes to Food Survey 2009, it is recorded that from 3219 respondents in United Kingdom, 3% of them are vegans and an additional 5% are semi-vegetarians (The Vegetarian Society, 2009).
2.0.1 Lower Risks of Heart Diseases
Vegetarians are found to suffer fewer deaths due to cardiac problems compared to non-vegetarians as they remove animal-based food which is known to be high in cholesterol and saturated fats (Key at al, 1999).Saturated fats will make the blood fat levels increase exponentially, initiating artherosclerosis: the building of 'plaque' along the artery wall thus blocking the blood flow and constrict the arteries. This will prevent blood flow in the heart , causing 'ischemia'. According to a study that was published in American Journal of Epidemiology, 60% of children and teenagers have early atherosclerotic damage and they are the meat-eaters.
It is recorded that people who keep with a plant-based diet result in 2.5 times fewer cardiac events such as heart attack, bypass surgery and angioplasty. As plant-based diet supply no saturated fats, blood cholesterol level will fall. A research conducted by Martin G. in 1986 shows that 10% decrement in blood cholesterol may be associated with a 30% reduction of coronary heart diseases.
Evaluation: It can be seen that the factor that lower down the risk of heart diseases is the elimination of saturated fats. However, saturated fats cannot be 100% eradicated because it is essential to the body in cell communication and signalling and stabilizing process.
2.0.2 Lower risks of various cancer
The Oxford Vegetarian Society found that death caused by cancer is less among vegetarians by 39% compared to meat-eaters (Thorogood, 1994) and Professor Nick Day of University of Cambridge and the European Prospective Study into Cancer declared that vegetarians suffer smaller number of cancer by 40% compared to general population.
The roughage which is rich in vegetarian diet adds bulk to the intestines thus decrease the amount of time needed by the carcinogenic waste products to travel along the colon. When the roughage is hydrolysed by bacteria, the growth tumour inhibitor will form in the colon, resulting in colon cancer (Avivi-Green, Polak-Charcon, Madar, 2000). Roughage also modify circulating sex hormone levels. High oestrogen levels may cause breast cancer but as fibre attached to them, the liver will filter the oestrogen out of the blood into the digestive tract (Katz, Taille, Vacherotet, et al, 2001).In short, the probably unsafe surplus oestrogen removed as fibre consumption is increased.
Evaluation: The uptake of dietary fibre among vegetarians is the primary aspect that contributes to the cut off risk. Nevertheless, it is not a necessity for someone to become a vegetarian to reduce the risks. As long as one consumes sufficient vegetables and fruits, the chance will always be low.
2.0.3 Lower rates of obesity and diabetes
According to The British Medical Association, it is found that obesity rate is lower in vegetarians due to the greater consumption of dietary fibre and reduced saturated fats intake. In significance of the reduced proportion of fats in vegetarian diet, The British Diabetic Association has recommended diabetic patients with meals that are almost like a normal vegetarian meal.
For diabetes, it is often related to raise blood cholesterol levels. A vegetarian diet excludes the sources of the cholesterol and high in complex carbohydrates and dietary fibre. This brings positive consequences on carbohydrate metabolism and reduces blood sugar levels. During 2006, in a study published in Diabetes Care journals, researchers contrasted the effects of following a low-fat vegan diet and the ADA diet in 99 adults with type 2 diabetes. The result is both diets aid in reducing cholesterol levels but the low-fat vegan diet shows remarkably greater improvements.
Evaluation: Vegetarian diet promotes healthy eating habits to the followers, especially the controlled intake of fats. Hence, fewer vegetarians suffer from obesity and diabetes compared to meat-eaters. Non-vegans should control their fat uptake without eliminating saturated fats.
2.1.1 Disadvantages of Soy Beans as Meat Protein Substitute
Vegetarians eliminate meat from their meals and make protein one of the most concern nutrients among vegetarians. Vegetarians usually opt for soy as the primary source of protein. As a result, vegetarians consume too much soy, which supplies excess oestrogen in the body. According to Rutz (2006), it will bring about the decrease of testosterone in men and it is also feminizing. Sperms may be spoilt and based on studies, it is shown that sperm counts dropped by 50% between 1939-1990 and is decreasing 2% each year.
Another concern is the supplement of isoflavones (plant oestrogen) in human which indece several effects. In pregnant vegetarian mothers, isoflavones will flow right to the placenta which will cause hormonal imbalances. Male foetuses acquire sufficient testosterone but due to isoflavones, they are supplied with plants oestrogen which is risking them to born with crytochidism and/or hypospadias and it is proven to be true as vegetarian mothers are found to be 5 times more likely to have hypospadiac babies than meat-eaters mothers to based on a British study in 2000. Researchers from University of Illinois, after conducting a study, they concluded that soy isoflavones induce mammary tumours which promote breast cancer.
A research in 2000 also reflects that soy products trigger heart problems due to weak thyroid. Compared to 2005, the number of cases of childhood leukaemia increased significantly by 27%, supporting the claim that oestrogen in soy boosts the quickly increase incidence of leukaemia in children.
Evaluation: Soy beans supply proteins, as well as the bad isoflavones. All the bad effects of soy is because over consumption of soy products. Soy beans are the primary source of protein for vegetarians and therefore their health are highly possible to be severely affected due to over consumption of soy.
2.1.2 Importance of Saturated Fats
Saturated fats are fatty acids which the long hydrocarbon chain does not contain any C=C. Lipoprotein (a) consists of an Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)-like molecule and the covalently bounded specific apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] to the apoB of the LDL like molecule. According to SixWise (2008) Lp(a) is the marker for proneness of heart disease and saturated fats decrease Lp(a), a marker for proneness to heart disease and important to our immunity. This is due to medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) which strengthens the immune system. Evidence to this is the loss of myristic acid in meals will cause the immune system to dysfunction.
Saturated fats involve in inter-cellular communication and act as a protector towards cancer. They also aid the receptors on cell membranes, including insulin receptor, which protects us against diabetes. Saturated fats, such as 16-carbon palmitic acid, are also important in signalling and stabilizing process. In Canada, research shows that 25% of fat in daily diet should be saturated fats (Enig 2004).
Evaluation: Saturated fat plays an important role to maintain healthy immune system, intercellular communication and is essential to the body, even though it has a number of disadvantages. Hence the intake of saturated fats in milk cannot be omitted at all.
2.1.3 Importance of Dairy
Total outtake of dairy products among vegans will increase the risk of nutritional deficiencies as milk is enriched with all nutrients. In fact, it is the major source of calcium. If calcium is insufficient, it will lead to osteoporosis and low bone mass which cause the brittleness of bones. Based on research, it is found that vegetarians only take about 580 milligram per day which is far less than the daily requirement of calcium (1000mg/day). Vitamin D from food which is also essential for strong bones is also found to be lower in vegan compared to others.
Osteoporosis occurs when the bones are porous due to insufficient calcium and phosphorus. It can also occur when bone turnover, a process whereby aging bone break down quicker than it be restored. The bone will then weaken and is said to be diseased. The bones then need to be diagnose with a bone mineral density test. If bones are diseased, they will very difficult to function. A study on Norwegian women also showed milk can significantly reduce breast cancer's risks.
Evaluation: Dairy products are important as they supply almost all nutrients needed by the body. Calcium supplemented by milk is also very essential to the bones. This will leave vegetarians to suffer from calcium related diseases, which usually are difficult to be cured completely.
3.0 Conclusion
After considering all the advantages and disadvantages, it can be seen that becoming a vegetarian has beneficial and positive effects on one's health. However, it is still a few drawbacks in a vegan's diet as saturated fats and dairy products are totally excluded from the meal. Based on nourishment philosophy, vegetarianism may be a healthful option. However, neither vegetarians nor omnivores have a monopoly on healthful eating. Vegetarians are just as diverse in their health status as are non-vegetarians. Therefore, I firmly believe that veganism is not as healthy as it is claimed to be. Meat-eaters and vegetarians can obtain the same health benefits if they are health conscious.
From Vegetarians International Voice for Animals, it is claimed that meat eaters usually did not think much of what they eat, thus cause various chronic diseases.To become healthy, balanced diet is the best option. All nutrients should be consumed according to the daily requirement. In addition, every nutrients, be it is said to be healthy or less healthy, is essential to our bodies, even in a very small amount. Any components of nutrients should not be eliminated in order to be healthy. As a conclusion, to be healthy is to refer to the food pyramis, not by eliminating certain nutrients that is probable to harm us.


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ISPconfig 3 control panel / very small task
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I am installing ispconfig 3 control panel in Centos 6.5 64 - VPS,
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The first book in an adventurous trilogy The House of Ziani and the House of Soranzo had been enemies ever since their grandfathers' joint business venture had collapsed more than forty years before. Then, they had chosen not to resolve their differences in the courts. Instead, they each sought to prevail in their rivalry by investing, trading, and manipulating as each battled to dominate and ultimately ruin the other. The fathers passed this legacy on to their sons... A sleek Venetian fleet plows through stormy November seas, bearing reinforcements to help defend the fabled city of Constantinople against an impending siege by Ottoman Turks. Rescue plans are jeopardized, however, when an age-old bitter conflict flares between two Venetian nobles onboard: The brave naval Captain Giovanni Soranzo thirsts for revenge against the proud marine officer, Antonio Ziani. These two men will survive the sacking of Constantinople and will find their lives bound together in a heroic struggle to save their beloved city.The year is 1452, and while Italy glories in the Renaissance, Venice is on the verge of an epic war of survival against the powerful Turks, who are intent on conquering Venetian lands, possessing her riches, and utterly destroying the city forever. Now these two patricians, both patriots, must temper their hostility toward each other with loyalty to their beloved republic. Fighting each other when they can, fighting together when they must, Ziani and Soranzo risk their lives to defend Venice---and their honor.Much more than a war story, this is a tale of Venice, when she was the greatest city on earth and the world's only republic. It is a tale, too, of her people, whose fortunes and very lives were dependent on her success. Admired, envied, hated, and feared, but with her vast wealth and vaunted navy, always respected, she is La Serenissima---the Serene Republic of Venice---and this is her story.Thomas Quinn combines his expertise on Venice with explosive, page-turning action to give readers an epic novel of struggle and survival.
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There was a Wall Street Journal article that disclosed large losses at Square, a defensive, ill-conceived blog post from Square rebutting 10 myths about the company, and CEO Jack Dorsey's decision in the midst of the subsequent backlash to jet to his hometown to participate in the Ferguson protests. All the while, rumors were running rampant that Square would be forced to sell.
Fast-forward to today, and surprise! Square is thriving -- as an independent and public company.
After announcing strong fourth-quarter results that beat analyst expectations, Square's stock was trading up 13 percent at around $17 a share. That's a 52 percent increase from where the stock opened on the company's first day of trading in November 2015.
How did we get here?
For one thing, Square's core payment processing business is much stronger than many people predicted.
About $50 billion of card purchases went through Square's system in 2016, and that number doesn't include its now-ended Starbucks partnership. And as that number has grown, Square has gotten better at reducing losses from things like card fraud. Square also continues to attract larger merchants to its platform, proving that its services are valuable to more than just micro-merchants.
Square's new, non-core businesses -- things like its Square Capital lending service and Instant Deposit product -- now account for 25 percent of adjusted revenue, the most-closely watched revenue metric at Square. As a whole, these businesses are important because they boast high profit margins and also help keep merchants from fleeing to other payment providers.
Speaking of profits, Square has produced positive adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (Ebitda)-- the profitability metric many investors care most about for a fast-growing company - for three straight quarters. And the company is forecasting $100 million more in 2017.
Square is still a young company with a lot of questions.
Will its continued investment in Square Cash ever pay off in the form of a real business? Can it build a long-term profitable business?
But by now it's clear that many smart people were wrong on Square. It's a bona fide success story. And it's not going anywhere.


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Handsome & sly - a winning combination. Peasbody is coming to live in the Applewood with us! Hoorah!
*huge smile.Thankyou.x
WONDERFUL! Love the notion of these animal heads as compared to the dreadful taxiderm-ed heads of animals killed for sport too.These are smashing Mr F!
Thankyou liniecat.x
Marvelous!! I really like the coloring of these pieces...can almost feel their softness :)


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What features of a payroll system could be expected to prevent or detect the
(a) Payment of a fictitious employee and
(b) Omission of payment to an employee?
(a) Payment of a fictitious employee and
(b) Omission of payment to an employee?
Answer to relevant Questions
What is an attestation engagement?What are the elements of expanded- scope auditing according to the GAO?What are the most common errors and frauds in the personnel and payroll cycle? Which control characteristics are auditors looking for to prevent or detect these errors and frauds?A large retail enterprise has established a policy that requires the paymaster to deliver all unclaimed payroll checks to the internal audit department at the end of each payroll distribution day. This policy was most likely ...Two accountants were discussing control activities and tests of controls for payroll systems. The senior accountant in charge of the engagement said: "It is impossible to determine who authorizes transactions when the ...Post your question