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PY4A01 Solar System Science Lecture 5-6 - Solar system formation theories oTopics to be covered: oLaplace nebula theory oJeans' tidal theory oSolar nebula theory
PY4A01 Solar System Science Planet formation models oThree basic models have been proposed: oTidal theory: Planets formed from condensed gasses 'ripped' from an all ready formed Sun. oCapture theory: During a close stellar encounter, Sun captures material out of which planets form. oNebula theory: Planets formed at the same time as the Sun in the same gas cloud.
PY4A01 Solar System Science Laplace nebula theory oProposed by Pierre Laplace in Exposition du Système du Monde (1796). oConsists of 5 stages: 1.Slowly rotating, collapsing gas and dust sphere. 2.An oblate spheroid, flattened along the spin axis. 3.The critical lenticular form - material in equatorial region is in free orbit. 4.Rings left behind in equatorial plane due to further collapse. "Spasmodic" process leads to annular rings. 5.One planet condenses in each ring with Sun at centre. 1.2. 3.4.5.
PY4A01 Solar System Science Laplace nebula theory: Difficulties 1.Strongest criticism related to the distribution of AM. oThere is no mechanism for the partitioning of mass and AM. oMass and AM concentrated on the central star. 2.While still a student at Cambridge, Maxwell suggested that differential rotation between inner and outer parts of rings would prevent material from condensing. oGravitational attraction between objects in the rings would not be sufficient to overcome inertial forces. oRings would require much more mass than the planets they formed to overcome this effect.
PY4A01 Solar System Science Jeans' tidal theory oLaplace theory was a monistic theory - same body of material in a single process gave rise to both the Sun and the planets. oJames Jeans (1917) proposed a dualistic theory that separated formation of Sun from formation of planets. oJeans' Theory involved interaction between Sun and a very massive star in three stages: 1.Massive star passes within Roche Limit of Sun, pulling out material in the form of a filament. 2.Filament is gravitationally unstable, and breaks into series of blobs of masses greater than the Jeans' critical mass, and so collapse to form proto-planets. 3.Planets were left in orbit about the Sun. 1. 2. 3.
PY4A01 Solar System Science Roche Limit oRoche limit is distance at which a satellite begins to be tidally torn apart. oConsider M with 2 satellites of mass m and radius r orbiting at distance R. Roche limit is reached when m is more attracted to M then to m. Occurs when F tidal ≥ F binding oThe binding force is: oForce of attraction between mass M and nearer satellite is: GMm/(R - r) 2. Force on more distant satellite is GMm/(R + r) 2 oTidal force experienced is thus, 2r R R-r R+r M mm Eqn. 4 Eqn. 5
PY4A01 Solar System Science Roche Limit (cont.) oWe can therefore rewrite the inequality F tidal ≥ F binding as: oRearranging then gives oAs M = 4/3 R 3 M and m = 4/3 r 3 m : oObjects which pass within this are torn apart. oThe Earth's Roche limit is ~18,470 km. Approximate Roche Limit
PY4A01 Solar System Science Jeans' tidal theory: Proto-planet formation oJeans showed that filament would be unstable, and break into series of proto-planets. 1.Small density excess at A. 2.Gravitational attraction causes material in B and B' to move towards A. 3.Material at C and C' now experience an outward force and produce high-density regions at D and D'. oJeans treated as a wave-like problem, finding average distance between proto-planets to be: where is ratio of the specific heats and l is effectively the wavelength. A A ABCD BB' C'D
PY4A01 Solar System Science Jeans' tidal theory: Difficulties 1.Very massive stars are rare and distant. oProbability of massive star coming close to another star is therefore very low. oSun's nearest companion is Proxima Centauri (d =1.3 pc => R sun= /d ~2x10 -8 ). 2.Rotational period of Sun and Jupiter should be similar if Jupiter's material was from Sun. oNot the case (P sun ~ 26 days and P jupiter ~ 10 hours). 3.In 1935, Henry Russell argued that it is not possible for the material from the Sun to acquire enough AM to explain Mercury, let alone the other planets. 4.Spitzer (1939) noted that material with solar densities and temperatures would give a minimum mass for collapse of ~100 times that of Jupiter.
PY4A01 Solar System Science Capture theory oModified version of Jeans' theory, proposed in 1964 by M. Woolfson. oSun interacts with nearby protostar, dragging filament from protostar. oLow rotation speed of Sun is explained as due to formation before planets. oTerrestrial planets due to collisions between protoplanets close to Sun and giant planets. oPlanetary satellites due to condensation in drawn out filaments. Sun Proto-star moves on a hyperbolic orbit Material captured by Sun Depleted proto-star Tidally distorted proto-star
PY4A01 Solar System Science Capture theory: Difficulties oSpace between local stars too large for 9 planets and 60 moons to be caught by Sun. oMillions would have to pass, in order for one to be caught. oPlanets would tend to spiral into Sun, not begin encircling it. oMoons would not begin orbiting around planets; they would crash into Sun or into planets. oCannot explain why Sun and Planets have the same apparent age (4.5 Gyrs).
PY4A01 Solar System Science Solar nebula theory oCloud collapses according to the Jeans' criterion. Collapse may be triggered by cataclysmic event such as shock wave from a supernova, or a spiral density wave. oOnce started, would continue to collapsing under Newton's Laws. oF ~ 1/r^2 => Cloud "shrinks" by factor of 2, force increases by factor of 4. oAs collapse continues, temperature, density and rotation rate increase rapidly. oProceeds along five steps: 1.Heating 2.Spinning 3.Flattening 4.Condensation 5.Accretion
PY4A01 Solar System Science 1. Heating - Solar Nebula Theory oAs gas cloud collapses, temperatures rise as potential energy converted to kinetic via: E = KE + U = const oFrom Conservation of Energy, KE increases as U decreases. oTemperature therefore rises as 1/2mv 2 = 3/2 kT or T = 1/3k (1/2 m v 2 ). oSome energy is radiated away thermally. The solar nebula becomes hottest near its center, where much of the mass collect to form the protosun. oProtosun eventually becomes so hot that nuclear fusion ignited in its core.
PY4A01 Solar System Science 2. Spinning - Solar Nebula Theory oSolar nebula "spins-up" as it collapses to conserve AM. L f = L f m v f r f = m v i r i m r f 2 i = m r i 2 f => f = i (r i / r f ) 2 oCloud therefore spins up rapidly as it contract. oRotation also ensures not all of material collapses onto the protosun: the greater the AM of a rotating cloud, the more spread out it will be along its equator.
PY4A01 Solar System Science 3. Flattening - Solar Nebula Theory og = GM/r 2 is directed radially to centre. oa = r 2 is perpendicular to rotation axis. Radial component is a r = r 2 sin . oNet radial acceleration is oAt pole ( = 0) => a(r) = GM/r 2 oAt equator ( =90) => a(r) = g - r 2 oIn disk, there's a distance where g = r 2 => this is point where contraction stops. g a a g arar
PY4A01 Solar System Science 3. Flattening - Solar Nebula Theory oCollisions further flatten the disk. oGas moves in random directions at random speeds. Different clumps collide and merge, giving new clumps the average of their differing velocities. oOriginal cloud thus become more orderly as cloud collapses, changing the cloud's original lumpy shape into a rotating, flattened disk. oSimilarly, collisions between clumps of material in highly elliptical orbits reduce their ellipticities, making their orbits more circular.
PY4A01 Solar System Science Step 4: Condensation oFormation of planets requires "seeds" - chunks of matter that gravity can eventually draw together. Understanding these seeds and clumping is key to explaining the differing compositions of planets. oThe process by which seeds were sown is condensation, when solid or liquid particles condense out of a gas. oCondensation is temperature dependent. When the temperature is low enough atoms/molecules solidify.
PY4A01 Solar System Science Step 4: Condensation oApproximate equation for the temperature variation in Solar Nebula is T(R) 631 / R 0.77 where R is in AU. "Ice line" where T = 273 K is located at ~3 AU from Sun. oT < 2,000 K, compounds of silicates (rock) and nickel-iron form. oT < 270 K, carbon compounds, silicates and ices form. oPlanetary interiors to Mars oNebula temperature > 400 K oMade of silicates and metals oPlanets beyond Mars oNebula temperature < 300 K oMade of silicates and ices
PY4A01 Solar System Science Step 4: Condensation oMetals include iron, nickel, aluminum. Most metals condense into solid at temperatures of 1000-1600 K. Metals made up <0.2% of the solar nebula's mass. oRocks are common on Earth's surface, primarily silicon-based minerals (silicates). Rocks are solid at temperatures and pressures on Earth but melt or vaporize at temperatures of 500-1300 K depending on type. Rocky materials made up ~0.4% of the nebula by mass. oHydrogen compounds are molecules such as methane (CH 4 ), ammonia (NH 3 ), and water (H 2 O) that solidify into ices below about 150 K. These were significantly more abundant than rocks and metals, making up ~1.4% of nebula's mass. oLight gases (H and He) never condense under solar nebula conditions. These gases made up the remaining 98% of the nebula's mass. oNote: Order of condensation scales with density.
PY4A01 Solar System Science Step 4: Condensation oTerrestrial planets are made from materials that constituted ~0.6% of the nebula. oJovian planets were formed in region where ~2% of material condensed. They also captured gas (98%).
PY4A01 Solar System Science Step 4: Condensation oT~1500-2000K at the present-day orbit of Mercury oAbout Mercury metals can begin to aggregate together oFurther out, rocky materials condense. oMost metals/rocks condensing around the present-day orbit of Mars (T~500K). oHence inner planets have high metal/rock content and few volatile materials.
PY4A01 Solar System Science Step 4: Condensation oSize and composition of planetesimals depends on temperature and distance from Sun. oInner solar system oWithin frost line, only rock and metals can condense. oPlanetesimals therefore made of rock and metals. oConstitute ~ 0.6% of available material by mass. oInner planetismals therefore grew more slowly. oInner planets are therefore smaller. oOuter solar system oBeyond frost line, rock, metals and ices condensed. oPlanetesmals therefore contain these materials. oConstitute ~ 2% of available material by mass. oOuter planetismals therefore grew more quickly. oOuter planetesmals are therefore larger. oThese process resulted in elementary planetary cores.
PY4A01 Solar System Science Step 4: Condensation oDensities and distances of objects in solar system supports this condensation theory: oTerrestrial planets: 3-6 g cm -3 => mainly rocks and metals. oJovian planets: 1-2 g cm -3 => more ice and captured gas. oInner Asteroids: contain metalic grains in rocky materials. oOuter Asteroids: less metals, and significantly more ice.
PY4A01 Solar System Science Step 5: Accretion oAfter condensation, growth of solid particles occurs due to collisions. oAccretion is growth of grains through collisions - the real planet building process. oLarger particles formed from both tiny chondrules about 1 mm in size, and from porous molecular aggregates held together by Van der Waals forces. oAccretion proceeds in two ways: 1.Collisions due to the geometric cross section - direct impacts on 'seed' grain. 2.Collisions due to gravitational attraction - sweeping-up of material from a region much larger than grain diameter.
PY4A01 Solar System Science Step 5: Accretion - geometric oConsider spherical grain of radius r and geometric cross section = r 2. If number of grains m -3 is n g, and relative velocity of the grains is v rel then volume (V) swept out in time t is V = v rel t, (or V = v rel for 1 second). oThe number of particles (N) encountered in t is N = V n g = v rel t n g = r 2 v rel t n g oIn a given period, seed particle's mass grows as m/ t = m 0 + N m 0 = m 0 (1 + r 2 v rel n g ) where m 0 is the grain mass. oMass of the seed particle therefore increases as r 2 for geometrical collisions. = r 2 v rel t
PY4A01 Solar System Science Step 5: Geometric and gravitational accretion oObjects formed by geometric accretion are called planetesimals: act as seeds for planet formation. oAt first, planetesimals were closely packed. oThen coalesced into larger objects, forming clumps few km across in few million years. oOnce planetesimals had grown to few km, collisions became destructive, making further growth more difficult. oGravitational accretion then begins to dominate. This then accretes planetesimals to form protoplanets.
PY4A01 Solar System Science Step 5: Accretion - gravitational oWhen gravity important, grains accrete from larger volume than during geometric growth phase. oConsider "test" grain with velocity v i at a vertical distance s from a "seed" grain. Suppose "test" grain encounters "seed" grain with a final velocity v f.What is value of s such that the seed grain can capture the "test" grain? oUsing conservation of angular momentum: mv f r = mv i s Eqn. 1 and conservation of energy: where m is mass of "test" grain and M is mass of "seed" grain. oEliminating v f from Eqns. 1 and 2 gives: oAs M ~ r 3 => s 2 ~ r 4. s vivi r vfvf seed grain test grain Eqn. 2
PY4A01 Solar System Science Step 5: Accretion - gravitational oThe growth rate of the seed particle per unit time is therefore: m / t = m 0 (1 + s 2 v rel n g ) oAs s 2 ~ r 4 => m / t ~ r 4 =>runaway accretion. oOnce grains are large enough that gravity is important, accretion rate increases dramatically. oIf critical size is achieved, a planetesimal will grow rapidly. Less massive objects grow at a much smaller rate. oModel calculation suggest that the first large size objects to form are planetesimals with sizes ~ few tens of km.
PY4A01 Solar System Science 5. Accretion oThese processes result in planetesimals of tens of kilometers in size in less than a million years or so. oThe bigger an object, the more able gravity is to attract and accrete nearby objects. oNot only will the rich get richer (i.e., the biggest planetesimal will grow the fastest), but the smaller planetesimals are quickly destroyed by fast collisions and turned into smaller fragments. oSo typically one object will dominate a region. m/ t ~ r 2 m/ t ~ r 4
PY4A01 Solar System Science 5. Accretion - planet formation oAccretion therefore progresses according to: oOnce planetesimals are formed, the following can occur: oThe final stages in the growth of a Terrestrial planet are dramatic and violent. oLarge Mars-sized protoplanets collide to produce objects such as the Earth and Venus (M Earth ~ 9 M mars ). Geometric Accretion Gravitational Accretion Planetesimals Protoplanets Planets
PY4A01 Solar System Science oInner Planets oFormed slowly due to small amount of metals and rocks in early solar nebula. oGeometric accretion rate and gravitational accretion rate small. oBy time inner planetesimals were formed and had significant gravitational fields, the nebula had been cleared out by the solar wind. oThen no nebular gas then present to capture an elementary atmosphere. oOuter Planets oFormed less violently. oGreat quantities of ice at >3 AU resulted in large rock/ice cores forming. oReason for rapid core growth is that ices have large cross-sectional area. 5. Accretion - the planets
PY4A01 Solar System Science 5. Accretion - The planetesimal graveyard oAsteroid belt is 'resting ground' for collision- evolved planetesimals that were not incorporated into a planet. oTotal mass of asteroid belt ~5 x 10 21 kg (which is about 1/3rd the mass of Pluto or 1/15th the mass of the Moon). oCeres the largest asteroid has a diameter of 940 km and a mass of ~10 21 kg. oA planet probably did not form in this region because of the rapid formation, and resulting large mass of Jupiter.
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International Business Times, India Edition
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Kapoor & Sons Special Screening at Sunny Super Sound
March 18, 2016 11:11
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Yesteryear beauties - Waheeda Rehman, Helen and Asha Parekh, were recently spotted at the screening of the family drama, 'Kapoor & Sons'.
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Photoionization of polycyclic aromatic compounds in vacuum ultraviolet region. Azulene
- Authors
- Journal
- Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 0022-2852
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Publication Date
- Volume
- 21
- Identifiers
- Disciplines
Abstract The ionization potential and the ionization cross section of azulene have been observed by a photoionization method. The photoionization threshold value is 7.39 eV and the adiabatic ionization potential has the value 7.41 eV; which agrees quite well with the spectroscopic value, 7.41 2 eV. The ionization cross section was calculated by the photoionization quantum yield and the absorption cross section, utilizing the photon flux observed by a thermo-pile and the vapor pressure data.


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Unsatisfying Update
I really miss writing here. I'm just still not comfortable with it after some of the things I wrote about were used in (what I still feel to be) a personal attack on my character. Sigh. Hopefully I'll be back eventually :(
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hope you've been doing okay! it sucks that this blog –especially given the subject — can't just be a safe space for you. perhaps your character attacker needs to consider his or her own character. if you ever need to vent you know we other bloggers are here for you.
Posted 7 years, 5 months ago -
* buaslbutterfly says:
No one should make you feel uncomfortable to express your feelings. This should be your safe haven.
Posted 7 years, 5 months ago -
I hope you continue to blog. Anyone who used excerpts from your blogs to attack your character has a serious problem indeed! This disorder is not for sissies. We are strong ppl to live with this and have the guts to talk about it! So I say shame on whoever did that! I for one will stand up for you.
Let that person spend one month with this kind of pain and see how he/she fares.
Chronic illness is difficult enough. Having chronic pain that we cannot mention in "polite company" is even more difficult.
That person should be ashamed of his/her behavior.
You are brave to post here. And I do hope to read more of your blogs. Don't let a fool stop you.
You have me and all of us other V bloggers to back you up!!!
Holding you in my thoughts and prayers! :)
Posted 6 years, 11 months ago


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Item description for Surviving Information Overload: The Clear, Practical Guide to Help You Stay on Top of What You Need to Know by Kevin A. Miller...OverviewA brief, practical guide to finding the key information you need, clearing information clutter, and creating space to think through block days and infotechno Sabbaths. Publishers Description Timely and much-needed . . . offers solid and practical advice and reminds us that the focus of our needs should be related to God s purposes and plans for our lives. George Gallup Jr. If you have the time, read this book. If you don't have the time, you really need to read this book. It will give you a precious gift. It will help you say no. John Ortberg, author of Everybody's Normal Till You Get to Know Them Ever feel overwhelmed by the deluge of email, the frenzy of multitasking, the rush of things you ve got to know and do? Then you don t have time not to read this book---because it will save you time and lower your stress. You needn t read all of it---just what you need when you need it. Email killing you? Check out chapter 6. Interruptions ruining your focus? Tap the power of block days---chapter 10. No time for family or friends? Try an info-techno Sabbath ---chapter 11. Screen out non-essential information Identify and retain what you really need Turn information into results Deal with information clutter Find your way through the Internet thicket Safeguard and optimize your time Reconnect with loved ones Surviving Information Overload will bring focus, effectiveness, and sanity to your fast-paced life. Buy it---because you ll use it. It s a small investment, and the returns start immediately." Citations And Professional Reviews Surviving Information Overload: The Clear, Practical Guide to Help You Stay on Top of What You Need to Know by Kevin A. Miller has been reviewed by professional book reviewers and journalists at the following establishments -
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The psychoanalysis of neurotics has taught us to recognize the intimate connection between wetting the bed and the character trait of ambition.Sigmund Freud
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Another amazing silver Israeli designed ring and again attributed to Rachel Gera.
Open adjustable band with side mounted open ball with pearl in the center.
Artist: Unsigned: attributed to Rachel Gera
Condition: Near Fine, slight wear
Date: Circa 1970's-80's
Material: Silver, unmarked
Rachel Gera was a Israel artist who's modernist art inspired many others. Her pieces were bold, almost Brutalist designed with strong drastic angles.
If you have any questions or need additional information, please feel free to email me.
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It's Over! Kim Kardashian 'Pulling the Plug' on Her Marriage to Kanye West
- 01:24 PM, Mar 23
Shy, sensitive April (Emma Roberts) is the class virgin - a popular soccer player and frequent babysitter for her single-dad coach, Mr. B. (James Franco). Teddy (Jack Kilmer) is an introspective artist whose best friend and sidekick Fred (Nat Wolff) is an unpredictable live wire with few filters or boundaries. While April negotiates a dangerous affair with Mr. B., and Teddy performs community service for a DUI - secretly carrying a torch for April, who may or may not share his affection - Fred seduces Emily (Zoe Levin), a promiscuous loner who seeks validation through sexual encounters. One high school party bleeds into another as April and Teddy finally acknowledge their mutual affection, and Fred's escalating recklessness spirals into chaos. An astonishing debut feature from writer-director Gia Coppola, based on the book "Palo Alto: Stories" by James Franco.


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How to Write a Powerful Essay on Why You Ought To Be Chosen
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Read original article here: http://topnews.one/index.php?newsid=38099
By Cole Becker, TopNews.one
OK, so how many of you have downloaded Pokemon Go on to your work phone? Come on, admit it.
If you were surprised the IT department let you do this, don't be - many companies have absolutely no idea what their staff are up to it seems.
For example, when cybersecurity firm Imperva asked one of its banking clients how many apps it thought its staff were using, the firm estimated between 75 and 100 in total. The figure was actually closer to 800.
Why does this matter?
Cloud-based apps often gain access to the camera, location, data and contacts on your phone. So you never know how much sensitive company information they may be snaffling.
We could be giving hackers, fraudsters and spies the keys to our company's back door, particularly if we naively use the same log-in details for external apps as we do for internal work apps.
"It's a mission-critical problem if you don't know which third-party apps have access to your data," says Ryan Kalember, senior vice president of cybersecurity strategy at Proofpoint.
Big tech companies such as LinkedIn, MySpace and Dropbox have suffered major data breaches, with security research company Ponemon putting the average cost per breach at $4m (?3.2m), or $158 per stolen record.
And our cavalier attitude to apps at work could be contributing to the problem, experts warn.
"If the enterprise doesn't provide the users with the tools they expect to do the job, they'll find the tools themselves," says Jon Huberman, chief executive of file-sharing company Syncplicity.
"But it's a huge issue for the company - data leakage is a big problem."
While apps such as Slack, Evernote, WhatsApp, and Dropbox, can help us do our jobs more efficiently - in the office and away from it - we often don't know if they've been approved by our IT departments or how much corporate data we may be sharing - wittingly or unwittingly - with the cloud.
Terry Ray, Imperva's chief product strategist, says: "Staff often don't think about security or know what is or isn't sensitive data.
"And the risks of a data breach are massively exacerbated by the cloud, even though cloud-based apps, such as Microsoft's Office 365, are proving increasingly popular because they dramatically reduce IT costs."
The worry for IT departments is that these third-party apps may not have particularly robust security protocols in place because many were developed primarily with consumers in mind.
And the data itself may be stored in foreign countries governed by less stringent data protection laws.
"App security is the skeleton in the closet," says Cesare Garlati, chief security strategist at Prpl Foundation, a non-profit body promoting open source software standards.
"Software is assembled these days, not written - developers use libraries, so you don't know what bits of defective code may be lurking in an app compromising its security," he says.
"Bring Your Own Device [using your own smartphone, tablet or laptop for work purposes] was always a big threat to the security model - corporations lose control."
While companies take great pains to protect personally identifiable information, such as social security and credit card numbers, it's often the seemingly innocuous information that can give fraudsters the ammunition to make a phishing email more believable, say, or an invoice payment request more plausible.
Many apps are also laden with malware - another threat to corporate security.
"Most [malware-laden] mobile apps are being monetised by selling users' information and phishing for banking credentials," says Mr Kalember.
"Many organisations have lost money via these phishing apps - which often pretend to be something else, such as a Flash player or even a Bible app - when they've allowed people in their finance departments to access corporate bank accounts via mobile devices."
And Syncplicity's Mr Huberman points out that if a company doesn't know what apps their staff are using or what data is being shared, it poses a problem when those staff leave for other companies.
"All that data goes with them," he says, "possibly to your competitors."
And web-based email programs can be just as risky.
Before doctors were given a secure environment in which to share confidential patient details with each other, many would use open email programs such as Gmail, in clear breach of data privacy regulations, says Mr Huberman.
"They realised this but their argument was that they needed to consult with colleagues to save lives. We were able to give them the right tools to share data securely on any device without violating any regulations."
So what should businesses be doing about this issue?
The advice from security experts is pretty consistent and can be boiled down to a few bullet points:
Of course, none of this is easy, and for many companies the horse has already bolted. But when you're in a tug of war and feel the rope slipping between your hands, you don't immediately let go, do you?


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well my sets up for review, wish the photography was a bit better but I shall try again until I get it right.. thanks much for all the sweet comments
VIEW 4 of 4 COMMENTS
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New Home › Forum › don't use this one, I need to sort and delete -Troubleshooting › Steppers shakin and speed settings › Reply To: Steppers shakin and speed settings
January 27, 2016 at 12:10 pm #6544
I have only one stepper mounted. But now i have to deal with the temp error. (477°C. T0 with 100k installed. Or should T0 have only 100? Brown-Black-Yellow-Gold = 100 k. Brown-Black-Brown-Gold = 100) If it should be 100 instead of 100k i got the wrong resistor installed.)
Never the less my single test stepper does not work. (i turned on the easy mode, Repetier then ignores temp errors and extrude commands). Can it be possible, the voltage is false or the stepper is not possible to work 1/32 microstepping?


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Serves 6
1 ½ tsp. extra virgin olive oil
1 yellow onion, diced
1 bay leaf
1 ½ cloves garlic, minced
1 C dried split peas, rinsed well
½ C brown rice, rinsed well
7 C vegetable stock
2 carrots, diced
2 stalks celery, diced
1 potato, diced
2 Tbsp. dried parsley (4 Tbsp. fresh)
1 ½ tsp. dried basil
1 ½ tsp. dried thyme
⅓ tsp. freshly ground black pepper
1 Tbsp. sea salt
In a large pot, over medium heat, sauté the onion and garlic in the olive oil until the onions are translucent. Add the peas, rice, bay leaf, salt and vegetable stock. Bring to a boil and reduce heat to low. Simmer for 20 minutes, stirring occasionally.
Then add the carrots, celery, potatoes, parsley, basil, thyme and pepper. Simmer for another 30 minutes until vegetables are tender.


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67 Comments »
wow i don't know a single song on that list.. lol
Comment by ross barnett | May 23, 2009 |
THAT'S THE POINT!!! This is all about discovering new stuff that the corporate media or the conformist blogs would find way too edgy or frightening!
Comment by lc | May 24, 2009 |
u guys suck so much!!!just coz u make a shitty list from which about 10 artists appear about 5 times each, duzn mean ur edgy an non conformist, ever think ders just as many "non conformists" as conformists!?LOSERS HA HA U HAV A NICE LIFE NOW!!!!
Comment by grrrr!!! | May 24, 2009 |
if you knew how to read you'd be aware, as is clearly stated in plain english here, that A) this list is far from complete, this being only May and B) many of the songs, though good, are placeholders which will eventually fall off the list by year's end when we finalize it. and what's wrong with having multiple songs by a bunch of good bands? never ceases to amaze how seriously some people take themselves….
Comment by lc | May 24, 2009 |
All these songs suck! 😦
Comment by Chrissy | June 4, 2009 |
what's the matter, not enough Fall Out Girl?
Comment by lc | June 4, 2009 |
I have never even heard about these songs!!!
Comment by urvi | June 13, 2009 |
Comment by lc | June 13, 2009 |
Are these tracks from other planets??? I aint got a clue of any of them!!!!!
Comment by kola | June 14, 2009 |
that's the whole purpose of this thing. check them out and then you'll have a clue
Comment by lc | June 14, 2009 |
I didn't know any of these songs either,
but I listened to some of them,
and they're pretty good!And maybe they put the same artists because the artist makes more then one good song.
I'm sure you people like more than one song from your favorite artist, correct?Anyway, I found this helpful, Thanks. (:
Comment by Cheyenne C. | June 16, 2009 |
im sure that these are all really good songs, but i think that its wrong to call any of them the top songs of 2009, whether they make ur final list or not. u wouldnt get so many bad comments if it wasnt such false advertising.
Comment by me | June 17, 2009 |
huh? false advertising? what's your standard for "true advertising?" any list you see anywhere is just gonna be someone's opinion, you can agree or disagree
Comment by lc | June 17, 2009 |
wtf i dont know any of these songs hey but whatever!☻♥☺♦
Comment by GG | June 24, 2009 |
that is the worst list! taylor swift is the best! you guys have no taste in music…hahahaha losers!!!
Comment by Jess | July 4, 2009 |
Taylor Swift is a fag who only got a record deal cuz she had sex with the manager, shes a terrible writer, her songs suck, its all about finding true love and being happy, thats music for 9 year olds.
Comment by :P | December 29, 2009 |
here's a suggestion, Jess – rather than being closeminded about unfamiliar things, why don't you try something new? Suggestion – if you like Taylor Swift, why not check out Tift Merritt or Neko Case? They both have great voices and catchy songs. And they're way smarter.
Comment by lc | July 5, 2009 |
A rule for a list as short as 100 should be that a band can only have one or two songs on the list. You only list like eight bands for 100 songs, that's kind of ridiculous.
Comment by yo | July 17, 2009 |
dude, did you read the top of the page? the list is anything but final and won't be til December. Check back and see how vastly more diverse it will be at that time
Comment by lc | July 18, 2009 |
I agree with the people above it is WRONG to FALSE advertize!
And… are these songs from the 50's or something cuz i have never heard ANY of them.
try telling the TRUTH and stop lying.
I was looking for the best song to put on my friends ipod not songs that nobody even know!
THANK YOU so MUCH for wasting my time.
p.s. try reading the Bible!(it says not to LIE!)
Its great! (:
(the smiley face is for the bible)
:((((((( <- that is for you.Jeremiah 29:11 – For i know the plans i have for you; declares the lord, plans to prosper you, and not to harm you, plans to give you a hope and a future.
Comment by Kaylee | July 19, 2009 |
?!? advertising? this isn't an ad, sister,
What's stopping you from downloading any of this? Or were you looking for Taylor Swift? Maybe you might think about having an open mind – oops, the bible says that's wrong, can't do that!By the way what's wrong with songs from the 50's? Pretty good decade for music if you ask me! Why don't you check out some of Jimmy Martin's country gospel records from that decade, if you're into the bible thing?
Comment by lc | July 20, 2009 |
The Bible doesn't say anything about not being allowed to have an open mind. It says to love everyone…that seems pretty open minded to me.
On another note, I really like that you have gone out in search of "non-celebrity" music. I love finding bands that nobody has heard of. Sometimes the best music is hiding until you find a website like this.
And to everyone else, if you don't like what "lc" is doing, just kindly close the tab on your browser, and open up your iTunes and listen to your own music. Chill out!! Some people like the "not so well known" music. More power to them.
Comment by JAD | October 1, 2009 |
You know Ic this is excatly what I was looking for. Music that no one else knows of! I can tell you this sure Taylor Swift is okay but I honestly only like ONE of her songs and i can say the rest is horrible xD but u like her good for you.
And Kaylee…JESUS! Who said to use the bible on the internet as a means of "lying." I mean it's just one's opinion and I think the music is pretty cool! n.n
can't wait till the list is final Ic!!Comment by Norie-Chan | July 25, 2009 |
hmmm I think people are being too harsh
haha its amazing, I dont know any of this songs…but I listened to some of them and I actually liked them
Thanks for this list, its always good to see some variety on the playlist…not just the same stuff as miley cirus and jason mraz
=dont get me wrong, I love jason mraz too x3=just curious, how did you get to know this strange bands……????
Comment by Anne Marie | July 25, 2009 |
honestly u guys suck….what freaking songs are these????i've never heard even 1 of these
Comment by Alefiya | August 9, 2009 |
that's the point, moron! you're not supposed to know about this stuff…unlesss you're really sussed to the best obscure songs out there. Stay tuned!
Comment by lc | August 10, 2009 |
man i was just thinkin where dese songs exist…
nj ya from where i can hav d list of sum gud songs pls i m in a hurry
Comment by crusher | August 12, 2009 |
i am kind of dissapointed with this list, because it wasn't what i was looking for, BUT i am going to check all of the songs out, nothing wrong with expanding your music.
i think alot of people on this were very mean.. you to lc..
but i still appreaciate the time it took to make this list, and i will deff be listening to these songs!Comment by ash | August 22, 2009 |
if lc was the one who posted this, forgive me if he/she wasn't, then lc needs to stop running his/her mouth because they were the ones who wanted people to read this. i understand if he/she were mad because other people like different styles of music, and if Taylor Swift is what they came here for, lc doesn't need to put down those singers. For example, the comment, 'Not enough Fall Out Girl?' is simply not being OPEN to OTHER types of music. that was what lc wanted all along right? for people to come to his/her post and find different sorts of styles. and again, if lc didn't post this im sorry, it just appeared like he/she did.
Comment by kr | August 24, 2009 |
i just realized lc didn't post this i don't think. sorry!
Comment by kr | August 24, 2009 |
I wouldnt say these songs are the best tracks of 2009 and I even checked them all out. Maybe you should stop biting everyones head off when they give thier opinions, not everyone likes that sort of music up there.
Comment by demii | September 1, 2009 |
i really loved these! thanks for posting them 🙂 oh and i feel that in the time it took kaylee to complain about you wasting her time AND look up a bible verse she could of just went on with something that wouldn't annoy the shit out of me… each to there own i guess
Comment by katie | September 9, 2009 |
Yes, your right you pretensious scenster douche. You either know the New York indi scene or one's music tastes is lame, passe, and embarrassing.
Comment by scott | September 10, 2009 |
the brooklyn what, outside of some lyrical sophistication, sound like a garage band.
Comment by scott | September 10, 2009 |
?!? who are you complaining to? I hate scenester douchebags as much as you do. BTW the Brooklyn What are great live, they play every 3rd Saturday of the month at Mehanata
Comment by lc | September 10, 2009 |
Hey. I was just cruising the internet for some good songs and I stumbled on your site. I can't wait to see what the final list looks like in December.
Didn't know a damn one of those bands or songs either. But listened to them and some of them are pretty great! Jay Bennet was my favorite from the list.
You think you can escape the bible beaters on the internet. But they still manage to follow you.
You also manage to meets some crazy SOB's all the time to. It baffles the mind why some people even bother to leave shitty comments that don't have anything to do with the main topic. And some people complain about being in a rush.
Comment by Dub | September 16, 2009 |
yea that list was a little rediculous
Comment by nunya | September 22, 2009 |
Taylor Swift would destroy any of these singers!
Comment by JDOG | September 25, 2009 |
Comment by lc | September 25, 2009 |
wow could u actually use bands or songs people have heard of???
Comment by CJ | October 7, 2009 |
seriosly, not a single band i new was on that list and i now my far share of bands, plus i listened to like 20 and they were all SUPER GAY!!!!!!!!!!!
Comment by gay | October 19, 2009 |
hi…i just opened this site accidentaly……and i found this site interesting because when we heard some of this songs listed me and my friends realy liked it…..and for gay…..actualy it is ovious that you name posted was gay then why are you sayng super gay at the end if you are telling it to this site and not your self…..so beat it your just jelous cuz you cannot make this owsome site……
Comment by joanne | October 20, 2009 |
all of u r shit heads! here u r wasting u'r time on this stupid fucking site while you could be on some porn or sumthin. What is with u people!! Godd dammit
Comment by Lookesta | October 26, 2009 |
oh and fuck u lc
Comment by Lookesta | October 26, 2009 |
this is freaking hilarious how mad everyone is about this. hahahahha
Comment by BHAHAHA | November 2, 2009 |
Get over yourself. This list is full of artists that deserve Taylor Swifts level of fame much more then she does. If you don't like it don't post. Try something new. 😉
Comment by Lauren | November 2, 2009 |
I have never heard of any of these tracks nor have they been on the charts (or long enough). Maybe they're the best for you.
Comment by JAH | November 14, 2009 |
good job dude I enjoyed them keep this list updated !!!
Comment by WS | November 15, 2009 |
Hahaha….wtf? Which bootleg artists are this? R u geussing tracks or wich planet did u fetch them from ?do they even sell more than 50 copies of their albums? I think the
List should instead read "100 most unpopular tracks" .YES!! Thats tha right title!!Comment by Erizo | November 17, 2009 |
This is just shit. What planet r u living in??? Were on earth…()()()()
Comment by pretty | November 22, 2009 |
yess, i was waiting to for this, thank you, appreciate your taste, bad comments are shit
this is the "real" and creative musicComment by Mario | November 23, 2009 |
I appreciate a list like this 🙂 thank you. New discoveries are awesome! thanks to this list iv'e had a very good "music surfing" time on the web ahhah… SWEET!! I will be coming back to this site to check some really cool artists now… THANKS AGAIN!! keep posting artists so unique as these please :))))
Comment by JessIKA | November 24, 2009 |
you guys suck.
are u freaks !!!!!!
wat freaking hell kind of list is this.
fucking songsComment by sam | November 27, 2009 |
Comment by sam | November 27, 2009 |
sam? hahaha, go away?
Comment by JessIKA | November 27, 2009 |
i love these tracks arent they jst awesome and i so wish to meet taylor swift which is actually impossible bcoz im staying in south africa in cape town
Comment by genay | December 3, 2009 |
who ever LOOKESTA is i just wane say that you r damn rude and y r u on this site if its borin
Comment by genay | December 3, 2009 |
It's good to see that not every "best songs of 2009" list has name-dropping indie bands like Phoenix, Animal Collective, The Big Pink et al. Even better to see this list doesn't have any mainstream schlock that permeates every major outlet [Miley Cyrus is in the Rolling Stone top 25. Miley Cyrus FFS!!!]
Didn't know The Church had released a new album???
And although I haven't checked out any of the songs on this list as of yet, can I recommend Fourplay String Quartet's "Fourthcoming", great album as far as I remember, and their cover of "Killing in the Name Of" is superb.
Keep keeping.
Comment by j fox | December 18, 2009 |
has anyone ever even herd of these songs
Comment by joeysoos | December 21, 2009 |
this is sad, i think you guys were really drunk, this doesn't count as a top 100 for normal people,sorry but i don't even want o hear this songs just because of this pathetic chart.
Comment by hola | December 31, 2009 |
you're right about no one at this website being normal. while this particular post was not assembled while under the influence of alcohol, many others here were. can you guess which ones?
Comment by lc | January 2, 2010 |
DiS iS nOt WaT iM lOoKiN 4
Comment by NaTaLiE | January 2, 2010 |
I dont know any of the above songs but thts the point of this i guess , hope the songs are good
The sites ask to buy the CD
This songs are not famous , so i cant find any place to download , Can anyone pls help?Comment by Krish | January 9, 2010 |
I checked out a fair few of those songs and artists, and their pretty good. Its nice to find new music (:
But i think it would have been cooler if you didnt just have 10 artists and 5 songs from each one.
Just have your favorite songs from that particular artist. That way you can fit more artists on.
We get that you like them, no need to put them in there millions of times.
xComment by sundance | January 10, 2010 |
I'm not sure which is more entertaining, the list or the reactions or your responses to the reactions. At any rate, thanks for knowing about Spanking Charlene, listening to jazz, and a dozen huzzahs for writing about music like you can actually play an instrument. This is the most interesting music site I've seen in a long time.
Comment by GK | January 14, 2010 |
I think maybe all the songs are perfect.jusy leave all the artists alone.imagin you were an artist and people are talking about you bad things how would you react?oh sundance you are right it is nice to hear new song.
Comment by rosie | April 11, 2010 |


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Inside a Country Cottage
The stone floor of Maureen "Mo" Ecke's entryway welcomes muddy feet and paws — as Ecke's springer spaniel, Harry, demonstrates. A gift from her sister Lucy Hubbard, the primitive wooden bench was fashioned from an old town-hall pew.
Italian marble tops the kitchen's custom cabinetry, while salvaged Victorian corbels serve as distinctive brackets for the Viking stove's hood. An industrial steel stool gives the otherwise neutral room a jolt of bright color.
Check Out the October Issue of Country Living!
Bright walls (Pratt & Lambert's Premium Yellow) and a rattan Pottery Barn sofa make sure that her "winter porch" always seems summery. A rough-hewn Sundance coffee table and nature-themed Design Legacy throw pillows enhance the room's laid-back vibe.
Ecke whips up cupcakes with great-nephews (from left) Nolan Gillis and Dexter Harris.
Shiny steel café chairs from Sundance cozy up to a rustic Peruvian trestle table. The modern chandelier is from Design Within Reach.
Ecke bought the master bathroom's tub from Restoration Hardware; the bold green wall color is Pratt & Lambert's Light Chartreuse.
In the kitchen, color shines in subtler ways, like the citrus-hued ceramics stored above Ecke's home-office nook.
The homeowner of this New Hampshire farmhouse nabbed this pair of iron beds for $160 at a yard sale and dressed them up with Garnet Hill blankets.
This New Hampshire farmhouse's bedroom features double-decker beds purchased on the cheap at an unpainted-furniture shop and transformed with custom paint.
An iron bed from Sundance, plus a Pottery Barn quilt, offers a hit of color in a guest room.
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We live in a chaotic, tumultuous world, and during the
holidays it may seem even more so. One thing is constant: the desire for
security, peace and justice. These are lofty ideals, many times clouded by
violence, politics and greed, but at the end of the day they are worth fighting
for and that is our goal. To work for social justice, sustainable human
development, increased food security and women's empowerment.
Food security and the rising prices of food staples are,
and should be, main concerns for WGEF, NGO's and all who believe in economic
justice. The last few years global food prices have eclipsed previous global highs and
continue to climb. This is a multifaceted issue, which requires a complete
transformation of global agriculture policy. Access to healthy food sources is
a human right, not a luxury. For the planet's poorest 2 billion people, rising
food prices means going from two meals a day to one or none. This creates
extreme poverty, human insecurity and violence.
WGEF is addressing this critical issue by focusing on our agriculture program, providing loans and
tools for women farmers and farm workers. Our focus for 2013 is leadership
development and food security: growing our agriculture program, supporting the
new Gulu Women's Agriculture Union, and promoting and training women to become
leaders and advocates in their community, including the Access to Justice Initiative!
As we move forward into our 5th year and beyond, our program continues
to be transformative, provocative and relevant. We hope you are inspired and
continue to support WGEF and the women we serve in northern Uganda. Please
contact me with questions or conversation, 303.520.7656.
Peace to you and your loved ones this holiday season!
With gratitude,
Karen Sugar, Founder and Director
2011 Wish List!
During this holiday season, you can support WGEF by
supporting one of our programs:
1) Help fund the Access to Justice Initiative, providing critical information on human and legal rights; addressing gender bias in the justice system, and solutions when breakages in the justice chain occur (see GG project).
2) Tractor
- $2500 to be used collectively by WGEF farmers and union members – owned and
operated by GWAU (Gulu Women's Agricultural Union) (see GG project).
3) Literacy
Program - $10,000 – increase our capacity to 200 women, enabling 100 additional
to join this program (see GG project).
Project Reports on GlobalGiving are posted directly to globalgiving.org by Project Leaders as they are completed, generally every 3-4 months. To protect the integrity of these documents, GlobalGiving does not alter them; therefore you may find some language or formatting issues.
If you donate to this project or have donated to this project, you will get an e-mail when this project posts a report. You can also subscribe for reports via e-mail without donating.
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AKR7A3 Blocking Peptide (Center)
Synthetic peptide
Primary Accession | O95154 |
Gene ID | 22977 |
Other Names | Aflatoxin B1 aldehyde reductase member 3, 1.-.-.-, AFB1 aldehyde reductase 2, AFB1-AR 2, AKR7A3, AFAR2 |
Target/Specificity | The synthetic peptide sequence is selected from aa 207-217 of HUMAN AKR7A3 |
Format | Synthetic peptide was lyophilized with 100% acetonitrile and is supplied as a powder. Reconstitute with 0.1 ml DI water for a final concentration of 1 mg/ml. |
Storage | Maintain refrigerated at 2-8°C for up to 6 months. For long term storage store at -20°C. |
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Name | AKR7A3 |
Synonyms | AFAR2 |
Function | Can reduce the dialdehyde protein-binding form of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to the non-binding AFB1 dialcohol. May be involved in protection of liver against the toxic and carcinogenic effects of AFB1, a potent hepatocarcinogen. |
Cellular Location | Cytoplasm. |
Tissue Location | Expressed in colon, kidney, liver, pancreas, adenocarcinoma and endometrium. |
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Can reduce the dialdehyde protein-binding form of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to the non-binding AFB1 dialcohol. May be involved in protection of liver against the toxic and carcinogenic effects of AFB1, a potent hepatocarcinogen.
Knight L.P.,et al.Carcinogenesis 20:1215-1223(1999).
Praml C.,et al.Oncogene 22:4765-4773(2003).
Gregory S.G.,et al.Nature 441:315-321(2006).
Bodreddigari S.,et al.Chem. Res. Toxicol. 21:1134-1142(2008).
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Chile & Argentina Wine & Multisport Adventure
Nights 1 & 2 >> Hotel Noi Blend / Palmilla, Chile
Our first night is spent in a high-end small lodge with a contemporary twist. This charming and tranquil hotel is surrounded by vineyards of the Colchagua valley and is equipped with a pool and wood-fire heated hot tub.
Night 3 >> Miramar Hotel / Vina del Mar, Chile
Our accomodation for tonight is a 5-star hotel that directly overlooks the water. You'll enjoy the beautiful views of the Pacific Ocean from your hotel room, with shopping and a public beach just a few blocks (or a quick taxi ride) away.
Night 4 >> Inca Hotel / Los Andes, Chile
Our final night in Chile we spend at a brand-new but simple hotel in Los Andes, a fun market town in the Aconcagua Valley on the way to Argentina.
Nights 5 - 7 >> Park Hyatt / Mendoza, Argentina
Our five-star luxury hotel is located in the center of Mendoza, Argentina's central wine town, and directly across the street from the Plaza Independencia, which makes it a perfect base for exploration.
We meet you in Santiago, Chile on the first morning of the trip, so you should fly into Santiago (airport code SCL). You can choose to arrive early that morning, but we recommend arriving at least a day (or even two) before to explore Santiago before meeting us at Hotel Torremayor. On the last day, we will end in Mendoza, Argentina. You should make your return flights out of Mendoza (MDZ). The Mendoza airport has direct flights to Santiago, Buenos Aires, and several smaller Argentinean cities. Upon booking, we will send you more information on your travel logistics.
Dates: October 28 - November 4, 2017
Trip Length: 8 Days & 7 Nights
Activities: Hiking and Biking with other optional activites
Trip Difficulty: All Ability Levels
Guides: Jenny & Luis
Other Info: THIS TRIP IS LIMITED TO 18 PARTICIPANTS
"A bottle of wine contains more philosophy than all the books in the world." – Louis Pasteur
Imagine a world where wine is a celebrated cultural icon, the mystical gaucho still exists, and dinner is an anticipated event characterized by a later dining hour and the biggest social scene of the day. This world exists in the colorful countries of Chile and Argentina, and both are captivating destinations for wine lovers, with an astounding range of landscapes, grape varietals and microclimates. The Chilean and Argentinian cultures seem to have an effortless balance to them. We try to mimic this balance by providing a mix of activities and wine exploration. Our adventure begins in Santiago, Chile, winds through vineyards in the major wine valleys of Chile (including a night on the sea near the legendary city of Valparaíso), crosses the dramatic Andes, and finishes in Mendoza, Argentina, after sipping our way through the wine valleys surrounding this friendly city. We visit several different wine areas in both countries and have private tastings in some very special places. We also have a variety of activities planned, making sure you get as much – or as little – exercise as you want each day. Our vineyard hikes offer a variety of difficulty levels and we are often accompanied by a local winemaker before, during or after. We also bike in both countries, mostly flat on a valley floor where the grapes are grown. In Chile's Aconcagua Valley, we have the opportunity one afternoon to either horseback ride or hike. We also hike at the base of Mt. Aconcagua, the highest point in the Americas. And in Argentina, you can choose to hike, raft on the Mendoza River, or take a thrilling zip line circuit in the foothills of the Andes. Learn from winemakers why Carmenere is particularly suited to Chile and why Malbec grows so well in Argentina. Savor seafood from Chile's coastline and asado from Argentina's famed beef herds. And say "hola" to the Chilean and Argentine way of life.Daily Itinerary
DAY 1: We meet you this morning in the upscale neighborhood of Providencia in downtown Santiago. This is an ideal base for exploring, and hopefully you arrived in Chile at least a day early to visit the markets and other interesting locations the city has to offer. (We also hope you had dinner reservations last night at one of our favorite restaurants – Astrid y Gaston – which also happens to have an excellent wine list.) We start our day with a private tour and tasting at Underraga in the Maipo Valley, the closest wine valley to Santiago. Undurraga produces a variety of wines, including some sparkling wines we love. From there, we head south to the Colchagua Valley, stopping along the way at a fun…SEE FULL ITINERARY
Real People, Real Experiences – What To Expect On This Trip
As on all of our adventures, we want to ensure you have the best experience possible – which is why we like to set expectations appropriately for every trip. Check out What To Expect On This Trip .
For More Information
- See Frequently Asked Questions for this specific trip.
- See our General FAQs page for general tour questions.
- INTERESTED IN JOINING US? Call us at 888.758.8687 or email us to check availability, or to ask any questions you may have regarding this trip or any other travel ideas you may be considering.
TO BOOK YOUR ADVENTURE: You can book online or by calling us at 888.758.8687. Zephyr Adventures requires a 500 deposit (payable by check or credit card) at the time of booking. The remaining balance is payable by check or credit card no later than 60 days prior to the start of the trip.
- WHAT HAPPENS NEXT? We will send you a confirmation email after we receive your booking, as well as a link to detailed printer-friendly pre-departure documents: arrival and departure information, suggestions for making travel arrangements, a packing list, an invoice, information about your trip location and guides. It will also include a link to an information form and liability waiver. We will also provide you with a link to information about travel insurance. We highly recommend you purchase travel insurance because it protects you if you have an unexpected change in travel plans. Please do not purchase airfare until you have received your pre-departure documents.
"Amazing experience. Challenging physical activities, well-planned days, excellent meals, and opportunities for independent diversions." – Janet F.
Or grab your friends, pick a date, and make it private!
View all photos from Chile & Argentina


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Weaving Webs Email Barbara Neel Blizzard Barbara at work!
| Henry Corbin |
was born 1629, Hall End, Warwickshire, England, died 2 Jan. 1676/7 Buckingham House, Middlesex Co, Virginia. A colonial merchant, Justice, Burgess and Member of the Council in the Virginia Colony, Henry married Alice Eltonhead. Both are descendants of Lady Godiva and many more members of Royalty. (Note:)Henry was not William Henry Corbin. William was his brother. Beware!
LINKS: Barbara and cousin Ron's My Heritage Webpage
Barbara's South Carolina Ancestors My Neel Family of Texas
Headlee and Smith of Iowa. Maps of towns named Headley in England The only towns named Headley in England.
Our American Revolution Heritage Click Zencart Banner for Royalty for Commoners link
I used the lineage to Lady Godiva in Royalty for Commoners
to my family genealogy online.
I didn't get into this much trouble online all by myself. Ron Potter, earliest partner on the Headley page, researched our family history as a teenager and gave a copy to his uncle Clyde, my grandfather. On my grandmother Sybil's side, cousin Judy Richardson helped with Rowles genealogy. On my husband's side of the family, Pat Bonneau provided records with Pool genealogy on the original Blizzard and Pool Family page. Other cousins whose help has been relied on in the early days of this web-page are Glenn Headley, Jo Bendon Mercer and Carolyn Headley Stober.
Both sides of my family were early settlers in Missouri in early 1800's. Both were named Smith----neither stayed! My gggreat-grandfather William F. Smith came to Missouri but moved on to Iowa, and my paternal gggreat-grandfather General James Hans Smith was a state senator and congressman in both Missouri and Arkansas and written about in history as a great orator. Later he moved to Texas where he was murdered for his money while in Houston buying supplies for his family and neighbors.
On my mother's side of the family, her great-grandfather William D. Rowles was a senator and congressman in Nebraska. (More about them below.)William's son-in-law, Prof. James Walter Newman, was superintendent of schools of Sarpy County, Nebraska. my paternal grandmother, Ione Donalson Neel(without a second "d" in Donalson, is an Irish name,) went to Denton college for women and became a schoolteacher. Ione was the great-granddaughter of Hans Smith.
My husband's Pool and Blizzard families have all been within a radius of 30 miles of Lexington County, South Carolina for well over two centuries. The American colonies were a great melting-pot of nationalities. So Tillman and I are both a little of everything, and descend from royalty through our Gunter/Awbrey line, of William Gunter of Abergavenne, as well as other lines.
Among the ancestors of three of my grandparents are Rameses the "Great" Pharaoh of Egypt, Emperor Charlemagne, and the great Spanish warrior "El Cid," Rodrigo Diaz. I also descend from Lady Godiva who made her famous bare-back ride to prove the innocence of her husband. And William Marshall the undefeated knight, Regent of England, through four of his daughters. But, an Irish Bishop cursed William and all his male descendants died within a few years, so all of his descnedants are through his daughters.
Our Smith great-grandmothers, Nancy Nora Smith, and Caroline Smith, were both of royal descent but not related to each other. On my father's side, Nancy's father, Al Sidney Smith was the son of Capt. James Hans (Shmidt) Smith, School-teacher from Pennsylvania, was a Senator and Congressman in Missouri and Arkansas as stated above and on the Neel page. Not to be outdone, my mother's great-grandfather William Donaldson Rowles was also a Senator and Congressman of Nebraska, on the Rowles page. And on her mother's side, Caroline's grandparents, William Smith, mentioned above, and his wife and cousin Elizabeth "Betsy" Smith are on the Headley page. William and Betsy were cousins and both descended from William Smith and wie Elizabeth Maier/Moyer. Caroline married George W. Headlee who rode with Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show.
Family Tree DNA "Family Finder" tests well over 800,000 genes per person to locate ancestry across all family lines of that person tested. The test consists of Autosomal, family matches, and recent origin before coming to America. The Family Finder DNA test "MyOrigins" results on the origins of ancestral location of recent history within the last few hundred years more or less, show that Tillman�s ancestry is 97% European in origin, and Barbara�s ancestry is 93% European, which included the Brittish Isles.
The only way to match with my cousin Raymond Surwillo was to test with Ancestry DNA, so I did, and we match as first cousins, which we are, as we are children of siblings Hazel Neel Surwillo and James Herbert Neel. Hazel's daughter Linda Maxwell tested at FTDNA as well as at GEDmatch. At GEDmatch my adopted son, Anthony Blizzard, is a DNA match with both my mother's relatives and my father's neice Linda Maxwell and myself. That is very interesting!! Anthony's paternal DNA surname was Patterson.
As you may know, I am the Administrator of three FTDNA projects: Maryland, New York State, and Blizzard DNA. At DNA.Ancestry I have matches proving some of our ancstors were descendants of Nicholas Snow and Constance Hopkins through both of my maternal grandparents. Clyde descends from John Snow and Mary Smalley, and Sybil descends from John's sister Sarah Snow and William Walker, also John and Jerusha Mann Headlee, Clyde's ancestors. On my dad's side: Thomas Hill and Mary Percy (above,) John T. Neel, Sr. and Martha Lemmons, connected Wm. Alexander Neal and their sister Ellen Neel O'Conner (aka Mary Ellen Neel O'Conner)as children of John Neel and Sarah Hutchinson (Ellen's parents' names proven through church records sent to me by Shannon Weigel) Legislator Hans Smith and wife Nancy Owen and beyound to Thomas Owen. Plus, I have many matches descended from William G. Dudley, grandfather of Mary Ann Dudley, including Capt. Christopher Dudley and Elizabeth Daniel. Christopher descends from multi Royal lines.
I'm so glad we tested at Ancestry because we have multi matches with Doherty/Dougherty/Daugherty which is proving that our Stewart line was originally Doherty. Orignal Irish spelling was O'Dochartaigh as descendants of Cornelius who lived in the 15th century.
My husband, Tillman Blizzard and I tested at FTDNA, as well as my daughter EB, my aunt Geri, her daughter and granddaughter, and our cousins Linda Maxwell, Glenn Headley, Ron Potter, Judy Richardson and Michael Hadley. My husband's cousin Pat Bonneau had DNA of her uncle and herself tested at FTDNA. My daughter EB Blizzard, Pat Bonneau and I tested at Ancestry DNA as well as FTDNA as mentioned above, so, through matches we can be sure the matches with distant cousins prove our lineage with the unique tool at FTDNA of the Chromosome Browser.
My great-grandmother, Mary Ann Dudley Neel, daughter of Ransom W. Dudley was indeed the son of William G. Dudley of royal descent from Maj. Robert Dudley who married Elizabeth Ransom, with at least one match of those who allow their tree to be seen by matches. Robert descends from King Edward III of England and also his wife Lady Philippa of Hainault. Both descend from the Pharaoh Rameses (I) and his wife, Queen Sit.re' Tia who descends from Thutmoses I, Pharaoh of Egypt, and Celtic Queen Boudicca.
Genealogy is on the cutting edge of science with DNA testing. It can create great changes in who we thought we were with a simple swab of the cheek. In DNA testing we are actually looking for your earliest proven ancestor and not you per se so that you may remain anonymous if you so choose. The point is matching ancestors. In projects with only surnames listed, you are still publicly anonymous because they only list your surname with your DNA results and no further information. DNA testing changed the history of our paternal Pace line. The Pace Chart of our Pace ancestors William Pace and wife Ruth Lambert, has the same y-DNA as Richard Pace who married Elizabeth Cain, but has been linked with an entirely different Richard Pace line.
DNA testing proved that there were three different Pool/Poole families in early South Carolina. All the Blizzards tested so far are different as well, except for the descendants of Colonial Thomas Blizzard. In this family Tillman Blizzard and the Alabama descendants of Thomas Blizzard are an exac 12 marker match, the limit so far of Thomas' testing.
DNA has also proved that the Pharaoh Ramses II was a Berber from Libya, Just like Johan Peter Pelzer Fry's family who are E-Y-DNA; while Henry Frey and Anna Catherine Levering's descendants are R Y-DNA from Europe. (Ramses is listed in the book Royalty for Commoners with the spelling Rameses.)
The World is a DNA Melting Pot! There is no right or wrong DNA. It is just branches of a genetic tree, but you are a UNIQUE leaf on it somewhere. It's a lot of fun to discover your leaf on the tree.
Our family were basically Bankers, Nurses, Politicians and School Teachers. My daughter Sybillina is an artist as well as a school teacher. My grandmother Sybil Newman was a nurse, and her father J. Walter Newman, was a Professor and Superintendent of Schools in Nebraska, and Sybil's sister was a school tacher. Sybil's mother's father, William D. Rowles, was a Nebraska Senator and Congressman, a descendant of Hon. Edmund Jennings, acting Govenor of Virginia. Her maternal grandfather, John Crowthers, Sr. was president of Towson bank in Maryland, and three of my aunts were also bankers. My grandmother Ione, great-granddaughter of Senator Hans Smith, was a school teacher, and her sister was a published poet. Sybil's cousin Gwen DeLaney (Gwen Delano stage name)was an actress on radio, TV and films. My Welsh Headley relatives were very musical and beautiful singers. The Headley siblings held barn dances on Saturday night at their farm in Iowa. My mother sang "God Bless America" acappella at the Hollywood Bowl on the first I Am An American Day for President Franklin Roosevelt which was broadcast on the radio, 12 June 1939. And my cousin Ron Potter sings in Nebraska. Our cousin Gene Pursell sang on TV, and his sons and grandsons are singers as well. A 1951 video of our cousin Gene Pursell, the very first "Irish Tenor" on the Lawrence Welk Show on TV, is on you-tube. It is out of sync but a rare find and worth the viewing. Gene is the grandson of Aunt Nora Headley Bendon, oldest sister of my grandfather Clyde Hadley, and Ron's mother Golden Daisy Headley Potter. But hey! you knew that, didn't you!