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The San Leandro City Council approved monthly salaries of $1,260 for Councilmembers and $2,520 for the Mayor at its December 18, 2006, meeting. For San Leandro, as with most cities in Alameda County, being a Councilmember or a Mayor is considered a part-time position, with the city manager and city staff tasked with running things day-to-day. That difference is reflected in the monthly salary of $15,741 for Oakland Mayor Ron Dellums and $5,742 for Councilmembers in Oakland, which are substantially higher than for cities with a city manager.
San Leandro Bytes requested similar information from 11 Alameda County cities and received responses from nine cities. Monthly Councilmember salaries ranged from $100 in Alameda to $2,116.40 in Hayward. Mayors were paid $200 each month in Alameda and $3,386.93 in Hayward.
The monthly stipends for the Mayor and Coucilmembers in Alameda were established in the City Charter, which was last modified in the 1930s. The Alameda City Council has recently established a subcommittee to review the City Charter.
Councilmembers and Mayors also receive other forms of compensation, such as health insurance. All cities that responded provide health insurance for their elected officials. In San Leandro, health insurance provided by the City ranges from $421 to $1,077 per month. Livermore provides the most generous health insurance, with the City covering up to $1,428 per month.
As one might expect of the largest city in Alameda County, Oakland provides the Mayor with a generous monthly car allowance of $750 and Councilmembers with $550. Union City provides the Mayor with a $400 monthly car allowance and the San Leandro Mayor gets a $250 car allowance. Councilmembers in Union City get a $100 monthly car allowance while San Leandro Councilmembers get $125 each month. Alameda, Dublin, Fremont, Livermore, and Pleasanton do not provide car allowances for Mayors or Councilmembers.
In Alameda, Livermore, Oakland, and San Leandro, elected officials receive cell phones paid for by the city. Only the Mayor in Dublin gets a phone while Fremont and Union City don't provide any phones to elected officials.
San Leandro provides the most generous funds for travel and training with $6,964 for the Mayor and $5,232 for each Councilmember. Hayward provides $6,047 for the Mayor and $3,289 for each Councilmember. Livermore provides a total of $500 for training and $20,700 for travel for the City Council and Mayor.
In addition to compensation received from the city, Councilmembers and Mayors also receive compensation for intergovernmental agency meetings. For example, Mayor Tony Santos receives $234 for each meeting of the East Bay Dischargers Authority. Councilmember Joyce Starosciak receives $125 for each meeting of the Alameda County Congestion Management Agency and Councilmember receives $50 for each meeting of the Alameda County Housing Authority.
The cities of Berkeley and Newark did not respond for this article. Information was not requested from Albany, Emeryville, or Piedmont. Some cities may provide life insurance and retirement benefits, but San Leandro Bytes did not request information about them.
For comparison, an article in the July 31, 2007, San Mateo Daily Journal, reports that Brisbane, East Palo Alto and San Carlos pay Councilmembers $300 each month while San Mateo and Redwood City pay $750 per month. Rancho Mirage, with a population of 16,700, pays Councilmembers $2,500 per month. Palm Desert Councilmembers are paid $3,500 per month.
See below for a table summarizing City Council/Mayor compensation in Alameda County.
City | Population[1] | Mayor stipend | Council stipend | Health Insurance | Car allowance | City cell phone |
Alameda | 75254 | $200 | $100 | $1,258/month | None | Yes |
Dublin | 43630 | $856.06 | $758.06 | up to $1,021/month | None | Mayor only |
Fremont | 211662 | $2,211 | $1,407 | up to $450/month | None | No |
Hayward | 147845 | $3,386.93 | $2,116.40 | $544.77 to $1416/month | $144 for Mayor | Optional |
Livermore | 82845 | $1,000 | $750 | up to $1428/month | None | Yes |
Oakland | 415492 | $15,741 | $5,742 | $470 to $1223/month | $750 Mayor; $550 Council | Yes |
Pleasanton | 68755 | $600 | $500 | $1,182.45/month | None | Optional |
San Leandro | 81466 | $2,520 | $1,260 | $421 to $1077/month | $250 Mayor; $125 Council | Yes |
Union City | 72297 | $2,211 | $1,474 | $500 to $841/month | $410 Mayor; $100 Council | No |
This is a great article--thanks for researching. What's interesting is that there's actually a negative correlation to how well a town is doing and how much their elected officials get paid. Pleasanton has the best schools and lowest crime; and yet their officials get paid the least. Oakland has the worst schools and most crime, and their officials get paid the most; followed by San Leandro; which arguably has the second worst schools and highest crime rate; and they're the second best paid in Alameda County (within your sample). Again, good work!
Posted by: Frank Lynn at October 15, 2007 6:32 AMMaybe affluence has something to do with it. Oakland citizens earn on average much less than people in Pleasanton . Also it's much bigger so the elected officials serve many more people. In Atherton one of the most affluent communities in the Bay Area they have non competitive elections, if someone wants to serve they have a gentlemans agreement to avoid political confrontation,very low pay for elected officials and virtually no crime if you exclude white collar
crime. Oakland should strive to be a lot more like Atherton one could argue.
Marie Antoniette said let them eat cake, she was also appauled when she first had sex realizing it was a pleasure even the poorest citizens could experience. Maybe conservatives should argue for less government and less sex.
Please do not be influenced by the salaries and statistics mentioned in this particular article. Mayors traditionally are positions of tradition. Instead, and much more vital is to examine the salaries and benefits of various town/city managers. The city of Alameda for example (pop. 76,000) pays has on their payroll a mayor, an assistant mayor, a chief executive officer (for real!), a city manager who makes over $250K/year NOT including benefits or delayed compensation, the city's fire chief makes more money than he has a right to at over $200K...Do you see where this is going? It is government out of control!
Posted by: Marc Fournier at July 15, 2011 9:42 PM


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this wiki
The Tex Murphy Wiki recognises several levels of canon. In this Wiki all information from all products are included, but in the case of conflicts and inconsistencies, lesser-canonical information is given on separate sections.
The canon division is also represented by the existence of 3 separate timelines.
The nature of the video games makes the definition of canon even more difficult. Many of the games have different paths, and endings. In most cases there is no clear way to determine that one path is more canon than the others. This wiki includes information about all alternative paths even when they contradict each other.
Tex Murphy: The Poisoned Pawn Game
This is a fan remake of Overseer with modern engine and new puzzles and areas. It has the blessing of the Ted Murphy developere including Aaron Conners, although it's unclear how much input they have included, or it it will tie into the poisoned pawn novel.
Absolute canon
Absolute canon are the games designed by Aaron Conners from 1994 onwards: Under a Killing Moon, The Pandora Directive, Tex Murphy: Overseer, Tesla Effect: A Tex Murphy Adventure including the Tex Murphy Radio Theater.
These products, where Conners establishes background and backstory, share a certain degree of continuity and don't take account much of the earlier games, excepting some minor references.
Tesla Effect has a number of flash back videos and materials that reference back to earliest game as well as from various different paths of previous ges including Pandora Directive. Certain flashbacks only appear down certain paths in the game. There may also some characters in Tesla Effect whose stories change depending which path you are on. Thompson Ault for example is Chelsea's husband on certain paths, or they never got together.
As such there is no clear "right ending" in those previous games (except obviously no evil ending). It can at least be clear that depending on the Tesla Path taken, he dated holo-women, and was unfaithful to Chelsea via the Lombard Street endings. But that he did make it up with Chelsea. But other elements seem to be taken from the Mission Street ending as well.
The question of game series being absolute may also depend on certain aspects of mixed canon, and also the novels taking over as continuation of the series in the future if no more games are made. At which point it be more clear to say that Tex Murphy has a hybrid/mixed canon.
Early games
The early games Mean Streets and Martian Memorandum do not provide much continuity and are mostly ignored in the later games. For example, UAKM establishes that Tex married Sylvia Linsky whom she met during the events of Mean Streets, however in Martian Memorandum, which represents an intermediate period, Tex Murphy is alone and there is not mention of Sylvia. In the best ending of Pandora Directive, Chelsea mentions that Tex has saved the world 4, 5 times according to his stories, after being told the story of what happened during Pandora Directive case. This is a reference to all four games up to that point (Mean Streets, Martian Memorandum, UIKM, and Pandora Directive).
Overseer, which is a remake and reboot of Mean Streets, supercedes it in terms of canon. For example in Mean Streets Big Jim Slade is killed. In Overseer he is simply arrested alive, and appears again in Tesla. Mean Streets Shoot-out is an Easter egg in overseer, an arcade game in the mansion. Mean Streets also appears as a poster in Sonny Fletcher's room.
Martian Memorandum has no remake, however the mere existence of the "Martian Memorandum case" is referenced in UAKM, where it is also established that Tex had some business with Lowell Percival. There is also a minor reference to Big Dick Castro (and his Martian Casino) in Pandora Directive. In Tesla Effect a brochure for Mars can be seen in Margeruete Leaonard's Swamp House, and the Martian hoverboard is kept in Tex's storage room in Tesla Effect, and he comments it's from his Martian Memorandum case. However the bulk of the story remains unreferenced, and obscure, in terms of canon.
Perhaps a nod to some kind of mixed-canon between versions of Mean Street and Overseer. There is a newspaper article in Tex's office in Tesla that discusses that Tex is in critical condition after a shoot-out at the old warehouse district from Mean Streets (Bridgeview Warehouse), and Tex mentions it was during his first case, he was in the shoot out of his life, that he had taken a bullet and swore he would use his brains rather than his brawn. The game includes a flashback memory (video) to the events taken directly from Mean Streets (and the newspaper article includes image of Tex Murphy from the game's boxart). There is no shoot out in Overseer version of the story.
This may indicate that Tex is in part an unreliable narrator in Overseer (partially confirmed by the fact that he or Chelsea comment on Tex's deaths in Overseer), and that there is more to the actual story than he details to her.
The Tex Murphy novels are novelizations of the video games by Aaron Conners. Despite being authored by Conners, they deviate significantly from the games he designed. Some parts (like dialogues) are taken directly from the games, other parts represent earlier concepts that were dropped or altered in the process of designing the games.
The alterations range from minor (like Countess Renier being an elderly lady in the novelization), to significant deviations (like Alaynah Moore being the secretary of Lowell Percival Enterprises, who is also killed in the course of the story). There are also elements that aren't referred in the games at all (like the Crusade for Genetic Purity subplot, or the cooperation with Eddie Ching with whom Tex travels to the moon) and other elements that are absent (like the Mick Flemm case, or the Electronincs Shop).
Pandora Directive follows certain aspects of the Lombard Ending.
The Tesla Effect novel has an original ending not found in the game version of the story. In this version Tex is able to restore his memory form the missing seven years (this will tie into possible future novels or radio dramas that may cover that period.).
As such, the novels may be considered to describe some "alternate reality".
Aaron Conners has plans to continue the Tex Murphy universe via the novels including, Tex Murphy and the Romanov Enigma sequel to Pandora Directive, but before Overseer, a sequel to Tesla Effect called "Trance", and yet another retelling of Texas Murphy's first case called the The Poisoned Pawn set after Tesla Effect, in which he tells the story to Count St. Germaine while under hypnosis and regression following the events of Tesla Effect (in which Tex is supposed to remember details he had forgotten even during his account in Overseer, and see it from a different perspective).[1] As such it seems the novels will be taking over as primary medium for the Canon.
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As the snow melts, start cleaning up and preparing the garden for planting...Read gardening tips...
March 24 & 31REALTORS Home & Garden ShowState Fair Expo Ctr, West Allis, WI
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ABB's New Hydro Durance Enhanced Hydration Beverage
Aurora, IL, November 03, 2011 –(PR.com)— ABB's newest performance beverage is formulated to provide active adults with sustained energy and hydration support while helping to protect muscle tissue from excessive breakdown during exercise. Look for Hydro Durance™ at gyms, fitness centers, health retailers and ABBperformance.com in refreshing Watermelon and Orange Cooler flavors."Hydro Durance™ is non-carbonated and stimulant free, containing an advanced formulation of water absorbing dipeptides to promote hydration, lucine peptides for anti-catabolic muscle protection and staged carbohydrates designed to boost stamina for intense training or competition in any sport," said Cara Hickey, Associate Brand Manager with ABB in Aurora. Each 18 fluid ounce bottle provides 30 grams of tangy fruit flavored carbohydrates to fuel your performance along with 1.5 grams of amino acid peptides. At just 120 calories, using Hydro Durance several times a day isn't going to tip the scales of even the most dialed in diet plan.
Since 1985, ABB Performance has been leading the way with innovative ready to drink formulations and exceptional quality. Hydro Durance™ is bottled at a company owned and operated facility in Walterboro, South Carolina that is GMP Registered by NSF, the highly regarded public health and safety company.


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Splendid Women's Zanzibar Stripe Dress
The Splendid Women's Zanzibar Stripe Dress sports an effortless warm weather look. It?s a long stunning maxi dress that?s good with heels or sandals for a more casual look. It has a scoop neckline with pleat detail in the center for its unique look.
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text:
Mr. October on the Boss
Reggie Jackson issued a statement on the passing of George Steinbrenner. Here it is:
"Upon hearing of Mr. Steinbrenner's passing early Tuesday morning, the last two days have been filled with great emotion and personal reflection. The relationship I shared with The Boss is one that both heartens and comforts me during this difficult time. He meant so much to so many people, and I will always cherish him as a leader, a winner, and a friend.
"While I look forward to honoring and celebrating Mr. Steinbrenner's life with his family and loved ones, I am taking this time to reflect on the enormous and lasting imprint he made within the game of baseball, throughout the Yankees organization, and in my life."


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Cubbyholes can provide the perfect storage solution for a busy home. These separated units are ideal for families with multiple children who need to keep their belongings separate or for teachers doling out space to students. Placed by the door, these shelves can house backpacks, books, shoes, and umbrellas with a cube or set of cubes for each family member. In the playroom, cubbyholes can keep individual toys or sets of toys stored neatly in their own area. You can even implement cubbyholes in the kitchen, providing an individual spot for each appliance so that drips and crumbs don't scatter from one to the next.
- Skill level:
- Moderate
Other People Are Reading
Things you need
- Bookshelves
- Measuring tape
- Heavy cardboard
- Scissors
- Hot-glue gun
- Glue
Show More
- 1
Measure the interior space of the shelves in your bookcase, from the underside of the top to the bottom shelf. The bottom of the lowest shelf is probably still about two inches from the floor, so you need to measure the interior space of the shelves, not the height of the entire case. Next, measure depth from the back of the bookcase to the front of the shelf and add 1 inch to this measurement. Record both numbers.
- 2
Cut a piece of cardboard to the measurements recorded in Step 1. If you were to remove the shelves (which you can if they are easily removable) this piece should fit perfectly inside the case, standing flat against the side of the bookcase and sticking out one inch from the front.
- 3
Measure the distance between the shelves and the width of the shelves in the bookcase. Mark the cardboard at each interval, indicating where the shelves would hit it.
- 4
Cut out a large notch into the cardboard for each shelf, being careful to leave the last inch, which is holding the piece together. Insert the cardboard into the shelving unit. It should stand straight with each shelf fitting into the notch created for it. This divides the shelving unit into two spaces on each shelf.
- 5
Repeat Steps 2 through 4 for each additional piece of cardboard until you have enough to divide your shelf into relatively even cubes. For example, if your shelves are 6 inches high and 30 inches long, you will need four dividers to create five 6-by-6-inch cubes.
- 6
Run a thin line of hot glue along the top, bottom and back of each shelf where it meets the cardboard to keep your dividers in place.
Tips and warnings
- This project begins with a standard set of bookshelves. However, if you may build these shelves to your own specifications with plywood, shelf mounts and screws. You can also find shelving in excellent condition for a great price at many Goodwill stores or yard sales.
- For cubbyholes with dividers that do not stick out from the shelves, cut individual pieces of heavy cardboard or plywood for each divider.


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Zagreb Hotel made its mission of high quality and debonair service for years that works the basis with 7/24 to serve excellent services for its guests. Hotel's location is in the historic Istanbul peninsula, in the center of Laleli region. It has a room capacity from 32 rooms to 58 rooms as a resu...
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Bailieborough, Co Cavan
Site Description
A beautiful lake and forest walk traversing the Castle Lake outside Bailieborough. The walk begins at the lake car park of Bailieborough Demesne. Walkers can undertake a looped walk of the lake with the option of adding an extra leg to increase the distance of the walk by 3km. Visitors will enjoy views of the lake for the entire duration of the walk. There are many interesting sites along the way including a memorial to those who died at Rebel Hill in 1798, graves of the Marist brothers who occupied Bailieborough Castle and the remains of Bailieborough Castle, built in the early 19th century and demolished in the 1940's.
Bailieborough Features
Archaeological, Fishing, Picnic Site, Walking Trails,How do I get there?
The walk begins at the Castle Lake, outside Bailieborough on the Shercock Road (R178). Turn left at the Creamery on the outskirts of Bailieborough. Turn left into Bailieborough Demesne. Parking available at the lake shore in front of the jetty.Get directions to this site
No of car spaces: | 20 |
Contact Info
Contact name: | Colm Brophy |
Contact email: | firstname.lastname@example.com |


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he's so insanely productive!
Having hammered the digital market with his eclectic studio spoils throughout the year, longserving Swedish heavyweight John Dahlback previews yet another original track in the form of up-and-coming A-side 'The Trip'. Set to lead his debut EP for Steve Aoki's Dim Mak imprint, 'The Trip' utilizes scratchy leads and rasping low-end bass surges without the addition of overused Electro hallmarks. Joining EP B-sides 'China Lake' and 'Jackal Mackson' to seal one of his darkest and surprising EP's to date, Dahlback once again proves himself a versatile and consistent force amid European House music with another ante-upping release for 2012.
Out November 13th.
Words by Dan Carter
7 Comments to "Preview: John Dahlback – The Trip"
^for real
i like it
Like this one!!
And "productive" must be his middle name, damn!
Why is john dahlbäck not bigger? He is clearly better than 50 % of everyone who was at tomorrowland if not more. How come guys like qulinez get more attention when Dahlbäck drops bombs every 2 weeks
Haha I know this guy's been working harder than the President
Greetings! I know this is kinda off topic but I was wondering if you knew wheere I could get a
captcha plugin for my comment form? I'm using the same blog platform
as yours and I'm havig difficulty finding one? Thanks a lot!my page … IC campaigns


text: Megger 1000-441 33ft (10m.) Lead Set This Megger lead set with medium insulated clips includes one red, one blue, and one black test lead for use with Megger 5- and 10-kilovolt (kV) insulation resistance testers. Each test lead has a medium test clip for hands-free connection to a large conductor where there is limited access. Silicone insulation on the lead wires and test clips helps protect hands from shock and heat, resists melting or becoming brittle in hot or cold environments, and maintains flexibility better than PVC insulation.Be sure to Login to transcat.com for preferred member pricing. Order #: 1000-441 Mfg Part #: 1000-441 Call for Price This product is currently not available. Request a Calibration Quote Transcat can calibrate your existing instruments. Request a Calibration Quote Rent From Transcat Do you need a test instrument for a short time? Request a Rental Quote click on image to view gallery image(s) View All Megger Products Email Print Share Overview Overview : Product HighlightsMedium Size Insulated Clips x Add to Cart Price: Actual Price:


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In many years now I have been teaching Taekwondo as well as studying it. I have found that one of the best ways to learn Taekwondo is by teaching it. And many of my most important "learnings" has come by teaching kids.
In my organisation of Taekwondo (the TTU or Traditional Taekwondo Union) it is
demanded that each student has to pass a physical test before doing their grade. The tests consists of jumping high, jumping distance, push ups, sit ups, and squat jumping (you jump from squatting position). Because of this we need to not only teach Taekwondo techniques, forms and self defense, we also have to train them so they can pass the physical tests.
One time I was teaching the children were very tired. We had done a lot of running and sprints to improve their stamina. Now they were doing a small contests of sorts. They were divided up in 4 teams consisting of 4 children pr team. They had to send one runner each to the end of the Dojang and back again so the next team member could start running. The first team to complete the task without cheating wins.
What I noticed was that the children once finished running sat down and waited until all the kids was finnished so that the first runners were rested when the last runners was finnished. I thought I should say something but what? I asked them why they train Taekwondo. There is always one kid who answers to learn how to fight is it not?:-P I then asked them who they were supposed to fight? They all became very quiet. "Ourself teacher?" a little girl said in a wispering voice, before continuing; "we train hard to fight ourself?". "Do you win or do you loose if you give up and sit down during training, just because you want to rest?" I asked them wondering what their answer would be. In almost perfect unison they all said that they had lost their fight with themselves. I explained to them that in Taekwondo training we are always fighting (I used the word sparring) with ourselves. Even when sparring with a partner the biggest opponent is always yourself.
They got a little brake to drink some water and then we finnished the training with stretching and meditation. Well I do not think that the children actually meditate, but sitting perfectly still for 2-5 minutes doing abdominal breathing is a good excercise that all children should be doing according to one of the parents. He thinks it is a good idea. When he collects his son after soccer practise he is all wild and full of energy but after Taekwondo class he is calm. The father believes it to be the meditation minutes at the end of class that does this.
Hope you liked the story above. I will undoubtfully come back with other Dojang stories in the future.
Thursday, 27 October 2011
3 comments:
I agree. The best way to learn is to teach. This goes for anything, including tae kwon do. You must understand your subject very well in order to teach it, especially when dealing with children. Children are very inquisitive and ask difficult questions. If you have a good grasp on the concepts and intricacies of your subject or art, you can answer these tough questions in a way that provides an answer, while still leaving the students with something to ponder. great story!
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Is Justin Timberlake ready to quit music?
Justin Timberlake is one of the few celebrities who've managed to make a very smooth (and critically acclaimed) transition from music to acting. Enjoying the best of his acting career now after an Oscar nomination earlier this year, Justin says he's ready to quit music for good.
Like many other artists he assures he's got "one more tour left" before he quits but he's still not sure if it's going to be a prolonged hiatus or a once-and-forever decision to stop doing music ("I really don't know" Justin Timberlake told Vanity Fair).
In the same interview he said that we couldn't expect any new music this year as he was going to focus on movie promotions throughout 2011.
The only job I have to do is promote the films that are coming out, and I'm really looking forward to that. It will be fun. I'll get to go to a bunch of countries, hang out," Timberlake told VF.
This year Justin has three movies hitting the big screen, Bad Teacher (out June 24), Friends With Benefits (out July 22), and thriller In Time (out October 28).
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Wednesday, January 25, 2017
Netflix's New Comedy Starring Drew Barrymore Video Preview; TNT Hits the Library for a 4th Time
TNT has renewed its hit fantasy-adventure series The Librarians for a fourth season. The show's third season recently aired its finale on January 22, 2017 and is currently available on TNT On Demand and TNT's digital and mobile platforms. The fourth season is slated to begin later this year. The Librarians launched in late 2014 and joined TNT's The Last Ship as cable's Top 2 new series of the year. In 2015 and 2016, it ranked among basic cable's Top 20 original drama series with adults 18-49. The Librarians has reached 5.4 million viewers per episode in its third season, drawing an audience that's six years younger than the average for TNT originals. It also boasts a strong following in social media, with nearly half a million fans on Facebook.
Based on TNT's hit movie franchise, The Librarians centers on an ancient organization dedicated to protecting an unknowing world from the secret, magical reality hidden all around. Rebecca Romijn, Christian Kane, Lindy Booth and John Harlan Kim star in the series as protectors of the world's mystical treasures, with Emmy(R) winner John Larroquette as their reluctant caretaker. As well, reprising the role that helped originate the franchise in TNT's hit movie trilogy, Noah Wyle has recurred as Flynn Carsen, one of the longest surviving librarians in the series' mythology.
New on DVD/Blu-ray (February/March)
02/07 - Sabrina, the Teenage Witch - Sabrina Down Under
02/07 - So Little Time - Volume 1 - School's Cool - Boy Crazy
02/07 - So Little Time - Volume 2 - About a Family - Hangin' Out
02/07 - 227 - The Complete First Season (Mill Creek)
02/07 - Vice Principals - The Complete First Season (Blu-ray)
02/14 - Beavis and Butt-Head - The Complete Collection
02/14 - Grace and Frankie - Season Two
02/28 - Fuller House - The Complete First Season
03/03 - The Dick Van Dyke Show - Now... In Living Color! (Blu-ray)
03/07 - The Jamie Foxx Show - The Complete Second Season
03/07 - Mama's Family - Mama's Favorites
03/07 - That '70s Show - The Complete Series - Flashback Edition (Blu-ray)
03/07 - What I Like About You - The Complete Second Season
03/07 - You Me Her - Season One
03/14 - Newhart - The Final (Eighth) Season
03/14 - Unbrekable Kimmy Schmidt - Season Two
03/21 - Master of None - Season One
More TV DVD Releases / DVD Reviews Archive / SitcomsOnline Digest
Sitcoms Airing Tonight
Monday, March 27
The Big Bang Theory - "The Brain Bowl Incubation" (CBS, 8:00PM ET/PT) (Repeat)
After a successful experiment combining their genes, Sheldon will stop at nothing to convince Amy they should procreate. Also, Koothrappali is embarrassed to tell the gang what the new woman he's dating does for a living.
Kevin Can Wait - "Kevin's Bringing Supper Back" (CBS, 8:30PM ET/PT) (Repeat)
Kevin's resolve to spend more quality time with his family is put to the ultimate test when his buddies surprise him with concert tickets to his favorite musician, fellow Long Islander Billy Joel. Multiple Grammy Award-winning pianist, singer and songwriter Billy Joel appears as himself.
Superior Donuts - "Get It, Arthur" (CBS, 9:00PM ET/PT)
When Randy's mom comes to town, Franco encourages Arthur to go out on his first date in years. Brenda Vaccaro guest stars as Helen, Randy's mom.
The Great Indoors - "Aaron Wolf" (CBS, 9:30PM ET/PT)
Jack watches the millennials' journalistic integrity slip away when they fall under the spell of his nemesis, Aaron Wolf (Chris D'Elia), a former magazine staffer turned famous outdoor reality TV host who returns to guest edit the magazine.
Sitcom Stars on Talk Shows (Week of March 27)
Monday, March 27
- Chris Pratt (Parks and Recreation) - Watch Chris on a repeat of Jimmy Kimmel Live! at 11:35pm on ABC.
- Richard Dreyfuss (Your Family or Mine) - Richard appears on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon at 11:34pm on NBC.
- Lily Tomlin (Grace and Frankie/Malibu Country) and Jane Fonda (Grace and Frankie) - Lily and Jane are guests on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert at 11:35pm on CBS. They also chat with the ladies of The View on ABC at 11am ET/10am CT-PT.
- Craig Ferguson (The Drew Carey Show) - Craig visits Late Night with Seth Meyers at 12:36am on NBC. He will also be on NBC's Today in the 10am hour.
- Rachel Dratch (Imaginary Mary) - Rachel is a guest on Late Night with Seth Meyers at 12:36am on NBC.
- Pete Holmes (Crashing) - Pete stops by The Late Late Show with James Corden at 12:37am on CBS.
- Jenna Elfman (Imaginary Mary/1600 Penn/Accidentally on Purpose/Courting Alex/Dharma & Greg) - Jenna appears on Last Call with Carson Daly at 1:35am on NBC. She will also be on New York Live on WNBC in New York at 11:30am ET.
- Ron Funches (Powerless/Undateable) - Ron is a guest on @midnight on Comedy Central at midnight.
- Kaitlin Olson (The Mick/It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia) - Kaitlin drops by Conan at 11pm on TBS.
- Wendi McLendon-Covey (The Goldbergs/Rules of Engagement/Reno 911!) - Wendi appears on a repeat of Watch What Happens: Live at 11pm on Bravo.
- Lisa Kudrow (Friends/The Comeback) - Lisa is a guest on LIVE! with Kelly, so check your listings.
- Mark Consuelos (Alpha House/Hope & Faith) - Mark guest co-hosts LIVE! with Kelly, so check your listings.
- Tahj Mowry, Derek Theler and Jean-Luc Bilodeau (Baby Daddy) - Tahj, Derek and Jean-Luc are guests on Harry, so check your local listings.
- Tika Sumpter (The Game) - Tika appears on a repeat of The Real, so check your local listings.
- Vanessa Bell Calloway (Rhythm & Blues) - Vanessa is a guest on Home & Family on Hallmark Channel at 10am ET/PT.
- June Diane Raphael (Grace and Frankie) - June talks about Grace and Frankie on NBC's Today in the 9am hour.
- Melissa McCarthy (Mike & Molly/Samantha Who?) and Ben Falcone (Joey) - Melissa and Ben talk TV Land's Nobodies on NBC's Today in the 10am hour.
- Brooklyn Decker (Grace and Frankie/Friends with Better Lives) - Brookyln stops by People Now at 8:30am.
- Marcia Gay Harden (Trophy Wife) - Marcia opens up about her favorite part of being in the 50 Shades movies on People Now at 8:30am. \
- Tracee Ellis Ross (black-ish/Girlfriends) - Tracee dishes about her Golden Globe win on a repeat of The Wendy Williams Show at 2am on BET or on your local stations.


text:
Best Priced Cyclades 39 On The Planet!
Spacious, well ventilated, loads of storage, easy to sail, fun and fast even in the lighter airs; are some of the many primary benefits of this great design. Built to satisfy demand in the charter market for spacious, low maintenance easy to sail boats at a very attractive price, these boats have achieved their design objective well!
This boat appears to be clean and well maintained, is sensibly priced by a motivated seller that is ready to consider any reasonable offer. Your earliest viewing is highly recommended as, if looking for the "best bang for the buck" in this size range in a modern sailboat design, then the Cyclades 39 is very hard to beat!
NOTE: Dinghy and outboard engine in photos is NOT included in the sale.
USVI Mailing: P.O. Box 11156-141, St. Thomas, USVI 00801
BVI Mailing: P.O. Box 638, Road Town, Tortola, VG1110, BVI
Physical: Nanny Cay Marina, Nanny Cay, VG1110
British Virgin Islands


text:
Burning Airlines
DeSoto Records
Truly stunning opening tracks are hard to come by. Even more rare are ones whose first line is just flat-out perfect, both framing the entire album to follow and acting as a clarion call to arms. And if the song that follows that blistering opening line can get in and out in under two minutes, so much the better.
Stream "Outside the Aviary" below:
"Now, clarity lost out to desire," bellows Burning Airlines' J. Robbins, beginning both "Outside the Aviary" and Identkit with a, paradoxically, succinct and messy explosion. That "now" sounds in a vacuum, just before Robbins' guitar rips in, and there's something about its all-hands-on-deck urgency that simply demands attention. "Outside the Aviary" goes through more bits and transitions than most songs twice its length, but asked if this was a conscious tightening of the screws on songwriting, Robbins maintains he was simply following his instincts.
"It's just how it came out," he says via e-mail. "I am not happy when a song feels like it's treading water, so I aspire to keep everything in motion, always developing, maybe too much in too short a time." That restless, kinetic feel is one of the bedrock qualities of Burning Airlines' second record, and it can make for some uneasy listening. If the band were more prone to wallowing in the twisting and turning bits that link together their songs, they could have veered close to prog territory, but as it is, the technical brilliance comes in bursts, the music married to a distinctly post-punk kind of economy.
Understanding Robbins' background both as a musician and producer goes a long way towards clarifying the complexity of Identikit. Robbins began his musical career playing bass for D.C. hardcore band Government Issue before going on to lead Jawbox, Burning Airlines, and now Channels. As significant as his career as a musician has been, he's arguably had more impact as a producer. Some of the better known bands whose records he produced are The Promise Ring, Jets to Brazil, Texas is the Reason, Hey Mercedes, and The Dismemberment Plan. His most fertile period as a producer coincided with the peak of my interest in labels like Revelation and Jade Tree—in the summer of '98, it seemed like every record I bought was produced by Robbins, and when you're 21 and a musician, that's enough to make someone a kind of idol.
Burning Airlines' debut, Mission: Control!, somehow never really got at me, despite incredible songs like "Pacific 231" and "Wheaton Calling." But Robbins, through his production work on other bands' records, had earned enough capital for me to check out Identikit upon its release in 2001, and I quickly went about trying to wear out the CD. Somehow, Burning Airlines was always getting tossed into the emo genre, despite the fact that their brand of post-punk was less amount emotional catharsis and more about fixing complicated ideas about identity to jagged shards of fiery guitar and thunderous yet intricate drumming. Bands like Burning Airlines and Jets to Brazil always had a far more deft touch than later groups like Thursday or Taking Back Sunday because they weren't simply co-opting the political dissent of punk for personal and emotional purposes. Instead, they were modulating that broad and fiery anger into personal narratives of discontent and anxiety. Burning Airlines' music is not a smoothing out of punk's edges—it's sharper and smarter. And Robbins' confident hand behind the board guaranteed they'd make some of the best-sounding records around.
But balancing the roles of musician and producer can sometimes be difficult. Producers are paid to do for musicians what they can't do for themselves: step outside a band's sound and unify it through careful attention to detail. A lot of records by producers (Jon Brion's come to mind) can come off as overly mannered—impeccable sounding, but without a real core. And it wouldn't be out of place to level such criticisms at Identikit; it's fundamentally an acquired taste kind of album—verbose, perhaps a little too long for its own good, and afflicted with Robbins' particular strain of musical ADD. But Robbins avows that he's always tried to sidestep some of the typical pitfalls of the producer/musician.
One of the ways he tries to stay out of his own way is by working with other sound engineers, even if he has a hard time giving away some of that control. "I love the idea of giving the mix over to someone whose ears I really trust—for example John Agnello, who mixed Identikit. It's harder for me to let someone else really run a tracking session for a band that I'm in (John recorded a few basic tracks for Identikit and that was really fun, too, but I ended up re-doing the guitars). That's not a control thing so much as a way of mediating my neurosis about my playing. I get really nervous playing guitar and singing with another engineer; it's like I start to think I'm wasting everyone's time. Totally neurotic … and I get worse and worse … engineering and playing at the same time actually liberates me from my neurosis about playing! In that circumstance, I can't start to focus on my playing—I have too much else to keep on top of so I have to be on autopilot as a guitarist and then I play better."
And as for any notion that his music will be held to a higher standard sound-wise because of his experience as a producer, he just tries to put it out of his mind. "I guess I think about that occasionally but I never get hung up on it," he says, "because I can only very rarely write a song with a goal in mind and when I do, it's usually not that good. The music I've made that I'm most proud of is the result of an almost unconscious effort—it just comes out either from me playing on my own or in a group jam situation, and then I edit after the fact (which is a more conscious process and does actually have a bearing on the 'producer' thing). I guess some people might expect a 'producer's' own music to have some extra 'production' wow-factor, but I am mostly interested in coming up with music that I think is good, and maybe stretches my abilities as a player or lyricist. All the production in the world means nothing if the material has no intrinsic worth. I would rather hear a flat recording of a good song than a masterpiece of production that's just hiding a mediocre song."
As a case in point, he's very upfront about what he perceives as his own failures. "Tastykake," a late track on the album, is fascinating from a production standpoint. The drums are strikingly lo-fi in comparison to the rest of the record, and stapled to a discomfiting pattern that defies attempts at comprehension. The guitar is fuzzy and distant, except for the part where you can hear the unamplified strings of the electric guitar cutting through the haze. It certainly doesn't represent Burning Airlines very well, but even though I find it interesting, Robbins is less charitable.
"It was a mistake to put that song on the record," he laments. "It's a real misstep, an exact example of trying to write a song with a goal in mind (to incorporate some stylistic elements of trip-hop and 90's R&B), and even though some of the parts are cool, it really sounds to me like a warehouse of spare parts from other songs that never got finished, all just crammed together with hack transitions. All that overt 'production' is a tip-off that there isn't actually much of a song there to begin with. But that's exactly why it's called 'Tastykake.' It's all icing and empty calories, no real nutrition."
It's not surprising that Robbins already had a sense of that track's throwaway nature when he named it because his eye for storytelling and detail is so keen elsewhere on the record. That dichotomy between clarity and desire, between order and chaos, is fleshed out and expanded in the passion crime drama of "Morricone Dancehall," where Robbins voice alternates between an accusatory shout and a carnival barker's grandstanding. "Damned!" explodes the song. "Is this the body you were last found living in? / What you bury has a way of blossoming. / All that bitterness in bloom on your skin / and the fiction cruelly continuing: slick surrogate to get to the bottom of everything. / The detective sings, bedridden in the far west wing."
Stream "Morricone Dancehall" below:
It's an interesting approach to lyric writing, and emblematic of Robbins' tactic throughout the record. He writes in neither bland universalisms nor in strikingly realistic detail. The viewpoint is occasionally surreal and almost always has a storytelling, rather than confessional, tone: in "Morricone Dancehall" it has the distinct feel of a pulp crime novel in places ("Without the body there is no crime," goes the hook) while "Surgeon's House" echoes the tones of a family drama like Franzen's The Corrections (talking about a photo of, presumably, the narrator's deceased mother, "Was this before she died / from making the best of it?"). Robbins also displays an almost nerdy infatuation with complicated words and syntax. In "Lexicon," he explores the way past hurts become both a perverse point of pride and also provide an emotional subtext for the decisions we make. "Defeated honorees trade self-made mythologies," he sings, "Who are these vampires, these ugly beauties? … Test for fatal deficits. / Prove to you that you exist. / Part-time assassin, who's next on this list?"
The protagonists in the songs on Identikit share a kind of Hamlet-esque dilemma. They're longing for hot-blooded emotion to overcome their analytical nature, for clarity to lose out to desire, but they're constantly being caught up in the intricacies of their situations. Despite the propulsive, rhythmically complex post-punk music that supports their stories, they're almost universally observers: looking at photos, asking questions about human nature, lamenting the futility of humanity in the face of the military-industrial complex ("Deluxe War Baby"), and wondering about the possibility of real intimacy. That last situation, from "Song with No Words," gives the album's most lucid insight to this struggle between words and actions: "Here are some words," it begins, "Can you take them away? / Some better ways / for what they mean to say."
Since Identikit, Robbins has managed to make a kind of peace with words. When I ask him about where lyrics enter into the songwriting process for him, he replies, "Almost always absolutely last. I think the first couple lines of 'Aviary' came with the chords and melody, but usually the melody and/or changes come first, then I rewrite the guitar part to make it interesting, then I agonize over the lyrics forever. Or it's a whole-band jam and I scat-sing a melody, we arrange around that, and then I agonize over the lyrics forever. I used to agonize about making it interesting and cryptic, now I agonize about making it clear without making it boring. Lyrics are really important to me but it's very hard to find words that feel authentic. I often think I should practice writing the way I might practice guitar, then it might come easier."
For my money, I think one of the very hardest things to do as an artist is to make your personal struggle with the act of creation an integral part of that creation. It's difficult because that battle with your own deficiencies is a.) something that you're naturally disinclined to give voice to and b.) something that's difficult to perceive from inside the process. Any creative endeavor is more or less giving order to, or at least framing, the unbounded chaos that makes up life. There are artists who make their process an integral part of the art they produce, and there are artists who seek to hide their process as much as possible. To listen to Identikit is to hear an artist struggling for authenticity through characters who are struggling for authenticity, for decisiveness, and that's what makes it a powerfully human record.
As wonderful and amazing as music is, some things are immeasurably larger. On January 27, 2006, J. Robbins and his wife Janet Morgan welcomed their first child, Callum Robbins, into the world. In September of '06, Callum was diagnosed with Spinal Muscular Atrophy. As a result, Callum will never walk, and the family just recently relocated to a house that will accommodate the wheelchair that Callum is due for within the next year. People who know the family and their situation far better than I have written eloquently about their situation right here, and I can't encourage you enough to go and donate some money there. You can also read about their experiences on Callum's blog here.


text:
Accton En1207b-tx Driver Download
Accton En1207b-tx Driver Details:
Accton En1207b-tx File Name: accton_en1207b-tx.zip
Accton En1207b-tx Driver Version: 145n.yQ
Accton En1207b-tx ZIP Size: 142.kb
Manufacturer: Accton
Scan Status: OK
Accton En1207b-tx special revision for: Windows 8 32 bit, Windows Vista Enterprise (Microsoft Windows NT 6.0.6000.0) 64 bit, Windows Vista Ultimate 64 bit, Windows XP Media Center Edition 2003 64 bit, Windows Vista Home Premium 64 bit, Windows 7 Service Pack 1 (Microsoft Windows NT) 32 bit, Windows Vista Home Basic 64 bit, Windows 10 64 bit, Windows XP Home Edition N 64 bit, Windows 8 Enterprise 32 bit, Windows 8 Pro 32 bit, Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 32 bit
Accton En1207b-tx Download Stats:
Direct Downloads: 412
Most Recent Download: 3/25/2017
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Most Recent Download: 3/26/2017
Download Mirrors: 4
Current Delay: 26 Seconds
Driver License: Free
Direct Download Success Stats:
Reports Issued By 325/412 Users
Success Reported By 87/325 Users
Driver Download Score72/100
Driver Installation Score63/100
Overall preformance Score73/100
Installation Manager Success Stats:
Reports Issued By 1063/1174 Users
Success Reported By 827/1063 Users
Driver Download Score84/100
Driver Installation Score82/100
Overall preformance Score90/100
1. Direct Download
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text:
JavaSIG Message Board › Aug 17 Wed - NYJavaSIG meeting - INTRODUCING JAVA 7
Frank G. |
Aug 17 #NYJavaSIG Meeting - Introducing Java 7 - A drill down into the new features of the latest release.
We expect a big crowd so please register early for the meeting. To REGISTER: www.javasig.com Under "Upcoming Meetings" =============================================================== What: Introducing Java 7 Who: Donald Smith - Director of Product Management When: 6:15pm-8:30pm WEDNESDAY August 17, 2011 [talk starts at 6:30pm] Where: Credit Suisse - 11 Madison Ave (24th and Park/Madison) GoogleMaps: http://bit.ly/aP3Qsk... 6:15-6:30pm Food/Refreshments - courtesy of Credit Suisse 6:30-8:30pm Introducing Java 7 8:30-8:45pm Raffles - Webucator web course, shirts and books =============================================================== Java SE 7 provides new features to developers to make their lives easier and more productive. This session will look at the new features in thenext release of our favorite programming langues: * Syntax changes in the Java language (Project Coin) * Performance improvements in the JVM for dynamically typed languages (The DaVinci Machine) * New IO (NIO2)* Fork-join framework * We'll also briefly look at the ideas for features to be in included in Java SE 8. |
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text:
Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
Orange labels: known ice ages.
Also see: Human timeline and Nature timeline
This timeline of the evolutionary history of life represents the current scientific theory outlining the major events during the development of life on planet Earth. In biology, evolution is any change across successive generations in the heritable characteristics of biological populations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organization, from kingdoms to species, and individual organisms and molecules, such as DNA and proteins. The similarities between all present day organisms indicate the presence of a common ancestor from which all known species, living and extinct, have diverged through the process of evolution. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species,[1] that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct.[2][3] Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million,[4] of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.[5]
While the dates given in this article are estimates based on scientific evidence, there has been controversy between more traditional views of increased biodiversity through a cone of diversity with the passing of time and the view that the basic pattern on Earth has been one of annihilation and diversification and that in certain past times, such as the Cambrian explosion, there was great diversity.[6][7]
Species go extinct constantly as environments change, organisms compete for environmental niches, and genetic mutation leads to the rise of new species from older ones. Occasionally biodiversity on the planet takes a hit in the form of a mass extinction in which the extinction rate is much higher than usual.[8] A large extinction event often represents an accumulation of smaller extinction events that take place in a relatively brief period of time.[9]
The first known mass extinction in earth's history was the Great Oxygenation Event 2.4 billion years ago. The event led to the loss of most of the planet's obligate anaerobes. The five largest extinction events in earth's history since are these:[10]
- End of the Ordovician: 440 million years ago, 86% of all species lost, including graptolites
- Late Devonian: 375 million years ago, 75% of species lost, including trilobites
- End of the Permian, "The Great Dying": 251 million years ago, 96% of species lost, including tabulate corals, and most extant trees and synapsids
- End of the Triassic: 200 million years ago, 80% of species lost, including all of the conodonts
- End of the Cretaceous: 66 million years ago, 76% of species lost, including all of the ammonites, mosasaurs, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, pterosaurs, and nonavian dinosaurs
(Dates and percentages represent estimates.)
Smaller extinction events have occurred in the periods between these larger catastrophes, with some standing at the delineation points of the periods and epochs recognized by scientists in geologic time. The Holocene extinction event is currently under way.[11]
Factors in mass extinctions include continental drift, changes in atmospheric and marine chemistry, volcanism and other aspects of mountain formation, changes in glaciation, changes in sea level, and impact events.[9]
Detailed timeline[edit]
In this timeline, Ma (for megaannum) means "million years ago," ka (for kiloannum) means "thousand years ago," and ya means "years ago."
Hadean Eon[edit]
4000 Ma and earlier.
Date | Event |
4600 Ma | The planet Earth forms from the accretion disc revolving around the young Sun with organic compounds (complex organic molecules) necessary for life having perhaps formed in the protoplanetary disk of cosmic dust grains surrounding it before the formation of the Earth.[12] |
4500 Ma | According to the giant impact hypothesis, the Moon was formed when the planet Earth and the hypothesized planet Theia collided, sending a very large number of moonlets into orbit around the young Earth which eventually coalesce to form the Moon.[13] The gravitational pull of the new Moon stabilised the Earth's fluctuating axis of rotation and set up the conditions in which abiogenesis occurred.[14] |
4404 Ma | First appearance of liquid water on Earth. |
4280 Ma | Earliest appearance of life on Earth.[15][16][17][18] |
Archean Eon[edit]
4000 Ma – 2500 Ma
Date | Event |
4000 Ma | Formation of a greenstone belt of the Acasta Gneiss of the Slave craton in Northwest Territories, Canada, the oldest rock belt in the world.[19] |
4100–3800 Ma | Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB): extended barrage of impact events upon the inner planets by meteoroids. Thermal flux from widespread hydrothermal activity during the LHB may have been conducive to abiogenesis and life's early diversification.[20] "Remains of biotic life" were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia.[21][22] According to one of the researchers, "If life arose relatively quickly on Earth ... then it could be common in the universe."[21] |
3900–2500 Ma | Cells resembling prokaryotes appear.[23] These first organisms are chemoautotrophs: they use carbon dioxide as a carbon source and oxidize inorganic materials to extract energy. Later, prokaryotes evolve glycolysis, a set of chemical reactions that free the energy of organic molecules such as glucose and store it in the chemical bonds of ATP. Glycolysis (and ATP) continue to be used in almost all organisms, unchanged, to this day.[24][25] |
3800 Ma | Formation of a greenstone belt of the Isua complex of the western Greenland region, whose rocks show an isotope frequency suggestive of the presence of life.[19] The earliest evidences for life on Earth are 3.8 billion-year-old biogenic hematite in a banded iron formation of the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt in Canada, [26] graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland[27] and microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia.[28][29] |
3500 Ma | Lifetime of the last universal common ancestor (LUCA);[30][31] the split between bacteria and archaea occurs.[32]
Bacteria develop primitive forms of photosynthesis which at first did not produce oxygen.[33] These organisms generated Adenosine triphosphate by exploiting a proton gradient, a mechanism still used in virtually all organisms.[34] |
3000 Ma | Photosynthesizing cyanobacteria evolved; they used water as a reducing agent, thereby producing oxygen as a waste product.[35] The oxygen initially oxidizes dissolved iron in the oceans, creating iron ore. The oxygen concentration in the atmosphere slowly rose, acting as a poison for many bacteria and eventually triggering the Great Oxygenation Event. The Moon, still very close to Earth, caused tides 1,000 feet (305 m) high.[citation needed] The Earth was continually wracked by hurricane-force winds. These extreme mixing influences are thought to have stimulated evolutionary processes.[citation needed]. Life on land likely developed at this time.[36] |
Proterozoic Eon[edit]
2500 Ma – 542 Ma. Contains the Palaeoproterozoic, Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic eras.
Date | Event |
2500 Ma | Great Oxygenation Event led by cyanobacteria's oxygenic photosynthesis.[35] Commencement of plate tectonics with old marine crust dense enough to subduct.[19] |
2000 Ma | Diversification and expansion of acritarchs.[37] |
By 1850 Ma | Eukaryotic cells appear. Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles with diverse functions, probably derived from prokaryotes engulfing each other via phagocytosis. (See Symbiogenesis and Endosymbiont). Bacterial viruses (bacteriophage) emerge before, or soon after, the divergence of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic lineages.[38] The appearance of red beds show that an oxidising atmosphere had been produced. Incentives now favoured the spread of eukaryotic life.[39][40][41] |
1400 Ma | Great increase in stromatolite diversity. |
By 1200 Ma | Meiosis and sexual reproduction are present in single-celled eukaryotes, and possibly in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes.[42] Sex may even have arisen earlier in the RNA world.[43] Sexual reproduction first appears in the fossil records; it may have increased the rate of evolution.[44] |
800 Ma | First multicellular organism may have arisen.[45] |
750 Ma | First protozoa (ex: Melanocyrillium) |
850–630 Ma | A global glaciation may have occurred.[46][47] Opinion is divided on whether it increased or decreased biodiversity or the rate of evolution.[48][49][50] |
600 Ma | The accumulation of atmospheric oxygen allows the formation of an ozone layer.[51] Prior to this, land-based life would probably have required other chemicals to attenuate ultraviolet radiation enough to permit colonisation of the land.[36] |
580–542 Ma | The Ediacara biota represent the first large, complex multicellular organisms — although their affinities remain a subject of debate.[52] |
580–500 Ma | Most modern phyla of animals begin to appear in the fossil record during the Cambrian explosion.[53][54] |
560 Ma | Earliest fungi |
550 Ma | First fossil evidence for Ctenophora (comb jellies), Porifera (sponges), Anthozoa (corals and sea anemones) |
Phanerozoic Eon[edit]
542 Ma – present
The Phanerozoic Eon, literally the "period of well-displayed life," marks the appearance in the fossil record of abundant, shell-forming and/or trace-making organisms. It is subdivided into three eras, the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic, which are divided by major mass extinctions.
Palaeozoic Era[edit]
542 Ma – 251.0 Ma and contains the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian periods.
Date | Event |
535 Ma | Major diversification of living things in the oceans: chordates, arthropods (e.g. trilobites, crustaceans), echinoderms, molluscs, brachiopods, foraminifers and radiolarians, etc. |
530 Ma | The first known footprints on land date to 530 Ma, indicating that early animal explorations may have predated the development of terrestrial plants.[55] |
525 Ma | Earliest graptolites |
510 Ma | First cephalopods (nautiloids) and chitons |
505 Ma | Fossilization of the Burgess Shale |
485 Ma | First vertebrates with true bones (jawless fishes) |
450 Ma | First complete conodonts and echinoids appear |
440 Ma | First agnathan fishes: Heterostraci, Galeaspida, and Pituriaspida |
434 Ma | The first primitive plants move onto land,[56] having evolved from green algae living along the edges of lakes.[57] They are accompanied by fungi[citation needed], which may have aided the colonization of land through symbiosis. |
420 Ma | Earliest ray-finned fishes, trigonotarbid arachnids, and land scorpions[58] |
410 Ma | First signs of teeth in fish. Earliest Nautilida, lycophytes, and trimerophytes. |
395 Ma | First lichens, stoneworts. Earliest harvestmen, mites, hexapods (springtails) and ammonoids. The first known tetrapod tracks on land. |
363 Ma | By the start of the Carboniferous Period, the Earth begins to be resemble its present state. Insects roamed the land and would soon take to the skies; sharks swam the oceans as top predators,[59] and vegetation covered the land, with seed-bearing plants and forests soon to flourish.
Four-limbed tetrapods gradually gain adaptations which will help them occupy a terrestrial life-habit. |
360 Ma | First crabs and ferns. Land flora dominated by seed ferns. |
350 Ma | First large sharks, ratfishes, and hagfish |
340 Ma | Diversification of amphibians |
330 Ma | First amniote vertebrates (Paleothyris) |
320 Ma | Synapsids (precursors to mammals) separate from sauropsids (reptiles) in late Carboniferous.[60] |
305 Ma | Earliest diapsid reptiles (e.g. Petrolacosaurus) |
280 Ma | Earliest beetles, seed plants and conifers diversify while lepidodendrids and sphenopsids decrease. Terrestrial temnospondyl amphibians and pelycosaurs (e.g. Dimetrodon) diversify in species. |
275 Ma | Therapsid synapsids separate from pelycosaur synapsids |
251.4 Ma | The Permian–Triassic extinction event eliminates over 90-95% of marine species. Terrestrial organisms were not as seriously affected as the marine biota. This "clearing of the slate" may have led to an ensuing diversification, but life on land took 30 million years to completely recover.[61] |
Mesozoic Era[edit]
From 251.4 Ma to 66 Ma and containing the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.
Date | Event |
The Mesozoic Marine Revolution begins: increasingly well adapted and diverse predators[who?] pressurize sessile marine groups; the "balance of power" in the oceans shifts dramatically as some groups of prey[who?] adapt more rapidly and effectively than others[who?]. | |
248 Ma | Sturgeon and paddlefish (Acipenseridae) first appear. |
245 Ma | Earliest ichthyosaurs |
240 Ma | Increase in diversity of gomphodont cynodonts and rhynchosaurs |
225 Ma | Earliest dinosaurs (prosauropods), first cardiid bivalves, diversity in cycads, bennettitaleans, and conifers. First teleost fishes. First mammals (Adelobasileus). |
220 Ma | Seed-producing Gymnosperm forests dominate the land; herbivores grow to huge sizes to accommodate the large guts necessary to digest the nutrient-poor plants.[citation needed] First flies and turtles (Odontochelys). First coelophysoid dinosaurs. |
Ma |
the Massive extinction of Triassic/Jurassic, that wiped out most of the group of pseudosuchians and was given the opportunity of dinosaurs including the Apatosaurus, Tyrannosaurus, Perrotasaurus, and Stegosaurus to enter its golden age. |
200 Ma | The first accepted evidence for viruses that infect eukaryotic cells (at least, the group Geminiviridae) existed.[62] Viruses are still poorly understood and may have arisen before "life" itself, or may be a more recent phenomenon.
Major extinctions in terrestrial vertebrates and large amphibians. Earliest examples of armoured dinosaurs |
195 Ma | First pterosaurs with specialized feeding (Dorygnathus). First sauropod dinosaurs. Diversification in small, ornithischian dinosaurs: heterodontosaurids, fabrosaurids, and scelidosaurids. |
190 Ma | Pliosauroids appear in the fossil record. First lepidopteran insects (Archaeolepis), hermit crabs, modern starfish, irregular echinoids, corbulid bivalves, and tubulipore bryozoans. Extensive development of sponge reefs. |
176 Ma | First members of the Stegosauria group of dinosaurs |
170 Ma | Earliest salamanders, newts, cryptoclidids, elasmosaurid plesiosaurs, and cladotherian mammals. Sauropod dinosaurs diversify. |
165 Ma | First rays and glycymeridid bivalves |
163 Ma | Pterodactyloid pterosaurs first appear[63] |
161 Ma | Ceratopsian dinosaurs appear in the fossil record (Yinlong) and the oldest known Eutherian Mammal appear in the fossil record: Juramaia. |
160 Ma | Multituberculate mammals (genus Rugosodon) appear in eastern China |
155 Ma | First blood-sucking insects (ceratopogonids), rudist bivalves, and cheilostome bryozoans. Archaeopteryx, a possible ancestor to the birds, appears in the fossil record, along with triconodontid and symmetrodont mammals. Diversity in stegosaurian and theropod dinosaurs. |
130 Ma | The rise of the angiosperms: Some of these flowering plants bear structures that attract insects and other animals to spread pollen;other angiosperms were pollinated by wind or water. This innovation causes a major burst of animal evolution through coevolution. First freshwater pelomedusid turtles. |
120 Ma | Oldest fossils of heterokonts, including both marine diatoms and silicoflagellates |
115 Ma | First monotreme mammals |
110 Ma | First hesperornithes, toothed diving birds. Earliest limopsid, verticordiid, and thyasirid bivalves. |
106 Ma | Spinosaurus, the largest theropod dinosaur, appears in the fossil record |
100 Ma | Earliest bees |
90 Ma | Extinction of ichthyosaurs. Earliest snakes and nuculanid bivalves. Large diversification in angiosperms: magnoliids, rosids, hamamelidids, monocots, and ginger. Earliest examples of ticks. Probable origins of placental mammals (earliest undisputed fossil evidence is 66 Ma). |
80 Ma | First ants |
70 Ma | Multituberculate mammals increase in diversity. First yoldiid bivalves. |
68 Ma | Tyrannosaurus, the largest terrestrial predator of what is now western North America appears in the fossil record. First species of Triceratops. |
Cenozoic Era[edit]
66 Ma – present
Date | Event |
66 Ma | The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event eradicates about half of all animal species, including mosasaurs, pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, ammonites, belemnites, rudist and inoceramid bivalves, most planktic foraminifers, and all of the dinosaurs excluding the birds.[64] |
From 66 Ma | Rapid dominance of conifers and ginkgos in high latitudes, along with mammals becoming the dominant species. First psammobiid bivalves. Earliest rodents. Rapid diversification in ants. |
63 Ma | Evolution of the creodonts, an important group of meat-eating (carnivorous) mammals |
60 Ma | Diversification of large, flightless birds. Earliest true primates, along with the first semelid bivalves, edentate, carnivoran and lipotyphlan mammals, and owls. The ancestors of the carnivorous mammals (miacids) were alive. |
56 Ma | Gastornis, a large flightless bird, appears in the fossil record |
55 Ma | Modern bird groups diversify (first song birds, parrots, loons, swifts, woodpeckers), first whale (Himalayacetus), earliest lagomorphs, armadillos, appearance of sirenian, proboscidean, perissodactyl and artiodactyl mammals in the fossil record. Angiosperms diversify. The ancestor (according to theory) of the species in the genus Carcharodon, the early mako shark Isurus hastalis, is alive. |
52 Ma | First bats appear (Onychonycteris) |
50 Ma | Peak diversity of dinoflagellates and nannofossils, increase in diversity of anomalodesmatan and heteroconch bivalves, brontotheres, tapirs, rhinoceroses, and camels appear in the fossil record, diversification of primates |
40 Ma | Modern-type butterflies and moths appear. Extinction of Gastornis. Basilosaurus, one of the first of the giant whales, appeared in the fossil record. |
37 Ma | First nimravid ("false saber-toothed cats") carnivores — these species are unrelated to modern-type felines |
35 Ma | Grasses diversify from among the monocot angiosperms; grasslands begin to expand. Slight increase in diversity of cold-tolerant ostracods and foraminifers, along with major extinctions of gastropods, reptiles, amphibians, and multituberculate mammals. Many modern mammal groups begin to appear: first glyptodonts, ground sloths, canids, peccaries, and the first eagles and hawks. Diversity in toothed and baleen whales. |
33 Ma | Evolution of the thylacinid marsupials (Badjcinus) |
30 Ma | First balanids and eucalypts, extinction of embrithopod and brontothere mammals, earliest pigs and cats |
28 Ma | Paraceratherium appears in the fossil record, the largest terrestrial mammal that ever lived |
25 Ma | Pelagornis sandersi appears in the fossil record, the largest flying bird that ever lived |
25 Ma | First deer |
20 Ma | First giraffes, hyenas, bears and giant anteaters, increase in bird diversity |
15 Ma | Genus Mammut appears in the fossil record, first bovids and kangaroos, diversity in Australian megafauna |
10 Ma | Grasslands and savannas are established, diversity in insects, especially ants and termites, horses increase in body size and develop high-crowned teeth, major diversification in grassland mammals and snakes |
Ma |
The Great American Interchange, where various land and freshwater faunas migrated between North and South America. Armadillos, opossums, hummingbirds Phorusrhacids, Ground Sloths, Glyptodonts, and Meridiungulates traveled to North America, while horses, tapirs, saber-toothed cats, Jaguars, Bears, Coaties, Ferrets, Otters, Skunks and deer entered South America. |
6.5 Ma | First hominins (Sahelanthropus) |
6 Ma | Australopithecines diversify (Orrorin, Ardipithecus) |
5 Ma | First tree sloths and hippopotami, diversification of grazing herbivores like zebras and elephants, large carnivorous mammals like lions and the genus Canis, burrowing rodents, kangaroos, birds, and small carnivores, vultures increase in size, decrease in the number of perissodactyl mammals. Extinction of nimravid carnivores. |
4.8 Ma | Mammoths appear in the fossil record |
4 Ma | Evolution of Australopithecus, Stupendemys appears in the fossil record as the largest freshwater turtle, first modern elephants, giraffes, zebras, lions, rhinoceros and gazelles appear in the fossil record |
2.7 Ma | Evolution of Paranthropus |
2.5 Ma | The earliest species of Smilodon evolve |
2 Ma | First members of the genus Homo appear, Homo Habilis in the fossil record. Diversification of conifers in high latitudes. The eventual ancestor of cattle, aurochs (Bos primigenus), evolves in India. |
1.7 Ma | Extinction of australopithecines |
1.2 Ma | Evolution of Homo antecessor. The last members of Paranthropus die out. |
800 Ka | Short-faced bears (Arctodus simus) become abundant in North America |
600 ka | Evolution of Homo heidelbergensis |
350 ka | Evolution of Neanderthals |
300 ka | Gigantopithecus, a giant relative of the orangutan from Asia dies out |
250 ka | Anatomically modern humans appear in Africa.[65][66][67] Around 50,000 years before present they start colonising the other continents, replacing the Neanderthals in Europe and other hominins in Asia. |
40 ka | The last of the giant monitor lizards (Varanus priscus) die out |
30 ka | Extinction of Neanderthals, first domestic dogs |
15 ka | The last woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) are believed to have gone extinct |
11 ka | Short-faced bears vanish from North America, with the last giant ground sloths dying out. All Equidae become extinct in North America. |
10 ka | The Holocene epoch starts 10,000[68] years ago after the Late Glacial Maximum. The last mainland species of woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenus) die out, as does the last Smilodon species. |
ka |
the Giant Lemur died out |
Historical extinctions[edit]
Date | Event |
6000 ya (c. 4000 BC) | Small populations of American mastodon die off in places like Utah and Michigan |
4500 ya (c. 2500 BC) | The last members of a dwarf race of woolly mammoths vanish from Wrangel Island near Alaska |
c. 600 ya (c. 1400) | The moa and its predator, Haast's eagle, die out in New Zealand |
390 ya (1627) | The last recorded wild aurochs die out |
329 ya (1688) | The dodo goes extinct |
249 ya (1768) | The Steller's sea cow goes extinct |
134 ya (1883) | The quagga, a subspecies of zebra, goes extinct |
103 ya (1914) | Martha, last known passenger pigeon, dies |
81 ya (1936) | The thylacine goes extinct in a Tasmanian zoo, the last member of the family Thylacinidae |
65 ya (1952) | The Caribbean monk seal goes extinct[71] |
9 ya (2008) | The baiji, the Yangtze river dolphin, becomes functionally extinct, according to the IUCN Red List[72] |
6 ya (2011) | The western black rhinoceros is declared extinct |
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- Bjornerud, Marcia (2005). Reading the Rocks: The Autobiography of the Earth. Cambridge, MA: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-4249X. LCCN 2004022738. OCLC 56672295.
- Kirschvink, Joseph L. (1992). "Late Proterozoic Low-Latitude Global Glaciation: the Snowball Earth" (PDF). In Schopf, J. William; Klein, Cornelis. The Proterozoic Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary Study (PDF) . Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36615-1. LCCN 91015085. OCLC 23583672.
- McKinney, Michael L. (1997). "How do rare species avoid extinction? A paleontological view". In Kunin, William E.; Gaston, Kevin J. The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare—common differences (1st ed.). London; New York: Chapman & Hall. ISBN 0-412-63380-9. LCCN 96071014. OCLC 36442106.
- Miller, G. Tyler; Spoolman, Scott E. (2012). Environmental Science (14th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. ISBN 978-1-111-98893-7. LCCN 2011934330. OCLC 741539226.
- Stearns, Beverly Peterson; Stearns, Stephen C. (1999). Watching, from the Edge of Extinction. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07606-1. LCCN 98034087. OCLC 47011675.
Further reading[edit]
- Dawkins, Richard (2004). The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-00583-8. LCCN 2004059864. OCLC 56617123.
External links[edit]
- "Understanding Evolution: your one-stop resource for information on evolution". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
- "Life on Earth". Tree of Life Web Project. University of Arizona. January 1, 1997. Retrieved 2015-03-18. Explore complete phylogenetic tree interactively
- Brandt, Niel. "Evolutionary and Geological Timelines". TalkOrigins Archive. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
- "Palaeos: Life Through Deep Time". Palaeos. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
- Kyrk, John. "Evolution" (SWF). Cell Biology Animation. Retrieved 2015-03-18. Interactive timeline from Big Bang to present
- "Plant Evolution". Plant and Animal Evolution. University of Waikato. Retrieved 2015-03-18. Sequence of Plant Evolution
- "The History of Animal Evolution". Plant and Animal Evolution. University of Waikato. Retrieved 2015-03-18. Sequence of Animal Evolution
- Yeo, Dannel; Drage, Thomas (2006). "History of Life on Earth". Retrieved 2015-03-19.
- Exploring Time. The Science Channel. 2007. Retrieved 2015-03-19.
- Roberts, Ben. "Plant evolution timeline". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 2015-03-19.