text:
No variation and low synonymous substitution rates in coral mtDNA despite high nuclear variation
- Michael E Hellberg1Email author
© Hellberg; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2006
Received: 30 August 2005
Accepted: 16 March 2006
Published: 16 March 2006
The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of most animals evolves more rapidly than nuclear DNA, and often shows higher levels of intraspecific polymorphism and population subdivision. The mtDNA of anthozoans (corals, sea fans, and their kin), by contrast, appears to evolve slowly. Slow mtDNA evolution has been reported for several anthozoans, however this slow pace has been difficult to put in phylogenetic context without parallel surveys of nuclear variation or calibrated rates of synonymous substitution that could permit quantitative rate comparisons across taxa. Here, I survey variation in the coding region of a mitochondrial gene from a coral species (Balanophyllia elegans) known to possess high levels of nuclear gene variation, and estimate synonymous rates of mtDNA substitution by comparison to another coral (Tubastrea coccinea).
The mtDNA surveyed (630 bp of cytochrome oxidase subunit I) was invariant among individuals sampled from 18 populations spanning 3000 km of the range of B. elegans, despite high levels of variation and population subdivision for allozymes over these same populations. The synonymous substitution rate between B. elegans and T. coccinea (0.05%/site/106 years) is similar to that in most plants, but 50–100 times lower than rates typical for most animals. In addition, while substitutions to mtDNA in most animals exhibit a strong bias toward transitions, mtDNA from these corals does not.
Slow rates of mitochondrial nucleotide substitution result in low levels of intraspecific mtDNA variation in corals, even when nuclear loci vary. Slow mtDNA evolution appears to be the basal condition among eukaryotes. mtDNA substitution rates switch from slow to fast abruptly and unidirectionally. This switch may stem from the loss of just one or a few mitochondrion-specific DNA repair or replication genes.
Rates of nucleotide substitution for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are several times higher than those for nuclear DNA (nDNA) for most animals. Several reasons for this difference in rates have been proposed. Because mtDNA is haploid and usually maternally inherited, the effective population size of mitochondrial genes is one quarter that for nuclear genes, which should speed neutral divergence [1]. Unlike nDNA, mitochondria lack histones, which leaves them exposed to mutagens. Furthermore, because mitochondria are centers of oxidative metabolism, mtDNA faces more of the free radicals responsible for many mutations than does nDNA [2]. As a result, intraspecific variation for mtDNA may exceed that for nDNA [3]. This variation is often partitioned among populations, such that surveys of mtDNA may reveal population subdivision when other markers such as allozymes do not [4–7].
Yet not all mtDNA evolves rapidly. Rates of nucleotide substitution are slow in the mtDNA of plants, both in absolute terms and relative to nDNA [8]. Rates of mtDNA substitution appear to be slow in some basal animals as well, including sponges [9, 10] and anthozoans (corals, anemones, and their kin, [11–15]). This is especially surprising for corals. Corals and other anthozoans do not sequester their germ cells [16], yet single coral colonies may live many hundreds of years [17]. All else being equal, this combination of a nonsequestered germline and great longevity should lead to high rates of mitochondrial mutation, as any mutations accumulated over a long life could be passed on to offspring.
Contrary to this expectation, mtDNA divergence among closely related anthozoans is low [14, 18, 19], in fact lower than that for nDNA from the same taxa [20, 21]. Among the few intraspecific studies to survey mitochondrial variation from many (>20) individuals, most have focused on non-coding regions [22] or rRNA genes [23]. Variation in these regions has generally been less than or equal to that for nuclear genes [24, 25].
Such non-coding substitution rates are difficult to compare across taxa due to the effects of variation in evolutionary constraints on substitution rates and to difficulties in aligning homologous sites. Synonymous (silent) substitutions within coding regions, however, can often be aligned unambiguously among distant taxa. Synonymous sites show low variation in rates among different loci in the same genome [26], consistent with their neutral evolution. To date, surveys of mitochondrial coding regions in corals [25, 27, 28] have found little or no variation, but these studies have included just a few individuals (≤ 8) and a few localities (≤ 3), and have not been accompanied by surveys of variation at single-copy nuclear markers.
Here, I survey intraspecific variation and estimate the interspecific divergence rate for two species of coral, Balanophyllia elegans and Tubastrea coccinea, using a widely sequenced mitochondrial coding region from cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (coxI). Allozyme surveys in B. elegans have previously established that single copy nuclear markers are both variable and subdivided among populations [29, 30]. Divergence between the two species surveyed allows me to calculate fossil-calibrated rates of synonymous substitution and to place these rates of mtDNA substitution in the phylogenetic context of synonymous rates in other eukaryotic lineages
coxI was invariant among all 67 B. elegans (GenBank Accession DQ445805) sampled from 18 populations spanning 3000 km of its geographic range, including 16 individuals from the site (Bodega Bay) that was most polymorphic for allozymes [29]. The seven T. coccinea samples from the Caribbean and the Eastern Pacific were likewise identical at coxI (Accession DQ445806). Rate calculations were based on this Caribbean/Eastern Pacific consensus sequence. The five sequences from Hawaiian T. coccinea were identical to each other, but differed from the Caribbean/Eastern Pacific consensus sequence by a single nonsynonymous substitution. Reading frames for all sequences remain open for all of these sequences when translated using the cnidarianmitochondrial genetic code [31].
Rates of nucleotide substitution in protein-coding mtDNA from corals, plants, and bilateral animals.
Time of divergence (MY) | KS/yra | KA/yra | |
B. elegans vs. T. coccinea (corals, Anthozoa) | 50 | 0.056 (0.020) | 0.019 (0.006) |
Rice vs. maize[26] (Angiosperms) | 50 | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.00) |
Tegula verrucosa vs. T. viridula[36,79] (topsnails; Lophotrochozoa) | 3 | 5.7 (0.93) | 0.033 (0.033) |
Alpheus panamensis vs. A. formosus A[80] (snapping shrimp; Ecdysozoa) | 3 | 8.6 (1.38) | 0.0 |
Echinometra vanbrunti vs. E. lucunter[81] (sea urchins; invertebrate Deuterostoma) | 3 | 8.1 (1.27) | 0.036 (0.036) |
Abudefduf saxatilis vs. A. troschelli[82] (damselfish; vertebrate Deuterostoma) | 3 | 4.5 3 (0.36) | - |
Sphyrna tiburo tiburo vs. S. t. vespertina[33] (sharks; vertebrate Deuterostoma) | 3 | 2.4 (0.41) | 0.056 (0.033) |
Patterns of nucleotide substitution between the two corals are also more similar to angiosperms [8] than to other animals. About half of coral mtDNA substitutions are transversions (9/17). In contrast, the mtDNA of other animals typically shows a strong transition bias [34, 35]. For example, the Tegula species in Table 1 show a 15-fold excess of transitions compared to transversions between closely-related species [36].
Low levels of mitochondrial variation in corals
This study revealed little intraspecific variation within either of two corals, Balanophyllia elegans or Tubastrea coccinea. B. elegans was sampled over much (> 3000 km) of its broad geographic range, where high levels of allozyme variation have been found previously [29, 30]. The single substitution (a nonsynonymous one) observed within T. coccinea mtDNA occurred between populations separated by over 4000 km of uninhabitable ocean. Previous surveys of genetic variation in coding regions of coral mtDNA have found similar patterns: either no variation [27] or very little variation restricted to nonsynonymous sites [28].
Such low levels of genetic variation are not characteristic of anthozoan nuclear genes. Indeed, a comparison of allozyme polymorphism and heterozygosity found variation in cnidarians and sponges to be higher than those for all other animals [37]. High allozyme heterozygosity in B. elegans [29, 30] shows it is no exception to this trend. Intraspecific surveys of nDNA sequence variation from coding regions are lacking for corals, but intron sequences are quite variable [20, 24, 38], and microsatellites [39] and AFLPs [25] have revealed both high heterozygosities and population subdivision. While more extensive surveys of nucleotide variation from coding nDNA are needed, low variation appears to be restricted to the mitochondrial genome of corals.
Relatively low levels of mtDNA variation can result from range expansions, where the smaller effective population size of mtDNA genes can enhances founder effects. This may account for the lack of variation between Eastern Pacific and Caribbean T. coccinea, if the latter were indeed recently introduced as suggested by Cairns [40]. This does not appear to be the case for B. elegans, however. Subdivision within this species [29] does not suggest any anthropogenic range changes. Natural poleward range expansions following climatic cooling events can homogenize the mtDNA of newly founded populations, but more equatorial populations continue to harbor variation [41]. Sampled populations of B. elegans include its southern range limit, however, but still reveal no variation. Selective sweeps can also homogenize mtDNA within species. However, mtDNA regions are often identical among different species, genera, and even families [21, 42], a pattern that would require very strong stabilizing selection to maintain homogeneity (even at silent sites) over millions of years. The most likely explanation of low levels of mtDNA variation within coral species, then, is a low rate of nucleotide substitution.
Slow rates of synonymous substitution in corals
A growing body of evidence suggests that the mtDNA of anthozoans evolves slowly [11–15, 19]. The very low divergence found here for two genera with independent fossil records extending back over 50 MY provides an estimate of just how slowly: 0.055% per MY. This rate of synonymous substitution is 50–100 times slower than those reported previously for an array of animals (Table 1), including hydrozoans [43].
Multiple losses of mtDNA repair function
As with corals, the available data for fungi [46] and sponges [47] suggest that rates of synonymous substitution in mtDNA are slower than nDNA in these taxa. Taken together with rates for plants and animals, these data suggest that mtDNA evolves in two distinct modes: one slow relative to nDNA and with little bias toward transitions, the other fast relative to nDNA and often (but not always, [48]) transition-biased (Figure 1). Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the switch from the slow mode to the fast mode occurs abruptly (without any apparent intermediate state) and always in the direction toward the fast mode. This switch has occurred at least four times: twice in flowering plants (in geraniums and plantains, [49]), and twice in animals (Figure 1).
One change in animals occurred within the phylum Cnidaria between the basal Anthozoa [50, 51] and the derived Medusozoa (hydroids and jellyfish). The independently derived fast mtDNA rates in the Medusozoa are similar to those in bilateral animals. In fact, 16S divergence rates in hydroids of the genus Hydractinia [52] are greater that of their hermit crab hosts [53], with whom they have probably co-speciated [54]). Phylogenetic analyses reveal interspecific variation typical for most animals among recent radiations of scyphozoans [55]. Scyphozoans also have high levels of intraspecific variation [56, 57] and show a transition:transversion bias > 10:1 (e. g. Cassiopea coxI data from [58]). A second switch from slow to fast mtDNA occurred at the base of the Bilateria (which includes the vertebrates); even flatworms show high intraspecific mtDNA variation and a strong transition bias [59].
This qualitative switch in the mode of mtDNA evolution is not a simple extension of the quantitative variation in mtDNA rates noted previously [33]. Within vertebrates, relative substitution rates in mtDNA and nDNA are correlated within taxa, despite variation in absolute rates among taxa [60]. Even in bilateral animals with notably slow mutation rates (e.g. the ancient asexual ostracod Darwinula stevensoni, [61]), the rate of mitochondrial substitution remains faster than that for nuclear loci. In contrast, the relative rates of substitution in mtDNA and nDNA are reversed in angiosperms, fungi, anthozoans, and probably sponges (nDNA evolves an order of magnitude faster than mtDNA) when compared to bilateral animals (where nDNA evolves an order of magnitude slower than mtDNA, [34, 35]).
No attribute of the mitochondrial genome itself correlates obviously with slow, unbiased evolution. For example, anthozoan mtDNA has group I introns [31, 62] like some plants and fungi, but is compact in size (ca. 16–18 kb) like most other animals [63]. Instead, the abrupt and unidirectional switch from slow to fast modes of mtDNA substitution is consistent with the sudden loss of one or a few mitochondrion-specific DNA repair or replication genes. A possible candidate gene has been proposed previously to account for low variation in anthozoans [11, 12]: an ortholog of the mismatch repair gene MSH1 (but see [64]). MSH1 is known to be mitochondrion-specific in yeast [65], and is present in the mitochondrial genome of octocorallian anthozoans [66] but missing from the bilateral animals whose genomes have been sequenced. Loss of any of the many genes involved in repair [67] could potentially speed synonymous substitution rates. Note also that the mitochondrial location of the putative MSH1 homolog in octocorallians is exceptional; MSH1 is not present in the mitochondrial genome of corals [19, 62], and mitochondrion-specific repair genes are generally encoded in the nuclear genome.
Regardless of the particular genes responsible, a loss of mtDNA-specific repair function (or crippling of mtDNA replication genes) could explain observed low levels of mtDNA variation and divergence compared to nuclear genes. Differences in the fidelity of mtDNA repair and replication could have broad implications. If mutations to mtDNA caused by oxidative stress promote cellular aging [68] and organismal senescence [69–71], then the loss of mtDNA repair abilities may place a physiological ceiling on longevity. Exploring this possibility will require phylogenetic comparisons of covariation in synonymous rates of substitution in mtDNA and patterns of senescence, as well as closer examination of the molecular mechanisms of mtDNA replication and repair across slow and fast mitochondrial lineages.
Both of the corals surveyed here showed low variation in mitochondrial coding gene sequence, despite the demonstration of extensive nuclear gene variation at allozymes in one of them previously. Combined with other types of nuclear variation (AFLPs, ITS, microsatellites) and phylogenetic studies reported previously, these results suggest that the lack of variation in coral mtDNA results from mechanisms specific to the mitochondrial genome. Synonymous substitution rates suggest coral mtDNA evolves at rates typical for plants, but about 100 times slower than for most animals.
Balanophyllia elegans and Tubastrea coccinea
Balanophyllia elegans is a small solitary coral common at shallow depths in temperate waters ranging between northern Baja California and southeastern Alaska. Average longevity for B. elegans has been estimated at about 8.5 years [72]. Dislodgment and overgrowth by algae appear to be the principle causes of death in B. elegans; adults do not appear to senesce nor do the growth rates of large individuals slow [72].
The larvae of B. elegans crawl along the seafloor during their brief dispersal [73]. As expected given such limited larval dispersal, genetic subdivision (inferred using allozymes) is high between localities separated by hundreds or thousands of kilometers (FST = 0.28, [29]). The allozyme markers employed in these genetic surveys were highly variable, both in terms of their mean heterozygosity (0.3, ranging above 0.5 for some loci at some locations) and number of alleles per locus (2.5). These markers have been demonstrated as single copy and Mendelian using controlled crosses [74].
Like B. elegans, Tubastrea coccinea belongs to the family Dendrophylliidae and broods its larvae. T. coccinea is currently recognized as a single species with a circum-tropical distribution [32], however this species has a long history of taxonomic splitting and synonymization. The Atlantic form is morphologically indistinguishable from the Pacific T. coccinea and does not appear in the Caribbean fossil record, suggesting this species may have been recently reduced to the Atlantic [40, 75]. However these populations appear to be differentiated at the allozyme level (E. Weil, pers. comm.); this Atlantic form has been called T. aurea.
Population sampling
Samples of B. elegans were collected from 18 localities spanning over 3000 km of the Pacific coast of North America, namely: Moresby Island, McInnes Island, Stubb's Island, Nanaimo and Bamfield from British Columbia; Tatoosh Island from Washington; Cape Arago from Oregon; Trinidad Harbor, Caspar, Bodega Bay, Santa Cruz, Monterey, San Simeon, Goleta, East Anacapa Island, and Point Loma from California; and Punta Banda and Isla San Geronimo from Baja California.(see [29]). Three individuals were selected for sequencing from each locality, each from a different subpopulation within that locality. In addition, two individuals were sequenced from each of eight subpopulations (a total of 16) from Bodega Bay, where the highest level of allozyme variation occurred (H = 0.42, averaged over seven loci [29]).
T. coccinea were collected from four localities: Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii (5 individuals); La Paz and Isla Cerralvo in Baja California Sur, Mexico (2); Margarita Reef, Isla Magueyes, Puerto Rico (1); and four localities along the coast of Curaçao (4). All samples were taken from 5–15 m depth.
PCR amplification, sequencing and analysis
DNA was extracted from coral samples using the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen). A 710-bp fragment of coxI was initially amplified from B. elegans using primers LCO1490 and HCO2198 of Folmer et al. [76]. The resulting sequence was used to design an internal primer (Lc2COI, 5'-CGTTATTTTAGTATTTGGGATTGG-3') that was used in combination with HCO2198 for all subsequent amplification and sequencing.
Amplification products were sequenced directly on an ABI 377 using Big Dye Terminator chemistry, except for six templates (one from an Anacapa B. elegans, and T. coccinea from Puerto Rico and Curaçao plus three from Hawaii), which were cloned before sequencing. Multiple sequences were obtained from these clones to avoid misinterpretation of PCR errors.
Calculation of substitution rates
Genetic distances and transition/transversion ratios were estimated using MEGA3 [77]. Jukes-Cantor estimates were used because all mitochondrial sequences were similar (< 3 % divergence from raw counts) and no strong transition bias was evident. Numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous sites were estimated using the methods of Nei and Gojobori [78], making appropriate adjustments for taxon-specific variation in the mitochondrial genetic code. Rates for trans-Ismuthian pairs were calculated using GenBank sequences for Tegula ([36]: AF080668, [79]: AF132340), Alpheus ([80]: AF309923, AF309904), Echinometra ([81]: AF255539, AF255502) and Sphyrna ([33]: L08042, L08043). Rates for the trans-Ismuthian teleost pair Abudefduf saxatlis and A. torschelli were taken from the literature [82]; sequences for A. saxatlis have not been deposited in GenBank and so nonsynonymous rates could not be calculated for this pair. Transition/transversion ratios for scyphozoans were calculated using Cassiopea sequences from [58] (AY319448-AY319473).
- mitochondrial DNA:
- nuclear DNA:
- cytochrome oxidase subunit I:
(million years)
Thanks to D. Ayre, J. Geller, E. Gleason, J. Larkin, J. Neigel, D. Pollock, and M. Taylor for discussions and comments, to M. Taylor and R. Toonen for collections, and to B. Bryan, N. Crochet and P. Arbour-Reily for technical help.
Authors' Affiliations
- Birky CW, Fuerst P, Maruyama T: Organelle gene diversity under migration, mutation, and drift: equilibrium expectations, approach to equilibrium, effects of heteroplasmic cells, and comparison to nuclear genes. Genetics. 1989, 121: 613-627.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM, Ames BN: Oxidative damage and mitochondrial decay in aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994, 91: 10771-10778.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Avise JC, Lansman RA: Polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA in populations of higher animals. Evolution of Genes and Proteins. Edited by: Nei M, Koehn RK. 1983, Sinauer: Sunderland, 147-164.Google Scholar
- Reeb CA, Avise JC: A genetic discontinuity in a continuously distributed species – mitochondrial DNA in the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Genetics. 1989, 124: 397-406.Google Scholar
- Burton RS, Lee B-N: Nuclear and mitochondrial gene genealogies and allozyme polymorphism across a major phylogeographic break in the copepod Tigriopus californicus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994, 91: 5197-5201.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Buonaccorsi VP, Reece KS, Morgan LW, Graves JE: Geographic distribution of molecular variance within the blue marlin (Makaira nigricans): A hierarchical analysis of allozyme, single-copy nuclear DNA, and mitochondrial DNA markers. Evolution. 1999, 53: 568-579.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Wlasiuk G, Garza JC, Lessa EP: Genetic and geographic differentiation in the Rio Negro tuco-tuco (Ctenomys rionegrensis): Inferring the roles of migration and drift from multiple genetic markers. Evolution. 2003, 57: 913-926.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wolfe KH, Li W-H, Sharp PM: Rates of nucleotide substitution vary greatly among plant mitochondrial, chloroplast, and nuclear DNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987, 84: 9054-9058.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Duran S, Pascual M, Turon X: Low levels of genetic variation in mtDNA sequences over the western Mediterranean and Atlantic range of the sponge Crambe crambe (Poecilosclerida). Mar Biol. 2004, 144: 131-135. 10.1007/s00227-003-1178-5.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Wörheide G: Low variation in partial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) mitochondrial sequiences in the coralline demosponge Astrosclera willeyana across the Indo-Pacific. Mar Biol. 2005,Google Scholar
- France SC, Rosel PE, Agenboard JE, Mullineaux LS, Kocher TD: DNA sequence variation of mitochondrial large-subunit rRNA provides support for a two subclass organization of the Anthozoa (Cnidaria). Mar Mol Biol Biotechnol. 1996, 5: 15-28.Google Scholar
- van Oppen MJH, Willis B, Miller DJ: Atypically low rate of cytochrome b evolution in the scleractinian coral genus Acropora. Proc R Soc Lond B. 1999, 266: 179-183. 10.1098/rspb.1999.0619.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Chen CA, Wallace GC, Yu JK, Wei NV: Strategies for amplification by polymerase chain reaction of the complete sequence of the gene encoding nuclear large subunit ribosomal RNA in corals. Mar Biotechnol. 2000, 2: 558-570. 10.1007/s101260000040.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Shearer TL, van Oppen MJH, Romano SL, Worheide G: Slow mitochondrial DNA sequence evolution in the Anthozoa (Cnidaria). Mol Ecol. 2002, 11: 2475-2487. 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01652.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Tseng CC, Wallace CC, Chen CA: Mitogenomic analysis of Montipora cactus and Anacropora matthai (Cnidaria; Scleractinia; Acroporidae) indicates an unequal rate of mitochondrial evolution among Acroporidae corals. Coral Reefs. 2005, 24: 502-508. 10.1007/s00338-005-0499-x.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Buss LW: Evolution, development, and the units of selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1983, 80: 1387-1391.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Potts DC, Done TJ, Isdale PJ, Fisk DA: Dominance of a coral community by the genus Porites (Scleractinia). Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 1985, 23: 79-84.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- van Oppen MJH, Koolmees EM, Veron JEN: Patterns of evolution in the scleractinian coral genus Montipora (Acroporidae). Marine Biology. 2004, 144: 9-18. 10.1007/s00227-003-1188-3.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Fukami H, Knowlton N: Analysis of complete mitochondrial DNA sequences of three members of the Montastrea annularis coral species complex (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Scleractinia). Coral Reefs. 2005, 24: 410-417. 10.1007/s00338-005-0023-3.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- van Oppen MJH, McDonald BJ, Willis B, Miller DJ: The evolutionary history of the coral genus Acropora (Scleractinia, Cnidaria) based on a mitochondrial and a nuclear marker: Reticulation, incomplete lineage sorting, or morphological convergence?. Mol Biol Evol. 2001, 18: 1315-1329.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Fukami H, Budd AF, Paulay G, Sole-Cava A, Chen CA, Iwao K, Knowlton N: Conventional taxonomy obscures deep divergence between Pacific and Atlantic corals. Nature. 2004, 427: 832-836. 10.1038/nature02339.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Smith PJ, McVeagh SM, Mingoia JT, France SC: Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in deep-sea bamboo coral (Keratosidinae) species in the southwest and northwest Pacific Ocean. Mar Biol. 2004, 144: 253-261. 10.1007/s00227-003-1206-5.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Watanabe T, Nishida M, Watanabe K, Wewengkang DS, Hidaka M: Polymorphism in nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial intergenic region in scleractinian coral (Galaxea fascicularis). Mar Biotechnol. 2005, 7: 33-38. 10.1007/s10126-004-3200-4.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Vollmer SV, Palumbi SR: Hybridization and the evolution of reef coral diversity. Science. 2002, 296: 2023-2025. 10.1126/science.1069524.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Fukami H, Budd AF, Levitan DR, Jara J, Kersanach R, Knowlton N: Geographic differences in species boundaries among members of the Montastrea annularis complex based on molecular and morphological markers. Evolution. 2004, 58: 324-337.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Li W-H: Molecular evolution. 1997, Sinauer, Sunderland, MAGoogle Scholar
- Snell TL, Foltz DW, Sammarco PW: Variation in morphology vs. conservatism of a mitochondrial gene in Montastrea cavernosa (Cnidaria, Scleractinia). Gulf of Mexico Sci. 1998, 188-195.Google Scholar
- Medina M, Weil E, Szmant AM: Examination of the Montastrea annularis species complex (Cnidaria: Scleractinia) using ITS and COI sequences. Mar Biotechnol. 1999, 1: 89-97. 10.1007/PL00011756.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hellberg ME: Relationships between inferred levels of gene flow and geographic distance in a philopatric coral, Balanophyllia elegans. Evolution. 1994, 48: 1829-1854. [http://www.biology.lsu.edu/webfac/mhellberg/pubs/hellberg1994.pdf]View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Hellberg ME: Stepping-stone gene flow in the solitary coral Balanophyllia elegans: equilibrium and nonequilibrium at different spatial scales. Marine Biology. 1995, 123: 573-581. 10.1007/BF00349236.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Beagley CT, Okimoto R, Wolstenholme DR: The mitochondrial genome of the sea anemone Metridium senile (Cnidaria): introns, a paucity of tRNA genes, and a near- standard genetic code. Genetics. 1998, 148: 1091-1108.PubMed CentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cairns SD: A generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the Dendrophylliidae (Cnidaria: Scleractinia). Smithson Contrib Zool. 2001, 615: 75-Google Scholar
- Martin AP, Naylor GJP, Palumbi SR: Rates of mitochondrial DNA evolution in sharks are slow compared with mammals. Nature. 1992, 357: 153-155. 10.1038/357153a0.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Brown WM, Pranger EG, Wand A, Wilson AC: Mitochondrial DNA sequences of primates: tempo and mode of evolution. J Mol Evol. 2982, 18: 225-239. 10.1007/BF01734101.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Moriyama EN, Powell JR: Synonymous substitution rates in Drosophila: mitochondrial versus nuclear genes. J Mol Evol. 1997, 45: 378-391. 10.1007/PL00006256.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hellberg ME: Sympatric sea shells along the sea's shore: the geography of speciation in the marine gastropod Tegula. Evolution. 1998, 52: 1311-1324.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Sole-Cava AM, Thorpe JP, Kaye JG: Reproductive isolation with little genetic divergence between Urticina (= Tealia) felina and U. eques (Anthozoa: Actinaria). Mar Biol. 1985, 85: 279-284. 10.1007/BF00393248.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Mackenzie JB, Munday PL, Willis BL, Miller DJ, van Oppen MJH: Unexpected patterns of genetic structuring among locations but not colour morphs in Acropora nasuta (Cnidaria; Scleractinia). Mol Ecol. 2004, 13: 9-20. 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.02019.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Baums IB, Miller MW, Hellberg ME: Regionally isolated populations of an imperiled Caribbean coral, Acropora palmata. Mol Ecol. 2005, 14: 1377-1390. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02489.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cairns S: A revision of the shallow-water zooxanthellate Scleractinia of the Western Atlantic. Stud Nat Hist Carib. 2000, 75: 1-240.Google Scholar
- Hellberg ME, Balch DP, Roy K: Climate-driven range expansion and morphological evolution in a marine gastropod. Science. 2001, 292: 1707-1710. 10.1126/science.1060102.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Romano SL, Palumbi SR: Evolution of scleractinian corals inferred from molecular systematics. Science. 1996, 271: 640-642.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Govindarajan AF, Halanych KK, Cunningham CW: Mitochondrial evolution and phylogeography in the hydrozoan Obelia geniculata (Cnidaria). Marine Biology. 2005, 146: 213-222. 10.1007/s00227-004-1434-3.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Hebert PDN, Cywinska A, Ball SL, DeWaard JR: Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proc Roy Soc Lond B. 2003, 270: 313-321. 10.1098/rspb.2002.2218.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Hebert PDN, Ratnasingham S, deWaard JR: Barcoding animal life: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 divergences among closely related species. Proc Roy Soc Lond B. 2003, 270 (Suppl): S96-S99.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Clark-Walker GD: Contrasting mutation rates in mitochondrial and nuclear genes of yeast versus mammals. Curr Genet. 1991, 20: 195-198. 10.1007/BF00326232.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Schröder HC, Efremova SM, Itskovich VB, Belikov S, Masuda Y, Krasko A, Müller IM, Müller WEG: Molecular phylogeny of the freshwater sponges in Lake Baikal. J Zool Syst Evol Res. 2003, 41: 80-86. 10.1046/j.1439-0469.2003.00199.x.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Cho Y, Mower JP, Qiu Y-L, Plamer JD: Mitochondrial substitution rates are extraordinarily elevated and variable in a genus of flowering plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004, 101: 17741-17746. 10.1073/pnas.0408302101.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Palmer JD, Adams KL, Cho Y, Parkinson CL, Qiu Y-L, Song K: Dynamic evolution of plant mitochondrial genomes: mobile genes and introns and highly variable mutation rates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000, 97: 6960-6966. 10.1073/pnas.97.13.6960.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bridge D, Cunningham CW, Schierwater B, DeSalle R, Buss LW: Class-level relationships in the phylum Cnidaria: evidence from mitochondrial genome structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992, 89: 8750-8753.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Medina M, Collins AG, Silberman JD, Sogin ML: Evaluating hypotheses of basal animal phylogeny using complete sequences of large and small subunit rRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001, 98: 9707-9712. 10.1073/pnas.171316998.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cunningham CW, Buss LW: Molecular evidence for multiple episodes of paedomorphosis in the Family Hydractiniidae. Biochem Syst Ecol. 1993, 21: 57-69. 10.1016/0305-1978(93)90009-G.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Cunningham CW, Blackstone NW, Buss LW: Evolution of king crabs from hermit crab ancestors. Nature. 1992, 355: 539-542. 10.1038/355539a0.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cunningham CW, Buss LW, Anderson C: Molecular and geological evidence of shared history between hermit crabs and the symbiotic genus Hydractinia. Evolution. 1991, 45: 1301-1316.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Dawson MN, Hamner WM: Rapid evolutionary radiation of marine zooplankton in peripheral environments. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005, 102: 9235-9240. 10.1073/pnas.0503635102.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Dawson MN, Jacobs DK: Molecular evidence for cryptic species of Aurelia aurita (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa). Biol Bull. 2001, 200: 92-96.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Schroth W, Jarms G, Streit B, Schierwater B: Speciation and phylogeography in the cosmopolitan marine moon jelly, Aurelia sp. BMC Evol Biol. 2002, 2: 1-10.1186/1471-2148-2-1.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Holland BS, Dawson MN, Crow GL, Hofmann DK: Global phylogeography of Cassiopea (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae): molecular evidence for cryptic species and multiple invasions of the Hawaiian Islands. Mar Biol. 2004, 145: 1119-1128. 10.1007/s00227-004-1409-4.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Blair D, Agatsuma T, Watanobe T, Okimoto M, Ito A: Geographical genetic structure within the human lung fluke, Paragonimus westermani, detected from DNA sequences. Parasitology. 1997, 115: 411-417. 10.1017/S0031182097001534.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Martin AP: Substitution rates of organelle and nuclear genes in sharks: implicating metabolic rate (again). Mol Biol Evol. 1999, 16: 996-1002.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Schön I, Martens K: No slave to sex. Proc Roy Soc Lond B. 2003, 270: 827-833.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- van Oppen MJH, Catmull J, McDonald BJ, Hislop NR, Hagerman PJ, Miller DJ: The mitochondrial genome of Acropora tenuis (Cnidaria; Scleractinia) contains a large group I intron and a candidate control region. J Mol Evol. 2000, 55: 1-13. 10.1007/s00239-001-0075-0.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Lang B, Gray MW, Burger G: Mitochondrial genome evolution and the origin of eukaryotes. Ann Rev Genet. 1999, 33: 351-397. 10.1146/annurev.genet.33.1.351.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Eisen JA: A phylogenomic study of the MutS family of proteins. Nuc Acids Res. 1998, 26: 4291-4300. 10.1093/nar/26.18.4291.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Reenan RAG, Kolodner RD: Characterization of insertion mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH1 and MSH2 genes: evidence for separate mitochondrial and nuclear functions. Genetics. 1992, 132: 975-985.PubMed CentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Pont-Kingdon GA, Okada NA, Macfarlane JL, Beagley CT, Wolstenholme DR, Cavalier-Smith T, Clark-Walker GD: A coral mitochondrial mutS gene. Nature. 1995, 375: 109-111. 10.1038/375109b0.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Eisen JA, Hanawalt PC: A phylogenomic study of DNA repair genes, proteins, and processes. Mut Res. 1999, 435: 171-213.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Kujoth GC, Hiona A, Pugh TD, Someya S, Panzer K, Wohlgemuth SE, Hofer T, Seo AY, Sullivan R, Jobling WA, Morrow JD, Van Remmen H, Sedivy JM, Yamasoba T, Tanokura M, Weindruch R, Leeuwenburgh C, Prolla TA: Mitochondrial DNA mutations, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in mammalian aging. Science. 2005, 309: 481-484. 10.1126/science.1112125.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Harman D: The aging process. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1981, 78: 7124-7128.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Trifunovic A, Wredenberg A, Falkenberg M, Spelbrink JN, Rovio AT, Bruder CE, Bohlooly YM, Gidlof S, Oldfors A, Wibom R, Tornell J, Jacobs HT, Larsson NG: Premature ageing in mice expressing defective mitochondrial DNA polymerase. Nature. 2004, 429: 417-423. 10.1038/nature02517.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Balaban RS, Nemoto S, Finkel T: Mitochondria, oxidants, and aging. Cell. 2005, 120: 483-495. 10.1016/j.cell.2005.02.001.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Fadlallah Y: Population dynamics and life history of a solitary coral, Balanophyllia elegans, from central California. Oecologia. 1983, 58: 200-207. 10.1007/BF00399217.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Gerrodette T: Dispersal of the solitary coral Balanophyllia elegans by demersal planular larvae. Ecology. 1981, 62: 611-619.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Hellberg ME, Taylor MS: Genetic analysis of sexual reproduction in the dendrophylliid coral Balanophyllia elegans. Marine Biology. 2002, 141: 629-637. 10.1007/s00227-002-0861-2.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Fenner D, Banks K: Orange cup coral Tubastrea coccinea invades Florida and the Flower Garden Banks, northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Coral Reefs. 2004, 23: 505-507.Google Scholar
- Folmer O, Black M, Hoeh W, Lutz R, Vrijenhoek R: DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol. 1994, 3: 294-299.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M: MEGA3: Integrated software for Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis and sequence alignment. Bioinformatics. 2004, 5: 150-163.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Nei M, Gojobori T: Simple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions. Mol Biol Evol. 1986, 3: 418-426.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hellberg ME, Vacquier VD: Rapid evolution of fertilization selectivity and lysin cDNA sequences in teguline gastropods. Mol Biol Evol. 1999, 16: 839-848.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Knowlton N, Weigt LA, Solórzano LA, Mills DK, Bermingham E: Divergence in proteins, mitochondrial DNA, and reproductive compatibility across the Isthmus of Panama. Science. 1993, 260: 1629-1632.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- McCartney MA, Keller G, Lessios HA: Dispersal barriers in tropical oceans and speciation in Atlantic and eastern Pacific sea urchins of the genus Echinometra. Mol Ecol. 2000, 9: 1391-1400. 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01022.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bermingham E, McCafferty SS, Martin AP: Fish biogeography and molecular clocks: perspectives from the Panamanian Isthmus. Molecular Systemtics of Fishes. Edited by: Kocher TD, Stepien CA. Academic, San Diego, 113-128.
- McGovern TM, Hellberg ME: Cryptic species, cryptic endosymbionts, and geographic variation in chemical defenses in the bryozoan Bugula neritina. Mol Ecol. 2003, 12: 1207-1215. 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01758.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Funk DJ: Molecular systematics of cytochrome oxidase I and 16S from Neochlamisus leaf beetles and the importance of sampling. Mol Biol Evol. 1999, 16: 67-82.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Tarjuelo I, Posada D, Crandall KA, Pascual M, Turon X: Cryptic species of Clavelina (Ascidiacea) in two different habitats: harbours and rocky littoral zones in the northwestern Mediterranean. Mar Biol. 2001, 139: 455-462. 10.1007/s002270100587.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


text:
Spend your evening at Kero Bar where you'll find drinks, appetizers, and live music as well as a daily Happy Hour from 6 - 8pm.
The classic La Cúpula - Lunch Buffet is an exquisite lunch spot for gourmets. The menu is comprised of traditional Peruvian cuisine, as well as Rodizio's Festival (grilled roast beef presented on swords directly to your table).
Enjoy our special Peruvian and international dishes made with the freshest seasonal ingredients - a menu that will satisfy even the most demanding gourmet.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
As a crafty child, particularly drawn to obsessively detailed activities, I could often be found hunkered down at the dining room table going to town with my next patience testing endeavour. My top three = friendship bracelets, fimo beads and worry dolls. My mother not only encouraged my craftiness, she generously provided a full arsenal of supplies and schooled me in the art of keeping organized. I think I spent more time wrapping my flosses onto bobbins and deciding what color order they should be kept in than I did making the dolls themselves. Considering how many dolls I actually made, that's pretty impressive.
A couple of years ago I came across the tattered instruction sheet for these dolls and knew I had to make them again. I figured if I wanted to make them, there might be others who'd like to make them too...
One of the reasons I switched my blog over to the Purl Beehive was to be able to put up projects like this and reach more people. I've always wanted to make how-to projects a bigger part of Inspired Living and this seems like the place to do it!
Today I'm launching a new category called Make It! which will be the place to find craft ideas and their instructions. YEah!!
If you would like to make some worry dolls too, check out the instuctions here.
Have fun and if you make some, send me photos! I'd like to start a flickr group of blog projects one day!


text:
Manage your profile, your listings and your alerts up here.
Zoning allows for variety of uses. Extremely rare service yard of approximatly 3/4 of an acre. Great access to TTC. Can accomodate 53'trailers.
Receive emails from properties you follow when new suites are added to them.
Sign up to keep track of your favourite spaces and revisit them later.
Hi inquirer , to manage your inquiries, favourite spaces, and alerts, sign up for free by choosing a 6 character password below. If you have an account log in.


text:
Welcome to Robins Busy Birds ! FREEBIES.... FREEBIES....FREEBIES.... *** SPECIAL *** *** BUY 10 SCRAPBOOKING EMBELLISHMENTS OR PACKAGES OF TAGS ... GET 1 FREE *** BUY 15 .... GET 2 FREE *** BUY 20 GET 3 FREE *** BUY 25 GET 5 FREE FREE SHIPPING ON ORDERS OVER $50 IN THE USA. EVERYTHING ON EBAY DEPENDS ON POSITIVE FEEDBACK ... THE MORE YOU GIVE THE MORE YOU GET... PLEASE CLICK ON ALL ITEMS SEPARATELY ... WAIT FOR COMBINED TOTALS ... EBAYS SYSTEM DOES NOT SUPPORT COMBINED MULTIPLE DIFFERENT ITEMS UNLESS THE ORDER TOTALS $50. ORDERS UNDER $50 WILL BE MANUALLY COMBINED WITH CORRECT POSTAGE IN THE USA & INTERNATIONALLY. ALL FREE ITEMS WILL BE THE CHOICE OF ROBINS BUSY BIRDS ... YOU WILL LOVE THEM !!!!! Find us on Facebook ... keep up with our latest items and deals ... https://www.facebook.com/pages/Robins-Busy-Birds/96877045781?ref=hl We are the largest online retailer of hand crafted fabric scrapbook embellishments. They are created with acid free cardstock & fabrics of all kinds.....they are PH tested, archival safe, patent pending, and made in the USA ! .....These embellishments are NOT STICKERS ! They are user friendly.....perfect for any project you are creating ..... they can be applied by any method you choose ..... unlike stickers.....you can use these to bring out your most inner creative side and create extremely fantastic pages, cards, tags, bags and more ! Be sure to see the latest creations by all of our Creative Specialists ! All items ship within 24 hours after cleared payments are received. We appreciate 5*****'s rating for our services...... Everything on eBay is based on these ratings..... We appreciate and value all of our customers..... we value our reputation as well as your future business with us. All International will be combined and calculated to your country. Come back often for the newest and best selections of items ! ! ! Combine all items in a single invoice within 3 days of winning to get your FREE shipping over $50...... Thanks for shopping Robins Busy Birds !!!!!
Sign up for our Flamingo Lingo Newsletter....Current Sales and Hot New Items!
General Interest
Robins Busy Birds scrapbooking embellishments
Designed by justonemoreanimation.com Graphics © by Kristmess


text:
New Podcast is up!
Our Christmas podcast is ready! Make sure to check it out!
Part 1 : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-PbNKh-z2zY
Part 2 : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EG0OUIjQP-E
Thanks to everyone participating.
TaskForce wrote:guys can someone upload this in our host ?? for download
Hellpatrol wrote:Tasky, search your Browser Add-ons for "Youtube", there should be some Add-ons there that allow you to download the videos directly from YT. Depends on the browser you use though.
silenthunter183 wrote:EDIT: Ye, ThugS had a lot of fun with my "purrfect inglish" prononcuation and grammars XD
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 1 guest


text:
- 1-1/2 cups vanilla wafer crumbs (about 45 wafers)
- 1/2 cup confectioners' sugar
- 1/3 cup baking cocoa
- 1/3 cup butter, melted
- 3 packages (8 ounces each) cream cheese, softened
- 1 can (14 ounces) sweetened condensed milk
- 2 teaspoons vanilla extract
- 4 eggs, lightly beaten
- 2 cups (12 ounces) semisweet chocolate chips, melted and cooled
- Whipped cream and additional chocolate chips, optional
- Combine all crust ingredients and press onto the bottom and 2-in. up the sides of a 9-in. springform pan; chill.
- For filling, beat the cream cheese, milk and vanilla in a large bowl until smooth. Add eggs; beat on low speed just until combined. Stir in melted chips. Pour into crust. Place pan on a baking sheet.
- Bake at 350° for 60-65 minutes or until center is almost set. Cool on a wire rack for 10 minutes. Carefully run a knife around edge of pan to loosen; cool 1 hour longer. Refrigerate overnight.
- Garnish with whipped cream and chocolate chips if desired. Yield: 12-16 servings.
Reviews for Fudge Truffle Cheesecake
"Great recipe! The only thing I did different was the crust. I used crushed oreos and melted butter. I've made this with great success for years"
"We have made this cheesecake for years, and love it! It is a favorite with us :)"
"This was delicious! I made it as one of many Thanksgiving desserts, and it was the biggest hit. I will definitely make it again."
"The cake is awesome.. thanks for the other comments it helps a lot. I put in total 390g Philadelphia cheese more than in the recipe stays. I add brown sugar in the crust cause I didnt have confectioners sugar. I made it at The Advent Window in Germany and never have any leftovers, germans said that it was "high confectionery" ... the best chocolate cheesecake ever ate!!! mmmh"
"i really liked this cheesecake but it was very rich so if you dont like chocolate dont make it :)"
"Well I made this one for the first time last weekend and it was awesome...
Then I made it again last night for work and did not pay attention to what type of chips I grabbed which were Milk Choc. Chips and I sure hope this turns out good or I will be the laughing stock at work... And to beat that it will be our first Quarterly Recipe Swap...Will let you know how it goes.... Hee! Hee!Anyone tried it this way yet with the Milk Choc. Chips..."


text:
30640 results « previous Page 663 of 1532 next »
Oktibbeha County sheriff deputies are continuing to canvas the countryside for clues surrounding a Sunday shooting at Club Rock that left five people injured. Sheriff Steve Gladney confirmed five shots were fired at the facility's parking lot about 2:30 a.m. Sunday. Five people were injured in the shooting, and their injuries ranged in severity.
This summer, the Columbus Housing Authority will be undergoing a leadership change after the retirement of Earl Weeks, its executive director of more than 13 years.
No arrests have been made in a shooting outside a nightclub near Starkville that left five people wounded.
State legislators formed a second conference committee last week to negotiate minor and technical amendments to Starkville-Oktibbeha County school merger provisions currently moving through the state capitol.
Republicans helped solidify their hold on the U.S. House when GOP legislators in key states drew new congressional maps after the 2010 Census. But was it geography or gerrymandering that gave Republicans an edge in state after state?
Mississippi lawmakers have extended trade-secret protections to universities and community colleges by exempting materials tied to any commercial, scientific or technical research from the state's Open Records Act before the research is published.
Fewer than half of Mississippi's primary care doctors are taking new Medicaid patients, Mississippi State University researchers say.
Mississippi lawmakers must approve dozens of bills in the state's $6 billion budget before a deadline today.
Party loyalty is being tested in one of Mississippi's U.S. House districts as a former Democratic congressman runs in a Republican primary. Gene Taylor says he never asked constituents their political affiliation, and he hopes they'll accept him with a new label.
General Motors discussed two separate fixes for an ignition switch defect in 2005 but canceled both of them without taking action, according to a memo released Sunday by the House subcommittee investigating GM's handling of the defect and a subsequent recall.
Two miles beneath the sea surface where satellites and planes are looking for debris from the missing Malaysian jet, the ocean floor is cold, dark, covered in a squishy muck of dead plankton and -- in a potential break for the search -- mostly flat. The troubling exception is a steep, rocky drop ending in a deep trench.
After weathering a sea of controversy, "Noah" arrived in first place at the weekend box office. Paramount's biblical epic starring Russell Crowe in the titular role opened with $44 million, according to studio estimates Sunday.
Don English, chief investigator with the Columbus Police Department, died Friday morning at Baptist Memorial Hospital-Golden Triangle. He was 58.
Mississippi Democratic Party Chairman Rickey Cole is touring the state in hopes of uniting Mississippians, Democrat and Republicans alike, he said. Cole, a self-confessed "political junkie" who jokes that he was born a Democrat, has served as the party's chairman since 2012.
Earlier this month, Columbus Light and Water entered into a $3.52 million contract with Utility Metering Solutions for that company to install 11,126 water meters throughout the city.
As of Jan. 6, 470 students have taken the WorkKeys assessment through basic manufacturing skills classes with East Mississippi Community College's Workforce Services division.
Mississippi lawmakers are sending Gov. Phil Bryant a bill that would legalize a marijuana oil to be used as medicine under tightly controlled circumstances.
The Miss. House and Senate each named their three-person delegation Thursday for an upcoming Starkville-Oktibbeha County school merger bill conference committee, but the list does not include any local representatives.
Crews searching for victims in the tangled debris field from the Washington mudslide halted their work Saturday for a moment of silence to honor those lost.
« previous Page 663 of 1532 next »
1. Robert Snow, Waverley Mansion renovator, passes away at 91 AREA
2. Deputy shot, suspect dead after car chase COLUMBUS & LOWNDES COUNTY
3. Little: Aldermen 'overreach' in handling officer incident STARKVILLE & OKTIBBEHA COUNTY
4. Perception and reality: Downtown business owners grapple with fallout from shooting COLUMBUS & LOWNDES COUNTY


text:
Owner Financing Homes in 29835, SC
8 Listings Found |
. Owner financing available. $288,091
Mc Cormick, SC, 29835Details »
then this is it. Owner financing is available. $49,000
Lincolnton, GA, 30817Details »
Parking. Current Easy To Show Please Call - Alarm system Is Active. Owner Finance/lease Purchase Available $82,000
Lincolnton, GA, 30817Details »
are looking for a beautiful, affordable waterfront deep water dockable lake lot then this is it. Owner $39,500
Lincolnton, GA, 30817Details »
, a really high portion of the Modoc Shores property owners are experts: physicians, lawyers, business $125,000
Modoc, SC, 29838Details »
. A Thinning Contract is in place, the Remaining Amount Due at Cutting will be Transferred to Purchaser Upon $266,420
Greenwood, SCDetails »
with or without golf membership.The price is $275,000 without golf membership.Will finance at 6% for three $305,000
1867 Champion Cir, Evans, GA, 30809Details »
Property is Broker Owned, and priced well below appraisal. inspired seller. Seller financing $475,000
Calhoun Falls, SC, 29628Details »
RentUntilYouOwn.com is the #1 provider of 29835 Mc Cormick, South Carolina owner financing homes listings.
Our goal is to offer the highest quality results, along with helpful 29835 Mc Cormick resources and support. We understand that finding genuine owner financing homes in 29835 Mc Cormick can be very difficult. Even more challenging is trying to search Mc Cormick, SC listings for free.
After discovering how difficult it was for 29835 Mc Cormick buyers and sellers searching online, RentUntilYouOwn.com has become dedicated to providing users with the most current, accurate, and detailed listings in 29835 Mc Cormick, South Carolina.
If you have any questions or suggestions for improving our site, please contact us here.
Trouble Finding Local Owner Financing Homes Listings?
If the initial results in 29835 Mc Cormick, South Carolina did not provide any listings of interest, or you just want more selections, click any of the blue tabs just above the search results for more.
Thanks for visiting and good luck!


text:
Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byCasandra Syme Modified about 1 year ago
Federalism The division of power between the National and State levels of government NATIONAL GOVERNMENT STATE GOVERNMENT STATE CHARTERS
In a Federal System: there are at least two levels of government that can make decisions independent of each other the levels of government have a protected right to exist United States, Canada, Australia, India, Germany, and Switzerland
In a Federal System: The sub national (state) governments exist partly by Constitution by habits, preferences, and dispositions of citizens Actual distribution of political power in society
Federalism The single most cause of distention between states and national government Usual argument is whether the national government has the right to impose rule on the states or if the states should decide
Other Types of Government Unitary- One level of government with local branches that may be altered or abolished such as Great Britain, Japan, Italy, and France
Federalism Since the 104 th Congress it has been the national goal to shift responsibility back to states. Known as Devolution Today called devolution revolution
Woodrow Wilson "the cardinal question of our Constitutional system" is the continuously changing relationship of the national and state governments. Today- The states are to take on more of the domestic government in the devolution revolution- do Americans want this?
State Run Programs Federal funds and regulations with state implementation occurs in these areas: Welfare programs Interstate highway system Urban renewal programs Employment and unemployment agencies Water and air programs National guard
Federalism: good or bad? Laski: Federalism impedes progress of the nation for sectionalism Riker: Federalism perpetuates racism Elazar: Federalism allows for growth and change and gives flexibility to the system Book: federalism allows individuals to take part and have ownership
The Founders A Federal republic with both national and state having separate and independent powers. Both equal in power Never before done- no clear plan 10 th amendment gives power to the states but is not clear Constitution article 1 section 10 only states what the states cannot do.
Founders 10 th amendment gives power to the states but is not clear Constitution; Article 1, section 10 only states what the states cannot do.
The Elastic Clause Interstate commerce was a provision of the national government. Defining what was interstate and intrastate commerce was not possible The elastic clause- that Congress could make all laws necessary and proper to carry out their given duties is known as the necessary and proper clause.
Nullification Madison and Jefferson first introduced the doctrine of nullification in response to the alien and sedition acts. John C. Calhoun used their arguments to oppose a tariff and later attempts to restrict slavery. Doctrine of nullification used by the South to secede
DUEL FEDERALISM National government supreme in it's area States supreme in their areas The two should not mix. Supreme Court could not decide on commerce question
State Sovereignty U.S. V. Lopez- Congress went to far in banning guns in school zones U.S. v. Morrison- the 1994 Violence against women Act is unconstitutional.-local issue Printz v. U.S.- Federal government cannot require the states to carry out their regulatory program
State Sovereignty Alden v. Maine- state employees cannot sue to require states to follow federal fair-labor laws Fed. Maritime Commission v. S. C. Port Authority- expanded state immunity to lawsuits
State Sovereignty Initiative- voters demand through petition for an issue to be placed on the ballot and voted on by the general public. Referendum- the legislature places the issue before the public for them to decide Recall- voters remove an elected official by asking for a new election
Federal-state relations Grant-in-aid Land grants For college Canals and roads Flood control projects Cash grants- intergovernmental lobby Federal money State run programs
Appeal of Grant –in -aid Surplus money 16 th amendment income tax Government controlled money supply Politics- state governors could denounce federal spending while using federal funds. All states get funding for the same things Ex: homeland security equipment
Categorical grants Federal aid for a specific purpose Shift is to revenue sharing and block grants Revenue sharing- both fed and state put up percentages of the cost of a project
Block grants Block Grants: several categorical grant programs in one grant with fewer restrictions More state power and control Few are given
Grants in Aid Terms are set by the national government for the use of their fund called conditions of aid The Fed. Government also has mandates Conditions states must follow even if they do not get or use the grant money Read and understand the section on mandates and conditions of aid.
Devolution Block Grant Money from the National government to the states Used for certain programs Used by state discretion Broad Federal guidelines set by Congress or Federal Agencies
Similar presentations
© 2017 SlidePlayer.com Inc.
All rights reserved.


text:
Mana Technology
Adderss : Gajalakshmi Estates, 3 rd Floor, Beside HDFC Bank, Opp. S.r.Nagar Bus Stop,,,,500038,,
Usha It Consultancy Private Limited
Adderss : No. 20, Trimulgherry,,,500015,,
it Funda
Adderss : Shop No 13, SVH Plaza, Miyapur,,,500049,,
Simphoenix Technologies
Adderss : No.48, Jai Durga Layout, No.4, Besa road Somalwada,,,440037,,
IMatrix Solutions
Adderss : 9-118, 1st Floor, Beside reliance Fresh, Sai Baba Temple Lane, Dilsukhnagar,,,500060,,
Crystalline Noble
Adderss : 15-177B, First Street, Christober Nager Extension, Peruvilai Post, Nagercoil -3,,,629003,,
Value Innovation
Adderss : Kukatpally,,,500001,,
Copyright 2016 Skyeeplus.com
seo powered by: Top SEO Provider


text:
P0720 - OBD II Trouble Code
Our automotive experts have put together the following
information about the P0720 diagnostic trouble code. We've provided the common
symptoms that occur when this code is set along with the frequent repairs that
address the issues related to the P0720 code.
OBD II Fault Code
Fault Code Definition
- Output Speed Sensor Circuit Malfunction
What does this mean?
When the code P0720 is set in the Powertrain Computer, it means that the Powertrain Computer or PCM is not seeing a rational speed signal from the Output Sensor or, there is a greater than specified RPM difference between the rotational speed of the Input RPM Sensor and the Transmission Output Speed RPM Sensor. This can occur during shifting or when driving at steady speeds in the same gear. It often implies that the transmission is slipping.
Want to Learn More?
The purpose of the automatic transmission is to match the engine's optimum power and torque characteristics to the driver's desired rate of acceleration and speed by auto-selecting different gear ratios or 'speeds' to power the wheels.
The purpose of the automatic transmission is to match the engine's optimum power and torque characteristics to the driver's desired rate of acceleration and speed by auto-selecting different gear ratios or 'speeds' to power the wheels.
- Check Engine Light will illuminate
- Vehicle will not shift properly
- Decrease in fuel economy
- In unusual cases, there are no adverse conditions noticed by the driver
- In some cases, there may be performance problems, such as dying when coming to a stop after driving on the freeway and/or misfire-like symptoms
Common Problems That Trigger the P0720 Code
- Defective Output Speed Sensor
- Defective Shift Solenoids
- Defective Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor
- Defective Valve Body
- Dirty transmission fluid that restricts the hydraulic passages
- Defective Output Speed Sensor wiring or connector
Common Misdiagnoses
- Engine Misfire problem
- Internal Transmission problem
- Driveline problem
Polluting Gases Expelled
- HCs (Hydrocarbons): Unburned droplets of raw fuel that smell, affect breathing, and contribute to smog
- CO (Carbon Monoxide): Partially burned fuel that is an odorless and deadly poisonous gas
- NOX (Oxides of Nitrogen): One of the two ingredients that, when exposed to sunlight, cause smog
P0720 Diagnostic Theory for Shops and Technicians
When diagnosing a P0720 code, it is important to record the freeze frame information and then to duplicate the code setting conditions with a test drive. Pay close attention to the Output Speed Sensor vs engine load, throttle position, RPM, and road speed because a P0720 can be difficult to detect. If the signal is erratic or the values don't seem to make sense, then you may have verified the problem.


text:
As a front end developer, I've been lucky enough to work with a few excellent companies including Mediabrix, Small Earth Group, Ten Twenty Five, and KBS+. I have a dual background in Design and Advertising, so I understand the visual mechanics as well as the coding that brings web applications together.
My core expertise in building applications comes from embracing both the print and the digital perspective, which enables me to create compelling designs as well as clean code. With that said, I am constantly looking to expand my skills by educating myself when it comes to the ever-changing industry and standards.
I currently claim residence in Manhattan and available for freelance work.


text:
Ive been having problems with the ol clay pipe everybody loves so much.Ive used the rotor rooter but that only lasted for three days of flow,now Im backed up again.I bought a drain cleaning bladder to force the water through,havent tried it yet ,do u think its time I dig it up and replace the pipes
No announcement yet.
backed up sewer line
Re: backed up sewer line
You need to call a local company and have them camera the line.
Then they can give you options of what should be done. Might be able to clean and treat your line for many more years use with some maintenance.
Or it might be time to replace the line altogether.
I would get someone local that's recommended. Not a national chain in my opinion.
Re: backed up sewer line
If a "a drain cleaning bladder" works for now, GREAT!
but no matter what the problem is, a bladder is ONLY temporary relief.
If it's roots they will continue to grow, and using a bladder will only allow those roots to totally infest your line and possibly even collapse it over time.
Follow JC's advice, and have someone camera this line so you will know for sure what's going on. I would also add, make sure you attend the entire inspection. Some Co's have been known to show the home owner a tape of someone else's messed line to convince them they need to dig.INSIGHT PIPE is now Maine Drain Serving most of ME with no charge for travel! 207-431-6232 is nolonger a working # our NEW # is 207-355-1476
Sewer main snaking (roto rooting). Sink clogs. Sewer backup. Pipe inspection/locating. No Dig trenchless repair. Root clog removal.We are NOT to replace your local Plumber, as we do not do plumbing. WE ARE YOUR DRAIN CLEANING EXPERTS!!! www.sewermaine.com waterville winslow bangor augusta skowhegan fairfield pittsfield oakland


text:
Etronix ES030 Analog Standard Servo. This standard size servo is perfect for car, boat or aircraft applications.
Spec Check:
Royal mail at £3.50, or Express at £6.95.
Full details at checkout.
Some items cannot be sent via Royal Mail due to their restrictions.
To see shipping costs simply add the item to your basket and choose your country from the drop down list on the view cart page.
Use this form to ask us a quick one sentence question about this specific product. For more in depth queries, please feel free to email or call us.
Our system will drop you an automated e-mail as soon as this product comes back into stock.


text:
South Korean shipyards exited the business of making cranes a decade ago because of stiff compeitition from Chinese makers.
Trucking industry executives visited the White House Thursday afternoon to talk about issues that affect their businesses.
Negotiations between the United States and European Union on the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership free trade agreement may still be on the table despite assumptions to the contrary, according to a report from Agence France-Presse.
Registration takes less than 1 minute.
The United States Maritime Alliance, the employer group that negotiates the master contract with the International Longshoremen's Association, called the ILA's planned work stoppage threat "disturbing."
Federal Maritime Commissioner William P. Doyle said SM Line plans on launching a transpacific service and eight intra-Asia services.
Danish shipping company Maersk Line and Chinese e-commerce marketplace Alibaba teamed up to provide sellers direct bookings with the container line, marking another development in the rapidly changing ocean freight procurement space.


text:
Use of thromboelastography in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia: 39 cases (2000–2008)
Abstract Objective–To analyze thromboelastograms (TEGs) of naturally occurring cases of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) in order to identify whether a hypercoagulable state was present and whether its presence was associated with differences in survival. Design–
Retrospective study spanning January 2000 to June 2008. Medical records of dogs were evaluated. Endpoints were considered death or discharge from the hospital. Setting–
Academic teaching hospital. Animals–
Thirty-nine dogs with a diagnosis of IMHA and at least one TEG performed during hospitalization were included. Interventions–
None. Measurements and Main Results–
Four values were evaluated from the TEG: the R time (R), K time (K), alpha angle (α), and maximum amplitude. From these values, a coagulation index (CI) was calculated to classify patients as normocoagulable, hypercoagulable, or hypocoagulable. Thirty-three of 39 patients were hypercoagulable based on the CI. The 6 remaining dogs were normocoagulable. The patients with a normocoagulable CI had an increased mortality rate (100%) when compared with the hypercoagulable patients using Fisher's exact test (P=0.02). Additionally, prolongation of partial thromboplastin time did not preclude hypercoagulable TEG values. Conclusions–
The majority of dogs with IMHA were hypercoagulable as measured by TEG. A normal CI was associated with a worse outcome in this patient population. TEG may provide additional and complementary information to prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time relating to coagulation status in dogs with IMHA and may help predict prognosis and potentially guide clinical decisions to utilize anticoagulant drugs.
Keywords: coagulation; hemostasis; thromboembolism
Document Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00455.x
Affiliations: Department of Emergency and Critical Care, The University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
Publication date: 2009-10-01


text:
Married my best friend who still makes me laugh every single day:Went on a couple more trips.
It's Been Four Years...
This day, four years ago I graduated from college.....well I walked across the stage in a cap and gown.
Those four years of late nights, long classes, projects, speeches and the occasional drama flew by. But the four years following college just might have flown by faster.
I heard recently that "the days seem long, but the years fly by" I'm sure it's an old quote that I only heard recently, but it is so true.
In those four years since graduating I have.....
Watched my boyfriend graduate from college only to find my name in the graduation program and find out that due to some "late paperwork" I also officially graduated that day, one year after my walk across the stage. Weird.
I started my first job, working at the university I graduated from.
After several months I left that job and I moved onto a start-up company that my dad advised against but I chanced it. I shouldn't have. Those are months I will never get back.
Despite my D's in math all through high school and college I worked at a bank.
Thank God for computers that do everything for us.
I went back to work at the university I graduated from and have enjoyed every moment.
It was there that I got my first "big girl" desk:
Went on my first business trip and also my first time to visit Washington D.C.
Started a blog and made some amazing friendships. Some of my closest ones today.
Became an aunt to the most adorable little boy:
Married my best friend who still makes me laugh every single day:Went on a couple more trips.
Married my best friend who still makes me laugh every single day:Went on a couple more trips.
Bought a house.
And made many other memories both big and small.
It's been a good four years since college. However I'm still waiting to feel like an "adult." Maybe I always will be?
Luke and I on my graduation astonished that I finished on time after changing my major seven times. Little did we know.....
20 comments:
Look what you have accomplished in four years!!!
free classified india
Thank you for leaving a comment. I try my best to respond to all comments but don't always succeed. I do love reading each and every comment though!
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)


text:
A few mothers who have recently come into the Good Shepherd's food bank in Hamilton, Ont., looking for baby formula have been leaving empty-handed.
"It's quite stressful," said manager Christina Ferguson. "If you send the mother away without the proper food, we're actually saying to them, 'You're going to go home and your child may starve'."
The southern Ontario food bank, which helped over 40,000 people last year, is not alone.
In the past year, more than a third of the 1,300 food banks surveyed by Food Banks Canada cut the amount of sustenance doled out to the country's most needy because their supplies fell short.
Feed Nova Scotia says the province saw a fairly steady flow of donations, but was hard hit during the cold winter months, particularly in March.
"It can also be a month when you have more people are at your door because they're trying to stretch their dollars to include heat and other things," said Dianne Swinemar, executive director of Feed Nova Scotia.
Feeling the squeeze
Food banks across the country struggled with insufficient donations, plus the added crunch of high demand that's continued unabated since the 2008 recession.
One in 10 ran out of food at some point, according to the recently published report.
"There's a number of ways that they're trying to manage that increased load," said Katharine Schmidt, executive director of Food Banks Canada.
A number of food banks surveyed bought more food than usual to try to keep up, while a few dealt with the crunch by contacting other food banks for help. A small portion — about one in 20 — turned people away.
Some say fewer donations from food manufacturers, typically large suppliers of fresh and canned goods, is putting a dent in their stocks.
The food industry often donates cast-offs, such as excess stock or salvaged food that is safe to eat but unsuitable for sale due to errors in the labelling process.
However, the food industry is currently feeling heightened pressure to squeeze out more profit and improve operational efficiency due to increasing competition, said Joanne Santucci, executive director at Hamilton Food Share.
Santucci said that affects the amount of food donations her organization gets.
"It seems to be, whatever they can get, rather than lose it totally, some of that stuff now goes into liquidation when it used to go to the food bank," said Santucci.
Individual donors — another key source of funds and food — also gave less in recent months, affected by the same economic realities as corporations, some food banks say.
"Some people who used to donate to us are not," said Ferguson. "So if our clients are being affected by the higher bills, so are people who would to donate to us."
Thinking of others
Meanwhile, the need for food banks across Canada remains 23 per cent higher than before the recession of 2008, which equals an increase of 157,000 people, said the food banks report.
Alta. | 29% |
Sask. | 25% |
Man. | 50% |
Ont. | 45% |
Que. | 31% |
Source: Food Banks Canada 2013 report |
But this past year, Calgary stood out as an anomaly.Among the hardest hit provinces in the past years has been Alberta and Manitoba, which saw their need increase by nearly 50 per cent. Those rises in demand have left food banks scrambling to cope.
Food banks there say they received more donations than usual from both individuals and corporations thanks to an outpouring after the June 20 flood devastated the city and surrounding communities.
"When the flood came, a lot more people focused on Calgary," said James McAra, CEO of Calgary Food Bank.
Since the food bank already had a distribution structure in place, they became the go-to place for corporate donations to help those left homeless by the flood. It also helped bring in donations in the months that followed.
Making donors take notice is extremely important for food banks as only a few receive government funding. Most rely entirely on donations.
The holiday season typically brings an upsurge in donations across the country as Canadians open their wallets.
"This time of year is the time you think about other people," said Swinemar.
But Swinemar and many others worry most about the hard winter that follows.
"The challenge is after Christmas," said Swinemar.
Richard Matern wrote this feature as part of his global journalism fellowship at the University of Toronto's Munk School of Global Affairs. He works at Toronto's Daily Bread Food Bank as the senior manager of research. The views in this article do not represent those of Daily Bread Food Bank.
To encourage thoughtful and respectful conversations, first and last names will appear with each submission to CBC/Radio-Canada's online communities (except in children and youth-oriented communities). Pseudonyms will no longer be permitted.
By submitting a comment, you accept that CBC has the right to reproduce and publish that comment in whole or in part, in any manner CBC chooses. Please note that CBC does not endorse the opinions expressed in comments. Comments on this story are moderated according to our Submission Guidelines. Comments are welcome while open. We reserve the right to close comments at any time.
Note: The CBC does not necessarily endorse any of the views posted. By submitting your comments, you acknowledge that CBC has the right to reproduce, broadcast and publicize those comments or any part thereof in any manner whatsoever. Please note that comments are moderated and published according to our submission guidelines.


text:
Johnny Depp isn't the only member of the Black Mass cast enjoying the food in Boston.
Sherlock star Benedict Cumberbatch headed to Boston s Italian neighborhood, the North End, on Saturday, where he ate his first-ever cannoli.
Cumberbatch, along with his Black Mass costars including Joel Edgerton and Breaking Bad star Jesse Plemmons, headed to the popular Modern Pastry for coffee and cannolis after dinner on Saturday evening. For his first foray into the Modern s specialty, Cumberbatch chose a plain ricotta cannoli.
Earlier on Saturday, Benedict and friends dined family-style at Carmelina's on Hanover Street, where they feasted on meatballs, exploding clams, asparagus baked with quail egg and shaved parmesan and black garlic beef.
"He's a great guy," said Carmelina's owner/chef Damien DiPaola, who has a small role in the film. "He's a gentleman. He was so happy to be in the North End. He loved the atmosphere."
DiPaola said that the movie stars weren't stingy with the staff at Carmelina's, either.
RELATED: Who Once Punched a Journalist (in the Arm) to Defend Keira Knightley?
"They were excellent tippers," said DiPaola. "The staff was very happy."
Cumberbatch has been keeping a pretty low profile in his off-hours while filming Black Mass, in which he stars as Billy Bulger, the brother of infamous Boston gangster Whitey Bulger. Last week, he was spotted hanging at the bar at Sonsie Cafe and chatting with the film's crew between takes outside the Harvard Club.


text:
I know that there are lots of viruses and crap going around, but I've been getting an average of 5 junk e-mails an hour for the last week or so... Is this because of one of those viruses that gathers e-mails from people's computers has gotten my e-mail, and screwed me over or what? I'm also getting tons of "mail undeliverable" e-mails because so many junk e-mails are being spoofed with my address... IT PISSES ME OFF And do you know who is behind all of this? MICROSOFT!!! Those f*cking bastards can't even write decent software to save their pocketbooks (much less their lives), and now I'm having to SUFFER because of THEIR MISTAKES!!! Isn't there an FCC regulation somewhere saying something about harmful interference? Well, I'm getting tons of 'interference' in my inbox, and it's pissing me off. Anybody want to start a lawsuit against microsux because they allowed information about me on other people's computers to be exploited in creating and receiving junk e-mail? I'm serious. This is ridiculous. I really hope this comes around to bite microsoft in the ass. But they're probably going to lock up the people who created the viruses, and allow microsoft to continue making crappy software... I mean really, if a car company screws up and their cars run off the road and hurt other people, they get in trouble. So, why is microsoft allowed to make products that harm people that don't even own microsoft products? And I would use Mail's junk mail filter to automatically delete stuff, but I don't trust it, because it might delete something important... Stupid billy gates. WHY THE HELL DON'T YOU FIX YOUR SOFTWARE AND STOP MAKING SO MUCH MONEY!!!
Yes, its microsoft's fault that you recieve junk mail Give me a break, lol. You probubly gave it out to a website.
Wow. I can't believe you are trying to blame Bill Gates personally for all your junk mail! Stop putting your e-mail address into all those free p0rn in your mailbox things and you might not get as much j/k. But seriously, there must be a reason you are getting it. Like some where you have registered at is distributing your address, bots finding you address on the web, there are any number of reasons.
uh, no, he's right. spam has increased a great deal since the worm attacks, for just about everyone. mine has been increasing every day since then. it's out of control now. i'd imagine within a couple of months, a lot of email server software will just start failing because it can't handle the inundation. i would suggest something has to be done soon. i can't even imagine dealing with my email if i didn't have Mail's junk filter-- neither my ISP's nor any other reduces more than about 5%. Mail does about 98%. pnw
well, I don't think he's talking about junk mail perse -- but the virus emails. I personally got over 1000 emails in a 24hour period due to that virus. arn
Best thing to do then is Find out who they are coming from and tell them they are infected. That will stop them.
Are you kidding? The virus sends emails to and from everyone... you can't easily tell who's infected. I get hundreds of emails telling me that I have the virus, because the virus-software that screens just looks at the return address. (I don't have the virus). The virus spoofs everyone's address. arn
Re: What is up with all the junk mail!!! this is just a hare paranoid. you can have it delete junk mail a week, month whatever after it filters it out... i just scan through my junk mail once every couple of weeks... i spent a few weeks training it, and it gets hundreds of messages a week, but has only taken normal messages about twice... usually the only normal messages it will take are commercial ones, like Paypal notifications or something... you could set up a rule to avoid this if you noticed it being a problem. Mail's filter is easily the most powerful and best one i've seen, use it for god's sake!!! pnw
I agree that junk mail has increased, but I don't see how you can go nutz @ Bill because of it. There are people in this world that hate him & his company so much that no matter what they do they will always find a loop hole to exploit. I'm sure if anyone could be bothered (which thank god they can't) then they could write sumthin that spread via OS X and it's address book. Yes spam is annoying, yes there is getting more of it. Is it Bill Gates (and so Microsofts) fault. IMO no.
what's more appalling, though? people who can't stop all these attacks or the people making them? i suspect that a massive factor in the reason that MS has so much trouble with this is that literally everyone trying to hack security is trying to hack theirs. i blame the people that write these thing. spam mailing is illegal, even if it's easy to do, and virus-writing and distribution is one of the most capital forms of theft in the world. we should spend more resources catching these criminals, and the latter should do serious, serious jail time. the kind of jail time that ruins their lives as completely as they ruin billions of people's days/weeks.
same here, but I think apple would still do much better if the tables turned. But I haven't recieved a single junk mail email. Only like 4 people know this email address though. Started it the day b4 yesterday or something. scem0
Neither I. But my university account (which is listed on some webistes) went haywire and kept sending out viruses. So much for an invincible Sun system.
I get around 4 pieces of junkmail every day to all 3 of my email accounts. Its all crap that can't be filtered. I set up a hotmail account that filters out any email with "*****" or "Viagra" in the Subject line because.........well......... I have no need for it. It works, but now they're sending me "vrtypenis eeenlargement...." emails where everything is spelt wrong.
I've given out my e-mail on many websites, but only in the last weeks, that I've been at school, have I started to get lots of e-mail. And there are viruses that are responsible for the majority of it...
Re: What is up with all the junk mail!!! I get those all the time..one time i even got about 90 or so paypal scam emails that were spoofed from my email address!
I'm just amazed that even today I got at least half a dozen virus emails.....that they're still out there is scary. And what ever happened to the next one, thought there was all this concern over what we might see after SoBig was over.... D
another party to blame not defending them, but.... MS has patched their buggy s/w to stop these worms. Symantec et. al. have scripts that clean previously infected files. so let's blame the lame-o PC users who don't know enough to run 'Windows Update' periodically -- and especially when worm/virus news hits the airwaves -- or virus-scan their hard drives.
I've got an interesting worm story for you all. As some of you know I'm in charge of the macs in our little campus newspaper. Well this year we fired it all up and now our laser printer won't work. Well, it works fine when we disconnect our switch from the rest of the dorms (our office is in a dorm suite) but once we hook up the printer freezes when we try to print. I asked IT and, as usual, they shrugged. They blame it on a worm going through campus. Can this really happen? I'm completely frutrated because this weekend is when we're putting together the paper and have to disconnect and reconnect to the internet just to print! Its an HP LaserJet 4050N, no we can't get it on our Xserve's print server. And even if we had a serial plug to attach it directly to our old PowerMac 7300, it would take hours to send the layout through. Any suggestions?
just a shot in the dark, but is there some kind of firewall that you use when you have the internet hooked up that you take off when you turn the internet off to print? it sounds like you may be having some sort of addressing issue when the internet is connected... maybe a DHCP issue? i dunno, i have very little LAN experience.
Ack! The DHCP server is the bane of my mac-existance on my campus. Its always given mac folk problems by not giving us IP addresses on boot (I have to go in and fiddle with network preferences to get one). However, this has been a problem for a while and it never gave us any problems. The network is on a firewall out to the internet but again, shouldn't be a problem for us. Another interesting point: the activity lights on the switch are flickering like there is constant data being sent to all the ports on it. It wasn't the case last year, it only flickered when you were actually sending data through (like browsing the internet and not just sitting idle).
What I'm thinking... Is maybe when you're connected to the network, a DHCP server somewhere else is taking over, and giving your printer a different IP address, and when you disconnect it, the local network handles it automatically, and it works fine... That's about the only problem I can think of, but of course, I'm not a network specialist...


text:
Wednesday, September 27, 2006
Lavender Hearts.
OK- Sorry to mention the 'C' word, but Christmas is coming....I have been having a 'play' with some lavender filled vintage fabric hearts, with Christmas in mind.
I have stitched lots of vintage bits and bobs onto one side of the heart and surrounded it with antique lace. I was thinking that it could be used after Christmas too- hung in the boudoir to scent the room! I would have liked to have put them on my website, but the cost of all the little vintage piece, would perhaps mean the price would be too high for most people's pockets. I may have to tone down the amount of pieces stitched on!
There is a chandelier drop stitched to the bottom...so maybe it is a bit over the top for most peoples taste anyway. Lace and a drop may be enough?!! I do like the Victorian quality that it has though....I shall have another go anyway.......
14 comments:
Hi Niki,
I love these romantic victorian hearts. I love what you did with the crystal drop. I'm sure you'll sell them very fast. I made one last year that is tea stained and pinned on old brooches but I never sewed anything on it.I think it's stored away with the xmas stuff. I'll have to dig it up sometime. Beautiful work Niki.
AnnabelleI really love what you did with the heart you made. Anyone who realises how much went into the finding of the things and the making of it, will accept the price will not be cheap. I am sure you will get some buyers for them, if you put them on your site. Try it what have you got to loose.
ReplyDeleteOh Niki they are lovely and don't be sorry for spelling out the C word, you know I did too cause time is flying fast!
Yes I guess you're right, I for one think the glass drop is a bit to big in the proportions to the heart if you know what I try to say with my not so perfect English skills. I think lace and some gorgeous buttons of flowers in the middle line would be enough! Just my opinion, well all tastes are different, at least a bit and that is what makes it interesting.
Have I told you that I also love lavender and fabric hearts anyhow?
Carol xox