text:
Family law |
Entering into marriage |
Marriage |
Common-law marriage |
Dissolution of marriage |
Annulment |
Divorce |
Alimony |
Issues affecting children |
Illegitimacy |
Adoption |
Child support |
Foster care |
Areas of possible legal concern |
Domestic violence |
Child abuse |
Adultery |
Polygamy |
Incest |
Marriage is a universal human institution which has formed the foundation of the family throughout history. While the traditions surrounding marriage ceremonies, the rights and obligations of marriage, the way of choosing one's marriage partner, and even who one is permitted to marry may differ from culture to culture, the essential necessity of marriage has long been recognized economically, legally, spiritually, and socially as the primary social institution for raising children. It is widely recognized that marriage provides the proper setting for cultivating love between a man and a woman, and for the fulfillment of both.
Challenges to the institution of marriage in the twentieth century, although significant and with some limited validity, nonetheless failed to provide a viable alternative. Marriage is the prerequisite for building a family, and the family is the fundamental unit of human society. The future of human society appears to depend more on efforts to understand how to build healthy marriages than on promoting alternatives.
Marriage is usually understood as a relationship of mutual emotional support, merged economics, a mutually advantageous division of labor, procreation, and successful rearing of children. As anthropologist James Q. Wilson said, "In virtually every society, the family is defined by marriage; that is, by a publicly announced contract that makes legitimate the sexual union of a man and a woman" (Wilson 1993, 158) For these reasons, marriage is predominantly seen as being between one man and one woman. Most of the world's population lives in societies where marriages are overwhelmingly heterosexual and monogamous.
Religions in general endorse heterosexual and monogamous marriages. In the Christian tradition, a "one man one woman" model for the Christian marriage was advocated by Saint Augustine with his influential letter, "The Good of Marriage." In 534 C.E. Roman Emperor Justinian I criminalized all but monogamous man/woman sex within the confines of marriage. The Justinian Code was the basis of European law for 1,000 years. Christianity has continued to insist on monogamy as essential to marriage.
Globally, most existing societies have embraced heterosexual monogamy as the norm for marriage. However, most societies have at least some history of allowing polygamy, and some still do. Polygamy has usually been limited to polygyny—multiple wives—as opposed to polyandry—multiple husbands. The prevalence of polygyny can probably be explained by the need to ensure many offspring.
In modern times, the term "marriage" is generally reserved for a union that is formally recognized by the state. The phrase "legally married" can be used to emphasize this point. In most cases, receiving state recognition of a marriage involves obtaining a marriage license and is subject to certain laws.
In many societies, official approval for marriage may be given by either a religious or civil body. Sociologists thus distinguish between a "marriage ceremony" conducted under the auspices of a religion and a state-authorized "civil marriage."
In Europe the churches were traditionally responsible for make marriages official by registering them. Hence, it was a significant step towards a clear separation of church and state, and also an intended and effective weakening of the Christian churches' role in Germany, when Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced the Zivilehe (civil marriage) in 1875. This law made the declaration of the marriage before an official clerk of the civil administration (both spouses affirming their will to marry) the procedure to make a marriage legally valid and effective, and it reduced the clerical marriage to a mere private ceremony.
Civil marriages may be permitted in circumstances which are not allowed by many religions, such as same-sex marriages or civil unions. Marriage may also be created by the operation of the law alone as in common-law marriage, which is a judicial recognition that two people living as domestic partners are entitled to the effects of marriage. Conversely, there are examples of people who have a religious ceremony that is not recognized by the civil authorities. Examples include widows who stand to lose a pension if they remarry and so undergo a marriage in the eyes of God, homosexual couples, some sects of Mormonism which recognize polygamy, retired couples who would lose pension benefits if legally married, Muslim men who wish to engage in polygamy that is condoned in some situations under Islam, and immigrants who do not wish to alert the immigration authorities that they are married either to a spouse they are leaving behind or because the complexity of immigration laws may make it difficult for spouses to visit on a tourist visa.
The ceremony in which a marriage is enacted and announced to the community is called a wedding. A wedding in which a couple marries in the "eyes of the law" is called a civil marriage. Religions also facilitate weddings, in the "eyes of God." In many European and some Latin American countries, when someone chooses a religious ceremony, they must hold that ceremony separate from the civil ceremony. Certain countries, like Belgium and the Netherlands even legally demand that the civil marriage has to take place before any religious marriage. In some countries, notably the United States, the United Kingdom, the Ireland, and Spain, both ceremonies can be held together; the officiant at the religious and community ceremony also serves as an agent of the state to enact the civil marriage. This does not mean that the state is "recognizing" religious marriages, just that the "civil" ceremony takes place at the same time as the religious ceremony. Often this involves simply signing a register during the religious ceremony. If that civil element of the full ceremony is left out for any reason, in the eyes of the law, no marriage took place, irrespective of the holding of the religious ceremony.
In many jurisdictions, the civil marriage ceremony may take place during the religious marriage ceremony, although they are theoretically distinct. In most American states, the marriage may be officiated by a priest, minister, or religious authority, and, in such a case, the religious authority acts simultaneously as an agent of the state. In some countries, such as France, Germany and Russia, it is necessary to be married by the state before having a religious ceremony.
Some countries, such as Australia, permit marriages to be held in private and at any location. Others, including England, require that the civil ceremony be conducted in a place specially sanctioned by law (i.e. a church or registry office), and be open to the public. An exception can be made in the case of marriage by special emergency license, which is normally granted only when one of the parties is terminally ill. Rules about where and when persons can marry vary from place to place. Some regulations require that one of the parties reside in the locality of the registry office.
The way in which a marriage ceremony is enacted has changed over time, as has the institution of marriage itself. In Europe during the Middle Ages, marriage was enacted by the couple promising verbally to each other that they would be married to each other; the presence of a priest or other witnesses was not required if circumstances prevented it. This promise was known as the "verbum." As part of the Reformation, the role of recording marriages and setting the rules for marriage passed to the state. By the 1600s, many of the Protestant European countries had heavy state involvement in marriage.
Many societies provide for the termination of marriage through divorce. Marriages can also be annulled, or cancelled, which is a legal proceeding that establishes that a marriage was invalid from its beginning.
Typically, marriage is the institution through which people join their lives together in emotional and economic ways through forming a household. It often confers rights and obligations with respect to raising children, holding property, sexual behavior, kinship ties, tribal membership, relationship to society, inheritance, emotional intimacy, and love.
Traditionally, marriage has been a prerequisite for starting a family, which then serves as the building block of a community and society. Thus, marriage not only serves the interests of the two individuals, but also the interests of their children and the society of which they are a part.
In most of the world's major religions, marriage is traditionally a prerequisite for sexual intercourse. Unmarried people are not supposed to have a sexual relationship, which is then called fornication and is socially discouraged or even criminalized. Sexual relations with a married person other than one's spouse, called adultery, is even less acceptable and has also often been considered a crime. This is especially true in the case of a person who is a representative of the government (such as a president, prime minister, political representative, school teacher, or military officer).
Marriage may also carry the following rights and obligations, although no society has all, and none are universal:
Many religions have extensive teachings regarding marriage. In the Christian tradition, marriage is to be a union of mutual love and support. God created the institution of marriage when He gave the first woman to the first man. Marriage can only be the union of one man and one woman. The Bible states in Genesis 2:24, "Therefore a man shall leave his father and his mother and hold fast to his wife, and they shall become one flesh." Though the wife is commanded to submit to her husband, the husband is commanded to love his wife even to the point of giving up his life for her. The Apostle Paul writes in Ephesians 5:22-31:
Most Christian churches give some form of blessing to a marriage; the wedding ceremony typically includes some sort of pledge by the community to support the couple's relationship. In the Roman Catholic Church, "Holy Matrimony" is considered to be one of the seven sacraments and has been so since the twelfth century. The sacrament is one that the spouses bestow upon each other in front of a priest and members of the community as witnesses during a "Nuptial Mass." This is also true of other Orthodoxies, where marriage is defined as a relationship between a man and a woman. In the Eastern Orthodox church, it is one of the "Mysteries," and is seen as an ordination and a martyrdom. In marriage, Christians see a picture of the relationship between Jesus and the Church. The Protestant Reformation reformulated marriage as a life-long covenant that should not be entered into lightly.
In Judaism, marriage is viewed as a coming together of two families, therefore prolonging the religion and cultural heritage of the Jewish people. Islam also recommends marriage highly; among other things, it helps in the pursuit of spiritual perfection. The Bahá'í Faith sees marriage as a foundation of the structure of society, and considers it both a physical and spiritual bond that endures into the afterlife. Hinduism sees marriage as a sacred duty that entails both religious and social obligations. By contrast, Buddhism does not encourage or discourage marriage, although it does teach how one might live a happily married life.
It is also worth noting that different religions have different beliefs regarding the breakup of marriage. For example, the Roman Catholic Church does not permit divorce, because in its eyes, a marriage is forged by God. The Church states that what God joins together, humans cannot put asunder. As a result, people who obtain a civil divorce are still considered married in the eyes of the Catholic Church, which does not allow them to remarry in the Church, even if they participate in a civil marriage. In some special cases, however, Catholics can be permitted an annulment, which declared the marriage to be invalid.
Islam does allow divorce; however, there is a verse stated in the Qur'an describing divorce as the least desirable act allowed between people. The general rule is for a man to allow his wife to stay until the end of her menstrual period or for three months, if she so wishes, after the divorce. During this period they would be divorced in that they would simply be living under the same roof but not functioning as man and wife. The Qur'an scholars suggest that the main point is to prevent any decisions by the woman from being affected by hormonal fluctuations, as well as to allow any heated arguments or differences to be resolved in a civil manner before the marriage is completely terminated. However, there is no obligation on the woman to stay; if she so wishes she may leave. The man is also obligated to give his wife a gift or monetary sum equivalent to at least half her mahr (gift or monetary sum which is given to the wife at the commencement of the marriage). Specific conditions as to how a divorce is conducted also apply if a woman is pregnant, or has given birth just prior to the divorce.
Marriages are typically entered into with a vow that explicitly limits the duration of the marriage with the statement "till death do you part." However, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the Mormons) have a distinctive view of marriage called "Celestial marriage," wherein they believe that worthy individuals can enter into a marriage relationship that endures beyond death. The Unification Church of Reverend Sun Myung Moon also asserts that marriage is eternal.
The economics of marriage have changed over time. Historically, in many cultures the family of the bride had to provide a dowry to pay a man for marrying their daughter. In other cultures, the family of the groom had to pay a bride price to the bride's family for the right to marry the daughter. In some cultures, dowries and bride prices are still demanded today. In both cases, the financial transaction takes place between the groom (or his family) and the bride's family; the bride has no part in the transaction and often no choice in whether or not to participate in the marriage.
In most subsistence societies, children are a financial asset because they can work in the family farm or business. In modern urban industrial life, children have become viewed as an economic liability and as preventing both parents from working. As a result, adults are choosing to have less children causing families to be much smaller, and sometimes just the husband and wife.
In many modern legal systems, two people who marry have the choice between keeping their property separate or combining it. In the latter case, called community property, when the marriage ends by divorce each owns half. If one partner dies, the surviving partner owns half, and for the other half, inheritance rules apply.
In some legal systems, the partners in a marriage are "jointly liable" for the debts of the marriage. This has a basis in a traditional legal notion called the "Doctrine of Necessities" whereby a husband was responsible to provide necessary things for his wife. The respective maintenance obligations during and eventually after a marriage, such as alimony, are regulated in most jurisdictions.
Societies have always placed restrictions on marriage to close relatives, though the degree of prohibited relationship varies widely. In almost all societies, marriage between brothers and sisters is forbidden and termed incest. Ancient Egyptian, Hawaiian, and Inca royalty are the rare exception, with this privilege being denied commoners. Thus it may be understood as having served to concentrate wealth and power in one family. In many societies, marriage between some first cousins is preferred, while at the other extreme, the medieval Catholic church prohibited marriage even between distant cousins. The present day Catholic Church still maintains a standard of required distance (in both consanguinity and affinity) for marriage. Genetically, these practices have proven to be healthy for society.
In the Indian Hindu community, especially in the Brahmin caste, marrying a person of the same Gothra is prohibited, since persons belonging to the same Gothra are said to have identical patrilineal descension. In ancient India when Gurukul was in existence, the shishyas (the pupils) were advised against marrying any of Guru's children as shishyas were considered Guru's children and it would be considered marriage among siblings.
Many societies have also adopted other restrictions on whom one can marry, such as prohibitions on marrying persons with the same family name (surname), or persons with the same sacred animal. In Uganda, people are exhorted to marry outside of their own clan. In South Korea it is generally considered taboo for a man to marry a woman if they both have the same family name. A large percentage of the total South Korean population has the surname "Kim" (an estimated 20 percent; rendering 20 percent of the Korean population ineligible for marriage to each other).
Anthropologists refer to these sorts of restrictions, limiting whom one may marry, as exogamy. It has been suggested that the incest taboo may serve to promote social solidarity.
Societies have also at times required marriage from within a certain group. Anthropologists refer to these restrictions as endogamy. An example of such restrictions would be a requirement to marry someone from the same tribe. Racist laws adopted by some societies in the past, such as Nazi-era Germany, apartheid-era South Africa and most of the southern United States and Utah prior to 1967, which prohibited marriage between persons of different races (miscegenation) could also be considered examples of endogamy.
Most cultures agree that love in marriage is desirable and important. The question of when and how love enters a marriage is less agreed upon. In the Western romantic tradition, a couple meets, falls in love, and marries on the basis of their love. In many Eastern cultures, the marriage between a man and a woman is arranged by parents, elders, religious leaders, or by consensus. It is expected that if both parties live up to their obligations and practice their religion faithfully enough throughout the marriage, love will grow up between them.
Arranged marriages have been practiced in many parts of the world and continue today in some cultures, for example among Hindus and Orthodox Jews. Those who uphold arranged marriage frequently state that it is traditional, that it upholds social morals, and that it is good for the families involved, as there is widespread acceptance of the marriage and an understanding that the marriage is between two families, not only two individuals. They also have some traditional criticisms of romantic marriage, saying that it is short-term, overly based on sexual lust, or immoral. Questioned about such practices, young people participating in arranged marriages often express trust in their parents, who love them and want the best for them and who will choose a good partner for them. They also point to the high divorce rate in Western romantic marriages.
Defenders of romantic marriage would hold that it is preferable to achieve an emotional bond before entering into a lifelong commitment. They speak of the mysterious quality of love that cannot be defined, contained, forced or manufactured. Compatibility is emphasized, which may be where the idea of "trial marriages"—cohabitation undertaken to test out a couple's compatibility, including sexual compatibility—developed.
In the Americas and Europe, the prevailing view toward marriage today and for many centuries has been that it should be based on emotional attachment between the partners and entered into voluntarily. The idea of marriage being based upon emotional attachment, however, allows for divorce and remarriage to be easily undertaken when emotional attachment has changed or faded. It has led to a prevalence of what is called "serial monogamy." Serial monogamy involves entering into successive marriages over time. Serial monogamy is not looked upon with the same favor as lifelong marriage to one partner; however, it is considered morally preferable to sex outside of marriage, which is generally frowned upon, whether it is adulterous or premarital.
Those who believe in romantic marriage will often criticize arranged marriages, even expressing horror at the idea. They consider it oppressive, inhuman, or immoral. Defenders of arranged marriage disagree, often pointing to cultures where the success rate of arranged marriages is seen to be high, and holding that nearly all couples learn to love and care for each other deeply.
Studies of altruism and empathy indicate that people who have strong altruistic feelings toward others in general enjoy "very happy" marriages (University of Chicago's National Opinion Research Center (NORC) report, 2006). Those who cultivate an altruistic, even self-sacrificing, attitude toward their spouses also report "very happy" marriages. The study points out that marital love is both built upon and fosters altruistic love—an idea that is common in many religions. These findings would seem to affirm that if the partners in arranged marriages practice and uphold the tenets of their religion—most of which emphasize altruistic love—they will grow together in love for one another as well.
Given that the marriage ceremony is one of the most important rites of passage in most cultures, it is to be expected that a certain amount of preparation is involved. Traditionally, preparation for marriage has involved family, church, and community. Children learn the knowledge and skills to manage a household and support a family from their parents and extended family. When children are raised in communities where their parents and most other adults are married, such practical preparation for marriage occurs naturally.
Spiritual guidance, as well as guidance in relationship development and life skills, may be offered or even required in order to be married in a religious ceremony. The Catholic church, for example, requires couples to attend a marriage preparation workshop, often called a "Pre-Cana," as well as private meetings with the priest to prepare the wedding liturgy and ensure that all the Canon law requirements have been met.
The state also has certain requirements in order to legalize a marriage, which in most countries involves obtaining a marriage license. Requirements vary, although they typically include many or all of the following: proof of identity, age, residency, a waiting period (which may be as short as one day), parental approval if under a particular age (typically sixteen or eighteen years), a blood test for venereal disease, and payment of a fee. In some cases, the fee and waiting period may be reduced or waived if couples complete an approved marriage preparation course.
While some have argued that prior sexual experience prepares one for the conjugal relationship, in reality this has not been shown to be true. The majority of religions, and an increasing number of psychologists and marriage professionals, recognize that the sexual relationship has life changing consequences for those involved. Apart from the potential for pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases including AIDS, sexual activity has an emotional and spiritual impact. Once a sexual relationship has been entered into, there is no return to the previously pure state of relating like brother and sister. For this reason, maintaining one's virginity prior to marriage is considered a key component of successful marriage preparation. Programs such as the Christian "True Love Waits" encourage young people to make sexual abstinence part of their marriage preparation by signing this pledge:
With the erosion of marriage in the twentieth century, support for couples preparing for marriage, and continued support during the marriage, is no longer available naturally through their family and community. Instead, couples wishing to build a healthy marriage may participate in programs sponsored by their local church, or by professional marriage counselors.
Key issues that marriage counselors address include sexual relations, relationships with in-laws particularly between the mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, finances, and parenting styles in raising their children. Conflicts also occur when one or both of the spouses have personal problems, such as drug abuse or alcoholism.
Successful marriages take commitment and investment on the part of both spouses. To be successful, marriage partners need to have reached a level of individual maturity, such that they have clarified their own life goals and developed their talents and character sufficiently to be able to pursue them, and to have experienced harmonious relationships with others, such as their parents, extended family members, siblings, and peers. Without this type of foundation, even the most passionate feelings of love are not enough to build a healthy marriage.
Just as sexual purity is considered by many an important part of marriage preparation, fidelity between husband and wife is important in building and maintaining a healthy marriage. Adultery has been condemned by many religions, criminalized by many societies, and has led to the downfall of many great historical figures as well as the breakdown of numerous marriages. Healthy marriages are based on trust and commitment; "cheating" on one's spouse violates this relationship in an unforgettable fashion.
The purpose of marriage is, ultimately, not just for the sake of the man and woman who participate in the union, it is the road to the next generation, children, and the continuation of one's lineage. The conjugal relationship of husband and wife is the emotional and physical foundation for building a family, in which children, produced through the love of man and woman, are nurtured and protected until they reach maturity, and embark on their own lives, which also involve the continuation of the lineage.
The family, formed through the marriage of man and woman and resulting in children, is a universal institution in human life:
Civilized society is built upon the family: "the family is the culture-creating institution par excellence" (Berger 1998, 43). Children naturally inherit not only their physical characteristics as well as physical and material wealth, they also receive their social heritage from their biological parents. The family, therefore, is the social structure most effective in passing on traditions, beliefs, and values from one generation to the next.
Beyond the benefit received through these different types of inheritance, children raised in a stable family by their married parents, have been found, on average, to be "physically and mentally healthier, better educated, and later in life, enjoy more career success than children in other family settings" (Waite & Gallagher 2000, 124). On the other hand, children of divorce, single-parent families, and step-families are considerably more likely to have emotional and behavioral problems—they sometimes fail to graduate high school, abuse drugs and alcohol, engage in sexual activity as teenagers, suffer unwanted pregnancies, are involved in violence and crime, avoid marriage and child-bearing, get divorced, and commit suicide at higher rates than those raised by two married parents.
Good marriages and the resulting families have been, and continue to be, essential to the social fabric of human society. Without marriage there is no stability in the family, and without stable families the next generation is at grave risk in all aspects of life.
In the latter decades of the twentieth century many traditional assumptions about the nature, purpose, and definition of marriage and family were challenged. These challenges ran parallel to dramatic increases in divorce (from 6 percent to over 40 percent of first marriages), cohabitation without marriage, a growing unmarried population, and children born outside of marriage (from 5 percent to over 33 percent of births), as well as an increase in adultery (8 percent to over 40 percent).
Cohabitation is on the rise worldwide. It has been argued that marriage may be an unnecessary legal fiction—the proverbial "piece of paper"—and that living together is just as viable an option for men and women who wish to have a sexual relationship. Studies show, however, that marriage differs considerably from cohabitation. People who live together before they marry are much more likely to divorce later on than people who did not live together before their marriage. In some countries, like Sweden, the divorce rate for women who cohabited before marriage is 80 percent higher than for women who did not cohabit before marriage (Bennett, Blanc, and Bloom 1988). These findings have been repeated in other countries. What is more, cohabitation does not bring the same benefits to children's well-being as marriage does. In England, one study showed that children who lived with cohabiting rather than married parents are twenty times more likely to become victims of child abuse (Whelan 1993). Children of cohabiting couples also experience more poverty and disruption in their future relationships.
Feminists have argued that marriage was part of patriarchy and designed to oppress and abuse women. Some social scientists agreed, seeing traditional marriages and the families formed under them as dysfunctional almost by definition. Divorce was seen as a step toward liberation.
There is, no doubt, much truth to the criticism that marriage was part of the general oppression of women. In many areas of the world, when a woman was in her early teens her father arranged a marriage for her in return for a bride price, sometimes to a man twice her age who was a stranger to her. Her older husband then became her guardian and she could be cut off almost completely from her family. The woman had little or no say in the marriage negotiations, which might even have occurred without her knowledge.
Some traditions allowed a woman who failed to bear a son to be given back to her father. This reflected the importance of bearing children and extending the family to succeeding generations.
Often both parties have expected to be virgins before their marriage, but in many cultures women were more strictly held to this standard. One old tradition in Europe, which survived into the twentieth century in rural Greece, was for this to be proven by hanging the bloody bed sheet from the wedding night from the side of the house. Similarly, sexual fidelity is very often expected in marriage, but sometimes the expectations and penalties for women have been harsher than those for men.
In some traditions marriage could be a traumatic, unpleasant turn of events for a girl. "The Lot of Women" written in Athens in the mid fifth century B.C.E. laments this situation:
On the other hand, marriage has often served to assure the woman of her husband's continued support and enabled her to focus more attention on the raising of her children. This security has typically been greater when and where divorce has been more difficult to obtain.
Although in some cultures marriage has led to the abuse of women, in fact, modern women and their children are more likely to be abused in a cohabitation situation or by members of a stepfamily they have become part of after a divorce. The data pouring in, even through some former advocates of "no-fault" divorce like Judith Wallerstein, strongly show that children's well-being depends heavily upon the long-term, committed involvement of their biological parents with one another and with them. There is a growing consensus among social scientists that society cannot exist without a substantial mass of intact marriages and families built on the traditional model—that is, mutually monogamous marriage between one man and one woman who then care for and raise their children together.
Some people have chafed under the constraints of monogamy and advocated "open marriages" or "swinging" as an alternative to traditional marriage. They have agreements with their spouses that permit other intimate relationships or sexual partners without considering this the abrogation of the marriage. However, as psychologist Carl Rogers noted and James Q. Wilson also stressed, dealing with such arrangements without jealousy, emotional pain, and severe misunderstandings is highly problematic for most people.
Gay rights advocacy groups have disagreed with the notion that marriage should be exclusively between a man and a woman. Due to their lobbying efforts, same-sex marriages are now legal in some countries such as Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, and Canada. Same-sex unions have been recorded in the history of a number of cultures, but marriages or socially-accepted unions between same-sex partners were rare or nonexistent in other cultures. Same-sex marriage remains infrequent worldwide.
"Civil unions" are recognized in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Germany, France, Portugal, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and certain states in the United States. Also, various localities recognize domestic partnerships, which offer parity of spousal rights, to different degrees, with marriage.
These developments have created a political backlash, most notably in Great Britain, where the Church of England has officially banned gay marriage, and in the United States, where several states have specifically outlawed same-sex marriage, often by popular referenda.
At the United States federal level, the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) of 1996 created a federal definition of marriage as between a man and a woman, as well as allowing states to refuse to recognize a same-sex marriage recognized by another state.
Sociologist David Courtwright maintains that violence and crime are directly related to men remaining single. He suggests that marriage channels male aggressiveness into positive social roles—such as supporting and rearing a family—and validates masculinity in a way that negates the need for "honor killings" and other violent behavior. Married men have more reason for self-control. They avoid fights, consume less alcohol and drugs, and stay steadily employed. They are stakeholders in a community they want to be stable for their wives and children. Indeed, Courtwright relates the most violent eras and locations in United States history to a prevalence of single males. He cites the examples of the Gold Rush in the wild West, where a dearth of females in the early years meant skyrocketing homicide rates, and the modern urban ghetto where marriage is not a norm and where many single young men behave in dangerous, destructive, and self-destructive ways (Courtwright 1998).
In her seminal book, The Case for Marriage, Linda J. Waite, professor of sociology at the University of Chicago, maintains that married people are emotionally, psychologically, and physically healthier than their divorced, bereaved, or single counterparts. When illness of any sort does occur, married people recover more quickly and thoroughly than those without a supportive partner. Married couples in cross-cultural studies are also better off financially than their divorced, bereaved, or single counterparts. Social scientists in the United States have increasingly found that married-to-one-another parents provide for their biological children's well-being in ways that no other social structure has yet to attain.
Marriage has been found to contribute to social stability in other countries as well. Studies in England and Germany have shown that rising divorce rates led young men into increased criminality, drug abuse and general disorder. Crime rates in general have been shown to be directly related to the state of marriage in a community: the more divorced people, single parents and single people in communities, the higher the crime rates.
Anthropologist Margaret Mead once quipped, "The problem in any society is what to do with the men." Socially speaking, the best answer seems to be: marry them.
Although the institution of marriage came under attack in the latter part of the twentieth century, a successful alternative has not been found. In fact, the very reasons given to reject marriage, such as to end the abuse of women and children and to give freedom to achieve personal happiness, seem to have backfired. Married couples have been shown to enjoy greater personal happiness, better health, longer lives, and to suffer less abuse than those in cohabiting or uncommitted relationships. Children raised in families by their biological, married parents show higher levels of achievement in all areas of life and are at less risk for physical, psychological, and social problems than children of divorced or single-parent families.
As Auguste Comte wrote, the family is the most fundamental social unit, the prototype of all other human associations. It is out of marriages that families and communities arise. Marriage is the place to experience sexual love between man and woman, give birth to new life, and establish one's lineage for the future. As energy is invested in the maintenance of marriages, families, and the communities they both require and build, society is propelled forward in civil, nurturing, and benevolent ways.
All links retrieved February 12, 2017.
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just one i made up.
Java Draw Created Sep 09, 2009 338 x 470px Unless noted Copyright 2009 madmomentsgo.
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WOW -- this is a wonderful drawing!!! I love the details and the idea ! Very creative! 5/5!!!
ooh wow, all those details are such a treat to look at! ...love the element of trust in this one... *fav :))
I'm a sucker for dragons. He is beautiful. I love the idea too. I wonder what he could possibly be offering the dragon.
Award: Very realistic. Liked: the detail in this drawing is so relistic. Tips: maybe you should try a horror painting you know something to give you a challenge on
really good when i looked at it the last time it was good this is a master peice i would say you have done a dreat job on this Bravo !

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....been with hundreds of folks as they pass from this life. I'm concerned that most of us are not prepared for the death of a loved one that happens at home. Tonight I thought you might find it interesting to hear my perspectives on preparing to care for those who are dying in your home. In fact, my mother is in process of leaving this life now. I will be by her side as I tell you some things I've learned as I sit with her as her body shuts itself down slowly in preparation to die. So...you get to share a few minutes with me as i help her through this time. It is my hope, this will help someone.
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Washington: The United States has said that Iran has not been able to live up to its commitments under international law to prove that its pursuit of nuclear technology is for peaceful purposes. (Agencies) Latest News from World News Desk
"Iran has failed to live up to its obligations under international law, to prove that its pursuit of nuclear technology is for peaceful means. There is ample evidence to the contrary," the White House Press Secretary Jay Carney said.
"We are engaged in a process with our allies to try to bring about a change in behaviour by the regime in Tehran. As part of that process, we have instituted the most stringent and broad sanctions regime in the history of the world. That is both unilaterally and with our allies, and through the United Nations and through different means," he said.
He said US has stated that there remains time for Iran to choose a path of engaging with the international community and abandoning its nuclear weapons ambitions, but that time is not unlimited. "We obviously monitor the situation very closely with our allies," he said.
Meanwhile, local media reported that Iran has blocked Gmail services in the country. Additionally, Virtual Private Networks (VPN) has stopped functioning and internet users in Iran are facing serious problems accessing various external websites.


text:
Hey guys! 2 Macintosh Plus' fell into my hands today... from a fellow MacRumors guy. www.yzedf.com Link is rather obvious... the server has some remote link thing that is a pointer to something bad, so please no links. Save the pics and repost elsewhere all you want, just don't link. Thanks. (That is per my free web hosting company) Also got 2 Amiga A1000 with one 1080 color monitor. -- Does anyone know where I can get System 7 to put on the 20MB hard drive? Or the cable to connect the hard drive to the machine itself?
LOL that what the first computer I had!! my parents got it for me but then the monitor stoped working and we got a 7100 now I have a g4 500 mhz tower and waiting for a 970 to come out for my next buy
Nice. I grabbed a Plus a little over a year ago. http://www.blakespot.com/macplus (some pics while I did a 4MB upgrade to the unit) blakespot
I have a Plus and several other old macs and I now I can't manage to give the things away to save space.


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Illinois Public Media News
In-depth reporting from WILL, NPR, the Associated Press, and other sources
Contact WILL News at email@example.com
(Win McNamee/Getty Images)
October 05, 2013
House Passes Bill Allowing Back Pay For Furloughed Workers
(Brendan Smialowski/AFP/Getty Images)
October 04, 2013
Officials Detail Shutdown's Chilling Effect On National Security
Page 521 of 1134 pages ‹ First < 519 520 521 522 523 > Last ›
WILL Newscast audio
NPR News
Mississippi Journalist Who Chronicled Civil Rights Era Dies At 94
White Supremacist Charged With Terrorism Over Murder Of Black Man
Footy McFooty Face Is Stomping Competition In Vote For MLS Team Name
Judge Approves $97 Million Settlement To Replace Flint's Water Lines
Senator: Treasury Secretary's Plug For 'Lego Batman' May Be Ethical Violation
Scottish Parliament Backs Bid For New Independence Vote
U.S. Breweries Top 5,300 As Craft Beer Makers Ride Double-Digit Gains
White House Says It Didn't Interfere, But Will Russia Hearings Ever Get Going?
Remains Discovered On Lifted Ferry Are Not Human, South Korean Officials Say
'Sanctuary Cities' Promise Legal Fight After Sessions Threatens Funds
More NPR News
WILL Highlights
A short film series examining the severe underrepresentation of African-Americans in the sciences.
Classic Mornings
Get more out of your classical music experience and check out Vic Di Geronimo's blog.
The 21st
21st century radio for the 21st state. Weekdays at 11 am on WILL-AM 580.


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Sci fi/Fantasy image by
C. Jane WashburnLaurence is a Gentleman. He's got fabulous styleable hair and would love to hear about your travels! (He'd also love to come along with, but is too polite to ask. D:) His eyes are green stone and he's dressed in deerskin. (2007) Mixed Media 10" tall
Published More than a year ago
Category Fantasy
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Federal Tax System Seen in Need of Overhaul
Americans' top complaint about the tax system is not the amount they pay in taxes, but the feeling that some corporations and wealthy people do not pay their fair share.
Views of Government Policies Since Start of Great Recession
Majorities say that post-recession policies have helped large banks, large corporations and the wealthy, but not small businesses, the middle class or the poor.
States suing Obama over immigration programs are home to 46% of those who may qualify
A group of 26 states filed a lawsuit in December to stop his executive actions on immigration, arguing that he didn't have the authority to make the changes.
NASA popularity still sky-high
NASA continues to be very popular among the public, with four times as many Americans holding a favorable view of the space agency as unfavorable (68% vs. 17%).
Budget deficit dropping, but public still concerned
While the $467.5 billion deficit projection for fiscal 2015 is the lowest since 2007, the nonpartisan agency predicts higher deficits in the years to come. Meanwhile, the public's concerns about reducing the deficit have varied over the past two decades, according to the Pew Research Center's annual policy priorities surveys.
Inequality is at top of the agenda as global elites gather in Davos
Income inequality will be a key topic of discussion for economic leaders meeting in Davos. Pew Research Center surveys also have shown that income inequality is a global cause for concern.
Public opinion on the economy and Obama's handling of it
Strengthening the economy has been one of the public's top priorities for the president and Congress going back even before the Great Recession. Here are key takeaways from our surveys on the state of public opinion about the economy.
Despite Energy Boom, Little Change in Views of Energy Policies
Americans are becoming more aware of the domestic energy boom and the recent drop in gas prices. Yet, views of energy policies have changed only modestly since 2011.
With 41% of global wealth in the hands of less than 1%, elites and citizens agree inequality is a top priority
People with a net worth of more than $1 million represent just 0.7% of the global population, but they have 41% of the world's wealth. Meanwhile, those with a net worth of less than $10,000 represent 69% of the population, but just 3% of global wealth.
Why can't we all get along? Challenges ahead for bipartisan cooperation
President Obama meets Friday with Republican leaders after their election day victories to talk about cooperation on key issues. We review the public opinion challenges facing both parties in any quest for bipartisanship.


text:
USA | 2014 | 60 | Action |
The pride of the wolfpacks, German sub U-513, became a tomb for all but seven of her crew after being bombed by a U.S. patrol plane in 1943. The U-boat then vanished off the South American coast, where it was lost for more than 68 years. Now, witness the ghost ship's story through rare archival footage and interviews with U-boat vets, and follow the Brazilian entrepreneur who set out to uncover her buried secrets. |
Episode Title: | The Ghost of U-513 | ||
Airs: | 2014-4-14 at 08:00 pm |


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Coins (0) |
Germany Brandenburg 1/12 Thaler 1679 to 1688
This is a doppelgroschen, or 12 einen reichs thaler, or 1/12 thaler, or 1/12 taler from the German State of Brandenburg. As old as these coins are, you would think they would be very valuable. They carry decent value, but only when in top-notch shape.
Coin: 20586
, Genre: Central Europe North South
Requested by: rob rambaud, Fri, 22-Jan-2016 21:01:59 GMT Answered by: Van, Sat, 23-Jan-2016 07:08:11 GMT Requester description: 1687 i'm a US coin collector, long time but relative novice. in my opinion this coin is better condition than 'worn'. it may be 'fine', but I have no frame of reference for such an old coin and no photo or description to compare. thank you for this help! 12 Einen Reichs Thaler dbl-dime 1687 Prussia 12 Einen Reichs Thaler double-dime (1/12 taler) 3.3 g, 26 mm Front shield with course scepter, the sign of the electoral hat, coat of arms left by the 'LC' right 'S' inscription: FRID.WILH.VGGMZBR Reverse: In the circle, the value specified with date, inscription: DHRRECVCIPZMGCBSPOM.H Margrave and Elector Friedrich Wilhelm Province: coinage for the entire state, Zinnaischer monetary standard Mint: Berlin Frederick William, born in 1620, took over after the death of his father's reign as margrave and elector, became known as 'Friedrich Wilhelm, the Great Elector' in the story. Master of the Mint / engraver: Lorenz Christoph Schneider moneyer, Johann Bernhard. Schultz engraver
Tags: germany brandenburg 1 12 thaler deustch bundesrepublik deutchland bundsrepublik deutschen deutiches deutsches deutscherlander deuches bundesrepublic germanic bundesrublika deutschland dutchland deutsch deutsche deut deutshen bundesrepublika deutscher german devtsch deutches deutchlands deutchen deutschlands devtscher vereinsthaler joachimstaler taler thalers prussia einen reichs reich double dime 3 shield scepter sign electoral elect hat coat arms inscription monogram frid wilh wilhelm vggmzbr circle margrave elector friedrich province state zinnaischer monetary mint berlin frederick william death dead father reign regnal great master engraver engrave lorenz lorenzo christoph christopher schneider moneyer johann john bernhard schultz preussen prussion preuss prussian prvssie eien reiches reick riechs doubling doubled doubles dimes sheild coats shiled crests chevrons shild escucheon insignia arm crested crest chevron creast shields escutcheon signs signers signed signing elected helmeted hood caps headband hooded helmet bonnet cap helmit helmets headdress script letter monograms initial scripts initals calligraphy caligraphy letters inscriptions lettering scrip lettered initials wihelm wilhelms whilhelm willhelm circled encircle circlet ring circles loops circal encircled circuit ringed circumscibed incircled circel circumference encircles encircling rings circling loop circular circumscribed staats stated stets stato staaten stado stadt statehood tates stet monetaire mintmark mintmaster mintmarks fredericus frediricus frederich frederic fredrick frederik fredericvs willaim willam guliflmus gvlielmvs willem guilemus gulielmus gulilmus guilelmus guliemos died deceased die fathers regn regne regno regnum regni regnat reyna engravings engraving engraved cistophoric christo cristof christof cristobal cristopher jean iohann juan joanes iov juana joannes iohn johan ioha ioh joan iohannes ion ioannes joao iohan ioan ionan johannes time fine frame fino framed framing
what a great facility! the description/ID/value service you folks provide for FREE is awesome - timely, accurate and very much appreciated. thanks very much for the efforts.
- rob rambaud
Now keep this quiet, but advertising revenue from all those pesky Google ads pays for our research time. I am double-checking this coin. Please stop back here and see if any updates have been added. -- Yes, our first answer was incorrect. -- BTW, we could never do this work without CoinArchives Pro. It costs several $100 per year, but well worth it.
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$2,500.00 2 months ago
2003 Chevy Blazer ZR2 - $2500 (Culver, IN)
For sale is a nice 2003 Chevy Blazer ZR2.Vortec 6 cylinder Lots of power159KMilesAutomaticAll powerPush button 4wd2.5 inch liftNice tiresBull bar W/lightsReese hitchAftermarket stereo Clean title Call/Text Ken with questions...57four, 27four, 99four2THANKS!! 2 months ago
South Bend, IN
$3,500.00 2 months ago
2001 zr2 blazer - $3500 (chazy)
Have a 2001 zr2 blazer for sale/trade. 4x4. I am the second owner and it only has 99k on it. No rust and in great shape. Brand new mastercraft courser mxt tires, have about 400 miles on them. New rear brake pads, parking brake shoes and passenger rear caliper. Also has a new muffler, plugs, wires, cap, rotor and distributor and fuel filter, all done in the last 150 miles. Everything work as it sho 2 months ago
Plattsburgh, NY
$2,200.00 2 months ago
2000 Chevy ZR2 Blazer - $2200 (Pine City)
Runs Great4x4 worksTires are like newNew Battery Engine light just came on / O2 Sensor 2 months ago
Elmira, NY
$1,000.00 3 months ago
2001 zr2 Blazer - $1000 (google map)
I am selling my 2001 Blazer zr2 it has 213,xxx miles on well maintained regular synthetic blend oil changes every 3 thousand miles. Three brand new tires only 2 weeks old and I replaced the rear end a week ago it has new calipers rotors and break pads. I drive it everyday with no issues what so ever does great in the snow and is pretty good on gas. The only thing it would need is a muffler. I also 3 months ago
Monroe, MI
$2,150.00 3 months ago
99 s10 blazer zr2 4x4 2dr - $2150 (klamath falls)
I have for sale a 99 chevy s10 blazer 4x4 with a 4.3 and automatic trans that runs and drives great with 190k miles very clean and well taken care of the tires are about 60% tread it comes lifted stock with fender flares that's the zr2 package it does have salvage title because it had some damage on the tail gate we just replaced it 2150 cash . 3 months ago
Klamath Falls, OR
$2,900.00 3 months ago
2004 chevy blazer zr2 2WD - $2900 (Dupo il)
2004 blazer zr2. Runs and drives good, 142,000 miles. IT IS 2WD. 3 months ago
Carbondale, IL
$2,000.00 3 months ago
chevy ZR2 blazer 4x4 - $2000 (niles)
im wanting to trade my chevy 4x4 for a motorcycle of equal value or $2000 cash..its only seen 3 snow winters . the truck is from misourri..clean clean truck....170k NO MAJOR RUST.....i get compliments all the time, i baby the hell out of this blazer.. gas guage dont work i just been puttin in 20 at a time for the last two years I've owned it lol. the fuel pump was changed about 2 years ago and the 3 months ago
South West Michigan, MI
$2,650.00 3 months ago
2003 ZR2 Chevy Blazer - $2650 (Galien, MI)
2003 ZR2 Chevy Blazer 4x4, Automatic, power windows, power locks, cruise control, tilt wheel, cruise control, privacy glass, moonroof, 6pack CD player, roof rack, Mossy Oak Graphics. Excellent four wheel drive, very dependable in winter driving. 3 months ago
South West Michigan, MI
$4,800.00 4 months ago
98 ZR2 BLAZER 162K ON TRUCK, 125K ON ENGINE AND TRANSMISSION, 33 10.50 BFG MUD TERRAIN T\A TIRES, COLD A\C, SUNROOF, CLEAN IN AND OUT JUST IN TIME FOR HUNTING SEASON, NICE RIDE. $4800 4 months ago
Natchez, MS
$3,000.00 4 months ago
2001 zr2 s10 blazer low miles - $3000 (plymouth)
low miles zr2 Blazer many new parts rusted in front of back tires otherwise in great condition would drive anywhere 4 months ago
Sheboygan, WI
$6,300.00 5 months ago
2005 CHEVROLET BLAZER ZR2 HIGHRIDER BLACK SUPER CLEAN 122K MILES - $6300 (burton)
2005 CHEVROLET BLAZERZR2 OFF ROAD PACKAGE4.3 LITER MOTORAUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION4 WHEEL DRIVEPOWER WINDOWSPOWER LOCKSBLACK WITH BLACK CLOTHRUNS AND DRIVES GREATNEEDS NOTHINGONLY 122K MILESCALL 5 months ago
Lansing, MI
$1,200.00 5 months ago
2003 Chevrolet Blazer ZR2 - $1200 (Silt)
2003 Chevrolet Blazer ZR2 2 Door4x4Power Everything Sunroof96,000 Miles Good Transmission, Transfer Case Needs Engine Call or Text with questions 5 months ago
Western Slope, CO
$1,600.00 5 months ago
2000 zr2 blazer - $1600 (Mattoon)
2000 zr2 blazer runs good needs tires and a battery $1600 obo 152000 miles 5 months ago
Mattoon, IL
$3,000.00 6 months ago
2000 Chevy Blazer ZR2 - $3000 (St. Augustine)
For Sale 2000 Chevy Blazer ZR2. 2 door great condition, power everything. Black w/Gray InteriorInterior is in great condition, new battery. Lot of tread on fairly new tires. Runs great.Sharp looking vehicle. Must see .$3000.00Please call Ivan at if interested. 6 months ago
St. Augustine, FL
$7,000.00 6 months ago
1999 chevy blazer zr2 - $7000
1999 chevy blazer zr2 119000 miles very clean - no rust new tires new brakes new radiator andcoolant $7000 obo 6 months ago
Mankato, MN
$1,999.00 6 months ago
$1,999, 2003 Chevrolet Blazer LS ZR2 4WD 2dr SUV - $1,999 - 68436663
2003 Chevrolet Blazer LS ZR2 4WD 2dr SUV - $1,999You know this is a good truck with a great sounding motor the wheels and tiles are are brand-new... great shifting no holes in the seats... sunroof ..A/C blows cold .... cruise it\\\'s a great little four-wheel-drive truck for the money give me a call 330-501-2948, Abs - 4-Wheel,Axle Ratio - 3.42,Center Console,Clock,Daytime Running Lights,Front Air 6 months ago
Youngstown, OH
Contact Us 6 months ago
2003 Chevrolet Blazer LS ZR2 4WD 2dr SUV - 68436663
2003 Chevrolet Blazer LS ZR2 4WD 2dr SUVYou know this is a good truck with a great sounding motor the wheels and tiles are are brand-new... great shifting no holes in the seats... sunroof ..A/C blows cold .... cruise it\\\'s a great little four-wheel-drive truck for the money give me a call 330-501-2948, Abs - 4-Wheel,Axle Ratio - 3.42,Center Console,Clock,Daytime Running Lights,Front Air Conditio 6 months ago
Youngstown, OH
Contact Us
$3,500.00 7 months ago
2000 Blazer ZR2 - $3500
2000 Chevrolet Blazer ZR2 off-road package217,xxx miles - daily driver with lots of highway milesSingle owner4WDA/CPower windows, sunroof, drivers seatTow packageTransmission rebuild 35,000 mile agoNew complete exhaustIntake manifold gaskets replacedFuel pump replacedHeater core replacedUpper and lower ball jointsRear axle seals replacedMany othersWell maintained single owner. Runs and drives grea 7 months ago
Rockford, IL
$3,000.00 7 months ago
1997 ZR2 Chevy blazer 4x4 - $3000 (Fort Benton)
1997 Chevy Blazer 4x4 ZR2133,xxx milesVortec 4.3l H.O., runs 60 psi oil pressureAuto tranny, shifts nice and smooth but firmPower windowsPower locksTilt wheelA/C...needs charged.Cruise controlPower mirrorsPython alarm with keyless entryCD player with infinity speakersK&N cold air intakeLift kit30x9.50R15 nitto dune grappler tires with 50% treadFactory tinted 20% windows in rear, fronts are 5%Rear 7 months ago
Great Falls, MT
$3,000.00 7 months ago
2001 zr2 wide stance blazer - $3000 (ashland oh)
2001 chevy blazer zr2 wide stance. No trades, cash only please. 7 months ago
Mansfield, OH


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- 1 of 1 Photos | View More Photos
The Millersburg United Methodist Church's annual Christmas Country Store, Cookie Walk and Soup Luncheon will be held Saturday from 9 a.m.-2 p.m. Cookies are sold by the pound.
A soup luncheon is served, with soup sold by the quart for carry out. A variety of crafts is sold for $2-$15. Candies and fudge are also available to purchase.
Proceeds from this event benefit the church's Cancer Compassion Fund, which will help families in the area with needs associated with a cancer diagnosis.
For more information, call Claudia Zimmerman at 330-674-3788.


text:
I bought a new header tank from ECP after trying (and failing) to clean the old one, which looks quite worse for wear after a oil cooler bursting on the last owner. I can physically fit the tank, but the connector underneath is being quite stubborn and doesn't seem to want to attach to the wiring plug. As a result I constantly get the check coolant showing on the DIS. So, being a bright spark I decided to run wires from both spades to the connector to the plug, but somewhere along the way I must have shorted the circuit as the display went totally blank. I checked vagcom (no codes) and disconnected the battery for a bit and eventually just put the old tank in as I had to use the car. The display sorted it's self out and has been fine since (2 weeks). Now I have the time to fit the new tank again but am puzzled by the sender in the bottom. I should just be able to extend the wiring using male and female spade connectors, no? Any ideas why the DIS went totally black when I shorted the wires? And finally, if the sender in the tank is removable I'll just take it out the old tank and stick it in the new one. Can anybody confirm that you can swap them and if so is there a trick to getting them out? Thanks in advance.
There are two different plugs on the bottom of the tank, and the sensors are not interchangeable afaik Early cars are round, later ones have a rectangular one?
yes, the 1st header tank i got was the rectangular type. I swapped it on the spot for the round type. The OEM one has a lug so you can only connect the plug 1 way, the new one does not have this lug, so potentially could go on backwards. I cant get the plug to seat on the connector though - its like it doesn't fit very well (coupled with the fact i'm not sure if its back to front). Do you know if you can remove the sensor?
i know first hand that a facelfit one would not have worked had you swapped connectors. I have a faceloft one, and have the wires bypassed to stop the DIS complaining
tried again, last night. Looks like the sender in the header tank is faulty. I'll get an exchange and see how i get on. I'm not going to start swapping senders out. Just out of curiosity - how did you by-pass the sensor?


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The ACCESS Communications & Marketing Department serves as the primary source of news and information and is the clearinghouse for all media affairs, public information, and marketing requests. The department is responsible for the development and implementation of all communications materials, programs, and events.
All media inquiries must be made through the Communications Department. If you have any questions concerning communications at ACCESS, please contact us at:
Rana Abbas
Director of Communications and Marketing
Phone: 313-297-4536
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Shannon McEvilly
Communications Supervisor
Phone: 313-843-2835
Email: email@example.com
Aysha Jamali
Senior Communications Specialist
Phone: 313-297-4266
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Charles Baeder
Communications Specialist
Phone: 313-297-4271
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Jose Nunes
Communications Specialist
Phone: 313-297-4532
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Rebecca Vogel-McGowan
Media Designer
Phone: 313-842-1935
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Kim Silarski
Communications Manager, Arab American National Museum
Phone: 313-624-0206
Fax: 313-582-1086
Email: email@example.com
David Wyscaver
Communications Specialist II, Arab American National Museum
Phone: 313-624-0207
Email: email@example.com
Ayah Krisht
Media Designer, Arab American National Museum
Phone: 313-624-0216
Email: email@example.com


text:
mine are "allegedly" and "REEEALly?"
One of mine is "yessum".
"I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference."
Robert Frost
sometimes for me it's other noises that are the perfect thing to... make. i don't know how to explain it other than beatboxing like mouth-sounds...
and i don't always know if other people understand or just accept what i say.
So you were born, and that is a good day.
And someday you'll die and what a shame.
But somewhere in the between, theres a life in which we all dream,
And nothing and no one will ever take that away.
You write your entp boyfriend a sms that you need to get along with your life and he can fuck off
Lost Frequencies - All or Nothing
"People do not like you to be different. If ever in your life you act differently from others, you will find it so, mademoiselle."
~Saint's Progress by John Galsworthy
I know where this is from, its been said in this thread too, I think. ITs where no word you know can fit what you're trying to express so you make one up without language restrictions. AKA its gibberish but people seem to get it anyway. Maybe we tap into the 'universal language'sometimes for me it's other noises that are the perfect thing to... make. i don't know how to explain it other than beatboxing like mouth-sounds...
and i don't always know if other people understand or just accept what i say.
Oh and I'm good at beatboxing, prolly better than most people I know
( Matisyahu is a cool musician, too. Who says Jews cant rap? )
'Imperfection is beauty, madness is genius and its better to be absolutely ridiculous than absolutely boring.' - Marilyn Monroe
This is who I am, escapist, paradise-seeker.
Anthropology Major out of Hamline University. St. Paul, Minnesota.
You sit in a subway car and notice that the guy on the left is incredibly nervous. You wonder why in your head and draw random hypothesis...by the time you're done with that, you've missed your stop.
Sometimes I feel like I'm "on Mercury"-
You have an issue with someone but you're afraid to confront them because you keep undermining your own arguments and you don't trust your own memories as adequate support.


text:
Nearly one hundred years ago, a desperate young woman crawled ashore on a desolate arctic island, carrying a terrible secret and a mysterious, emerald-encrusted cross. A century later, acts of man, nature, and history converge on that same forbidding shore with a power sufficient to shatter civilization as we know it.
Army epidemiologist Frank Slater is facing a court-martial, but after his punishment is mysteriously lifted, Slater is offered a job no one else… (more)


text:
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13 GoodAbout NavyGuy2007
Take your time guys, its your product and you can release it when you feel its right. Don't let the naysayers get you down, most of them would buy it when you release it despite what they say about any delays now. I am looking forward to the sticky comma key. I have no problem having to engage the nose wheel steering but holding down a button is a bit awkward.
Take your time gents.
I reinstalled FSXSE just for the A320X. I still have my retail deluxe edition with acceleration pack as well! As far as pricing, last estimate I saw was in the update post on the top of the forum here, estimated something in the range of $30-40 difference between the two, which isnt that bad really. And that people who own it for FSX at the time it releases can just pay the difference and keep both licenses. Looking forward to the P3D release but I have been really enjoying it on FSX in the mean time.
Green means that you are well above any terrain.
This video and setting files really helped me out a lot. I'm running an AMD FX8350 which is less then ideal for FSX but I can still average 20 in the VC sitting on the ground and ~30ish in the air. Also remember, the courser bug is still in full effect.
P3D quickly became my primary sim. I am eagerly awaiting the P3D version. In the meantime I am enjoying the FSX version!
Matt Davies video and files here really helped me out a lot.
Wish I could help you test it! My P3D V3 is ready to go!!
Didn't make much of a difference to me, although the FSX cursor bug hits me hard though. My FPS almost doubles when its off the screen or on a 2D popup.
EDIT: Take that back, its averaging around 15 and if the cursor goes away it will jump to 20ish in the air.
No, I have FTX Global Vector but not England and UK2000 Heathrow.
I havent really had any issues with P3D 3.3.5, in fact until the A320x I haddent even booted FSX up in months, P3D for me is more stable and faster even with a lot of addons. I wish I could install the 'bus into it and be done with it!
I hope it doesnt come to that. The purpose was to hopefully get some better performance out of my machine, not discuss P3D. That said I do get a lot better performance out of P3D and cant wait for that version to come out (Any chance i can get on the beta team?? LOL!) As far as FSX, is the box edition better performance wise orthe SE? I know Dovetail made some changes for the SE but I still have my original disks for deluxe edition and acceleration.
Can we not turn this into a discussion on how many ways we can split the hair of the P3D EULA? That wasn't the purpose of this thread.


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Welcome to PPM News
The PPM News Blog is maintained by ROI Media Solutions in Los Angeles... [ MORE ]
NEW YORK--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Arbitron Inc. (NYSE:ARB) announced today that ESPN Radio has entered into a multi-year agreement for Arbitron's Portable People MeterTM radio ratings services for its five owned and operated radio stations.
"We have been looking forward to participating in the technology since its conceptual stage," said Traug F. Keller, Senior Vice-President, ESPN Radio and ESPN Deportes. "We are confident that this new methodology for tracking radio listening habits will accurately reflect the vitality and immediacy of the medium and, in our case, the compelling power of the ESPN brand for our radio listeners. We're excited about the dialogue that this information will spark with the advertising community."
[ Full Text of Press Release at Arbitron.com ]
PPM becomes the first accredited portable meter service, collecting data on radio, local television and cable use from one sample of consumers, at home and away
NEW YORK; Aug 1, 2007 – Arbitron Inc. (NYSE:ARB) announced today that the Media Rating Council® (MRC) has accredited the average-quarter-hour, time-period television ratings data produced by the Portable People MeterTM ratings service in Houston.
"This is a significant milestone for Arbitron," said Owen Charlebois, president, Operations, Technology and Research & Development, Arbitron Inc. "The Portable People Meter is the only personal, portable electronic meter system that's ever been subjected to an MRC audit and has met the accreditation standards of the Media Rating Council for a portable meter service, collecting data on radio, local television and cable use from one sample of consumers, at home and away from home."
[ Full Text of Press Release ]
..."Some have suggested that P1 can be seen as a measure of 'loyalty' or 'engagement.' In the case of the Philadelphia May data, you see that eight stations garner more than two-thirds of their AQH audience from P1 listeners with Contemporary Inspirational WPPZ-FM at the top of the ranker at 79 percent.
"The new PPM metric that replaces time spent listening – Average Weekly Time Exposed – also says a lot about the 'loyalty' and 'engagement' of P1 listeners. In the May 2007 Philadelphia PPM data, two stations, Smooth Jazz WJJZ-FM and Urban Adult Contemporary WDAS-FM have a time spent exposed among their P1 listeners at 10 hours or greater. [ MORE ]
Latest Philadelphia PPM Data Released
Arbitron has released new data from the PPM results for Philadelphia, showing the total cume numbers for April and May. Arbitron SVP of Press and Interior Relations Thom Mocarsky says, "In a PPM world, individual station Cumes are larger for all stations, since every exposure to an encoded station is automatically recorded and reported." [ MORE ]
May 2007 Arbitron Philly PPM Data
Arbitron Inc.'s "Portable People Meters" in Houston so far have yielded two big surprises: There's much more out-of-home viewing than previously thought and a lot less time-shifting through digital-video recorders.
The PPM data for July showed that out-of-home viewing by both men and women contributes significantly to overall TV viewing, roughly 15%, Arbitron officials told a gathering of advertisers and media buyers in Houston, as well as reporters via phone.
In terms of DVR use, only about... [ MORE ]
... This is all about one company -- the largest with over 1,100 radio stations and a near monopoly over this medium -- shirking its responsibility to lead. Not only that -- using its might and influence to obstruct progress for many things that would have been good for radio after consolidation.Clear Channel has opposed The Portable People Meter (PPM) from the very beginning. It has done little to help it develop into the modern ratings tool the radio industry needs.If you were to hook up a portable "truth meter" to Clear Channel executives you'd get an ironic story of resistance, lack of leadership and eventually -- once the ad agencies are on board -- compliance.
... Can you imagine if CBS/Infinity or Emmis, AMFM, Greater Media or just about any other company had assembled 1,100 radio stations. I believe things would have been different. [ MORE ]
LONDON - TNS has won a five year contract to supply the radio industry in Denmark with its electronic audience measurement system, Arbitron Portable People Meter.
The contract was awarded to TNS Gallup, a TNS subsidiary in Denmark. TNS takes on the task from January 2008, with a national panel of 750 Danish consumers equipped with the Arbitron PPM to collect overnight radio listening data.
Danish broadcasters will analyse ratings at one-minute increments and use the data for commercial sales and for programme planning.
TNS already provides the service to the neighbouring Norwegian radio industry, which adopted it in 2006. It is also being adopted in Iceland for radio and TV later this year. [ MORE ]
...So without knowing what plans the CBS folks might have really had for heritage Oldies station WOGL Philadelphia, it didn't beggar credibility when rumors began circulating this spring that a Web address had been reserved for Fresh981.com. WOGL was a top-five station 12-plus. But, hey, what did that mean anymore?
Then Arbitron made the March PPM figures for Philadelphia public. And while it was hardly an apples-to-apples comparison, WOGL was no longer a 4.5-share 12-plus radio station (still a respectable number by comparison to many of its brethren) but a 7.5-share radio station. Two months later, it's in the high six-share range, No. 4 12-plus in the market and No. 5 in 25-54. And in a format hit by the combination of aging and attrition, having "only" a 4.5 share is a lot easier to walk away from than a 7.5. [ MORE ]
Arbitron inks Magic Broadcasting's Urban simulcast duo KDAY-FM and KDAI-FM/Los Angeles to a multi-year deal to use its Portable People Meter (PPM) audience measurement service when the PPM system is deployed in Los Angeles, starting in January 2008.
"We see our commitment to the Arbitron PPM as another important step forward in the series of significant improvements that we've made to the 93.5 KDAY/93.5 KDAI synchrocast over the past year," said GM Roy Laughlin. [ MORE ]
[Full Text of Press Release at Arbitron.com ]
In a major win for Arbitron Inc., Clear Channel Communications Inc. has agreed to a broad deal to use Arbitron's new electronic radio-ratings system, according to a person familiar with the deal.
The radio-station chain is expected to sign a multiyear agreement to subscribe to Arbitron's "portable people meter" -- or PPM -- system to measure radio audience. The contract covers the [ MORE ]
Michael Tchong (Ubercool Trend Analyst) posted a very interesting article today on iMedia Connection entitled, "5 Trends to Watch... or Else!" The post is a fascinating read. But this note caught my eye:
The New York Times reports that in Manhattan, where the population is growing at an annual rate of about 10,000, the 2007 Verizon White Pages was 142 pages smaller than the 2006 edition, as more consumers give up landlines. The surging use of wireless devices to keep us connected is leading to a "instant on" culture. Gartner predicts that an astonishing 1.15 billion mobile phones will be sold this year, up 14 percent over 2006.
The New York Times reports that in Manhattan, where the population is growing at an annual rate of about 10,000, the 2007 Verizon White Pages was 142 pages smaller than the 2006 edition, as more consumers give up landlines.
The surging use of wireless devices to keep us connected is leading to a "instant on" culture. Gartner predicts that an astonishing 1.15 billion mobile phones will be sold this year, up 14 percent over 2006.
Tonight, add a prayer that Arbitron's got the cell phone only household initiative right. MSO
[ iMedia Connection: Which current consumer habits will impact digital marketing most profoundly? ]
THE DEVELOPMENTS OF THE PAST 12 to 18 months regarding commercial ratings have certainly been fascinating to follow. With continued pressure from advertisers for increased accountability, it's encouraging to see the industry getting closer to more precise and relevant data. And regardless of its quality at this early stage, the data has been laid in front of buyers and sellers who must now come to terms with it and figure out how to shape and work on its evolution. However, in the industry's mad dash to obtain average commercial ratings, I believe a crucial issue has been overlooked. Specifically, how compliant are members of Nielsen households in "punching out" on their People Meters when they leave the room during commercial breaks?
... While average commercial audiences are reported to be lower than program minutes, advertisers/agencies may find themselves still paying for some viewers who aren't actually present. That's why it's important for continued industry pressure on Nielsen for deployment of a passive meter, perhaps similar to the one being used by Arbitron in Houston and Philadelphia as well as in the test of Project Apollo (the joint venture between Arbitron & Nielsen). This meter picks up imbedded audio signals (for radio and some in-store media as well) and dispenses with button punching by respondents.
... Analyses of minute-by-minute data show that during the average commercial minute, audiences are generally 5% to 10% lower than during the average program minute. But does this reflect the reality of TV viewing? 20 years ago a company named RD Percy tested a passive heat meter for TV measurement. I recall reviewing a presentation that showed audience levels dropped significantly, 25% to 40% during some commercial breaks. That strongly suggests that Nielsen overreports audience levels during commercial breaks. It would be helpful if Arbitron had minute-by-minute data to share from Houston & Philadelphia that might confirm (or refute) that audiences indeed drop more than what the People Meter reports. [ MORE ]
Big deal for B101 owner Jerry Lee, who on Sept. 28 will get the National Radio Award from the National Association of Broadcasters. Lee is a rare solo owner of a big-signal FM radio station. Light rock WBEB (101.1) had the highest audience share in Philly in May, according to Arbitron figures released yesterday.
WDAS-FM (105.3) saw a ratings bounce last month. Arbitron figures say the urban adult-contemporary station rose from fifth to second in the "money demographic" of listeners ages 25 to 54, behind rock WMMR (93.3). In third was B101, followed by oldies WMGK (102.9) and classic hits WOGL (98.1). Among listeners 18 to 34, WMMR was tops, followed by top-40 WRDW (96.5), top-40 WIOQ (102.1) and a tie between hip-hoppers WPHI (100.3) and WUSL (98.9).
WJJZ (97.5), the smooth jazz outlet, should be [ MORE ]
NEW YORK, June 18, 2007 – Arbitron Inc. (NYSE: ARB) announced today that Crawford Broadcasting Company has entered into a multi-year agreement for the Arbitron Portable People MeterTM audience measurement service when the PPMTM system is deployed in Chicago, starting in January 2008.
Crawford Broadcasting owns four FM stations in Chicago and its suburbs: WPWX - 92.3 FM; WSRB - 106.3 FM; WYRB - 106.3 FM; WYCA - 102.3 FM. [ Full Text of Press Release ]
Arbitron, saying its panelists are committed to PPM, passed along anecdotes about people who wear the Portable People Meter.
"Many of our PPM panelists go to great lengths themselves to live up to their commitment to carry the meter with them wherever they go," the company stated in a press release.
In one household with seven people, everyone had a meter except a 4-year-old who was... [ MORE ]
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