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Hello To All My Chinese Friends! Hi, I'm an ovum, one of over one billion human eggs currently floating through various female reproductive systems around the globe. You'll probably be relieved to know that almost all of us will be flushed out of the system, unused, unfertilized. Every month. That drives American right-wing fundamentalist's crazy as they believe we were individually created by God and given a unique soul. In their view each and every one of us deserves the chance to be fertilized and grow up to fight in an oil war, denude the planet of resources and offer unquestioning fealty to men in dresses who talk to imaginary men in the clouds. In America 1.3 million pregnancies are terminated each year, many for valid, life-threatening medical reasons. That's less than .3 per cent of the population. (In all my long years I've known but one woman to have an abortion.) Abortion is even rarer than the occurrence of autism. (BTW, thanks a lot for that one, God.) Now let's suppose all of the 1.3 million terminated blastocysts were allowed to come to full term. What are the chances you'd know any of them? The bigger question is: If you'd been aborted would anyone miss you? The sad answer is no. Not at all. Not even a little. If I'd never been born would you miss this strip, or me? No, and no. That's why we need abortion in this country. So that we can all choose to have children, healthy children, children who are planned and loved, when we're ready for them. And, thus, free of the burden of our biology we can each proceed to have full, rich, meaningful lives that other people will remember us by.
And yet, doctors in this country are being murdered as a result of performing a legal medical procedure not on religious or practical grounds, but for political ones. When I used the word "assassinated" in today's cartoon I did not use it frivolously. There are terrorists in this country, and they come bearing a little "R" after their names. -----------------------------------------------------------------------
Raging Pencils is a KAWAII conceit of: Mike Stanfill, Private Hand Illustration • Flash Animation • Web Design www.privatehand.com
Today's Google Chow. Introducing Honey, The Horrifying Scenario Kitten Because of the shootings of abortion doctors many family planning facilities are closing their doors. In some states there are no abortion providers left. Obviously, this scheme of assassinating doctors is working out great for right-wing fundamentalists. The result poses a horrible dilemma for women but the solution to this problem has been right before our eyes this whole time... start shooting the people who own gun production plants. In the head. Preferably in church, if for no other reason than to emphasize the point that God could care less. Keep in mind that, unlike doctors and politicians who are little more than are sitting ducks, these people will be armed and will shoot back. So this idea will take someone with real guts, not just psychopaths, creationists or fans of Glenn Beck. That's it. Purrr.


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ex p suggests a planned ds/dd for our dd whilst remaining apart
(86 Posts)Hi ,
ex p and i split when he decided our planned dd changed his life too much and he wanted the life he had before.workaholic, history of ea and gas lighting, me and dd had to move out of the family home as everything in his name. he's away a lot which gave me time to resettle not far away so dd could get to see him.am now really blossoming and realising how my personality had been squashed.enjoying my new life and dd happy.
i had a thread not long ago about wanting another child and considering a sperm bank. I think i had come to a decision that yes, this is what i wanted, so i informed ex p as it would affect our dd. he said he had always wanted two dc (this is not true, he gave one of the main reasons for the split as not wanting another dc to complicate his carefully constructed life) and he would like to be the donor so dc have the same dad.
so part of me is thinking, yes, it makes sense, the new dc will have a dad, it won't change the situation but will give me what i want and ex p still gets to do the disney dad thing. it will be the same, but with two.
then i wobble, think am i self sabotaging my chances of happiness with a potential soul mate in the future?, will this keep ex p too much in my life, is this more of his control? he has been ok about respecting my boundaries, he knows i never ever want to get back together. but it's making me weepy thinking about another baby he'll have a say in iykwim. oh i'm so confused. this is madness isn't it. or is it?
Message withdrawn at poster's request.
It sounds like utter utter madness to me. Don't do it.
It is madness. Is he controlling?
nononononononononononono NO!
you already know, this is him wanting control!
too messy.
forgot to say, am 40, so the need to conceive quite soon is key, i don't realistically have much time to meet someone and get to a point several years down the line to decide to have children. i am really happy single, i would rather wait for the soul mate if they ever came along, than make do with someone i had to change myself to fit in for. if the soul mate never comes, that's fine too, a man doesn't complete me. But i am yearning for a sibling for my dd.
I would also say no to this. Too much potential for complication and heartache down the line, and if you bring up two children together they will be siblings, regardless of who their biological father is.
don't go back there, please!
'Wanting' just isn't a good enough reason to have another child, not in these circumstances. It's got disaster written all over it.
no way!
he doesn't want another child but when he hears that you are going to go ahead and have one anyway, suddenly he wants one? this is control. he doesn't want you moving on and wants to keep you tied to him.
Well its a bit of an odd idea and you should probably go with your gut. But, its not like hes not in your life anyway.
so revisit the sperm bank... have another one... just not with him
blimey, thanks for the quick responses. my compass is completely broken here ,
part of me is thinking it's an easy, slick solution to the problem.
i get another dc, dd gets a sibling, they both go to access to the same dad so no 'i've got a daddy and you don't' scenarios.
but we remain separated and as we are now, civil to one another, respecting boundaries, ...
so you really think it's madness?..
Completely bonkers. Honestly.
oh, and turkey baster all the way. no way to dtd. no no noooo.
but it's not something i'll leap blindly into. and i'll def look at the sperm bank option again. but as bugger says, it's not as if he's not in my life anyway. he's going to be there because of dd.
and since having access days he's had to 'do' stuff with her and has realised actually it's brilliant having her. I do all the hard work of course and he gets all the glory. but eh, that's how it is.
How about fostering or adoption .
But no no no no to the above idea oh my goodness no no no
If he wasn't abusive there might be something to be said for it but he is - a history of ea and gaslighting, you had to leave the family home, he does not like the disruption to his nice ordered life (control). I am sure he is offering this for his own reasons and not to help you - what does he stand to gain?
The nice and easy road isn't always the best btw.
sigh. i sort of knew it.
but there are unconventional families all over the place now. i'm not ready to totally rule it out, but it is looking less of an option, so thank you for your views.
I actually know of someone local to me who did this - its a bit weird but it seems to work for them..the kids see their dad together - they planned it and the kids are 2 yrs apart..
I'm going to go against the grain here and say that I think I would also be considering the same in your shoes. On a LOT of levels it does make sense, namely the practical ones you mention.. But it's complicated on the emotional levels and they are the real drivers in any situation IMO.
Gah. I really feel for you. This is a toughie.
Only you know how you would feel to further tie yourself to a man you don't want to be tied to....
God grief. Are you mad, Pod?
And if you really thought it was a good idea, would you be on here asking?
N, no and thrice no!
If he's controlling, then not a great idea. You never know if you Find a nice man with some lovely children, there might be siblings that way or surely another way.
i think he's really enjoying the attention he's getting when out with dd. he's someone who thrives on attention, he does not exist unless he is reflected by other people.
saying that, he had a very disjointed, unaffectionate childhood, and i can see him discovering things with dd that he missed in his own childhood, even things i 'modelled' to him, like cuddling her and being silly. he has always been very serious and stress filled. i think it's a relief to let go. I think he sees a healing of the past that was previously unavailable to him.
froggers that is interesting! see, it is the practical solution, that's what i can't get away from.
emotionally, i have been blocking the behaviour that is second nature to him. i don't entertain any of it, and i use dd as an example- would he want her to feel like a, b or c that i'm feeling now? that seems to sink in, it makes it real. I truly believe now that it is his childhood that informs his behaviour. but i am not engaging on that side of things, it's up to him to find his own healing.
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Sun | Mon | Tue | Wed | Thu | Fri | Sat |
2016-2017 Statewide Assessment CalendarUpcoming Free IEP Workshops for ParentsFocus Parent Portal
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Testing Dates6th, 7th, & 8th Grade Writing Test February 28 8th Grade FSA Writing Computer Based 6th and 7th Grade FSA Writing Paper Based March 1 & 2 - Makeups 7th Grade Testing April 10th & 11th - CBT Math April 12th & 13th - CBT ELA/Rdg April 14th - Makeups 8th Grade Testing April 17th & 18th - CBT Math, Algebra/Geometry April 19th & 20th - CBT ELA/Rdg. April 21st - Makeups 6th Grade Testing April 24th & 25th - CBT Math April 26th & 27th - CBT ELA/Rdg. April 28th - Makeups Other Testing May 2nd - FCAT Science 8th grade (Paper Based Test) FCAT Science 8th Grade Makeups May 8th - Civics EOC May 9th-12th - Civics EOC Makeups Our Purpose StatementAt Ferry Pass Middle School we believe that all students can learn and be successful. Our purpose is to create an environment which will enable each student to understand that learning is a life long process. One of our goals is to provide rigorous academic courses to challenge students in order to prepare them so that they may excel in high school, college, and the workforce. Our second goal is to build relationships with students and their families. Ferry Pass Middle School believes that we have the responsibility to our students to accept them as individuals, to assess their needs and interests, and to provide a varied well-organized curriculum which will promote positive academic, social , physical, and emotional growth. We strive to create a safe middle school environment with meaningful educational opportunities that motivate students at all levels to achieve at their highest potential. However, we recognize that middle school adolescents are experiencing a transition marked by rapid changes in physical growth, relationships with peers and adults, perception of themselves, and formation of values. In conjunction with the family and community, the ultimate goal of Ferry Pass Middle School is to assist in the development of self confident, self-disciplined learners who can be productive citizens in a global community. Bus Information
If you are in district with current transportation provided remember that your child's stop is based on your home address in Focus. Make sure this is correct! You can check the bus stop locator to determine the stop location as well as the pick-up and drop off time.
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Student Orientation Information7th Grade Shot Requirement 7th Grade Students that have not received the TDAP Immunization: Before your student can start the 7th grade they are required to have a TDAP booster. You may call the Escambia County Health Dept. at 850.595.6554 If you call at 7:30 a.m., you can sometimes get a same day appointment. If you are using a personal physician, please make sure the shot is recorded on the Blue 680 form. Bring the form to school as soon as possible. The school is open this summer Monday - Thursday 8:00 - 4:00.School Supply List 2016-2017#2 Pencils Blue or Black ink pens Wide Ruled Notebook Paper Pack of multi-colored highlighters Zippered Binder or 2 inch, 3 ring notebook and set of 10 dividers Ear buds Algebra only - Texas Instruments TI30X solar powered calculator SYNC Summer reading/listening Program The free SYNC summer reading/listening program for teens starts next week - May 5th. Each week for 15 weeks, two audio books will be available free for download. That's 30 books! These books are FREE for students to download. They don't even have to listen to them right away or in order. Once they download the books, they are on their device until students are ready to listen.In order to get the books, students will need to download the free OverDrive app. (You, too!) It would be best for students to download the app before May 5th! It's available in the Apple and Google stores. For more information and to get a complete list of the books that will be available, go to www.AudioBookSYNC.com To Be Promoted to High SchoolPLEASE READ: The Escambia County School Board instituted a major change in the 2014-2015 Student Progression Plan at their regular meeting October 21st, 2014. Students must now have a 2.0 Grade ...more Is Your Student Ready for 7th Grade ??? Before your student can start the 7th grade they are required to have a TDAP booster. It is not too early to take care of this requirement. Your student may receive the immunization at the Escambia County Health Department (Fairfield Dr 595-6554 N Palafox 484-5755). Appointments are required, but the shots are FREE. The immunizations MUST be on a Florida Immunization Record Form (DH680 form). Bring in your immunization forms to the school as soon as possible. NO SHOTS means NO SCHOOL.PTSAPlease join PTSA! Envelopes are available in the front office. PTSA membership is $5.00 - Thank you for supporting our PTSA! |
Chromebook Video & ContractHow to request a parent conference:Ways to request a conference: 1. Visit www.ferrypassmiddle.org, click on the Guidance tab, and complete the form at the bottom of the page. 2. Email email@example.com 3. Call (850) 494-5650 ext.226 Weekly Callout 3-26-2017On Monday, March 27, Report Cards go home with students. FSA testing is coming up in April. The week of April 10th our 7th graders will be testing. The week of April 17th our 8th graders will be testing. And the week of April 24th our 6th graders will be testing. You can go to our school website at ferrypassmiddle.org for specific dates. On testing days students need to be at school on time and stay in school for the day. Also, parents if you have not taken the Parent Satisfaction Survey please click on the link below and take the quick survey. https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/ECSD_Parent_2017 Thank you. Transportation InformationTransportation Phone Number: (850) 469-5591 Transportation Accommodation Form: .com/transportation/accommodation Transportation Accommodations The Escambia County School ...more No Checkouts after 3:15 p.m. Back to School InfoQuick Links
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Holiday Homes In Sussex Make A Good Second Home
East Sussex is an excellent family holiday location and there is no doubt that when you buy one of the holiday homes for sale in Sussex, it would turn out to be a good second home for you. Rather than investing in real estate in an urban location and paying more, you will do well to look at the option of investing in a holiday home by the countryside, thanks to the many advantages you can enjoy.
Having caravans within a holiday area is similar to possessing a second house, a location which you can visit as and when you feel like. No more do you need to plan your holiday schedule and fit it such that you get the appropriate accommodation. When you have one of the holiday homes for sale in Sussex, you can just hop into your vehicle and visit your home with family and friends and really relax. You can benefit from the many facilities that such holiday homes can provide you and also get to explore Sussex at leisure, without being under any time pressure.
So what does the East of Sussex have in store for you?
To start with, you can visit South Downs National Park, which is spread over 70 miles of lovely countryside and is easily one of Britain's treasured national place of interest. The Park area is full of regions of natural splendor, such as the Seven Siblings (Sussex's famous beach destination cliffs); 4 river streams (the Cuckmere, the Arun, the Ouse and Adur) and also the Long Man associated with Wilmington - an old landscape carving imprinted within chalk.
When you buy one of the holiday homes for sale in Sussex, you provide your children wonderful opportunities to explore South Downs and indulge in activities that they would not be able to do when they are in your urban home. Activities like horse riding, taking long walks by the natural surroundings, para gliding and the opportunity to explore the many historical and Neolithic sites.
Having caravans around East Sussex also provides you with lots of chances to participate in the thriving nearby nightlife in the area. Through pubs as well as clubs, which offer live music for all the seven nights each week; exciting stage shows, live plays and performances, there's something for each as well as everyone. Sussex's best towns like Brighton, Hastings and Beachy Head are also within proximity for some excellent entertainment options.
There is sporting action too that you can enjoy. Goodwood hosts a number of racing events and for those who are literary minded, having a holiday home in Hastings and in close proximity to the residences of Rudyard Kipling as well as some of the best art galleries should be a matter of great pride and satisfaction.
Holiday homes for sale in Sussex really makes for a very good second home when you also consider the usual advantages that a holiday park provides its caravan owners.
Charlotte Wilson is an experienced travel writer who likes to share her experiences and expertise through article writing. Church Farm Holiday Village is on the doorstep of the South Downs in West Sussex, right near Pagham lagoon and is a charming multi-award winning 5 Star Holiday Village. For more information about holiday homes for sale in Sussex, please visit churchfarmholidayvillage.co.uk.
Source: EzineArticlesArticle Tags:
Holiday Homes For Sale In Sussex
Mauritius is one of the most ideal family vacation spots in the world.Mauritius is one of the most ideal family vacation spots in the world. Travel agencies have experienced a significant rise in the
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Vacation is an event many families look forward to biannually or annually, but some individuals take frequent vacations, depending on their work ethics. The common problem many vacationers face is
Luxury family holidays are always the anticipated occasion in households. This is especially true when their destination is the one that they have longed been dreaming of visiting. Incidentally,
Not all the thoughts belong to same world all the time. They are dominated by different colours, different acts and fascinations. Overworked brain start imagining things that it wanted to do even if
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The country is a beautiful backdrop for celebrations. One holiday is never enough for travelers to revel in the country's richness.
With roughly 21 miles of coastline, it comes as no surprise that Malibu has beautiful beaches, as well as scenic neighborhoods fronting these beaches, such as Paradise Cove, Point Dume and Broad
Trips to Disney World are driven by dreams and travel dreams are driven by lodging and budgeting logistics. It is better to be safe than sorry on holiday. There are plenty of vacation homes near
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It is normal that you are apprehensive about applying makeup or any other product following a cosmetic procedure on your face. After all, having just completed a procedure, it is not easy to
The skin is the largest organ in our body and therefore requires a lot of care to ensure that we remain protected against both external and internal risks. The external risks arise out of repeated
Cosmetics and other skin care products like Auriderm are being used by everybody around the world for the many obvious benefits they provide. The cosmetic industry is a huge one with new products
Corporate product launch venues such as the ones inside closed banquet rooms of five star hotels are becoming pretty monotonous and uninspiring. When you are about to get into a product launch that
The facility and ease of combining an incredible holiday coupled with the organisation of competitive sports including fighting techniques or martial arts events is exactly what differentiates a
Snowboarding is often considered a sport that is just as much about the image as it is about actually hitting the slopes and gliding down them to the end. This is due to the fact that snowboarders


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No Longer Showing.
The Measure of All Things is a new "live documentary" by Academy Award-nominated filmmaker Sam Green. Meditating on fate, time, and the outer contours of the human experience, and inspired very loosely by the Guinness Book of World Records to weave together a series of portraits of record-holding people, places, and things—including the tallest man (7'-9"), the oldest living thing (a 5,000 year old Bristlecone Pine in Southern California), and the man struck by lightning the most times (seven!)—the piece will be screened with in-person narration and a live soundtrack.
November 21, 7 and 9pm performance with yMusic
November 22, 7 and 9pm performance with Brendan Canty (Fugazi), T. Griffin, and Catherine McRae
Tickets $25
Sam Green: The Measure of All Things received support from Rooftop Films, DCTV, and the National Endowment for the Arts. This presentation is supported, in part, by public funds from New York City Department of Cultural Affairs in partnership with the City Council and New York State Council on the Arts with the support of Governor Andrew Cuomo and the New York State Legislature.
Feb 17 2017
During the past month, The Kitchen has been proud to present Cory Arcangel and Olia Lialina's "Asymmetrical Response," an exhibition that takes up not only the ambiguous character of contemporary media—questioning, in effect, the levers of power and flow of information within the Internet's histo...Read On
Jan 19 2017
Dear Friends, Describing The Kitchen's very beginnings, founders Woody and Steina Vasulka once recalled how an informal gathering among like-minded individuals devoted to video quickly grew into a venue for artists of all stripes, working in music, dance, performance, literature, and art: "Basic...Read On
Dec 12 2016
Dear Friends, The Kitchen is proud to announce its Winter 2017 season, which presents remarkable new works and premieres by artists from New York and around the world. Opening the year, Philippe Quesne's singular La Mélancolie des dragons makes its New York debut (January 10–14), featuring a ...Read On


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I've decided to share two amazing links - you may like them if you enjoyed my latest presentation about Big Data and / or if you like the idea of Data as a Service.
- WindMap - actual map of winds blowing over the US :) (http://hint.fm/wind/) - powered by National Digital Forecast Database. It's fully zoomable and despite the fact of


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A couple quick plein airs from the back porch.
Thursday, June 26, 2008
Saturday, June 21, 2008
Sandpoint Plein Air Paint-Out
The following paintings were done at the Sandpoint Plein Air paint-out. They are at the Timberstand Gallery in Sandpoint, Idaho.
9"x12" Plein Airs
8"x10" Plein Airs
5"x 7" Plein Airs
Sunday, June 1, 2008
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Consumer Advocates Bemoan Senate Vote to Lift ISP Privacy Restrictions
Privacy advocates and consumer groups are fighting back against the U.S. Senate's Thursday vote to undo privacy restrictions on Internet service providers. In a 50-48 party line vote, the Senate approved the Congressional Review Act, S.J. Res. 34. If the House of Representatives gives it the green light, it then will go to the president to be signed into law.


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ATP Memory Cards and Accessories |
Thank you for all your support since February 2005 when we first opened as USAMEMORY.NET. From then until January 2009 we specialized in selling ATP Flash Memory and Accessories. Still the very best memory cards in the world. Thank you for all your support, we have sold memory cards to the USA, UK, Japan, South America, Southern Europe, Australia and beyond. If you have a serious interest in purchasing the domains please let us know: usamemory.net usamemory.biz usamemory.info usamemory.org usamemory.us usamemory.eu Best regards, Robert |
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You have the most marvelous youth, and youth is the one thing worth having.…Someday when you are old and wrinkled and ugly, when thought has seared your forehead with its lines and passion branded your lips with its hideous fires, you will feel it. You will feel it terribly. Now, wherever you go you charm the world. Will it always be so? You have a wonderfully beautiful face, Mr. Gray.…And beauty is a form of genius-is higher, indeed, than genius, as it needs no explanation. It is one of the great facts of the world, like sunlight or springtime or the reflection in dark waters of that silver shell we call the Moon. It cannot be questioned. It has its divine right of sovereignty. It makes princes of those who have it. You smile-ah, when you have lost it you won't smile. People say sometimes that beauty is only superficial. That may be so, but at least it is not so superficial as thought is. To me, beauty is the wonder of wonders. It is only shallow people who do not judge by appearances. The true mystery of the world is the visible, not the invisible. — Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890)
You have the most marvelous youth, and youth is the one thing worth having.…Someday when you are old and wrinkled and ugly, when thought has seared your forehead with its lines and passion branded your lips with its hideous fires, you will feel it. You will feel it terribly. Now, wherever you go you charm the world. Will it always be so? You have a wonderfully beautiful face, Mr. Gray.…And beauty is a form of genius-is higher, indeed, than genius, as it needs no explanation. It is one of the great facts of the world, like sunlight or springtime or the reflection in dark waters of that silver shell we call the Moon. It cannot be questioned. It has its divine right of sovereignty. It makes princes of those who have it. You smile-ah, when you have lost it you won't smile. People say sometimes that beauty is only superficial. That may be so, but at least it is not so superficial as thought is. To me, beauty is the wonder of wonders. It is only shallow people who do not judge by appearances. The true mystery of the world is the visible, not the invisible.
Women with high reproductive value attract men. 19-year-old women are likely to produce the greatest number of children—twice as many as 30-year-old women.
Teenage boys, on average, prefer girls a year older. Men in their middle twenties usually prefer women a year or two younger. Thirtysomething men prefer women 5 to 10 years younger. Many men in their 40s and 50s prefer women 10 to 20 years younger.
Women of all ages up to about 45 prefer, on average, a man a few years older.[1]
These statistical findings are mostly medians, however, and not necessarily the mode. In reality, age preferences vary widely from individual to individual, and sometimes from one stage of life to the next.
Neoteny is the retention of juvenile characteristics into adulthood.
In other primates, e.g., chimpanzees and gorillas, both male and female adults have tough skin, coarse body hair, Adam's apples, and deep voices. Humans, however, have characteristics of neoteny. Some of them appear in men, but most appear in women.
Adult women, for example, usually have higher voices like children.[2] Men and women agree that attractive women have the large eyes and lips and small noses and chins of children. Attractive women's faces have the proportions of 11-to-14-year-old children.[3]
Women further neoteny by using cosmetics, shaving their legs, and wearing children's clothing, e.g., Mary Jane shoes.
However, attraction of men toward pre-pubescent girls has no reproductive value. Mature women have features that distinguish them from pre-pubescent girls, yet are different from men. These secondary sexual characteristics include prominent breasts, clearly defined waists, and full hips. They reflect sexual maturity and fertility, offsetting the pre-pubescence that neotenous chracteristics could otherwise suggest.
Children's long dependency on their fathers is associated with neoteny. Fatherless children—a million years ago or today—were less likely to learn adult skills, inherit social status, and reproduce. Women who appeared young and remained strong were able to keep a man for twenty years, instead of losing him to a younger woman. A young-looking widow could find a second husband, whereas an older-looking counterpart of the same chronological age might not.[4] Some statistical extrapolations suggest that someone is more likely to stay with one partner, the longer the partner continues to appear young. A hypothesis has been given to suggest that children with mothers who retain youthful characteristics were more likely to have both parents throughout their childhood, and grow up to reproduce and have descendants. Parents with neotenous characteristics would pass them on to their offspring. E.g., a mother who has certain features that cause her to look younger than other women her age is likely to have daughters having that appearance as well.
Beauty standards are universal across cultures. People around the world have 91-94% agreement about the facial attractiveness of Asian, Hispanic, black, and white women. Even native people unexposed to mass media agree with the rest of the world.
Infants gaze longer and show more pleasure when looking at pictures of attractive male and female faces. One-year-olds play longer with facially attractive dolls than with unattractive dolls.[5]
Beauty standards are cues to a woman's health: clear, smooth skin; full, lustrous hair; full lips; bright eyes; and symmetrical features.
Composite faces, made by combining many photographs on a computer, are more attractive than any individual face. Beauty is "average" looks, not unusual or "striking" features.
Men, in general, don't judge women as being fat or thin. Rather, men tend to consider women with a 70% waist-to-hip ratio to be beautiful. E.g., a woman with a 21-inch waist and 30-inch hips, a woman with a 24-inch waist and 35-inch hips, and a woman with a 28-inch waist and 40-inch hips are equally attractive.[6] The 70% or higher waist-to-hip ratio, and the Golden ratio (62% waist-height-to-total-height ratio) indicate health and fertility.
Some beauty preferences vary between cultures, e.g., light or dark skin.
When a society experiences rapid change, it values youth and new, iconoclastic ideas. The 1920s and 1960s preferred thin, flat-chested, youthful women.
Conservative societies—e.g., the Victorian era, or the 1950s—value old ideas, and full-figured, mature women. Large metropolitan cities such as New York value very thin women; in contrast, small, rural towns prefer full-figured, fertile adult women.
American women chose thinner-than-average women as the most beautiful. American men prefer average-size women. Fashion models are thinner than porn stars.[7]
Use cultural beauty standards to your advantage. Unlike your ancestors, you can move to a different city or even country. Select a culture where you're beautiful.
Our grandparents saw relatively few people. They saw even fewer beautiful people. In contrast, today we turn on a television and see nothing but attractive people made up to look their best, with the bad shots discarded. (Finally, a reason to praise Fox's "reality" television shows!)
Since the 1930s—the beginning of mass media—men have increased the importance of "good looks" in a wife by 40%. Women have increased the importance of a good-looking husband almost 80%. Women in 1996 valued "good looks" in husbands more than men in 1939 valued "good looks" in wives.[8]
Photos of beautiful women made men rate their wives as less attractive, and feel less committed to their marriages, compared to men who looked at photos of "average" women.[9]
Learn the game, then bend the rules. Before submitting a personal ad, have a "makeover" photo studio make you look like a glamorous model. When you marry, get rid of your television.
The media also affect men. Performers such as Jerry Seinfeld raise expectations of men's entertainment skills. As media images make women feel inadequately attractive, media entertainers make men feel inadequately entertaining. These men give up and say that they can't dance, sing, or tell jokes. The positive side is less competition for men who try to entertain women. Older men have an advantage here over younger men. Many young women have never had a man make them laugh, lead them on the dance floor, or play Chopin for an audience of one.
For beautiful young women, the problem is sorting the wheat from the chaff. Finding a quality mate is no easier for them than for anyone else. They spend as much effort rejecting the wrong men as others spend finding men.
(Another problem is that a woman's power over men vanishes when a younger, more beautiful woman walks into the room.)
In the animal world, females initiate 80% of matings (see Flirting). Males who initiate mating are the males that no female will approach. Men who approach women pick young, beautiful women. Q.E.D., beautiful young women meet more than their share of losers.
Dating advice books tell men to ignore a woman to attract her attention. It's not that women like to be ignored. Rather, women know that if a man pays too much attention to a woman, he's a loser. (The converse isn't true—men's egos are attracted to women who pay attention to them.)
If women are too attractive, men stay in their cerebral cortexes. They'll date beautiful women to feel envy from their male friends. They have no reason to shift into their limbic brains and emotionally connect. When men are jerks and women are shallow, they're stuck in their cerebral cortexes.
Putting effort into clothes and make-up will get you more dates, but impair men's vision of your inner beauty, and attract the "wrong" kind of men (those who don't look deeper than the level of physical appearance). The ideal is to look nice, but don't overdo it. If you're getting many dates but aren't meeting quality men, work on improving yourself, not your wardrobe.
Encourage self-selection of potential mates. Tell suitors that you can't go out on a date, but they're welcome to join you volunteering, e.g., with Habitat For Humanity. The few men who show up to work are the ones worth dating.
Stereotypically, unattractive women dress badly. They think that if they don't put effort into their appearance, men will think they have interesting minds. These women may read Dostoevsky but they look boring and stupid.
Or unattractive women dress well, but wear styles older than their age. E.g., you look like your grandmother buys your clothes. That's bad when you're 20, and really bad when you're 50.
Stereotypically, attractive women dress well. They spend time and effort on their clothes, hair, and make-up. These women may be shallow (e.g., reading nothing more challenging than Cosmopolitan) but they look sophisticated and intelligent.
And attractive women dress younger than their ages. Attractive 50-year-old women think it's fun to dress in teenagers' platform boots for Halloween.
If you were born with "unattractive genes", put more effort into your appearance. Dress younger than your age.
If you were born with "cover girl genes", leave the four-inch stilettos in your closet. Wear Converse sneakers and read The Brothers Karamazov at the coffee shop.
Education, employment, and relationships are problematic for women. On the one hand, school and work are the most common places where couples meet (see Where Couples Met). Women who go to college and choose a professional career are more likely to meet men (especially if they choose traditionally male fields, e.g., science). And men prefer to marry women with good educations and good jobs.[10]
On the other hand, career women sometimes must sacrifice relationships. E.g., a job may require moving to a new city. Women who choose professional careers postpone marriage until they're out of college and have started their careers—by which time they find that many of their male classmates and co-workers are married.
Conversely, women whose primary goal is to be a mother are least likely to meet men. Such women forego higher education and professional careers. E.g., a woman who loves children may seek employment in childcare—where she works with other women.
Emotional connection makes women want sex. Emotional connection makes men want long-term relationships.
Emotional connection makes men and women switch gender roles (see Becoming a Couple). Individuals who use masculine sexuality (usually, but not always, men) want to have sex with many partners. Individuals who use feminine sexuality (usually, but not always, women) want long-term committed relationships. Emotional connection makes women switch to masculine sexuality, and makes men switch to feminine sexuality.
A man using masculine sexuality shows off his social status, physique, and money to attract women's attention. But that's all stereotyped gender roles can do (attract attention). Once he has a woman's attention, she'll look for relationship skills, entertainment skills (e.g., a sense of humor), and, above all, the emotional connection of "chemistry."
A woman using feminine sexuality shows off her youth and beauty to attract men's attention. But that's all her stereotyped gender role can do. If they don't emotionally connect, he'll date her only as long as he thinks he might get to have sex.
Make your suitor feel emotionally connected by letting him see you in a variety of situations.
E.g., volunteer with a non-profit organization, take a continuing education class, and participate in a new sport. When a man approaches you in one venue, invite him to do the other activities with you. If you met him in a business computers night class, suggest that he join you volunteering with Habitat For Humanity on Saturday, or at a rock climbing class on Sunday.
He'll see you using a variety of emotions. You may be confident and professional in the business computers class, caring and nurturing with the non-profit organization, and scared—then triumphant—climbing a cliff.
Remember girls! Physical beauty is temporary, yet inner beauty has permanent effect even when you're no more.
totally agree :)
Finding contentment and making a difference is everyone's job individually. Do what you love and make yourself
Finding contentment and making a difference is everyone's job individually. Do what you love and make yourself useful to society, and it may happen on its own. Go gracefully, honorably and speak up. Take risks. Pay it forward, is it were. Remember, it's a small world and know with whom you are dealing. Reputation is everything, actions are the only measure, per Mark Twain.
It all boils down to that elusive "chemistry" that is so hard to define. Why some men prefer weaker women may be because they are weak. Why some men prefer blondes vs. brunettes is probably based in some 4th grade fantasy that is buried so deep, he doesn't know why.
It may be as simple as "Who do you li
It may be as simple as "Who do you like better, Ginger or Mary Ann?" (Common question in the 70's from young fans of Gilligan's Island)
heh nice thread
Men select women because of many reasons and few of them reasons had discussed up there but I decided to write my essay from http://www.topessaywriting-services.com/ to discuss all reasons of selections of women. I am thankful for telling us these points that are very beneficent and valuable for every man and woman.
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New Delhi | Hardening its stance further, India has once again virtually rejected Pakistan's latest invitation for talks on Kashmir, saying it is willing to discuss cross-border terrorism which was its "core concern".
Replying to his Pakistani counterpart Aizaz Ahmad Chaudhry's fresh invitation of August 19 to visit Islamabad by the end of this month to discuss Kashmir dispute, Foreign Secretary S Jaishankar said in a letter he was willing to discuss terrorism emanating from Pakistan's territory which was India's core concern.
According to sources, Jaishankar's letter was handed over by Indian High Commissioner Gautam Bambawale to Chaudhry yesterday. The reply again stressed on the need for earliest possible vacation of Islamabad's illegal occupation of Pakistan-occupied-Kashmir (PoK), they added.
Chaudhry's August 19 letter, second in the last ten days, invited Jaishankar to visit "Islamabad by the end of this month to discuss the Jammu & Kashmir dispute, with a view to finding a fair and just solution, as per the United Nations Security Council resolutions and aspirations" of the people of the state. He had first written to Jaishankar on August 15 for talks on Kashmir.
Pakistan has also called for "putting an immediate end to the human rights violations against the innocent people" of Jammu and Kashmir and for providing medical facilities to the injured, "including the permission for doctors and paramedics to travel."
The sharp exchange of words comes amid strain in bilateral ties between the two nations over the continuing unrest in Kashmir with Islamabad issuing provoking statements on the turmoil following the killing of Hizbul Mujahideen commander Burhan Wani last month.
Wani was hailed as a martyr by Pakistan, which also tried to internationalise the Kashmir issue with Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and the country's foreign office writing to a host of countries besides the United Nations, while India has been maintaining that Pakistan-sponsored terrorism in the Valley is the root cause of the turbulence.


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Synthesis, characterisation and structure-property analysis of derivatives of the non-linear optical material 5-nitro-N-(1- phenylethyl)pyridin-2-amine
Langley, P.J. and Bailey, R.T. and Cruickshank, F.R. and Kennedy, A.R. and Lochran, S. and Pugh, D. and Sherwood, J.N. and Viikki, A. and Wallis, J.D. (2001) Synthesis, characterisation and structure-property analysis of derivatives of the non-linear optical material 5-nitro-N-(1- phenylethyl)pyridin-2-amine. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 11 (4). pp. 1047-1056. ISSN 0959-9428
Full text not available in this repository. (Request a copy from the Strathclyde author)Abstract
The effects of a series of small structural changes to (S)-5-nitro-N-(1-phenylethyl)pyridin-2-amine on its solid state non-linear optical properties, including the phenomenon of rotating dielectric axes, have been investigated. Installation of a methyl group in the 3-position of the heterocyclic ring or at the amino nitrogen atom gave the most promising materials, though neither of these materials showed rotating dielectric axes. Details of the crystal structure analyses of a family of these compounds illustrate the delicate interplay between molecular conformation and intermolecular interactions in determining the packing arrangements.
Item type: | Article |
ID code: | 1253 |
Keywords: | rotating dielectric axes, molecular, intermolecular, molecular conformation, Chemistry, Materials Chemistry, Chemistry(all) |
Subjects: | Science > Chemistry |
Department: | Faculty of Science > Pure and Applied Chemistry |
Depositing user: | Catriona Mccallum |
Date Deposited: | 20 Jun 2006 |
Last modified: | 22 Mar 2017 09:06 |
URI: | http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/id/eprint/1253 |
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Lewis Hamilton declared himself extremely uncomfortable with the Mercedes set-up at the end of free practice for the British Grand Prix.
With the Silverstone crowd expecting Hamilton to be the strongest of the home drivers on present form, he had been hoping for a big weekend, but ending Friday disappointed.
"I can't remember the last time I felt so uncomfortable with the set-up," Hamilton admitted.
"We just need to go back and work on it to make it feel good."
The Briton was fifth fastest, while his team-mate Nico Rosberg set the pace.
But Rosberg also had concerns about the car's handling.
The German acknowledged that the car was quick, but said its balance in high-speed corners was disconcerting.
"We kind of went backwards into the high-speed corners which is not good, so we have to sort that out," Rosberg said.
"The difficult thing is to understand what the cause is, so we have to do a lot of analysis now to try and sort it out.
"If you take some front wing out, then it helps that area but makes other areas worse and gives you understeer in the middle of the corners.
"You want to do something just in the entry to high speed corners, which for example is where the car is worst. It could be the diffuser isn't working properly.
"It's been a good day pace-wise, qualifying is looking good and that's a nice start to the weekend.
"We need to work out how to improve high-speed corners because it just affects that and not anywhere else.
"Long runs on this track are going to be the big challenge for us, to try and hold our qualifying position."
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Fulton is a city in Fulton County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 2,775 at the 2000 census. It was once known as the "Banana Capital of the World" because 70% of imported bananas to the U.S. used to be shipped there. U.S. Route 51 runs through the center of downtown. Fulton is part of the Union City-Hickman, TN–KY Micropolitan Statistical Area. [edit] Research Tips


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Volume 9 Supplement 6
Symposium of Computations in Bioinformatics and Bioscience (SCBB07)
MCM-test: a fuzzy-set-theory-based approach to differential analysis of gene pathways
- Lily R Liang1Email author,
- Vinay Mandal2,
- Yi Lu3 and
- Deepak Kumar4Email author
© Liang et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2008
Published: 28 May 2008
Gene pathway can be defined as a group of genes that interact with each other to perform some biological processes. Along with the efforts to identify the individual genes that play vital roles in a particular disease, there is a growing interest in identifying the roles of gene pathways in such diseases.
This paper proposes an innovative fuzzy-set-theory-based approach, Multi-dimensional Cluster Misclassification test (MCM-test), to measure the significance of gene pathways in a particular disease. Experiments have been conducted on both synthetic data and real world data. Results on published diabetes gene expression dataset and a list of predefined pathways from KEGG identified OXPHOS pathway involved in oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and other mitochondrial related pathways to be deregulated in diabetes patients. Our results support the previously supported notion that mitochondrial dysfunction is an important event in insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes.
Our experiments results suggest that MCM-test can be successfully used in pathway level differential analysis of gene expression datasets. This approach also provides a new solution to the general problem of measuring the difference between two groups of data, which is one of the most essential problems in most areas of research.
Current microarray technologies conduct simultaneous studies of gene expression data of thousands of genes under different conditions. In most of these studies, expression data are analyzed using various standard statistical methods to identify a list of genes responsible for a particular condition. However, in these approaches, interplay among genes is not taken into account. Since organisms behave as complex systems, functioning through chemical networks and interaction of various molecules (also known as pathways), this interplay of genes may provide invaluable insight to the understanding of various diseases. Thus, along with the efforts to identify the individual genes that play vital roles in a particular disease, there is a growing interest in identifying the roles of different pathways in such diseases.
Biological pathway is a group of related genes coding for proteins that interact with each other to perform some biological processes. According to the biological processes they are involved with, pathways can be divided into several categories, such as metabolic pathways and regulatory pathways. Metabolic pathways are series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell, catalyzed by enzymes, resulting in either the formation of a metabolic product to be used or stored by the cell, or the initiation of another metabolic pathway. Regulatory pathways represent protein-protein interactions.
During the past few years, many signaling and metabolic pathways have been discovered experimentally and have been integrated into pathway databases, such as KEGG [1] and Biocarta [2]. Various statistical techniques have been developed to analyze microarray expression data for the relevance of predefined pathways to a particular disease. These techniques include gene set enrichment analysis [3, 4], pathway level analysis of gene expression using singular value decomposition by Tomfohr et al. [5], and hypothesis testing [6] by Tian et al. These approaches are reviewed in detail in the related works section.
Generally speaking, these approaches can be divided into two categories:
Conduct statistical differential analysis at the individual gene level, and integrate the result statistics of the genes in the same pathway;
Obtain activity level indices of each pathway for different sample groups and conduct differential analysis of these indices.
For the first category, when the statistics at individual gene level miss significant genes, the effectiveness of the pathway analysis will be affected. An example is given in the later part of this section. For the second approach, extracting pathway activity level indices from gene expression data may cause loss of information.
Diabetes is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both. It is one of the most common diseases, affecting 18.2 million people in the United States, or 6.3% of the population [7]. Hence, identifying active pathways in diabetes is a critical task for understanding this disease. Several pathway analysis works have been proposed in this area [3, 5, 6].
In gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) [3], a differential statistic is calculated first for each gene from their expression data of two different groups of samples. Then the genes are ordered according to the statistic values. A running sum of weights is calculated from the ordered list for a particular pathway. The maximum value of this running sum is called the enrichment score of that pathway. To measure the significance of this score, a null distribution of enrichment scores is generated by permuting the sample labels. This approach falls into the first category stated previously, i.e., statistical analysis at individual gene level is performed followed by an integration of these statistics of genes in the same pathway.
In [5], a hypothesis testing framework for pathway differential analysis is proposed. T-test and Wilcoxon rank test are recommended to measure the difference of expressions of a single gene between two groups of samples. Then this statistic is accumulated over each gene in a particular pathway and standardized by the total number of genes in this pathway. The significance of the result is then interpreted by rejecting two null hypotheses, each with a null population generated by permuting sample labels or gene indices. This approach also belongs to the first category above. Statistical analysis at individual gene level is still required for the pathway analysis in this approach.
In [6], singular value decomposition is used to obtain pathway activity levels from the gene expression matrix. T-test is applied to the pathway activity levels of the two different sample groups to measure the difference. Significance of the measurement is also obtained by permuting the sample labels. In this approach, no differential analysis at individual gene level is required. However, an extraction of pathway activity level prior to the differential analysis is required. During this extraction process, since only the first eigenvector of singular value decomposition is used, some information of expressions is lost. This approach belongs to the second category stated above.
An example of five gene pathway
Gene ID | S 1 | S 2 | CM d-value | P-value | ||||||||||
CM-test | t-test | Rank Sum test | ||||||||||||
1 | 750 | 559 | 649 | 685 | 636 | 310 | 359 | 135 | 97 | 178 | 1 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.008 |
2 | 391 | 379 | 268 | 323 | 380 | 774 | 506 | 416 | 468 | 449 | 1 | 0.005 | 0.029 | 0.008 |
3 | 598 | 424 | 695 | 451 | 141 | 342 | 260 | 266 | 229 | 234 | 0.904 | 0.018 | 0.077 | 0.152 |
4 | 233 | 216 | 193 | 394 | 327 | 436 | 980 | 363 | 424 | 416 | 0.905 | 0.017 | 0.071 | 0.015 |
5 | 305 | 221 | 241 | 183 | 158 | 201 | 176 | 189 | 177 | 250 | 0.812 | 0.143 | 0.448 | 0.693 |
In this paper, we propose an innovative fuzzy-set-theory-based approach for differential analysis of gene pathways and apply it on identifying significant pathways for diabetes. In our proposed MCM-test, instead of identifying individual genes first, the differential analysis is done directly at the pathway level without individual gene differential statistic. All expression values of genes which belong to a pathway of a particular patient are treated as a vector. The intuition behind this is based on the fact that genes for each patient interplay with each other. MCM-test does not extract activity level of pathways either. This allows keeping the maximum amount of information for the pathway differential analysis. Moreover, the fuzzy concept makes the approach more tolerant to individual data item noise.
To investigate our approach, we conducted experiments on both synthetic data and real world data. We first conducted a series of experiments on synthetic datasets to find the characteristics of MCM d-value. We then used the MCM-test on the real world diabetes dataset analyzed by Tomfohr et al. [5] and GSEA [3]. Results on real world diabetes data identified several pathways that were deregulated in diabetes patients. The top three pathways identified were related to mitochondrial functions in accordance with previous diabetes studies. Mitochondrial dysfunction is known to be related to insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes. Our data suggests that the method can be successfully used in pathway level differential analysis of gene expression datasets.
Relationship between MCM d-value and mean difference of the distributions
- 1.
generated 17 values from Gaussian distribution N (μ, σ), where μ is the mean and σ is the variance, to use as gene expression data. The number 17 was chosen to mimic the real world diabetes dataset used for the analysis in this paper.
- 2.
repeated Step 1 for 100 times to get expression data of 100 genes
- 3.
generated 17 values from Gaussian distribution N (μ + x, σ), with x = 0 at this time.
- 4.
repeated Step 3 for 100 times
- 5.
analyzed these 100 pairs of sets of values with MCM-test and obtained the d-value.
- 6.
repeated Step 1 to Step 5 for 1000 times and averaged the d-values over all the iterations.
- 7.
repeated Step 1 to Step 6 for each x: x = 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, and 180.
Impact of population size on standard deviation of MCM d-value
Relationship between MCM d-value and empirical p-value
- 1.
We generated 15000 pairs of sets, each set with 15 values from standard normal distribution.
- 2.
From these 15000 pairs of sets, we randomly selected 100 pairs of sets to simulate expression data of a pathway with 100 genes under two conditions. We calculated d-value for this pathway. Since we know that the data size required to obtain stable standard deviation of d-value is 8000 from the previous experiment, this process is repeated 10000 times.
- 3.
For each pathway generated above with d-value D, we calculated the empirical p-value as n+1/10001, where n is the number of d-values generated above that are equal to or greater than D. The relationship between the d-value and p-value is shown in Figure 3.
In Figure 3 we can see that as the d-value increases, the p-value decreases. In particular, when d-value is greater than 0.809, we have p-value ≤ 0.05.
Impact of number of samples on error rate of MCM-test d-value
Analyzing the diabetes dataset with MCM-test
The diabetes dataset contains the transcriptional profiles of smooth muscle biopsies of diabetic and normal individuals. In the expression dataset, for each gene, there are 17 expression values from subjects with type 2 diabetes (DM2), 17 expression values from subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and 10 expression values from subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). For our analysis, we only used the 34 expression values from subjects with type 2 diabetes and subjects with normal glucose tolerance. Furthermore, we used about 150 pathways obtained from KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) [1].
The expression values in the dataset which are too small, i.e., less than 100 are considered to be the result of noise. So, to minimize the effect of these low values, we only included the genes which have at least one of the expression values greater than 100. Out of the 22,283 genes in the dataset, 10,983 met the filtering criteria. The d-value for each pathway was calculated as described in the methodology section before. The p-value for the pathway was calculated using permutation test. We permuted the genes 1000 times, each time selecting the same number of genes as that of the pathway under consideration. We then calculated the d-value of each pathway obtained thus and the p-value for the pathway was the fraction of times the d-values of the pathways obtained by 1000 permutation equaled or exceeded the original d-value.
The results from MCM-test on diabetes dataset
Pathway Name | MCM-test p-value | No. of genes hits in dataset | Actual no. of genes in pathway | Percentage of gene hits |
c20 U133 probes | 0.013 | 215 | 270 | 79.62 |
human mitoDB | 0.029 | 436 | 594 | 73.4 |
c33 U133 probes | 0.021 | 245 | 362 | 67.67 |
c34 U133 | 0.012 | 274 | 452 | 60.62 |
c21 U133 | 0.026 | 166 | 287 | 57.84 |
c8 U133 | 0.013 | 164 | 288 | 56.94 |
Using our method, we identified the deregulation of mitochondrial pathways in the dataset which is in accordance with previous studies. The first cluster of genes involved was from the mitochondrial OXPHOS pathway. The OXPHOS pathway was well represented in the data with 93% of genes (106 out of 114) present in the dataset. Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria provides energy in the form of ATP generation. In muscle cells, mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes [8–10]. The involvement of genes coded by mitochondria in insulin resistance is also well known. The depletion of cellular mitochondrial DNA has been shown to cause insulin resistance in experimental model [11]. Reduced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation leads to the accumulation of intracellular triglycerides resulting in insulin resistance. The next 2 clusters, c20_U133 which is a manually curated cluster of genes coregulated with OXPHOS [3] and the mitochondrial gene cluster human_mitoDB_6_2002 reinforce that muscle mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to type-2 diabetes.
In this paper, we propose an innovative fuzzy-set-theory-based approach for differential analysis of gene pathways and apply it on identifying significant pathways for diabetes. Experiments have been conducted on both synthetic datasets and real world dataset. Results on real world diabetes data identified several number of gene pathways. Of note our top significant pathways were related to mitochondrial function which is well known to be involved in insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes. This approach can be used not only for pathway analysis of other diseases but also for other domains. As measuring the difference of two groups of data are essential to most of researches, our approach provides a solution to this general and most critical problem.
In [12–14], we proposed two fuzzy-set-theory based methods, CM-test and FM-test, to identify the individual genes that expressed significant differences under two conditions. In this paper, we extended the cluster misclassification concept to a multi-dimensional space and propose a new approach for pathway analysis, Multi-dimensional Cluster Misclassification test (MCM-test). Comparing with CM-test and FM-test, MCM-test looks for a group of genes significant under two conditions instead of identifying significant individual genes under two conditions. In this approach, the expression values of a group of Q genes for a particular sample under a particular condition are considered as a Q-dimension vector. The differential analysis is done at the vector level, without individual gene differential statistic.
In this section, we first introduce the concept of fuzzy membership function of vectors, then the details of MCM-test.
Fuzzy membership Function of Vectors
For vectors with n dimensions, their fuzzy membership function will be n+1-dimensional, with one dimension measuring the fuzzy membership.
Our approach
Consider a pathway that consists of Q genes, the problem now is to determine how these Q genes are expressed differently under two conditions. To answer this question, we consider the expression values of the Q genes for a particular sample under a particular condition as a Q-dimension vector. Then the expression values of a pathway under one condition j can be modeled as set S j (j = 1, 2) of points in a Q-dimension space. The idea is to consider the two sets of points S1 and S2 as samples from two different fuzzy sets. We then examine the membership value of each element with respect to these two fuzzy sets and determine the d-value between the two sets of samples.
N j is the number of samples in S j , is vector made by the expression values of the n-th sample under condition j.
We denote the misclassified elements in S1 with respect to FS2 as M FS2 (S1) = {| ∈ S1 ∦ m (, FS2) > 0}. Similarly, we denote the misclassified elements in S2 with respect to FS1 as M FS1 (S2) = {|∈ S2 ∦ m (, FS1) > 0}. We denote the number of misclassified elements in S1 and S2 with respect to each other as # M (S1, S2 = |M FS2 (S1)| + |M FS1 (S2)|. We then define the convergence degree (c-value) of S1 and S2 as a linear interpolation of the number of misclassified elements and the mutual misclassification degrees as follows.
c(S1, S2) = β*T1 + (1-β) * T2 (5)
Then, the divergence between S1 and S2 can be calculated using the following:
d(S1, S2) = 1-c(S1, S2) (8)
In our method, to negate the effect of outliers, we used α-trimmed mean instead of normal mean. The α-trimmed mean is calculated by ordering the sample under consideration and taking away the smallest and largest α values from the ordered sample. The mean of the remaining values in the sample is α-trimmed mean of the sample. For instance, if we have a sample of (3, 17, 25, 29, 23, 53, 22, 31, 45, 81, 90, 1), the 2-trimmed mean is calculated by removing the smallest two values (1, 3), and largest two values (81, 90) from the sample set. The mean of the remaining values (30.625) becomes the 2-trimmed mean of the sample.
Analysis of method
One dimension: a special case
In this section we analyze MCM-test for it theoretical justification. For the sake of clarity, we start with one dimension, the simplest and special case of multi-dimension. The one dimensional MCM-test corresponds to differential analysis of a single gene.
MCM-test uses the probability distribution functions of these two distributions as their fuzzy membership functions respectively, and takes advantage of the membership differences of "misclassified" samples. As shown in Figure 6, a sample x1 of D2 has a higher degree of belonging to D1, thus is "misclassified" in MCM-test. This misclassification degree is aggregated with all the other "misclassified" samples of D2 that are misclassified. Similarly, x2 of D1 has a higher degree for D2, thus is also misclassified. This misclassification degree is also aggregated with all the other misclassified samples of D1.
MCM-test collects all the misclassified degrees and the number of misclassified samples and form them into an index to measure the divergence of these two distributes. With the mean difference between these two distributions increases, the number of misclassified samples, as well as the aggregated misclassification degree decreases. Thus the MCM d-value will decrease.
Two and higher dimensions
Distributions of higher dimensions are hard to visualize. But the idea of the misclassification test stays the same. In multi-dimension space, each sample is a vector. And their misclassification degrees are used to measure the divergence of their distributions.
List of abbreviations
- MCM-test:
multi-dimensional Cluster Misclassification test
- CM-test:
cluster misclassification test
- FM-test:
fuzzy membership test
gene set enrichment analysis
We would like to thank Ying Wang and Togba Liberty for generating some of the figures used in this paper. This work was supported by the Agriculture Experiment Station at the University of the District of Columbia (Project No.: DC-0LIANG; Accession No.: 0203877).
This article has been published as part of BMC Bioinformatics Volume 9 Supplement 6, 2008: Symposium of Computations in Bioinformatics and Bioscience (SCBB07). The full contents of the supplement are available online at http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/9?issue=S6.
Authors' Affiliations
- Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. [http://www.genome.jp/kegg/]
- Biocarta. [http://www.biocarta.com/]
- Mootha VK, Lindgren CM, Eriksson KF, Subramanian A, Sihag S, Lehar J, Puigserver P, Carlsson E, Ridderstrale M, Laurila E, Houstis N, Daly MJ, Patterson N, Mesirov JP, Golub TR, Tamayo P, Spiegelman B, Lander ES, Hirschhorn JN, Altshuler D, Groop LC: Pgc-1alpha-responsive genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation are coordinately downregulated in human diabetes. Nature Genet. 2003, 34: 267-273. 10.1038/ng1180.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Subramanian AS, Tamayo P, Mootha VK, Mukherjee S, Ebert BL, Gillette MA, Paulovich A, Pomeroy SL, Golub TR, Lander ES, Mesirov JP: Gene set enrichment analysis: A knowledge-based approach for interpreting genomewide expression profiles. PNAS. 2005, 102: 15545-15550. 10.1073/pnas.0506580102.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Tomfohr J, Lu J, Kepler TB: Pathway level analysis of gene expression using singular value decomposition. BMC Bioinformatics. 2005, 6: 225-10.1186/1471-2105-6-225.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Tian L, Greenberg SA, Kong SW, Altschuler J, Kohane IS, Park PJ: Discovering statistically significant pathways in expression profiling studies. PNAS. 2005, 102: 13544-13549. 10.1073/pnas.0506577102.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- American Diabetes Association Website. [http://www.diabetes.org/]
- Morino K, Petersen KF, Shulman GI: Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance in humans and their potential links with mitochondrial dysfunction. Diabetes. 2006, 55 (Suppl 2): S9-S15. 10.2337/db06-S002.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Takamura T, Honda M, Sakai Y, Ando H, Shimizu A, Ota T, Sakurai M, Misu H, Kurita S, Matsuzawa-Nagata N, Uchikata M, Nakamura S, Matoba R, Tanino M, Matsubara K, Kaneko S: Gene expression profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells reflect the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007, 361 (2): 379-84. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.07.006.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Skov V, Glintborg D, Knudsen S, Jensen T, Kruse TA, Tan Q, Brusgaard K, Beck-Nielsen H, Højlund K: Reduced expression of nuclear-encoded genes involved in mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle of insulin-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes. 2007, 56 (9): 2349-55. 10.2337/db07-0275.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Park SY, Lee W: The depletion of cellular mitochondrial DNA causes insulin resistance through the alteration of insulin receptor substrate-1 in rat myocytes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007, 77 (Suppl 1): S165-S171. 10.1016/j.diabres.2007.01.051. 17462778View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Liang LR, Lu S, Lu Y, Dhawan P, Kumar D: CM-test: An innovative divergence measurement and its application in diabetes gene expression data analysis. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Granular Computing: 262–268. 2006, May ; Atlanta, Georgia, USAGoogle Scholar
- Liang LR, Lu S, Wang X, Lu Y, Mandal V, Patacsil D, Kumar D: FM-test: A fuzzy-set-theory-based approach to differential gene expression data analysis. BMC Bioinformatics. 2006, 7 (Suppl 4): S7-10.1186/1471-2105-7-S4-S7.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lu Y, Lu S, Liang LR, Kumar D: FM-test: A fuzzy-set-theory based approach for discovering diabetes genes. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium of Computations in Bioinformatics and Bioscience: 48–55. 2006, June ; Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. ChinaGoogle Scholar
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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kefir smoothie
From snakelady 9 years agoIngredients
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Product Description
Gold Medal at the 2011 San Francisco World Spirits Competition.
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Many people who have recently had their card information stolen have noticed some of the charges have been to charitable organizations.
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First, the one to two days turned into a week. Back ordered. No major complaint for that. The ribs however did look fairly meaty, but there was still one shiner. Not to be expected for a product sold for competition. Also, the ledger says that they are peeled, not so. In general they did not look too bad for meat and fat content. I was expecting St. Louis ribs and got spares. That may have been my own fault. In looking back on the order, I think I got exactly what I ordered. Timothy Broveak, Timbone Barbecue on 15th Aug 2016
Your carrier was awful, I received my order where box had been dropped busted, cooler box end busted out freeze pack busted slime all over and ribs thawed, except for two slabs. I am very hesitant to use the rest of my order since I had no means of determining the temp of the other ribs! I did cook the two racks that had not thawed, they were great taste but little bit larger in weight than I thought they might be. I'm just bummed out over loosing the bulk of my order. Ronnie Partin on 2nd Jul 2016
I ordered 8 racks of spare ribs, there were 4 racks with the bones showing on the meat side of the rack. I was very disappointed. However, the other four were terrific Tim Newell on 12th Jun 2016
We received our box of St Louis cut spare ribs on 4/22/16 (Ordered them on 4/19 and changed the order on 4/20). The ribs were still nearly frozen solid when they arrived. In preparation for our next KCBS contest I weighed each rack and 7 our of 8 racks were within our specs (2.6-3.0lbs). Only the rack that was outside that range (2.2lbs) would be considered "too thin" for contest for us. All appear to have very nice marbling, nice color and NO shiners. Overall I'm very happy with the product! When you consider the free shipping it ended up being about what you'd pay for a rack of ribs retail and you're getting a superior duroc product. Joe Stouffer on 25th Apr 2016
Arrived barely cool. Cooked our first two racks Saturday. Have 3 shiners in one rack. Thought these would be the bomb. Not so. barbarat on 4th Apr 2016


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Made these on the request from the two boyz. Actualy they've been asking for it even before Ramadhan but only now I have the chance to fulfill their request.
Recipe was posted earlier in here but I skipped the cornflakes this time.
Monday, September 27, 2010
4 comments:
wow this pudding looks very delicious ..my hubby love pudding ..i am surely try this apple bread pudding ..yummy
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