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Results 1 - 4 of 4 Page 1 of 1
Camelbak Rogue Hydration 70 oz. Pack, Pure Blue
Easy-to-clean wide-mouth opening
1/4-turn easy-open/close reservoir cap
Cargo area with dual compression straps
Patented Big Bite Valve on reservoir
Reflective back strip with tab for blinker
CamelBak ThermoBak Hydration Pack, 2L, Black
Lightweight hydration pack
Holds 2L of water
Quick-release shoulder straps
Tough, abrasion-resistant Cordura fabric
Water Beast Reservoir
CamelBak Fourteener 24 Backpack
NV back panel provides ventilation
Well-engineered load carriage
Plenty of storage compartments and options
3L Antidote Reservoir with Quick Link System
Patented Big Bite Valve and PureFlow tube
CamelBak Mil Tac M.U.L.E. Hydration Pack, Black
8-liter storage + 3-liter hydration capacity
One-handed on/off water flow control
Wide reservoir opening for easy filling cleaning
500D Ripstop Cordura fabric + comforting foam
Top bottom compartments for organizing gear
Results 1 - 4 of 4 Page 1 of 1


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Watercolor flower tattoo designs - Tattoowise
flower tattoo designs on arm
Stage 1 Henna paste is on and will remain for about 8 hrsflower tattoo designs for side
Henna Application and Design by Ranjana Patel (Melodic Lotus).flower tattoo designs on side
Henna Application and Design by Ranjana Patel (Melodic Lotus).tattoo watercolor flower
My friend MJ let me draw on his arm and he really wanted some tentacles. He and I have a thing for tentacles. Hahah!arm flower tattoo designs
Henna stain 24hrs after paste removalbeautiful flower tattoo designs
I'm on a roll for doing proper Traditional Indian Bridal Henna - Both these designs were created by myself; I have tried to incorporate various shading and filling techniques in these two designs.watercolor lotus flower tattoo
Lotus Flower: Photo Basedwatercolor lotus flower tattoo design
Red / Pink Lotus Flower and leaf: Photo based watercolorhenna lotus flower designs
Henna Applied by Ranjana Patel (Melodic Lotus). Design by Ranjana Patel. This Photo was taken on day of application with past still left on.flower watercolor tattoo
gladiola tattoo in memory of my grandpa, artist was phenominal, used varying shades of back gray and white for the outline for a more realistic feeljasmine flower tattoo designs
Sean, of Les and Sean's Tattoo's in Bridgwater, at work. He seemed to really enjoy working on something a bit different. Elaine wasn't too bothered by the pain, typical, I paid all that money to see her suffer! Elaine was pleased with compliments the tattoo got from other customers.flower tattoo designs for the side
Henna Application and Design by Ranjana Patel (Melodic Lotus).tribal flower designs
Freehand illustration.lotus flower watercolor tattoo
Lotus Flower: Photo based watercolor effectflower vines tattoo designs
Drawn freehand onto the stomach.girls front shoulder tattoo designs
Tattoos by Andrew Arora, For Professional Tattoos and tattoo training in Mumbai area call us, Inkster Inc. +919819193391Sponsored Ads

subset: commoncrawl


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Dub show Miami 2014 Sexy Girl + Bad Ass Cars
Amazing day at the DUB show Miami. Many awesome crazy tuning cars and supercars,hot sexy car girls,models and music. Leave a comment after watching this video,tell me what you think and how you like it
If You Liked the video, Click the 'LIKE' button, comment, and SUBSCRIBE!
Thank you for watching.Mike
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Email - email@example.com
The music in this video is by Psykick at dig.ccmixter.org,
Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution (3.0)


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Beige - View Complete Details
Product Number: NOTM244845
In Stock - Hurry, only 47 left.
Estimated Delivery - 10 business day(s) - Wed 4/12 11 business days - Thu 4/13
Shipping - This item is eligible for Free Shipping on orders over $45
Make-A-Zipper Kit Invisible 4-1/2yd - SULLIVANS: Make-A-Zipper Kit Invisible. Make your own zipper that fits into your exact length requirements! It is easy: just measure your zipper length starting with the zipper pull then bar tac with a zigzag machine at the finished length. This package contains a 4-1/2 yard roll of Make-A-Zipper and twelve zipper pulls. Available in a variety of colors, each sold separately. Imported.
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PDO for the home/office/school is a powerful personal document and storage management tool to catalog all forms of information.
PDO a Personal Document Organizer, provides easy to use Document Management and Storage Management capabilities to a PC user.
Pepakura Designer is a program that can print paper-crafted models. This program doesn't create the 3D models, but translates them to 2D format, which makes it possible to print them.
The Microsoft Drivers for PHP for SQL Server provide connectivity to Microsoft SQL Server from PHP applications. In addition to some important bug fixes for the existing SQLSRV driver, version 2.
© 2000-2015 Xentrik.Net hui na obed


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Truck narrowly misses hitting ISP trooper, causes 5-vehicle crash
The trooper had to jump over a railing to keep from getting hit.
The trooper had to jump over a railing to keep from getting hit.
The gang here at WISH-TV even got to play a part.
Just passed 3 a.m. Monday morning, a man parked his 2011 Audi at the Westbury Apartments.
"He had a big hole in the side of his shorts."
The girls would occasionally help Cooper with work around the house and yard, according to the documents.
One victim was as young as 6 years old.
"He was just amazing behind the wheel of a race car."
A combination of the infamous Whooper plus a burrito is set to be in stores nationwide on August 15.
Paul Purcell told police he's a minister and wanted to start an animal sanctuary, according to a court document.
26-year-old Christopher S. Joseph was shot in the chest and killed on Sunday night.
According to the Bloomington Police Department, crews responded to a trailer fire in the 1600 block of North Willis Drive in Bloomington.
Sobriety testing on Nicholas Schwein was not performed.
The woman asked the mother to go someplace place private.
No decisions are expected at the hearings.
The Indiana soldiers will finish their training at Fort Bliss, Texas, before heading to Cuba.
You know that every year you can find the classics at the Indiana State Fair that represent food grown and raised around Indiana like the In…
Here's a "fun fair fact" for you! C&E Concessions' has been using a family member's secret funnel cake recipe at fairs and events all of the…


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"Lovely family and we couldn't be happier. Rosie was very well looked after and was very relaxed..."
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"Gizmo always comes home with a smile on his face after staying with Chris! He takes great care of..."
"Demi looked after my senior dog for a weekend, her communication with me was great I received..."
"Jazz always responds quickly to my messages and accomodating. Thanks again for looking after..."
"Spud had an excellent stay with Jodie for four nights. She had another dog staying n addition to..."
"Thanks again!"
"Fantastic! Our pups loved her. Highly recommend! "
"Duke was in great condition when he cameback and Joseph took great care of him."
"Thank you for looking after our fur babies"
"Thanks Leigh and Tim for taking such good care of our Kiki. She seems super happy and we love the..."
"Nicole was excellent- very accomodating and wonderful host! "
"Cookie seemed to have a great time with Bina and family. Bina is very thorough in preparing for..."


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Open Mornings - Thursday 2nd March, Wednesday 8th March, Tuesday 28th March, Thursday 20th April, Friday 28th April and Monday 1st May with Tours from 9:15am until 10.30am. Come and see our learning in action with a guided tour and an opportunity to ask questions.
Open Evening - Wednesday 3 May @ 7pm.
You can an appointment at anytime! You're welcome.
Please contact the Principal - Mrs Jacqui Marshall - if you would like a tour of the school and see learning in action.
Download an enrolment form or collect one from school.
View our Enrolment Policy Statement


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January 6, 2009
DWAYNE COMBSv.RAYMOND LAWLER, ET AL.
The opinion of the court was delivered by: R. Barclay Surrick, J.
AND NOW, this 6th day of January 2009, upon careful and independent consideration of the petition for writ of habeas corpus, and after review of the Report and Recommendation of United States Magistrate Judge Elizabeth T. Hey to which no objections were filed, it is ORDERED as follows:
1. The Report and Recommendation is APPROVED and ADOPTED.
2. The petition for a writ of habeas corpus is DENIED.
3. There is no basis for the issuance of a certificate of appealability.
R. Barclay Surrick, Judge
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Pitcher | |||
Born: Fraser, Michigan |
January 3, 1944 |||
MLB debut | |||
July 21, 1970, for the Pittsburgh Pirates | |||
Last MLB appearance | |||
August 10, 1970, for the Pittsburgh Pirates | |||
MLB statistics | |||
Win-Loss record | 1–0 | ||
Earned run average | 5.91 | ||
Innings pitched | 10⅔ | ||
Teams | |||
Richard Charles Colpaert (born January 3, 1944) is an American former professional baseball player. He was a 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m), 182 lb (83 kg) right-handed pitcher who had a 13-season career in minor league baseball, highlighted by eight Major League appearances as a relief pitcher for the 1970 Pittsburgh Pirates.
Colpaert signed originally with the Baltimore Orioles and was drafted by Pittsburgh after his first pro season, in 1962. He was 26 years old and in the midst of his ninth pro season, almost exclusively spent as a reliever,[1] when the Pirates recalled him from the Triple-A Columbus Jets. In his first two MLB appearances, Colpaert retired all nine batters he faced.[2] In his second game, he received credit for a 6–5 victory over the Atlanta Braves on July 23, 1970, when he pitched a perfect eighth inning, retiring future Hall of Famers Henry Aaron and Orlando Cepeda in the process.[3] He was largely effective as a reliever for the Pirates, with an earned run average of 2.89 heading into what would be his final MLB game on August 10. But on that day the New York Mets reached him for four earned runs on two hits and three bases on balls in only 1⅓ innings, ballooning his career ERA by more than three full points.[2]
All told, Colpaert worked 10⅔ innings in the Majors, allowing nine hits, seven earned runs and eight bases on balls (two intentional), with six strikeouts. His minor league career continued into 1974.
External links[edit]
- Career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference
- 1944 births
- Living people
- Asheville Tourists players
- Baseball players from Michigan
- Charleston Charlies players
- Columbus Jets players
- Hawaii Islanders players
- Fox Cities Foxes players
- Kinston Eagles players
- Macon Peaches players
- Major League Baseball pitchers
- Oklahoma City 89ers players
- Pawtucket Red Sox players
- People from Macomb County, Michigan
- Pittsburgh Pirates players
- York Pirates players


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- Services
- We strive to provide complete care for our patients. Learn more about all the services we provide.
You are using an outdated browser. Please upgrade your browser to improve your experience.
At Strength & Health Chiropractic, in Mission Valley, we take great pride in providing the finest chirpractic care to each and every patient. We have included information below about the different chiropractic services offered in our San Diego chiropractic office, but please call us at 619-282-8008 if you have any questions!
We provide advanced spinal correction and chiropractic adjustments utilizing "state of the art" chiropractic techniques. Never in the history of chiropractic care have chiropractors been able to provide the level of help and expertise that is available today. Many of the newest chiropractic techniques are actually safer, more comfortable and more effective than ever before. As a chiropractor who cares about utilizing the most advanced chiropractic techniques, Dr. Mick Leone has years of training, expertise and experience in helping patients get jpain relief for back pain, neck pain, headaches, and other related conditions originating from the spine. Chiropractic care under a trained professional can even be used to prevent injuries and help you achieve total health or wellness.
At Strength & Health Chiropractic, we teach our patients how to perform special "blueprint" exercises which can help strengthen and correct the irregularities in their body which may be causing pain. Many of these corrective exercises can actually be performed in the comfort of your own home to help improve the effectiveness of your chiropractic care and spinal correction plan. In addition to skeletal misalignment, you may be experiencing pain that is caused by muscles and connective tissues which are out of their proper place. Other types of pain such as back pain, neck pain, and headaches are caused by injury of muscles and tissues that are being used improperly, causing injuries over time. In each case, targeted corrective exercises and stretches from our award winning chiropractor will help you feel good while also helping your body achieve balance and health.
Many of our patients come to see our chirpractor to address a specific pain symptom such as back pain, neck pain, or headaches. While our chiropractor will address each patient's specific condition with chiropractic care, we often find it helpful to "coach" our patients towards achieving a healthier lifestyle. For example, there may be certain activities that you should avoid or do differently to prevent yourself from unintentionally aggravating your particular health challenges. The goal of including lifestyle advice with a chiropractic care plan is to help each and every patient achieve the fulfilling and happy lifestyle they deserve, one that is full of the activities that are enjoyed most. We recognize that every single one of our patients is a whole person, and we use our expertise to help them reach total health and wellness.
What does nutrition have to do with chiropractic care? The goal of chiropractic care is to help patients achieve total health and balance with their body, and as part of that goal we provide specific recommendations on nutritional supplements and healthy food choices. Nutritional counseling by our experienced chiropractic health professionals can assist a patient on their return to optimal health. Do you know which supplements and vitamins are good for you? Do you know how these supplements and vitamins interact with one another? At our San Diego chiropractic clinic, in Mission Valley, we can provide each patient with a structured nutritional program that is based on their individual needs.
Massage therapy does more than make you feel good, it can actually help your body achieve balance and health. Massage therapy offers a natural treatment approach which actually relieves musculoskeletal pain for many patients. Our chiropractic office provides specific massage and muscular therapy that is complimentary to their chiropractic care. Each massage therapy plan is tailored to meet the patient's unique pain condition or injury. The benefits of massage therapy may include the increase of blood circulation, a localized reduction in swelling and the relaxation of muscles. Massage has been known to relieve muscle pain and spasms, increase a patient's range of motion, while also aiding in a patient's recovery. Some investigative studies have even indicated that a single session of massage may help boost your immune system!
Discount therapy bundle
New cash patients receive 1/2 hr massage (with San Diego Charger massage therapist), regional evaluation and a chiropractic adjustment for $75.00. (full price is $145.00)
Sign-up using the form or call us at 619-282-8008 to take advantage of this exclusive offer. This special lasts till the end of July and does not apply to already discounted programs. When calling for appointment, mention the website offer.
Ongoing Special:
Up to 4 adjustments in a month - $ 60.00
Up to 8 adjustments in a month - $120.00
Family Package: Single family members, mom, dad, kids, may use up to of 12 adjustments in a month - $140.00
Bring a friend - 2 for 1 chiropractic adjustment - $60.00
Chiropractic adjustments $20.00 per person per visit.
Office Hours
Day | Morning | Afternoon |
Monday | 9:30 - 12:30 | 3:00 - 6:00 |
Tuesday | 9:30 - 12:30 | By Appointment |
Wednesday | 9:30 - 12:30 | 3:00 - 6:00 |
Thursday | By Appointment | 2:00 - 6:00 |
Friday | 9:30 - 12:30 | 3:00 - 6:00 |
Saturday | By Appointment | By Appointment |
Sunday | Closed | Closed |
Day | Morning | Afternoon |
Monday | 9:30 - 12:30 | 3:00 - 6:00 |
Tuesday | 9:30 - 12:30 | By Appointment |
Wednesday | 9:30 - 12:30 | 3:00 - 6:00 |
Thursday | By Appointment | 2:00 - 6:00 |
Friday | 9:30 - 12:30 | 3:00 - 6:00 |
Saturday | By Appointment | By Appointment |
Sunday | Closed | Closed |
My neck felt so much better after the adjustment! I work on my computer constantly - between 8 and 12 hours a day, so my neck and back are under constant stress. I was adjusted by Dr. Mick Leone last week and my neck felt great! If you've never received chiropractic help before, give it a try! It makes a HUGE difference and you are gonna feel amazing!


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The 2006 mac pro with the dual 2.66 Xeon CPU's was the best computer I had ever owned. Reliable, upgradable, and a fantastic performer. I had an ATI 5770, 12 gigs of ram, and an OCZ Vertex 2 SSD drive. The machine handled pretty much what I threw at it, with no slow down or issues. Games like starcraft 2 and Diablo 3 played with pretty much the highest settings. I did not a few issues with the WiFi and bluetooth connections at first - but after a while of tinkering and switching wires around, I was able to get it to work well. Now, enter the 2009 Mac Pro. Given that the 2006 Mac Pro will likely not support Mountain Lion, I decided to upgrade to a new Mac Pro. Newer 2.66 CPU's, quad core version. 16 gigs of ram - much cheaper to buy ram. 16 Gigs from OWC cost me $150, while for the 2006 Mac Pro 12 gigs was hundreds more. I popped in my SSD drive, and ordered up an ATI 6870 card running an Apple 24 inch LED display. This computer is super fast - even more so than the 2006 Mac Pro I loved. It did not come with WiFi, so I bought the card and installed it myself. In the beginning, I had issues with bluetooth again, but they were resolved by moving my Magic Mouse closer to the Mac Pro case. The internet speeds are much faster too. I have an "N" router, and my 2006 Mac Pro's internal Airport card always seemed to have less range and be a bit slower since the router is in another room. The 2009 Mac Pro's card, which I believe is "N" now as well - has much better range and is much faster. Feels like it's connected with Ethernet. Overall, a definite great upgrade - I think this machine will last me a few years since Apple is unlikely to make it obsolete anytime soon since it shares so much with the 5.1 Mac Pros. I thought about getting the new iMac - but hey, I just love the Mac Pro and it feels so much more robust, plus it's so upgradable. The iMac is difficult to really upgrade unless you start to go crazy with it.
I've gotten my hands on a stock 09 MP also - which, thank my lucky stars, cost me nothing. I'm just in the middle of sorting my physical office space out, and then I'm going to be updating the internals similar to you also. I'll be upgrading the memory, upgrading the graphics card, adding an SSD and possibly replacing the internal fans with some quieter ones. Noctua, or something similar. Glad to hear it's still fast for you also. I've installed Lion on it, and that's just about it so far. Unfortunately mine is only a single quad core model, so to upgrade to a dual-cpu spec would currently cost me too much money and time. But it's in the back of my mind.
I paid this: 2009 Mac Pro 4 gigs of ram/nvidia 120GT/750gb hard drive $1,250 16 gigs of OWC ram $150 ATI 6870 $279 Then I added in my SSD and other hard drives I had. Oh, and picked up a 24 inch LED Apple display for $450 too. It's awesome.
would like to know this as well. I'm searching Ebay and used mac sites at this moment, and hope that my 2006 pro sells on Ebay in the meantime. I've tried to list it on craigslist as well, but ive gotten nothing but "will you ship to my sons in africa" emails thus far.
The Mac Pro I found on ebay, from a local place and I picked it up myself. It was actually listed for like $1500 but I got them down cheaper on it.
Even if you don't get much for it, assuming you got it relatively early on, that's an amazing duty cycle.
I got a good price for my 2006 Mac Pro that I sold. $800 or so, but it had an ATI 5770, 12 gigs of ram, etc.
ive got 2x2.66 x5355's, 16gb of ram, ATI 5770 and 1TB hdd in mine. you sell yours for $800 on ebay? i saw another guy on here recently sold his 2,1 for $1,900 or so on ebay. they are seeming to hold their value pretty damn well for a 5-6 year old machine.
$500.00 Box Probably me.... =) I sold my 2,1 for $1,999.00. I kept it in like new condition plus I had all the original packaging and the original box. I really think I got an extra $500 because I had the box. People complain about the high prices of Macs but..... I'd like to see a 5 year old PC sell on eBay for $1999.00!
I've been totally digging my 4,1 for the last two plus weeks since UPS dropped it off! These are great machines. I'm really happy for everyone that was dying for a new model but I'm totally content with this model, for the next few years at least...
$1100 for Lightly used 4x2.66GHz / 3GB / 640GB + 2TB / GT120 + 3mnt Apple care left +$100 for 2 x 8GB DDRIII 1333MHz + My old 4GB Kingston HyperX Ram +$150 fo 2nd hand 5870 +$12 Power Cable +old 80GB intel x25M SSD
I'm checking my local Craigslist, eBay and Macofalltrades...are there other places you guys are looking for better deals? I assume IF a new pro does come out next week there will be a dent amount of used 4,1's popping up all over.
While there may be a ton of people dumping their 4,1's and 5,1's let not assume they are necessarily going to sell them for cheap. It boggles my mind the high prices I see all the time, even for MP 1,1 models, people asking well over $1000 for these machines that are really generally worth $7-800
there will soon be a flood of older macpros on ebay. It will be interesting to see what happens to the prices.
Historically Mac Pros have always held their value fairly well, heck a 2006 Mac Pro with some good options is still $700-1000. I have a 2009 4.1 Mac Pro quad 2.66, and it's amazingly fast: I can't see myself needing something else anytime soon. Those who need every ounce of performance, may want the newest.
Love this thread! I just bought a refurb 2009 quad but I was starting to doubt the decision with all the new stuff coming out soon.
Lucky Me I was very lucky. I sold my 2,1 MP for a great price and I was able to get a great deal on a new 5,1 MP Server. The bottom line: I went from a 2,1 to a NEW 5,1 for a net cost of $500.00! Sweet.....
I thought so and I'm liking it but I'm not totally amazed when comparing it to my '10 i7 iMac. Adding a Cinema Display really upped the price and selling the iMac may come close to just covering the cost of the Mac Pro. I do LOVE the SSD I added the only downside being I'm now annoyed by the slightest hard drive noise! If it wouldn't be such a pain to get the iMac to an authorized repair center that would be willing to install an SSD so I could keep my AppleCare I'd keep the iMac. But that's an extra expense and I'd probably want to go from a 256 GB to 512M GB to avoid wanting to go through the process again later. I sold one of the GT 120s and plan on selling the second once I can find a decently priced (i.e. sub-$300) *Apple* 5870. Anybody with one for sale please PM me! Picked up a PC GTX 570 that was DOA and decided I'm not going through getting another and having it flashed so I get boot screens. I'm tempted to wait to see what comes out with the 2012 Mac Pros but then I'd have to switch to Lion (with it's annoyances) if the cards even work in a 2009. [EDIT: 5870 popped up on ebay an hour later ] But, PCIe slots will be nice once I have a need and I'm looking forward to adding a blu ray drive without clutter on my desk. It'd be nice to see Handbrake run at 100% (or should it be 1600%?). I very briefly had a 2006 quad 2.66 before I found this deal and if it weren't for the RAM prices I'd have probably kept that. Other than sometimes brining work home I don't rely on the Macs for work. I didn't NEED the capabilities of a Pro but the idea was to go from multiple computers (i.e. PCs + iMac) to just a Mac Pro.
Mac Pro still good enough for today? I love this thread too! I've recently found a 4-core 2.66GHz Mac Pro (2009) for sale which, if I buy it, will become a much needed and overdue replacement for my 1.67GHz Powerbook G4 (2005). I am however a little hesitant about the purchase as I read lots of threads complaining about how outdated the Mac Pro is and that even the latest iMac, Mac Mini and Macbook Pro computers outpower it. I've read the benchmarks, but alas they don't really give an accurate real world indication of things, so I don't quite know what to expect (other than it'll fly circles around my G4 Powerbook). I have given the iMac a serious thought, but with the latest model they've removed the optical drive as well as Firewire, and upgrading a regular Mac these days is getting harder and harder (Apple wants us to buy expensive hard-wired RAM instead, or upgrade to a newer model every few years I guess). I'm thinking that with a Mac Pro I can freely mix and match drives, get lots of RAM and won't have to worry about replacing the whole computer (or sending it in for expensive servicing) in case the screen goes south (as would be the fact with an iMac), but like I said above, I'm a little worried about the computing power I'll be getting. On the other hand I know I'll be pleasantly surprised no doubt when comparing it to my Powerbook G4, but how does a 2.66GHz Mac Pro from 2009 stack up against current iMacs/Mac Minis/Macbook Pros. I'm not just talking basic "out of the box" Mac Pro configurations but also in comparison to one with RAID-0 and SSD drives along with sufficient memory. (I've been reading the Mac Performance Guide for these types of Mac Pro power-user upgrades and performance tips in order to get the most out of the computer -highly recommended for any Mac Pro owner!). Will I regret purchasing that 2009 Mac Pro, wishing I'd gotten an iMac or Macbook Pro instead? It'll be used for photography (Photoshop and Lightroom) for the most part. Maybe some video editing and music making/recording as well.


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Virgin Media Network Management Centre
Virgin Media
Heron Drive, Langley
Virgin Media Network Management Centre
Virgin Media
Heron Drive, Langley
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Munly talks Slim Cessna's Auto Club's new album and seeing Billy Bragg for the first time
Jon Solomon |
Slim Cessna's Auto Club, which celebrated its twentieth anniversary last April, had been playing annual New Year's Eve shows at the Bluebird Theater for the past eleven years. This year, the band is playing two nights at the Oriental Theater -- with the Sterling Sisters (which features Slim's son George) opening both nights, the Denver Broncos UK (Munly, Slim Cessna, Lord Dwight Pentacost, Rebecca Verao) opening on Sunday and Munly & the Lupercalians opening on New Year's Eve. Backbeat spoke with Jay Munly about the new Auto Club album, his awkward interview style and seeing Billy Bragg at the Rainbow Music Hall in the '80s.
See also: - Review: Slim Cessna's Auto Club at the Bluebird Theater, 12/30/11 - Photos: The Hush and Slim Cessna's Auto Club @ The Bluebird Theater - Slim Cessna's rare recordings now available to download
Westword: The Denver Broncos UK are playing one of the New Year's shows. Have you guys played as the Denver Broncos UK in a while?
Jay Munly: The last thing we did was in October, I believe. We usually have just played art openings and museum spaces, so we got invited to do that in Kansas City.
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How would you say that the Denver Broncos UK differs from the Auto Club or some of your solo projects?
It's quieter. There's less people.
I saw the trailer for the new Shooter Jennings film. I was curious how you got involved in that.
The phone rang and he asked if I would take part in it, and I did. It was easy. It wasn't a big stretch for me, really.
Is it going to be a short film? I know he's got an album coinciding with it.
You know what, I'm probably the worst person to ask. Not the worst person, but I don't know that much about it. They flew me out there. We went and filmed in Kentucky for a bit, and that's all we did, and then I came home. My perception is that they're doing a vignette of connected videos that could be a shown as a film and they correlate with the album.
Have you done much acting?
Yeah. I went to school for that for a semester, and then I got sick of that and then changed majors and schools.
What did you change your major to?
Modern English literature.
Speaking of writing, I know you've written some books and obviously you're a songwriter too, but I'm curious: What initially drew you to more darker themes?
You know, I'm not quite sure. It's not really something I think about. I don't go into... I mean, obviously I plot things out and have outlines and rewrites. I don't get asked that question all the time. I'm sorry. I'm still a terrible interview. I have no answer, and I just kind of mumble my way through. I don't know. People are just drawn to certain things. A lot of people write about being in love when they're fourteen. They're big and famous and rich. I'm not one of those.
I know Petr & the Wulf was supposed to be part of a multi-album project. Are you working on any new material that's part of that project?
Certainly. Actually, most of it's written. It takes a lot to get the actual process completed as far as getting the right band together and figuring out how to record what I record, if anybody wants to record.
How many albums in total are you looking at?
I would expect to do four, including Petr & the Wulf. I imagine stretching that out a little more, but I don't want to keep beating it to death.
How will they all sort of be tied into one another?
They're all characters from the same land. There are related families who interact with one another. It's kind of hard to flesh out over the phone in a few sentences, I guess.
What do you do when you're not playing or writing music?
What do you mean, like just during the day?
Well, I don't have a traditional job, if that's what you're thinking. I work at home and write and rewrite and erase and delete and delete. Yeah, that's it. We have cats. When the weather's warm, I mow the lawn, and I shovel the sidewalk when it's cold like today.
Continue reading for more on Slim Cessna's new solo material.
Since Slim moved out of the state about twelve years ago, I was curious how you collaborate on songwriting long-distance. I know Slim talked about how when he comes to town you guys work on stuff.
I'm not really certain how bands operate that way. I think there are just sort of pre-conceived notions. I'm not going to speak for Slim, but if I have a song I'll send it out and people will do their homework, and that's what you have to depend on. I think we are older than most average bands, so you need to depend on people doing their homework and working on their own and trust them. It is easier with computers and being able to send files these days. That is really how I do it. I'll finish my songs, I'll send them out and we go from there.
How do you write a lot of your songs? On banjo, guitar, keyboards?
For me, it's all different sorts. I just want to make that last point clear, now that I'm thinking about it. We don't collaborate on songwriting. I'm actually really selfish about that. That's what I do. There are certain jobs, and I'm not really good at sharing that one.
So you write a song, you bring it to the band and they play it. Is that what you're saying, essentially?
I don't share my work with other people. I'm not going to have someone rewrite my words, is the best way to put it. Slim changed one of my words once, and I still get upset about it when I hear him say it live, and he knows it. I've told him.
He didn't want to change it back to what it was originally?
It was done in the recording studio, and I was not present. And it's not a big deal. I actually understand his thought process. I just don't agree with it.
Do you write a lot of stuff on banjo, and do you have a favorite instrument to compose on?
No I don't. Definitely on the last album I leaned on the banjo more than usual. On this new one I'm actually making an effort no to. I don't think it has any banjo songs. In fact, there are a couple of dulcimers and mostly acoustic guitars.
Jon Solomon |
Was that a conscious thing to stay away from the banjo?
Yeah, it was this time. It's not like I'm never going to play banjo. That's what I've played the longest in my life. But you definitely need to keep pushing yourself in different directions. At least for myself, I feel like I'm doing something new, which was probably done twenty years ago by someone else.
Do you approach the Auto Club stuff any differently than your own stuff?
There have been a few instances where things have transferred over from other bands, things that didn't work in one band, but I'm usually very conscious of where stuff is going.
I read that you played hockey quite a bit when you were young and you got a pretty bad injury and were laid up for a while. Then your mom got you a guitar and that's how you started playing, right?
Yeah, that is true. My father did have a banjo around the house, but I wasn't allowed to play it -- but I did. When I was recuperating, she bought me a guitar, and she probably regretted it.
What kind of music were you listening to back then when you first started playing?
Kind of anything. That would have been the '80s. I guess that was when lot of new wave came out. Billy Bragg was my first concert that I ever saw at the Rainbow Music Hall. I didn't go to see him. I went to see Echo and the Bunnymen. I don't even remember Echo and the Bunnymen that night. Billy Bragg, he did something for me.
What kind of effect did he have on you?
That was when people went to concerts and stood in line. So we were out at the Rainbow Music Hall all day. And all of a sudden this gentleman comes riding up on a bicycle with powered speakers on his back and he starts playing songs. He's like, "Oh, I'm playing tonight," and no one believed him. I don't think his album had even come out in the States yet. I think his EP had come out, so no one knew who he was, but he was on stage a few hours later. I was young at that time. I don't know what I was -- eleven, twelve. I wasn't even a teenager.
Were there any other shows at the Rainbow that really hit you?
I don't remember going to the Rainbow too much. In fact, I don't think I lived here at that time. I think I was in hockey school here on a hockey trip and my brother took me. I'm not sure about that. I think it was the Bob Johnson hockey school. It was over the weekend, so you have a couple of days off.
You grew up in Canada, right?
I've been to Canada. I'm avoiding that question.
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Welcome to 3700M! Picture all the comforts of home, if home was a five-star resort. Downtime is upscale. Work is pleasure. Pleasure is a work of art. Everything you didn't know you wanted. Ready. Set. Explore. Nesting in the center of West Village leaves all options on the table. Dining choices satisfy every craving from pizza to pad Thai. Shopping offers every style from couture to cool. Services and entertainment cover the spectrum from eyewear to independent films. Be part of the scene, or steal it. Either way, you're at the hub of Uptown living. Have it all. All the time. Adventures included. Plans to fit your plans.
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A generator's ability to generate power for almost any household or camping need can come in handy. Generators run on gasoline, and therefore need an exhaust vent. When covering the generator to protect it from the weather, a stock cover will not let the generator breathe and will cause the engine to heat up and no longer function. Using the generator while covered for extended periods of time will lessen the life of your generator as well, as it isn't able to work at full capacity. It is possible to cover the generator while in use without damaging the component.
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- Moderately Easy
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Place your cover over the generator with the generator off and resting for at least an hour after operating. The generator must be off so that you don't burn yourself or inhale the fumes.
- 2
Feel around with one hand on the inside of the cover to locate the exhaust and intake ports on the generator --- they're usually next to each other. Using that mark, poke a hole with the scissors in that area to mark the point where you want to cut.
- 3
Cut holes in the cover with your scissors. Make sure they're big enough to let the intake pull in air so that the cover does not touch the exhaust vent --- it will become very hot and melt the cover if it touches it. Conveniently, all of the vents are on the side of the generator, so the holes will not affect its functioning when outside in adverse conditions.


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Introduction Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach 6 th edition Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley March 2012 Basic Networking Concepts Davide Pesavento email@example.com
Transport Layer
Internet transport-layer protocols reliable, in-order delivery (TCP) congestion control flow control connection setup unreliable, unordered delivery: UDP no-frills extension of "best-effort" IP services not available: delay guarantees bandwidth guarantees application transport network data link physical application transport network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical logical end-end transport 3-2
UDP: User Datagram Protocol [RFC 768] "no frills," "bare bones" Internet transport protocol "best effort" service, UDP segments may be: lost delivered out-of-order to app connectionless: no handshaking between UDP sender, receiver each UDP segment handled independently of others UDP use: streaming multimedia apps (loss tolerant, rate sensitive) DNS SNMP reliable transfer over UDP: add reliability at application layer application-specific error recovery! 3-3
3-4 UDP: segment header source port #dest port # 32 bits application data (payload) UDP segment format length checksum length, in bytes of UDP segment, including header no connection establishment (which can add delay) simple: no connection state at sender, receiver small header size no congestion control: UDP can blast away as fast as desired why is there a UDP?
3-5 TCP: Overview RFCs: 793,1122,1323, 2018, 2581 full duplex data: bi-directional data flow in same connection MSS: maximum segment size connection-oriented: handshaking (exchange of control msgs) inits sender, receiver state before data exchange flow controlled: sender will not overwhelm receiver point-to-point: one sender, one receiver reliable, in-order byte steam: no "message boundaries" pipelined: TCP congestion and flow control set window size
3-6 TCP segment structure source port # dest port # 32 bits application data (variable length) sequence number acknowledgement number receive window Urg data pointer checksum F SR PAU head len not used options (variable length) URG: urgent data (generally not used) ACK: ACK # valid PSH: push data now (generally not used) RST, SYN, FIN: connection estab (setup, teardown commands) # bytes rcvr willing to accept counting by bytes of data (not segments!) Internet checksum (as in UDP)
3-7 TCP seq. numbers, ACKs sequence numbers: byte stream "number" of first byte in segment's data acknowledgements: seq # of next byte expected from other side cumulative ACK Q: how receiver handles out-of-order segments A: TCP spec doesn't say, - up to implementor source port # dest port # sequence number acknowledgement number checksum rwnd urg pointer incoming segment to sender A sent ACKed sent, not- yet ACKed ("in-flight") usable but not yet sent not usable window size N sender sequence number space source port # dest port # sequence number acknowledgement number checksum rwnd urg pointer outgoing segment from sender
3-8 TCP seq. numbers, ACK s User types 'C' host ACKs receipt of echoed 'C' host ACKs receipt of 'C', echoes back 'C' simple telnet scenario Host B Host A Seq=42, ACK=79, data = 'C' Seq=79, ACK=43, data = 'C' Seq=43, ACK=80
3-9 TCP reliable data transfer TCP creates rdt service on top of IP's unreliable service pipelined segments cumulative acks single retransmission timer retransmissions triggered by: timeout events duplicate acks let's initially consider simplified TCP sender: ignore duplicate acks ignore flow control, congestion control
3-10 TCP sender events: data rcvd from app: create segment with seq # seq # is byte-stream number of first data byte in segment start timer if not already running think of timer as for oldest unacked segment expiration interval: TimeOutInterval timeout: retransmit segment that caused timeout restart timer ack rcvd: if ack acknowledges previously unacked segments update what is known to be ACKed start timer if there are still unacked segments
3-11 TCP: retransmission scenarios lost ACK scenario Host B Host A Seq=92, 8 bytes of data ACK=100 Seq=92, 8 bytes of data X timeout ACK=100 premature timeout Host B Host A Seq=92, 8 bytes of data ACK=100 Seq=92, 8 bytes of data timeout ACK=120 Seq=100, 20 bytes of data ACK=120 SendBase=100 SendBase=120 SendBase=92
3-12 TCP: retransmission scenarios X cumulative ACK Host B Host A Seq=92, 8 bytes of data ACK=100 Seq=120, 15 bytes of data timeout Seq=100, 20 bytes of data ACK=120
3-13 TCP ACK generation [RFC 1122, RFC 2581] event at receiver arrival of in-order segment with expected seq #. All data up to expected seq # already ACKed arrival of in-order segment with expected seq #. One other segment has ACK pending arrival of out-of-order segment higher-than-expect seq. #. Gap detected arrival of segment that partially or completely fills gap TCP receiver action delayed ACK. Wait up to 500ms for next segment. If no next segment, send ACK immediately send single cumulative ACK, ACKing both in-order segments immediately send duplicate ACK, indicating seq. # of next expected byte immediate send ACK, provided that segment starts at lower end of gap
3-14 TCP fast retransmit time-out period often relatively long: long delay before resending lost packet detect lost segments via duplicate ACKs. sender often sends many segments back- to-back if segment is lost, there will likely be many duplicate ACKs. if sender receives 3 ACKs for same data ("triple duplicate ACKs"), resend unacked segment with smallest seq # likely that unacked segment lost, so don't wait for timeout TCP fast retransmit ("triple duplicate ACKs"),
3-15 X fast retransmit after sender receipt of triple duplicate ACK Host B Host A Seq=92, 8 bytes of data ACK=100 timeout ACK=100 TCP fast retransmit Seq=100, 20 bytes of data
3-16 TCP 3-way handshake SYNbit=1, Seq=x choose init seq num, x send TCP SYN msg ESTAB SYNbit=1, Seq=y ACKbit=1; ACKnum=x+1 choose init seq num, y send TCP SYNACK msg, acking SYN ACKbit=1, ACKnum=y+1 received SYNACK(x) indicates server is live; send ACK for SYNACK; this segment may contain client-to-server data received ACK(y) indicates client is live SYNSENT ESTAB SYN RCVD client state LISTEN server state LISTEN
3-17 TCP 3-way handshake: FSM closed listen SYN rcvd SYN sent ESTAB Socket clientSocket = newSocket("hostname","port number"); SYN(seq=x) Socket connectionSocket = welcomeSocket.accept(); SYN(x) SYNACK(seq=y,ACKnum=x+1) create new socket for communication back to client SYNACK(seq=y,ACKnum=x+1) ACK(ACKnum=y+1)
3-18 TCP: closing a connection client, server each close their side of connection send TCP segment with FIN bit = 1 respond to received FIN with ACK on receiving FIN, ACK can be combined with own FIN simultaneous FIN exchanges can be handled
3-19 FIN_WAIT_2 CLOSE_WAIT FINbit=1, seq=y ACKbit=1; ACKnum=y+1 ACKbit=1; ACKnum=x+1 wait for server close can still send data can no longer send data LAST_ACK CLOSED TIMED_WAIT timed wait for 2*max segment lifetime CLOSED TCP: closing a connection FIN_WAIT_1 FINbit=1, seq=x can no longer send but can receive data clientSocket.close() client state server state ESTAB
Network Layer
4-21 Network layer transport segment from sending to receiving host on sending side encapsulates segments into datagrams on receiving side, delivers segments to transport layer network layer protocols in every host, router router examines header fields in all IP datagrams passing through it application transport network data link physical application transport network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical
4-22 Two key network-layer functions forwarding: move packets from router's input to appropriate router output routing: determine route taken by packets from source to dest. routing algorithms analogy: routing: process of planning trip from source to dest forwarding: process of getting through single interchange
4-23 1 2 3 0111 value in arriving packet's header routing algorithm local forwarding table header value output link 0100 0101 0111 1001 32213221 Interplay between routing and forwarding routing algorithm determines end-end-path through network forwarding table determines local forwarding at this router
4-24 The Internet network layer forwarding table host, router network layer functions: routing protocols path selection RIP, OSPF, BGP IP protocol addressing conventions datagram format packet handling conventions ICMP protocol error reporting router "signaling" transport layer: TCP, UDP link layer physical layer network layer
4-25 ver length 32 bits data (variable length, typically a TCP or UDP segment) 16-bit identifier header checksum time to live 32 bit source IP address head. len type of service flgs fragment offset upper layer 32 bit destination IP address options (if any) IP datagram format IP protocol version number header length (bytes) upper layer protocol to deliver payload to total datagram length (bytes) "type" of data for fragmentation/ reassembly max number remaining hops (decremented at each router) e.g. timestamp, record route taken, specify list of routers to visit. how much overhead? 20 bytes of TCP 20 bytes of IP = 40 bytes + app layer overhead
4-26 IP fragmentation, reassembly network links have MTU (max.transfer size) - largest possible link-level frame different link types, different MTUs large IP datagram divided ("fragmented") within net one datagram becomes several datagrams "reassembled" only at final destination IP header bits used to identify, order related fragments fragmentation: in: one large datagram out: 3 smaller datagrams reassembly … …
4-27 ID =x offset =0 fragflag =0 length =4000 ID =x offset =0 fragflag =1 length =1500 ID =x offset =185 fragflag =1 length =1500 ID =x offset =370 fragflag =0 length =1040 one large datagram becomes several smaller datagrams example: 4000 byte datagram MTU = 1500 bytes 1480 bytes in data field offset = 1480/8 IP fragmentation, reassembly
4-28 ICMP: internet control message protocol used by hosts & routers to communicate network- level information error reporting: unreachable host, network, port, protocol echo request/reply (used by ping) network-layer "above" IP: ICMP msgs carried in IP datagrams ICMP message: type, code plus first 8 bytes of IP datagram causing error Type Code description 0 0 echo reply (ping) 3 0 dest. network unreachable 3 1 dest host unreachable 3 2 dest protocol unreachable 3 3 dest port unreachable 3 6 dest network unknown 3 7 dest host unknown 4 0 source quench (congestion control - not used) 8 0 echo request (ping) 9 0 route advertisement 10 0 router discovery 11 0 TTL expired 12 0 bad IP header
4-29 Traceroute and ICMP source sends series of UDP segments to dest first set has TTL =1 second set has TTL=2, etc. unlikely port number when nth set of datagrams arrives to nth router: router discards datagrams and sends source ICMP messages (type 11, code 0) ICMP messages includes name of router & IP address when ICMP messages arrives, source records RTTs stopping criteria: UDP segment eventually arrives at destination host destination returns ICMP "port unreachable" message (type 3, code 3) source stops 3 probes
4-30 IPv6: motivation initial motivation: 32-bit address space soon to be completely allocated. additional motivation: header format helps speed processing/forwarding header changes to facilitate QoS IPv6 datagram format: fixed-length 40 byte header no fragmentation allowed
4-31 IPv6 datagram format priority: identify priority among datagrams in flow flow Label: identify datagrams in same "flow." (concept of"flow" not well defined). next header: identify upper layer protocol for data data destination address (128 bits) source address (128 bits) payload len next hdr hop limit flow label pri ver 32 bits
4-32 Other changes from IPv4 checksum: removed entirely to reduce processing time at each hop options: allowed, but outside of header, indicated by "Next Header" field ICMPv6: new version of ICMP additional message types, e.g. "Packet Too Big" multicast group management functions
4-33 Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 not all routers can be upgraded simultaneously no "flag days" how will network operate with mixed IPv4 and IPv6 routers? tunneling: IPv6 datagram carried as payload in IPv4 datagram among IPv4 routers IPv4 source, dest addr IPv4 header fields IPv4 datagram IPv6 datagram IPv4 payload UDP/TCP payload IPv6 source dest addr IPv6 header fields
4-34 Tunneling physical view: IPv4 A B IPv6 E F C D logical view: IPv4 tunnel connecting IPv6 routers E IPv6 F A B
4-35 flow: X src: A dest: F data A-to-B: IPv6 Flow: X Src: A Dest: F data src:B dest: E B-to-C: IPv6 inside IPv4 E-to-F: IPv6 flow: X src: A dest: F data B-to-C: IPv6 inside IPv4 Flow: X Src: A Dest: F data src:B dest: E physical view: A B IPv6 E F C D logical view: IPv4 tunnel connecting IPv6 routers E IPv6 F A B Tunneling IPv4
4-36 R1 R2 R3R4 source duplication R1 R2 R3R4 in-network duplication duplicate creation/transmission duplicate Broadcast routing deliver packets from source to all other nodes source duplication is inefficient: source duplication: how does source determine recipient addresses?
4-37 In-network duplication flooding: when node receives broadcast packet, sends copy to all neighbors problems: cycles & broadcast storm controlled flooding: node only broadcasts pkt if it hasn't broadcast same packet before node keeps track of packet ids already broadacsted or reverse path forwarding (RPF): only forward packet if it arrived on shortest path between node and source spanning tree: no redundant packets received by any node
4-38 A B G D E c F A B G D E c F (a) broadcast initiated at A (b) broadcast initiated at D Spanning tree first construct a spanning tree nodes then forward/make copies only along spanning tree
Link Layer
5-40 Link layer: introduction terminology: hosts and routers: nodes communication channels that connect adjacent nodes along communication path: links wired links wireless links LANs layer-2 packet: frame, encapsulates datagram data-link layer has responsibility of transferring datagram from one node to physically adjacent node over a link global ISP
5-41 Link layer: context datagram transferred by different link protocols over different links: e.g., Ethernet on first link, frame relay on intermediate links, 802.11 on last link each link protocol provides different services e.g., may or may not provide rdt over link transportation analogy: trip from Princeton to Lausanne limo: Princeton to JFK plane: JFK to Geneva train: Geneva to Lausanne tourist = datagram transport segment = communication link transportation mode = link layer protocol travel agent = routing algorithm
5-42 Multiple access links, protocols two types of "links": point-to-point PPP for dial-up access point-to-point link between Ethernet switch, host broadcast (shared wire or medium) old-fashioned Ethernet upstream HFC 802.11 wireless LAN shared wire (e.g., cabled Ethernet) shared RF (e.g., 802.11 WiFi) shared RF (satellite) humans at a cocktail party (shared air, acoustical)
5-43 Multiple access protocols single shared broadcast channel two or more simultaneous transmissions by nodes: interference collision if node receives two or more signals at the same time multiple access protocol distributed algorithm that determines how nodes share channel, i.e., determine when node can transmit communication about channel sharing must use channel itself! no out-of-band channel for coordination
5-44 MAC protocols: taxonomy three broad classes: channel partitioning divide channel into smaller "pieces" (time slots, frequency, code) allocate piece to node for exclusive use random access channel not divided, allow collisions "recover" from collisions "taking turns" nodes take turns, but nodes with more to send can take longer turns
5-45 Channel partitioning MAC protocols: TDMA TDMA: time division multiple access access to channel in "rounds" each station gets fixed length slot (length = pkt trans time) in each round unused slots go idle example: 6-station LAN, 1,3,4 have pkt, slots 2,5,6 idle 1 3 4 1 3 4 6-slot frame 6-slot frame
5-46 FDMA: frequency division multiple access channel spectrum divided into frequency bands each station assigned fixed frequency band unused transmission time in frequency bands go idle example: 6-station LAN, 1,3,4 have pkt, frequency bands 2,5,6 idle frequency bands time FDM cable Channel partitioning MAC protocols: FDMA
5-47 Random access protocols when node has packet to send transmit at full channel data rate R. no a priori coordination among nodes two or more transmitting nodes ➜ "collision", random access MAC protocol specifies: how to detect collisions how to recover from collisions (e.g., via delayed retransmissions) examples of random access MAC protocols: slotted ALOHA ALOHA CSMA, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA
5-48 CSMA (carrier sense multiple access) CSMA: listen before transmit: if channel sensed idle: transmit entire frame if channel sensed busy, defer transmission human analogy: don't interrupt others!
5-49 CSMA collisions collisions can still occur: propagation delay means two nodes may not hear each other's transmission collision: entire packet transmission time wasted distance & propagation delay play role in in determining collision probability spatial layout of nodes
5-50 CSMA/CD (collision detection) CSMA/CD: carrier sensing, deferral as in CSMA collisions detected within short time colliding transmissions aborted, reducing channel wastage collision detection: easy in wired LANs: measure signal strengths, compare transmitted, received signals difficult in wireless LANs: received signal strength overwhelmed by local transmission strength human analogy: the polite conversationalist
5-51 CSMA/CD (collision detection) spatial layout of nodes
5-52 Ethernet CSMA/CD algorithm 1. NIC receives datagram from network layer, creates frame 2. If NIC senses channel idle, starts frame transmission. If NIC senses channel busy, waits until channel idle, then transmits. 3. If NIC transmits entire frame without detecting another transmission, NIC is done with frame ! 4. If NIC detects another transmission while transmitting, aborts and sends jam signal 5. After aborting, NIC enters binary (exponential) backoff: after mth collision, NIC chooses K at random from {0,1,2, …, 2 m -1}. NIC waits K · 512 bit times, returns to Step 2 longer backoff interval with more collisions
5-53 MAC addresses and ARP 32-bit IP address: network-layer address for interface used for layer 3 (network layer) forwarding MAC (or LAN or physical or Ethernet) address: function: used 'locally" to get frame from one interface to another physically-connected interface (same network, in IP- addressing sense) 48 bit MAC address (for most LANs) burned in NIC ROM, also sometimes software settable e.g.: 1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD hexadecimal (base 16) notation (each "number" represents 4 bits)
5-54 LAN addresses and ARP each adapter on LAN has unique LAN address adapter 1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD 58-23-D7-FA-20-B0 0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98 71-65-F7-2B-08-53 LAN (wired or wireless)
5-55 ARP: address resolution protocol ARP table: each IP node (host, router) on LAN has table IP/MAC address mappings for some LAN nodes: TTL (Time To Live): time after which address mapping will be forgotten (typically 20 min) Question: how to determine interface's MAC address, knowing its IP address? 1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD 58-23-D7-FA-20-B0 0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98 71-65-F7-2B-08-53 LAN 184.108.40.206 188.8.131.52 184.108.40.206 220.127.116.11
5-56 ARP protocol: same LAN A wants to send datagram to B B's MAC address not in A's ARP table. A broadcasts ARP query packet, containing B's IP address dest MAC address = FF-FF- FF-FF-FF-FF all nodes on LAN receive ARP query B receives ARP packet, replies to A with its (B's) MAC address frame sent to A's MAC address (unicast) A caches (saves) IP-to- MAC address pair in its ARP table until information becomes old (times out) soft state: information that times out (goes away) unless refreshed ARP is "plug-and-play": nodes create their ARP tables without intervention from net administrator
5-57 Ethernet frame structure sending adapter encapsulates IP datagram (or other network layer protocol packet) in Ethernet frame preamble: 7 bytes with pattern 10101010 followed by one byte with pattern 10101011 used to synchronize receiver, sender clock rates dest. address source address data (payload) CRC preamble type
5-58 Ethernet frame structure (more) addresses: 6 byte source, destination MAC addresses if adapter receives frame with matching destination address, or with broadcast address (e.g. ARP packet), it passes data in frame to network layer protocol otherwise, adapter discards frame type: indicates higher layer protocol (mostly IP but others possible, e.g., Novell IPX, AppleTalk) CRC: cyclic redundancy check at receiver error detected: frame is dropped dest. address source address data (payload) CRC preamble type
5-59 Ethernet: unreliable, connectionless connectionless: no handshaking between sending and receiving NICs unreliable: receiving NIC doesnt send acks or nacks to sending NIC data in dropped frames recovered only if initial sender uses higher layer rdt (e.g., TCP), otherwise dropped data lost Ethernet's MAC protocol: unslotted CSMA/CD wth binary backoff
5-60 Synthesis: a day in the life of a web request journey down protocol stack complete! application, transport, network, link putting-it-all-together: synthesis! goal: identify, review, understand protocols (at all layers) involved in seemingly simple scenario: requesting www page scenario: student attaches laptop to campus network, requests/receives www.google.com
5-61 A day in the life: scenario Comcast network 184.108.40.206/13 Google's network 220.127.116.11/19 18.104.22.168 web server DNS server school network 126.96.36.199/24 web page browser
router (runs DHCP) 5-62 A day in the life… connecting to the Internet connecting laptop needs to get its own IP address, addr of first-hop router, addr of DNS server: use DHCP DHCP UDP IP Eth Phy DHCP UDP IP Eth Phy DHCP DHCP request encapsulated in UDP, encapsulated in IP, encapsulated in 802.3 Ethernet Ethernet frame broadcast (dest: FFFFFFFFFFFF) on LAN, received at router running DHCP server Ethernet demuxed to IP demuxed, UDP demuxed to DHCP
router (runs DHCP) 5-63 DHCP server formulates DHCP ACK containing client's IP address, IP address of first-hop router for client, name & IP address of DNS server DHCP UDP IP Eth Phy DHCP UDP IP Eth Phy DHCP encapsulation at DHCP server, frame forwarded (switch learning) through LAN, demultiplexing at client Client now has IP address, knows name & addr of DNS server, IP address of its first-hop router DHCP client receives DHCP ACK reply A day in the life… connecting to the Internet
router (runs DHCP) 5-64 A day in the life… ARP (before DNS, before HTTP) before sending HTTP request, need IP address of www.google.com: DNS DNS UDP IP Eth Phy DNS DNS query created, encapsulated in UDP, encapsulated in IP, encapsulated in Eth. To send frame to router, need MAC address of router interface: ARP ARP query broadcast, received by router, which replies with ARP reply giving MAC address of router interface client now knows MAC address of first hop router, so can now send frame containing DNS query ARP query Eth Phy ARP ARP reply
router (runs DHCP) 5-65 DNS UDP IP Eth Phy DNS IP datagram containing DNS query forwarded via LAN switch from client to 1 st hop router IP datagram forwarded from campus network into comcast network, routed (tables created by RIP, OSPF, IS-IS and/or BGP routing protocols) to DNS server demux'ed to DNS server DNS server replies to client with IP address of www.google.com Comcast network 220.127.116.11/13 DNS server DNS UDP IP Eth Phy DNS A day in the life… using DNS
router (runs DHCP) 5-66 A day in the life…TCP connection carrying HTTP HTTP TCP IP Eth Phy HTTP to send HTTP request, client first opens TCP socket to web server TCP SYN segment (step 1 in 3- way handshake) inter-domain routed to web server TCP connection established! 188.8.131.52 web server SYN TCP IP Eth Phy SYN SYNACK web server responds with TCP SYNACK (step 2 in 3-way handshake)
router (runs DHCP) 5-67 A day in the life… HTTP request/reply HTTP TCP IP Eth Phy HTTP HTTP request sent into TCP socket IP datagram containing HTTP request routed to www.google.com IP datagram containing HTTP reply routed back to client 188.8.131.52 web server HTTP TCP IP Eth Phy web server responds with HTTP reply (containing web page) HTTP web page finally (!!!) displayed
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Food and Drug Administration:
Response to Heparin Contamination Helped Protect Public Health; Controls That Were Needed for Working With External Entities Were Recently Added
GAO-11-95: Published: Oct 29, 2010. Publicly Released: Nov 9, 2010.
Additional Materials:
- Highlights Page:
- Full Report:
- Accessible Text:
(202) 512-3407
Office of Public Affairs
(202) 512-4800
In early 2008, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) responded to a crisis involving the contamination of heparin, a medication used to prevent and treat blood clots, when the agency received multiple reports of adverse events involving severe allergic reactions. The crisis took place from January 2008 through May 2008, during which time FDA took several actions in its response to the crisis. GAO was asked to review FDA's management of the heparin crisis. This report examines (1) how FDA prevented additional contaminated heparin from reaching U.S. consumers, (2) how FDA coordinated its response to the contaminated heparin crisis, and (3) FDA's monitoring and analysis of adverse events associated with heparin. To conduct this review, GAO reviewed relevant FDA documents, regulations, and guidance; analyzed FDA data; and interviewed FDA officials and other experts involved in the crisis and knowledgeable about drug quality standards.
In its response to the heparin crisis, FDA took several actions related to its responsibility to protect the public health by ensuring the safety and security of the nation's drug and medical device supplies. FDA increased its activities related to oversight of heparin firms by conducting inspections and investigations and monitoring heparin imports, and worked with drug and device manufacturers to recall contaminated products while ensuring that an adequate supply of uncontaminated heparin was available. With the help of external entities, FDA identified the unknown contaminant and developed tests to screen all heparin products. Additionally, the agency reached out to its international regulatory partners during the crisis. However, FDA faced some limitations in its efforts to inspect heparin firms in China and collaborate internationally, and the agency was unable to determine the original source of contamination. FDA coordinated internal and external resources to respond to the contaminated heparin crisis, but did not address risks related to working with certain external entities with ties to heparin firms. The agency has issued standards of ethics regarding collaboration with external entities and governmentwide standards apply to the acceptance of services provided free of charge. Despite these existing standards, FDA did not have processes in place to ensure that it considered or applied them when it accepted assistance from external entities with ties to heparin firms on a voluntary basis during the heparin crisis. Not adequately addressing these risks could have affected the public's confidence in FDA's response efforts and in its other activities related to the regulation of heparin products and also left FDA open to claims for payment for services that these external entities provided to FDA. FDA monitored trends in the number of reports of adverse events associated with heparin drug products and heparin-containing medical devices that it received before, during, and after the crisis. FDA also conducted analyses of adverse events, including deaths, associated with heparin drug products and heparin-containing medical devices. However, FDA was unable to determine if any of the adverse events or deaths were linked to contaminated heparin because of data limitations and confounding factors regarding the individual patients, such as the natural course of the underlying disease or condition. In the draft report we provided to the Department of Health and Human Services for comment, we recommended that FDA develop adequate controls to help avoid exposure to risks when working with external entities in future situations similar to the heparin crisis. In response, FDA issued guidance on October 15, 2010, for FDA staff to follow when working with external scientific and other experts in emergency situations when the services are provided on a gratuitous basis. FDA also stressed the unprecedented nature of the heparin crisis and noted various actions it took in response to the crisis.
Mar 2, 2017
FDA Has Encouraged Development, but Needs to Clarify the Role of Draft Guidance and Develop Qualified Infectious Disease Product GuidanceGAO-17-189: Published: Jan 31, 2017. Publicly Released: Mar 2, 2017.
Feb 27, 2017
Electronic Health Records:
HHS Needs to Improve Planning and Evaluation of Its Efforts to Increase Information Exchange in Post-Acute Care SettingsGAO-17-184: Published: Jan 27, 2017. Publicly Released: Feb 27, 2017.
Feb 15, 2017
Private Health Insurance:
In Most States and New Exchanges, Enrollees Continued to be Concentrated among Few Issuers in 2014 [Reissued on February 14, 2017]GAO-16-724: Published: Sep 6, 2016. Publicly Released: Sep 6, 2016.
Feb 13, 2017
CMS Needs Better Data to Monitor the Provision of and Spending on Personal Care ServicesGAO-17-169: Published: Jan 12, 2017. Publicly Released: Feb 13, 2017.
Feb 8, 2017
Medical Devices:
Cancer Risk Led FDA to Warn Against Certain Uses of Power Morcellators and Recommend New LabelingGAO-17-231: Published: Feb 7, 2017. Publicly Released: Feb 8, 2017. -
Medicaid Managed Care:
Improved Oversight Needed of Payment Rates for Long-Term Services and SupportsGAO-17-145: Published: Jan 9, 2017. Publicly Released: Feb 8, 2017.
Feb 6, 2017
Program Oversight Hampered by Data Challenges, Underscoring Need for Continued ImprovementsGAO-17-173: Published: Jan 6, 2017. Publicly Released: Feb 6, 2017.
Jan 31, 2017
CMS Has Taken Steps, but Further Efforts Are Needed to Control Improper PaymentsGAO-17-386T: Published: Jan 31, 2017. Publicly Released: Jan 31, 2017. -
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act:
Concentration, Plan Availability and Premiums, and Enrollee Experiences in Health Insurance Markets Since 2014GAO-17-383T: Published: Jan 31, 2017. Publicly Released: Jan 31, 2017.
Jan 23, 2017
Federal Health Care Center:
VA and DOD Need to Develop Better Information to Monitor Operations and Improve EfficiencyGAO-17-197: Published: Jan 23, 2017. Publicly Released: Jan 23, 2017.
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A thread on r/ethereum has lead me to once again realize the disconnect between my perception of the Ethereum community and its reality. The first time this happened for me was in the wake of the "The DAO" debacle. I was unperturbed by the hack, having expected exactly that sort of thing to happen with regularity, and yet others seemed surprised and distressed. This was not a inevitability they were prepared for, it seemed.
Tag / ethereum
The Nexus Docker Environment
I work as a developer for Nexus. One of the things I've done to make it easier for new developers to come on board and start contributing code was to create a Docker image that contains a pre-built development environment containing everything a new developer might need. It also helps with being able to reproduce each other's bugs, as our environments are all very similar. I've been using it myself every day now for about a month, so I figured it's time I write a post introducing it.


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Our Community
Manuka Health is proud to be part of the community in Te Awamutu, New Zealand.
Manuka Health established an informal partnership with Enrich+, a service provider in the disability sector.
This partnership has been operating for two years setting up a work experience project resulting in positive outcomes for people with disabilities. During this time three people have secured permanent employment at Manuka Health, and six people are employed on a casual basis, while others have learnt work skills, and some of these people have gone on to paid employment with other organisations.
Photo by Ramon Chunn


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Midwifery BSc (Hons)
Coventry UniversityPreis auf Anfrage
Wichtige informationen
- Bachelor's degree
- Coventry (Grossbritannien)
- Wann:
September 2017
This Midwifery course runs in 2016/17.Midwifery is integral to the health and well-being of women and their families during pregnancy and childbirth and this course offers entry into a rewarding and professional career.
Voraussetzungen: "Entry Requirements Essential Entry Requirements 5 GCSEs at grade A*-C including English Language, Mathematics and Science, or specified equivalents. Evidence of recent study is desirable. Typical Offers A-Levels: BBB to include Biology or Human Biology. Excludes..."
Veranstaltungsort(e)Beginn | Lage |
Sep-2017 |
Priory St,Coventry, CV1 5FB, West Midlands, Grossbritannien Plan ansehen |
Was lernen Sie in diesem Kurs?
Midwifery | Teaching | English | International | ||||||
University | Employability | NHS Training | Team Training | ||||||
IT Development | Skills and Training | Midwifery | Team Training |
Want to know more about our courses and life at the University? Why not tweet us #AskCU and find out!
— Coventry University (@covcampus) February 9, 2015 OVERVIEWThis Midwifery course runs in 2016/17.
Midwifery is integral to the health and well-being of women and their families during pregnancy and childbirth and this course offers entry into a rewarding and professional career.
This is an exciting and innovative course which comprises theoretical and clinical components and ensures that you are fit to practise anywhere in the world. An experienced midwife will support you and during the course, under supervision, you will manage a small case load.
If you choose this course you will benefit from:
- studying on a course which, on successful completion, will make you eligible to apply for registration with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC);
- midwifery students are currently exempt from tuition fees and may be eligible for an NHS Bursary;
- a course that includes an integrated approach to knowledge and clinical skills development through periods in the University and in clinical placements;
- the West Midlands client group is multicultural which offers a diverse experience; a midwifery team that has earned the UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative Certificate of Commitment and is working toward Baby Friendly Accreditation. The skills that are developed are sought by prospective employers;
- a course that incorporates the theory component of Newborn Infant Physical Examination (NIPE) which can help increase your employability;
- in the recent NMC annual monitoring event this course met all NMC risk based requirements: this reflected the high quality of the course.
Accreditations shall be renewed in accordance with the accreditor's standard review process and subject to the University maintaining the same high standards of course delivery.
WHAT WILL I LEARN?As a midwife you will care for childbearing women and families in a changing society and as such the course addresses knowledge and skills relating to contemporary midwifery practice. The theme for year one is normal childbearing and the focus is on the acquisition of knowledge and skills for normal midwifery and the development of study skills.
In year two, the theme is diversity in maternal and neonatal health. The focus is on further development of knowledge and skills in normal midwifery and the acquisition of knowledge and competence to participate in the care of women and babies who have complex needs. During the final year of the course, you will continue to develop midwifery skills and knowledge to ensure readiness to assume the full role and responsibilities of a midwife.
HOW WILL THIS COURSE BE TAUGHT?Teaching methods will include sessions in the classroom and skills laboratory. You will have the opportunity during dedicated simulation weeks, to engage in face-to-face sessions and activities in a virtual learning environment. During clinical practice, each student has a midwifery mentor whose role is to support you in developing your midwifery skills. 'Reflection' upon both theory and practice as a learning method is encouraged.
HOW WILL I BE ASSESSED?An estimated percentage breakdown of how your final grade is assessed is as follows: coursework, tests, essays 40%; presentations, posters 10%; other e.g. placements 50%.
TEACHING CONTACT HOURSAs this is a full-time modular course, you are expected to allocate 37.5 hours per week to your learning, including up to 14 hours of teaching contact and 14 hours clinical. In an average week, this could break down as follows:
Personal tutorial/small group teaching: 1 hour of tutorial with your personal tutor or Supervisor of Midwives each week
Medium group teaching: 7 hours of skills laboratories each week
Large group teaching: 6 hours of large lecture sessions with students on other related courses each week
Personal study: 7.5 hours each week studying and revising in your own time
"Stimmt etwas nicht mit diesem Kurs? Informieren Sie uns wenn Sie einen Fehler entdecken und helfen somit auch anderen Usern wie Sie.


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Cornish Gardens
In 2004 seven varieties of Medlars were planted including a rare Iranian Medlar.
These line the left hand side of the drive and continue along the top of the 'Ha Ha' bordering the fields.
These are excellent small trees with beautiful flowers and interesting fruit.
Planted in a walled garden are peaches, nectarines, apricots, plums, cherries, apples and pears.
Treiefe Cornish Gardens
The garden at Trereife benefits from having one of only five modern parterre gardens. Parterre comes from the French for 'on the ground' and is defined as being a garden constructed on a surface of planting beds, edged in stone or tightly clipped hedging and gravel paths. Laid out in 1999 in time for the new millennium, the elaborate parterre was planned out by designer, Lyn Le Grice, to enliven the terrace adjacent to the Queen Anne front of 1904.
A charming feature of the interior of the House are the plasterwork ceilings crafted by skilled Italian journeymen working in Cornwall in the early 1700's. Working in the spirit of these Italian renaissance concepts, the parterre was designed as a series of arabesque interlocking beds laid out in Box, lined in Santolina and infilled with the vivid blue hue of horizontal Ceanothus.
Stay at Trereife House
Luxury Rooms
We have a selection of romantic rooms available in the house that can be booked with breakfast or on a self catering basis.
About Our Manor House
About The House
Our Gardens surround Trereife House. If you would like to find out further information about our striking manor grounds and the history of the house, please click here.
Read MoreOpening Times
Prices and Opening
If you need to know the prices and opening times of Trereife House and our beautiful manor grounds, you can find all of that information by following this link.
Read More


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To produce the records, the Dulwich Picture Gallery worked with patients, staff and visitors to St Christopher's Hospice in Dulwich.
Residents were encouraged to use costumes to create their portrait of a lifetime, inspired by works at the gallery. More than 400 photographs will go on show there on 23, 27 and 28 November.
The project was part of Good Times, a programme for older people run by Susan Ghosh. She said: "The programme is designed to combat loneliness in older people using art.
"We were genuinely surprised by the standard of the photographs. They really show individual lives and the life of the hospice."
Ruth DuprÈ, an artist, led the work with residents and also created a film record. She said: "When I first went in with this portfolio of Old Masters to show them, and was presented by people in wheelchairs and with oxygen tubes in their noses, I thought this seemed frivolous."
But residents responded with gusto and the film turned out to be celebratory, she said.
Nigel Hartley, from the hospice, said: "People were seeing themselves as human beings at a time in their lives when everything else isn't normal."
- More about:
- Dulwich
- Dulwich Picture Gallery
- Galleries
- Healthcare


text:
Hack a Hacker
this wiki
Hack a Hacker | |
Game | TS2 |
League | Honorary League |
Section | Team Series B |
Mode | Team Deathmatch |
Map | Compound |
Character | Riot Officer Accompanied by Riot Officer x2 |
Enemies Encountered | Sadako Milkbaby Krayola Barby Gimp |
Rewards | Silver: Milkbaby Gold: Krayola |
Medal Requirements | Bronze: 20 Kills Silver: 20 Kills in 1 min 40.0 secs Gold: 20 Kills in 1 min 20.0 secs Platinum: 20 Kills in 1 min 00.0 secs |
Hack a Hacker is an Honorary League Team Deathmatch in Team Series B on TimeSplitters 2. You play on a Riot Officer team, in a face off with Sadako's gang.
Briefing Edit
Sadako's gang have been selling warez down at the Compound. It's time for the anti-piracy riot squad to instigate a crackdown. They made 20 illegal copies - so kill them 20 times!
Strategy Edit
Not so much a strategy but some tips to try to get a good award. Your friends will do a lot of the work so after a few attempts you should find you've got a gold but a platinum will take a lot of hard work or maybe it's more luck. It's a bit of a mad panic, stay mainly outside & use the radar to find the enemies & kill them as quickly as you can. The SBP90 Machinegun is probably the best weapon but the Lasergun is surprisingly good at long range, the Plasma AutoRifle isn't really worth using unless you want to use the grenades.
Trivia Edit
- By doing absolutely nothing & letting your allies do all the work, a silver will normally be achieved and, occasionally, a gold.


text:
/ Power Supplies / LED Drivers / Constant Current LED Drivers
18W - 350mA - Hardwire - Dimmable Electronic Constant Current LED Driver - Lightech
Buy 6 or more. Save 5%.
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Product Overview
- 18 Watts max
- Dimmable
- UL recognized
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This electronic hardwire driver powers up to 18 watts of dimmable LED lighting load.
- Powers 18 watts of LED Very Thin Light Bars and other LED lighting systems that require 350mA of constant current. Enclosure stores electrical connections.
American Lighting
American Lighting manufactures a wide range of lighting solutions for your residential, commercial, and specialty lighting needs. They strive to be a lighting solutions provider by offering customers a broad line of innovative and high quality lighting products.
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0 questions
Question from Tom:
What are the dimension of the driver, will it fit into enclosure listed ? Since 18 watts won't power the 4 bars i need can i parallel an 8watt off of same dimmer switch?
Answer from Pegasus:
7-1/8 L X 1-7/8 W X 1-1/4 H Yes, it will fit in the enclosure. The 8W driver for the PRULER fixtures is not dimmable so no you can't connect it to the dimmer. You can connect two dimmable drivers to a single dimmer.Question from Tim:
Is this LED driver compatible with the Lutron Grafik Eye QS dimmers?
Answer from Pegasus:
We recommend dimming these drivers with Lutron's C-L dimmers because they are specifically designed to handle low wattage loads.Question from Doug C:
I have cabinets on either side of a sink to light. Distance across the sink area is longer than 3 ft, which is the longest connector cable. Can I run the Very Thin LEDs from one driver in parallel or should I link them by connecting multiple linking cables together to span the distance (or neither)?
Answer from Pegasus:
Doug, You cannot connect the PRULER's flexible connectors together, so you won't be able to make the jump using them. The best way to wire two separate areas of kitchen counters is to use two power connectors attached to one driver. When wiring two power connectors to a driver, they do not connect in parallel. They connect in series so that one black wire and one red wire hook up to the driver. The other red and black power connector wires connect to each other.Question from Rick:
Is this driver compatible with a Lutron Diva C*L dimmer?
Answer from Pegasus:
Yes, the manufacturer recommends using C-L dimmers with this driver. Best Selling Constant Current LED Drivers


text:
Rediff India Abroad Home | All the sections | |
Discuss | Email | Print | Get latest news on your desktop Important tips for stock market investors Kumar Gautam, Outlook Money | November 24, 2008 In the present volatile market conditions, results in the first quarter of financial year 2009 may have been better than expected. These, however, did not reflect the combined impact that high interest rates and input costs had on companies' sales and profitability. The second quarter figures are showing the true picture of how companies are burdened by debt and fixed costs. In such a scenario, it is important that investors are able to filter out the companies that are likely to be hit harder, in the near term, from those that may be able to mitigate the effects of the downturn. Though companies in the BSE 100 index registered a robust net sales growth of 39 per cent year-on-year (y-o-y) in the second quarter of FY09, their operating profit dipped by around 2 per cent, which implies contraction of operating margin due to high input costs. Hitesh Agrawal, head (research), Angel Broking, says: "The rising input costs have impacted the profitability of companies and this is reflected in the results of the second quarter." Slowing demand due to erosion of purchasing power caused by inflation, along with the impact of high interest cost has spelt trouble for several companies, and their second quarter results have given evidence of this. Check for high levels of debt and fixed cost and low cash reserves before you invest. Here's why. High on debt Companies that have high levels of debt (also called financial leverage) enjoy extraordinary growth in a favourable environment. They use debt to fund their assets and enhance their return to shareholders. However, a debt component could prove risky for those who are invested in cyclical sectors like real estate, capital goods, cement and auto. In India, construction and real estate sectors are the worst hit. The balance: Companies with high debt levels could see a sharp drop in their profit, and therefore in earnings per share (EPS), because their interest outgo would remain unchanged even when revenues are falling. During a downward cycle, these would suffer the most and investors should keep their distance. If this criterion is used to analyse Indian companies, we will find that the debt/ equity level for BSE 100 companies, as on March 31, 2008, is 0.93, which is quite low. Outflow: Another factor to look at is how big a part of a company's operating profit goes towards paying the interest on debt. High interest outgo percentage and debt/ equity ratio can be indicators of glitches in a company's financial stability. However, it is important to stand a company along with its peers as well as the industry average to get a true measure of its position. A significant divergence calls for caution and further analysis. Current value: The current fall in rupee's value has led to a currency risk for companies that have borrowed from outside India. Lower rates abroad had made foreign borrowing cheaper. This advantage, however, doesn't exist anymore. Earlier, when the rupee's value was higher, companies would pay just Rs 40 for each dollar of interest repayment. Now, at rupee's lower value, companies have to pay Rs 49 for each dollar of interest repayment. This is increasing the cost for companies, and, therefore, reducing their profitability. Currency risk assumes importance when a company is borrowing heavily in the foreign market. Investors should always be aware of the risk inherited in such companies. To take an example, we have picked a few companies from various sectors. In real estate, the debt/ equity levels for Lancor Holdings and IVR Prime Urban Developers are 4.45 and 4.05, respectively, substantially higher than the sector average of 1.30. This makes them both vulnerable. However, Lancor's interest payment outflow (interest paid on debt as percentage of operating profit) at 49.75 per cent is much higher than IVR's 15.29 per cent. This makes it a safer option than Lancor when it comes to financial leverage. High fixed cost If a company's fixed portion of input costs remains high even when its sales are falling, the profit margin will get depleted. In India, problems due to operating leverage (the balance between fixed and variable costs) will be higher because, in the last few years, companies have had a high fixed cost that was contributing towards higher margins. Says Chetan Majithia, head (equities), CRISIL Research: "Now, as the demand offtake is not there, companies with high operating leverage will get affected. Since the economy was growing at a higher rate, the negative impact of (high) operating leverage was not seen. But as the growth is slowing the impact will be seen." The retail sector has been affected because of high rental costs. Brokerage firms are already in the deep end with their operating profit growth falling more sharply than their sales growth. In fact, operating profit growths have fallen even when sales have grown substantially, a sure shot danger sign for investors to look out for. Pile of cash A company's cash flow, like a pulse in the human body, is a sign of its well being. In the long term, after expansion phase is complete, companies should be cash positive. For an investor, cash flow figure gains more importance as it determines the dividend payout. Study of cash flow also gains significance in the present situation of tightened monetary policy that has made borrowing of funds difficult for companies. "We should be cautious while analysing a company in its expansion phase. It should have sufficient cash flow to fulfill its capital requirements. Other companies should have enough to protect the dividends that they pay to investors," says Majithia. The above mentioned criteria are well established filters. They gain further significance while picking stocks in these uncertain times. These factors, in combination with other conventional performance indicators, can go a long way in determining which stocks to select and which to reject. Debt management The two factors of debt/ equity ratio and interest outgo as percentage of operating profit together can be indicators of a company's health, especially of those in cyclical sectors such as real estate and capital goods.
Deep dive High fixed costs can deplete a company's profits, especially if sales are also falling. Many brokerage companies are in this situation now. Here are some of the bigger players who are already seeing this effect.
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