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The Backdrop
When I wrote my book "Is The Juice Worth the Squeeze" in 2009-10, we were still in the decaying phase of the Great Recession and trying to come to grips with what had happened, why, and what the long-term implications would be for our industry.
I was re-reading the epilog of the book the other day, thinking about maybe writing another book, and, in the process, came up with kind of my own Yogi-ism (maybe inspired by Yogi's recent 90th birthday).
"You don't know what you've said until you say it."
In the epilog, I wrote that one of the potential lessons out of the Great Recession was:
"Beware apparent truths that are easily financed."
At the time, it just kind of came out of my head. But, over the past couple of years, it has proven to be truer and wiser than I ever would have imagined. I didn't realize what I had said.
One apparent truth that we all lived with was: to own your own home is the American Dream.
It was embedded in everything involving housing from Fannie and Freddie's touting of their ability to get you to the American Dream to media's regular invocation of the phrase "Dream Home". If you could own a home, the dream was right around the corner and the good life would be yours.
While it is true that many desire to own a home, the truth that we found is that not so many have the financial or personal capacity to be a long-term homeowner. The fact that easy and crazy lending made ownership possible does not mean that it truly created or satisfied the dream.
We all now know how that story is still ending.
But for those who enabled the financial transaction to happen, from financiers to brokers to title agents to builders, the times were good for a while until they weren't.
We are still paying the bill for the party.
The second apparent truth I focused on was the one that stated with certainty:
"You must have a college education in order to get ahead and secure a good middle-class or better lifestyle."
Again, there was an element of truth in the statement.
Those who have college degrees tend to make more and have broader capability of rising socio-economically than those who do not, based on decades of observation. However, missing from the detail was the fact that historically having the diploma demonstrated that one had the intelligence, grit, and adaptive skills to take on something hard and achieve it. Working through a challenging college experience was proof that those attributes were present in that person.
Those skills were good predictors of future success, although not absolute. There are multiple examples of those who have done very well in many endeavors without the benefit of a college degree. Just the same, though, they had the intelligence, grit, and adaptive skills to do hard things and succeed.
We also know that there are many with college degrees that do not do well for a variety of reasons. The truth is not absolute.
Yet, over the past decades the apparent truth was that just by having the degree, you would succeed. An industry ranging from a broad student lending infrastructure to a continual dropping of grading standards in college to the advent of "for profit" colleges relying on students able to take out gobs of debt to pay evolved to enable getting the piece of paper, sometimes without much relevant work.
We are now reaping the results. Worthless degrees, piles of non-dischargeable debt, and, worst, those who incur the debt, but never get a degree, are in a debt trap for life.
The true double-whammy.
The availability of easy financing enabled many to chase the dream without the true understandings of the risks or the skill to evaluate with a cold eye what they were getting into. The end result is a generation burdened by debt greater than the preceding generations and that debt is forcing the inability to spend in other areas, such as housing.
We are living with the detritus of all of this.
Dodd-Frank was probably a good idea, but the net result is that banks, the normal providers of credit to developers, builders, and individual buyers are shying away from the sector. "Non-traditional lenders," who are not banks, are filling some of the gap, but nothing is replacing the funds that were provided by securitization.
Bottom line: credit is there, but only to a smaller and more credit-qualified segment of the population. A good thing, except if you are a small builder or developer or a prospective homeowner with credit that used to work, but now doesn't.
Plenty has been written about the fact that GenX and Y still want to own single family homes, just a little later in life than the generations before.
The raw truth, though, is that it is going to be tougher, and we will have a bad case of unfulfilled demand and frustration to deal with for a while, as the desire to own will be thwarted and rental or roommates will be the undesirable, but necessary, alternative.
Current Times
For the past couple of months, I have been sitting on the sidelines and patiently watching the spring selling season play itself out and testing a couple of hypotheses in my head regarding where we are, where we are going, and what strategies might be appropriate to consider.
One of those hypotheses is that, from a long-term perspective, the last 20 years were an aberration for the home building industry, at least in terms of the composition of product mix.
Those making strategic asset acquisition and financial decisions using this frame of reference might be making bad decisions if the "cheese" has actually reverted to patterns indicative of the period prior to the aberration (notice I did not use the word "bubble").
This fact gets ignored because the data set most analysts and commentators use runs the 25 years from 1990 to the present. It is as if the period prior to that timeframe did not exist and bears no relevance.
Also important to note is that most analysts do not factor in manufactured housing as a source of shelter. Including manufactured housing shipments along with housing starts gives a more complete look at shelter creation, since the housing starts data set includes both single family and multifamily production.
Let's take a quick and updated look at average annual total housing starts plus manufactured housing shipments by decade and what percentage of the total each component comprised:
What is remarkable from this data set is that for all of the decades the housing production, in terms of total units, remained remarkably consistent until just recently.
Yes, there were up and down years, but when taken in 10-year batches, the only decade that jumps out is the 70s, when the baby boomers were full-bore coming into the housing market, and the recent time period coming out of the Great Recession.
The mix of housing stayed remarkable similar, also, up until the early 1990s with about 55% of production in single family, 30% in multifamily, and 15% in manufactured housing.
However, as the housing recession of the late 1980s and early 1990s began its recovery, this pattern began to change in marked ways.
As the recovery took hold in the early 1990s, the mix changed to 65% single family, 16% multifamily, and nearly 19% manufactured.
Part driven by a maturing baby boom population demanding more detached housing (single family and manufactured), part driven by the baby-bust not needing as many apartments, part driven by financial market changes (demise of S&L lending, the beginning of an institutionalized securitization structure, and the advent of aggressive lending on manufactured housing that ultimately collapsed in the late 1990s), and part driven by federal government policy changes (tax laws dis-incenting apartment building and the push from the mid-90's on to expand home ownership to minorities and those with low and moderate incomes), this was a sea change from anything seen in the prior 30+ years.
Yet the total number of homes produced was not markedly different on an annualized basis than prior decades; just the mix changed.
The lending, demographic, and government policy adjustments that started in the 1990s took full effect in the first 10 years of this century, as single family production jumped to an average of 73% of production, multifamily increased slightly to 19%, and manufactured slid precipitously to 8%.
The cratering of the manufactured housing end-loan financing structure in the late 1990s took nearly 200,000 units of mostly-affordable housing per year from the production mix. This supply went to the lower end of the single-family sector (aided by ever-more aggressive financing) and back to the multifamily sector.
Yet the number of homes created for the 2000s decade was not materially different from the prior decades, even though the housing crash occupied the latter third of the decade.
However, as the residential real estate market bottomed out around 2009-2010 and began to recover, the composition of production began to change (and continues to change) with a multifamily sector mirroring what is was from 1960-1990. The single-family production is proportionately higher than during that earlier period, primarily because the manufactured housing segment is still hobbled, taking out the most affordable sector of detached housing.
As the data below demonstrates, the swing from single-family production to multifamily production continues through the end of last year and has yet to show any meaningful reversal in momentum in the early data from the first quarter of 2015.
What is more surprising is that during the period (1960-2010) the population of the country increased from 179 million people to 308 million, about a 72% increase, while the US housing stock increased from 58 million to 130 million, about a 124% increase.
Yet, the average annual production of shelter did not increase in any meaningful way, except at the height of the sub-prime boom.
Essentially, we became less intensive in our use of shelter, going from about 3.1 persons per housing unit in 1960 to about 2.4 in 2010.
Considering that the weighted average new house size went from 1093 sf to 1899 sf in the same 1960-2010 period, an increase of 74%, we essentially enjoyed a luxury of both fewer persons occupying each house and those persons enjoying more square footage than before.
A true luxury compared to the rest of the world.
We essentially lived in a period when we created the ability to have more space to store more stuff that we were buying with more credit card and mortgage debt.
So, what does all of this imply?
First, it looks like that the period 1990 to 2006 was an anomaly, not the "normal" that many think we should be returning to, at least in terms of the distribution of production.
If we took the norms for that period, we would have expected about 70% of production to be single family, about 17% to be multifamily, and the balance, 13% to be manufactured. For 2014, when the total was 1,068,000 units, that would have meant about 100,000 more single family starts, 100,000 more manufactured housing shipments, and 200,000 fewer multifamily starts.
I do not see any indication that the manufactured sector is doing other than a slow rebound and doing about 60,000-80,000 units per year, so the markets they served will have to be taken up either with apartment construction, affordable single family production, or creatively occupying some of that excess "luxury" square footage created over the past 5 decades (aka living with family, room-mates, or, sadly, joining the homeless).
Second, I am going to throw out another Yogi-like observation:
"It will stay the same as it is until it doesn't anymore."
Like the classic Snoopy cartoon where Charlie Brown keeps believing that Lucy won't pull the football away, but she always does, the annual prediction of major jumps in housing production always seem to not come true.
I can remember well-founded predictions from 2010-2012 that by 2015-16 we would be back to doing 1.6mm-2.0 mm units of production. Three or four years out it would be back to the old normal.
Order in the universe will prevail, and better get that land bank filled.
As we continue to creep slowly back from where we were, it looks like we will continue to be below the 1.6-1.7mm average that all of the prior decades brought for longer than people continue to think.
Even if, magically, production did come roaring back, I think that all of us intuitively know that there is not enough capacity in terms of industry infrastructure to handle that kind of ramp-up. There are not enough superintendents, inspectors, project managers, sales people, drywall or lumber production, capital, etc. to handle that shock and costing would go through the roof to try to accommodate it, either squeezing margins or driving up pricing faster than incomes.
Third, there is an observation from the discipline of Systems Dynamics, popularized by the MIT Professor Jay Forrester, that systems and structures primarily determine outcomes.
Put simply, the rules of the game pretty well set a statistically determinable range of outcomes. If you want a significantly different set of outcomes, the rules or the game have to be changed.
The oft-quoted maxim "The definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and believing you will get a different result" covers the same ground.
Getting a different result has to be caused by doing something differently than before, given all the other conditions staying constant.
When we look at the changes to the dynamics of the housing market that occurred from the mid-90s until the late 2000s, particularly in public policy favoring home ownership and laissez-fair lending, it is no surprise that production shifted to single-family homes disproportionately.
Similarly, the huge defaults in the manufactured housing segment in the mid-90s meant that lending stopped in that segment and manufactured housing shipments declined with the change.
The fallout of all of this has been a change of rules that is driving different results.
Dodd-Frank has made lending into the real estate sector less attractive, as have the plethora of fines and penalties. Freddie and Fannie now are the major players in individual residential mortgage finance and their political exposure and legal situation pretty well drives them to a level of conservative underwriting not unlike bankers did 30 or 40 years ago.
The explosion of student debt has put a prior lien on the vessel of personal credit capability of many in GenX and GenY that was not there in the past. The dollars that went to a mortgage and a car in the past now go to the student loans first and then cell phone bills and cable TV and Internet subscriptions.
Connectivity, entertainment, and paying for the great party that college has become is now the primary tap on income, not leaving much for housing, particularly owning a house.
The rules of employment have changed also.
Two generations ago, the model was stability. Get a job and as long as you didn't screw-up you pretty well had the job for close to life. That stability enabled one to take on the long-term obligations of home ownership and, in fact, home ownership was one of the primary demonstrations that one had achieved true and responsible adulthood. Only bums, students, people who lived in big cities, and the poor rented.
A generation ago, the model modified slightly, shifting jobs and locations became more normal. One still owned a house if they were an "adult". The job security quid-pro-quo was a little more tenuous, but still pretty much there.
However, starting with the downturn of the early 1990s and then into the 2000s, employment security began to evaporate. You could be doing a great job and be let go on a whim in order to make the financials work. Loyalty and security were replaced by temp and contract status with little certainty of whether your job would be around next week or next month.
Throw in a slow economic recovery here and abroad, that creates uncertainty, too.
This is not a good environment to take on long-term economic obligations.
Sure, this situation does not impact everyone in the workforce, but few would contest that it is more prevalent today than 10 or 20 years ago.
It is no surprise that these core changes have resulted in a different composition of residential living demand than in the recent past.
The data from the past several years that have now been influenced by these changes seem to indicate that the composition of housing production is reverting to something that looks more like it did 30 years ago, with a higher proportion of multifamily production. The still moribund manufactured housing sector is giving up some of its share to multifamily, but a good portion of that demand just seems to have disappeared.
We see it in overall starts not coming back to norms as people had thought.
The other apparent outcome from this new reality is that the volumes of production are significantly less than they have been overall and in single-family for-sale in particular.
In fact, the situation may be worse than people think. The recent public builder report cards show increases in incentives in some markets and gross margins declining from already somewhat weak levels.
These are indicators of a supply-demand imbalance, with there being too much supply and production being forced through.
Yes volumes are getting slowly better; with MetroStudy projecting 1.1mm starts (715,000 sf and 385,000 mf) for 2015. Throw in about 70,000 manufactured units shipped and that would give 1,170,000 compared to 1,068,000 in 2014 for a growth of about 9.6% year over year.
Not great, but still better than a sharp stick in the eye.
At that level, single-family production would increase from 60.7% of the mix to 61.1%; multifamily would decline slightly from 33.3% to 32.9%; and manufactured would stay static at 6.0%. That would be a turn-around of the declining proportion for single family, but still not anywhere near the 65-75% proportion of the not-too-distant past.
As the old vaudeville saying goes: "Slowly we turn; step by step; inch by inch."
The Future
If we are not returning to the world we expected and speed of recovery is slower, what are the strategies that might be considered?
Embrace the Renter. It looks like renters will be with us in a greater proportion than we have experienced over the lifetime of many home building executives. Thirty or more years ago, builders built both for-sale and for-rent shelter, but that model disappeared. I find it interesting that Toll Brothers and Lennar have added multifamily components to their business and that the builders who had both components going into the downturn survived and did well as the self-hedging characteristics of these two demands kept businesses alive.
Embrace Single-Family for-Rent. The landscape says that more people will be renting for longer than they thought. However, when kids arrive, the single-family suburban lifestyle still is the golden ring. Renting new and used single family homes is already in demand and we are seeing renters paying 40-50% of incomes for rent, when they tap out of qualifying for a mortgage at 28-32%. There is a market out there to build single-family rental product in a variety of community types (rental only and mixed with for-sale). I was encouraged to see Lennar dip its toe in the water on a project in Nevada. I believe that others will follow suit. Sure it will be tough figuring out the business model, but doing the numbers shows that it many cases it works.
The Need for Speed. Anyone who has done a pro-forma on a subdivision or a master planned community knows the importance of absorption. Slow absorptions kill the financials of a project and fast absorptions make them sing. With the market segment able to afford and truly purchase single-family homes more limited in many markets than before, for-sale absorptions are often forced by price discounting. At some point, other uses including attached for sale, attached for rent, additional for-sale product, and single family for rent actually give incremental higher absorptions and better returns. Builders who embrace a broader set of strategies to drive absorptions will win over those who either do nothing or use a more limited palate of tools.
The Need for Speed II. The other kind of speed is found in cycle time improvement and process improvement in general. Builders who are not organized to improve processes continually and meaningfully are going to be road-kill in this new environment. Those who are able to build homes from dig to close in under 60 calendar days will prevail and will most likely be the early adopters of other technologies such as robotics and 3D printing that may take home production even faster. To think that the industry can operate insignificantly different than it did one or two generations ago in a world where every other industry has had quantum improvements in production efficiency is just lunacy.
Simplify How Customers Buy. Yes, we have websites and some wiz-bang tools to help us sell, but the process of buying a home is still mighty unfriendly compared to almost every other shopping experience that consumers have today. A huge advantage will go to those who solve this problem. My guess is that the driver will be also simplifying the choice matrix that customers have to choose from to target the important elements for specific target markets. It will force builders to differentiate themselves and not try to be all things to all people. Most of the builders I know who choose specific market segments, understand what is really important to them, and then keep the product and processes simple for that consumer tend to do very well both in terms of market share and overall financial return.
Invest in Great Sales and Marketing Staffs. Until the purchase process is totally automated, the key interface between builder and customer is the sales staff. Great, trained, motivated and intelligent sales folks can make all the difference in the world. Coming back from my recent spring Urban Land Institute meeting, the tales of horror from developers about incompetent builder sales staff abounded. It is now to the point that several of the larger community developers are seriously considering starting their own home building operations in order to solve the issue because their builders just don't get the level of competence that is needed.
Change, Experiment, and Embrace Failure That Generates Learning. This new normal will require rapid change, experimentation, and quick learning from failures. That's ok. It works for tech start-ups and it can work for builders, too. It is the only way to drive improvement at the speed that will be required.
But, the beat goes on. The good news is that people still need roofs over their heads and the population is growing. The bad news is that to create the new shelter for that population, many of the business models, assumptions, and management practices from the past won't work anymore and, in fact; the old practices will probably take a bunch of existing builders to the ash-heap of history.
But it will also reward those who are able to create and embrace the new.
Which will you be?


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Soak up some sun and spring weather while enjoying music to wake your soul.
It's Springtime and the livin' is easy
Listen to an entire evening of the majestic vocalizing of legendary jazz musician Billie Holiday.
Featured Cocktail
The Lady Day : Amaretto, Jameson Whiskey, Bitters, Lime Juice & a Splash of Sprite. Garnished with an Orange Slice.


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There's no trailer yet, but in the latest Famitsu, they have some updated information on the roster in Hyrule Warriors, and Fi, Link's assistant/sword spirit in Skyward Sword, is playable. You know, her:
The article also states that Ghirahim is in the game, but didn't specify playability. The same article also notes that there will be alternate costumes for Link and Zelda based on their Skyward Sword looks.
EDIT: And here's a trailer for Fi!
She's got some fancy kicks.


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But Jimmy was as lucky in love as he was at betting on dodgy derivatives, so instead of burning out, his star just burned brighter than ever. Rich, pampered, and successful, Jimmy, Monica and their friends lived the dream, bringing up their children with an army of domestic helps.
But then it all came crashing down. And when the global financial crisis hit, Jimmy discovered that anyone can handle success. It's how you handle failure that really matters.
©2009 Ben Elton; (P)2009 Random House Audiobooks
There are no listener reviews for this title yet.
Highly enjoyable book brilliantly narrated. It's a shame it was abridged as I would have liked to hear the full novel but I loved every minute of this book and couldn't wait to start listening to it again. 5 stars.
Loved it classic Elton keeps you thinking all the way to the end love all his books
"It's alright"
I am a big fan of Ben Elton but this book was a little weak.


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From arthitectural.com
Llosa Cortegana Arquitectos | La Caleta House 0
"Working in philosophy – like work in architecture in many respects – is really more a working on oneself. One's own interpretation. On one's way of seeing things". Ludwig Wittgenstein This project is a tribute. Besides a reflection on how we s


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Rhodes Scholarship
The Rhodes Scholarship, named for the British mining magnate and South African politician Cecil John Rhodes, is an international postgraduate award for students to study at the University of Oxford.[1] It is widely considered to be one of the world's most prestigious scholarships.[2] Established in 1902, it was the first large-scale programme of international scholarships,[3] inspiring the creation of a great many other awards in other countries.
As elaborated on in his will, Cecil Rhodes' goals in creating the Rhodes Scholarships were to promote civic-minded leadership among "young colonists"[4]:24 with "moral force of character and instincts to lead", for "the furtherance of the British Empire, for the bringing of the whole uncivilised world under British rule, for the recovery of the United States, for the making the Anglo-Saxon race but one Empire."[4]:59 With the scholarships, he "aimed at making Oxford University the educational centre of the English-speaking race."[4] Since its creation, controversy has surrounded both its former exclusion of women (thus leading to the establishment of the co-educational Marshall Scholarship), and Rhodes' Anglo-supremacist beliefs and legacy of colonialism.
As of 2016, there have been 7,776 scholars since the programme's inception.[5] More than 4,700 are still living.[6]
Founding and motivation[edit]
The Rhodes Scholarships are administered and awarded by the Rhodes Trust, which was established in 1902 under the terms and conditions of the will of Cecil John Rhodes, and funded by his legacy. The Trust has been modified by three Acts of Parliament: The Rhodes Estate Act 1916, the Rhodes Trust Act 1929, The Rhodes Trust Act 1946; and most recently by The Rhodes Trust (Modification) Order 1976, a statutory instrument in accordance with Section 78 (4) of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975.[7] Rhodes' motivation in establishing the scholarship is reflected in his will. Writing in 1902, W. T. Stead noted that it "[revealed] him to the world as the first distinguished British statesman whose Imperialism was that of Race and not that of Empire." With the scholarships, he "aimed at making Oxford University the educational centre of the English-speaking race."[4] Rhodes, who attended Oriel College, Oxford, chose his alma mater as the site of his great experiment because he believed its residential colleges would be a "great advantage" to "young Colonists" for "giving breadth to their views for instruction in life and manners and for instilling into their minds the advantage to the Colonies as well as to the United Kingdom of the retention of the unity of the Empire."[4]:23 With this motivation in mind, the legacy originally provided for scholarships for the British colonies, the United States and Germany. These three were chosen because it was thought that "a good understanding between England, Germany and the United States of America will secure the peace of the world".[4] As he developed the idea for the scholarship, Rhodes wrote that his dream was "the furtherance of the British Empire, for the bringing of the whole uncivilised world under British rule, for the recovery of the United States, for the making the Anglo-Saxon race but one Empire."[4]:59
After Rhodes' death[edit]
In 1925, the Commonwealth Fund Fellowships (later renamed the Harkness Fellowships) were established to reciprocate the Rhodes Scholarships by enabling British graduates to study in the United States.[8] The Kennedy Scholarship programme, created in 1966 as a memorial to John F. Kennedy, adopts a comparable selection process to the Rhodes Scholarships to allow ten British post-graduate students per year to study at either Harvard or the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). It also cooperates with universities in China, BLCC for example. BLCC offers high-level scholarships for international students who aim to study Chinese in Beijing. In 1953, the Parliament of the United Kingdom created the Marshall Scholarship as a coeducational alternative to the Rhodes Scholarship that would serve as a "living gift" to the United States.
For at least its first 75 years, Rhodes Scholars usually studied for a second Bachelor of Arts degree. While that remains an option, more recent scholars usually study for an advanced degree.[citation needed]
In recognition of the centenary of the foundation of the Rhodes Trust in 2003, four former Rhodes Scholars were awarded honorary degrees by the University of Oxford. These were John Brademas, Bob Hawke (Western Australia and University 1953), Rex Nettleford and David R. Woods. During the centenary celebrations, the foundation of the Mandela Rhodes Foundation was also marked.
In 2013, during the 110th Rhodes Anniversary celebrations, John McCall MacBain, Marcy McCall MacBain and the McCall MacBain Foundation donated £75 million towards the fundraising efforts of the Rhodes Trust.[9]
In 2015, Rhodes Scholar R. W. Johnson published a critical account of the decline of the Rhodes Trust under its warden, John Rowett, and commended the recovery under wardens Donald Markwell and Charles R. Conn.[10]
Cecil Rhodes wished current scholars and Rhodes alumni (in the words of his will) to have "opportunities of meeting and discussing their experiences and prospects". This has been reflected, for example, in the initiation by the first warden (Sir Francis Wylie), of an annual warden's Christmas letter (now supplemented by Rhodes e-news and other communications); the creation of alumni associations in several countries, most prominently the Association of American Rhodes Scholars (which publishes The American Oxonian, founded in 1914, and oversees the Eastman Professorship); and the holding of reunions for Rhodes Scholars of all countries.
Selection and selectivity[edit]
Selection criteria[edit]
Rhodes's legacy specified four standards by which applicants were to be judged:
- Literary and scholastic attainments;
- Energy to use one's talents to the fullest, as exemplified by fondness for and success in sports (today this is expressed as energy used in many ways, not purely through sports);
- Truth, courage, devotion to duty, sympathy for and protection of the weak, kindliness, unselfishness and fellowship;
- Moral force of character and instincts to lead, and to take an interest in one's fellow beings.
Each country's scholarship varies in its selectivity. In the United States, in 2014, there were 857 university-endorsed applicants for the Americans Rhodes scholarship, of whom 3.7% were ultimately elected. As such, the Rhodes Scholarship is more selective than the Truman Scholarship, Fulbright Scholarship, Gates Scholarship and Mitchell Scholarship, but marginally less selective than the Marshall Scholarship.[11] In Canada between 1997-2002, there were an average of 234 university-endorsed applicants annually for 11 scholarships, for an acceptance rate of 4.7%. In addition, Canadian provinces differ widely in the number of applications received, with Ontario receiving 58 applications on average for 2 spots (3.4%) and Newfoundland and Labrador receiving 18 applications for 1 spot (5.7%).[12]
An early change was the elimination of the scholarships for Germany during the First and Second World Wars. No German scholars were chosen from 1914 to 1929, nor from 1940 to 1969.[13] Rhodes's bequest was whittled down considerably in the first decades after his death, as various scholarship trustees were forced to pay taxes upon their own deaths.[citation needed] A change occurred in 1929, when an Act of Parliament established a fund separate from the original proceeds of Rhodes's will and made it possible to expand the number of scholarships. Between 1993 and 1995, scholarships were extended to other countries in the European Community.
Scholarship terms[edit]
Rhodes Scholars may study any full-time postgraduate course offered by the university,[14] whether a taught master's programme, a research degree, or a second undergraduate degree (senior status). In the first instance, the scholarship is awarded for two years. However, it may also be held for one year or three years. Applications for a third year are considered during the course of the second year. University and college fees are paid by the Rhodes Trust. In addition, scholars receive a monthly maintenance stipend to cover accommodation and living expenses.[15][16] Although all scholars become affiliated with a residential college while at Oxford, they also enjoy access to Rhodes House, an early 20th-century mansion with numerous public rooms, gardens, a library, study areas, and other facilities.
Scholarship Allocations[edit]
Geographic constituency |
2013 allocation |
1902 allocation [4][13] |
Australia[17][18] | 9 | 6 |
Bermuda[19] | 1 | 1 |
Canada[20] | 11 | 2 |
Newfoundland | 0 | 1 |
Germany[21] | 2 | 5 |
Hong Kong | 1 | — |
India[22][23] | 5 | — |
Jamaica[24] | 1 | 1 |
Commonwealth Caribbean |
1 | — |
Kenya | 2 | — |
New Zealand[25][26][27] | 3 | 1 |
Pakistan | 1 | — |
Southern Africa[28][29] | 10 | 5 |
United States[30][31][32] | 32 | 32 |
Zambia & Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia) |
2 2 — |
— — 3 |
Total | 83 | 57 |
There were originally 57 scholarships.[4][13]
Four South African boys' schools were mentioned in Rhodes' will, each to receive an annual scholarship: the Boys High School, in Stellenbosch (today known as Paul Roos Gymnasium); the Diocesan College (Bishops) in Rondebosch; the South African College Schools (SACS) in Newlands; and St Andrew's College in Grahamstown. These have subsequently been opened also to former students of their partner schools (girls' or co-educational schools).[33]
During the ensuing 100 years, the trustees have added about another 40 scholarships at one time or another, though not all have continued. Some of these extended the scheme to Commonwealth countries not mentioned in the will.[6] A more detailed allocation by region by year can be found at Rhodes Scholarship Allocations. Very brief summaries of some of the terms and conditions can be found on the trust's website.[34][35] Complete details can be obtained from the nominating countries.[36]
Currently, scholars are selected from citizens of 14 specified geographic constituencies,[37][38] namely: Australia; Bermuda; Canada; Germany; Hong Kong; India; Jamaica & Commonwealth Caribbean; Kenya; New Zealand; Pakistan; Southern Africa (South Africa and neighbours Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia and Swaziland); United States; Zambia; and Zimbabwe. The year 2015 saw the expansion of the Rhodes Scholarship into new territories, first with the announcement of a yet-to-be-determined number of scholarships for China,[39] later with the announcement of one to two scholarships per year for the United Arab Emirates.[40] The organisation administering the scholarships is preparing to begin naming scholars from China. The move into China is the biggest expansion since women became eligible in the 1970s.[41]
Exclusion of women before 1977, and before 2012 in South Africa[edit]
The Rhodes Scholarship was open only to men until 1977, when an Act of Parliament changed Rhodes' will to extend the selection criteria to include women.[42] Before that amendment, some universities protested against the exclusion of women by nominating female candidates, who were later disqualified at the state level of the American competition.[43] In 1977, the first year women were eligible, 24 women (out of 72 total scholars) were selected worldwide, with 13 women and 19 men selected from the United States.[44] Since then, the average female share of the scholarship in the United States had been around 35 percent.[44]
In South Africa, the will of Cecil Rhodes expressly allocated scholarships to four all-male private schools. In 1992, one of the four schools partnered with an all-girls school in order to allow female applicants. In 2012, the three remaining schools followed suit to allow women to apply.[45] Today, 4 of the 9 scholarships allocated to South Africa are open only to students and alumni of these schools and partner schools.[45]
Exclusion of Black Africans before 1991[edit]
Beginning in 1970, scholars began protesting against the fact that all Rhodes Scholars from southern Africa were white, with 120 Oxford dons and 80 of the 145 Rhodes Scholars in residence at the time signing a petition calling for non-white scholars to be elected in 1971.[46]:238 The case of South Africa was especially difficult to resolve, because in his will establishing the scholarships, unlike for other constituencies, Rhodes specifically allocated four scholarships to alumni of four white-only private secondary schools. According to Schaeper and Schaeper, the issue became "explosive" in the 1970s and 1980s as scholars argued that the scholarship be changed while the trustees argued they were powerless to change the will.[46]:236–237 Despite such protests, only in 1991 with the rise of the African National Congress did black South Africans begin to win the scholarships.[46]:240
Criticism as colonialist[edit]
Public criticism of the scholarship has also focused on Cecil Rhodes's alleged white supremacist views. For example, in 1966, regional committees in interviews asked a white American candidate to assure them he would not publicly belittle the scholarship after he referred to its founding on "blood money".[46]:238 In 2015, a South African Rhodes Scholar, Ntokozo Qwabe, began a campaign to address Rhodes' controversial historical and political legacy, with a focus on "dismantling the open glorification of colonial genocide in educational & other public spaces – which makes it easy for British people to believe that these genocides were 'not that bad' – and props up the continuing structural legacies of British colonialism, neocolonialism, and ongoing imperialism".[47] Among other things, the campaign called for the removal of a statue of Rhodes from Oriel College and changes to Oxford's curriculum.[48] While the college agreed to review the placement of the statue, the Chancellor of the university, Lord Patten, warned against "pandering to contemporary views".[49]
A group of Rhodes Scholars also created the group Redress Rhodes whose mission was to "attain a more critical, honest, and inclusive reflection of the legacy of Cecil John Rhodes" and to "make reparative justice a more central theme for Rhodes Scholars." Their demands include, among other things, shifting the Rhodes Scholarships awarded exclusively to previously all-white South African Schools (rather than the at-large national pool), dedicating a "space at Rhodes House for the critical engagement with Cecil Rhodes' legacy, as well as imperial history", and ending a ceremonial toast Rhodes Scholars make to the founder.[50] While the group does not have a position on the removal of the statue, its co-founder has called for the scholarship to be renamed as it is "the ultimate form of veneration and colonial apologism; it's a large part of why many continue to understand Rhodes as a benevolent founder and benefactor."[51]
Public criticism has also focused on the alleged hypocrisy of applying for and accepting the Rhodes Scholarship while criticizing it, with University of Cambridge academic Mary Beard, writing in The Times Literary Supplement, arguing that Scholars "[could not] have your cake and eat it here: I mean you can't whitewash Rhodes out of history, but go on using his cash.[47][52] Reacting to this criticism, Qwabe replied that "all that [Rhodes] looted must absolutely be returned immediately. I'm no beneficiary of Rhodes. I'm a beneficiary of the resources and labour of my people which Rhodes pillaged and slaved."[51][53] A group of 198 Rhodes Scholars of various years later signed a statement supporting Qwabe and arguing that there was "no hypocrisy in being a recipient of a Rhodes scholarship and being publicly critical of Cecil Rhodes and his legacy – a legacy that continues to alienate, silence, exclude and dehumanise in unacceptable ways. There is no clause that binds us to find 'the good' in Rhodes' character, nor to sanitise the imperialist, colonial agenda he propagated."[51]
Criticism over recipients declining to pursue careers in public service[edit]
The tendency of a growing number of Rhodes Scholars to enter business or private law as opposed to public service, for which the scholarship was intended, has been a source of frequent criticism and "occasional embarrassment".[54] Writing in 2009, the Secretary of the Rhodes Trust criticised the trend of Rhodes Scholars to pursue careers on Wall Street, noting that "more than twice as many [now] went into business in just one year than did in the entire 1970s", attributing it to "grotesque" remuneration offered by such occupations.[55] At least a "half dozen" 1990s Rhodes Scholars were partners at Goldman Sachs and, since the 1980s, McKinsey has had numerous Rhodes Scholars as partners. Similarly, of Rhodes Scholars who became attorneys, about one-third serve as staff attorneys for private corporations, while another third remain in private practice or academic posts.[56]
According to Schaeper and Schaper, "From 1904 to the present, the programme's critics have had two main themes: first, that too many scholars were content with comfortable, safe jobs in academe, in law, and in business; second, that too few had careers in government or other fields where public service was the number-one goal."[57] Andrew Sullivan wrote in 1988 that "of the 1,900 or so living American scholars ... about 250 fill middle-rank administrative and professorial positions in middle-rank state colleges and universities ... [while] another 260...have ended up as lawyers."[58]
Quality of Post-Graduate Education at Oxford[edit]
In 2007, an op-ed by two American Rhodes Scholars caused an "international row over Oxford's status as a top university"[59] when they criticized the university's post-graduate education as "outdated" and "frustrating" in comparison to their education in the United States, specifically pointing to the perceived low quality of instruction and an insufficient scholarship stipend for living expenses. They also criticized the Rhodes application process itself, arguing that potential applicants should not apply unless they are "ready to study and live in Oxford."[60]
The original op-ed spurred responses on both sides of the Atlantic.[61][62] [63] Other students critiqued the authors for their tone of "ingratitude and entitlement," while The Sunday Times noted that it fueled the "long rivalry between Harvard, Cambridge and Oxford" and existing concerns about the quality of British graduate education. In response, the Rhodes Trust released two statements, one to the Sunday Times arguing that their view was "unrepresentative of the vast majority of Americans" studying at Oxford,[64] and another as a reply to the original op-ed arguing that "false expectations," particularly for those uncertain about their degree choice, and going to Oxford for the "wrong reasons," could contribute to dissatisfaction.[65]
Notable scholars and career trajectories[edit]
Surveying the history of the Rhodes Scholarship, Schaeper and Schaeper conclude that "while "few of them have 'changed the world' ... most of them have been a credit to their professions ... and communities", finding that "the great majority of Rhodes Scholars have had solid, respectable careers."[66] Eight former Rhodes scholars subsequently became heads of government or heads of state, including Wasim Sajjad (Pakistan), Bill Clinton (United States), Dom Mintoff (Malta), John Turner (Canada), Norman Manley (Jamaica) and three Australian prime ministers: Bob Hawke, Tony Abbott and Malcolm Turnbull.
Between 1951–1997, 32% of American Rhodes Scholars pursued careers in education and academia, 20% in law, 15% in business and 10% in medicine and science.[67] Although Cecil Rhodes imagined that scholars would "pursue a full-time career in government ... the number of scholars in local, state and federal government has remained at a steady 7 percent" over the past century. Of the 200 or so scholars who have spent their careers in government, "most of them have had solid, but undistinguished careers," while "perhaps forty or can be said to have had a significant, national impact in their particular areas."[68]
At least two scholars have served prison terms since the 1980s (one of them being Mel Reynolds, for statutory rape) and around three dozen have committed suicide in the history of the programme.[69]
Comparison to other post-graduate scholarships[edit]
As the first large-scale programme of international scholarships,[3] the Rhodes Scholarship inspired the creation of other awards, including:
- The international Fulbright Program to teach study/research or teach English in over 150 countries (1946)
- The Marshall Scholarship for Americans to study at any university in the United Kingdom (1953)
- The Kennedy Scholarship for British nationals to study at Harvard University or the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1964)
- The Harkness Fellowship for citizens of nine countries to conduct research related to health policy in the United States (1997)
- The Mitchell Scholarship for Americans to study at any university in Ireland (2000)
- The international Gates Cambridge Scholarship to study at the University of Cambridge (2000)
- The John Monash Scholarship for Australians to study at any university worldwide (2004)
- The international Yenching Scholarship for study at Peking University (2015)
- The international Schwarzman Scholarship for study at Tsinghua University (2016)
- The international Knight-Hennessy Scholars to study at Stanford University (2018)
In structure and selection criteria, the scholarship is most similar to the Gates Cambridge Scholarship and Marshall Scholarship. Like the Rhodes, the Marshall is a two-stage geographic scholarship organised through districts in selecting countries. Like the Gates Cambridge, the Rhodes is tenable at only one university. In structure, the Marshall Scholarship is more flexible than the Rhodes Scholarship, in that Marshall Scholars can study at any British university and can also attend a different university each year during a scholar's tenure. In addition, a limited number of one-year Marshall scholarships are available. The Marshall Scholarship also places a greater emphasis on academic achievement and potential, requiring a minimum grade point average of 3.7. For example, winners of the Marshall Scholarship from Harvard University have had average GPAs of 3.92, while winners of the Rhodes Scholarship from Harvard have had an average GPA of 3.8.[70]
See also[edit]
- List of Rhodes Scholars
- Rhodes House
- Clarendon Scholarship
- Harkness Fellowship
- Marshall Scholarship
- Harry S. Truman Scholarship
- Yenching Scholarship at Peking University
- Schwarzman Scholarship at Tsinghua University
- ^ Rhodes Trust (2009) The Rhodes Scholarships Archived 21 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine., www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
- ^ "Swimmers, poets among 2010 Rhodes Scholars Winners selected from 805 applicants at 326 schools". Associated Press. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
- ^ a b The American Rhodes Scholarships: A Review of the First Forty Years, Review author[s]: Harvie Branscomb, The American Historical Review © 1947 American Historical Association
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Cecil Rhodes & William Thomas Stead (1902). The last will and testament of Cecil John Rhodes: with elucidatory notes to which are added some chapters describing the political and religious ideas of the testator. "Review of Reviews" Office.
- ^ "Rhodes Scholars: complete list, 1903-2015". The Rhodes Scholarships. Retrieved 2015-12-25.
- ^ a b "Brief history of the Rhodes Trust". Archived from the original on 6 February 2007.
- ^ "The Rhodes Trust Annual Report and Financial Statements for the Year Ended 30 June 2015" (PDF). Retrieved 1 September 2016.
- ^ History of the Harkness Fellowships Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine., nla.gov.au
- ^ "McCall MacBain donation".
- ^ R. W. Johnson, Look Back in Laughter: Oxford's Postwar Golden Age, Threshold Press, 2015, especially pages 195-220.
- ^ "Meet the 2014 Rhodes Scholars". Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
- ^ "York University | Division of Students | Rhodes Scholarship". www.yorku.ca. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
- ^ a b c "Lists of Rhodes Scholars".
- ^ Periodically the Rhodes Trustees include or exclude the MBA from the courses offered.
- ^ "FAQs about the Scholarships". Rhodes Trust. 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
In 2009, the stipend was UKPounds 958/month
- ^ Gerson, Elliot F. (21 November 2009). "From the Office of the American Secretary" (PDF) (Press release). Retrieved 6 December 2010.
Amongst other things, the press release states that the value of the Rhodes Scholarship varies depending on the academic field and the degree (B.A., master's, doctoral) chosen. For American Rhodes Scholars, Gerson estimates that the total value of the scholarship averages approximately US$50,000 per year, or up to as much as US$175,000 for scholars who remain in Oxford for four years.
- ^ "The Rhodes Scholarships in Australia". Retrieved 6 December 2010.
- ^ "Australian Rhodes Scholarships".
- ^ "The Rhodes Scholarships in Bermuda".
- ^ "The Canadian Association of Rhodes Scholars".
- ^ "The Rhodes Scholarships in Germany".
- ^ "The Rhodes Scholarships in India".
- ^ "Indian Rhodes Scholarships".
- ^ "The Rhodes Scholarships for Jamaica & the Commonwealth Caribbean".
- ^ "The Rhodes Scholarships in New Zealand".
- ^ "New Zealand Vice-Chancellors' Committee page on Rhodes Scholarships".
- ^ "New Zealand Rhodes Scholars, listed for 1903 to 1964".
- ^ "The Rhodes Scholarships in South Africa".
- ^ "The Mandela Rhodes Foundation in South Africa".
- ^ "The Rhodes Trust, USA".
- ^ "Association of American Rhodes Scholars".
- ^ "United States Naval Academy Rhodes Scholars".
- ^ "The Rhodes Scholarships for Southern Africa (including South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia and Swaziland)". The Rhodes Scholarships. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
- ^ "Rhodes Scholarship FAQ".
- ^ "Information about the Scholarships".
- ^ "Country Websites and Information".
- ^ "Rhodes Scholarship constituencies".
- ^ "Countries from which Rhodes Scholars are selected".
- ^ "The Rhodes Trust announces the launch of Rhodes Scholarships for China". Retrieved 2016-09-01.
- ^ "Launch of Rhodes Scholarships for the United Arab Emirates Announced". Retrieved 2016-09-01.
- ^ Barboza, David (2015-03-30). "Rhodes Scholarships Expanding to Include Chinese Students". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
- ^ ",Rhodes Scholarship". www.newworldencyclopedia.org.
- ^ "Harvard Endorses 3 Women For Male-Restricted Rhodes | News | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
- ^ a b Second-class citizens: How women became Rhodes Scholars[permanent dead link], 29 January 2010, therhodesproject.wordpress.com[dead link]
- ^ a b "New partnerships for South African schools' Rhodes Scholarships". Retrieved 2016-09-01.
- ^ a b c d Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. "Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite," 2010. Berghahn Books: New York
- ^ a b Foxton, Hannah (2015-12-23). "Oxford Rhodes scholar attacked for "hypocrisy"". Cherwell.org. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
- ^ Rhoden-Paul, André (2015-06-18). "Oxford Uni must decolonise its campus and curriculum, say students". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
- ^ "Cecil Rhodes: Lord Patten warns against 'pandering to contemporary views' over statue row". Retrieved 2016-09-01.
- ^ "Redress Rhodes". The Rhodes Scholarships. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
- ^ a b c Khomami, Nadia (2016-01-13). "Oxford scholars reject hypocrisy claims amid row over Cecil Rhodes statue". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
- ^ "Rhodes scholar branded hypocrite for leading campaign to have Rhodes' statue removed criticised by Mary Beard". Retrieved 2016-09-01.
- ^ "Oxford student who wants Rhodes statue down branded 'hypocrite' for taking money from trust". Retrieved 2016-09-01.
- ^ Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. "Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite," 2010. Berghahn Books: New York, pp. 300-302.
- ^ Gerson, Elliot (2009-11-21). "Losing Rhodes scholars to Wall Street's siren call". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
- ^ Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. "Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite," 2010. Berghahn Books: New York, p. 302.
- ^ Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. "Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite," 2010. Berghahn Books: New York, p. 280.
- ^ Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. "Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite," 2010. Berghahn Books: New York, p. 282.
- ^ http://www.oxfordtimes.co.uk/news/1234879.Uninspired_scholars_attack_university/
- ^ http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2007/3/16/the-rhodes-and-harvard-opportunity-not/
- ^ Green, Elizabeth (9 April 2007). "Harvard Rhodes Winners are Whiners, say Yale kids". US News & World Report.
- ^ Green, Elizabeth (February 28, 2007). "Rhodes Scholars Say Oxford's Overrated". US News & World Report.
- ^ Finn, Christine (4 March 2007). "Rhodes scholars give Oxford D-minus". The Sunday Times.
- ^ Gerson, Elliot (11 March 2007). "Oxford Popularity". The Sunday Times.
- ^ http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2007/3/2/oxford-is-about-transitions-and-not/
- ^ Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite, Berghahn Books: New York, 2010 p. 314.
- ^ Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite, Berghahn Books: New York, 2010, p. 279.
- ^ Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. "Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite," 2010. Berghahn Books: New York, p. 311.
- ^ Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. "Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite," 2010. Berghahn Books: New York, p. 351, 354.
- ^ "Harvard Post Graduate". Harvard.
Further reading[edit]
- Godfrey Elton, The First Fifty Years of The Rhodes Trust and Scholarships, 1903-1953. London: Blackwell, 1955.
- R.I. Rotberg, The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
- Philip Ziegler, Cecil Rhodes, the Rhodes Trust and Rhodes Scholarships. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.
- R.W. Johnson, Look Back in Laughter: Oxford's Postwar Golden Age. Threshold Press, 2015
Books by former Wardens of Rhodes House, Oxford:
- Anthony Kenny, The History of the Rhodes Trust. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2001.
- Donald Markwell, "Instincts to Lead": On Leadership, Peace, and Education, 2013.


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Houzz.com – Bedroom Cupboard design ideas and photos. Don't let limited space cramp your style – take a look through these beautiful ideas for bijou living rooms, chosen by Country Homes and Interiors magazine. Have fun with color when using this style; this one of the few designs where unusual choices enhance the overall feel of the room, so let your imagination run wild.
Bedroom Cupboard Design Pictures. Walk-in Wardrobes Bedroom. Wood is a popular choice for many aspiring designers when it comes to designing a room. Here are 35 bedroom wardrobes that, in fact, make good use of beautiful wood designs. Cupboard stock photos, vectors and illustrations from Shutterstock, the world s largest royalty-free image, video, and music marketplace.
There are plenty of great master bedroom closet design ideas for ambitious people to try. However, larger closets give people much more room for creativity. Choosing the perfect hidden closet will be an interesting experience: you'll have to find your favorite piece between casters, corner wardrobes, zipper-wardrobes made of fabric, or wardrobes with sliding doors. Contemporary, modular, and wall mounted living room furniture, including sideboards, entertainment units, and bookcases. Contrasting cupboard door colors can create a more interesting finish in a piece of living room furniture. This bedroom cupboard will have a large mirror fixed on the exterior of the cabinet. The mirror will provide an extra edge to the design of the wardrobe. The room will look larger than it is because of the reflection.
15 Wonderful Bedroom Closet Design Ideas
Browse room cabinets and designs by room type with the photo gallery by Schrock including bathroom, kitchen, laundry room, office and room layouts. Renovating a room? Cabinets are a critical component. Browse Diamond's gallery of cabinets by room to find the design and style that's right for you. Browse room cabinets and home design styles by room using Kemper's photo gallery. Explore different themes, designs & styles. The design for this laundry room needed to maximize long-term storage but maintain counter space for workaday tasks. Using laundry cabinets to repeat other details in the space helps to create visual cohesion. It can be placed near the bedroom, but it is awesome to have a unique, modern wardrobe in the guest room for instance. The Italian wardrobes are the all-time classic. Stylish & modern empty cupboard in a room of a newly built house(apartment) stock photo.


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At the same time as the European football championship of UEFA, the EURO 2012 in Poland and in Ukraine, from 16-24 June 2012 the championship of the autochthonous, national minorities of Europe took place at the Lusatian Sorbs in Germany. Our language diversity team was there during the whole week.
The organisers of the EUROPEADA 2012 were the Federal Union of European Nationalities (FUEN) and Domowina – the Federation of Lusatian Sorbs.
The EUROPEADA 2012 took place under the patronage of the Prime Minister of the Free State of Saxony Stanisław Tillich, who is a Lusatian Sorb himself. 19 Teams from 12 European countries competed for the first place at the EUROPEADA 2012. Next to the hosts, the national team of the Lusatian Sorbs, they included the defending champions, the selection of South Tyrol; the Cimbrians – a very small German enclave; the Occitans, which is a regional language community of several millions from France; national minorities such as the Danes in Germany and minorities without a kin-state such as Ladins, Rhaeto-Romansh and Karachay.
The EUROPEADA 2012 as a European sports-event contributed to demonstrating the contribution of the autochthonous, national minorities and the regional and minority languages to linguistic and cultural diversity and to showing their unique influence on the European regions.
With the help of the Youth of European Nationalities, the language diversity team used the event for several small campaigns on multilingualism and linguistic diversity. During the football matches short films were recorded, goodies were disseminated, the matches were commented in several different languages, and promotion actions, flashmobs and interviews took place.
Next to football, our team focused in particular on youth and children. We visited Sorbian schools to introduce the school pupils in a playful way to the subject of multilingualism and linguistic diversity. Over the week the whole region got to know us, we spoke with many people and established contacts and friendships.
Our videos from the EUROPEADA: http://www.youtube.com/user/languagediversity
Our photos from the EUROPEADA: http://pinterest.com/languaged/
More about our activities during the EUROPEADA and our goodies


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This is the Cadillac Dave MacDonald owned in late 1954 & early 1955.
It was his pride and joy and he kept it in pristine condition.
Dave MacDonald in front of his Caddy - looks like a scene from Grease!
Dave MacDonald kept the Cadillac until he bought his first Corvette - this 1955 beauty.
He actually kept both cars for a spell before ultimately selling the Caddy.Dave MacDonald definitely had style.
Dave MacDonald raced his 55 Vette at local drags winning dozens of trophies and setting numerous strip records.
Below: Dave MacDonald and wife Sherry later had the 55 Corvette painted green.
Interesting that long before Dave began racing Cobras for Shelby, he had snakes painted on the hood of his 55 Vette
This is how the car looked when Dave & Sherry sold it in 1957
This is Dave's 55 Vette today, fully restored to its original beauty by current owners Scott & Marilyn Davis.
It's rated 98% original and currently (8/10) on display at the National Corvette Museum in Bowling Green Kentucky
Signage placed in front of the car while at the museum
March 2010 Dave's son Rich (left) met Scott & Marilyn at the 2010 Legends of Riverside event where Dave was honored.
Dave takes one of his '57 Vettes to the Riverside drags. Dave with wife Sherry and Sherry's brother Jim (R)Late 1957, while Dave worked for McDonald & O'Boyle Chevrolet, he & Sherry bought this new 1958 Chevy Impala
Dave & son Richie at the beach in Dave's 58 Vette, this Vette was yellow.
Drag racing trophies began to add up as Dave rarely lost.
Dave racked up strip records all over the western United States and had his '58 Vette declared "Fastest in the West"
Sherry and Dave MacDonald's 1958 Chevy, with little Richie in front.
In 1959 Dave bought a '57 Chevy Nomad and for years used it to tow his race cars. (Richie)
The Nomad and the '57 Corvette go racing at Pomona in March 1960. Sherry and the kids are in the Nomad.
The insanely fast '61 custom "Corvette Special" Dave built with Max Balchowsky & Jim Simpson. The car is also referred
Dave MacDonald waiting for Sherry near their Cherry Red 1963 Split-Window Stingray
Sherry looking glamorous as she and Dave leave for dinner. Dave bought this coat for Sherry in 1963 and she still has it in
her closet today!
January '64 - Dave & Sherry at home with a sparkling new 1964 Thunderbird. Included in the race purse for winning the
'63 LA Times Grand Prix was a new '64 Pontiac Grand Prix. Dave instead took the cash value of the car and put it towards
the overall pool to be shared by the team. Ford then graciously provided him with a new Thunderbird factory loaner.
Dave & Sherry MacDonald at home with family members - Dave's grandmother and grandfather bookend this photo. In
Here is the original invoice for that 1963 split-window Stingray
Window sticker that was on the Mercury Park Lane convertible when Dave & Sherry picked it up at a Downey California
After Dave's death at Indy, Ford MoCo & Carroll Shelby graciously gifted the '64 factory loaner Thunderbird to Sherry


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Which Joe gave his name to 'sloppy joes'? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins.
A northern grouse of mountainous and Arctic regions, with feathered legs and feet and plumage that typically changes to white in winter.
- 'Willow ptarmigan, rock ptarmigan and spruce grouse are a few of the ground-dwelling birds.'
- 'The biologist and writer Julian Huxley, grandson of Darwin's great friend and supporter Thomas Henry Huxley, thought that the white plumage of the male ptarmigan might distract a predator away from the female.'
- 'Most game birds are also galliforms, including grouse, partridges, pheasants, quails, ptarmigans, and wild turkeys.'
- 'In 'Savings in a Snowbank', Peter Marchand notes that ptarmigans and grouse often take refuge under a blanket of snow on cold nights, having 'caught on to a trick no others use.''
- 'In winter, the ptarmigan is covered by a pure white mass of feathers which blend seamlessly with snow.'
Late 16th century: from Scottish Gaelic tàrmachan. The spelling with p- was introduced later, suggested by Greek words starting with pt-.
Further reading
6 punctuation marks you might be using incorrectly
Read moreWe take a look at several popular, though confusing, punctuation marks.
An A-Z of country name origins
Read moreFrom Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, discover surprising and intriguing language facts from around the globe.


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Sticker Ball Spider |
Materials | Tools |
2 Sticker balls 1 Chenilles 2 3/8" Wobble eyes PVC ring |
Hot Glue Scissors |
See the Found Chapter for more instructions, hints, tips, and ideas.
The sticker balls come from the sweet gum tree. You can find them in the fall.


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The Home Depot is the world's largest home improvement retailer and second largest retailer in the United States. We help our customers build their dreams by being more than a store.
Instructions: Click on the "Position Details" links to see more and Apply Now!
1200 Dillon Road - Louisville, CO 80027 Positions Details
→ Criteria: State:CO>City:Louisville
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Say hello to our wonderful bullys for adoption! Please click on a picture to learn more about each dog.
All potential adopters must complete an adoption application (below).
To learn more about Rebel, please click here.
To learn more about Shyloh, please click here. .
To learn more about Bishop, please click here.
All potential adopters must complete the below application. Please keep in mind that the depth and length of the application is not meant to deter adoption. Rather, it is to ensure the dog you are interested in is a good fit for your family. Each and every dog lives with me in my home, sometimes for several months...I care for them like they are my own, and I love them all. I want to see them in the absolute best homes possible.
It generally takes a couple of days for the application to be reviewed. Once the review is complete, we will contact you. A home visit and references are required, as well.


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Crude oil extraction, transportation and use provoke the contamination of countless ecosystems. Therefore, bioremediation through surfactants mobilization or biodegradation is an important subject, both economically and environmentally. Bioremediation research had a great boost with the recent advances in Metagenomics, as it enabled the sequencing of… (More)
Background: Eucalyptus is the world's most widely planted hardwood tree. Its outstanding adaptability and growth have made them a global renewable resource of fibre and energy. Their commercial value motivates studies over their genome and genetic regulation aiming to improve the wood quality. MiRNAs are important molecules in the genetic regulation. Their… (More)
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I think it's the other way around....what links the two victims appears to be their TMA background and habit of commenting about it on Youtube.
Xveldin yes is a big troll and appears to have gotten into it with Anons on other sites.
AxelDuel not quite a troll but still a TMAer according to his own comments.
Hence the gag of trolling them right into a hornet's nest.
Vendetta (with a v)....trollface "gotcha" video...Ron Paul rants...
The profile is right there.


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Posts in Email & eCRM
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This article covers what I've learned from working with hundreds of customers on improving the results that they get from email marketing by optimising the subject line.
Whatever software you use for your email campaigns, these tips are worth reading...
10 ways to avoid spam in all its forms
Despite all of the tools that are brought to bear in the War on Spam, spammers continue to ply their trade successfully. The most prolific reach millions upon millions of people and are adept at adjusting to new weapons that aim to shut them down.
The truth is that defeating spam doesn't require more technology but changes in human nature. Here are 10 common sense ways to avoid spam that are forgotten or overlooked far more often than we'd like to believe.
Why integrate your email marketing software?
"Marc have you got a minute?" It always starts that way, I take my headphones out of my ears slowly to try and emphasise my disdain at being interrupted from whatever I am doing...
Do offline RFM databases work for email marketers?
In a recent post I asked a question about behavioural email and segmentation that received a number of positive responses but which showed a breadth of approach across the market, from the pragmatic to the fully integrated.
But I was only left with one question that has nagged at me for a couple of weeks, so I thought I would give it an airing: if behavioural email and segmentation is the way the market is going, then is everyone who is building an 'offline' RFM (recency, freqency, monetary) database / segmentation tool to drive email wasting their time and money?
Take five seconds to test your call to action and USP
You may be focused on improving the conversion rate for your website, or simply wanting to ensure that your visitors can quickly get an idea of what you do and offer.
Whatever your goals, having a clear proposition and call to action are two areas that can have a positive impact on your business performance.
In this post I will be talking about a web application that you can use to help you and your business gain invaluable insights from end users.
What can email marketing learn from Twitter, blogs and other social media channels?
Just had a "conversation" with our shiny new marketing manager of the benefits of social vs email marketing. Wish I had a tape recorder (doesn't that sound dated, hmm iPhone anyone?) to hand as I think it encapsulates the position a lot of marketing managers find themselves in...
Basket abandonment: what is industry best practice?
Twitter has just drawn my attention to a piece of advice on basket abandonment that I personally feel is misleading. The idea that 24 hours later is industry best practice for sending a basket abandonment emails is something I have never before come across.
Is behavioural email and segmentation the future of targeting?
Am I right in seeing behavioural email and segmentation as the future for targeting customers online?
I cannot escape the feeling that behavioural is something of a panacea for the current issues facing email marketers, while also taking direct marketing another step towards individual level, one to one marketing.
Do successful online offers break a cardinal direct mail rule?
Choice: online, more is better. Or so discovered the head of digital marketing for a major consumer publishing megabrand (who sadly cannot be identified). This flies in the face of one of the cardinal Rules of Direct Mail: one offer, one call-to-action.
Our publisher has been working on online offers, both on the site, in search and in email, to boost the print subscriber base of a wide variety of magazines. Time after time, the more choices offered to consumers for subscribing, the higher the conversion rate.
Online lead generation still growing but becoming more competitive
Research published by Econsultancy earlier this week has shown that there is a continued trend towards online lead generation at the expense of offline techniques, but methods such as natural search, paid search and email are becoming more competitive.
Email marketing: Listen to consumers. And hit send at lunchtime.
Whatever you do, don't forget to write. A variety of new ways to reach out to consumers have popped up online, but a new study has found that targeted email marketing is leading to more response from consumers during the recession.
US Email Trends and Benchmarks found that 53% of consumers made an offline purchase because of an email message in North America. In Europe, 37% made offline purchases as a result of email messaging. Meanwhile, 59% of consumers polled in the Asia Pacific region made an offline purchase because of an email.
Those numbers are getting higher in the recession and point to an important fact: marketers should be reaching out to willing, engaged consumers.
20% of marketing emails missing inboxes: survey
Email deliverability is still an issue for companies, with an average of just 79.3% of permission-based commercial emails reaching inboxes in Canada and the US.
This statistic comes from a Return Path Deliverability benchmark report, and suggests that a significant proportion of marketing budgets are being wasted.


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Head-turning outfits to remember
A lesson in fragrance layering
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Whip up delicious ice cream, frozen yoghurt and sorbets with our range of ice cream makers. From top brands like KitchenAid and Kenwood, they allow you to experiment with both healthy and naughty-but-nice recipes. Check out the rest of our dessert makers to make even more sweet treats.
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Nay Pyi Taw: India and Myanmar Monday signed 12 agreements, including on a USD 500 million credit line, border area development and air services. The agreements were signed after Prime Minister Manmohan Singh held wide-ranging talks with President Thein Sein at Myanmar's new capital. Latest News from India News Desk
A memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed on a USD 500 million credit line between Export-Import Bank of India and the Myanmar Foreign Trade Bank. Both countries also signed pacts on India-Myanmar border area development and an air services agreement.
There were MoUs for setting up the Myanmar Institute of Information Technology and the Advance Centre for Agriculture Research and Education, Yezin Agriculture University. A rice bio park, establishing border haats and setting up a joint trade and investment forum were covered as well.
There will also be a cultural exchange programme for 2012-15.India and Myanmar entered into an agreement of cooperation between the Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA) and the Myanmar Institute of Strategic and International Studies (MISIS).
Besides, there were pacts between Calcutta University and Dagon University, Yangon, and between the Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA) and MISIS.


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bcbrownboy's past comments
Tessa, my 45-year-old wife has a similar body. Just because the women of some countries let themselves evolve into chunky monkeys, doesn't mean that everyone must. We can appreciate the female form in it's true glory.
Article Unavailable
Are people hired based on their looks?
Is this a joke? As if we all don't know this.
Posted in: Are people hired based on their looks?
I presume, and sincerely hope, that these arcane rules are very rare in J-business!
Posted in: Employees reveal absurd company regulations
This misleading headline caused me to read an article I wouldn't have read otherwise. I was very curious about how a person in Japan could receive a sentence of "life in prison" for fraud. And thereupon I discovered this idiocy about masturbation. What a country we live in, eh!
"tmarie at 07:52 AM JST - 27th May Oh god help us all. This is just going to turn into another talento fueled crap show."
Nothing more needs to be said on this topic!
Posted in: Japanese version of 'Saturday Night Live' to debut in June
Ditto, on the above comments. It's a shame to take an important concept and bury it in generalities. Kabukilover--your specific comments were spot on.
Posted in: A new era for universities
Can we trust TEPCO anywhere? anytime? with anything?
Posted in: If Hamaoka is potentially deadly, what about all the other nuclear reactors?
Like pouring syrup on ding-dongs or ho-ho's. Shlock on shlock.
Posted in: Lady Gaga to debut songs on online game FarmVille
This person is doing so much good for people both here and abroad, yet the vitriol directed toward him here from LazyBoy heroes staggers the imagination.
Posted in: Peace Boat founder Yoshioka still has a lot to achieve
So kind of them to cheer up the kids.
On another note,
The battle between the buggy-eyed blue superhero and the evil sea monster and his ninja henchmen was a brief but refreshing return to normalcy for children along Japan's northeast coast
buggy-eyed blue superhero and the evil sea monster Normalcy?
Posted in: Superheroes cheer children in tsunami zone
Writing on my iPad, with my iPhone playing Internet radio, my iPod Touch and MacBook Pro downstairs, all connecting seamlessly with my super Mac at work, I suppose indicates that my 18 years using Macs is still a lovely dream. I'm so happy that Apple has finally shown their vast superiority to Windows.
Posted in: Apple juggernaut sends ripples through tech world
JT should be ashamed to run this photo.
Moderator: Please explain why.
Posted in: Ice rivals
Interesting to see how this plays out, although probably it won't be resolved in our lifetime. Seeing J-mothers at the international court in Den Hague will be cute.
Article Unavailable
3 squares ... until you hit the end of the hangman's noose, that is.
Posted in: Suspect in murder of housewife 9 years ago arrested in Odawara
And for those who say it's under control, here is today's Japan Times headline: Success no given in Tepco road map
Posted in: Gov't under fire for disaster response; TEPCO chief heckled in Diet
I think that poor, harassed empress needs a lot of human skin-ship.
Posted in: Hi Hillary
For the doubters, here is a headline from the Daily Yomiuri on Sunday, April 17, 2011:
TEPCO ignored tsunami warnings for years
This newspaper is quite conservative, so if it's in this press, the situation is probably even worse.
TEPCO is criminally responsible!
Posted in: TEPCO president mulls paying damages; says he won't resign


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With Instructables you can share what you make with the world, and tap into an ever-growing community of creative experts.
Tell us about yourself!
Smokehouse, pizza oven, garden grill - DIY tutorial
This gives me hope. For year I've been thinking of this very same project. Next I'd like to know is there way to upgrade the Resolution? He he he


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Kunde väl ändå, helt seriöst, lagt ner lite mer tid på cover arten..
We've most certainly become familiar to the epic outlet of Diffused Music since its re-launch back in December with the tremendous No Access release and the record label of Michael Woods has found itself trapped in successful releases and distinguished array's, cementing progressive with tech like no other. Premiered in Woods' hot mix for Pete Tong's Essential Selection is the next offering, now being fired away from Diffused towers. Currently exploding onto the electronic dance music from down-under and Brisbane, Nick Galea continues to breed on the positive vibes from In My Life – the single that was fronted by a massive remix from Kim Fai. Coming off the release of Bullet, courtesy of label owner Woods himself, the Aussie producer is further forging his way to a top-tier icon by pushing the very limits of the Diffused label with his newest making –Conductor. With a thick, close to God-like, killer hook and a brilliant dynamics of that distinguished tech, progressive conjunction, I think it's pretty safe to say another anthem has arrived.
Nick Galea – Conductor [Diffused Music] – Beatport Link


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This is a minimal gesture based Reddit client for iOS that I'm working on. Similarly to mailbox and other gesture based apps, to upvote you slide the post from right to left, and opposite to downvote.
This is still in early stages of design, but I always appreciate feedback from everyone here.
keyboard shortcuts: L or F like post comment


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Factory Direct Selling Industrial Air Compressor - China
price: contact company for price
an arrangement designed to fully harness the raw power produced by
the air end.
Air Horse achieves the ideal equilibrium between power and air consumption throughout the loading phase for an exceptionally efficient performance.
fully enclosed design acts to contain noise to a threshold of 68db or less
Avoid needless energy consumption with the integrated energy savings design. The machine automatically adjusts according to real- time power readings to eliminate load- free running.
The streamlined exterior of the enclosure is bright orange by design and projects vitality.
multi- functional electronic controller complete with LED display provides a convenient, user- friendly interface.
The certified machine is assembled with strict compliance to CE and ISO9001 standards.
offer a one year warranty covering the entire machine and three year standalone warranty for the air end.
modified voltage service is provided with the purchase of the machine to accommodate various power
After sold Service
Any questions or requests before, during or after sales, we would like to help you in any time and will find you the best solution in 24 hours.
L Warranty: One year for the whole machine, three years for the air end.
L Genuine spare parts will be provided with our best price.
L Over board engineer service is available. CERTIFICATES
Special Customized Service
1 Full OEM
Quantity: at least 5 pcs
In this plan, we will do all the changes ( Colour, name plate and logo) as your need, and will not charge extra fee.
2 Half OEM
Quantity: no limit
Under this program, we can make the necessary alteration ( name plate and logo) . But we will charge some extra fee for the name plate, as the name plate factory has the MOQ.
3 Logo OEM
Only the logo will be changed to yours, and no extra fee will be charged.
Company Contact:
- Posted By: Guangzhou Airhorse Compressor Co.Ltd
- Phone: 862038090459
- Address: Room 202,Yanqiao building,No.89 Yanling road,Guang, Guangzhou, China
- Email:
- Website: http://www.ahaircompressor.com
Published date: December 7, 2014 -
- Business Description: Guangzhou AirHorse Compressor co., ltd is the professional manufacturing
and exporter. We are specialized in air compressor research, development
and production. The main products including screw air compressor, piston
air compressor and air dryer etc. With the advanced design, high
reliability, low noise, long running life time, our products are widely
used in power generation, semi conductor, shipping, ship building, oil
field, rubber, food, pharmacy, package, electronic, communication,
cement, glasses, chemical, textile, papermaking, gas, oil refining etc.
With 30 years s profound researches and experience in this line, and the join of high technical from Germany and Italy, We produce the very good quality screw air compressor and our goods were selling more than 100 countries and area. We are famous with Superior quality, competitive price and high grade service.
We have obtained the approval of ISO9001 2000 international quality management system, ISO14001 Enviroment management system authentication, CE quality system, UL quality system ASME quality system etc.
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The Rugs Warehouse white rugs collection. The collection features a vast range of white rugs including variants such as cream rugs and ivory rugs. You will also find white shaggy rugs, white modern rugs and cream traditional rugs as well as the ever popular white and black rugs. Many other popular colour combinations are available such as white and red rugs, white and blue rugs as well as multi-coloured rugs with cream background. The range also includes ivory wool rugs in addition to other fibres including synthetic and acrylic rugs. The range also includes budget rugs and modern chic high end modern and traditional white rugs.
Regular Price: £449.00
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Death Ship (1980) Movie Poster
Read More »Tag Archives: Death Ship
Trailer: Death Ship (1980)
Trailer: Death Ship (1980) Survivors of a tragic shipping collision are rescued by a mysterious black ship which appears out of the fog. Little do they realise that the ship is actually a Nazi torture ship which has sailed the seas for years, luring unsuspecting sailors aboard and killing them off one by one.
Read More »


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The leading market experts have reached a mean price target of $35.54 on Sonic Corp. (NASDAQ:SONC) stock. This price level, which is projected to be accomplished in one-year, shows the mean of stock views specified by the firms included in the First Call analysis. The research firms have foreseen earnings of $0.28 a share for the future quarter and $1.32 for the current fiscal.
Technical View
The technical analysis of Sonic Corp. proves that the 50-day moving average of Sonic Corp. is $27.82, and stock is trading $-1.68 points away or -6.04% from 50-day moving average of $27.82. It is trading $-4.13 or -13.63% away 200-day moving average of $30.27. Sonic Corp. (NASDAQ:SONC) 52-week high is $36.34 and the low is $22.72 in same period. This explains if the equity moves $-10.20, it will mark a high for the year. In event of +15.05% decline, the low point will be hit.
Taking the valuation side to highlight Sonic Corp. position, shareholders can use financial tool identified as price-to-earnings ratio. This business ratio judges stock's valuation by seeing the relative expense of the equity. Following this ratio, Sonic Corp. (NASDAQ:SONC) ratio came in at 20.34.
In core, the price-earnings ratio specifies the dollar amount a stockholder can expect to spend in a company in order to obtain one dollar of that firm's earnings. It is why the P/E ratio is sometimes stated as the multiple because it displays how much investors are ready to pay per dollar of profits. If a company were now trading at a multiple of 30, the reading is that an investor is ready to pay $30 for $1 of present earnings.
The stock ended the last session at $26.14 and registered a market cap of $1.24B. To appraise firm's overall growth, the shareholders take help of another ration, identified as Price-to-Earnings-Growth ratio. When equity displays a higher PEG ratio, it is indicative of poorer stock appreciation in imminent sessions. A equity comes in the undervalued stocks list when its PEG ratio is in between 0 and 1. Sonic Corp. (NASDAQ:SONC) PEG ratio is at 1.10.
1 Chart Pattern Every Investor Should Know
This little-known pattern preceded moves of 578% in ARWR, 562% in LCI, 513% in ICPT, 439% in EGRX, 408% in ADDUS and more...