text:
Publication number | US8116226 B1 |
Publication type | Grant |
Application number | US 11/341,574 |
Publication date | Feb 14, 2012 |
Filing date | Jan 30, 2006 |
Priority date | Jan 28, 2005 |
Fee status | Paid |
Publication number | 11341574, 341574, US 8116226 B1, US 8116226B1, US-B1-8116226, US8116226 B1, US8116226B1 |
Inventors | Heng Liao, Larrie Simon Carr |
Original Assignee | PMC-Sierra, USA Inc. |
Export Citation | BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan |
Patent Citations (27), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (10), Classifications (19), Legal Events (7) | |
External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet | |
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/647,401 filed on Jan. 28, 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The present invention relates generally to protocols relating to the physical interconnection of storage devices. More particularly, the present invention relates to the Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) protocol and broadcast filtering.
Serial Attached SCSI (Small Computer System Interface), or SAS, is a connection-oriented protocol that allows storage devices, such as servers and disk drives, to communicate through a network of high-speed serial physical interconnects. The SAS standard was developed by the ANSI INCITS10 group.
The SAS standard defines three transport level protocols, which are used in a SAS topology under different circumstances: Serial SCSI Protocol (SSP) to transport SCSI commands, Serial Management Protocol (SMP) to transport management commands, and Serial Advanced Technology Attachment Tunnelling Protocol (STP) to transport serial Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) commands between storage devices. The protocol is intended to be used in conjunction with SCSI and ATA command sets.
Connections between a host device and a target drive are managed by intermediate devices called expanders. SAS expanders are part of the service delivery subsystem, and act as connection management agents, or a switch fabric, having physical connections to multiple host devices or disk drives simultaneously. Devices connect to an expander across physical links attached to ports on the device and the expander. In SAS, a physical link is typically a set of four signal lines used as two differential pairs. A phy is a transceiver that electrically interfaces with a physical link, combined with the portions of the protocol that encode data and manage the reset sequences. A port is created when one or more phys share the same address and attach to a device through one or more physical links.
Multiple SAS end devices and SAS expander devices can be connected together to form a SAS domain topology. According to the SAS standard, expanders can only have ports in one domain. There can be one or multiple physical links connecting each pair of neighbouring devices. When there is a single physical link between two devices, the associated phy on the SAS device is called a narrow port. When there are multiple physical links connecting two devices, the associated phys on an expander are considered to be a wide port. In other words, all links of a wide port are considered to form a common logical link from a routing perspective, although they allow multiple simultaneous connections to pass through the wide port at the same time. The SAS protocol provides unlimited access to all resources attached to the domain, since it is designed for a trusted environment where traffic isolation and access control in a SAS domain is not needed. However, there are many application environments where traffic isolation and/or controlled access may be desirable to protect against unauthorized access or interference between unintended devices in a physical domain.
The SAS protocol uses broadcast primitives to communicate asynchronous events amongst SAS devices. The standard defines eight types of broadcast primitives, or special control Dwords, that are transmitted into the physical link to communicate up to eight types of asynchronous events, such as topology changes. The broadcast primitives are handled by a SMP target port contained within the expander. Expanders provide unrestricted access to the SMP target, giving unrestricted control of the expander to any other device within the domain. A primitive is fundamentally different from a packet. A packet is typically a multi-byte data structure containing some type of code for delineation of start of packet and end of packet, a header containing address information, data payload and checksum. Except for an identification of the type of event, the broadcast primitive does not carry any additional information such as source address, destination address, or time to live.
When a SAS expander receives a broadcast primitive, the primitive is propagated to all the phys of the expander except for the source phy, and other phys on the same port at which the original broadcast primitive was received. When an end device receives a broadcast primitive, it notifies the upper layer of the occurrence of the asynchronous event as indicated by the primitive type, but does not further propagate the primitive. Thus, when a broadcast primitive is injected into a SAS topology, the primitive propagates to all devices connected by the topology, including all end devices and expander devices.
A valid SAS topology cannot contain a loop, i.e. there can be only one logical path, considering all links of a wide port to be a single link, to traverse the topology from any device to any other device. Furthermore, within a SAS physical domain, there is no mechanism to limit the exchange of information to isolate any device from any other device.
Limiting SAS topology in each domain to be loop-free (i.e. a spanning tree) is of importance from a primitive broadcast perspective. In a topology with a loop, the primitive broadcast mechanism in the expanders will cause infinite circulation of broadcast primitives along the loop path. When a broadcast primitive reaches an expander in the loop path, it will multiply itself to other links on that expander as well. The end result is the link bandwidth on the entire topology can be consumed by infinite repetition of the broadcast primitive, making the topology unusable for transporting data or control traffic. Thus, a loop in a SAS domain topology can cause and infinite broadcast storm.
The spanning tree bridging protocol provides a Layer 2 bridging control protocol that discovers physical loops that may exist in a physical topology and selectively disables some switch ports to reduce the logical topology to provide a spanning tree topology that does not contain loops. However, in so doing, these switch ports are also disabled for transporting useful data traffic.
It is, therefore, desirable to provide a broadcast method and system that can be implemented in SAS domains that contain loops, preferably without disabling ports. It is also desirable to provide a broadcast filtering method and system that permits isolation, or segregation, of certain devices within the domain.
In a first aspect, the present invention provides a method for broadcast event filtering. The method comprises defining virtual domains within a serial attached small computer system interface (SAS) domain topology; receiving a broadcast event from a physical layer device associated to one of the virtual domains; and transmitting the broadcast event according to a policy associated with the virtual domain. The physical layer device is typically a phy.
In one embodiment, the virtual domains can comprise a plurality of logical zones within the SAS domain topology, wherein each phy in the SAS topology is associated to at least one of the logical zones. Transmitting the broadcast event can include transmitting the broadcast event to phys associated with a single logical zone, or multiple zones to which a phy is associated. Receiving the broadcast event can include receiving zone membership information from the at least one phy. Receiving the broadcast event can also includes receiving a broadcast primitive, such as receiving a broadcast primitive processor (BPP) request message. The broadcast event can include transmitting a BPP transmit indication signal.
In a further embodiment, the virtual domains can comprises phys in the SAS topology associated to device groups defined by group identification information. Receiving the broadcast event can include receiving a broadcast frame including a broadcast primitive and the group identification information associated with a source phy, or receiving a broadcast primitive at an ingress expander phy and associating the group identification information associated with a source phy to the broadcast event. Transmitting the broadcast event can include transmitting the associated group identification information. When transmitting the broadcast event from an egress expander phy, the associated group identification information can be removed. The policy associated with the virtual domain can be device group access policy, such as a policy matrix.
In a further aspect, the present invention provides a SAS expander device. The device comprises a plurality of ports, each port having at least one phy; and a broadcast primitive processor (BPP) function for managing broadcast event propagation between the ports according to a policy associated with a virtual domain defined within a SAS topology. The virtual domain can be a logical zone defined within the SAS topology, and the BPP function can be associated with a virtual expander associated with the logical zone. The BPP function can include means to limit broadcast event propagation to the logical zone, and can include a configuration register for storing zone membership information for each phy. The broadcast event can include a broadcast primitive, and the BPP request and indication messages can include zone information associated with a source phy.
In a further embodiment, the virtual domain can be defined based on group membership of phys within the SAS topology, and the BPP function can include means to manage broadcast event propagation in accordance with a device group access policy.
In a further aspect, the present invention provides a SAS topology to permit broadcast primitive filtering. The topology comprises a plurality of host and target devices, each including at least one phy; at least one expander for interconnecting the plurality of host and target devices; a virtual domain defined within the topology; the virtual domain having logically associated therewith a subset of the phys; and a broadcast primitive processor (BPP) function for managing propagation of a broadcast event from any of the host and target devices according to a policy associated with the virtual domain. A plurality of virtual domains can be defined within the topology. The plurality of virtual domains can include a plurality of logical zones comprising separate subsets of phys. These zones can be non-overlapping or overlapping. The BPP function can restrict propagation of the broadcast event to one of the plurality of logical zones.
Alternately, the virtual domain can be defined in accordance with group membership of the host and target devices. The at least one expander can form a switch fabric having ingress and egress ports. The BPP function can associate group membership information to the broadcast event upon receipt at an ingress port, and removes the group membership information upon transmittal from an egress port.
Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures.
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the attached Figures, wherein:
Generally, the present invention provides a method and apparatus for broadcast primitive filtering in a SAS expander using virtual domains. The SAS topology defined by the ANSI INCITS10 standard only relates to physical topology with multiple end devices and expander devices, and the broadcast handling mechanisms in such physical topologies. The present invention defines virtual domains that can be non-overlapping or overlapping logical subsets of the physical topology, or a logical construct based on the membership of a device within a group. Broadcast event propagation is handled in accordance with predetermined policies associated with the virtual domains. These policies can, for example, include limiting the broadcast traffic within the boundaries of the logical zones defined by the subsets, or routing the broadcast events in accordance with access policies, or privileges, associated with the group
A SAS primitive is a four character code sequence, called a control Dword, that starts with an 8b10b encoded control character followed by three 8b10b data characters identifying the type of the primitive. A primitive does not contain header, address or payload information. Most known techniques teach broadcast filtering based on packet header information that does not exist in a SAS primitive, hence they can not be applied or extended to handle SAS primitive broadcast filtering.
A conventional SAS topology is shown in
The dotted arrows in
Conventional BPP functionality defined by the SAS standard is illustrated in
There are a number of BPP transmit indications and BPP requests defined by the SAS standard. Table 1 lists all the BPP transmit indications and example encoding for different types of BPP transmit indications.
BROADCAST Primitive Transmit Indication
Transmit Broadcast Primitive: BROADCAST
Transmit Broadcast Primitive: BROADCAST
Transmit Broadcast Primitive: BROADCAST
Transmit Broadcast Primitive: BROADCAST
Transmit Broadcast Primitive: BROADCAST
Transmit Broadcast Primitive: BROADCAST
Transmit Broadcast Primitive: BROADCAST
Transmit Broadcast Primitive: BROADCAST
Table 2 lists all the BPP request types and example encoding. Embodiments of the present invention are agnostic to the actual encoding of the BPP requests and BPP indication signals, so the encodings in these tables are merely provided as examples.
Source of
Broadcast Event Notify (BROADCAST
CHANGE received).
Request to transmit BROADCAST (CHANGE)
on all other ports because the PHY has received
a BROADCAST (CHANGE) primitive.
Broadcast Event Notify (BROADCAST
RESERVED CHANGE 0 received). Request to
transmit BROADCAST (RESERVED CHANGE
0) on all other ports because the PHY has
received a BROADCAST (RESERVED
CHANGE 0) primitive.
Broadcast Event Notify (BROADCAST
RESERVED CHANGE 1 received). Request
to transmit BROADCAST (RESERVED
CHANGE 1) on all other ports because the
PHY has received a BROADCAST
(RESERVED CHANGE 1) primitive.
Broadcast Event Notify (BROADCAST
SES received). Request to transmit
BROADCAST (SES) on all other ports
because the PHY has received a BROADCAST
(SES) primitive.
Broadcast Event Notify (BROADCAST
RESERVED 1 received). Request to
transmit BROADCAST (RESERVED 1) on
all other ports because the PHY has received
a BROADCAST (RESERVED 1) primitive.
Broadcast Event Notify (BROADCAST
RESERVED 2 received). Notification that a
BROADCAST (RESERVED 2) primitive
has been detected.
Broadcast Event Notify (BROADCAST
RESERVED 3 received).
Notification that a BROADCAST
(RESERVED 3) primitive has been
Broadcast Event Notify (BROADCAST
RESERVED 4 received).
Notification that a BROADCAST
(RESERVED 4) primitive has been detected.
Broadcast Event Notify (PHY not ready).
Request to transmit BROADCAST
(CHANGE) on all other ports because the
attached PHY lost Dword synchronization
Broadcast Event Notify (SATA Spinup Hold).
Request to transmit BROADCAST (CHANGE)
on all other ports because the PHY has reached
the SATA spin-up hold state (as indicated by
the PL_SATA_SPINUP_CONF input pin).
Broadcast Event Notify (Identification
Sequence Complete).
Request to transmit BROADCAST (CHANGE)
on all other ports because the PHY has
completed the identification sequence (SL_IR
state machine).
Broadcast Event Notify (Device Configuration
Complete). Request to transmit BROADCAST
(CHANGE) on all other ports because the
PACK has finished configuring the Device.
Table 2 classifies the BPP requests into two categories based on the source of request: received BPP_REQUEST and originated BPP_REQUEST. If a request is generated by a phy due to receiving a broadcast primitive, this request is considered to be a received BPP Request. If a request is generated by a phy due to other conditions that is detected by the phy internally, such as phy loss of Dword synchronization or phy reaching spin up hold state, then this request is considered to be an originated BPP Request.
In a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the conventional SAS physical topology is partitioned into logical zones, or logical regions, for traffic isolation or segregation. The logical zones define virtual domains within which traffic, such as broadcast primitives, flows as per the conventional SAS protocols, but limits traffic across the boundaries of the regions. In other words, devices assigned to one logical zone can access all devices within that logical zone, but only the devices within that logical zone. Depending on the desired application requirements or functionality, logical zones can be fully isolated from other logical zones (i.e. non-overlapping), or can overlap to permit sharing of certain resources, such as target devices, between zones. Embodiments of the present invention provide broadcast handling approaches in SAS logical zones, including: the concept and definition of logical zones, the assignment of membership, and how broadcasts are handled in SAS expander devices. The following commonly-owned, and co-pending applications: U.S. application Ser. No. 11/341,573, filed Jan. 30, 2006 and entitled "Method And Apparatus For Routing In Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) Using Logical Zones", and U.S. Pat. No. 7,496,700 filed Jan. 6, 2006, entitled "Method And Apparatus For STP Flow Control In SAS Expanders" to Chong et al., each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, provide further details and elaboration concerning defining logical zones and routing messages according to the present invention.
In a second exemplary embodiment, to permit applications even more sophisticated access control among groups of end devices, the end devices are divided into "device groups" with common access control permissions. In this embodiment, the SAS expander devices need to implement access control policies to limit the traffic among the device groups accordingly.
In a technique according to the first embodiment of the present invention, the BPP maintains similar request and indication interfaces with the expander phys as described above, but supports a broadcast isolation function for logical zones. Properly defining such zones for broadcasting SAS primitives can solve the infinite broadcast flooding problem that exists in SAS topologies if a loop is present. The logical zones are defined to be loop-free, and broadcast traffic is contained within the boundaries of the logical zones.
Transparent logical zoning is achieved with enhanced SAS expanders. Subsets of the expander phys are assigned to logical zones based on a desired topology. For non-overlapping logical zoning, each phy belongs to, and can only belong to, one zone. In overlapping logical zoning, each expander phy can be assigned to one or a plurality of logical zones. The physical SAS expander is then partitioned into several logical, or virtual, expanders, each one including the phys assigned to its zone. Each virtual expander includes a SMP target port that is only visible to its assigned phys. All the remaining phys outside the logical zone are not visible to the virtual expander. Each virtual expander implements the full functionality of a standard compliant SAS expander, so it can be used in any SAS domain as if it is a physically separate expander.
As noted, the expander 101 is divided across two zones. Expander 101 behaves like two isolated logical expanders 101A and 101B as shown by the hashed boxes. Virtual expander 101A includes phy 0, phy 4, phy 2, phy 6 and an internal SMP target port that reports and manages these phys, as well as routing table resources associated with these specific phys. Similarly, logical expander 101B includes phy 1, phy 5, phy 3, phy 7 and an independent SMP target port that is logically independent of the SMP target port of logical expander 101A. As expanders 102 and 103 belong only to one zone each, they can behave like regular expanders that are not aware of the concept of zoning.
To implement primitive broadcasting in logical zones, a multi-zone BPP (MZBPP) 120 that can support both non-overlapping logical zones, and logical zones that overlap, can be provided.
In the second case, a multi-zone phy 130 can participate in multiple zones. The BPP requests and BPP indications can carry zone information such as BPP_REQ_ZONE and BPP_INDICATION_ZONE. In such cases, the BPP request can be considered a broadcast frame, including the broadcast primitive. Note that if the application requires a BPP request to be sent to multiple zones, then the BPP_REQ_ZONE and BPP_INDICATION_ZONE can be a bit vector with each bit corresponding to one zone. If the application only requires a BPP request to be sent to one zone, then the BPP_REQ_ZONE and BPP_INDICATION_ZONE can be encoded as a zone index. As described below, BPP_REQ_ZONE is encoded as a bit vector supporting BPP requests targeting multiple zones at the same time. Embodiments of the present invention are applicable for other encoding methods of BPP_REQ_ZONE and BPP_INDICATION_ZONE as well.
Different approaches to encoding of the BPP_INDICATION, BPP_REQ, BPP_REQ_ZONE, BPP_INDICATION_ZONE can be used. The choice of approach does not affect methods according to embodiments of the present invention. Table 1 and Table 2 provide examples of encoding formats for BPP_INDICATION and BPP_REQ.
The configuration information can be represented by a two-dimensional vector: PHY_MEMBER [ZONE_ID] [PHY_ID].
1: if phy J is part of Zone I
0: if phy J is not part of Zone I
The MZBPP 120 can handle broadcast requests according to the following criteria: (1) An expander phy can only request primitive broadcast to any zone of which it is a member. A broadcast request is discarded if the source phy is not part of the requested target zone. (2) A broadcast request is only sent to the phys belonging to the requested logical zones. (3) The BPP indication carries the request zone information such that the target phy has the knowledge about which zone the broadcast has come from. A further criteria is that a broadcast request is not sent to phys that are part of the same wide port as the source phy. However, this criteria is well known in the art and is not specific to the logical zoning aspects of the present invention.
At step 157, the MZBPP finds one remaining request zone to be served that corresponds to a non-zero bit in the BPP_REQ_ZONE vector, and assigns it to cZONE. Step 158 calculates the D_PHY_MAP vector that corresponds to all target phys to which the MZBPP intends to forward the broadcast request. The D_PHY_MAP vector is set to correspond to all phys within the current service zone and that are not part of the source port. Step 159 sends the broadcast indication to all phys with D_PHY_MAP bit set to 1. The BPP_INDICATION type is set to a proper value that corresponds to BPP_REQ type, and the BPP_INDICATION_ZONE is set to the value of the current zone ID. Step 160 clears the bit in BPP_REQ_ZONE that correspond to the current zone indicating the current zone broadcast has been processed; it then jumps back to step 156 to check if further broadcasting is required. Steps 156 through 160 are repeated to process each zone within the BPP_REQ_ZONE vector until the broadcast processing has been finished for each requested zone. Step 161 is then taken to complete the MZBPP task of processing a broadcast request.
More sophisticated and flexible control capabilities can be achieved by defining virtual domains on the basis of group membership and group access control privileges. Using a mechanism described herein as "device group access control", an SAS virtual domain topology can be defined that permits controlled access to devices without limiting their membership to a specific zone. Device group access control permits a group of devices to have access to another group of devices, but can be configured to prevent the devices within each logical group from accessing other devices within the same group, or within any other specified group.
The dotted arrows show an example of broadcast handling among the device groups. For example, as shown, a standard-compliant broadcast CHANGE event is generated from the link attached to storage device ee belonging to group 7. This is a regular standard-compliant broadcast primitive. Expander 206 receives the broadcast request knowing that the source of this broadcast event is from source group 7. Based on the policy matrix, the broadcast is not sent to the phys belonging to groups 5 and 6. Expander 206 sends this broadcast event to expander 204, which can belong to special group 0 for inter-expander connections. To indicate the source group information in the broadcast message, the broadcast CHANGE primitive is replaced by the ingress expander, expander 206, into CHANGE_SG7, a special primitive encoding that carries information about not only the type of broadcast, but also the source group ID. The intermediate expander, expander 204, simply forwards this broadcast primitive to other expanders in the fabric: expanders 200 and 202.
When broadcast primitive CHANGE_SG7 reaches expander 200, it determines, in accordance with the access control policy, that it does not handle messages from source group 7. Thus, the broadcast transmission ceases at expander 200, and the broadcast message is not communicated to any expander phy attached to expander 200. By contrast, when expander 202 receives the CHANGE_SG7 primitive, it forwards the broadcast event to the phys communicating with servers j-o, because these phys belong to group 4, and there is a policy in place that allows group 7 to communicate with group 4. At the egress of the fabric 208, the broadcast CHANGE_SG7 special primitive encoding is replaced by the standard-compliant CHANGE primitive encoding.
For a SAS fabric that supports up to N device groups, an expander in such a fabric with M phys can have, for example, the following configuration information: (1) GID[M]—each phy is assigned a group ID in the range of 0 . . . N−1. (2) ZFLAG[M]—each phy is associated to a fabric boundary flag. 1 indicates the phy is at the edge of the fabric, and 0 indicates the phy is an inter-expander link that is inside the zoning fabric. (3) P[N][N]—an access control policy matrix that defines whether a source group is allowed to access a destination group. P[x][y]=1 indicates any device in group x is allowed to communicate with any device in group y. P[x][y]=0 indicates any device in group x is not allowed to communicate with any device in group y.
To implement primitive broadcasting using device group access control, a device group BPP can handle a broadcast request based on the following criteria: (1) The ingress expander at the fabric boundary replaces the standard broadcast message with a special broadcast primitive that contains not only broadcast type, but also the source group information (SGID) that is the group ID of the source phy. (2) Any zoning aware expander will only forward broadcast messages to destination phys when the SGID in the broadcast request is allowed to talk to the group of the destination phy. (3) The egress expander at the fabric boundary replaces the special broadcast message with SGID encoding with standard broadcast primitive encoding.
An algorithm according to an embodiment of the present invention that performs broadcast processing based on the criteria above is illustrated in the flow chart of
Embodiments of the present invention can be implemented in Application Specific Standard Integrated Circuit Products (ASSPs). The BPP functionality of the present invention can be implemented in a functional block that incorporates the functionality of the ECM, ECR and BPP functions as state machines. In some implementations, the BPP methods can be implemented in logic gates using ASIC technology. But it should be noted that the same algorithm could be implemented using other means of realization such as using a combination of software and hardware. One possible implementation utilizes programmable logic devices such as FPGAs to implement the disclosed BPP logic. Other implementations include the use of software/firmware running on a microprocessor or a programmable engine to realize the processing flow described by embodiments of the present invention.
In summary, the invention provides a method, or process, for defining virtual domains within a SAS domain topology to permit broadcast event filtering based on policies associated with the virtual domains. The virtual domains can be logical zones where broadcast traffic is limited within the logical zone boundary. The virtual domains can also be defined by device groups having an associated device group access policy managed by expanders within the topology.
Logical zones can be defined based on phys. In one embodiment, each internal or external phy can belong to only one logical zone. In another embodiment, each internal or external phy can belong to multiple logical zones. In a further embodiment, the expander can support a mixture of single-zone phys and multiple-zone phys. Proposed methods of SAS primitive broadcast filtering can support broadcast requests that carry request zone information explicitly or implicitly. In one embodiment, each request can have one target zone only. In another embodiment, each request can have multiple target zones. In a further embodiment, the request does not carry explicit target zone information, but the target zone information is derived from the source phy and the zone membership configuration.
In further embodiments, internal or external phys can belong to specified device groups. An expander can enforce an access control policy based on device groups. An ingress expander can translate broadcast messages at the ingress of a zoning fabric into a special primitive to reflect both broadcast type and device group information. The expander can transmit the specially encoded broadcast primitives into other expanders in the same zoning fabric. The egress expander can translate special broadcast primitive encoding into normal broadcast primitive encoding.
While the described embodiments address the broadcast filtering issue in SAS topology and SAS expander devices, the same concept can be applied to handle port/phy based broadcast filtering in other types of non-SAS communications networks. An important difference in such alternative embodiments involves the fact that the type of broadcast object handled would no longer be considered broadcast primitives, but other types of broadcast packets, frames or signals. The application of embodiments of the present invention in other types of communications networks provides similar benefits to those communications network: high availability and high bandwidth by enabling redundant paths in the network topologies.
Embodiments of the present invention provide viable means to implement redundant paths in any SAS topology. This is very useful in any kind of computing server or storage system that demands high availability. The redundant paths enable server and storage systems to incorporate redundant hot-pluggable modules in the topology to achieve high reliability and high availability. The same SAS topology can be applied to any kind of storage model including Direct Attached Storage (DAS), Network Attached Storage (NAS) or Storage Area Network (SAN) models.
The above-described embodiments of the present invention are intended to be examples only. Alterations, modifications and variations may be effected to the particular embodiments by those of skill in the art without departing from the scope of the invention, which is defined solely by the claims appended hereto.
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US20130111126 * | Oct 28, 2011 | May 2, 2013 | Michael G. Myrah | Expander to enable virtual storage units corresponding to subdivisions within a physical storage unit |
US20130246671 * | Mar 16, 2012 | Sep 19, 2013 | Lsi Corporation | Sas expander and method to arbitrate traffic in a redundant expander system |
US20130265867 * | Apr 10, 2012 | Oct 10, 2013 | Balaji Natrajan | Expander-targeted zoned broadcast |
U.S. Classification | 370/254, 710/2, 370/395.31, 370/409, 710/316, 370/401, 709/229, 710/36, 709/225, 709/238, 709/250, 709/220 |
International Classification | G06F15/173, G06F15/16, H04L12/28, G06F13/00, G06F3/00 |
Cooperative Classification | H04L12/4641, G06F13/4022 |
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Treasures of London – Nonsuch Palace from the South…
December 23, 2016
The earliest and most detailed depiction of King Henry VIII's famed Nonsuch Palace, a watercolour by the celebrated Flemish painter Joris Hoefnagel, has been recently acquired by the V&A.
The painting, made in 1568, is the most faithful only six surviving images of the palace which was located in Cheam, Surrey. The fanciful building was commissioned by the king in 1538 and featured a facade decorated with elaborate plasterwork in Franco-Italianate style with the aim of rivalling the Fontainebleau residence of French King Francois I.
One of the most important buildings of the English Renaissance period, it was unfinished when the king died in 1547 and was subsequently purchased from Queen Mary I by Henry Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel, in 1557 – it was he who finished the building and most likely commissioned the Antwerp-born Hoefnagel to paint it. Later acquired by Queen Elizabeth I, it became one of her favourite residences and was eventually demolished by King Charles II's mistress, the Duchess of Cleveland, between 1682 and 1688 to pay off gambling debts.
Nonsuch Palace from the South, which is the first major work of Hoefnagel to enter the collection, can be seen in the museum's British Galleries in South Kensington. Entry is free. For more, see www.vam.ac.uk.
PICTURE: Nonsuch Palace from the South, Joris Hoefnagel, 1558, Watercolour © Victoria and Albert Museum, London.
To look at it, you wouldn't necessarily imagine the memorial marking the former site of the 'Tyburn Tree' near Marble Arch was part of the English Heritage Blue Plaques scheme.
But, located on the ground on a traffic island at the junction of Edgware and Bayswater Roads, this memorial commemorating the site of the former gallows at what was once London's execution grounds (and those who died upon it) is just that.
It's estimated by some that as many as 60,000 people may have been executed here over the 600 years until the late 1700s
While the plaque only mentions one of the names by which the various gallows erected here were known – Tyburn being the name of the village originally here, others included 'The Elms', the 'The Deadly Never Green Tree' and the 'Triple Tree', the latter presumably a reference to the famous three-sided gallows set up here during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.
The last gallows was removed in 1759 when executions were moved into Newgate Prison (for more on the Tyburn Tree, see our earlier post here).
The plaque was erected on the site in 1964 by the London County Council; it replaced an earlier triangular plaque the council had erected here in 1909.
The memorial was restored and rededicated in a ceremony in 2014 with the placement of three oak trees around it (this picture was taken before the restoration).
There is a green City of Westminster plaque nearby which commemorates 105 Roman Catholic martyrs who lost their lives on the gallows between 1535 and 1681 while the deaths of the more than 350 Roman Catholics who died across England and Wales during the Reformation, including those on the Tyburn Tree, are also recalled in a shrine at the nearby Tyburn Convent.
Famous Londoners – Dr John Dee…
May 23, 2016
The subject of a current exhibition at the Royal College of Physicians, Dr John Dee – mathematician, courtier, astrologist and 'magician' are just some of the tags he is labelled with – is one of the most enigmatic figures of Tudor England.
Born in London's Tower ward in 1527, Dee was of Welsh descent and the son of Roland Dee, a mercer and courtier to King Henry VIII, and Johanna Wild. He attended school in Chelmsford and, at the age of 15 entered St John's College, Cambridge, awarded a Bachelor of Arts in 1545 and a master's degree in 1548. He was also a founding fellow of Trinity College when it was founded in 1546.
Dee travelled through Europe during the late 1540s and early 1550s, studying and lecturing at places including Louvain, Paris and Brussels. It was during this trip that he met mathematicians and cartographers like Gemma Frisius and Gerardus Mercator.
Back in England, Dee was appointed rector at Upton-upon-Severn (apparently on the recommendation of King Edward VI), and in 1555 was made a member of the Worshipful Company of Mercers. He had, meanwhile, turned down offers of professorships at both the Sorbonne in Paris and the University of Oxford, ostensibly because he had hopes of obtaining an official position at court.
It was perhaps in pursuit of this that he subsequently appeared at England's Royal Court where he took on the role of teacher of the mathematical sciences while also serving as an astrologer to Queen Mary I and courtiers.
The latter role led to Dee's arrest and imprisonment in 1555 on charges of being a 'magus' (magician) – he would go on to appear for questioning in the infamous Star Chamber – but he was eventually cleared of all charges.
In 1558, Dee became a scientific and medical advisor to Queen Elizabeth I and, by the mid-1560s, had established himself in the village of Mortlake (now in the south-west of Greater London) where he built a laboratory and gathered together what was the largest private library in the country at the time, said to have consisted of more than 4,000 books and manuscripts (and the subject of the current exhibition).
Dee was also associated with several English voyages of exploration for which he provided maps and navigational instruments, most famously Sir Martin Frobisher's expedition to Canada in 1576-78.
He is also known for his strong views on natural philosophy and astrology and the occult, which included the idea that mathematics had a special, supernatural power to reveal divine mysteries. Some of his occult-related ideas were explored in his 1564 text Monas hieroglyphics – one of numerous works he authored – but his most influential work is said to have been a preface he wrote to an English translation of Euclid's Elements published in 1570 in which he argued for the central role of mathematics.
Dee is said to have married three times – the first in the mid-1560s and, following the deaths of his previous two wives, the last time in 1578 when he was wedded to Jane Fromond, who was less than half his age and who had been a lady-in-waiting to the Countess of Lincoln. She bore him some eight children (although there are questions over the paternity of at least one) and died in 1604 of the plaque.
By the 1580s, having failed to win the influence he hoped to have at court and wanting to further his explorations into the supernatural (in particular, communication with 'angels' through occult practice of crystal-gazing), he travelled to Europe with a convicted counterfeiter and medium Edward Kelley to Europe.
Returning to England, after much lobbying, Queen Elizabeth I appointed him warden of Manchester College in 1596, but despite this, he returned to London in 1605 where his final years were marked by poverty.
He is believed to have died in March, 1609, at the London home of a friend and was apparently buried in Mortlake (pictured, above, is a memorial plaque at St Mary the Virgin in Mortlake).
It's believed that William Shakespeare modelled the figure of Prospero in the 1611 play The Tempest on Dee (it's also claimed that he was the model for Marlowe's Doctor Faustus).
Scholar, courtier, magician: the lost library of John Dee runs at the Royal College of Physicians at 11 St Andrews Place, Regent's Park, until 29th July. Entry is free (check website for opening hours). For more, see www.rcplondon.ac.uk.
PICTURE: Robert Smith/CC BY-SA 3.0/Wikipedia
What's in a name…Hatton Garden…
April 11, 2016
A street and small district based just to the north of Holborn in the Borough of Camden, the origins of Hatton Garden's name stem from the Elizabethan-era courtier Sir Christopher Hatton.
Sir Christopher, Lord Chancellor during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and one of her favourites, acquired land here in the 1570s after the Queen forced the bishops of Ely to rent him some of the land they owned which was attached to their London residence, Ely Palace (commemorated today in nearby Ely Place, still home to London's oldest Catholic church).
Hatton, whose annual rent was apparently fixed at £10, 10 stacks of hay and a red rose at midsummer, subsequently built a property, Hatton House, on the garden.
This survived until the mid-1600s when a series of properties were laid out on the site, centred on what is now the street known as Hatton Garden (Sir Christopher, who was buried in Old St Paul's Cathedral, had died in 1591). Wren House, originally apparently a chapel and later a charity school, which still stands in Hatton Garden, was built around this time.
The houses were mostly replaced in the mid 18th century with new homes built for prosperous merchants but, as the years passed, while the street itself remained home to some of the wealthy, the same could not be said of some other streets nearby, like Saffron Hill, which became notorious slums.
In the early 1800s artisans started moving into Hatton Garden – London's Little Italy was born around this time just to the north when Italian craftsmen started moving in (the St Peter's Italian Church opened in 1863 in Clerkenwell Road) – and the area was gradually transformed into a commercial district.
Jewellery and watch-makers, who had long been based in Clerkenwell, started moving in and the street soon became particularly noted as a centre for cutting diamonds, initially those from India. It was an association which only grew stronger following the discovery of diamonds in South Africa's Kimberley diamond field in the 1870s.
Today, the street known as Hatton Garden – which runs between Holborn and Clerkenwell Road – still contains the most concentrated cluster of jewellery retailers in the UK (as well as apparently an extensive subterranean network of tunnels and passageways as well as many heavily guarded underground vaults) and is still the centre of London's diamond trade.
Incidentally, the street was also home to workshops at number 57 which, from 1881, produced the rapid firing Maxim Gun following its invention by Sir Hiram Maxim (and, of course, it was also the location of last year's safe depository robbery and another famous jewellery robbery back in 1993).
A short side note – it was the wife of Sir Christopher Hatton's nephew, Lady Elizabeth Hatton, who become associated with Bleeding Heart Yard (you can revisit that story in our earlier post here).
A Moment in London's History – Sir Walter Raleigh leaves the Tower…
February 29, 2016
It was in February, 1616 – 400 years ago this year – that the adventurer and courtier Sir Walter Raleigh (Ralegh) was released from the Tower of London where he had spent the last 13 years of his life. Sadly, his freedom was to be short-lived.
Raleigh had been imprisoned in 1603 by King James I – not his biggest fan – after being accused of plotting against the king and subsequently sentenced to death for treason (a sentence which was then commuted to life imprisonment).
The Tower, where he'd been imprisoned a couple of times before – most notably by Queen Elizabeth I for secretly marrying Bessy Throckmorton, one of her maids-of-honour, was to be his home for the next 13 years.
It was in Bloody Tower (in left of picture) that his rather luxurious 'cell' was located. Originally known as the Garden Tower, it was renamed for the tradition that the two 'Princes in the Tower', King Edward V and his brother Richard, had been murdered here in 1483.
The tower's top floor was added specifically to provide more room for his family in 1605-06 (and Raleigh's son Carew was conceived and born while he was imprisoned here). It was also during this time of imprisonment that he wrote his History of the World (published in 1614).
Raleigh was released in 1616 to lead an expedition to the New World – he'd previously been on a couple of expeditions there including one with his half-brother Sir Humphrey Gilbert aimed at finding the Northwest Passage (but which deteriorated into privateering and led to his brief imprisonment following his return to England), and one aimed at finding the legendary 'golden land' of El Dorado (which he failed to do). It was again with the purpose of finding gold that he now returned to the Orinoco River region of South America.
Failure, however, was once more the outcome, and on Raleigh's return to England, the death sentence issued on 1603 was reimposed (for his failure but also for attacking the Spanish in defiance of the king's instructions to specifically not do so, although the blame was not all his). He would be executed in Old Palace Yard at Westminster on 29th October, 1618.
LondonLife – King Henry VIII's lost tiltyard tower rediscovered…
December 22, 2015
Archaeologists have uncovered the remains of one of five highly ornate towers, luxurious banqueting houses from which the court would view tournaments in King Henry VIII's walled tiltyard at Hampton Court Palace.
Built in the 1530s, the multi-storey towers were largely demolished by the 1680s and, with the exception of one of the towers which still stands at the palace (and is now a Grade I listed building), their precise location eventually lost.
Until now, that is. The green-glazed tiled floor of one of the 'lost' towers were unearthed earlier this month during works taking place as the tiltyard undergoes a family-oriented makeover by award-winning landscape architect, Robert Myers (to be known as 'The Magic Garden', it will be unveiled next Easter).
The richly decorated towers – where the king entertained dignitaries and ambassadors – are thought to slightly predate the tiltyard which was apparently laid out in 1537 – perhaps, it's been suggested, to mark the birth of King Henry VIII's son, the future King Edward VI.
The first recorded tournament at Hampton Court took place in 1557 when Queen Mary I held one to celebrate Christmas. Her sister Queen Elizabeth I continued the tradition by occasionally holding tournaments there but most days the tiltyard was used to train the young men of the court in warfare.
When tournaments gradually fell out of fashion, the towers were used as multi-purpose storage facilities housing, according to Historic Royal Palaces, everything from pigeons to two Catholic priests in service to King Charles I's queen, Henrietta Maria, who were spent time 'quarantined' there after an outbreak of plague.
For more on Hampton Court Palace, see www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/.
Famous Londoners – Sir Hugh Myddelton…
July 27, 2015
The Welsh-born "merchant adventurer" Sir Hugh Myddelton (also spelt Myddleton or Middleton) is best remembered in London for the construction of the New River, a water engineering project which still provides some of city's water.
Born about 1560, the sixth son (and one of 16 children) of Richard Myddelton, governor of Denbigh Castle in Wales, Hugh Myddelton travelled to London to seek his fortune and there became apprenticed to a goldsmith before himself becoming a member of the Goldsmith's Company in 1592 (he later became warden of the company).
Operating out of premises in Bassishaw (now Basinghall Street), he gained a reputation among the wealthy and nobility for his work and was appointed Royal Jeweller to King James I (he had apparently also supplied jewellery to Queen Elizabeth I).
Myddelton became a wealthy merchant and banker, and, in 1603, he also succeeded his father as MP for Denbigh Borough, a post he held repeatedly until 1628.
Sir Hugh became one of the driving forces behind the New River project which aimed to address the strain on London's water sources by bringing clean water from the River Lea in Hertfordshire via a 39 mile-long canal to New River Head in London.
After an aborted earlier attempt to build a canal from Hertfordshire to London (which had run into financial difficulties), Sir Hugh was granted authority to carry out the works for the New River in 1609 and employed mathematicians like Edward Pond and Edward Wright to direct the course with the man behind the earlier attempt, Edmund Colthurst, overseeing the works.
By 1611 it became clear to Myddelton that he wouldn't have the necessary funds to complete the works so he obtained the financial aid of the king (in return the king was to get half of all profits).
The project was eventually completed in 1613 and a ceremony was held at the New River Head in Islington where the canal then terminated (just south of where Sadler's Wells Theatre now stands).
Myddelton, who continued to diversify in business and made considerable sums from his ownership of lead and silver mines in Wales as well as from a land reclamation project on the Isle of Wight, became the first governor of the New River Company when it was created by royal charter in 1619 and remained a key figure in it until his death. He was created a baronet in 1622.
Myddelton, who married twice, had 15 or more children to his second wife – only about half of whom survived him. He died on 7th December, 1631, and was buried in the now demolished St Matthew Friday Street where he had been a church warden (some of his children were buried there as well). One of his brothers, Sir Thomas Myddelton, was a Lord Mayor of London.
Among memorials to Sir Hugh in London is a statue of him on Islington Green which was unveiled in 1872 by William Gladstone, later PM. There is also a statue of him on the Royal Exchange (pictured) and a number of Islington streets have been named for him.
For more on London's historic water sources, see London's Lost Rivers: A Walker's Guide.
Lost London – Baynard's Castle (part 2)…
February 20, 2015
Having previously looked at the Norman fortification (razed by King John in 1213 – see our earlier post here), this time we're taking a look at the later (medieval) fortification known as Baynard's Castle.
In the 1300s, a mansion was constructed about 100 metres east of where the castle had originally stood on a riverfront site which had been reclaimed from the Thames. This was apparently destroyed by fire before being rebuilt in the 1420s and it became the seat of the House of York during the Wars of the Roses. King Edward IV was proclaimed king here in 1461 and King Richard III was offered the crown here in 1483 (a moment famously captured by William Shakespeare).
King Henry VII transformed the fortified mansion into a royal palace at the start of the 16th century – adding a series of towers – and his son, King Henry VIII, gave it to the ill-fated Catherine of Aragon when they married. The Queen subsequently took up residence (Anne Boleyn and Anne of Cleves also resided here when queen – the latter was the last member of the royal family to use it as a permanent home).
After King Henry VIII's death, the palace passed into the hands of the Earl of Pembroke (brother-in-law of Queen Catherine Parr, Henry's surviving Queen) who substantially extended it, adding ranges around a second courtyard. In 1553, both Lady Jane Grey and Queen Mary I were proclaimed queen here. Queen Elizabeth I was another royal visitor to the palace, entertained with a fireworks display when she did.
It was left untouched during the Civil War (the Pembrokes were Parliamentarians) but following the Restoration, it was occupied by the Royalist Earl of Shrewsbury (among his visitors was King Charles II). It wasn't to be for long however – the palace was largely destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666, although remnants of the building, including one or two of the towers, continued to be used for various purposes until the site was finally cleared in the 1800s to make way for warehouses.
The site in Queen Victoria Street in Blackfriars (the area is named for the monastery built on the site of the Norman castle) is now occupied by the Brutalist building named Baynard House. The castle is also commemorated in Castle Baynard Street and Castle Baynard Ward.
It was discovered in archaeological excavations in the 197os that the castle's waterfront wall had been built on top of the Roman riverside city wall.
PICTURE: © Copyright Andrew Abbott
London Pub Signs – The Gipsy Moth…
October 27, 2014
The boat on this iconic Greenwich pub's sign probably gives the game away here – the Gipsy Moth is named after a yacht of the same name.
The Gipsy Moth IV was sailed single-handedly around the globe by Sir Francis Chichester, then aged in his 60s, in 1966-67, who broke numerous records as he did so including the fastest voyage around the world by any small vessel, the longest non-stop passage by a small vessel and what was then the longest single-handed passage.
Following the death of Sir Francis on 26th August, 1972 (he had been knighted by Queen Elizabeth II on the steps of the Old Royal Naval College using the same sword that had knighted Sir Francis Drake in the presence of Queen Elizabeth I in 1581), the boat was put on display in a Greenwich dry dock next to the Cutty Sark. Initially open to the public, it was later closed due to deterioration.
Following a restoration in the early Noughties, in 2006 the Gipsy Moth IV was again sailed around the world (on a trip that wasn't always smooth sailing) to mark the 40th anniversary of Sir Francis' journey. It is now owned by a charitable trust based in Cowes on the Isle of Wight.
The renovated pub, located at 60 Greenwich Church Street next to the Cutty Sark, is situated in a building which dates from the late 18th century. It apparently changed its name from the Wheatsheaf in the mid-1970s apparently to mark the arrival of the Gipsy Moth IV.
The pub features a beer garden with views of the Cutty Sark. For more information, see www.thegipsymothgreenwich.co.uk.
This Week in London – The Magna Carta at the new City of London Heritage Gallery; Tudor monarchs at the NPG; Mapping London; and objects with story at Pitzhanger…
September 11, 2014
• The 13th century's finest surviving copy of the Magna Carta is taking centre stage at the new City of London Heritage Gallery which opens to the public this Friday. The 1297 document, which bears a superimposed memo reading 'make it happen', is being featured as part of the Corporation's efforts to mark next year's 800th anniversary of the signing of the landmark document. Other items on display in the new permanent, purpose-built exhibition space at the Guildhall Art Gallery include the medieval Cartae Antiquae, a volume containing transcripts of charters and statues covering laws enacted between 1327 and 1425 – a period which includes the reign of King Richard III, a poster for a World War I recruitment meeting held at the Guildhall in 1914, and a series of paintings depicting the 25 City Aldermen who were in office in the mid-1400s. The gallery, admission to which is free, will in future feature a rotating selection of rare documents from the City of London Corporation's archives including the purchase deed William Shakespeare signed on buying a home in Blackfriars in 1613. For more, including opening times, see www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/heritagegallery. For more on events to mark the 800th anniversary of the signing of the Magna Carta next year, see www.magnacarta800th.com. PICTURE: Copyright London Metropolitan Archives.
• Rare depictions of Tudor monarchs will be seen at the National Portrait Gallery in the most complete presentation of their portraiture to date. The Real Tudors: Kings and Queens Rediscovered features the gallery's oldest portrait – that of King Henry VII – displayed alongside a Book of Hours inscribed by the king to his daughter, six portraits of King Henry VIII along with his rosary (on loan from Chatsworth), portraits of King Edward VI and a page from his diary in which he relates his father's death, five portraits of Queen Mary I along with her prayer book (on loan from Westminster Cathedral) and several portraits of Queen Elizabeth I displayed alongside her locket ring (on loan from Chequers, the country residence of the PM). There will also be a discussion surrounding the search for a "real" portrait of the 'nine days queen', Lady Jane Grey, alongside a portrait of her that dates from the Elizabethan period. With many of the portraits newly examined as part of the gallery's 'Making Art in Tudor Britain' project, visitors to the gallery will also be able to access a specially created app which allowing them to access the new research while looking at the portraits. The display, which will form the core of a larger exhibition in Paris next year, can be seen until 1st March. Admission to the gallery, off Trafalgar Square, is free. For more, see www.npg.org.uk.
• An exhibition of rare maps from London, dating from between 1572 and last year, at gallery@oxo on South Bank, is closing on Sunday. Part of the Totally Thames festival, the Mapping London exhibition shows how the landscape along the River Thames as it passes through the capital has changed over the years. It features the first available map of London, which dates from 1572, as well as a 2013 map of underground London, monumental wall maps, and even a map of London that doubles as fan. The free exhibition at Oxo Tower Wharf is being curated by Daniel Crouch, one of the world's leading map dealers. For more, see www.totallythames.org/events/info/mapping-london.
• A Crafts Council touring exhibition showcasing the work of 12 contemporary artisans and design studios – each of which uses objects as a means of storytelling – has opened at Pitzhanger Manor House and Gallery in Ealing – its first stop – this week. Crafting Narrative: Storytelling through objects and making explores the potential of objects to reflect on history, culture, society and technology through a combination of new and commissioned works, film text and photography. Works include Hilda Hellström's The Materiality of a Natural Disaster which consists of food vessels made of soil from a field belonging to the last resident inside the Japanese Daiichi nuclear plant exclusion zone, Onkar Kular and Noam Toran's archive of objects belonging to the fictional Lövy-Singh clan – an East London family of mixed Jewish and Sikh descent, and Hefin Jones' The Welsh Space Campaign which features objects such as astronaut boots in the form of traditional Welsh clogs in an attempt to show how Wales has the capacity to explore space. The free exhibition is at the manor until 19th October. For more, see www.pitzhanger.org.uk.
Send all items for inclusion to email@example.com.
Treasures of London – The Wolsey Angels…
August 22, 2014
Four bronze angels, designed for the tomb of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, have been temporarily reunited in the V&A's Medieval & Renaissance galleries as the museum looks for funding to acquire them.
Once thought lost, the Wolsey Angels were commissioned in 1524 from Florentine sculptor Benedetto de Rovezzano for the tomb of Wolsey, chief advisor to King Henry VIII and one of the most powerful men in the kingdom. Each of the angels, which measure around a metre in height, was created between 1524 and 1529 – the period in which Wolsey was trying to have the pope annul Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
As is well-known, Wolsey failed to do so and died in 1530 in disgrace. Henry appropriated Wolsey's assets including the tomb which the king apparently intended to use for himself. The work was slow, however, and when Henry died in 1547, it remained unfinished. His children – King Edward VI, Queen Mary I and Queen Elizabeth I – each said they would complete the tomb as a memorial to their father but didn't and in 1565, Elizabeth moved parts of the tomb to Windsor.
During the English Civil War elements of the tomb were sold off to raise funds and only the black stone chest – now used to house the remains of Admiral Lord Nelson in the St Paul's Cathedral crypt – were believed to have survived along with four large gilt-bronze candlesticks which were installed at St Bavo Cathedral in Ghent.
The angels passed out of sight until, in 1994, two of them appeared in a Sotheby's sale. Acquired by a Parisian art dealer, they were later attributed to Benedetto. The remaining two angels were discovered at Harrowden Hall in Northamptonshire in 2008 – the hall is now owned by the Wellingborough Golf Club – and it was subsequently revealed that the other two had been stolen from the same site 20 years previously.
The V&A has embarked on a campaign – backed by Hilary Mantel, the Booker Prize winning author of Wolf Hall – to acquire the four angels, priced at £5 million. It has already been granted £2 from the National Heritage Memorial Fund and the Art Fund has pledged a further £500,000.
Mantel described the recovery of the angels as "one of those miracles that historians pray for; something that seems irrevocably lost has been there all the time". "To claim the angels for the nation would connect us to one of the liveliest eras of our history and one of its most remarkable men."
Donations can be made via the V&A's website at www.vam.ac.uk/wolseyangels.
PICTURE: Wolsey Angels on display at the V&A/© Victoria and Albert Museum, London
This week (and next week) as part of our look at Shakespeare's London, we're taking a look at a few of the many memorials to William Shakespeare located around London…
• Westminster Abbey: Perhaps the most famous of London's memorials to Shakespeare can be found in Poet's Corner, an area of the abbey which has become noted as a burial place and memorial site for writers, playwrights and poets. Designed by William Kent, the memorial statue of Shakespeare was placed here in January, 1741 (there had apparently been some earlier talk of bringing his bones from Stratford-upon-Avon but that idea was squashed). The life-size statue in white marble, sculpted by Peter Scheemakers, was erected by Richard Boyle, the 3rd Earl of Burlington, Dr Richard Mead, Alexander Pope and Tom Martin. The memorial also features the heads of Queen Elizabeth I, King Henry V and King Richard III on the base of a pedestal and shows Shakespeare pointing to a scroll on which are painted a variation of lines taken from The Tempest. A Latin inscription records the date the memorial was created and an English translation of this was added in 1977. For more on the abbey, see www.westminster-abbey.org.
• Guildhall Art Gallery (pictured above): Facing into Guildhall Yard from niches under the loggia of the Guildhall Art Gallery are four larger-than-life busts of historical figures connected with the City of London. As well as one of Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell, architect Christopher Wren, and diarist Samuel Pepys (along with a full-length statue of Dick Whittington and his famous cat) is a bust depicting Shakespeare. Carved out of Portland stone by sculptor Tim Crawley, the busts were installed in 1999. Much attention was apparently paid to creating a bust which resembled pictures of Shakespeare. Follow this link for more on the gallery.
• Former City of London School: This Thames-side building, dating from the 1880s, features a full length statue of Shakespeare who gazes out over the river. He's not alone – poet John Milton, Sir Isaac Newton, Sir Thomas More and Sir Francis Bacon stand nearby, selected, apparently, to represent various disciplines taught at the school. The statues were the work of John Daymond who depicted Shakespeare flanked by representations of classics and poetry and drawing and music. The school vacated the building on Victoria Embankment in the 1980s and it's now occupied by JP Morgan.
We'll be looking at some more works depicting Shakespeare next week…
10 sites from Shakespearean London – 7. Shakespearean connections in the Elizabethan world – St John's Gate and Staple Inn…
July 16, 2014
Following on from our post last week, we take a look at a couple more of London's buildings that had some sort of association with William Shakespeare…
• St John's Gate, Clerkenwell (pictured): This former gatehouse into Clerkenwell Priory was at the time of Shakespeare home to the Master of the Revels and where the playwright would have had to have brought his plays for official government approval. Thirty of the Bard's plays were licensed here and the Master of Revels during all but the final few years of Shakespeare's career was Edmund Tilney (or Tylney), who served in the post under both Queen Elizabeth I and King James I. The gatehouse was later used as a coffee house and pub among other things and is associated with everyone from artist William Hogarth (his father Richard ran the coffee house), Dr Samuel Johnson and Charles Dickens. These days, the gatehouse is part of the Museum of the Order of St John (for more on that, see our earlier post here).
• Staple Inn, Holborn: OK, there's no direct link at all between Shakespeare and this building on High Holborn but it was built during his lifetime – in 1585 – and as such is one of very few surviving examples of buildings of his era. Its name comes from the fact the site where it stands was originally a covered market where wool was weighed and taxed (the word 'staple' apparently relates to the duty on wool introduced in 1275). It later became an Inn of Chancery – a medieval school for lawyers which fed students through to the Inns of Court (in this case mostly Gray's Inn), and it was members of the Society of Staple Inn who built the new building here in the 1580s. The building – which still boasts a grand hall – survived the Great Fire of London in 1666 and, albeit with considerable damage, the Blitz. Since the late 1800s, it has been home to what's now known as the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries. The building, which was restored in the 1990s, is a great example of an Elizabethan-era structure and gives some sense of what Shakespeare's London was like.
Famous Londoners – Philip Henslowe…
July 7, 2014
A contemporary of William Shakespeare (and hence, given our current focus on Shakespeare, the reason why we're featuring him), Philip Henslowe was a theatre owner and impresario who, along with John Chomley, built the Rose Theatre in Bankside.
Henslowe is believed to have been born in about 1550 and was the son of Edmund Henslowe, master of the game at Ashdown Forest in Sussex. He is known to have moved to London in the 1570s and there became an apprentice to dyer Henry Woodward. Marrying Woodward's widow Agnes, from 1577 Henslowe lived in Southwark – in the Liberty of the Clink – where, along with other business interests including bringing in timber from Sussex, he is known to have been a prominent landlord.
He and Chomley built The Rose Theatre – the first theatre in Bankside – in 1587 on land Henslowe had purchased several years earlier and from 1591 onwards, he partnered with the acting company known as the Admiral's Men (they had parted ways with theatre owner James Burbage after a dispute about money). In fact it was the company's leading actor, the renowned Edward Alleyn, who married Henslowe's step-daughter Joan.
Following the arrival of the rival Globe Theatre in Bankside in the late 1590s, Henslowe decided to make a move and built the Fortune Theatre in the north-west corner of the City which subsequently became home to the Admiral's Men. He is also believed to have had interests in several other theatres – Newington Butts, the Swan and more latterly, the Hope in Paris Garden, a versatile facility which could be used as both animal-baiting ring and theatre.
His prominence in business matters led to many rewards including serving as a Groom of the Chamber during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and the delightfully named Gentleman Sewer of the Chamber during the reign of King James I.
He died in 1616, leaving behind a diary which spans the period 1592 to 1609 – it includes mention of performances of many of Shakespeare's plays and although the Bard himself doesn't get a mention, many of his contemporaries – Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson included – do. The diary – which had been written in an old account book and provides great detail of Henslowe's theatre-related business – passed into the care of Dulwich College which his son-in-law had founded.
Click here to buy Henslowe's Diary.
Famous Londoners – Christopher Marlowe…
June 9, 2014
Born the same year as Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe was, like him, one of the foremost dramatists of the Elizabethan era.
Born in Canterbury the son of shoemaker John Marlowe and his wife Catherine in 1564 (he was baptised on 26th February and likely to have been born a few days before), Marlowe attended the King's School in the city and went on to study at Corpus College in Cambridge, receiving a Bachelor of Arts in 1584 and a Master of Arts in 1587. It is believed that at around this time, he was also working secretly for the government of Queen Elizabeth I, although what the nature of that work was remains unknown.
While Marlowe's first play was Dido, Queen of Carthage, he first found theatrical success in 1587 with Tamburlaine the Great, later followed with a second part. His other four plays included The Jew of Malta, Edward the Second, The Massacre at Paris about the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572, and Doctor Faustus.
The plays served as key works for the Admiral's Men, the company of Edward Alleyn who performed many of the key roles in the plays, and who is strongly associated with the Rose Theatre – indeed it was here that Tamburlaine the Great, The Jew of Malta, and Doctor Faustus premiered (you can see our earlier post on the theatre here).
Marlowe, who is known to have lived in Shoreditch, also completed other works included poetry and translations and while there is little evidence about his personal life, there is much speculation including that he was, as aforementioned, a spy as well as a carouser (he is known to have frequented taverns in London including Ye Olde Cock in Fleet Street), a homosexual and/or a heretic. It has also been suggested he was a tutor to noblewoman Arabella Stuart.
It is known that he was arrested in 1592 in Flushing in The Netherlands for counterfeiting coins and was sent back to England but no further action was taken.
His death is one of the big mysteries of his life. A warrant was issued for Marlowe's arrest over some heretical tracts which were found in the lodgings of his colleague Thomas Kyd (who when questioned apparently implicated him) and he appeared to answer to the Privy Council on 20th May, 1593. They weren't sitting and he was apparently instructed to appear daily until further notice. He was dead 10 days later.
The exact circumstances of his death remain a matter of speculation. It is often said he died in a drunken brawl with one early source suggesting this was over a homosexual love affair and another, more recent, theory suggesting he even faked his own death to avoid being executed for heresy (an extrapolation of this theory goes that after his fake death he continued writing plays under the name of William Shakespeare but this is generally deemed fairly far-fetched). The official account recorded at the time was that he was stabbed to death in a brawl over payment of a bill with men at a house in Deptford.
He was buried in an unmarked grave at St Nicholas' Church in Deptford. There is a memorial window to him in Poet's Corner in Westminster Abbey. A gift of the Marlowe Society, it was unveiled in 2002 and controversially included a question mark after the generally accepted date of his death. There is a portrait, dated 1585, generally believed to be of Marlowe at Cambridge.
PICTURE: Title page of the earliest known edition of Edward II (1594)/Wikipedia
Lost London – The Steelyard…
May 23, 2014
The Thames-side property known as the Steelyard – the phrase comes from the Dutch-German word Stahlhof and relates either to a steel beam used for weighing goods or a courtyard where the goods were sold – was the main trading base of the Hanseatic League in London from the 13th century onward.
Located near where Walbrook flows out of the Thames on the north bank (the site is now at least partly covered by Cannon Street Station), the walled compound – which at some point housed as many as 400 people – was in some senses a mini city within a city complete with a hall, warehouses, a weighing house and counting houses as well as residences and a chapel.
While the community – which represented an alliance of towns and cities in northern Europe – was mentioned as far back as the late 1200s, it wasn't until 1303 that King Edward I formerly confirmed the tax and customs concessions of the merchants (at some point, in return for privileges they were given, the group was charged with keeping up the maintenance of Bishopsgate).
The power of the trading post had grown substantially by the 15th century and the concessions the group had been granted meant there was inevitably considerable friction with English merchants. There was also some official friction and one example of it was when the Steelyard was closed temporarily in the 15th century when the Hanse cities were at war with England.
In 1598 Queen Elizabeth I took away the Steelyard's trading privileges (after which the compound was apparently looted). It was subsequently allowed to reopen by King James I but never regained the prominence it had previously had.
Much of the compound was destroyed in the Great Fire of London but nonetheless, the Steelyard was rebuilt and continued to provide links between German cities and the English until the mid 1800s when the land was sold off and, in 1866, Cannon Street Station built on the site.
A couple of surviving objects from the Steelyard include a series of at least eight portraits of Hanse merchants painted by Hans Holbein the Younger and a stone model of the Hanseatic Arms which were placed over the gate into the compound can be seen at the Museum of London.
10 significant sites from Georgian London – 5. Horse Guards…
March 26, 2014
Known around the world for the stoic mounted troopers which stand guard here, this rather fanciful building straddling a site between Whitehall and St James's Park was built in the early 1750s on land which had previously served as a tiltyard for King Henry VIII.
In the 1660s King Charles II had a barracks built here for the guards manning the entrance to what was then the Palace of Whitehall, but in 1749 it was demolished and the present building constructed.
William Kent had apparently drawn up designs but it was architect John Vardy who oversaw construction of the neo-Palladian building after Kent's death in 1748. The windows on the St James's Park side of the building are said to have been based on a drawing by Lord Burlington (he of Chiswick House fame – see our earlier post here).
While the site previously marked the entrance to the Palace of Whitehall, it is now considered the formal entrance to St James's Palace (although the palace is located some distance away) and, as a result, only the monarch can drive through the central archway without displaying a pass.
Until 1904, the Grade I-listed building housed the office of the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces but the title was then abolished and replaced with Chief of the General Staff, who relocated to the War Office Building. Horse Guards subsequently became the home of the army commands of London District and the Household Division, a role it still fulfils.
As well as being the site of the daily Changing of the Queen's Life Guard (this free event takes place at 11am every day; 10am on Sundays), Horse Guards is also now home to the Household Cavalry Museum.
Among treasures in the museum are two silver kettledrums presented to the regiment in 1831 by King William IV, a cork leg used by the first Marquess of Anglesey after his real leg was amputated following the Battle of Waterloo (and subsequently became a tourist attraction in its own right) and silverware by Faberge. Visitors to the museum can also see into the working stables via a glazed petition.
The parade ground behind the building is the site of the annual Trooping the Colour ceremony which officially celebrates the Sovereign's birthday. Although the ceremony has only been held since 1748, it's interesting to note that some of the birthday celebrations of Queen Elizabeth I were held in the same place.
WHERE: The Household Cavalry Museum, Horse Guards, Whitehall (nearest Tube stations are Westminster, Embankment, St James's Park and Charing Cross); WHEN: Open 10am to 5pm (November to March)/10am to 6pm (April to October); COST: £6 adults/£4 children (aged 5-16) and concessions/£15 family ticket; WEBSITE: www.householdcavalrymuseum.co.uk.
Around London – The Cheapside Hoard revealed; Queen Elizabeth I at the NPG; 3D printing at the Science Museum; and, Viennese portraits…
October 10, 2013
• The 'secrets' of the Cheapside Hoard – the world's finest and largest collection of 16th and 17th century jewels – are revealed in a new exhibition opening tomorrow at the Museum of London. The
Cheapside Hoard: London's Lost Jewels publicly displays the hoard of Elizabethan and early Stuart jewellery and gemstones in its entirety for the first time since its discovery more than 100 years ago. The hoard, consisting of as many as 500 pieces including rings, necklaces, cameos, scent bottles and a unique Colombian emerald watch, was discovered buried in a cellar on Cheapside in the City of London in 1912. The exhibition uses new research and state-of-the-art technology to showcase the hoard as it explores the questions of who owned the hoard, when and why was it hidden, and why was it never reclaimed. New information revealed by the research shows that the hoard was buried between 1640 and 1666 (the critical clue was a previously overlooked intaglio – a gemstone engraved with the heraldic badge of William Howard, Viscount Stafford, who lived between 1612-1680). It also reveals Thomas Sympson was the "dodgy" jeweller responsible for two counterfeit rubies contained within the hoard (he apparently had a trade in selling counterfeit gems for as much as £8,000 each). Entry charge applies. Runs until 27th April. For more, see www.museumoflondon.org.uk. PICTURED: Above: gold and pearl cage pendants from the Cheapside Hoard; and right: a bejewelled scent bottle.
• A previously unknown painting of Queen Elizabeth I is on display as part of a new exhibition, Elizabeth I and Her People, opening at the National Portrait Gallery today. The small painting, which has been attributed to miniaturist Isaac Oliver and which is a reworking of the classical story of the Judgement of Paris, was recently acquired by the gallery. It will sit among a selection of other portraits of the "Virgin Queen" in a display which endeavours to show how during her 50 year reign she portrayed the image of a strong monarch. The portraits are just some of the 100 items featured in the exhibition which also includes costumes, coins, jewellery and crafts and examines the rise of new social classes in Elizabethan society. Other portraits in the exhibition feature images of courtiers such as William Cecil and Christopher Hatton along with images of merchants, lawyers, goldsmiths, butchers, calligraphers, playwrights and artists. There is also a little known painting of three Elizabethan children and what may be the first portrait of a guinea pig. The exhibition, supported by the Weiss Gallery, runs until 5th January. Admission charge applies. For more, see www.npg.org.uk.
• Printed objects including replacement body organs, aeroplane parts and a music box have gone on display at the Science Museum in South Kensington as part of a new exhibition, 3D: printing the future. The exhibition looks at the rapidly evolving field of 3D printing and its growing impact on society through stories such as the use of 3D printing by engineers to create lighter aeroplane parts and the ways in which the medical industry is researching the use of the technology to create replacement body parts. The display will also include miniature 3D printed figures created from scans of visitors who took part in workshops during the summer holidays. This free exhibition runs in the Antenna gallery for nine months. For more, see www.sciencemuseum.org.uk.
• On Now: Facing the Modern: The Portrait in Vienna 1900. On at the National Gallery, the first major UK exhibition devoted to the portrait in Vienna features iconic works by Gustav Klimt, Egon Schiele, Richard Gerstl, Oskar Kokoschka and Arnold Schonberg alongside those of lesser known artists such as Bronica Koller and Isidor Kaufmann. Highlights include Klimt's Portrait of Hermine Gallia (1904) and Portrait of a Lady in Black (about 1894), Schiele's The Family (Self Portrait) (1918) and Nude Self Portrait by Gerstl (1908). Runs until 12th January. Admission charge applies. For more, see www.nationalgallery.org.uk.

subset: commoncrawl


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Sci fi/Fantasy image by
danya howeryThis is Elizabeth Jorden. She is actually Ejijah, but she goes by the idently of Elizabeth Jorden. She is one forth elf, one forth elkine (a elf like race of mine) and half antin. She wants everyone to think that she is an elf. She is ashamed of her Antin heartage and blue blood. She also has other issues with being Antin but I won't get into them here. Ejijah is one of my favorite characters of my story world. I can't have a gallery without her.
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About MASA
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Saturday [November 12] I assisted Troop 626 with their rocket camp weekend at the Phillipo Scout Reservation in Cannon Falls. They have done this for a number of years and, but wanted to jazz things up with a high power rocketeer. I came down with a few show and tell items but mostly helped the scouts build their rockets and launch them. The scouts were building Quest Couriers. These were excellent kits for the purpose with a couple of exceptions. The centering rings are very flimsy and the [shock] cord is too short. My experience came in handy for devising a work around for the short cords.
The launch was pretty fun. I was impressed by how well they responded to their scoutmasters when order was needed, even though they were pretty spun up. The scouts launched eggs in their rockets. We had a lot of fun scrambling eggs. as the scoutmaster bought c6-5s instead of c6-3s, it was the rare egg that was recovered intact
[Rick Vatsaas]


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John Blitheman
John Blitheman (Blithman, Blytheman, Blythman, c. 1525 – 23 May 1591[1]) was an English composer and organist.
The Fitzwilliam Virginal Book, which includes the third of his Gloria tibi Trinitas settings, gives his forename as William. However, Chapel Royal records from 1558 to 1590 consistently refer to John Blitheman, and there can be little doubt that this was the composer's name.[2]
Nothing is known about his early life. In 1555 he was chaplain at Christ Church, Oxford, becoming master of the choristers there in 1564. From 1585 until his death he was appointed organist of the Chapel Royal (succeeding Thomas Tallis), where John Bull was both his pupil and successor. He died in London in 1591 and is buried at St Nicholas Olave, Queenhithe.[3]
The great majority of Blitheman's works is included in The Mulliner Book, where he is represented by fifteen pieces. One of his In nomines, dating from before 1591, displays the earliest known example of triplet figuration in English keyboard music.
- ^ Caldwell and Brown, New Grove
- ^ Caldwell and Brown, New Grove. However some other references list him as William.
- ^ Squire 1886.
- John Caldwell and Alan Brown, "Blitheman [Blithman, Blytheman, Blythman], John" New Grove Music Dictionary of Music and Musicians.
- Squire, William Barclay (1886). "Blitheman, William". In Stephen, Leslie. Dictionary of National Biography. 5. London: Smith, Elder & Co.


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Laguna Hills to stay out of San Onofre restart issue
LAGUNA HILLS A proposal to marshal the City Council's support for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's investigation of the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station failed to garner any backing Tuesday evening.
Councilwoman Melody Carruth asked her colleagues to send a letter to the NRC and elected officials urging a "full and complete investigation" into the steam generators inside the plant's two reactors, which have been offline since January 2012 after inspections showed unexpected wear.
Carruth wanted the letter to urge the NRC to require Southern California Edison to get a license amendment before restarting Unit 2. Edison has petitioned to restart the reactor at 70 percent power, a level expected to eliminate the vibrations believed to have worn down generator tubes that carry radioactive water.
Carruth also requested that the council send a letter to Edison and the California Public Utilities Commission asking about costs to ratepayers because of the shutdown, as well as about Edison's plans to develop alternative energy programs.
Frank Wasco, an Edison spokesman and the only public speaker on the item Tuesday, said that the NRC investigation is ongoing and that Edison announced plans March 22 to discuss with the NRC a possible license-amendment proceeding for the nuclear plant, which Edison formerly opposed.
The California Public Utilities Commission in October began a state-mandated, 18-month investigation into how much the shutdown has cost ratepayers, Wasco said.
Carruth said her interest in communicating with Edison was prompted by a letter the company sent to city councils earlier this year requesting input. Her main concern is to ensure the utility doesn't sacrifice safety as it tries to restart Unit 2, Carruth said after her motion fell flat.
Some Orange County cities, including Irvine, San Clemente and Laguna Beach, have taken a position with regards to the beleaguered plant. Others, including Huntington Beach, have opted to stay away from the issue.
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Property Details
You are going to love this wonderful Lake Crest home! With open and flowing floor plan, it is great for daily living and entertaining. Open feeling dining room with decorative columns looking into great room with gas fireplace and recessed lighting. It is absolutely move-in-ready. All main level hardwoods have been beautifully refinished, interior walls freshly repainted, and brand new carpet installed in all bedrooms, hallway, etc. Brand new dishwasher too! Granite counters in the kitchen, with breakfast bar to seat five. Breakfast room with access to back yard. The mid-level master suite affords a lot of privacy. Three large bedrooms on the upper level. One with a full bath, the other two with a Jack-n-Jill bath. Lots of walk-in storage. Large two car garage. This is the Lake Crest home you have been waiting for. The four sided brick beauty is located on a cul-de-sac street with neighbors just waiting for you to move in. Buy now to enjoy the fall holidays in your new home. -
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This listing located at 1180 Hibiscus Dr, Hoover, AL boasts four bedrooms, three bathrooms and one partial bathroom. The property is currently selling for $359,900.
This property is listed by RealtySouth headquartered in Alabama.


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Description & details
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Reusable Water Exhange Modeling
by John R. Clark, (F.ASCE), Gronning Engineering Co, Denver, United States,John N. Winchester, (M.ASCE), Gronning Engineering Co, Denver, United States,
Document Type: Proceeding Paper
Part of: Water Policy and Management: Solving the Problems
Abstract: Wastewater return flows of raw water which is reusable, i.e., water which is entirely consumable, can be exchanged for a like amount of water upstream in the river basin. Exchanged water can be a significant percentage of a municipality's raw water supply. This paper briefly describes the use of reusable waters by exchange as part of the raw water supply of the City of Colorado Springs, Colorado.
Subject Headings: Hydrologic models | Water reclamation | Recycling | Return flow | River flow | North America | Colorado | United States | Colorado Springs
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