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Comparison of mouse mammary gland imaging techniques and applications: Reflectance confocal microscopy, GFP Imaging, and ultrasound
© Tilli et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2008
Received: 05 September 2007
Accepted: 23 January 2008
Published: 23 January 2008
Genetically engineered mouse models of mammary gland cancer enable the in vivo study of molecular mechanisms and signaling during development and cancer pathophysiology. However, traditional whole mount and histological imaging modalities are only applicable to non-viable tissue.
We evaluated three techniques that can be quickly applied to living tissue for imaging normal and cancerous mammary gland: reflectance confocal microscopy, green fluorescent protein imaging, and ultrasound imaging.
In the current study, reflectance confocal imaging offered the highest resolution and was used to optically section mammary ductal structures in the whole mammary gland. Glands remained viable in mammary gland whole organ culture when 1% acetic acid was used as a contrast agent. Our application of using green fluorescent protein expressing transgenic mice in our study allowed for whole mammary gland ductal structures imaging and enabled straightforward serial imaging of mammary gland ducts in whole organ culture to visualize the growth and differentiation process. Ultrasound imaging showed the lowest resolution. However, ultrasound was able to detect mammary preneoplastic lesions 0.2 mm in size and was used to follow cancer growth with serial imaging in living mice.
In conclusion, each technique enabled serial imaging of living mammary tissue and visualization of growth and development, quickly and with minimal tissue preparation. The use of the higher resolution reflectance confocal and green fluorescent protein imaging techniques and lower resolution ultrasound were complementary.
Transgenic mouse models have been developed to recapitulate the complex effects of genes known to be involved in human breast cancer. These models can help to elucidate the mechanism of action of these genes during carcinogenesis, as well as their impact on normal mammary gland development. Imaging methods for mouse models of normal and cancerous mammary glands are in the developing stages and can help in the search for better ways to diagnosis human breast cancer earlier [1].
In order to study early phenotypic effects of gene over-expression or lack of expression on mammary gland development and cancer traditional methods require that tissue is harvested from the animal and subjected to histological techniques to detect morphologically aberrant growth. These invasive procedures preclude further examination of the effects of these genetic changes on the process of carcinogenesis. Later, once the tumor becomes palpable, the size of the developing tumor can be measured and followed in vivo over time to determine proliferative capacity. However, no information about initiation and progression can be gathered; only at the end of the experiment [2] can information about the morphology or gene expression profile of the developing tumor be obtained.
The implementation of in vivo imaging modalities to study normal mammary gland growth and disease progression has greatly improved the utility of these models, allowing the study of mammary differentiation or disease process, not simply the final effect [3]. Biochemical and morphologic changes associated with early cancer change the optical properties of tissue, especially the absorption, scattering, and fluorescence, allowing the detection of these early carcinogenic effects with optical spectroscopy techniques [4]. Imaging can allow researchers to, with minimal invasiveness, detect and follow abnormalities in ductal development during mammary differentiation in the same living animal. In cancer studies, imaging can detect undissected preneoplastic lesions and follow the behavior of these cancer cells, interactions with their stromal environment during the development of a tumor, angiogenesis, and metastatic disease. This can all be studied over time in the context of the cancer cells own physiological environment with an intact blood supply and interaction with surrounding tissues in 3-D and in real-time [1, 5, 6]. Imaging regimens can also be adapted to evaluate efficacy and response of a cancer to prevention and therapeutic interventions [7, 8] and to detect the presence of chemoresistance [9]. Serial minimally invasive imaging of mice reduces the number of mice needed per experiment or in preclinical drug development since multiple time points can be observed in the same animal [8]. The imaging modalities reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), green fluorescent protein (GFP) imaging, and ultrasound imaging were utilized in this paper to image mammary glands and mammary tumors.
RCM provides real-time minimally invasive 3-D sectioning of in vivo (living) or ex vivo (newly biopsied) individual cells and tissues using variations in the optical properties of the natural backscattering of light from different cellular and subcellular structures without the use of labeling cells fluorescently or otherwise [10, 11]. Optical techniques such as RCM have demonstrated high sensitivity for detecting cancer in their natural environment without using ionizing radiation [12] and without time-consuming and potentially destructive fixation and staining, both of which may introduce artifacts and damage tissue [13]. Tissue studied with RCM is treated with acetic acid, which induces DNA condensation providing increased reflectance to contrast nuclear versus cytoplasmic structure. We have shown that tissue treated with acetic acid can then be subjected to histological and immunohistological analyses without detrimental effects on the tissue [14], facilitating further study into signaling pathways which may be active in the imaged structure [15]. RCM has been performed on biopsy specimens to assess tumor margins [16] and to identify precancerous lesions in human breast core needle biopsies [14], the cervix [17], and skin [18].
Fluorescent protein labeling and epi-illumination spectroscopy microscopy are very powerful tools to follow primary tumor growth and metastasis with fluorophores in vivo and in real time [19]. Transgenic GFP optical imaging is one type of fluorescent protein label imaging and involves the detection of reporter transgene expression, namely a genetically encoded fluorescent protein, which is utilized to image cells within living tissue [3, 20]. The specimen, often exposed surgically, is illuminated with blue light (488 nm excitation wavelength) which is absorbed by green fluorescent protein, a protein originally from the jellyfish Aequorea Victoria [6]. GFP then emits green light (509 nm peak shifted emission wavelength) which is collected by CCD cameras [21]. GFP imaging can be used as a cell marker in both the living animal and in tissue culture and does not require a substrate for visualization [22].
GFP transfected tissue culture cells and GFP transgenic mice have been used to monitor real time tumor growth and for mechanistic studies [23, 24], evaluate the efficacy of therapy in a tumor xenograft model with metastasis [25], monitor specificity of in vivo gene therapy studies [26], mark and sort potential mammary stem cells [27], and examine mammary epithelial tumor cell behavior in metastasis [28]. In addition to monitoring mammary gland development on the whole at the ductal morphology level as in our current study, GFP can be used to image single cells. This high resolution GFP imaging of cells in vivo has been combined in a dual labeling approach with red fluorescent protein (RFP) to monitor tumor-stroma interactions and drug response of cancer and stromal cells [29, 30].
Ultrasound imaging involves exposing tissues to high-frequency ultrasound waves (20–60 MHz in animals; 2–10 MHz in humans) by placing a transducer (which contains crystals that vibrate when exposed to small electrical currents and produce sound waves) on the skin and then detecting the ultrasound reflections from internal organs under investigation [6, 31, 32]. This non-invasive technique produces a dynamic real-time image of the tissue from which structural and functional information can be obtained because sound waves travel though soft tissue based on the acoustic impedance of each tissue, which is a function of the tissue density [31]. When two tissues with different densities are next to each other, a mismatch in the acoustic impedance causes sound waves to be reflected relative to the degree of mismatch; a greater acoustic impedance mismatch leads to a greater reflected pressure magnitude or intensity and is seen as a brighter image [31].
Ultrasound is a rapid non-radiation method that has been used to detect cystic masses [33] and superficial tumors [34], differentiate between fibroadenomas and carcinomas in animal models [35], noninvasively track liver metastases growth and evaluate potential therapy in liver metastasis models [36], measure blood flow by Doppler [37, 38], guide biopsy of a palpable breast mass [38], and guide injections into target organs [39].
In the present study, we use RCM, GFP, and ultrasound to visualize mammary gland and mammary tumor characteristics in vivo. We show that RCM can be used to study mammary development in an ex vivo whole organ culture setting with good resolution using a lower concentration of acetic acid. We show that GFP expression can be used to visualize mammary gland ducts, mammary tumor, and tumor vasculature, to follow lobuloaveolar development in an ex vivo whole organ culture experiment, and can be used to follow development of transplanted mammary glands. We show that ultrasound imaging can be used to visualize normal mammary gland, hyperplastic areas of preneoplasia, to follow tumor progression and liver metastases, and can be used to distinguish between mammary tumor and enlarged lymph node. In conclusion, we show that these modalities are, individually and in combination, useful in studying normal and carcinogenic biological processes in the mouse mammary gland longitudinally and with minimal invasiveness.
Mouse Models, Mammary Gland Whole Mounts, and Hematoxylin and Eosin Sections
Mammary glands from wild-type C57Bl/6 female mice, female mice from a model of Estrogen Receptor alpha (ERα) driven mammary cancer (tTA/TAg/ERα mice) [40], and female mice from a WAP-TAg mammary cancer model [41] were examined by different imaging modalities in this study. In general, after imaging was performed, one #4 mammary gland was fixed in formalin overnight, embedded in paraffin, slices (5 μm) mounted on glass slides, and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). For mammary gland whole mount staining, the other #4 mammary gland was fixed in Carnoy's fixative and stained in Carmine-alum as previously described [42]. Visualization of carmine-alum and H&E stained mammary glands was performed on an Eclipse E800M microscope (Nikon Instruments Inc., Melville, NY, USA). Mammary gland preneoplastic lesions were measured in situ upon necropsy to compare with measurements taken with the ultrasound software (n = 7). For the metastasis study, the primary mammary adenocarcinoma was removed at 10 months of age. Two weeks after the tumor was removed mammary glands and liver were imaged with ultrasound to screen for the development of new tumors and liver metastases. The mouse was euthanized at 12 months of age because of difficulty breathing and unresponsiveness, 1 month after the original ultrasound and before a second scheduled ultrasound could take place. The presence of liver, lung and omental metastases were confirmed on necropsy. All procedures involving animals were performed in accordance with current federal (National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals) and University guidelines and were reviewed and approved by the Georgetown University Institutional Animal Use and Care Committee.
Reflectance Confocal Microscopy
Mammary gland ductal and epithelial cell morphology from non-pregnant wild-type mice were directly imaged at different stages of development by reflectance confocal microscopy using the VivaCell 5000 Reflectance Confocal Microscope (VivaCell-TiBa, Rochester, NY, USA) with a 30× water immersion lens. Mice were euthanized prior to reflectance confocal imaging. Upon necropsy, the #3 mammary glands were injected with a dilute (5%) acetic acid in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution as a contrast agent to enhance visualization of the nuclei within cells by promoting condensation of nuclear material [43, 44]. The mammary gland was then dissected and spread on the microscope stage above the objective on the Vivacell 5000 and images (originally 500 μm × 500 μm) were taken with the VS2000ui imaging software (version vs006.00.11, Lucid, Inc., Rochester, NY), as described previously [15, 45]. After imaging, the mammary glands were fixed in formalin for H&E staining as described above.
GFP Imaging
Transgenic tTA/TAg/ERα mice were bred to mice carrying the enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) transgene under the control of the chicken beta-actin promoter coupled with the cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early enhancer (FVB.Cg-Tg(ACTB-EGFP)B5Nagy/J strain from The Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, Maine).
These mice express GFP in all cells of the mouse expressing actin, especially in the skin and mammary glands [20]. Due to the nature of adipocytes having low fluorescence, even though they do express GFP, the mammary ductal tree was easily visualized in contrast to the less bright fat. The Nikon SMZ-1500 EPI-Fluorescence Digital Stereoscope System (Melville, NY) was used to visualize GFP-expressing mammary gland and mammary tumor tissues and pictures were taken with the Metamorph imaging software (Molecular Devices Corp, Sunnydale, CA). Using the Apo 1× objective with the 10× eyepiece, the Nikon SMZ-1500 EPI-Fluorescence Digital Stereoscope System has a field of view between 29.3 mm for the 0.75× zoom and 2.0 mm for the 11.25× zoom.
For the in vivo GFP experiment, a 4-week-old GFP mouse was anesthetized and incisions made in the abdominal skin such that the skin could be folded back to allow imaging of the ductal epithelial tree in the #4 mammary gland. After images were acquired as above, the skin was closed with surgical staples and the mouse was allowed to recover. At 8 weeks of age the mouse was euthanized and both #4 mammary glands harvested, placed on glass slides, and imaged by GFP fluorescence.
Mammary Gland Whole Organ Culture
Mammary gland whole organ culture (WOC) was carried out essentially as previously described [46]. Briefly, 21–24 day old wild-type female mice were anesthetized and subcutaneously implanted in the interscapular area with a 21-day release 0.01 mg 17β-estradiol and 10 mg progesterone (E&P) pellet (Innovative Research of America, Sarasota, Florida) to prime the mammary glands for WOC. After 14 days of priming, the mice were sacrificed and the #4 mammary glands were harvested, placed on a square of cotton mesh and floated in WOC growth phase media, Waymouth's MB 752/1 media (Biosource Biofluids, Rockville, MD) supplemented with Antibiotic-Antimycotic (Gibco/Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY), insulin (5 μg/ml), prolactin (1 μg/ml), aldosterone (0.1 μg/ml), hydrocortisone (0.1 μg/ml) (IPAH). Glands were incubated at 50% oxygen, 5% CO2 in humidified air at 37°C (Heraeus Instruments, Newtown, CT).
A WOC experiment was performed to test viability of the mammary glands after treatment with acetic acid and visualization with RCM. Mammary glands of three-week-old wild-type female mice were primed with an E&P pellet as described above. After 14 days of priming, the mice were sacrificed and mammary glands #3 and #4 were harvested. One gland was immediately placed in IPAH WOC media. Before placing the other mammary glands in WOC, they were treated with PBS, 1, 3, or 5% acetic acid in PBS (3 mammary glands per treatment) and were imaged with RCM. After imaging for no more than 5–10 minutes, the mammary glands were placed in IPAH media as described above. After seven days in culture (post-WOC), the #4 mammary glands were whole mounted and #3 mammary glands were fixed and H&E stained as described above. RCM images from mammary glands treated with PBS or acetic acid pre-WOC were compared with the whole mounts and H&E slides post-WOC.
For the WOC GFP images, the mammary glands from mice expressing GFP alone were treated with IPAH for 10 days. Each day, the mammary glands were visualized with GFP imaging to detect and follow changes and growth in the ductal tree.
Mice were anesthetized by inhalation of isoflurane with 1–3% oxygen and ventral hair was removed using a mild depilatory cream. Mice were placed on a thermostatically controlled heating pad to help maintain mouse body temperature. A water based ultrasonic gel was applied between the imaging probe transducer and the mouse skin and the liver, mammary tumors, and all ten mammary glands from a total of 16 wild-type, tTA/TAg/ERα, and WAP-TAg mice were imaged with the Visualsonics Vivo 660 High-Resolution Imaging System for small animal ultrasound (Toronto, Ontario, Canada). Transducers were 55 MHz for mammary gland and 40 MHz for liver imaging. Orientation of the mammary gland on ultrasound was accomplished by visualizing the lymph node, which is less echogenic and appears as a black hole surrounded by the echogenic mammary gland tissue. Mammary gland preneoplastic lesions were measured with the ultrasound software using acquired images in the plane showing the largest cross-sectional area of each lesion. These ultrasound measurements were compared with measurements taken at necropsy (n = 7).
Mammary Gland Transplantation
Mammary gland transplantation is a useful technique to study the specific effects of hormone or even genetic influences on mammary gland growth, differentiation, and carcinogenesis. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to distinguish whether the transplanted mammary gland grew or if it was actually the host mammary gland. Sometimes the host mammary gland does grow even if the fat pad of the host is cleared of epithelial cells, which should ensure that the host mammary gland cannot grow. In order to definitively determine the mammary gland of origin and therefore a successful versus unsuccessful mammary gland transplantation, mammary glands from GFP expressing mice were transplanted into non-GFP expressing hosts. If the mammary gland that grew expressed GFP, then the mammary gland was from the transplanted mammary gland (GFP positive). If the mammary gland that grew did not express GFP, then it was residual host mammary gland (GFP negative). Both #4 mammary glands from 1 to 2-day-old newborn female and male pups were removed under a dissecting stereomicroscope (Zeiss Stemi SV 11, Germany) and placed in a culture dish containing DMEM:Ham's F-12 (1:1) with 10% fetal calf serum, 2 mM glutamine and 1% penicillin-streptomycin to keep the glands moist and maintain tissue viability before transplantation. The mammary glands were then transplanted into 3- to 4-week-old female nude mice without clearing the mammary fat pad: an incision was made and a pocket was created between the #3 and #4 mammary glands in the nude mouse and both mammary glands from the newborn pups were introduced in the pocket [47]. Post-transplantation, a cohort of the host mice were housed with males to become pregnant. Mice that were not housed with males were euthanized 8 weeks after transplantation. For the studies of pregnant transplanted mammary gland, mice that became pregnant were euthanized during late pregnancy (17–19 days pregnancy). For both cohorts, the transplanted glands were removed at necropsy, imaged for GFP expression as described above, and then whole mounted for morphological studies.
Results and Discussion
Imaging mammary ductal structure using reflectance confocal microscopy
Imaging alveolar, ductal, and tumor mammary development using GFP fluorescence
Imaging non-palpable mammary gland lesions using ultrasound
The studies presented here compare the well-established techniques of mammary gland whole mounting and hematoxylin and eosin histology with RCM, GFP, and ultrasound to study mammary gland and mammary tumor development. RCM, GFP, and ultrasound are quick techniques that do not require tissue processing for immediate imaging of mammary gland structures. RCM has the potential to advance screening and diagnosis, especially for the early detection of a variety of precancerous lesions [13, 49–51]. We have shown here and previously that RCM is very useful in optical serial imaging of normal mammary gland ductal structures and tumors in harvested tissues from genetically engineered mice [15]. It has a resolution comparable to the ductal structure resolution of a mammary whole mount and the cellular resolution of mammary histology. This technique can be used for 3-D reconstruction of MG morphology and can be used in living tissue. In this study RCM was also used in combination with whole mammary gland organ culture. Additional RCM applications include using it to excise specific mammary structures for transplant studies. GFP imaging is also useful for in vivo studies, as well as for whole organ culture and transplantation, where it can be used to follow development and/or disease progression. GFP has been shown to be invaluable in mammary gland transplantation studies where it can successfully answer such questions as whether a growth factor acts in an autocrine or paracrine fashion during mammary gland development by allowing for labeling and following the development of specific mammary cells transplanted into a fat pad [52]. Ultrasound demonstrates the least cellular resolution and requires an experienced operator to obtain consistent images, but is very useful for in vivo and non-invasive imaging of development of non-palpable preneoplastic lesions into mammary adenocarcinomas. 3-D ultrasound imaging software can be used to obtain direct measurements of lesion volume, if needed. In summary, all three techniques are valuable adjuvants to the study of mammary development and cancer progression.
The imaging modalities used in this paper, RCM, GFP, and ultrasound imaging, are just a few of the many techniques being developed to study the mammary gland and mammary cancer. These versatile techniques can be combined with each other (i.e. fluorescence and RCM), as well as with other techniques, such as those that involve the detection of specific probes to image targeted cells while simultaneously acquiring confocal contrast images to localize the targeted cells within the histological context of the tissue being imaged [53, 54]. Combining these techniques allows the researcher to obtain actual in vivo molecular expression information from the image enabling the study of the molecular basis of initiation and progression of mammary cancer. All of these minimally invasive techniques allow longitudinal imaging to provide complete and precise information about mammary gland development, as well as, tumor initiation and progression in any transgenic cancer mouse model. The further development of mouse imaging techniques may well lead to the advancement of new technologies that can be translated to more sensitively and specifically detect precancerous abnormalities, diagnose curable pre-cancerous lesions, and to increase patient survival and quality of life in breast cancer patients.
- E&P pellet:
17β-estradiol + progesterone pellet
- ERα:
Estrogen Receptor alpha
green fluorescent protein
Hematoxylin and Eosin
lymph node
- IPAH media:
insulin + prolactin + aldosterone + hydrocortisone supplemented media
phosphate buffered saline
Reflectance Confocal Microscopy
Whole Mount
Whole Organ Culture.
These studies were supported by The Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation Post-Doctoral Fellowship Research Awards PDF0503642 (MTT) and PDF0402444 (LPJ), Department of Defense Predoctoral Breast Cancer Research Program BC020636 (IC), NIH, National Cancer Institute Grants R01CA112176 (ARP and PAF) and R01CA89041 (PAF). We would like to thank José Ricardo V. De Guzman for his expertise with imaging mammary glands with the Visualsonics ultrasound equipment. We also thank the Animal Research, the Histopathology, and the Microscopy and Imaging Shared Resources at the Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center for assistance [these resources are supported in part by a cancer center support grant from the National Cancer Institute (P30-CA51008 and 1S10 RR15768-01)].
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- The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/8/21/prepub
Pre-publication history
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


text: Apple Thought About Buying Time Warner Last Year But Was Like NahDarren Orf5/26/16 9:20amFiled to: AppleApple TV21EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink Apple supposedly considered buying Time Warner last year, according to the Financial Times. The tech industry is full of many "what if" moments, but this is a weird one. Advertisement FT says the idea came from Apple's Eddy Cue, boss of iTunes and Apple Music, who floated the idea while in a meeting with HBO, CNN, and Warner Brothers. The idea for a bold foray into the TV business never escalated to CEO Tim Cook or CEO Jeff Bewkes. Had the deal gone through, it would have easily surpassed Beats as Apple's largest acquisition ever. The rumor about Apple getting to the TV business is a frequent topic of speculation. Whether it's Apple making its own TVs, a streaming service similar to Sling TV, or whatever, people seem to ardently believe that Apple is on the precipice of breaking into the entertainment industry. Advertisement But the idea has gotten at least a little more believable lately. Just this week, Tim Cook mentioned that he wanted Apple to be a "catalyst" when it comes to entertainment, and in March, Apple said it was working with Will.i.am on a new show about apps. This was the first public evidence of Apple's interest in original programming, and the FT says Apple will be ramping up spending on OG entertainment to the tune of "several hundred million dollars a year."Even if the idea to snatch up Time Warner never got serious, it shows that Apple is hunting for the right way to get into the entertainment business. With all that cash on hand, I'd say it has some options.Update: This article originally reported the sale was between Apple and Time Warner Cable. It was actually Time Warner. We regret the original error and it has been corrected above. Sponsored [Financial Times via 9to5Mac]Darren firstname.lastname@example.com@darrenthewalrusSenior writerReply21 repliesLeave a reply

subset: commoncrawl


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Drug Profile
Research programme: HuMax-cMet - Genmab
Alternative Names: HuMax-cMet™Latest Information Update: 16 Jul 2016
Price :
At a glance
- Originator Genmab
- Class Monoclonal antibodies
- Mechanism of Action Proto oncogene protein c met inhibitors
Orphan Drug Status
Orphan designation is assigned by a regulatory body to encourage companies to develop drugs for rare diseases.
On Fast track
Fast track status is assigned by the US FDA so therapies with the potential to address unmet needs can move faster through development.
Highest Development Phases
- No development reported Solid tumours
Most Recent Events
- 16 Jul 2016 No recent reports of development identified for preclinical development in Solid-tumours in Denmark (Parenteral)
- 30 Apr 2010 Preclinical trials in Solid tumours in Denmark (Parenteral)


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8 thoughts on "Kafi"
I am a vocal student so i like ragamala very much. It is very useful . Thanks to sarangi.info
I love classical music. मैँ सँगीत का सेवक हूँ| सँगीत मानवीय मन को सँभालता है, आपने सँगीत को सँभाल कर रखा है| THANKS
i am the student of classical music and this website helps me a lot in practice and in theory too… thanks
I am studing vocal music…… n this site makes me rich..
..tnx…:) -
I have download all the raagas from your website . Thank you very much . You have done great job . Thanks a lot . Go ahead.
great selective collection. relaxation apart.one is transcended towards no man's world in exercise of these immortal artistes.-himasagar.
taimur bhai, the audio for 'kafi' isn't working.


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Programs for Graduate Students
The Center for Engaged Teaching (CET) offers several programs for UC San Diego graduate students as described below.
As the CET grows, additional programs will be developed. Please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com if you have requests or ideas that should be considered.
English Language Program for International Instructors (ELP-ii)
The ELP-ii screens graduate students who have been proposed to work as teaching assistants for English language speaking abilities in supportof the UC San Diego Graduate Division policy (in compliance with Assembly Concurrent Resolution No. 41). The program also offers a language course to assist international students proposed as TAs in meeting that requirement. Learn more.
Orientation for New Instructional Assistants
At this annual orientation for new Instructional Assistants (IAs) in fall quarter, new IA's participate in presentations and discussions about how to be a successful IA, with opportunities to meet and hear from graduate students, faculty and staff from across campus who are ready to support new IAs as they face the challenges of helping students learn.
2016 orientation is scheduled for
Wednesday, September 21
9:30am -12:00pm
Price Center West Ballroom
The term Instructional Assistant includes Teaching Asstistant (TA) and Graduate Student Instructional Apprentice.
Summer Graduate Teaching Scholar (SGTS) Program
Teaching + Learning at the College Level (previously titled the College Classroom)
Workshops on Teaching
Onsite Workshops
The Center for Engaged Teaching invites you to attend weekly workshops for educators offered throughout year. Please visit the Events page for a complete schedule. All UC San Diego educators are invited to attend. Contact Jace Hargis (firstname.lastname@example.com) if you would like to join us or have questions.
Online Workshops
In addition to workshops held on campus, we recommend participating in online courses offered through the Center for the Integration of Research, Teaching, and Learning (CIRTL) Network. A list of upcoming workshops, with registration information, is available here.


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Wednesday 01 March
Guest blog: photographing snow leopards in the Himalayas by Craig Jones
Kingdom | Animalia |
Phylum | Chordata |
Class | Mammalia |
Order | Rodentia |
Family | Muridae |
Genus | Gerbillus (1) |
Also known as Wagner's dipodil or the rough-tailed dipodil (4), Wagner's gerbil is a medium-sized and slender rodent with a silky coat (5). The hair on the upperparts of Wagner's gerbil is sandy-brown in colour and grey at the base, and the underside is white (6). The tail is covered in short, coarse hairs, apart from the tip which possesses a tuft of finer hair. Two subspecies are recognised: Gerbillus dasyurus dasyurus and Gerbillus dasyurus leosollicitus. G. d. leosollicitus is typically the darker of the two subspecies, although the colour of the fur varies in accordance to its precise habitat, providing optimum camouflage (2). Male Wagner's gerbils are generally larger and heavier than females (7).
Wagner's gerbil is a nocturnal, burrowing rodent (1), with a varied diet that includes insects, seeds, succulent plants and herbs (2). Unlike other gerbil species, Wagner's gerbil also has an astonishing preference for snails (8), and snail shells often litter the surrounds of the burrow (9). Wagner's gerbil has a fascinating way of communicating with other members of the same species, making sounds by kicking the ground with its hind feet (3).
The breeding season of Wagner's gerbil typically falls between January and September (3), but can extend to November (7). Approximately three litters, of between three and nine young, are produced each year (3), born after a gestation period of 18 to 26 days (2) (7). Born blind, naked and with closed ears, young Wagner's gerbils only begin to grow hair at six days old and open their eyes and ears at around 16 days. Weaning takes place at 32 days after birth and pups become independent from their mothers when they are around five weeks old (3). Both sexes have a lifespan of up to two and a half years (7).
Wagner's gerbil is widespread in the Middle East. Its range includes Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, the Arabian Peninsula, and the eastern deserts of Egypt (1).
Classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List (1).
There are currently no major threats to this species (1).
There are no specific conservation measures in place for Wagner's gerbil. It is, however, found in protected areas in Israel (1).
This information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact:
Image credit
© David Hosking / www.flpa-images.co.uk
FLPA - images of nature
Pages Green House
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United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0) 1728 861 113
Fax: +44 (0) 1728 860 222
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Wednesday 01 March
Guest blog: photographing snow leopards in the Himalayas by Craig Jones
Tuesday 14 February
Guest blog: my experience with the World's Favourite Unloved Species by Bret Charman
Tuesday 07 February


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Jewish Amer. Society for Historic Preservation
Shaping the Future by Remembering the Past
The Society
Alabama - Kansas
Mobile, Alabama
Little Rock, Arkansas
L.R. - Broncho Billy
Cotopaxi, Colorado
Leadville, Colorado
Cong. Medal of Honor
Groton, Connecticut
Wilmington, Delaware
Micanopy, Florida
Pensacola, Florida
Palm Beach (1), Florida
Palm Beach (2), Florida
Keokuk, Iowa
New Orleans, La. -1
New Orleans, La. -2
Kansas City, WWI Museum
Leavenworth, Kansas
Md. - Pa.
Bangor, Maine
Annapolis, Md.
Montgomery Cnty, Maryland
Hagerstown, Maryland
Jackson, Mississippi
Natchez, Mississippi
Helena, Montana April, 2001
Roosevelt, New Jersey
Buffalo, New York
Omaha, Nebraska
Virginia City, Nevada
Virginia City, Nevada -2
Las Vegas, N.M.
Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Valley City, North Dakota
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Lancaster, Pa.
S. Dakota - Wyoming
Deadwood, South Dakota
Mt. Rushmore, South Dakot
Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Memphis, Tennessee
Clarion, Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah
Wild Horse Butte, Utah
Charleston, W. Va.
Richmond, Va.
Spokane, Washington
Cheyenne, Wyoming
The Last Herzl
Leo Frank - Gov. Slaton
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Buchenwald - Little Camp
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Las Vegas, N.M. Dedication
Temple Montefiore - Marker
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The Accidental Congregation
Temple Montefiore, N.M. and the origins of the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation.
The American Jewish Experience - JASHP
Pat Boone and Jerry Klinger viewing artistic print of the S.S. Exodus
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Pat Boone and the Exodus Memorial
"Pat Boone, world famous singer, movie actor and writer has been a lifelong friend of Israel. His active continuing career has spanned over 62 years, selling more than 46 million albums, 38 Platinum top forty singles, starring in 12 movies and a hit T.V. show. Yet, he will modestly tell you, he thinks �his song� Exodus was the high point of his career.... The Exodus was an American Holocaust rescue ship. She was American funded. She was crewed by American World War II veterans with Haganah leadership. Her mission was to rescue 4,515 desperate survivors of the Holocaust, unwanted by the world for surviving, trapped in European Displaced Persons Camps. In some cases, the DP camps were adjacent to the Concentration Camps where the Nazis had tried to murder the survivors just two years before."
Lucy Friedlander Covington
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Lucy Friedlander Covington
2007, U.S. Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell, himself a Northern Cheyenne, described the Termination policy. �If you can�t change them, absorb them until they simply disappear into the mainstream culture. ...In Washington�s infinite wisdom, it was decided that tribes should no longer be tribes, never mind that they had been tribes for thousands of years.�
Sol Nitzberg
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A Night of Tar, Feathers and Terror
"Hang the Jew", an agitated member of the vigilantes bellowed. His quarry, Sol Nitzberg, Sonoma County, poultry farmer, labor organizer, Communist and Jew, along with four comrades awaited judgement in the yard of a West Santa Rosa feed mill. The article, courtesy of the author, first appeared in the Sonoma Historian - 2006
Oklahoma Land Rush - 1889
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Oklahoma - A Jewish Story
For Jews, incredulously to those few fortunate Jews who were in the dangerous, unknown remote across the Hudson River of Oklahoma, America was offering them the opportunity for free land. A few Jews could be identified in the massive run. America was offering them land not on the basis of religion, but on their willingness to reach for the Golden Ring.
Herman Stern
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The Slippery Slope
Herman Stern was a small town North Dakota clothier centered out of Valley City. He was isolated, remote from any major Jewish community. He and his wife lived their lives modestly and with community respected dignity on the Dakota Plains. Stern became a major, American Holocaust rescuer.
Consul General of Israel - Sam Grundwerg
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Rev. William Blackstone Commemoration
"History has not given enough credit or attention to Blackstone or his contribution to Zionism, which is why we are here today to commemorate his legacy and to pay tribute to his immeasurable contributions to the Jewish people and the creation of the modern state of Israel. It is why, for me, as the official representative of the state of Israel, (it is important) to stand here and pay that tribute. It is a great honor and a tikkun � a correction of the lack of attention and credit that he so much deserved and his legacy deserved.� Consul General Sam Grundwerg of Israel
Rev. William Blackstone - Wreath - State of Israel
Gov, Moses Alexander
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Governor Moses Alexander
Moses Alexander was the 11th governor of Idaho. He was a Jew. Some sources say he was the first Jewish governor, others, the second� or was he the third?.....A Jewish community does not need a building to pray in. Ten Jews can assemble anywhere, even under a tree, to be a quorum to hold religious services. Rather, Jews built synagogues because they could in America. A Jewish house of worship was a visible, permanent statement � Jews are part of the community, they are part of America.
Congregation Ahavath Beth Israel
Burial Site of Gov. Alexander
Click to enlarge - Jersey Homesteads - 1930's
A Jewish home in the East:
Part 1
After the failure of the Jewish agricultural home in the West, spearheaded by Benjamin Brown in Clarion, Utah, Brown tried again in the East.
Jersey Homesteads -Roosevelt, N.J. The First 50 Years - part 1
Garment Worker by Lenore Thomas, Jersey Homesteads, Roosevelt, N.J.
A Jewish Home in the East:
Part 2
After the failure of the Jewish agricultural home in the West, spearheaded by Benjamin Brown in Clarion, Utah, Brown tried again in the East.
Chula Vista, Ca. synagogue
Chula Vista Historic Site # 103
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Jewish History in Chula Vista (Ca.)
Chula Vista was developed in 1887 by the Santa Fe Railroad as an agricultural tract for five-acre lemon ranches and elegant orchards. As options for Jews grew, they became part of the American fabric. Jewish life in a small town.
Jewish Cemetery - Old Salt Pond Rd
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White Church Street Jewish Cemetery Memory and Preservation
To supplement these, much has been done to record the geneology of Jamaican Jewish families and to find, clean and catalogue most of the 13 remaining Jewish Cemeteries. The Second Beth Chaim of Spanish Town is one such project.
1916 Dodge Touring Car
Document Library
Roseburg, Oregon and the Star of David
It was the Star of David overlaid on the map of the world. The Star of David was apparently the emblem of the Dodge Brother�s automotive empire. I was stunned.
Clarion, Utah 1912
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Clarion, Utah
A Jewish Home in the New Zion of the West.
Reinhold Chrystman
Document Library
Righteous Among the Nations - the Search for Reinhold Chrystman
He was, like Schindler, a Volksdeutsche who used slave labor in order to protect his son from being sent to the Russian front... It was a white leather book inscribed on the cover with gold lettering, stating that the inmates of Kara-Hortensja dedicate the book to Christman for saving the lives of about 700 Jews... What better evidence could he have than the grateful acknowledgment of his slave laborers?
Leo Frank
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The Lynching of Leo Frank - The Commutation of Gov. John Slaton
A few moments before Leo Frank was lynched from a tree on Frey�s Gin Rd, in Marietta, Georgia, he asked that his wedding ring be given to his wife Lucille. The lynchers were respectable men. Some of them were the finest men of Georgia, Judges, businessmen, officers of the law, even a former Governor. The simple gold ring was slipped from Leo�s hand. As promised, it was eventually given to his widow. Leo was hung. Pictures were taken. Thousands of copies of the famous photograph of Leo Frank hanging from a tree were sold as souvenir post cards for many years in Georgia. The lynchers, the onlookers, were satisfied that justice, delayed, was justice finally done. None were tried for the murder they had done.
Charlotte-Amalie, St. Thomas V.I.
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St. Thomas, Camille Pissarro, Jewish Identity
War had been declared between the Pissarro family and the St. Thomas Mahamade. A direct challenge to the authority of the Mahamade and the laws and regulations that permitted the Jews to live on St. Thomas was at issue not to mention the violation and definition of traditional Jewish marriage practices.
Don Quixote
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Moses Elias Levy
It has been two hundred years since Levy wanted, tried and failed to create a safe haven for European Jews in America. He wanted them to come, to escape deadly European anti-Semitism. Ironically, today, two centuries later, once again calls are going out to European Jewry, from the United States and Israel. Each of those lands is calling on Jews to escape deadly, resurgent European antisemitism.
Lt. Col. John Henry Patterson
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Patterson - JASHP -1
�There is no exaggeration; Patterson was the commander of the first Jewish fighting force in nearly two millennia. And as such, he can be called the godfather of the Israeli army.�
St. Eustatius Ruined Pier
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The Jews of St. Eustatius - The Golden Rock to the Golden Door
Of the many islands in the Caribbean, St. Eustatius is one of the smallest. It may be small but the island played an enormous role in the success of the American Revolution. The Jews of St. Eustatius were central to that success but not for the reasons you would have expected.
Israel's Christian Zionist Heroes - Introduction
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Israel's Christian Zionist Heroes
Though little known, Christians, Americans, Europeans, men and women, were central to the story of Zionism and the creation of the State of Israel. "They did what no Jew could do."
Jahrzeit Plaque
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White Slavery and the Jews
In Argentina, Isaac brought Sophia to his business at the Hotel Palestina and the Café Parisienne in Buenos Aires. She, and other new �brides�, were displayed naked before groups of Jewish businessmen who examined what they were about to buy, carefully. Isaac, like the other Jewish businessmen, only dealt in Jewish women. Sophia was sold. Sophia was sold.
Joan Winters
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Joan Winters
Robert Avrech, the Emmy Award winning screen writer, wrote about Joan Winters� in his blog; that is where I first learned about her. Avrech wrote, (her life) �reads like the plot of a movie. A young, beautiful, restless American showgirl travels to the exotic east where she finds intrigue, romance�and a violent death.� Joan was murdered late in October 1933. Her body was found near the Garden of Gethsemane in an olive grove. It was a frightening time in Jerusalem and all of Palestine. Arab rioting against the Jews and the British had, violently, bloodily, and terrifyingly, flared up again. Winters was almost 24.
Wild Horse Butte
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Solomon Carvalho, Jewish American explorer of the West
The American frontier, argues Jacob Marcus Rader, founder of the field of American Jewish history, created a new Jew. The Jew was different here�, he writes. He had left the ghetto to become a pioneer on the American frontier�.If to be a frontiersman is to be a man who dares to hazard, then the Jews as a whole are America�s urban frontiersman par excellence�.Here he could be an individual.
New Year's Card 1901
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The Dilemma of American Jewish Identity
The Pew Survey reported that 22%, more than one in five, of American Jews admit they have no religious identity. Only 46% of American Jews felt that being Jewish or identifying as Jewish was important to them.
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Yiddish Since When?
Not being much different from many of the kids of my generation, growing up as Americans, trying to assimilate, Yiddish was not on our minds, English and Baseball and girls were.
U.S.S. Georgia
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The U.S.S. Georgia and the Mystery of Seaman Benjamin Kreiger
Just as Benjamin Kreiger, the left gun rammer, slammed the breech of the left gun, the smoldering cotton cover of the powder being prepared on the right gun glowed very brightly. It flamed and exploded in a massive rain of fire, searing heat, a horrific concussion of blasting air confined inside the turret. Men had been diving for cover as best as they could when they heard the scream and saw the powder bag burning. They understood what was going to happen. They knew they were sealed inside a steel shell of death.
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Past and Prologue
When is the Past Prologue? When we think we have nothing to learn from the past.
National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Document Library
Glimpses of the "Old" Jewish West
They sleep in the past, gentle forgetfulness, resting under stones gray. Names recognized no more. Even gone are those who loved them once. Yet, from distant yesterday, they shape our today
Wagon Train
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Samuel Sussman Snow
Samuel Sussman Snow was a Jewish Wagon Train Master, Doctor, Indian Trader, California Pioneer, Gold miner and Rancher. He married a Catholic woman. They raised their children as Jews. Patrilineal Judaism and the Frontier experience.
Judah P. Benjamin
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Judah P. Benjamin
U.S. Senator, Secretary of War, Secretary of State - Confederate States of America, Slaveholder. Some historians have called him "the brains of the Confederacy," even as others tried to blame him for the South�s defeat.
American Sunrise
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Blessing of the Sun
Rabbi Arrested for Observance of an Ancient Talmudic Ceremony in Tompkins Square
Haym Salomon
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Haym Salomon
Jewish Conflict and Identity: The central fact remains, Salomon was the key keeping the Revolutionary Government and economy viable at the pivotal point of survival.
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Charlie Winters and Israel's Bomber Command
"Had Mr. Winters and other Americans not provided this assistance at such a critical time, Israel may not have survived as an independent State."
Col. John Henry Patterson
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Col. John Henry Patterson - the real founder of the Israel Defense Forces.
He sacrificed his career supporting the idea of a Jewish army during WWI. The British anti-Semitic military heirarchy fought him bitterly. In the United States he was the Christian voice of Jabotinsky screaming to all who refused to hear about the coming Holocaust. He died forgotten by all but his Revisionist-Zionist friends. He had hoped to be buried with his men in Israel, unfulfilled. His cremains wait in Los Angeles. Patterson is the Godfather of Yoni Netanyahu - the brother of the Prime Minister of Israel.
Stop (enough) Violence -Petah Tikvah, Israel
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Jews and Gun Control
Jews for guns...crazy...maybe not. American Jews are, by significant majorities, liberal and pro-gun control. Some Jews support gun confiscation. The discord within the Jewish world over guns exhibits an almost schizophrenic split between the religious, balanced attitudes of the Observant and the secular motivations of the non-religious. People have a right to defend themselves, even kill, the Orthodox argue from Jewish religious law.
David Levy Yulee
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David Levy Yulee: Conflict and Continuity in Social Memory
David Levy Yulee was one of nineteenth-century Florida�s most enigmatic and distinguished leaders. Since his death in 1886, Floridians have chosen to remember different aspects of his remarkable life. Some communities have concentrated on his political career, especially his relationship with the Confederacy. Known notoriously by some as the �Florida fire-eater,� he also led the state in secession from the Union and maintained contact with leading Confederate officials throughout the Civil War...Upon Florida�s admission into the Union on 3 March, 1845, Levy was promptly elected to the US Senate as one of the new state�s first senators.
Elvis Presley 1957 - Jailhouse Rock
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Elvis Was Jewish
Elvis Presley was Jewish? You have got to be kidding. You are serious. Elvis was Jewish under Jewish law and he knew it?
Rabbi Wentworth Arthur Matthews
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The Black Hebrew Israelites and Kansas
The Black Hebrew Israelites trace their origins to a Black American former slave who had a vision. American Black Hebrew Israelites live in Israel today.
Opa Locka, Florida
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Opa Locka to Dimona
�Sheila, why don�t we go out for a ride today? You don�t need to watch this �drek, this crap�. I found an incredible place to visit, Opa Locka. �Opa what?� she responded, still half distracted from the shock and daze that none of the five guys were the father.Opa-tisha-worka-locka�, it�s an area near Miami named by the Native Americans who lived here a long time ago. Long before when Miami was nothing but a mosquito infested swamp. It means �a big island covered with many trees and swamps�. No one can say that. The locals shortened it to Opa-locka. Its a city built in the 1920�s to look like something from the Arab world� I finished saying.
Am I not a man and a brother?
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August Bondi
August Bondi, an American Jewish abolitionist, who fought with John Brown to free the slaves.
Arlington National Cemetery
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You are only dead if you are forgotten
Ken was not just a visitor or a tourist. He had a mission. His mission was on behalf of the American people. His mission was to acknowledge, to document and honor, the sacrifice and patriotism of the American Jew for their country.
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Solomon Bibo, the Jewish Indian Chief
"Periodically, the story of Solomon Bibo is sent out via the internet. Each time, it astonishes the Jewish world. Bibo was a Jewish man from Poland. He was a Chief of the Acoma Indians of New Mexico in the 1880's."
The Auschwitz Death Camp
Document Library
To Rescue the Jews - the Holocaust, American Response and the Bombing of Auschwitz
The report�s title oozed with blood - "Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of This Government in the Murder of the Jews.� January 16, 1944, an outraged Morgenthau, accompanied by John Pehle, presented the damning report to President Roosevelt.
President Richard Nixon
Document Library
Richard Nixon - Henry Kissinger, The anti-Semite who saved Israel
Even Nixon himself did not hesitate to declare: �Christ, if it weren�t for me, there wouldn�t be any (Israel) even though they may not know it over here.�
Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim
Document Library
Kahal Kadosh Beith Elohim
Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim (KKBE) in Charleston, South Carolina, is the oldest synagogue in continuous use in the United States. Its story is one of faith, perseverance, and tolerance in the American tradition of religious freedom.
Document Library
American Holocaust Memorializations
With the passing of the Shoah generation, American Holocaust Memorializations in synagogues, cemeteries and communities are passing into the fog of historical forgetfulness. The major memorials have been documented and photographed though not catalogued. Local and small community Holocaust memorials have not been photographically documented, catalogued or archived.
The Finger of God
Document Library
The Finger of God
Enlarging my picture, I saw a person appear. Imagination and wishful thinking is a powerful delusory director. But, I had no such imaginings. I was just taking a picture. There was something else in the Memorial. The person was an old man, a characterized sharp nosed man with a scraggly beard wearing a Tallis and holding a Torah.
Beit Tshuvah Torah
Document Library
Beit Tshuvah and the Torah
In 1992, a Torah was requested by Beit Tshuvah. Torah #773 traveled to LA were it was lovingly placed into the Holy Ark of Beit Tshuvah�s community. It once again radiated light, love and life back to people who had, like the Torah, encountered an evil that sought their death. Together, the Beit Tshuvah Torah on permanent long term loan to the community lives, as it together with the people, return to the living.
Document Library
Eugenics and the Holocaust
How can the nation (America) which holds the lead in human experimentation in any conceivable form, how can that nation dare to accuse and punish other nations which only copied their experimental procedures? And even euthanasia! �the nation which in the face of the history of humanity will forever have to bear the guilt for Hiroshima and Nagasaki�
Jewish Pioneers of the Black Hills Gold Rush
Document Library
Jew Peddlar Trail
Miners prospecting for gold in the Black Hills needed supplies delivered to their camps and it was the practice at that time to have peddlars travel out into the countryside to fill those needs. Jewish peddlars would originate from businesses in Rapid City and Deadwood carrying 100 plus-pound backpacks loaded with overalls, socks, boots, harnesses and other necessities, carrying their stores on their backs as they traveled, visiting camps along the way to sell
Schmuel Zygielbojm:
Document Library
A Lost Cassandra, the Holocaust and Zionism
As a last desperate act to focus an uncaring world�s attention on the increasingly known extermination of European Jewry, Zygielbojm dramatically took his own life. The world in 1943 cared for a few days and moved on.....In 1959, a surviving son of Schmuel Zygielbojm found the cremains of his father in a shed in a Jewish cemetery in Golder�s Green, in London. He had been denied a Jewish burial. Jews, even Jews who are atheists, openly hostile to Jewish religious values are entitled to a Jewish burial in the consecrated ground of a Jewish cemetery. Zygielbojm was not because he had been cremated. The fact that he had died and was cremated in a protest to try and save Jewish lives did not matter. He had violated basic premises of Jewish faith and could not be buried properly in the cemetery. Zygielbojm�s son, with the assistance of the American Bundist and Jewish Labor Movement, brought his ashes to America. They all felt he would be given proper and better respect in New York than he would have in Israel. Zygielbojm, in life and in death, was not a Zionist.
Four Immortal Chaplains
Document Library
The Four Immortal Chaplains
It was the evening of Feb. 2, 1943, and the U.S.A.T. Dorchester was crowded to capacity, carrying 902 service men, merchant seamen and civilian workers when the torpedoes struck. As the ship was sinking in the frigid waters of the North Atlantic, there were not enough life jackets to go around. Four chaplains, two Protestant, one Catholic and one Jewish took their own life jackets off and gave them to the men. The chaplains were last seen standing arm in arm, in prayer, as Americans before God
Custer - Battle of the Little Big Horn
Document Library
Jews and the Battle of the Little Big Horn
Like many young Americans raised in the ethos of the American West, the Battle of the Little Big Horn was a story that excited the blood. It stirred the imagination. What stirred more than the imagination was when I read on the internet about Sergeant George Geiger from Cincinnati, Ohio. He fought at the Battle of the Little Big Horn. He received the Congressional Medal of Honor. Web site after web site told the same fascinating tale. George Geiger was Jewish. My mind raced with excitement at the thought; a Jew had fought at the Battle of the Little Big Horn.
Lynching of Leo Frank
Document Library
Why the Leo Frank Pardon is Important
Leo Frank, a Jewish American, was lynched in Georgia for a crime he may not have committed. Richard Mamches cogently argues why a belated pardon is justified.
Rev. William E. Blackstone
Document Library
Rev. William E. Blackstone, Justice Louis Brandeis, President Woodrow Wilson
�Mr. Brandeis is perfectly infatuated with the work that you have done along the lines of Zionism. It would have done your heart good to haveheard him assert what a valuable contribution to the cause your document is. In fact he agrees with me that you are the Father of Zionism, as your work antedates Herzl�
Document Library
A "Cobber"
Glenn King had died three weeks earlier in a horrific air crash. His C-46 lumbered down the runway of Mexico City , one engine began spitting and smoking as the plane strained to get off the ground. The ship clawed at the thin air, overloaded with a cargo of weapons bound for Israel before American FBI agents could stop them.
Machal Memorial - Israel
Document Library
Christian Volunteers during the Isreli War of Independence
�You came to us when we needed you the most, during those dark and uncertain days in our War of Independence.�
Ben Hecht
Document Library
Ben Hecht
The Aliyah Bet veterans are almost all gone now, passing under the grey waves of lapping history and forgetfulness. Peter Bergson & Ben Hecht's struggle to save Jewish lives is still deliberately obscured, to protect the ethos, the myths of Jewish/Zionist leadership.
Never Again?
Document Library
Commemorating the Shoah
"It [the Holocaust] is something like a religion.... The Intellectual Adventure is that we are reversing this entire trend within the space of one generation -- that in a few years time no one will believe this particular legend anymore. They will say, as I do, that atrocities were committed. Yes, hundreds of thousands of people were killed, but there were no factories of death. All that is a blood libel against the German people." David Irving, Speech in Portland, Ore., September 18, 1996
Varian Fry, The Waitstills
Document Library
American �Righteous Among the Nations�
Frodo: "I wish none of this had happened." Gandalf: "So do all who live to see such times. But that is not for them to decide. All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given to us." Lord of the Rings
Judah Touro
Document Library
Judah Touro
For Jews, Touro was a contradiction in purpose and motivation. Modern Jewish historians such as Bertram Korn saw him as a Scrooge needing to be shown the path to redemption before his passing. Other Jewish historians such as Leon Huhner saw him as an American patriot, a faithful and generous Jew. Most historians pay little attention to him except for his famous and extraordinary will. His benefactions were forgotten once the money was gone.
The Great Train Robbery
Document Library
Jim Levy: Irish "Jewish" Gunfighter of the Old West
The gunfight broke out in a flash. Everyone was sure that Levy would be lying on the floor, bleeding from a gaping hole in his gut. It was Harrison who was dead instead. No one had heard of Jim Levy the gunfighter or of his reputation before. Harrison had never bad mouthed Levy for being a Jew. He bad mouthed Levy for being an Irishman.
Mordecai Manuel Noah
Document Library
Mordecai Manuel Noah and the struggle for Freedom and Equality
Mordecai Noah, the first American Zionist. "My religion an object of hostility? I thought I was a citizen of the United States, protected by the constitution in my religious as well as in my civil rights. My religion was known to the government at the time of my appointment, and it constituted one of the prominent causes why I was sent to Barbary; if then any 'unfavorable' events had been created by my religion, they should have been first ascertained, and not acting upon a supposition, upon imaginary consequences, have thus violated one of the most sacred and delicate rights of a citizen".
The Ship That Launched A Nation - The Exodus'47
Document Library
In Search of the Exodus (The Ship that Launched a Nation)
The true story of the Exodus is largely unknown, mostly forgotten today. It is not the story of Uris, Preminger and Gold. It is a story of drama, fierce courage, determination, tragedy and resolution in the face of cold hearted anti-Jewish brutality. The Exodus � the Ship that Launched a Nation, Ruth Gruber the famous newswoman, named her in dispatch and in her book by the same name. She was the ship that launched a nation, but what became of her? Where was the Exodus?
Simon Bamberger, Governor of Utah 1917-1921
Document Library
Jews and the the Latter Day Saints
"The small Jewish community in Salt Lake City formed the Hebrew Benevolent Society in 1864. The Society looked after Jews who were poor or had fallen on hard times. High Holiday services were held in the homes of local Jewish merchants between 1864 and 1866. Later, the Mormons generously donated use of the Seventies Hall, an LDS communal building accommodating the growing Jewish community�s need for more space for High Holiday services. They wanted to encourage the Jews to worship God. Brigham Young, respecting and supporting the Jewish community�s needs, donated land to the Jews, 1869, for a communal Jewish cemetery."
Brigham Young, leader of the LDS
Rev. John Stanley Grauel
Document Library
John the "Priest"
"He did what no Jew could do." Reverend John Stanley Grauel, the man who helped make Israel possible.
Meyer Lansky
Document Library
In Search of Meyer (Lansky)
He sleeps silently in the Mt. Nebo Jewish cemetery in West Miami, Florida awaiting the coming of the Messiah. To the end, he declared himself a Jew, though not a religious one. Meyer shares his gravesite with his oldest son Buddy under the flight path of El Al jets arriving from Israel into nearby Miami International airport. A large pink colored memorial stone carved with the single un-telling name, Lanksy, and an eternal light to one side is at his head. His footstone reads modestly, "Meyer Lansky 1902 -1983", a Star of David serves as the dash between the dates. "Forever in our Hearts" is carved on the bottom row.
Cotopaxi, Co. Cemetery
Document Library
Cotopaxi - The failed Russian Jewish Agricultural Colony, 1882-1884
"It was an overcast afternoon. I stood quietly looking� a long time� at the graves of the long forgotten children. I said Kaddish. Non-Jewish hands had generously, kindly, gently marked where they lay with multicolored stones from the mine. For the most part, it is the Jews who no longer remember them."
Charles A. Levine
Document Library
Charles Levine and the first American Jewish Pilot
"Light was just breaking in the eastern sky as the plane, patriotically named the Columbia, lifted off the runway straight into the rising sun. It was 6:05 am at Roosevelt Field, Long Island, Saturday, June 4, 1927. Aboard was the pilot, Clarence Chamberlin and a last minute recklessly courageous passenger."
Arthur L. Welsh - 1911
Document Library
The American War Congress (of 1918) and Zionism
The Balfour Declaration is one of the most momentous documents of the 20th century. The Zionist organization of America asked American Senators and Congressmen to respond, what were their feelings about the Balfour Declaration. During 1918, 61 Senators, 239 Congressmen and Representatives from three U.S. Territories wrote back reflecting on American popular feelings toward the Balfour Declaration, Jews and Zionism.
Dr. Richard Gottheils
Document Library
Richard Gottheil, The Reluctant Father of American Zionism
" To minds like these Zionism came with the force of an evangel. To be a Jew and to be proud of it; to glory in the power and pertinacity of the race, its traditions, its triumphs, its sufferings its resistance to persecution; to look the world frankly in the face and to enjoy the luxury of moral and intellectual honesty; to feel pride in belonging to the people that gave Christendom its divinities, that taught half the world monotheism, whose ideas have permeated civilization as never the ideas of a race before it, whose genius fashioned the whole mechanism of modern commerce, and whose artists, actors, singers and writers have filled a larger place in the cultured universe than those of any other people�.
Document Library
What is American Zionism
Zionism, for most American Jews, was the dream of only a very few before World War I. The American Zionist movement by 1910 could claim less than 10,000 members out of 2,000,000 American Jews.
Stanley Stein
Document Library
Searching for Stanley Stein
"Stanley Stein was not his real name; it was a name he chose for himself in the few seconds he was given, rather than being known simply as patient #746. He could not use his real name anymore. He did not want the stigmatization, the fears of societal revulsion and isolation to extend to his beloved family that he had been snatched away from suddenly, traumatically. Stanley Stein was a leper. Taken away under American quarantine laws, to a benign American concentration camp in Carville, Louisiana with other diseased human beings like himself; Stanley was 31."
Benjamin B. Levy
Document Library
Benjamin B. Levy and the Congressional Medal of Honor
In the first few moments of the battle the Color bearers of the 1st New York were cut down. from the withering fire from the Confederate line, heavy and deadly accurate. The 1st New York staggered as the whizzing lead slammed into men with dull thuds. The Union line wavered in the smoke and lost its cohesiveness. The Colors had to be saved. As men about him fell bleeding, cut to pieces, wounded into frightening crimson screams of pain, Private Levy jumped forward and grabbed the fallen colors, raising them anew. Waving them bravely, he heartened the men of the 1st New York. The line stabilized and rallied about the battle flag. The regiment was saved from probable total destruction by the skinny Jewish drummer boy.
Honoring Benjamin Levy
Benjamin Levy rolling to save the Flag.
Document Library
Benjamin Levy at the Battle of Frazer's Farm
"On emerging from the woods with the two colors, he met General Phil Kearney, who was in command of his division at that time. The general inquired what regiment he belonged to, and on being informed, directly him to the point where the remnant of the regiment was stationed. For his gallantry in rescuing the two colors he was then and there promoted by General Kearney to be color-sergeant."
Document Library
The Beginning 1492-1654
Jews were part of the voyages of discovery even with Columbus's maiden voyage. Sometimes Jews came as crew members willingly as conversos, hidden Jews who chose to convert superficially to Christianity because they feared the horrors of the Catholic Church's Inquisition. Sometimes Jews were kidnapped, forcibly baptized and became members of exploring crews, such as Gaspar da Gama a Sephardic Jew who sailed with Portuguese admiral Pedro Alvares Cabral to present day Brazil in 1500.
Document Library
The Canary in the Coal Mine
"Petition to the Governor General Peter Stuyvesant and Council of New Amsterdam - 1655. We, Jacob Barsimson and Asser Levy, members of the Jewish community wish to be included not exempted or excluded from Military Service in the common defense of New Amsterdam."
Document Library
How the Jews saved the American Revolution
"They (the Jews of St. Eustatius, Caribbean Antilles) cannot too soon be taken care of - they are notorious in the cause of America and France." Admiral Sir George Rodney commander of the British Fleet, February, 1781."
Document Library
From Test Oath to the Jew Bill
"For happily the Government of the United States, which gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance, requires only that they who live under its protection, should demean themselves as good citizens."
Document Library
No Jews welcome, welcome all Jews
""Today was a day of the most heartfelt sadness, of the bitterest pain for the local Israelite congregation. Six fathers of families with wives and children, altogether 44 individuals of the Mosaic faith, left home to find a new fatherland in far off America. Not an eye remained without tears, not a soul unmoved, as the bitter hour of parting struck.... They said that they were emigrating mainly because of their children"
Document Library
Jews for Slavery, Jews Against Slavery
The American Civil War was a crucible of values, power, change and American amalgamation. The War resolved the American ideals first expressed in the Declaration of Independence,
Document Library
Doctors, Lawyers, Indian Chiefs, Dance Hall Girls, Gunfighters
"I lived among trappers and Indians, but always as a Jew. Did I need grander temples to worship in? In the murmurs of the pines I hear the psalms of David: the fragrance of the incense is as of old, the winds speak to me in 'His Voice."
Document Library
The Russians are Coming, The Russians are Coming
They have come to this country with the pious purpose of making it their home; of identifying themselves and their children with its future; of worshipping under its protection, according to their consciences; of becoming its citizens; of loving it; of giving to it their energies, their intelligence, their persistent industry.
Document Library
America was Different, America is Different
"The orthodox Jewish influences, still at work upon (the Jewish boy) are rapidly weakened. He grows to look upon the ceremonial life at home as rather ridiculous. His old parents, who speak no English, he regards as 'greenhorns'�. The growing sense of superiority on the part of the boy to the Hebraic part of his environs extends itself soon to the home� he runs away from the supper table to join his gang on the Bowery, where he is quick to pick up the very latest slang, where his talent for caricature is developed often at the expense of his parents, his race, and all 'foreigner.' For he is an American, he is 'the people.'"
Document Library
The Struggle to Survive in the New World
The single most extraordinary period in American Jewish history, perhaps in Jewish world history was between the years 1945 � 1967. Jews for the first time in two thousand years of struggle to exist were presented with two accomplished facts. One, with the near total destruction of European Jewry came a miraculous Jewish rebirth with the modern State of Israel. Second, with the end of WWII, came the reality and hoped for dream of freedom and acceptance of Jewish existence in a non-Jewish land.
Document Library
Who is an American Jew, What is an American Jew
"Reform rabbis don't care what the Torah or Jewish law says about anything; it doesn't apply to them. At an interdenominational dialogue in which I participated some years ago, shortly after the Reform movement had endorsed Cesar Chavez's boycott of grapes picked by underpaid Chicano laborers, a Conservative rabbi infuriated his Reform Counterpart by observing: ' A reform rabbi who publicly eats pork on Yom Kippur will not get into trouble with the Central Conference of American Rabbis (the Reform rabbinical association) unless he has grapes for desert."
Document Library
American Jewish History 1967-2005
"The Diaspora will continue to exist, but only for two or three more generations, not longer. After that, Jewish ignorance will greatly increase in the gentile world, assimilation will increase, and no trace will remain of our spiritual heritage. Slowly, the material connection between the Jews in the golah (Diaspora) and those in Israel will cease, and when the State of Israel will no longer require its help and reconstruction aid, an end will come to the golah."
Document Library
The Meaning of American Jewish History
"Before the beginning of the nineteenth century all Jews regarded Judaism as a privilege; since then most Jews have come to regard it as a burden."
Document Library
The Fight for Religious Freedom, Warder Cresson - Quaker - Jew
According to some, Cresson's spirit was blessed, but according to others he was cursed with a restless religious soul that continually sought to encounter God directly. It was his desire to experience the Kingdom of Heaven as a living, present reality. His deep unfulfilled religious yearning brought him into conflict with his Quaker community and roots, eventually it was to cause his separation.
Document Library
American Judaism and the Future
"The CJLS (Committee for Jewish Law and Standards - of the American Conservative Movement) has two postions on whether women may participate in Nesiat Kapayim. The Va'ad Halakha of the Masorti movement has approved one position."
Document Library
Billy the Kid and the Murder of Morris Bernstein
"Morris Bernstein was born in London, Feb. 11, 1856. He was murdered at the South Fork of the Tularosa River, near the Mescalero Apache Indian Reservation Agency at Blazer's Mill, New Mexico, August 5, 1878."
Document Library
American Jews are Vanishing
"Baltimore, Maryland is one of the largest and most cohesive Jewish communities in the U.S. The Jews are so cohesive that most live within an area of northern Baltimore � actually Baltimore County, called Pikesville. They have their own eruv and can be seen walking or riding up and down Reisterstown Road, to and from their various shteibels, synagogues or temples, on Shabbat or Yom Tov. "
Document Library
Rope Walker
"There are many stories that Gramps shared with us. One of my favorites was about a man who, when he died, no one knew his name. On his tombstone was carved only "Rope Walker."
Solomon Star & Seth Bullock
Document Library
Deadwood, South Dakota and the Jews
"A few days before Wild Bill was laid down to the shrieks and wails of a alcoholic, part time prostitute, female gun totter and deeply loving admirer, Calamity Jane, a real western lawman and his sidekick rode into town. His name was Seth Bullock and his unlikely partner was Solomon (Sol) Star. An unlikely a pair as ever could be seen. They came from Helena, Montana, another rough gold mining town, where Seth had been a marshal. Bullock was a tall, Christian man with a cold look in his gray eyes above his handle bar mustache. Star much shorter, sturdily built, a firm look in his face of reliability and toughness � was a Jew."
Washington, D.C.
Document Library
The Swiss Treaty and the Washington Hebrew Congregation
"Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That all the rights, privileges, and immunities heretofore granted by law to the Christian churches in the city of Washington, be, and the same are hereby, extended to the Hebrew congregation of said city, and that the third section of the act approved the seventeenth of June, eighteen hundred and forty-four, entitled "An act concerning conveyances or devises of places of public worship in the District of Columbia," shall be so construed as to allow the members of the Hebrew congregation from time to time, by a vote of two-thirds, to elect their own trustees, and the same, by a like vote, to displace at pleasure; which said trustees shall, during their continuance in office, have the same title in power over any lot or tract of land as if held by them under the act aforesaid for a Christian church, or as if they were appointed under said act trustees of any Christian church: "
All articles in the JASHP archives are provided by and are the sole responsibility of the authors. JASHP accepts no legal responsibility for the material presented.
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Written on: 31/05/2013 by billbass (1 review written)
Nothing negative to relate on this purchase. Everything was done by phone and email, I knew the exact car I wanted which helped a lot, so I had no surprises when the car was delivered to my door. Signing the paperwork took maybe ten minutes - compare that to ANY dealership (!!!) - the tour of the car took longer.
Definitely, definitely the way to buy a car
As rated by our community of reviewers
" A Happy Customer " Read More
Written by kennyfox1972
" Honest & Fair " Read More
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" A top class service " Read More


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Check out the blog for our latest offers!
For the gin lovers in your life, these badges are just the job to brighten a lapel.
Each badge measures 1 inch diameter and is backed with a pin fastening.
Perfect for stocking filler gifts at Christmas, for advent calendars, little gifts or party favours.
Christmas Holly Cross Stitch Badge
Cross Stitch Ampersand Badge
Cross Stitch Arrow Badge
Cross Stitch Balloon Badge


text:
The report provides a review of the latest news and key events in the global hot drinks market during February 2014.
Using this report, marketers will effectively gain an insight into the latest happenings in the global hot drinks market throughout the month. The monthly report provides the reader with the top-line data necessary to quickly keep abreast of latest events in the global hot drinks market on a monthly basis.
1 List of Key Events in Global Hot Drinks Market
2 Key Events in Global Hot Drinks Market
2.1 Kili Coffee Roasters launches in US
2.2 Mitsubishi, Colcafé partner to form coffee joint venture in Malaysia
2.3 CoffeeKind launches new website
2.4 Old Market Gourmet Coffee launches online business
2.5 Maui Wowi Hawaiian names new franchisee
2.6 Global Office Solutions launches new beverage division
2.7 Marley Coffee introduces RealCup capsules
2.8 DTS8 Coffee begins online coffee sales in China
2.9 Crimson Cup to compete for Americaâs Best Espresso title
2.1 Pookiâs Mahi expands sweetener line
2.11 Suki Tea introduces new cocoa tea blends
2.12 Healthy Brands expands High Country Kombucha presence in US
2.13 Republic of Tea introduces HiCAF Teas
2.14 Indian tea production up 6.5% in 2013: ITA
2.15 The Indian Tea launches new website
3 Appendix
3.1 About Canadean
3.2 DisclaimerList Of TablesTable 1: Key Events in Global Hot Drinks MarketList Of FiguresNA


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Magento Shop automatic price updater for precious metals based on the official stock prices
This project received 15 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $354 USD.
Get free quotes for a project like thisProject Budget
N/ATotal Bids
15Project Description
i have one magento shop already running, you can find it under [url removed, login to view]
i am based in austria, and my shop is working right now only with one currency the €uro.
i am selling precious metals (ingots/coins and so on..in different sizes from 0.5 grams to 15 kilograms from 10th ounze to 100 ounzes) from gold/silver/platin/palladium and also copper.
what i need is one shop extension witch now is automatically updating the prices (lets say every 5 mins) according to the official stock(ask) rates from [url removed, login to view]
it should work like this:
asking spot price from kitco plus my share (that would be a fixed amount, but for most of the products different) plus 20% VAT = displayed price in the shop.
this should be integrated in the magento shop admin so that i can easily change then also my share for each product......
a plus would be when therefore also a small countdown timer for the shop would be made/provided what would say for example "next price update in [url removed, login to view] minutes
please notice: currency is €uro - therefore it must be used the kitco rates in €uro
then the prices are normaly for onne ounce.....i do have ounces and grams and kilograms
one reason why i need this is, i do have a lot of suppliers, most of them are here working with xt commerce or something else and they do not have any gateway for magento ......so i have to look / to make a price updater for myself.
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Title (Qty) | Price |
Your Basket is empty. | |
Sub Total | £0.00 |
Shipping Total | £0.00 |
Discount | £0.00 |
Total | £0.00 |
These quality Lithos Knee Pads from Pentagon provide a high comfort of wearing and the best protection possible. With soft EVA insert paddings and elasticated quick release straps, the Lithos Knee Pads are perfect for all sports and outdoor activities such as airsoft and paintball, hunting and shooting games.


text:
Moderndog Photo Contest Entry- Mutley
Photo Contest
Photo Contest Dog of the Week
Final votes: 4,250
Meet: Mutley
Jack Russell Cross Border Terrier
Sarah Dzierozynski
Vote For Me!
This is a picture we took of our dog Mutley playing in the snow. Mutley is coming up to 5 months old now.


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Related Regions: Colorado,
Send your season off into the sunset with style with these events happening now through the end of ski season. Full Article
Get snow reports, weather, forecasts, news and ski conditions for your favorite ski resorts.
Three different storm systems will roll across the West over the next five days. Full Article
22nd February 2017
West is best over the next five days for new snow. I'm forecasting three different storm systems. Full Article
18th January 2017
Atmospheric river pattern will bring 50-75 inches of new snow at Tahoe and Mammoth between Saturday and Tuesday. Full Article
4th January 2017
A nor'easter delivers heavy snow before New Year's Day to ski areas in the Northeast, and storm systems keep the snow falling out West. Full Article
22nd December 2016
Christmas is looking snowy for the West with two different storm systems on track. Full Article
21st December 2016
A snowy five-day stretch for the West and to some extent the Northeast will bring powder by the foot once again. Full Article
14th December 2016
Stopping for suds after a long day of skiing? These ski town breweries are must-go. Full Article
9th December 2016
Many Colorado ski resorts are waving lift ticket fees or offering free child tickets in conjunction with packages or promotions. Full Article
7th December 2016
Colorado's biggest resort winners recorded last minute November storm totals of over 20 inches. Full Article
1st December 2016
These picks for best pic highlight the 2015/2016 ski season, from opening day to spring skiing, to Japan and back. Full Article
12th April 2016


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Thursday, 5 May 2011
Dusty Hare
I'm not a regular TV viewer, but have been turning on early on recent Saturdays in eagerness for my weekly hit of Doctor Who.
As a result I've have come across a new game show, strangely reminiscent of telly in the past.
1981 or 2011,
another 80s reboot,
Don't Scare the Hare,
Dusty Bin,
trash TV
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