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Número de publicación | US6183853 B1 |
Tipo de publicación | Concesión |
Número de solicitud | US 09/303,329 |
Fecha de publicación | 6 Feb 2001 |
Fecha de presentación | 30 Abr 1999 |
Fecha de prioridad | 30 Abr 1999 |
Tarifa | Caducada |
También publicado como | EP1177251A1, US6274701, WO2000066655A1 |
Número de publicación | 09303329, 303329, US 6183853 B1, US 6183853B1, US-B1-6183853, US6183853 B1, US6183853B1 |
Inventores | Bert J. Exsted |
Cesionario original | 3M Innovative Properties Company |
Exportar cita | BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan |
Citas de patentes (18), Citada por (9), Clasificaciones (42), Eventos legales (6) | |
Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet | |
This invention relates to porous materials containing melamine resins that exhibit air permeability and repellency to liquids.
Melamine resins first appeared in Europe and later in America, a few years before World War II. Unlike phenolic resins, they have no objectionable odor, yet can be made into flexible to extremely hard lustrous surface coatings that are not easily stained. This is predominately attributed to the remarkable stability of the melamine's triazine ring after being cross-linked into an insoluble matrix. As a cross-linker, melamines have been introduced into molding, laminating, coating, gluing, and textile finishing.
One useful technology for producing microporous materials is thermally induced phase transition (TIPT). The TIPT process is based on the use of a polymer that is soluble in a diluent at an elevated temperature and insoluble in the diluent or forms a gel at a relatively lower temperature. The phase transition can involve a solid-liquid phase separation, a liquid-liquid phase separation or a liquid to gel phase transition. This technology has been employed in the preparation of microporous materials wherein a thermoplastic polymer and a diluent are separated by a liquid-liquid phase separation as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,247,498 and 4,867,881. A solid-liquid phase separation has been described wherein the thermoplastic polymer on cooling crystallizes out. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,539,256 (Shipman), 4,726,989 and 5,120,594 (Mrozinski) and 5,260,360 (Mrozinski et al.) describe such films containing a multiplicity of spaced, randomly dispersed, nonuniform shaped, equiaxed particles of a thermoplastic polymer, optionally coated with a liquid that is immiscible with the polymer at the crystallization temperature of the polymer. Microporous films made by a phase transition from a liquid to a gel have been described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,849,311. Micropores allow permeability to gases, including moisture vapor, but can be relatively impermeable to high surface tension liquids such as water.
The present invention comprises melamine coated microporous materials, microporous materials containing salts, and related articles. The melamine is a cross-linker that is thermally cured and covalently bonded to various nucleophiles (e.g., hydrocarbon or modified hydrocarbon alcohols, etc.). When the nucleophile is a fluorinated monol or polyol, the resulting coating imparts fluid repellencies to the porous substrate against aqueous or organic solvents, while still maintaining the film's microporous morphology. Melamine saturation of porous substrates renders them essentially nonporous. Nevertheless, such nonporous, cross-linked melamine/ether polyol composites still retain a breathability feature.
The series of melamine coated microporous materials of the present invention may further include polyvalent salts incorporated into an ether/melamine coating. Such a combination enhances the hydrophilicity (water wettability) of the resulting coatings.
Accordingly, the present invention is generally described as a coated porous material (such as a porous film) which comprises a porous material and a coating composition applied to said material derived from the following precursors:
(i) a compound of the formula
wherein R is each independently H, CH2OH or CH2OR2, and R1 and R2 are each independently alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and
(ii) an alcohol selected from the group consisting of perfluoroalkyl alcohols of the formula
in which Rf is CnF2n+1 or
where x is 1-12; n is 3-20, and R3 is H, alkyl of 1-4 carbon atoms or —CH2)x—OH, and polyhydric alcohols.
The coated porous material, after the coating composition has been cured, has an air flow Gurley Number equal or less than 2000 sec/50 cc of air.
The coating composition of the inventive coated porous material may comprise both a perfluoroalkyl alcohol and a polyhdric alcohol (different from the perfluoroalkyl alcohol).
The inventive coated porous materials can be formulated to include polyvalent cations bound within the porous material which cations are not removed by water extraction. For example, coated microporous films can be made hydrophilic as depicted below.
In this case, a multivalent (or polyvalent) salt was incorporated into an ether/melamine coating formulation on the porous material thereby enhancing its hydrophilicity, while immobilizing the salt via secondary bonding forces (e.g. polar or ionic) between the cation and the melamine ether chains. Thus, the invention includes a porous material containing polar groups and polyvalent salts bound within the porous material.
The invention also includes within its scope a composite, which is a material made by saturation of a porous substrate with the above described melamine coating composition, which has been cured.
Another aspect of the present invention is a process or method of making a coated porous or nonporous material, i.e. a composite, which includes the following steps:
applying a curable coating composition as above defined in a solvent, on a porous material to cover at least a portion of the material, and
drying the resulting coating sufficiently to remove the solvent and to promote cross-linking or curing, to produce the coated membrane.
Depending on the amount of coating composition applied, the resulting coating membrane may retain its porosity or become nonporous. An effective amount of coating composition to afford a coated membrane having an air-flow Gurley Number of equal or less than 2000 sec/50 cc of air affords a coated porous material. This coated material is repellent against fluids such as hydrophilic and hydro-/oleophobic solvents while maintaining the microporous morphology of the film.
Saturation of the porous substrate with the above described coating composition renders the morphologies nonporous. This composite of non-porous, cross-linked melamine polyol still retains a breathability feature, i.e. air permeability. Thus, the melamine coated non-porous substrate composites are useful, as breathable high performance barrier films in protective garments. Cured thermally with a catalyst, the above melamine formulations provide a definite processing advantage in that their room temperature pot-life upon mixing is not compromised by any viscosity and/or workable time limitations.
Curable coating compositions containing melamine precursors are also part of the invention. These compositions comprise:
(a) a compound of the formula
wherein R is each, independently, H, CH2OH or CH2OR2, and R1 and R2 are each, independently, alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
(b) an alcohol, preferably a polyhydric alcohol; and
(c) either
(i) a perfluoroalkyl alcohol of the formula
in which Rf is CnF2n+1 or
where x is 1-12; n is 3-20, and R3 is H, alkyl of 1-4 carbon atoms or —(CH2)x—OH, or (ii) a polyvalent salt;
which coating composition is capable of cross-linking.
The coated porous materials of the present invention, which include non-woven and woven materials and microporous membranes, retain their liquid repellency and moisture vapor permeability properties for extended periods in many types of applications.
Coated porous materials, e.g. microporous polyolefin membrane materials, of the present invention exhibit significant air permeability properties and repel aqueous-based as well as a wide variety of non-aqueous based liquids.
Coated porous materials of the present invention exhibit durability of their fluid repellency properties when subjected to rubbing, touching, folding, flexing or abrasive contact. They also display oleophobic properties, resisting penetration by oils and greases and may be heat sealable. The oleophobicity of the membrane materials is most surprising in that the membrane materials contain an oily, oleophilic processing compound which, a priori, one would expect, would promote wetting by other oleophilic materials and which also would inhibit heat sealing.
Transport of a liquid through most porous materials or fabrics occurs because the liquid is able to wet the material. A possible route through the material is for the liquid to initially wet the surface of the material and to subsequently enter the pore openings at the surface of the material through capillary action followed by a progressive wetting of and travel through the interconnected pores until finally reaching the opposite surface of the material. If the liquid has difficulty wetting the material, liquid penetration into and through the material will, for the most part, be reduced. A similar phenomenon occurs in the pores, where reduced wettability, in turn, reduces pore invasion. Generally the greater the numerical difference between the surface tension of the liquid and the surface energy of the porous material (the latter being lower), the less likely it is that the liquid will wet the porous material.
In the case of aqueous solutions containing surface active agents, the wetting of the porous materials is usually time-dependent, controlled by the slow diffusion and absorption of surfactants onto the surface of the porous materials.
The oleophobic, hydrophobic, moisture permeable, air permeable, coated porous materials of the present invention may be prepared by topically applying a melamine curable coating composition to a porous material by any suitable method such as, for example, spray or roll-on application, through dip coating or transfer coating techniques. Following the application, the coating is dried sufficiently to remove solvent and to promote cross-linking or curing of the melamine coated membrane.
The present invention also includes composite materials or films. These are nonporous coated materials which have the same repellent properties as above described for the coated porous materials and the coatings are also applied in the same manner.
These nonporous materials are breathable and are prepared by saturating porous substrates with the melamine coating composition. The TIPT composite film is similar to a solid monolithic material and represents a preferred embodiment. These composites are important in developing breathable barrier film in which porosity is not desired but breathability is preferred. The composites are thus useful in various protective garments, e.g. surgical gowns that prevent penetration by blood and pass ASTM ES-22 viral testing, agricultural suits that hold out pesticides/herbicides, paint applicator apparel that guard against solvent/pigment penetration of clothing/skin, clean room attire that maintain dust/lint-free environments, and the like. In addition to protective garments, the composites may also be used for mattress/pillow covers, diapers and the like.
A typical porous material of this invention has a pore size less than about 250 micrometers. Preferably the pore size is from about 0.01 to about 250 micrometers. The materials include non-woven and woven materials. Polymeric materials used to make porous films include polyurethane, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyamides, and preferably polytetrafluoroethylene and polyolefins. The porous films may also be referred to as microporous membranes.
Examples of membranes which are made by thermally induced phase transition (TIPT) include crystalline polyolefin membranes described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,539,256 (Shipman), U.S. Pat. No. 4,726,989 (Mrozinski), U.S. Pat. No. 4,863,792 (Mrozinski), U.S. Pat. No. 4,824,718 (Hwang), U.S. Pat. No. 5,120,594 (Mrozinski) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,360 (Mrozinski); liquid phase separation membranes described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,247,498 (Castro) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,867,881 (Kinzer); gel separation membranes described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,849,311 (Itoh); and membranes containing cross-linked diluent described, for example, in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/081239 (Exsted) each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
As used herein, the term "gel" means a highly viscous mixture comprised of a high molecular weight polymer and a liquid diluent at a concentration (e.g. 1-50 or more specifically 2-20 weight percent polymer) sufficient to form a three-dimensional polymer network in the presence of the diluent phase. It is thought that polymer network is formed by chemical or physical cross-linking. The gelation process is reversible (i.e. with increasing temperature, a gel can revert to a liquid solution). The tendency to form a gel is a function of polymer molecular weight. Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene mixed with a diluent is known to form a gel upon cooling.
Further, the curable coating compositions can be topically applied to materials such as stretched PTFE, as mentioned above, or particle loaded films which do not contain a diluent or compatible liquid. The compatible liquid may be removed from the microporous polyolefin sheet material, either before or after the sheet has been oriented, to form a diluent-free microporous polymeric material. The compatible liquid can be removed by, for example, solvent extraction, volatilization, or any other convenient method.
Crystallizable olefin polymers suitable for use in the preparation of coated microporous membrane materials of the present invention are melt processible under conventional processing conditions. That is, on heating, they will soften and/or melt to permit processing in conventional equipment, such as an extruder, to form a sheet, tube, filament or hollow fiber. Crystallizable polymers, upon cooling their melt under controlled conditions, spontaneously form geometrically regular and ordered chemical structures.
Examples of suitable commercially available polyolefins include block copolymers or other copolymers of ethylene and propylene, or other polymers, such as polyethylene, polypropylene and polybutylene polymers which can be used singularly or in a mixture.
In addition to the above, TIPT films and membranes also include melt-processible polymeric mixtures made of two polymer components. Both polymer components are miscible in a compatible liquid or diluent when heated above the melting point of the first component or the liquid-liquid phase separation temperature and they separate from the diluent or compatible liquid when cooled, and retain film-like properties.
Materials suitable as processing compounds for blending with crystallizable polymer to make the microporous membrane materials are liquids or solids which are not solvents for the crystallizable polymer at room temperature. However, at the melt temperature of the crystallizable polymer the compounds become good solvents for the polymer and dissolve it to form a homogeneous solution. The homogeneous solution is extruded through, for example, a film die, and on cooling to or below the crystallization temperature of the crystallizable polymer, there is a phase separation.
Preferably, these second phase compounds have a boiling point at atmospheric pressure at least as high as the melting temperature of the polymer. However, compounds having lower boiling points may be used in those instances in which superatmospheric pressure may be employed to elevate the boiling point of the compound to a temperature at least as high as the melting temperature of the polymer. Generally, suitable second phase compounds have solubility parameter and a hydrogen bonding parameter within a few units of the values of these same parameters for the polymer.
Some examples of blends of olefin polymers and processing compounds which are useful in preparing microporous materials in accordance with the present invention include: polypropylene with mineral oil, dibenzylether, dibutyl phthalate, dioctylphthalate, linseed oil, or mineral spirits; polyethylene with xylene, decalin, decanoic acid, oleic acid, decyl alcohol, diethyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, mineral oil, linseed oil, or mineral spirits, and polyethylene-polypropylene copolymers with mineral oil, linseed oil, or mineral spirits. Typical blending ratios are 3 to 80 weight percent polymer and 20 to 97 weight percent blending compound.
If additional higher level of repellency is desired, the diluent may comprise a cross-linkable oil. Such oils form solutions with a polymer component at or above the melting point, phase separation point, or gel point of the polymer component. Following the process of forming the microporous film and orienting the film to provide the porosity, the cross-linkable oil is cross-linked in the film.
As cross-linkable oils, included are either synthetic or natural alkyds of the unsaturated oil family. The natural drying oils are those extracted from seeds or trees and are, for example, linseed oil, soybean oil, tall oil, tung oil, oitica oil, corn oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil, grapeseed oil, hemp oil, perilla oil, poppyseed oil, rubberseed oil and walnut oil. The synthetic alkyds are modified drying oils or polyesters modified with polybasic acids, e.g., phthalic acid. These may be categorized into four types depending on their fatty acid content. Those containing 30-40% fatty acid are considered short alkyds, medium alkyds are those containing 43-54% fatty acid. The long alkyds are those containing 55-68% fatty acid and the very long alkyds are those containing greater than 68% fatty acid. The fatty acid derivatives are, for example, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids.
Preferred cross-linkable oils are the natural oils such as, for example, linseed oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil and tall oil. The most preferred oil is linseed oil.
Cross-linking accelerators are used to enhance the cross-linking process which occurs oxidatively. The amount of accelerator, when used, is typically from about 0.001 to about 2% of the weight of the total cross-linkable oil, depending on the cross-linking accelerator that is used. Such cross-linking accelerators are, for example, metal driers such as, for example, cobalt, manganese, cerium, vanadium, or iron, and polymerizable driers such as, for example, lead, zirconium, rare earth metals, aluminum or bismuth. Auxiliary modifiers may also be employed such as, for example, calcium, potassium, lithium or zinc. The preferred cross-linking accelerators are the metal driers; cobalt is especially preferred.
The curable coating composition includes a combination of a melamine resin, a polyhydric alcohol and a perfluoroalkyl alcohol. A polyvalent salt may also be incorporated in the composition, if desired. These components are mixed in an organic solvent and the resulting solution is applied as above described to the porous material (e.g. microporous polyolefin membrane). The composition contains at least equimolar amounts of melamine and alcohol. Preferably, an excess of melamine may be used.
A compound of the formula I, as above defined, may be employed as the melamine component in the curable coating composition of the present invention. Preferred are compounds of the above formula where R1 is methyl. Also preferred are the hexaalkoxymelamines and most preferred is a compound of the above formula where R1 and R2 are both methyl, especially, hexamethoxymelamine. Such melamine resins are commercially available from the Solutia, Inc., St. Louis, Mo., and are called RESIMENES™.
The polyhydric alcohol includes any multifunctional monomer alcohol having at least two hydroxyl groups. Preferred polyhydric alcohols are those having 2 to 8 carbon atoms and preferably being a diol or triol. Particularly useful are, for example, 1,4-butane diol, neopentyl glycol or trimethylol propane.
Preferred perfluoroalkyl alcohols are those of formula II, defined above,
wherein R is
in which x is 1-4, and R3 is methyl, ethyl or CH2OH.
Most preferred is the perfluoroalkyl alcohol of formula II wherein Rf is
in which n is 8, and x is 2 and R3 is methyl.
The curable coatings can be cured by methods known in the art such as heating.
The polyvalent salt mentioned in the summary above must have at least one cation having at least divalency (e.g. Ca++) to promote secondary cross-linking. A preferred salt is a salt having a divalent cation, e.g. Ca++, and include, for example, calcium chloride, calcium sulfate and calcium carbonate. Incorporation of a polyvalent salt in the ether/melamine composition results in a coating composition with enhanced hydrophilicity. During the cross-linking process, the polyvalent cation of the salt forms polar or ionic bonds on the melamine/ether chains. This provides unique properties for the resulting coating which still remains hydrophilic (and can be rewetted) after being purged with water, dried, and heated to steam sterilization conditions. Porous hydrophilic membranes of this invention may be applied in water/particle filtratrion or graphic imaging or printing (i.e. label stock). Good wettability would provide low lateral spreading of inks applied to the inventive coated substrates yielding good contrast.
The above components of the curable coating composition are combined in a solvent in which the solution contains from about 2 to about 50 wt-% solids, preferably from about 5-20 wt-% solids. A most preferred composition contains about 10-15 wt-% solids. This solution is applied as described above to the porous material. The resulting coating is dried by thermal means sufficiently to remove the solvent and to promote cross-linking or curing.
As an optional ingredient, a catalyst with or without a blocking agent may be used to enhance the cross-linking of the components of the curable coating composition. Such catalysts are well-known in the art and may include
(a) blocked acids;
(b) sulfonic acids;
(c) phosphate acids;
(d) Lewis acids
(e) carboxylic acids
Preferable catalysts include, e.g., blocked catalysts such as 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol blocked p-toluenesulfonic acid, triethylamine blocked p-toluenesulfonic acid, dimethylaminoethanol blocked p-toluenesulfonic acid, ammonium chloride, which upon heating liberate free acids for reactive acceleration and significantly enhance pot-life; sulfonic acids such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, dinonylnapthalene monosulfonic acid, dinonylnapthalene disulfonic acid, dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid; phosphate acids such as butyl acid phosphate, phenyl acid phosphate; Lewis acids such as magnesium bromide, magnesium nitrate, zinc nitrate; and carboxylic acids such as hydroxyated resins containing free or salted carboxylic acid tethers and/or end-groups.
Solvents are useful to facilitate the application of the precursors. Useful solvents include, for example, ethers such as dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, ethylpropyl ether; an amide such as formamide, dimethylformamide or acetamide; ketones such as acetone, methylethyl ketone, methylisopropyl ketone or methylisobutyl ketone; esters such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate or butyl acetate; water and mixtures thereof Such solvent is added usually in an amount of from about 50 to about 98 wt-%, preferably about 80-95 wt-%. The most preferred amount of solvent is about 85-90 wt-% and the preferred solvent employed is a ketone such as methylethyl ketone.
Certain conventional additive materials may also be blended in limited quantities with the curable coating composition. Additive levels should be chosen so as not to interfere with the formation of the cured melamine coatings or to result in unwanted exuding of the additive. Such additives may include, for example, dyes, pigments, plasticizers, ultraviolet light (UV) absorbers, antioxidants, bactericides, fungicides, ionizing radiation resistant additives, and the like. Additive levels should typically be less than about 10% of the weight of the polymer component, preferably less than about 2% by weight.
In the following non-limiting examples, all parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated. In evaluating the materials of the invention and the comparative materials, the following test methods are used.
Gurley Air Flow
This value is a measurement of time in seconds required to pass 50 cc of air through a film according to ASTM D-726 Method B. A value of greater than 10,000 sec/50 cc is assigned if the Gurley timer does not start after 100 seconds from the start of the test.
Oil Repellency
The oil repellency of a membrane is determined by placing on the membrane several drops of various solutions from an SPS-3010 Oil Test Kit available from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (3M), St. Paul, Minn. Values range form 0-10 where 2 means a membrane resists wetting by 65:35 mineral oil:hexadecane mixture for 30 seconds and 8 means a membrane resisted wetting by 100% heptane for 30 seconds. A higher value indicates greater oil repellency.
Water Repellency
The water repellency of a membrane is determined by placing on the membrane several drops of various solutions from an SPS-3011 Aqueous Test Kit available from 3M. Values range form 0-10 where 1 means a membrane resists wetting by 10% aqueous solution of isopropanol for 30 seconds and 10 means a membrane resisted wetting by 100% mineral oil for 30 seconds. A higher value indicates greater water repellancy.
Water Wick
A drop of water was placed on the sample and observed to see if the drop would wick into the coated membrane. If the drop disappeared after 10 seconds, the sample was said to have wicked. If the drop remained substantially unmoved, the sample was said to not have wicked.
Water Flow
The flow of water through a membrane was determined by placing a circular sample, diameter of 4.7 cm, into a 47 mm Gelman magnetic filter funnel (300 ml.; Pall Corp., East Hills, N.Y.). 100 mL of water was poured over the sample and a vacuum of 53 kPa (7.7 psi) was applied to the other side of the membrane to pull the water through. The sample was air dried and the test was repeated. Time was measured for the water to pass through the membrane and an average time was reported.
All parts are expressed as parts by weight.
Materials Used
Resimene ™ 747
Hexamethoxymethylmelamine available from Solutia,
Inc., St. Louis, Missouri.
Fluorocarbon A
prepared as in U.S. Pat. No. 2,803,656.
Fluorocarbon B
prepared as in U.S. Pat. No. 2,803,656.
Fluorocarbon C
prepared as in U.S. Pat. No. 2,803,656.
Fluorocarbon D
perfluoropolyethylene oxide diol prepared as in U.S.
Pat. No. 5,384,374.
Fluorocarbon E
prepared as in U.S. Pat. No. 2,803,656.
Hydrocarbon A
2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol available from
Eastman Chemical Co., Kingsport, Tennessee.
Hydrocarbon B
hydroxypivalylhydroxypivalate available from
Eastman Chemical Co., Kingsport, Tennessee.
Hydrocarbon C
1,4-butanediol available from Aldrich Chemical Co.,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Hydrocarbon D
Carbowax (PEG 1000) Polyethylene glycol available
from Union Carbide Chemical Co., Danbury,
Various microporous films were made to illustrate the effect of the carbon backbone of the fluorocarbon alcohol on porosity and performance characteristics.
In Example 1, a coating solution was prepared by mixing 150 parts Fluorocarbon A, 38 parts Resimene™ 747 and 2 parts of a catalyst, paratoluenesulfonic acid available from Aldrich Chemical Co. in 2375 parts methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), available from Aldrich Chemical Co. to make a 7.4 weight percent solids solution. The solution was poured on to a microporous membrane and spread by passing a glass rod at a speed of about 10 cm/sec over the membrane that had been suspended in an embroidery hoop and supported underneath with a 10 mm thick wood board covered with cloth. The membrane was a 33 micrometer (μm) thick microporous polypropylene membrane containing mineral oil in the pores made in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 4,726,989 having 35% mineral oil content and made with phthalocyanine blue as the nucleating agent. The coated membrane was air dried for 30 seconds and placed in an oven set at about 120° C. for about 10 minutes to cure the coating. The type and amount of Fluorocarbon and amount of Resimene™ 747 (R-747) are listed in Table 1.
Examples 2-5 were made as Example 1 except the type and amount of fluorocarbon was changed as shown in Table 1 and the amount of Resimene™ 747 used in Example 5 was 24 parts.
Comparative Example 1 was the uncoated porous membrane of Example 1.
Each sample was tested for Gurley Air Flow and Oil Repellency. Values are reported in Table 1.
wt %
sec/50 cc
Oil Repellency
As seen in the above table, the porosity (as measured by Gurley air flow) decreased as the chain length of the fluorocarbon alcohol increased for similar fluorocarbon alcohols and some oil repellency was observed.
Various microporous films were made to illustrate the effect of a mixture of two alcohols on performance characteristics.
Examples 6-9 were made as Example 1 except various fluorocarbon alcohols were used, some of each was replaced with various hydrocarbon diols or fluorocarbon alcohol, and the solutions were all at 5.1 weight percent. The fluorocarbon alcohol and diols of Examples 6-9 were Fluorocarbon A/Hydrocarbon A, Fluorocarbon A/Hydrocarbon B, Fluorocarbon A/Fluorocarbon E and Fluorocarbon E/Hydrocarbon C, respectively. The amounts of the fluorocarbon alcohol, the diol and Resimene™ 747 (R-747) are listed in Table 2.
Each sample was tested for Gurley Air Flow and Oil Repellency. Values are reported in Table 2.
alcohol parts
sec/50 cc
Oil Repel
As seen in Table 2, mixing alcohols did not adversely affect oil repellency.
Various microporous films were made to illustrate the effect of coating thickness on performance characteristics.
Examples 10-11 were made as Example 1 except a pair of alcohols were used and amounts of the alcohols and Resimene™ 747 were varied, and the solutions were all 5.1 weight percent. The alcohols in Example 10-11 were Fluorocarbon E/Hydrocarbon B. The amounts of the fluorocarbon alcohol, the diol and Resimene™ 747 (R-747) are listed in Table 3.
Examples 12-13 were made as Examples 10-11, respectively, except the coatings were applied three times in succession, dried and cured, to create thicker coatings.
Each sample was tested for Gurley Air Flow and Oil Repellency. Values are reported in Table 3.
alcohol parts
sec/50 cc
Oil Repel
As seen in Table 3, increased coating thickness increased oil repellancy and decreased porosity (as measured by Gurley air flow).
Various microporous films were made to illustrate the effect of cross-linked diluent in the membrane on performance characteristics.
Example 14 was made as Example 10 except that a different porous membrane was used, it was made with a cross-linked diluent, and the melamine coating was cured at 93° C. instead of 120° C. A polymer component (high density polyethylene available as HDPE 1285, melting point 131° C. from Fina Oil & Chemical Co., Dallas, Tex.) was fed into the hopper of a 25 mm diameter twin-screw extruder. A mixture of a cross-linkable diluent (linseed oil available under a trade designation Linseed Oil Supreme LSO from Cargill) and a cross-linking accelerator (a cobalt-based accelator available as Cobalt Code #72 from OMG/Mooney Chemicals, Cleveland, Ohio) in a weight ratio of 10,000 to 2 was introduced into the extruder through an injection port located near the feed end of the extruder at a rate to provide a composition of 40% by weight of polymer and 60% by weight of diluent. The overall feed rate through the extruder was 3.2 kg/hr. The polymer was heated to 271° C. in the extruder to melt and, after mixing with the diluent, the temperature was maintained at 232° C. during extrusion. The melt was extruded through a 30.5 cm-wide coat hanger slit die and cast as a 75 μm-thick transparent film onto a casting wheel maintained at 54° C. and having a patterned surface (comprising a multiplicity of small pyramid-shaped indentations) that provided about 10% land or contact area with the cast film. The cast film was stretched 2×2 (i.e., by a factor of 2 in both the machine direction and the transverse direction) times at 99° C. and wound up as a 50 μm thick microporous film. The linseed oil diluent was allowed to cross-link before the film was coated.
Example 15 was made as Example 14 except the coating solution was similar to that used for Example 11.
Example 16 was made as Example 14 except the coating solution contained a different mixture of alcohols, and the amounts of alcohols and Resimene™ 747 were changed. The alcohols were Flurorcarbon E and Hydrocarbon A. The amounts of the fluorocarbon, diol and Resimene™ 747 (R-747) are listed in Table 4.
Comparative Example 2 was the uncoated porous membrane of Example 14.
Each sample was tested for Gurley Air Flow and Oil Repellency. Values are reported in Table 4.
alcohol parts
sec/50 cc
Oil Repel
As seen in Table 4, use of porous membranes with cross-linked diluent decreased porosity and increased oil repellency.
Various microporous films were made to illustrate the effect of coating thickness as varied by the percent solids of the solution and the absence or presence of cross-linked diluent on performance characteristics of films made with polyethylene membranes.
Example 17 was made as Example 1 except the porous membrane was different, the coating method was different, and the percent solids of the solution was changed to 10 wt. percent, and the melamine resin coating was cured at 93° C. instead of 120° C. The coating was applied with a gravure coater designed to apply a wet coating having a thickness of about 12 micrometers. The porous membrane was a 51 micrometer (μm) thick, microporous, high density polyethylene membrane available as "oil-out" CoTran porous film from 3M. The amounts of the Fluorocarbon A and Resimene™ 747 (R-747) are listed in Table 5.
Example 18 was made as Example 17 using the porous membrane (containing cross-linked linseed oil in the pores) used in Example 14 except that the coating solution was different, the second alcohol being Fluorocarbon E. The amounts of the fluorocarbon, second alcohol and Resimene 747 (R-747) are listed in Table 5.
Comparative Example 3 was the uncoated porous membrane of Example 18.
Each sample was tested for Gurley Air Flow, Oil Repellency and Water Repellancy. Values are reported in Table 5 together with those of Comparative Example 2.
wt. %
Diol parts
As seen in Table 5, increased coating solids applied by the gravure method resulted in increased oil repellency and water repellency. Air flow was blocked for Example 18 which had the coating with higher solids content and the membrane containing cross-linked diluent.
Various microporous films were made to illustrate the effect of the absence or presence of diluent on performance characteristics of films made with another type of membrane.
Example 19 was made as Example 1 except the porous membrane and the percent solids of the coating solution were different. The porous membrane was a 95 μm thick "oil-out" polypropylene membrane made according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,726,989 except the polymer to oil weight ratio was 31:69. The coating solution was 10 weight percent solids and was applied by a gravure coater as in Example 17.
Example 20 was made as Example 18 except the porous membrane was different. The porous membrane was a 75 μm thick "oil-in" (not cross-linked oil) polypropylene membrane made according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,726,989 except the polymer to oil weight ratio was 65:35.
Comparative Examples 4 and 5 were the uncoated porous membranes of Examples 19 and 20 respectively.
Each sample was tested for Gurley Air Flow, Oil Repellency and Water Repellancy. Values are reported in Table 6 together with those of Comparative Example 1.
Second Diol
Diol parts
sec/50 cc
As seen in Table 6, significant oil repellency was observed with the "oil-out" membrane of Example 19. On the other hand, oil repellency was slightly improved over C-5 for the "oil-in" membrane of Example 20.
Various microporous films were made to illustrate the effect of covalently bound salt on performance characteristics.
Example 21 was made as Example 1 except that: the porous membrane was different; some of the coating components were changed; the coating solution had a weight percent solids of 20; and curing was at 93° C. for 20 minutes. The porous membrane was a 108 μm thick "oil-out" porous polypropylene membrane with a Gurley Air Flow of 2.2 sec/cc made according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,726,989 except the polymer:oil weight ratio was 31:69. Hydrocarbon D was used instead of Flurorcarbon A. The amount of Hydrocarbon D (HC-D) and Resimene 747 (R-747) are listed in Table 7.
Example 22 was made as Example 21 except a salt was added. The salt (calcium chloride in the amount of 40 parts) was dissolved in 50/50 by weight water/acetone solvent at a concentration of 20 wt. percent solids and was added to the coating solution. The solution containing CaCl2 was used to coat the porous polypropylene membrane. The amounts of Hydrocarbon D (HC-D), the salt, and Resimene™ 747 (R-747) are listed in Table 7.
Each sample was tested for Gurley Air Flow, Water Wick and Water Flow. Data are reported in Table 7.
Salt parts
sec/50 cc
As seen in Table 7, use of bound salt made the porous membrane hydrophilic.
The above specification, examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the composition of the invention. Since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended.
Patente citada | Fecha de presentación | Fecha de publicación | Solicitante | Título |
US3252932 | 10 Dic 1962 | 24 May 1966 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Resin compositions comprising a segmented fluorine-containing copolymer and an aminoplast |
US3960983 | 6 Dic 1974 | 1 Jun 1976 | American Cyanamid Company | Composition of matter comprising a blend of a polyether polyol and an aminoplast cross-linking agent |
US4247498 | 24 Nov 1978 | 27 Ene 1981 | Akzona Incorporated | Methods for making microporous products |
US4539256 | 28 Feb 1984 | 3 Sep 1985 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Co. | Microporous sheet material, method of making and articles made therewith |
US4726989 | 11 Dic 1986 | 23 Feb 1988 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing | Microporous materials incorporating a nucleating agent and methods for making same |
US4824718 | 4 Dic 1987 | 25 Abr 1989 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Porous film |
US4849311 | 22 Sep 1988 | 18 Jul 1989 | Toa Nenryo Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Immobilized electrolyte membrane |
US4863792 | 14 Oct 1988 | 5 Sep 1989 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Multi-layer laminates of microporous films |
US4867881 | 14 Sep 1987 | 19 Sep 1989 | Minnesota Minning And Manufacturing Company | Orientied microporous film |
US5006247 | 15 Ago 1989 | 9 Abr 1991 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Asymmetric porous polyamide membranes |
US5120594 | 10 Jun 1991 | 9 Jun 1992 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Microporous polyolefin shaped articles with patterned surface areas of different porosity |
US5260360 | 18 Oct 1991 | 9 Nov 1993 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Oil, water and sweat repellent microporous membrane materials |
US5286279 | 14 Dic 1992 | 15 Feb 1994 | W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. | Gas permeable coated porous membranes |
US5286382 | 17 May 1993 | 15 Feb 1994 | Millipore Corporation | Hydrophobic polymeric membrane composites |
US5384374 | 27 Jul 1993 | 24 Ene 1995 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Curing fluorocarbon elastomers |
US5554414 | 12 Abr 1995 | 10 Sep 1996 | Millipore Investment Holdings Limited | Process for forming membrane having a hydrophobic fluoropolymer surface |
US6010776 * | 19 May 1998 | 4 Ene 2000 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Microporous materials containing cross-linked oil |
JPS6189263A | Título no disponible |
Patente citante | Fecha de presentación | Fecha de publicación | Solicitante | Título |
US6843940 | 5 Ago 2002 | 18 Ene 2005 | Essilor International Compagnie Generale D'optique | Method and mold for molding plastic lenses |
US7029693 * | 5 Sep 2001 | 18 Abr 2006 | Nitto Denko Corporation | Percutaneously absorptive preparation |
US7381666 | 20 Dic 2002 | 3 Jun 2008 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Breathable film and fabric having liquid and viral barrier |
US7445799 | 21 Jun 2001 | 4 Nov 2008 | Icet, Inc. | Compositions for microbial and chemical protection |
US8192765 | 3 Nov 2008 | 5 Jun 2012 | Icet, Inc. | Material compositions for microbial and chemical protection |
US20020106401 * | 5 Sep 2001 | 8 Ago 2002 | Nitto Denko Corporation | Percutaneously absorptive preparation |
US20040021238 * | 5 Ago 2002 | 5 Feb 2004 | Essilor International Compagnie Generale D'optique | Method and mold for molding plastic lenses |
US20080108268 * | 20 Dic 2002 | 8 May 2008 | Little Sylvia B | Breathable film and fabric having liquid and viral barrier |
US20090130161 * | 3 Nov 2008 | 21 May 2009 | Icet, Inc. | Material compositions for microbial and chemical protection |
Clasificación de EE.UU. | 428/308.4, 428/319.3, 428/315.7 |
Clasificación internacional | D06M13/438, D06M13/144, B01D71/26, C09D161/28, D06M15/423, D06M15/437, C09D161/32, D06M13/148, C08J9/36, C08J7/04, B01D67/00, C08G65/00 |
Clasificación cooperativa | D06M15/437, B01D67/0088, D06M13/144, Y10T428/249958, C09D161/32, D06M13/148, D06M15/423, D06M2200/10, D06M2101/20, B01D71/26, C08G65/007, C08J2461/00, Y10T428/249991, Y10T428/249979, D06M13/438, D06M2200/12, C08J7/047 |
Clasificación europea | C08J7/04L, D06M13/144, B01D67/00R14, C09D161/32, D06M13/438, C08G65/00B2F, D06M15/423, D06M15/437, B01D71/26, D06M13/148 |
Fecha | Código | Evento | Descripción |
30 Abr 1999 | AS | Assignment | Owner name: 3M INNOVATIVE PROPERTIES COMPANY, MINNESOTA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:EXSTED, BERT J.;REEL/FRAME:009930/0593 Effective date: 19990430 |
12 Mar 2002 | CC | Certificate of correction | |
6 Ago 2004 | FPAY | Fee payment | Year of fee payment: 4 |
18 Ago 2008 | REMI | Maintenance fee reminder mailed | |
6 Feb 2009 | LAPS | Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees | |
31 Mar 2009 | FP | Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee | Effective date: 20090206 |


text:
7 on/7 off - Generous Sign On
- Employer
- The Medicus Firm
- Location
- Posted
- Sep 19, 2016
- Specialty
- Ambulatory Medicine
- Position Type
- Permanent
Southern Metropolitan.
Beloved Coastal City.
Majestic Architecture.
Beloved Coastal City.
Majestic Architecture.
- From architectural tours, music and food festivals, emerald tree canopies to quaint cobblestone streets, the city brims with all kinds of culture to educate and entertain.
- Ranked Among "Best Places to Live" by Sperling's Best Places.
- Cost of Living 17% Lower than U.S. Average.
- Join an Award winning teaching hospital, ability to work with residents, medical students, and receive clinical appointments.
- Quality of Life: 7 on 7 off allows you to enjoy COASTAL living!
- Generous sign-on bonus, competitive base salary and $5,000 for CME!
Please reference HOSP 5908

subset: commoncrawl


text:
International Trade Fair for Natural Stone and Stone Technology 13 - 16 June 2018 // Nuremberg, Germany Exhibition Info Exhibition profile Exhibitors & products Floor plan Advisory board Travel Staying in Nuremberg Exhibitors & Products For Exhibitors Reasons for exhibiting Facts & figures Participation Exhibition marketing Exhibition presentation & services ExhibitorShop Services at the exhibition site Travel Hotels & Staying in Nuremberg FAQ Contact For Visitors Reasons for visiting Facts & figures Tickets Admission for visitors Services at the exhibition site Travel Hotels & Staying in Nuremberg FAQ Contact Press Press releases Media library Facts & figures Press subscription Accreditation Press services at the exhibition site Travel Hotels & Staying in Nuremberg Contact Contact Exhibitors Visitors Press International representatives
Warum registrieren? Posting print layout What information should be shown in the print layout? Product profile Exhibitor's products with product photos without product photos Hall / stand Product groups Create print layout You are here: Home | Exhibitor search Exhibitors & Products All Exhibitors 2015 All Products 2015 Product Groups Floor Plan 2015 Contact Exhibitors & Products All Exhibitors 2015 All Products 2015 Product Groups Floor Plan 2015 Contact Enter search term A product from: Sunrock Cos Zoom product Black Granite Black Granite Request information Contact us Please enter your personal information and desired appointment. You can also leave us a message. You haven't filled in all fields correctly. Please check your entries. Your personal information Mr / Ms* Please select... Mr Ms First name* Surname* E-mail* Phone Company* Your message for us Message Desired appointment during the exhibition Day Wednesday, 13.05.15 Thursday, 14.05.15 Friday, 15.05.15 Saturday, 16.05.15 Time 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 00 15 30 45 * Compulsory fields you must fill in. Send Your message has been sent. Would you like to use more facilities and advantages of the platform? Then please log in – or register here. An error has occurred. Hall 4 / 4-312 Add memo Your note Write a little note here... Write a little note here... Save memo Product description Exhibitor Profile Floor Plan 15 Acres - Building Slabs Sunrockco Pvt. Ltd., was established in the year 2002 with a motto of providing world class Indian natural Granite stones at a competitive price throughout the world.We have been maintaining a constant turnover of an average of more than 5 million US dollars in the overseas market.Our aim is to provide our esteemed clients with best quality manufactured granites at the most affordable rates that have helped us to develop as a separate identity in the field of granite Mining and exporting in India.The Company has set up facilities for a 100% Export Oriented Unit at Mendora, Morthad, Villages in Nizamabad District in Andhra Pradesh for the mining and processing of rough Granite blocks of various colors and sizes with an installed capacity of 3800 CBM per annum.We have the ability to extract the maximum quantity of our regular requirements from our well developed and accessible pits situated in different provinces of the country were currently we are mining. They are our true asset in all respects.All of our 9 mines are well equipped with the latest and most required techniques of mining and operation. We have acquired various sophisticated Granite mining Machineries & Equipments from Various countries.We can deliver demands of any quantity without any problem. We have enough recourses and facilities for large scale quarrying for instant and wholesale delivery. Hall 4 / 4-312 Open floor plan Open floor plan Other products from Sunrock Cos Carolinaa Indian Aurora S.R.GREEN Valcano Notes There are no entries in your notes. Show notes


text: I live in the QCA. - I've been coming here since I was 10. I'm currently 23. - definitely has gone downhill - food should have faster turn around - I usually come during lunch so I can't speak for dinner times - clean - a little pricey considering food isn't always refilled. Overall 3/5


text:
Bond. James Bond. The Spy Who Has Entertained Us for 50 Years
The stars, the girls, the action. The evolution of a spy with a license to kill
by Laura Boswell, AARP, August 9, 2012|
- Harry Myers / Rex USA
Sean Connery
En español | At 6 feet 2, Sean Connery filled out his tux quite nicely as the first Bond in Dr. No in 1962. But he began his career on a smaller scale, in the 1959 Disney leprechaun movie Darby O'Gill and the Little People. Connery played Bond in six more films.
1 of 11 - Everett Collection
Ursula Andress in 'Dr. No,' 1962
Before Raquel, before Farrah, it was Ursula whose image graced the walls of teen boys. The Swiss miss loved her leading men, including James Dean and Marlon Brando. Her iconic white bikini from Dr. No sold in a 2001 auction for nearly $60,000.
2 of 11 - Courtesy Everett Collection
George Lazenby, 'On Her Majesty's Secret Service,' 1969
Unknown Australian actor/model George Lazenby had a big kilt to fill after Connery retired from the Bond role. Lazenby's reviews from On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969) were mixed, but he has since become a beloved guest at 007 events.
3 of 11 - Courtesy Everett Collection
George Lazenby and Diana Rigg, 'On Her Majesty's Secret Service,' 1969
George Lazenby's 007 role in On Her Majesty's Secret Service was his first and last, as was a new twist for the notorious fictional bachelor: Bond Boy meets — and marries — Bond Girl, the Contessa Teresa di Vicenzo (Diana Rigg).
4 of 11 - United Artists/courtesy Everett / Everett Collection
Roger Moore, 'Octopussy,' 1983
Roger Moore played Bond the longest, in seven consecutive films from 1973 to 1985. He was the oldest Bond as well (45-58). Moore became a UNICEF ambassador after witnessing India's poverty while shooting Octopussy.
5 of 11 - MGM/Courtesy Everett Collection
Grace Jones, 'View to a Kill,' 1985
Grace Jones was no regular Bond Girl. The Jamaican-born model/singer played May Day, an assassin with incredible strength. She treats Bond better than this fellow but still meets her own tragic end.
6 of 11 - United Artists/courtesy Everett / Everett Collection
Timothy Dalton, 'Licence to Kill,' 1989
The fourth Bond (The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill), Timothy Dalton, would later play an American literary icon: Rhett Butler in 1994's Scarlett, a TV miniseries sequel to Gone With the Wind.
7 of 11 - United Artists/Courtesy Everett Collection
Pierce Brosnan, 'Goldeneye,' 1995
After a Scot, an Australian and two Brits, producers decided on an Irishman for the fifth Bond — Pierce Brosnan. He had been approached before but was booked shooting Remington Steele.
8 of 11 - MGM/Courtesy Everett Collection
Halle Berry, 'Die Another Day,' 2002
Though her stunning looks usually land Halle Berry good-girl roles, Jinx Johnson definitely showed the Oscar winner's tougher side. This bikini shot was a nod to Ursula Andress' beach scene 40 years before in Dr. No.
9 of 11 - Jay Maidment/Sony Pictures/Everett Collection / Everett Collection
Daniel Craig, 'Casino Royale,' 2006
Another homage to Ursula Andress? Fans couldn't keep their eyes off his abs and embraced the brooding first blond Bond. In 007's most royal mission, he escorted Queen Elizabeth II to the 2012 London Olympics opening ceremonies.
10 of 11 - Mary Evans/Getty Images
Dame Judi Dench, 'Casino Royale,' 2006
The most fearsome Bond Girl of all? Dame Judi Dench as M, head of Her Majesty's Secret Service. At times cold, yet quietly caring, she serves both as demanding leader and maternal compass for Bond.
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Representing Plaintiff in a patent infringement action against LivingSocial,
Inc. involving U.S. Patent No. 7,412,446 "Method, System and Storage
Medium for Providing Supplier Branding Services Over a Communications
Network." Case is currently pending in the District of Delaware.
Anthony G. Simon
Cathas Advanced Technologies LLC v. LivingSocial, Inc. (Dist. of DE)
Posted By
The Simon Law Firm PC


text:
- floripavoyeur
- taratuna
Month: April
Top 20 Uploaders
If you have 5 or more uploads approved, you will earn a vip member access in the next month
Cheerleader forgot panties
Full video length is: 00:20
Below are some screens from the full video.
She's trying out for cheerleading and forgot she wasn't wearing any underwear.
Exposed leopard pattern panties on women wearing low pink pant checking some music cds.
Girl working in small shopping store wearing tight black leggings bends to change shoes and to grab some things gets her stripe panties exposed as the leggings become transparent.
Woman wearing low jeans pants has her blue g string panties secretly filmed at local clothes store.


text:
Chronic wasting disease
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk (or "wapiti"), and moose ("elk" in Europe). As of 2016, CWD had only been found in members of the deer family.[1] First recognized as a clinical "wasting" syndrome in 1967 in mule deer in a wildlife research facility in northern Colorado, USA, it was identified as a TSE in 1978 and has spread to free-ranging and captive populations in 23 US states and two Canadian provinces.[2] CWD is typified by chronic weight loss leading to death. No relationship is known between CWD and any other TSE of animals or people.
Although reports in the popular press have been made of humans being affected by CWD, a study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests, "[m]ore epidemiologic and laboratory studies are needed to monitor the possibility of such transmissions."[3] The epidemiological study further concluded, "[a]s a precaution, hunters should avoid eating deer and elk tissues known to harbor the CWD agent (e.g., brain, spinal cord, eyes, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes) from areas where CWD has been identified."[3]
Clinical signs[edit]
Most cases of CWD occur in adult animals; the youngest animal diagnosed with natural CWD was 17 months. The disease is progressive and always fatal. The first signs are difficulties in movement. The most obvious and consistent clinical sign of CWD is weight loss over time. Behavioral changes also occur in the majority of cases, including decreased interactions with other animals, listlessness, lowering of the head, tremors, repetitive walking in set patterns, and nervousness. Excessive salivation and grinding of the teeth also are observed. Most deer show increased drinking and urination; the increased drinking and salivation may contribute to the spread of the disease.[4]
Causative agent[edit]
The agent responsible for CWD (and other TSEs, such as scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy) is PRNP which is highly conserved among mammals and has been found and sequenced in deer. It is a prion, an abnormal form of a normal protein, known as prion protein (PrP), most commonly found in the central nervous system (CNS), and is capable of spreading to the peripheral nervous system (PNS), thus infecting meat, or muscle, of deer and elk. The abnormal PrP infects the host animal by promoting conversion of normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) to the abnormal prion form (PrPres or PrPd). The build-up of PrPd in the brain is associated with widespread neurodegeneration.[4][5][6]
Diagnosis is based on post mortem examination (necropsy) and testing; examination of the dead body is not definitive as many animals die early in the course of the disease and conditions found are non-specific; general signs of poor health and Aspiration pneumonia, which may be the actual cause of death, are common. On microscopic examination, lesions of CWD in the central nervous system resemble those of other TSEs. In addition, scientists use immunohistochemistry to test brain, lymph, and neuroendocrine tissues for the presence of the abnormal prion protein to diagnose CWD; positive IHC findings in the obex is considered the gold standard.[4]
As of 2015 there were no commercially feasible diagnostic tests that could be used on live animals. It is possible to run a bioassay, taking fluids from cervids suspected of infection and incubating them in transgenic mice that express the cervid prion protein, to determine if the cervid is infected, but there are ethical issues with this and it is not scalable.[4]
The origin and mode of transmission of the prions causing CWD is unknown, but recent research indicates that prions can be excreted by deer and elk, and are transmitted by eating grass growing in contaminated soil.[7][8] Animals born in captivity and those born in the wild have been affected with the disease. Based on epidemiology, transmission of CWD is thought to be lateral (from animal to animal). Maternal transmission may occur, although it appears to be relatively unimportant in maintaining epidemics. An infected deer's saliva is able to spread the CWD prions.[9] Exposure between animals is associated with sharing food and water sources contaminated with CWD prions shed by diseased deer.[10]
The disease was first identified in 1967 in a closed herd of captive mule deer in contiguous portions of northeastern Colorado. In 1980, the disease was determined to be a TSE. It was first identified in wild elk and mules in 1981 in Colorado and Wyoming, and in farmed elk in 1997.[4][5][6]
In May 2001, CWD was also found in free-ranging deer in the southwestern corner of Nebraska (adjacent to Colorado and Wyoming) and later in additional areas in western Nebraska. The limited area of northern Colorado, southern Wyoming, and western Nebraska in which free-ranging deer, moose, and/or elk positive for CWD have been found is referred to as the endemic area. The area in 2006 has expanded to six states, including parts of eastern Utah, southwestern South Dakota, and northwestern Kansas. Also, areas not contiguous (to the endemic area) areas in central Utah and central Nebraska have been found. The limits of the affected areas are not well defined, since the disease is at a low incidence and the amount of sampling may not be adequate to detect it. In 2002, CWD was detected in wild deer in south-central Wisconsin and northern Illinois and in an isolated area of southern New Mexico. In 2005, it was found in wild white-tailed deer in New York and in Hampshire County, West Virginia.[11] In 2008, the first confirmed case of CWD in Michigan was discovered in an infected deer on an enclosed deer-breeding facility. It is also found in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.
In February 2011, the Maryland Department of Natural Resources reported the first confirmed case of the disease in that state. The affected animal was a white-tailed deer killed by a hunter.[12]
CWD has also been diagnosed in farmed elk and deer herds in a number of states and in two Canadian provinces. The first positive farmed elk herd in the United States was detected in 1997 in South Dakota. Since then, additional positive elk herds and farmed white-tailed deer herds have been found in South Dakota (7), Nebraska (4), Colorado (10), Oklahoma (1), Kansas (1), Minnesota (3), Montana (1), Wisconsin (6) and New York (2). As of fall of 2006, four positive elk herds in Colorado and a positive white-tailed deer herd in Wisconsin remain under state quarantine. All of the other herds have been depopulated or have been slaughtered and tested, and the quarantine has been lifted from one herd that underwent rigorous surveillance with no further evidence of disease. CWD also has been found in farmed elk in the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta. A retrospective study also showed mule deer exported from Denver to the Toronto Zoo in the 1980s were affected. In June 2015, the disease was detected in a male white-tailed deer on a breeding ranch in Medina County, Texas. State officials euthanized 34 deer in an effort to contain a possible outbreak.
Species that have been affected with CWD include elk, mule deer, white-tailed deer, black-tailed deer, and moose. Other ruminant species, including wild ruminants and domestic cattle, sheep, and goats, have been housed in wildlife facilities in direct or indirect contact with CWD-affected deer and elk, with no evidence of disease transmission. However, experimental transmission of CWD into other ruminants by intracranial inoculation does result in disease, suggesting only a weak molecular species barrier exists. Research is ongoing to further explore the possibility of transmission of CWD to other species.
By April 2016 CWD had been found in captive animals in South Korea; the disease arrived there with live elk that were imported for farming in the late 1990s.[1]
In 2016, the first case of CWD in Europe was from the Nordfjella free ranging reindeer in Southern Norway. Scientists surveyed the diseased female reindeer until the reindeer died and used the carcass to isolate the prions. The main origin of CWD to Norway is still unknown, whereas importation of infected deer was the contamination source in South Korea. Norway has strict legislation and rules not allowing importation of live animals and cervids into the country. Norway has had a scrapie surveillance program since 1997; while no reports of scrapie within the range of Nordfjella reindeer sup population have been identified, sheep are herded through that region and are a potential source of infection.[13]
In each of May and June, infected wild moose were found around 300 km north from the first case, in Selbu.[14] By the end of August, a fourth case had been confirmed in a wild reindeer shot in the same area as the first case in March.[15]
Transmission pathways[edit]
Direct transmission[edit]
CWD may be directly transmitted via contact with infected animals, their bodily tissues, and their bodily fluids.[16] Transmission may result from contact with both clinically affected and infected, but asymptomatic, cervids.[17]
Recent research on Rocky Mountain elk found that with CWD-infected dams, many sub-clinical, there was a high rate (80%) of maternal-to-offspring transmission of CWD prions, regardless of gestational period.[17] While not dispositive relative to disease development in the fetus, this does suggest that maternal transmission may be yet another important route of direct CWD transmission.
Experimental transmission[edit]
In addition to the cervid species in which CWD is known to naturally occur, Black-tailed deer and European red deer have been clinically demonstrated to be naturally susceptible to CWD.[18] Other cervid species, including reindeer and caribou, are also suspected to be naturally vulnerable to this disease.[16] Many other non-cervid mammalian species have been experimentally infected with CWD, either orally or via intracerebral inoculation.[16] These species include monkeys, sheep, cattle, prairie voles, mice, and ferrets.[19]
An experimental case study of oral transmission of CWD to reindeer shows certain reindeer breeds may be susceptible to CWD while other sub-populations may be protective against CWD in free ranging populations. None of the reindeer in the study showed symptoms of CWD potentially signifying resistance to different CWD strains.[20]
Indirect/environmental transmission[edit]
Environmental transmission has been linked to contact with infected bodily fluids and tissues, as well as contact with contaminated environments. Once in the environment, CWD prions may remain infectious for many years. Thus, decomposition of diseased carcasses, infected "gut piles" from hunters who field dress their cervid harvests, as well as the urine, saliva, feces, and antler velvet of infected individuals that are deposited in the environment, all have the potential to create infectious environmental reservoirs of CWD.[4]
One avian scavenger, the American crow, was recently evaluated as a potential vector for CWD.[21] As CWD prions remain viable after passing through the bird's digestive tract, crows represent a possible mechanism for the creation of environmental reservoirs of CWD.[21][22] Additionally, the crows' extensive geographic range presents ample opportunities for them to come in contact with CWD. This coupled with the population density and longevity of communal roosting sites in both urban and rural locations suggests that the fecal deposits at roosting sites may represent a CWD environmental reservoir.[21] Conservative estimates for crows' fecal deposits at one winter roosting site for one winter season ranged from 391,552 - 599,032 kg.[21]
CWD prions adhere to tightly to soil surface particles and the ground itself becomes a source of infection and may be a major route of transmission due to frequent ground contact when cervids graze.[4]
The potential for human exposure to CWD[edit]
As of 2013 there was no evidence of transmission to humans from cervids, nor by eating cervids, but both channels remain a subject of public health surveillance and research.[6]
Research is focused on better ways to monitor disease in the wild, live animal diagnostic tests, developing vaccines, better ways to dispose of animals who died from the disease and to decontaminate the environment, where prions can persist in soils, and better ways to monitor the food supply.[6]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chronic wasting disease. |
- ^ a b Rachel Becker for Nature News. April 18, 2016 Deadly animal prion disease appears in Europe
- ^ "Chronic Wasting Disease". USGS National Wildlife Health Center. 2013-05-21. Retrieved 2014-12-05.
- ^ a b Belay, E.D.; Maddox, R.A.; Williams, E.S.; Miller, M.W.; Gambetti, P.; Schonberger, L.B. (June 2004). "Chronic Wasting Disease and Potential Transmission to Humans". Emerging Infectious Diseases. CDC. 10 (6): 977–984. doi:10.3201/eid0905.020577. PMC 3323184. PMID 15207045. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
- ^ a b c d e f g Haley NJ, Hoover EA. Chronic wasting disease of cervids: current knowledge and future perspectives. Annu Rev Anim Biosci. 2015;3:305-25. Review. 25387112
- ^ a b USGS National Wildlife Health Center Frequently asked questions concerning Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) Page last updated May 21, 2013; page accessed April 25, 2016
- ^ a b c d Patrice N Klein, CWD Program Manager USDA /APHIS. Chronic Wasting Disease WHHCC Meeting – 5–6 February 2013
- ^ "Study Shows Prions Stick Around In Certain Soils". Science Daily. September 17, 2003. Retrieved October 23, 2006.
- ^ "New Research Supports Theory That Indirect Transmission Of Chronic Wasting Disease Possible In Mule Deer". Science Daily. May 19, 2004. Retrieved October 23, 2006.
- ^ Mathiason CK, Powers JG, Dahmes SJ, Osborn DA, Miller KV, Warren RJ, Mason GL, Hays SA, Hayes-Klug J, Seelig DM, Wild MA, Wolfe LL, Spraker TR, Miller MW, Sigurdson CJ, Telling GC, Hoover EA (October 6, 2006). "Infectious prions in the saliva and blood of deer with chronic wasting disease". Science. 314 (5796): 133–6. doi:10.1126/science.1132661. PMID 17023660.
- ^ Ernest, Holly B.; Hoar, Bruce R.; Well, Jay A.; O'Rourke, Katherine I. (2010-04-01). "Molecular genealogy tools for white-tailed deer with chronic wasting disease". Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research = Revue Canadienne De Recherche Veterinaire. 74 (2): 153–156. ISSN 1928-9022. PMC 2851727. PMID 20592847.
- ^ "Chronic Wasting Disease". West Virginia Division of Natural Resources. 2008-08-01.
- ^ "Wasting Disease Confirmed in State". February 13, 2011.
- ^ Benestad, Sylvie L.; Mitchell, Gordon; Simmons, Marion; Ytrehus, Bjørnar; Vikøren, Turid (2016-01-01). "First case of chronic wasting disease in Europe in a Norwegian free-ranging reindeer". Veterinary Research. 47. doi:10.1186/s13567-016-0375-4. ISSN 0928-4249. PMC 5024462. PMID 27641251.
- ^ Norwegian Food Safety Authority. Chronic Wasting Disease in Norway. Published July 13, 2016; updated July 14, 2016
- ^ The Norwegian veterinary Institute. Nytt tilfelle av CWD på villrein
- ^ a b c Saunders, S.E.; Bartelt-Hunt, S.L.; Bartz, J.C. (2012). "Occurrence, transmission, and zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 18 (3): 369–376. doi:10.3201/eid1803.110685. PMC 3309570. PMID 22377159.
- ^ a b Selariu, A.; Powers, J.G.; Nalls, A.; Brandhuber, M.; Mayfield, A...&; Mathiason, C.K. (2015). "In utero transmission and tissue distribution of chronic wasting disease-associated prions in free-ranging Rocky Mountain elk". Journal of General Virology.
- ^ Williams, E.S.; Young, S. (1980). "Chronic wasting disease of captive mule deer: A Spongiform Encepalopathy". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 16 (1): 89–98. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-16.1.89.
- ^ Wisniewski, T.; Goni, F. (2012). "Could immodulation be used to prevent prion diseases?". Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy. 10 (3): 307–317. doi:10.1586/eri.11.177.
- ^ Mitchell, Gordon B.; Sigurdson, Christina J.; O'Rourke, Katherine I.; Algire, James; Harrington, Noel P.; Walther, Ines; Spraker, Terry R.; Balachandran, Aru (2012-06-18). "Experimental Oral Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease to Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)". PLoS ONE. 7 (6): e39055. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039055. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3377593. PMID 22723928.
- ^ a b c d Fischer, J.W.; Phillips, G.E.; Nichols, T.A.; Vercauteren, K.C. (2013). "Could avian scavengers translocated infectious prions to disease-free areas initiating new foci of chronic wasting disease?". Prion. 7 (4): 263–266. doi:10.4161/pri.25621.
- ^ Vercauteren, K.C.; Pilon, J.L.; Nash, P.B.; Phillips, G.E.; Fischer, J.W. (2012). "Prion remains infectious after passage through digestive system of American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)". PLOS ONE. 7 (10): e45774. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045774. PMC 3474818. PMID 23082115.
External links[edit]
- This entry incorporates public domain text originally from the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, APHIS.
- Chronic Wasting Disease Alliance
- "Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) of Deer and Elk". Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 2006-10-03. Archived from the original on September 25, 2006. Retrieved October 23, 2006.
- Elk Research Institute
- United States Geological Survey
- United States Department of Agriculture
- Colorado Division of Wildlife
- Illinois Department of Natural Resources
- Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
- Nebraska Game and Parks Commission
- New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
- Wyoming Game and Fish
- Wildlife Disease Information Node Chronic Wasting Disease Factsheet and resources
- A case of chronic wasting disease in a captive red deer (Cervus elaphus)


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6 Other Boxing One-Man Shows We'd Like to See
See also:
*Mike Tyson's One-Man Show at the Pantages Theater Is Surprisingly Good
Mike Tyson's much-hyped one man Broadway show (and Spike Lee joint) Mike Tyson: Undisputed Truth came to L.A. for just a few performances this past weekend. In it he apparently comes clean about his past by admitting that he has one, in that he is bound by the physical laws of space-time. Though we have to wonder. No really, we are actually obligated to wonder because we had to stay home and wash our remaining hair follicles, thus missing the whole show. You know how it is.
But, we got to thinking, what if other prize fighters had their own one-person shows? Let's take a look at how they'd play out:
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A food show. Or, rather, an eating show. Obviously. The audience would just sit and watch as Butterbean slowly and methodically takes down a ten foot bacon and meatball-added Italian cold cut sub Adam Richman-style. Maybe they can call it Undisputed Tooth or something? He'll spend the last ten minutes, like Tyson, trying to rehabilitate his image and having a carrot or some shit.
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This one would be pretty boring actually. Sure, the Golden Boy's had his fair share of out-of-court rape settlements with underage girls, cross-dressing and his bout with alcoholism, but nothing that seems to really tarnish his gilded visage. And this would hardly be John Leguizamo's Ghetto Klown, mainly because, y'know, he wears nice suits and such. We can imagine a bored audience seated before De La Hoya as he stares at himself lovingly in a giant mirror. He'd probably take some breaks from his self-marveling to talk about how tough it was to grow up in East LA. Between anecdotes where he paints himself as, like, straight out of low-cash, he'll probably try to sell everyone something.
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We've already seen this actually. It was every fucking Foreman Grill infomercial...remember those? He even did some other shit a few years ago where he sells some cleaning product of some kind that doesn't even bear his name. His champion status has only been tarnished by the very best brawlers in history, Ali, Morrison, and Holyfield, but he'll also tell you exactly how one scrubs out that very tarnish with some half-assed late night TV cleanser. If this gets to happen in a theater like a proper one-man show, the audience will be legally obligated to face the other way and pretend it's not happening.
Wikimedia Commons |
Given Pacquiao's work as a politician and humanitarian -- and the kerfuffle over his anti-gay marriage comments -- this won't be a one man show so much as a reconciliatory two-hour duet with Elton John, singing hits like "Candle In the Wind" in English and Tagalog. They'll later hold hands and announced that all proceeds go to the Human Rights Campaign.
McNeeley during his Tyson fight
Another musical. Only this one will be a perfect rendition of Kirk Van Houten's pathetic "Can I Borrow a Feeling?" from The Simpsons. McNeeley will talk about the trials and tribulations of being the brain-dead punching bag to the stars. He will then get run over by a truck from whatever trucking company paid the evening's sponsorship fees. As Tyson's first post-prison fight victim, he would be proud to follow in his self-deprecating footsteps.
Celebrity Rehab screengrab |
Rodriguez makes Iron Mike's rape conviction and ear biting look like the benign sandbox antics at a KinderCare. Here's what manner of undisputed truths ol' Ricco would have to cop to alone onstage: in addition to spitting on a dude, he was the first UFC fighter to be suspended for cocaine use. But, even more tragicomically, he actually once crashed his car into a semi-trailer while high (obvs). While doing that whole crashing thing, he dragged the unconscious body of his then girlfriend (who he actually thought was dead) into the driver's seat so it would appear like she was driving. Oh, if that wasn't enough awfulness, he once defied Dr. Drew by jumping off a boat on Celebrity Rehab. If he could somehow work that entire story into an extended slam poem...that might be the greatest work of art ever conceived ever.
See also:
*Mike Tyson's One-Man Show at the Pantages Theater Is Surprisingly Good
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Just Be Happy Crown
by Alessandra Hayden
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Just Be Happy Crown
Perfect Photography Prop!
It's an easy and quick project and it would be perfect for any princess or prince to play!
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- Crochet Hook 5.00mm
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GFI is now ready to begin development drilling of six wells using ENSCO International jackup ENSCO 51 now that the jacket, topsides, pipelines and floating production, storage and offloading vessel (FPSO) moorings have been safely installed. First oil from Bualuang field is expected to flow in late March, with the arrival of FPSO Rubicon Vantage scheduled for February. The Bualuang field holds in excess of 19 million barrels of proved and probable reserves of medium gravity oil (26 degree API) in depths of about 3,800 feet (1,158 m) in shallow waters of 210 feet (64 m).
Saturday, January 26, 2008
Thailand's Bualuang platform up and running
Filed from Singapore 1/25/2008 5:46:26 AM GMT
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Lonsdale Chilham
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Vill du ange som standardvaluta eller gäller valutan endast för detta besök?
We were in Phuket for 3 days - spent 2 at one hotel and 1 at Sleep With Me. We ended up leaving the first hotel because this hotel is right by Bangla Road and all the other cool places and we were so happy with our decision! The decor is cool, the rooftop pool has a nice bar/ restaurant next to it so that was nice.. and the staff was SUPER nice! However, the hotel is starting to look a bit old - it was raining and there was a huge puddle/ leak by the elevators and we saw two cockroaches.
location cleanse price rooms breakfast great pool good and simple hotel small room not fancy
Room was pretty clean. Showers were ok. This place is a rip off! They're Still in the middle of construction. There is no facilities. it doesn't say on the website that there is no facilities yet. The pool is not ready. There is no bar. Half of the hotel is still not built. All you get is a room. That's it! And Please be careful with your money! They charged me 216 us$ for a overseas phone call that lasted 25 minutes. When I asked the staff why it's so expensive they were really rude. So even if you get a good price for the room they'll find another way to rip you off. If you lose a umbrella they'll fine you top dollars!
hotel is only 1 year old They are sill in the middle of construction, and it doesn't say on the web site there is no half of facilities but they still charge for all.The pool is not ready, fittnis is is no ready, restaurant and bar is not ready another part of hotel is no ready. All you get is room for what you pay full rate for 4 star hotel and you are getting facilities for 3 star hotel. Only what is good about this hotel is because is only 1 year old and location what is no so important when you are on holiday and you are no harry nowhere. Don't west your money and if you got time you can check few web site and find much better hotel where they are not rip off gests My room was paid in full from hotel.com and kayak to hotel but on my arrival in hotel they ask for my credit cart and told me they are doing for security reason. I am back home already 2 days and on my credit card is still writing pending $105,50 but for what? Sorry this is no way to pick customer.I am trevelling a lot with my husband and my family as well but for sure I am no coming to this hotel again. By the way Phuket is our favourite destination and we are going two times every year.
The room was clean and spacious and the facility seems higher in quality than the price would indicated The staff seems untrustworthy. You have to put down a 2000 Baht (or 100 dollar) cash deposit when you check in. When I was checking out, the staff claimed that I had not put down a cash deposit and that I had used a credit card. When I showed them my receipt for the deposit, they magically "found" the record of my deposit and gave me my money back. There's also a tour/travel coordinator who has a desk next to reception. When I asked to book a taxi to the airport, I was told that the rate was 1,000 baht (the going rate everywhere else is about 800 baht), and when I started laughing, the guy said that he would give me a special rate of 800 baht. The level of deception and trying to take advantage of guests seems to know no bounds at this hotel.
Med vetskap om vilka olika avdelningar som finns på hotellet kan man välja rätt och få hög kvalite. Okunnig är det som vilket annat som helst.Jag bokade om rum efter en natt. Relativt hög prisnivå
Jättebra läge, trevligt och stort hotell. Utmärkt frukost. Bra pooler. Dåligt tryck i duschkranen var det enda negativa i vår mening.
location, service the swimming pool was out of order
The Location of the hotel is perfect. During night nearly to 11 clock night till 1 clock midnight the hotel starts playing music with a singer ! it was really annoying, this hotel not recommended for families or old age people.
Checking out early. Hotel under major renovations and construction. Web site claims pool open in September, but on arrival discover will not be until new year. Constant noise from construction made stay totally unenjoyable. Checked out 5 days early, without refund, just to get some peace during holiday.
The surrounding facilities. The charging for additional guests Inc 1hr massage appointments. Will not stay again.
The location was beautiful. The room was amazing. The pools were fantastic. Sizzle restauarant was delicious. Main restaurant was average. There was a wide variety of items to choose from, but they got boring fast. Breakfast buffet had some hot items that were not hot. Our butler never once checked in on us to ask how everything was. Very disappointed by that.
One Of The Most Luxurious Hotel in Phuket.... Very Near To Patong Beach.... Totally A Hideaway / Escape Resort with full and modern amenities....!!! Just Loved It...
Allt helt fantastiskt hotel det absolut det bästa jag upplevt. Absolut inget
Bra läge, fint och rent, bra service. Mat under lunch tiden var lite dålig.
Hotellet har en mycket fin strand som gör hela vistelsen. Fantastiskt läge. Välj Junior Suits! Hotellet är mer 4 än 5 stjärnor. Frukostarna är ej ngt speciellt mer likt ett 3-4 stjärnigt hotell.
The air condition noise is kind loud.
First, we really appreciate that the staff tried their best to give us two connected room for our family. Another wonderful thing is their free change rooms for guests after check-out, So that we were able to take a nice shower before we went to catch our midnight flight after spending a nice day on beach. The shower system needs improvement. The water tempreture is not stable.
It is well located close to the beach and Karon is a nice area - quieter than Patong Honestly, for the price, I was expecting more. The hotel is big and sprawling and I felt more like a number there than an actual guest. Very crowded and we were hearded in and out of the breakfast buffet like cattle, no space by the pool etc. Room is simple, nothing like the pictures. TV rarely worked and there were bugs! Overall, a bit disappointed.
The location and villas are very nice The pools were too crowded and on some days we could not get chairs at any of the pools.
I loved the rooms, the gardens, the food, the staff, the location, the pools an absolutley magic, relaxing place to stay and definatley would love to return No we loved everything
The big swimmingpool, nice wooden interioer and rooms, good balcony. Considering the price one can't complain inconvenient location and arrangements, for instance you needed to take hotel car to go to the swimming pool, could not live up to 5 stars, but good value for money.
3 big swimming pools all around the resort, so each one is not very busy...
4 star resort with 1 star service The responce of your gen. mngr. and staff, with exception of housekeeping whom were good, i might add the only ones. The balance were busy soliciting gratuities on a regular basis especially your pool towel attendant.
every thing was excellent. there is no car to take you to your room after 12:00am and its long long way....
Staff very friendly, huge room and bath, very clean good value
privacy cost of food & drink
The room are nice. The main swimming pool is very nice ! You can't come with guest...
the chikingout is not fliksabul
Convenience Reception desk staff service
There was nothing what I liked about the hotel. I would never stay here again and I wouldn't recommend it to anyone. So far it was the worst hotel -in the same category-where I ever stayed in Phuket. (I' have been visiting the island for over 10 years regularly). It is a very very touristic hotel without any charme and that oriental touch what you find in nearly every hotel in Thailand. Rooms look very commercial, providing cold atmosphere.I Find the landscape design of the hotel very weird. You can't enter buy car/taxis but they let big tour buses in, which park in the morning in front of your balcony waiting for the tourists with running engine and making irritating noise at 8 am on Saturday morning. Unacceptable!! Staff is far not up to International standard. They have a very much country girl/boy appearance .They need a bit of grooming and training.
The breakfast and pools are fantastic. Really enjoyed the green landscape around the resort. Some of the furnishing appears to be worn out.
The scenery from the rooms, the space rooms offered and the price I paid for the rooms. Facilities such as mini golf, table tennis, fitness centre, squash and tennis courts. The hotel should introduce Muslim shower in toilets just like leading hotels in Bangkok do. In restaurants and breakfast they should introduce Halal food, and if any chicken or lamb is already Halal, then it should be advertised as such. They should also introduce a couple of more table tennis tables as table tennis is by far the most popular game and there are long queues of guests for the lone table. Games room should also be open for 24 hrs.
verry nice hotel, excellent for honey lovers, a little far from malls, security measures reduce the comfort even thyough they are trying to make it as easy as possible.
The good bay, convenient site. A high level of service. The restaurant looks level below hotel, is disproportionately expensive.
Excellent position, amenities first class staff friendly and the cleanliness was above average, all in all a great destination
The hotel staff are friendly. Overall, the service and facilities are excellent. The rooms are clean and spacious. Unfortunately, the hotel did not confirm our reservation properly even though we booked 6 months in advance and had no record of our booking. Activehotels were much more helpful in solving the problem than the hotel who did not want to know about it until they were contacted by activehotels directly. Make sure if you book this hotel through booking.com or priceline that you double-check they have confirmed it by phoning.
Location was perfect, not too far from the hussle and bussle if you want it and nice and quiet. I think the mini bar was complimentary? clarification in the room would have been useful.
Location close but quiet. Beautiful hotel and I will stay again most definitely. Highly recommend it to anyone. This was not a major issue but I certainly think it will benefit the hotel further is to have more English speaking staff as it was difficult at times to communicate our needs to them.
The design of the room, the big size of the reception, the ease of use is very good in the rooms, the swimming pool.
Great location - it is in Nap Padong but tucked away a little from the usual craziness of the Soi Bangla. If you want the craziness, walk for 5 mins. Also at 2 mins walk you have the beach which is gorgeous and less crowded than the beach area close to bangla soi Actually there is nothing that we didn't like
The breakfast was fantastic and the stay was comfortable
Very quiet and relaxing. Reasonable sea view from balcony. Can't think of anything.
Hotel is quite noisy and cleanliness of the room could be improved
Fantastisk utsikt över stranden som bara låg på andra sidan gatan. AC:n var inte tillräcklig. Det var mycket varmt i rummet och det tog mycket länge förrän man fick ner temperaturen.
Detta var ett utmärkt hotell med närhet till strand, shopping och restauranger. Servicen var utmärkt och rumsstandarden var god. Eftersom det är byggt på en höjd så var det några trappor att gå i när man skulle till rummet. Men det fanns hiss.
Servicen var mycket bra hos personalen. Fina rum med bra utsikt. Nära centrum. Bra frukost. Fina poolområden. Detta är andra gången vi bor på detta hotell. Förra gången var för två år sedan. Det vi reagerade på nu var att mycket hade blivit slitet. Det fanns exempelvis massor av trasiga solstolar kring poolen. Är rädd att hotellet kommer försämras ytterligare om man inte börjar renovera och se över sånt som är trasigt.
Bra hotell med fina stora rum med bra läge nära stranden. Väldigt mycket trappor på hotellet för att komma till de olika hotellbyggnaderna.
Bra läge, bra frukost. I det stora sammantaget så var vi nöjda med hotellet efter att vi fått byta rum. Dålig lukt i rummet men fick byta till ett annat som var något bättre (typ mögellukt), mycket trappor om man bor längst upp, dåliga att fylla på det som tog slut på frukostbuffén
Friendly stuff, pool
In-room facilities are great with many nice touches like, internet TV, Pay Per View TV, cosy bed, nice bath tub!
Very nice hotel
It was a fresh and new built hotel in the heart of Patong. Nice staff, good location, fresh.
it was modern and close to the night live it was still new and well looked after, modern and really neat


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Item Description The AR 3.50 is an exciting knife from Gerber Legendary Blades that combines excellent materials with unique design features. Designed by Gerber engineers and made overseas the AR 3.50 has premium features found on cutlery much more expensive. The handle is made from aircraft grade aluminum and has Kraton rubber inserts on the side and on the top that are molded through the aluminum. This guarantees that the inserts will not work loose over time. The handles are elctro-coated in a champagne finish and a removable pocket clip is fastened to the handle. The fine edged black blade is made of 440A stainless steel and has a right and left thumb stud for easy opening. The blade rides on two Non-Stick washers for a lifetime of smooth opening and use. Once opened the blade solidly locks in place with a liner lock mechanism made of stainless steel. SPECIFICATIONS: - Blade: 440A stainless steel fine edge black - Blade Length: 3.5" - Open Length: 8.38" - Closed Length: 4.88" - Handle: Champagne colored electroless nickel plated injection molded rubber inserts (Soft Grip) lanyard hole Model: 05870 Popular Categories Recently Viewed Items |
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The Dundee Advanced Interventions Service is a specialist service providing assessment and treatment for severe and chronic treatment-refractory depression (TRD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
We are a National Specialist Service, which means that we are one of over 70 national services in Scotland, receiving funding directly from the National Services Division (NSD) of NHS Scotland. Referrals (and some treatments, such as neurosurgery or intensive exposure and response prevention) are cost-free to NHS Boards in Scotland. This works because monies for specialist services are 'top sliced' from money given to NHS Boards by the Scottish Executive.
We are 'hosted' by NHS Tayside and whilst most of the staff are employed by NHS Tayside, many of the staff hold honorary contracts (or indeed, full contracts) with the University of Dundee.
NHS organisations in Scotland who wish to make a referral can do so without having to apply for separate funding. NHS Trusts in England and Wales are required to obtain funding before patients can be seen.
Please see the table below to determine whether funding is required:
Patient from: |
Assessment |
Intensive ERP |
Scotland |
Funding not needed |
Funding not needed |
Funding required |
Funding not needed |
England / Wales / NI / Eire |
Funding required |
Funding required |
Funding required |
Funding required |
Patients from Scotland can be assessed without additional funding. If they proceed to neurosurgery, this can be provided within the Service Level Agreement (SLA). If Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) is requested and is clinically-appropriate, additional funding will be required even for Scottish patients as VNS is no longer funded as part of our SLA.
Intensive Treatment Programmes for OCD
From 1 April 2013, we are pleased to be able to offer intensive treatment programmes for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) as part of our SLA. This means that Scottish patients will be able to receive specialist treatment in Scotland for the first time. Assessment and treatment (which may involve inpatient admission) is free to Scottish NHS Boards.
You can now download our Operational Framework here.
Please note that patients need to be referred by secondary care mental health teams, and to have a care plan in place with local services.


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Monday, May 26, 2014
The Best Books for Toddlers with Jane from xo, from Lauren and Jane
11 comments:
- Liz Mays said...
Dear Zoo is a favorite here too. I hadn't seen the baby lit books yet. I'm really interested in those!
- May 28, 2014 at 8:53 AM
- bxcrochet said...
Those are some great choices. I have to check some of these out for my daughter.
Michelle F. - May 28, 2014 at 11:43 AM
- Maddi'sMommy said...
We love the book "The Very Hungry Caterpillar" and just picked up the anniversary editiion.
- May 28, 2014 at 1:03 PM
- Kung Phoo said...
Cute books.. i wish my kids were into reading more.. but they are more into writing... so maybe we will read their books later on in life..
- May 28, 2014 at 1:11 PM
- Holly @ Woman Tribune said...
Pete the Cat! I used to work in a bookstore and perhaps got a little too into the children's section. So many people have written really incredible books for kids, so it's always great to see people rounding up their favorites and continue to foster a love of reading in their children at a young age.
- May 28, 2014 at 1:36 PM
- Joanna Sormunen said...
These sound like some really good books! I love that besides the classics (like the Very hungry catepillar) there are some new ones for me. It's always good to find about new books to read!
- May 28, 2014 at 2:36 PM
- Terri | Sugar Free Glow said...
Pete the Cat, Dr. Seuss, Go! Dog Go! were some favorites. Very Hungry Caterpillar is a favorite of my son's but my daughter didn't love it--not sure why. Eric Carle makes a beautiful book about winter....it might be called Snow--not sure but we all love that one.
- May 28, 2014 at 7:18 PM
- Payal Bansal said...
I would love to add pride & prejudice and sense & sensibility in my nephew's book collection.
- May 29, 2014 at 8:36 AM
- Felicia Franceschelli said...
Other than "The Very Hungry Caterpillar" I have never heard of any of these childrens books! They all seem like a great read though!
- May 29, 2014 at 10:09 AM
- Ckrusch said...
Love your selection! Will share with my friends who have little ones!
- May 29, 2014 at 1:03 PM
- Lexie Lane said...
We love the Hungry Caterpillar and Pete Cat (as my son calls it). Love this list!
- May 29, 2014 at 6:04 PM


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Experimental and theoretical analyses of the lactate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase based enzymatic AND logic gates in which the enzymes and their substrates serve as logic inputs are performed. These two systems are examples of the novel, previously unexplored class of biochemical logic gates that illustrate potential biomedical applications of… (More)
Glass-sealed Pt electrodes with submicrometer and nanometer size have been successfully developed and applied for nanoscale electrochemical measurements such as scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). These small electrodes, however, are difficult to work with because they often lose a current response or give a low SECM feedback in current-distance… (More)
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