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CSDP Preparation Course Module IV: Software Construction
Module IV - Software Construction2 Specifications The exam specific topics covered in this module are listed below, and are the basis for the outline of its content A.Construction Planning B.Code Design C.Data Design and Management D.Error Processing E.Source Code Organization F.Code Documentation G.Construction Quality Assurance H.System Integration and Deployment I.Code Tuning J.Construction Tools
Module IV - Software Construction3 Objectives After completing this module, you should be able to… Define the "software construction" Discuss how to plan for software construction Examine the factors that effect the size, cost, and schedule for software construction Discuss software construction quality factors and quality assurance List and describe software construction tools Describe how to design and document code Describe what is meant by code tuning and how to do it Describe error processing Define the various types of system integration
Module IV - Software Construction4 Organization The organization of information for each specification topic is as follows: Topic Content Slides - detail the important issues concerning each topic and support the module objectives Topic Reference Slides - detail the sources for the topical content and provides additional references for review Topic Quiz Slides - allow students to prepare for the exam
Module IV - Software Construction5 Introduction Definition of Software Construction: Detailed creation of working, meaningful software through a combination of coding, verification, unit testing, integration testing, and debugging Software construction closely tied to Software design Software testing Design Construction Testing
Module IV - Software Construction6 Introduction - 2 More on Construction Significant detailed design occurs during construction Low-level (e.g. unit and module integration) testing occurs during construction Construction produces high volume of configuration items Thus construction linked to configuration management Construction is tool intensive Quality (or lack thereof) is very evident in the construction products Construction highly related to Computer Science due to Use of algorithms Detailed coding practices
Module IV - Software Construction7 Introduction - 3 Software Construction Fundamentals The fundamentals of software construction include: Minimizing complexity Anticipating change Constructing for verification Standards in construction The following slides discuss each of these fundamentals
Module IV - Software Construction8 Introduction - 4 Minimizing Complexity Humans are severely limited in our ability to hold complex information in our working memories As a result, minimizing complexity is one the of strongest drivers in software construction Need to reduce complexity throughout the lifecycle As functionality increases, so does complexity Accomplished through use of standards Examples: J2EE for complex, distributed Java applications UML for modeling all aspects of complex systems High-order programming languages such as C++ and Java Source code formatting rules to aid readability
Module IV - Software Construction9 Introduction - 5 Anticipating Change Software changes over time Anticipation of change affect how software is constructed This can effect Use of control structures Handling of errors Source code organization Code documentation Coding standards
Module IV - Software Construction10 Introduction - 6 Constructing for Verification Construct software that allows bugs to be easily found and fixed Examples: Enforce coding standards Helps support code reviews Unit testing Organizing code to support automated testing Restricted use of complex or hard-to-understand language structures
Module IV - Software Construction11 Introduction - 7 Standards in Construction Standards which directly affect construction issues include: Programming languages E.g. standards for languages like Java and C++ Communication methods E.g. standards for document formats and contents Platforms E.g. programmer interface standards for operating system calls, J2EE Tools E.g. diagrammatic standards for notations like the Unified Modeling Language
Module IV - Software Construction12 References [IE04] IEEE Computer Society, Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK), IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA 20001, June 2004
Module IV - Software Construction13 A. Construction Planning What is Construction Planning? Laying out the work plan (i.e. schedule) to design, implement, debug, and unit test the software Construction planning major concerns: Coders are typically not planners Schedules will be difficult to maintain unless a good architecture design is in place Many organizations to not collect project data on which to plan future projects Many managers consider planning to be a waste of time and therefore don't encourage it Project plans may be limited to the construction plans Many organizations and projects do not use systematic cost estimating methods such as models
Module IV - Software Construction14 A. Construction Planning - 2 Improving Software Economics Consider reducing development costs by planning to: Reduce the size and/or complexity Improve the development process Use more highly skilled people and build better teams Use better tools Reduce quality thresholds Some actions include Use an object-oriented approach Use COTS components Use an iterative approach Provide training to development team Automate tedious tasks with tools
Module IV - Software Construction15 A. Construction Planning - 3 Construction Prerequisites As with building construction, much of the success or failure of the project already determined before construction begins Upstream activities such as project planning, requirements, architecture, and design are crucial to success Typical high-risk areas Project planning Requirements Architecture Preparation is a way to reduce these risks
Module IV - Software Construction16 A. Construction Planning - 4 Problem Definition Prerequisite The problem being solved via the application must be well defined Common names for the document containing the problem statement: Product Vision Vision Statement Product Definition Defines the problem without reference to potential solutions Helps avoid solving the wrong problem!
Module IV - Software Construction17 A. Construction Planning - 5 Requirements Prerequisite Requirements describe in detail what a system is supposed to do, therefore are invaluable for construction Explicit requirements: Help ensure the user drives system functionality Rather than the programmer Reduce the number of construction debates Help minimize changes after development begins Specifying requirements adequately is a key to project success
Module IV - Software Construction18 A. Construction Planning - 6 Architecture Prerequisite Quality of the architecture determines the conceptual integrity of the system A proper architecture: Gives structure to maintain conceptual integrity Provides guidance to programmers Partitions work Architecture-level problems are much more costly to fix than are coding errors Good architecture can make construction easy Bad architecture makes construction difficult
Module IV - Software Construction19 A. Construction Planning - 7 Regarding Upstream Prerequisites Time budgeted for requirements and architecture work 10 to 20 percent of manpower 20 to 30 percent of schedule If requirements are unstable Do not ignore, spend time to fix The analyst should fix if a formal project Can be fixed by the programmer for informal projects Use same heuristics for problems with the architecture
Module IV - Software Construction20 A. Construction Planning - 8 Choose an Approach Many software development approaches have been tried over the years Some examples (not mutually exclusive): Functional Object-Oriented Iterative Waterfall Agile Data-centric The construction team must follow some approach Chosen approach must be appropriate for the task at hand
Module IV - Software Construction21 A. Construction Planning - 9 Choose a Programming Language Programming language choices affect Productivity Code quality Programmers more productive using a familiar language High-level languages provided higher quality and better productivity Some languages better at expressing programming concepts than others The ways in which a programmers express themselves are affected by the chosen language
Module IV - Software Construction22 A. Construction Planning - 10 Choose Construction Practices Questions to answer regarding practices: How detailed will the design be? What are the coding conventions for names, comments, layout, etc.? How will the architecture be enforced? Is the project's use of technology ahead of or behind the power curve, and is this appropriate given the circumstances? What is the integration procedure, how often is it done, and who participates? Will developers program individually, in pairs, or some combination of this? Where and when will builds occur?
Module IV - Software Construction23 A. Construction Planning - 11 Choose Tools Modern programming tools Are essential to maintain programmer productivity Reduce tedious and redundant tasks Must be appropriate for the task at hand Tools preparation checklist: Are all product licenses current? Are all products at current, supported revision level? Have all programmers received proper training on the tools? Does the project have a configuration management tool? Does the project have a tool to track change requests? Do project team members have sufficient workstations? Does the project have sufficient test environments? Does the project have sufficient build environments?
Module IV - Software Construction24 A. Construction Planning - 12 Construct the Team For small development efforts Self managed Everyone is a peer For mid-size development efforts Single team For large development efforts Multiple teams Role# / Team* Lead1 Detailed designer1 to 4 Coder5 to 10 Integrator1 to 2 Unit testerSame as coder System tester1 "Buildmeister"1 Configuration manager1 * Individuals will play multiple roles Table 1: Team Composition
Module IV - Software Construction25 A. References [IE04] IEEE Computer Society, Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK), IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA 20001, June 2004 [RS04] IBM Rational Software, The Rational Unified Process v2003.06.13, 2004 [RT03] [SM04] S. McConnell, Code Complete: A Practical Handbook of Software Construction, Second Edition, Microsoft Press, 2004. [WR01] Walker Royce, Software Project Management, A Unified Framework, Addison-Wesley, Boston, MA, 2001
Module IV - Software Construction26 A.Quiz – 1 According to this lesson, construction planning involves creating a schedule for all except which of the following: a) Design b) Implement c) Integrate d) Unit test 1) a 2) b 3) c 4) d
Module IV - Software Construction27 A.Quiz – 2 Which are valid ways to reduce development costs: a) Reduce the number of requirements b) Reduce quality c) Use more highly skilled people 1) a 2) b 3) c 4) None are valid 5) All are valid
Module IV - Software Construction28 A.Quiz – 3 The name given to the document that contains the problem statement is a) Product Vision b) Vision Statement c) Product Definition 1) a 2) b 3) c 4) All of the above
Module IV - Software Construction29 A.Quiz – 4 After the completion of construction, problems discovered with the architecture are typically a) More costly to fix than coding errors b) Less costly to fix than coding errors c) Due to incorrect requirements d) Due to missing requirements 1) a 2) b 3) c 4) d
Module IV - Software Construction30 A.Quiz – 5 Up to 30 percent of the schedule should be allocated to requirements and architecture activities. 1) True 2) False
Module IV - Software Construction31 B. Code Design Software Design The process of defining the software architecture, components, modules, interfaces, test approach, and data for a software system to satisfy specified requirements. IEEE Standard 729-1983
Module IV - Software Construction32 B. Code Design - 2 Importance of Managing Complexity Most technical issues are due to high complexity Users are demanding more functionality Frequent source of complexity Software Crisis: Ability to produce suitable applications is not keeping pace with demand Causing systems to be unreliable, slow, insecure, buggy "Separation of concerns" is one method to overcome complexity
Module IV - Software Construction33 B. Code Design - 3 How to Overcome Complexity Ineffective designs come from three sources: A complex solution to a simple problem A Simple, incorrect solution to a complex problem An inappropriate, complex solution to a complex problem 2 ways to manage complexity: Minimize the amount of essential complexity Keep accidental complexity from proliferating
Module IV - Software Construction34 B. Code Design - 4 Desirable Design Characteristics Steve McConnell suggests achievement of the following: 1.Minimal complexity 2.Ease of maintenance 3.Loose coupling 4.Extensibility 5.High fan-in 6.Low-to-medium fan-out 7.Portability 8.Leanness 9.Stratification 10.Standard techniques
Module IV - Software Construction35 B. Code Design - 5 Desirable Design Characteristics (cont.) Minimal complexity KISS: Keep it simple, stupid! Ease of maintenance Use common programming constructs and consistent naming conventions Loose coupling Reduce interdependencies within the code Extensibility Minimal ripple effect when changes are made Reusability Modules, components, & subsystems can be and are reused
Module IV - Software Construction36 B. Code Design - 6 Desirable Design Characteristics (cont.) High fan-in Highly utilized classes Low to medium fan-out Call tree not to large Portability Able to be redeployed in a different environment Leanness No extra parts Stratification Consistent levels of abstraction across subsystems Standard techniques Stay with the "tried and true"
Module IV - Software Construction37 B. Code Design - 7 Levels of Design 5 levels of abstraction in software design: Level 1 – Software System Level 2 – Subsystems Level 3 – Classes Level 4 – Routines Level 5 – Internal Routine Design
Module IV - Software Construction38 B. Code Design - 8 Level 1 – Software System The entire system Concern of the architect, not detailed designer Unless system is extremely small
Module IV - Software Construction39 B. Code Design - 9 Level 2 – Subsystems Identify all major subsystems I.e. identity the architectural layers and the contents in each layer Major design activities at this level are 1.Partition the program into major subsystems 2.Define subsystem interfaces
Module IV - Software Construction40 B. Code Design - 10 Level 3 – Classes Identify all classes by subsystem Define class relationships Generalizations Dependencies Associations For each class, define its interface
Module IV - Software Construction41 B. Code Design - 11 Level 4 – Routines Define the routines for each class Previously defined interfaces will help Need to also identify internal routines Level 4 activities may necessitate a return to Level 3 to further define the interface This is normal and encouraged in an iterative development approach
Module IV - Software Construction42 B. Code Design - 12 Level 5 – Internal Routine Design Lay out the detailed functionality of each routine Closest activity to programming This includes: Deciding program flow, perhaps by writing pseudocode Choosing algorithms Determining program calls Determining return points Inserting programming constructs such as loops and case statements
Module IV - Software Construction43 B. Code Design - 13 Design Techniques Find Real-World Objects Form Consistent Abstractions Encapsulate Implementation Details Apply Inheritance Hide Internal Information Identify Areas Likely to Change Ensure Loose Coupling Apply Design Patterns
Module IV - Software Construction44 B. Code Design - 14 More Techniques Aim for Strong Cohesion Build Hierarchies Formalize Class Contracts Assign Responsibilities Design for Test Avoid Failure Choose Binding Time Consciously Make Central Points of Control Consider Using Brute Force Draw a Diagram Keep Your Design Modular
Module IV - Software Construction45 B. Code Design - 15 Design Approaches Iterate Don't stagnate in any one activity Instead, cycle through activities and return to the beginning Build on previous work Divide and Conquer Divide problem into more manageable chunks Prototype Create a "quick and dirty" version of the application Provides insight into the problem Collaborative Design Two (or more) heads is better than one Can be formal or informal
Module IV - Software Construction46 B. References [IE04] IEEE Computer Society, Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK), IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA 20001, June 2004 [SM04] S. McConnell, Code Complete: A Practical Handbook of Software Construction, Second Edition, Microsoft Press, 2004.
Module IV - Software Construction47 B. Quiz – 1 The issues related to the software crisis include: a) Ineffective development practices b) Inherent complexities of application development c) Poor application quality 1) a & b 2) a & c 3) a 4) All of the above
Module IV - Software Construction48 B. Quiz – 2 Levels of design deal with the: a) Levels of abstraction within an application b) Levels of abstraction within a subsystem c) Levels of abstraction within a class d) Levels of abstraction within a routine 1) a 2) b 3) c 4) d
Module IV - Software Construction49 B. Quiz – 3 Subsystems are synonymous with architecture layers. a) True b) False
Module IV - Software Construction50 B. Quiz – 4 Level 5 - Internal Routine Design includes: a) Deciding program flow b) Coding algorithms c) Writing pseudocode 1) a 2) b 3) c 4) a & c
Module IV - Software Construction51 C. Data Design And Management What is Data Design? A method used to define and analyze data requirements needed to support the business functions of an enterprise. These data requirements are recorded as a conceptual data model with associated data definitions. Data Design defines the relationships between data elements and structures. What is Data Management? The act of ensuring database integrity, security, performance, and recovery of data.
Module IV - Software Construction52 C. Data Design And Management - 2 Stages of Data Modeling The data model evolves through three stages 1.Conceptual High level key entities and their relationships 2.Logical Refinement of the conceptual model into more detailed logical entities 3.Physical Detailed and optimized phyiscal database table designs
Module IV - Software Construction53 C. Data Design And Management - 3 Conceptual Data Modeling Initial stage of database design High-level definition of persistent data and its storage Business model provides business and system entities Starting point in the evolution of the data model Can be represented by an Entity-Relationship (ER) model Graphically via ER diagrams
Module IV - Software Construction54 C. Data Design And Management - 4 Logical Data Modeling Provides idealized view of key logical data entities and relationships Independent of any software or database implementation Useful for modeling data structures to be shared across applications Obtain buy-in from relevant stakeholders in order to "get it right" Reduces risk Not always necessary, especially for small data needs Can skip the conceptual and logical model and start with physical
Module IV - Software Construction55 C. Data Design And Management - 5 Physical Data Design Define the detailed physical design of the database Tables Views Stored procedures Steps to create the physical data model: 1.Define domains 2.Create initial physical database design elements 3.Define reference tables 4.Create primary key and unique constraints 5.Define data and referential integrity enforcement rules 6.De-normalize database design 7.Optimize data access 8.Define storage characteristics 9.Design stored procedures
Module IV - Software Construction56 C. Data Design And Management - 6 Define Domains A domain is used to enforce data type standards Definitions of user-defined data types Enhances interoperation across applications Example: day_of_week column defined as: MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN A domain would limit possible values in this column to these values
Module IV - Software Construction57 C. Data Design And Management - 7 Create Initial Elements Initial elements are tables and relationships Columns are defined for each table Logical entities from logical data model can be used as starting point for creating tables Or, persistent classes from the design model CustIDNamePhoneEmailZip 2332Mary Martin(931) email@example.com 4048Joe Denver(231) firstname.lastname@example.com 6301Peg Thrush(721) email@example.com 4893Amy Meyer(818) email@example.com 2943Curt Sanchez(319) firstname.lastname@example.com
Module IV - Software Construction58 C. Data Design And Management - 8 Define Reference Tables Reference table: Frequently-accessed tables whose data changes infrequently Used to optimize access to data in the database Examples: Standard product codes 2 character U.S. state codes Conversion rates Postal codes Reference tables can reduce disk I/O and and increase database performance
Module IV - Software Construction59 C. Data Design And Management - 9 Create Primary Key & Unique Constraints Purpose of primary keys: Define the one or more columns that uniquely identify a row in the table Purpose of unique constraint: Define constraints on columns that guarantee the uniqueness of the data or collection of data One primary key per table Choose a non-meaningful, non-user-entered column, if possible A unique constraint designates that the data in the column is unique per row. A Customer_ID column frequently has a unique constraint to ensure unique IDs
Module IV - Software Construction60 C. Data Design And Management - 10 Define Rules Purpose: To ensure the integrity of the database Data integrity rules also know as constraints Ensure data values are within allowed ranges Foreign key is one or more columns in a table that map to the primary key in another table One table could have many foreign keys Each foreign key maps to a different table Each foreign key maps to a primary key in a different table
Module IV - Software Construction61 C. Data Design And Management - 11 De-normalize Database De-normalizing optimized the data structures to increase performance Reduces number of table joins the DBMS has to do by combining certain tables Reduces access time but can increase update time
Module IV - Software Construction62 C. Data Design And Management - 12 Optimize Data Access Use indexing and database views for better data access Indexing Requires knowledge of how data will be accessed Can have large impact on performance Views A virtual table Contains data from multiple tables Decreases time to select data Especially for heavily queried tables Can increase security by restricting access to data
Module IV - Software Construction63 C. Data Design And Management - 13 Define Storage Characteristics Design space allocation Design disk page organization Tablespaces Take advantage of block disk I/O Allow specification of physical data layout
Module IV - Software Construction64 C. Data Design And Management - 14 Design Stored Procedures Stored procedure: Executable code that runs on the database server Performs database-related actions on the server Without having to transfer data across a network Triggers are a special case of stored procedures Triggers invoked implicitly based on some event
Module IV - Software Construction65 C. Data Design And Management - 15 Review Results The final step in a data design iteration Assesses the completeness and quality of work to date Ensure that the data model and physical implementation are in sync Discrepancies and other issues are noted and fixed If the fixes are deferred, the issue should be tracked as a change request
Module IV - Software Construction66 C. References [RS04] IBM Rational Software, The Rational Unified Process v2003.06.13, 2004 [UT04] University of Texas at Austin, "Introduction to Data Modeling", http://www.utexas.edu/its/windows/database/ - datamodeling, 2004
Module IV - Software Construction67 C. Quiz – 1 Which of the following is not part of data management? a) Data integrity b) Security c) User access d) Performance e) Data recovery 1) a 2) b 3) c 4) All are aspects of data management
Module IV - Software Construction68 C. Quiz – 2 The 3 stages of data modeling include: a) Conceptual b) Preliminary c) Detailed d) Logical e) Physical 1) b, c, & e 2) b, c, & d 3) a, d, & e 4) a, b, & c
Module IV - Software Construction69 C. Quiz – 3 Entity Relationship Diagrams are useful for which data modeling stage? a) Preliminary b) Detailed c) Logical 1) a & b 2) b only 3) c only 4) All stages
Module IV - Software Construction70 C. Quiz – 4 A database domain is used for what purpose? a) Enforce data standards b) Group frequently used tables c) Logically group tables d) Define client access 1) a 2) b 3) c 4) d
Module IV - Software Construction71 C. Quiz – 5 The benefit of a de-normalized database is: a) Reduce update time b) Reduce access time c) Reduce number of tables 1) a 2) b 3) a & c 4) b & c
Module IV - Software Construction72 D. Error Processing Software error: A human action that results in software containing a fault [ANSI/IEEE Standard 729-1983] Software fault: 1. An accidental condition that causes a functional unit to fail to perform its required function 2. A manifestation of an error in software [ANSI/IEEE Standard 729-1983] Software failure: 1. The inability of a system or system component to perform a required function within specified limits. A failure may be produced when a fault is encountered. 2. A departure of program operation from program requirements.
Module IV - Software Construction73 D. Error Processing - 2 Debugging Debugging: The Process of correcting syntactic and logical errors detected during coding. -- With the primary goal of obtaining and executing a piece of code, debugging shares the testing of certain techniques and strategies but differs in its usual ad hoc application and local scope. [FIPS Publication 101, 1983] The Process of locating, analyzing, and correcting suspected faults. Sometimes synonymous with unit testing. A bug is an euphemism for fault (error) Debugging is associated with coding in that it is normally done by the coder who built the code Therefore, debugging is the search for faults, i.e. testing Testing is the process of executing a computer program for the purpose of finding faults
Module IV - Software Construction74 D. Error Processing - 3 Learning how to debug a computer program General methods -- Learn in-depth how the program you are working on operates -- Learn the kinds of mistakes you typically make -- Learn how to solve software problems Solving software problems -- Stabilize the error : Otherwise it is almost impossible to fix -- Locate the source of the error : Through creative testing -- Fix the error : Determine the impact on other areas of the program -- Test the fix : Use regression testing -- Look for similar errors : They probably exist
Module IV - Software Construction75 D. References McConnell, Steve, Code Complete: A Practical Handbook of Software Construction, Microsoft Press, Redmond, WA, 1983, Chapter 26, pp. 623-649. ANSI/IEEE Standard 729-1983 FIPS Publication 101, 1983
Module IV - Software Construction76 D. Quiz 1) The simplest type of construction language is a) Programming language b) Toolkit language c) Configuration language d) Formal language 2) The language in which software engineers choose from a limited set of predefined options to create new or custom software installations is a) Formal language b) Configuration language c) Toolkit language d) Programming language
Module IV - Software Construction77 E. Source Code Organization Code that needs order Order counts if the statement must be executed in a particular order -- For example, if there is a need to read a record before it can be written Make order obvious through: -- Naming the routines so order is obvious -- Use routine parameters to reflect the execution order Document the dependency between parts of the code The strongest principle for organizing straight-line code is order dependencies Dependencies should be made obvious through the use of good routine names, parameter lists and comments.
Module IV - Software Construction78 E. Source Code Organization - 2 Other reasons for organizing code Keep related statements together -- That operate on the same data -- That perform similar tasks -- That depend on each other being performed in order Assign variables close to where they will be used Keep variables live for as short a time as possible -- Measure the live time of a variable -- A short live time makes your code more readable Make sure readability is consistent from top to bottom
Module IV - Software Construction79 E. References McConnell, Steve, Code Complete: A Practical Handbook of Software Construction, Microsoft Press, Redmond, WA, 1983. Chapter 13, Pages 302-309
Module IV - Software Construction80 E. Quiz 1) How many forms of testing does construction involves? a) 4 b) 3 c) 2 d) 1 2) The purpose of _________ testing is to reduce the gap between the time at which faults are inserted into the code and the time those faults are detected? a) Unit testing b) Construction testing c) Integration testing d) Design testing
Module IV - Software Construction81 F. Code Documentation Types of Documentation Good documentation is a sign of professional pride by the programmer (coder) Documentation might be inside or outside the source code Outside (external) documentation is classically a: -- Users' manual -- Operator's manual (most recently combined with User's manuals) -- Maintenance manual Outside documentation tends to be of the high-level (more abstract) type Inside documentation tend to be of the low-level (more concrete) type
Module IV - Software Construction82 F. Code Documentation - 2 Inside documents are of two types: -- Online help manuals -- Commented code Outside documents are a number of different types, two of which are: -- Software design documents (SDD) – A design specification which can be based on IEEE Standard 1016- 1998 -- Unit development folder -- Based on work by Frank Ingrassia originally written in 1977
Module IV - Software Construction83 F. Code Documentation - 3 Detailed Design Documentation Detailed design can be a high-level design document (architectural design) or a low-level design document (detailed design document): Detailed design documents contain: --Identification –The name of the design entity. -- Type – A description of the kind of design entity -- Purpose – A description of why the design entity exists -- Function – A Statement of what the design entity does -- Subordinates – The identification of all entities composing this design entity
Module IV - Software Construction84 F. Code Documentation - 4 Detailed design documents contain (continued) -- Dependencies – A description of the relationships of this design entity with other entities -- Interface – A description of how other entities interact with this design entity. -- Resources – A description of the elements used by the design entity that are external to the design -- Processing – A description of the rules used by the design entity to achieve its function. -- Data – A description of data elements internal to the design entity Although not required by the standard, the software designer name or identification should be entered with each entity.
Module IV - Software Construction85 F. Code Documentation - 5 Unit [software] Development Folders (UDF) Definition UDF: -- A collection of material pertinent to the development of a given software module or subsystem. -- Contents typically include the requirements, design, technical reports, code listings, test plans, test results, problem reports, schedules, and notes for the module or subsystem Definition of a unit: -- In recent definition, a unit is a work package specification -- A work package specification is the amount of work that can be done by 3-4 people in 2-3 weeks A UDF provides low-level management control over low-level software units, tasks, work packages, or modules
Module IV - Software Construction86 F. Code Documentation - 6 Unit Development Folders (UDF) (continued) Provides an orderly and consistent approach in the development of each unit of the project Provides a uniform and visible collection point for all unit documentation and code Aids in the establishment and attainment of unit-level milestones Provides first-level management visibility and hands-on control over the development process.
Module IV - Software Construction87 F. Code Documentation - 7 Commenting Code Useful comments: -- Summary of the code module -- Description of the code's intent -- Use commenting styles that don't breakdown or discourage modification; any style that is too fancy is annoying to maintain -- Outline the code (using PDL) in comments -- Avoid cryptic comments -- Place comments about undocumented features or error "work around" -- Place comments with: dimensions with numerical data, allowable numeric variables, the use of numbers to pass a meaning, global data, etc.
Module IV - Software Construction88 F. References McConnell, Steve, Code Complete, Microsoft Press, Redmond, WA, 1993, pp. 453-454, 463-478 F.S. Ingrassia, "The unit Development Folder (UDF): A Ten year Perspective," In Richard H. Thayer (ed.), Software Engineering Project Management, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA 1997. (Also see: McConnell, p.454) IEEE Std 1016-1998, IEEE Recommended Practice for Software Design Descriptions, IEEE, Inc., Piscataway NJ, 1998
Module IV - Software Construction89 F. Quiz 1) The only two kinds of comments that are acceptable for completed code are: a) Repetitious and Explanatory comments b) Marker and Summary comments c) Intent and Summary comments d) Intent and Marker comments
Module IV - Software Construction90 G. Construction QA Definitions: Software Quality Software quality assurance: A planned and systematic pattern of all actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that the software and the delivered documentation conforms to established technical requirements [ANSI/IEEE Standard 729-1983] Construction quality assurance (QA) : Those QA techniques necessary assure that coding is being done according to coding standards Quality attributes: A requirement that specifies the degree of an attribute affecting qualities that the software must possess; e.g. correctness, reliability, maintainability, portability
Module IV - Software Construction91 G. Construction QA -2 Software quality: 1. The totality of features and characteristics of a software product that affects its ability to satisfy given needs (for example, to conform to specifications) 2. The composite characteristics of software that determine the degree to which the software will meet the expectations of the customer [ANSI/IEEE Standard 729-1983] 3. Attributes of software that affect its perceived value, for example, correctness, reliability, maintainability, and portability 4. Software quality includes fitness for purpose, reasonable cost, reliability, ease of use in relation to those who use it, design of maintenance and upgrade characteristics, and compares well against reliable products
Module IV - Software Construction92 G. Construction QA -3 Internal Quality Attributes of Code Maintainability: Average effort to locate and fix a software failure Flexibility: Effort to extend the software missions, functions, or data to satisfy other requirements Portability: Effort to convert the software for use in other operating environments Reusability: Effort to convert a software component for use in another application Readability: Effort to be able to read and understand source code Verifiability: Effort to verify the delivered operations and performance of the code.
Module IV - Software Construction93 G. Construction QA - 4 Techniques for improving code quality To improve the quality of the product you must improve the quality of the process [#1 rule of software engineering] Institute a set of coding guidelines (standards) for the development of code Institute code walkthroughs or inspections Institute a verification and validation (V&V) process to verify code Use external audits when necessary Develop a reward structure that rewards the "good" producers of code rather that the error prone producers of code
Module IV - Software Construction94 G. Construction QA - 5 Defect – Detection Rates Detection TechniqueLowest Rate (%) Model Rate (%) Highest Rate (%) Personal checking of design documents153570 Informal group design reviews304060 Formal design inspections355575 Formal code inspections306070 Modeling or prototyping356580 Personal desk-checking of code204060 Unit testing (single routine)102550 Function testing (Related routine)203555 Integration testing (Complete system)254560 Field testing (live data)345065 Cumulative effect of complete series93%99%
Module IV - Software Construction95 G. Construction QA - 6 Defect – Detection Rates (continued) Model defect rates are not above 65% of any single technique Code inspections found a 60% model defect rate The model defect rate for [the popular] unit testing is only 25% Code reading detected more interface defects; functional testing detected more control defects To improve defect detection use more than one technique The earlier a defect is caught, the cheaper it is to fix Approximately 50% of the construction phase is spent debugging finished code and finding errors
Module IV - Software Construction96 G. Construction QA - 7 The Primary techniques used for construction include [SWEBOK Chapter 4] a) Unit testing and integration testing b) Test-first development c) Code stepping d) Use of assertions e) Debugging f) Technical reviews g) Static analysis
Module IV - Software Construction97 G. References ANSI/IEEE Standard 729-1983 "Software: A vital key to UK Competitiveness, "ACARD Working Group, 1986 Software Quality management for distributed systems, RADC-TR-83-175 (Also McConnell, pp, 557-559), 1983. McConnell, Steve, Code Complete, Microsoft press, Redmond, WA, 1993, pp. 560-561 Basili, Victor R, Richard W. Shelby, and David H. Hutchens, "Experiments in Software Engineering." IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, SE-12 No pp. 733-743 (Also McConnell, pp. 564
Module IV - Software Construction98 G. Quiz 1) ________ is a planned and systematic program of activities designed to ensure that a system has the desired characteristics? a) Software Testing b) Software Construction c) Software Quality Assurance d) Software Maintenance 2) In Software Quality Assurance, the best place to focus is on the a) Product b) Process c) Project d) People
Module IV - Software Construction99 H. System Integration and Deployment System Integration – I [RT04, p. 6-53-59] System Integration: The act of merging a software element or elements with another element The act of merging a hardware component or components with another hardware component The act of merging software configuration items with hardware configuration items in order to produce a total system which satisfies customer requirements Types of Integration techniques All in one integration (a.k.a. the "big bang" integration) Incremental integration Top-down integration Bottom-up integration Sandwich integration
Module IV - Software Construction100 H. System Integration and Deployment – 2 System Integration – II The Big Bang Integration All components, modules, and subsystems are combined and integrated at one time This is called the "big bang" because it frequently blows up If (and when) the system fails to integrate, it is next to impossible to determine the cause This is called the "smoke test" in the hardware world "Let's put the power to it and see where the smoke rises" Unfortunately there is no smoke to indicate a fault in software
Module IV - Software Construction101 H. System Integration and Deployment – 3 System Integration – III Incremental Integration Incremental integration: 1.Develop a small core of the system 2.Test and debug it 3.Design, code, test, and debug another part (module, routine, etc.) 4. Integrate the new part with the core 5.Ensure that the new partial system works 6.Repeat steps 3 through 5 until finished
Module IV - Software Construction102 H. System Integration and Deployment – 4 System Integration – IV Benefits of Incremental Integration Errors are easy to locate – The last integration is probably at fault Incremental integration provides early evidence that progress is being made (better status information) Planning (scheduling) is more accurate Components are tested more fully and frequently Improves the development schedule by work being done in parallel Development and testing are more easily distributed Integration can be done beginning at the top or the bottom (called top-down integration an d bottom –up integration)
Module IV - Software Construction103 H. System Integration and Deployment – 5 System Integration – V Top-Down Integration Identify the order of development such that: When developing a routine, all higher routines are completed Harder problems are attacked first; easier problems are delayed Test stubbing is easiest
Module IV - Software Construction104 H. System Integration and Deployment – 6 System Integration – VI Top-Down Integration (continued) The order of development depends on the type of project Control oriented: Calling routines are higher than called routines Data oriented: Routines that primarily set data higher than routines that primarily use data Requirements oriented: Routines least sensitive to requirements or design choices are ranked higher than more sensitive routines Test oriented: Routines critically needed for testing of other routines are higher ranked than routines not needed for testing Difficulty oriented: Harder routines are ranked higher than easier routines (This is the order that is illustrated)
Module IV - Software Construction105 H. System Integration and Deployment – 7 System Integration – VII Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Integration
Module IV - Software Construction106 H. System Integration and Deployment – 8 Software Deployment [RT04, p. 6-60] Software deployment is the delivery and implementation of a software system, usually to the customer who purchased the system Deployed systems have been factory (alpha) tested Deployment may be on a "try it and see basis" (called a beta test) or for permanent installation Deployed systems are placed under external configuration management Deployed systems may be maintained by either the original developer or a third party
Module IV - Software Construction107 H. References [RT04] Thayer, Richard, 2004 Certified Software Development Professional (CSDP) Preparation Course, Chapter 6: Software Construction
Module IV - Software Construction108 H. Quiz 1. Which of the following is not a benefit of incremental integration? A.Errors are easier to locate because the last integration is probably at fault. B.Integration can be done beginning at the top or the bottom. C.It requires less test planning than the big bang integration. D.Components are tested more fully and frequently.
Module IV - Software Construction109 I. Code Tuning Definition Code tuning is the practice of modifying correct code to make it run more efficiently Code tuning is the enemy if code reliability Code efficiency focuses on the following: Program design Module and routine design Operating-system interactions Code compilations Hardware Code tuning [RT04, p.6-40]
Module IV - Software Construction110 I. Code Tuning – 2 Elements of Code Tuning [RT04, p. 6-41] Measures the performance or size to find the trouble (inefficient) areas Measures must be precise Small parts of the program can take a disproportionate share of the run time (80-20 rule) Iteration – Repeat the optimization process to continue receiving efficiency improvements Some areas of inefficiency Input/output operations Paging System calls
Module IV - Software Construction111 I. Code Tuning – 3 In Summary… [RT04, p. 6-42] 1.Develop the software using a good design with highly modular code that is easy to understand and modify 2.If performance is poor, measure the system to find the trouble spots 3.Determine whether the real performance comes form: design, data structures, or algorithms and whether code tuning is appropriate 4.Tune the bottleneck identified 5.Measure each improvement; remove it of it does not work 6.Repeat steps 1-5
Module IV - Software Construction112 I. References [RT04] Thayer, Richard, 2004 Certified Software Development Professional (CSDP) Preparation Course, Chapter 6: Software Construction
Module IV - Software Construction113 I. Quiz 1. Which of the following is least likely to be considered a source of inefficiency with respect to code tuning? A.Lines of code B.System calls C.Paging D.Input/output operations
Module IV - Software Construction114 J. Construction Tools Defined [RT04, p. 6-24] Construction tools are used to improve productivity and software quality Construction tools include: Source-code tools Editing Browsing Analyzing code quality Restructuring source code Data dictionaries Executable-code tools Code creation Debugging Testing Code tuning
Module IV - Software Construction115 J. Construction Tools – 2 Design Tools [RT04, p. 6-25] Most design tools involve graphic development and drawing tools These tools support one or more of the new technologies, for example: Object-oriented design (OOD) Structured design Design entity-relationship diagrams (ERD) The tools take on the "housekeeping" task (CASE TOLS) For example, keeping the process connected in a "bubble chart" when a new level is defined
Module IV - Software Construction116 J. Construction Tools – 3 Source Code Tools [RT04, p. 6-26] Editors—Support for adding, eliminating, and moving items in a document File comparators—Compares two files and identifies areas that are different Source-code beautifiers—Improve the look of code so that it appears consistent Templates—Develop macro steps to save time and improve quality Browsers—Useful for finding and modifying coding elements (strings) Cross-reference tools—Lists variables, routines, and each place they are used
Module IV - Software Construction117 J. Construction Tools – 4 Analyzing Code Quality Tools [RT04, p. 6-27] Call-structure generators—Produces information about routines that call each other Picky syntax and semantics checker—Does a more thorough job than the compiler Metrics reporters – Report on selected quality and quantity metrics Restructurers—Convert "spaghetti code" to "structured code" Code translators—Translate code form one language to another Data dictionary—A database of variable names with descriptions
Module IV - Software Construction118 J. Construction Tools – 5 Executable-Code Tools [RT04, p. 6-28] Linkers—Supports the connecting and compacting of object files Code libraries—Prepackaged software systems Code generators—Tools that write code from design inputs.. Also used to develop prototypes Macro preprocessors—Allow the creation of simple named constants with no run-time penalty Debuggers—Assist in finding system errors Execution profilers—Watch code while running, tabulating how many times each statement is executed and/or how much time the program spends on each statement Assembler listing—Converts assembler code to the machine code that the computer can use
Module IV - Software Construction119 J. References [RT04] Thayer, Richard, 2004 Certified Software Development Professional (CSDP) Preparation Course, Chapter 6: Software Construction
Module IV - Software Construction120 J. Quiz 1. Which of the following considered a source code tool? A.File comparators B.Restructurers C.Code-translators D.Debuggers
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Dear Parent/Guardian,
All school districts and school sites that receive State and Federal funds are required to gather teacher, parent, and student input each year. This information is used to help design high-quality curriculum and instruction, student interventions, professional development, and parent involvement to better allow all students to achieve at high levels.
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One moment I am in the United States and the next moment I'm stepping off an airplane at the Changi Airport, Singapore. Of course it isn't exactly the 'next moment' it is more like 24 hours later.
"Mari Kita rakyat Singapura sama sama manuju...." the words just flow through my mind as I walk towards the immigration line. Four whole years went by without me going back home and then once again I'm wrapped up in the humidity. Jet lag causes me to look down from my flat at the 3 am scene below. Flats facing me, cars lined up in neat rows, and the gentle hum of the air conditioner reminding me I am home.
Whoosh...I barely get used to being back in Singapore and it is on another plane headed for Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Hustle bustle, heat and family encompass us. Daniel reunites with his family. The thing which stands out to me about both Singapore and Malaysia is how well they appear to be doing. The US has taken a beating financially, but these countries are thriving. Conference meetings to attend, dinners to grace and before I know it is time to board the plane to Kota Kinabalu, East Malaysia.
I'm glad I did not base my opinion of Kota Kinabalu on my one and only past visit. Now I'm given a chance to reacquaint myself with the luscious land of former Borneo. The rest is welcomed: the beautiful beaches and hills bring much needed relaxation. The time went by too fast and I'm on the final leg of the journey back to Singapore for four days before I head to the United States once again.
In Singapore, Daniel and I are once again competing in the infamous rat race. People need to be seen and places need to be visited but most importantly is the purchasing of items. Heaven forbid if we don't make sure to bring back 'such and such' a thing for 'so and so'....prices are not as appealing as when I visited four years before. Daniel decides we will only buy what we absolutely need. Four suitcase later, we have what we 'need'.
I'm up again at 3 am, not because of jet lag but because I have to catch the early flight at the Changi Airport. "Good bye" flat ...'so long' cars neatly parked all in a row...'hope to see you soon' delicious food stalls..my bags are packed and I'm ready to go...with the National Anthem concluding in my mind,"Majulah Singapura!"


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On the Webcast Extra, our panelists discuss the wave of retirements announced this week in Congress. "They're tired of the slow pace," ABC's Jeff Zeleny said. Plus, the Supreme Court weighs the president's recess appointments. And how have President Obama's views on security vs. privacy evolved since his time in the Senate?
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CRIME TIP LINE Holmes County Sheriff's Office Sheriff Timothy W. Zimmerly 8105 Twp. Rd. 574, P.O. Box 5000, Holmesville, Ohio 44633 PHONE: (330)674-1936 FAX: (330)674-8504 EMERGENCY: 9-1-1 |
CRIME TIP LINE (330)674-7018 We do not have caller ID and you are not required to leave your name if you wish to remain anonymous. All information will be investigated. No information is considered too small. Help us to keep your community a safe place to live. Thank you for your support. |


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Get an overview of this hotelArt Deco hotel in Saint-Cere
Located in the heart of Saint-Cere, this hotel is within 2 mi (3 km) of Chateau de St-Laurent-les-Tours, Chateau de Montal, and Montal Golf Club. Saint-Cere Equitation and Chateau de Castelnau-Bretenoux are also within 9 mi (15 km).
Hotel Features
This hotel features a meeting room, a computer station, and free newspapers. WiFi in public areas is free.
Room Amenities
All 28 rooms feature modern comforts like flat-screen TVs with digital channels, along with free WiFi. Guests will also find free newspapers and phones.
Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Opens in a new windowHotel Du Touring
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Du Touring features complimentary newspapers in the lobby. A computer station is located on site and high-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. For a surcharge, the property provides a roundtrip airport shuttle (available on request) and a train station pick-up service.
- Free parking nearby
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Free WiFi
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Total number of rooms - 28
- Number of floors - 3
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Airport transportation (surcharge)
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Computer station
- One meeting room
- Train station pickup (surcharge)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free parking nearby
Room Amenities
- Free newspaper
- Daily housekeeping
- Free WiFi
- Phone
- Digital TV service
- Flat-panel TV
- Cribs/infant beds (surcharge)
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
Where to Eat
Buffet breakfasts are available for a surcharge and are served each morning between 7:00 AM and 10:00 AM.
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-in time ends at 8:00 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Rollaway/extra beds are available for EUR 10.00 per night.
- Cribs (infant beds) are available for EUR 8.00 per night.
- Pets allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- No onsite parking is available.
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 0.77 per person, per night
- Resort fee: EUR 0.77 per person, per night
Optional extras
- Fee for buffet breakfast: EUR 7.50 per person (approximately)
- Crib (infant bed) fee: EUR 8.00 per night
- Rollaway bed fee: EUR 10.00 per night
Hotel Name
- Du Touring
- Du Touring Saint-Cere
- Hotel Du Touring
- Hotel Du Touring Saint-Cere
National Rating
This property has received its official star rating from the French Tourism Development Agency, ATOUT France.


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Most read
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Two new scholarships established in honor of Bart and Doris Andrews
The W.B. "Bart" and Doris Andrews Scholarship for the College of Business is an endowed award that will go to a recipient from a county in which Bart Andrews did business. The recipient will be a full-time undergraduate student majoring in business management in the College of Business. Andrews was past president, general manager and part-owner of Danco Inc., a lumber and building materials company which operated in Huntington from 1961 to 1992.
The scholarship recipient must be a resident of a county in southern West Virginia (Cabell, Lincoln, Wayne, Putnam, Mason, Fayette, Kanawha, Raleigh, Nicholas, Logan, Mingo, Jackson or Clay); or, one of the Kentucky or Ohio counties that border West Virginia (Gallia, Lawrence, Meigs or Scioto in Ohio; Carter, Greenup or Lawrence in Kentucky).
The other new scholarship funded by the Andrews is the W.B. "Bart" and Doris Andrews Scholarship for the School of Pharmacy, an expendable scholarship they will fund for five years.
The donors anticipate contributing a minimum of $3,000 a year for five years to fund the award.
"In addition to being two of the most gracious and caring people I have met, Bart and Doris Andrews are truly 'make a difference' people," said Dr. Kevin Yingling, dean of the School of Pharmacy. "Their passion for their university and their community is exemplified by their generous support of students and student athletes through their numerous scholarships and programs. Their legacy is significant and clear. Supporting young women and men in their pursuit of their dreams through higher education will change our communities and our world. The Andrews are doing this every day."
With these latest donations, Bart and Doris Andrews will join the Pathway of Prominence giving society.
"Bart and Doris are a true son and daughter of Marshall," said Dr. Ron Area, CEO of the MU Foundation. "Their philanthropy to Marshall University goes back decades. Their giving has impacted every facet of the university. They truly give from their heart and soul and we are so thankful for their involvement and support."
One of the Andrews' favorite organizations to support has been the women's basketball program. In fact, the university's basketball office suite is named the Andrews Athletic Office Suite after the couple.
"We just like the game. It's more of a pure team game with the women than it is with the men," Bart Andrews said, explaining why they love women's basketball. "We've been following women's basketball ever since Judy Southard coached the team (throughout the 1980s)."
The first person to receive the W.B. "Bart" Andrews Scholarship for the College of Business is Ellen Castro, a 22-year-old freshman from Lesage in Cabell County. She made the dean's list the first semester, despite working at a local restaurant to help make ends meet.
Including Castro, three recipients of scholarships funded by Bart and Doris Andrews currently are on the Huntington campus. The other two are Chukwuka Ezeigbo, a junior on the basketball team, a native of Trenton, N.J., and a pre-med major; and Emily Pritchard of Beckley, who is in the College of Arts and Media and also is a junior.
In addition to several past named gifts, in the past year the Andrews have made financial donations to:
- Women's basketball
- The Thunder Club
- The W.B. "Bart" and Doris Andrews Fine Arts Scholarship in the College of Arts and Media
- The Vision Campaign
- The School of Medicine
- The H.E.L.P. Program
- The School of Art and Design Visual Arts Center
- The Global Horizons Travel Abroad Fund
Bart Andrews was inducted into Marshall's College of Business Hall of Fame in 1999. A Huntington native, he majored in business management and received a B.S. degree from Marshall in 1958. He completed the ROTC training program and was commissioned a 2nd Lt. in the US Army, going through officers' basic training at Ft. Sill, Okla., and Ft. Knox, Ky.
College of Business Dean Dr. Haiyang Chen thanked the Andrews for their donations to the college.
"The W.B. 'Bart' and Doris Andrews Scholarship for the College of Business is the first donation to the college since I came to Marshall last July," Chen said. "I can't find words to express our gratitude for him, but I can assure you that we will work very hard to build the college and the university into a much better place for him and the community. Again, thank you, Doris and Bart, for your generous gift for future College of Business students at Marshall."
Bart Andrews has been active in many organizations for many years. He held offices and was active in the Tri-State Homebuilders Association, the West Virginia Builders Supply Association, the Tri-State Lumber Dealers Association, and the Tri-State Area Council of the Boy Scouts of America. He has also served on the boards of WPBY public television, Old National Bank, Big Green Foundation and Marshall University Foundation. He holds a life membership in the MU Alumni Association and is a member of the College of Business Sentry Buffalo Society.
Both Bart and Doris Andrews have been members of the Huntington Museum of Art for many years. She is a long-time volunteer at the museum and currently serves on the museum board.


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Results: 9Comments by: VisualDeadlock |
File: MayronUI Gen508-14-16 |
Are the changes to Mayron Gen 5 com...
Posted By: VisualDeadlock
Are the changes to Mayron Gen 5 compared to gen 4 listed any where? Thinking about trying this add-on, though would love to see what it looks like in a party and raid.
Also, Gen 4 shows how you can expand to 2 action bars; can thise be changed to 3 or 4 or even 5?
File: Wullie's UI10-20-14 |
Question: How did you show the two...
Posted By: VisualDeadlock
Question: How did you show the two recount windows at the same time, or is it skada?
Nice looking UI!
File: Supervillain UI (Classic)10-20-14 |
Im curious, where do you guys put y...
Posted By: VisualDeadlock
Im curious, where do you guys put your raid frames? I see many people place their Quest Objectives window on the bottom right, but thats usually where I place my raid frames. So, where do you guys place yours or do you raid without raid frames up? (I have them up for tank, Heals and Dps roles, since I am usually raid leading, but a...
File: Supervillain UI (Classic)10-17-14 |
Boolean API changes
Posted By: VisualDeadlock
Just thought I'd post this here, in case you didn't know and it makes bug fixing easier.
The thread is located here:
I couldn't find any mention of this as a whole, but there are a handful of threads addressing the same issue for different API calls and it seems no one ma...
File: Supervillain UI (Classic)10-16-14 |
Some bugs/issues
Posted By: VisualDeadlock
So Ive been using this for a few a couple days now, had updated to 5.0.4....found some things, especially in a raid setting. I fully admit, some of this might be user error, but here goes:
1) Raid Markers - Under Raid Control, all the markers were world markers, didn't seem like I was able to put a raid ICON on a target , i.e. Sk...
File: Supervillain UI (Classic)10-15-14 |
Couple of additions
Posted By: VisualDeadlock
Firstly, what a cool, and badass Ui suite, was looking for something to replace LUI and this just looks fantastic. I've installed in, and gone through and mostly tweaked it to my liking now, though I haven't actually taken it for a test drive yet.
I was wondering though in the future, would it be possible to add status indicators...
File: Ghost: Pulse 306-28-11 |
Any update for 4.2?
I made comba...
Posted By: VisualDeadlock
Any update for 4.2?
I made combat handler changes this time too, but this time it didnt do the trick.
File: Ghost: Pulse 305-06-11 |
GP3: Fix for 4.1
Posted By: VisualDeadlock
I was having problems with GP3 since 4.1 - it wouldn't pulse the graphic when an ability came off of cooldown. I was waiting to see if the author would update the addon, but so far, he hasn't that I have seen.
Anyways, I decided to risk it and take a look at the code and I think I fixed it. At least it seems to work for me....
File: Ghost: Pulse 305-04-11 |
Re: 4.1 Broken?
Posted By: VisualDeadlock
Originally posted by thecraftybee
This add-on is still working for me, but my bugsack is catching a lot of errors relating to this.
Any fans know an update to get rid of these or is the author looking at an update?
Much appreciated
How you getting it to work? After 4.1, I can get Initialize flash, but then it doesn't per...


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Seagate 320gb external Portable Drive
By pisces62
I the following error message when trying to copy photos to external hard drive , it tells me to make a note of the following error OX8007045D
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Top Definition
A poser/poseur. A pretentious person.
"Anne is such a poserpus."
by Athenais
May 20, 2006
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It is an obvious understatement to say last night was an historic one for our country. But something remarkable happened for the Republican party in Michigan that many might have overlooked. For the first time in over 100 years, voters elected a black Republican to the House of Representatives.
Michigan, in fact, elected two black Republicans - Larry DeShazor and Paul Scott.
I heard one lady in Chicago's Grant Park last night say, "Now, blacks have shown they can do anything!" Indeed, but this truism is something the party of Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King, Jr. have believed for a long time.
Larry DeShazor and Paul Scott overcame the overwhelming wave of Democratic victories across the state by winning two races that one would have predicted as wins for the Democrats. This is no fluke. I know both Paul and Larry, and I can tell you they are bright and articulate future leaders for the party and our state.
History was made across this country; it was also made right here, in Michigan. I am confident that Larry and Paul will be more than just members of the caucus. They will bring the leadership skills our Republican caucus has sorely needed. As I leave the House caucus at the end of the year, I regret that I will not have the opportunity to serve with these two fine young leaders for our party.
Larry and Paul, my congratulations to you both for winning hard-fought primaries and general elections. You have been tested and you have proved your mettle. I look forward to you leading the way for this great party and for our state. I believe that you two will be keys to bringing our party back to prominence as the party of individual liberty and opportunity for all.
Wednesday, November 5, 2008
The Silver Lining for Republicans
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Ben1 - Unregistered September 21, 2011 11:34 AM Good news, we will see some new faces in Imola. Since the start of the year I have hoped Althea Racing will give a wildcard ride to Sandi. He had some decent results last year and wanted to take part in races this year. Finally we can see two Althea Ducatis (only one bike from a top team looks strange). Hope he does well and score some points. 7 agree 5 disagree
Sick Cylinder - Unregistered September 21, 2011 12:53 PM Can't see how anyone can disagree with Ben1's comment! Interesting comments from Genesio Bevilacqua in todays MCN - Althea may run this years bike again next year - he says it is good enough and also the new 1199 superbike has some handling problems relating to corner entry which they haven't been able to resolve so far - so it may not be as competitive as the current bike. 2 agree 0 disagree


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Gynecology & Obstetrics Dubai by Medeor 24×7 Hospital
Listed in Bur Dubai Area Guide, Gynaecology Hospitals in Dubai, Hospitals in Bur Dubai, Hospitals in Dubai
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Jean-Claude Derey's Toubab or not toubab is a powerful, remarkable, terrible novel.
Mixing the noir with the picaresque and transcending both, it tells the African story of Hondo, a 12-year-old Mauritanian camel sheppard on the run from a crime he has not committed and lovelorn for his master's daughter. Like a pre-adolescent Dante he travels through layers of hell, as he comes across organ hunters, perverse policemen, junked-out ex-child soldiers in the backstreets of Abidjan.
There is no redemption, no salvation to be found, no truth hiding under the shadows of misery and mutilation that chill the pages of the book, cutting away at any hope with the severity of a blunt machete. And yet Derey has the empathy to inject poetry and a little humor in his tale.
These days it acts as a reminder that Abu Ghraib is not only a place in geography and time but a state of mind. War spells not only Iraq but a state of being. Aggression, oppression, violence a state of politics. The result is that this slim volume packs the punch of a heavyweight, and floors you with its pain.
I couldn't find word of an English translation, but there deserves to be.


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How to Read minds with Mental Mastery
Learn how to read the secret thoughts of three friends! This video is a great trick to perform at a bar or while sitting around with fiends. They'll be amazed when they think you are capable of reading their minds!
Effect: straight from the forums comes our most epic mind-reading effect yet...Three volunteers are each asked a fair, random question as the scammer jots down his guesses and hides them in a glass.
After everyone has "locked in" their answers, the scammer shows that he's three for three in his guesses.
As we already learned from Daniel, there are three ways to escape from handcuffs:
Method: this effect relies on con man working out of order. After asking the first question, he writes the answer to the third question he plans to ask (in our case, we used a card force to know the third answer in advance, but a guess at a yes/no question will work just as well).
Next, to "lock in their choice," the con man will jot down the answer to question number one on a separate sheet of paper.
Likewise, he'll continue to write down the answer to each previous question until he finally finishes with the one pre-arranged question.
For the reveal, pour out the jumbled guesses and hand each one to it's correct match.


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Naveen Kumar
Product Manager, Business Developer
Jamshedpur, India
Naveen Kumar
Product Manager, Business Developer
Jamshedpur, India
Startup Experience
First time founder
About Naveen
Hello Everyone
Like maximum other members out there , i am also a entrepreneur hoping to get answers to my bundles of question. I am developer, i design a deals and coupons website which give cashback to its users on each successful purchase on retailer website via us. the prototype website and app is ready and already in playstore. I need a guidance and assistance for its promotion as well as if any one interested i am also looking for a funding or co-founder. Anyone interested kindly contact me.


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Discussion Forums
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I concur... someone has done a cheap ass repair on your AC as the condenser is not the right part for a start and looks like an aftermarket fan is being used.... <tuffty/>
Cheers, I thought that might be the response - strange since I got the car no long out of warranty. But I guess that means I should be able to either bodge the fan back into the right place or get an OEM fan and fit that instead. Will have to look into the condenser.... As ever start to do one thing and find several other things to do instead.
You would be better off seeing which bits are missing and sourcing from a scrappy I reckon... That fan is prob not gonna fit and will need to be wired right to suck rather than blow (easy enough to do though)... That said you may get away with just either getting a proper fan to fit in the original place and keep the condensor if the AC is working ok but personally I would put it back to how it should be... Bad luck mate, hope you get it sorted.... <tuffty/>
Given what you are saying at least I can remove the fan for now and press on with the FMIC. I can see if I can source an OEM fan in the week, and possibly other bits, although AC seems fine, in fact given I have been meaning to get it re gassed for about 6 years it works remarkably well! Is it safe to assume that the A3's use the same arrangement as I am having trouble finding any part numbers? Cheers
how hard would it be to fit one of these as stealthy as possible...... plan was to buy the turborevs kit or a similar cooler and an additional pipe kit...... just dont want that pipe going over the engine like that...... also any links as to what this 8mm nipple looks like...i have a different visualisation going on in my head and it aint nice!!
It's easy as dude, I did exactly this. You keep the original charge pipe, and the pancake pipe, run to pipework for the cooler along the recess between the block and radiator and connect to the pancake pipe. Job done. Best thing is to get a length of 2" ally pipe from a local fabricators. That's what I did - then you can use most of the pipes from the kit when it comes out of the box (with a few bits of cutting or course).
it's just possible your a legend mate ...is it worth waiting till i have fitted the new catch tank if im working between the block and the radiator......also what did you do regards the N75 and map sensor.....
Ahhhh, MAP sensor wasn't a problem for me as I fitted it to an AGU (without one). However, I would think that a Forge MAP sensor pipe job would sort you out. You could just stick it wherever fits best with regard to the wires etc. Or extend them to fit where you think is best. It's a play it by ear job. I would of thought you would fit the catch tank onto the battery tray area wouldn't you? If so the cooler pipe won't foul I wouldn't think. The pipe runs at about the same height as the bottom of the rad so is quite low down to mate to to pancake pipe. N75? You don't need to do anything with the N75 - it's a country mile away from where this will be going. Bear in mind that you will be using the original charge pipe - this has the nipples for both the DV and the N75 so no mods there. I you ran the Turbo Revs kit where it's intended, then you have to change pipework layout for the N75 a bit. I can always take a few snaps of mine mate, I've still got it ATM.
just thinking as the catch tank gets rid of some of the pipework beneath the intake mani, but if im working at the level of the bottom of the rad, its not going to matter ah got ya i think....my trouble is i havent had a good view of the run yet..... So all in all i need the forge map sensor pipe (60mm?)....an a length of 2" pipe (what sort of length?)....and that intercooler kit..... and a tin of matt black paint
Basicly yes mate, I can see how the turborevs kit could easily be adapted to use the standard charge pipe and pancake setup, but I don't really understand why you'd do that. the pipes at the bumper will still be just as obvious as before, which is surely your main concern isn't it?
yup it is fella.... i was considering buying a similar FMIC then a pipe kit and a piece of straight for the run behind the radiator...... whats the best way of achieving this? also do i need to buy a silicone pipe for the throttle body.....as not sure the standard pipe will allow me to fit the forge map sensor pipe will it? im yet to see whats behind the bumper........
Sorry bud! I don't have any experience of the MAP setup on the A3, because I didn't have one. I would of though for the extra money that it would be better to just buy the forge jobbie, or something similar really. I believe the standard map sensor lives in the standard intercooler?? Can't be sure though. It think the best shout with the MAP sensor pipe is to play it by ear really. I've got a length of 2" ally pipe thats about a metre or so. Thats about the length you need. Best to get more and have to cut it down. You can always reduce, but harder to extend! If you weren't up in Sheffield then you could of gladly had it - well you still can but not sure how cost effective that would be!! I bought 2 lengths of 1 metre - £3 for the 2 from a local fabricator. There is plenty of room behind the bumper to run a length of pipe mate, no problemo. It's only 2" after all.
The Turbo Revs kit goes into the standard TB pipe which is 2.5". Which on reflection means you'll need a 2.5" MAP pipe thing.
cheers Welly.... i think the Forge pipe is only available in 60mm or 63mm which isnt 2.5" im gona go on ebay and stick a silly offer in on one of the kits as im eager to get this done for under £200...... might have to be a case of mocking up then seeing what im missing and make a trip to the local fabricator, really appreciate ya help on this.....ive done quite a bit of searching but i have the feeling its gonna be the case of taking the bumper off before i see what im faced with.
I will have to take some specially for you dude. I will do tomorrow night, or saturday daytime in the light if that's cool?
na thats fine mate if ya dont mind... this looks like a good quality kit, has the map sensor part too!! http://cgi.ebay.co.uk/FMIC-AUDI-A3-...arts_Vehicles_CarParts_SM?hash=item2eab7b41be doesnt look like theres enough piping to take it the turborevs kit route tho
it does but cant work out how the piping would go......theres no length for doubling back to the pancake, or anough to go over the top..... plus they wont take offers booooo thinking its gonna be a turborevs and cut the hell out of the pipes, maybe partially fit and order more pipes if the fogs are still a 'no goer'
That's what I did first time round. Then swapped all the joins out for one piece of pipe. Less chance of leaks that way.
Nooooooooooooooooooo :O I hope Tim hasn't bought it yet, I'm 99% confident that the cold side IC pipes and factory TB pipe are 60mm not 63! As for location, it can be mounted in the standard place, you just need to cut a bit off the TB hose and use it as a coupler, I also needed to cut the forge map pipe down to about half it's original length to get it in behind the headlight. The standard map sensor boss is cast into the plastic end tank of the drivers side SMIC. Tim, if it's the external pipes you're wanting to hide, that'll need a fair few more bits of silicon and stuff, but it's definately possible.
Looking on siliconhoses.com, I've devised a plan on how to hide the pipes, which I might actually try on mine to make it more subtle! I reckon it'd cost about £60 in silicon bends and reducers to properly hide them, but it's hard to explain how I'd do it.
chaps your both legends..... Nick (it is Nick isnt it, im **** with names as you've prob noticed) - my thinking goes along the lines of buying an FMIC similar to the one of the turbo revs kit, then a pipe kit to go with it along with the FOrge pipe..... does this sit along the lines of what you have in mind? - also do i need to change the throttlebody pipe to a silicone one to enable the forge pipe to couple up..... Tim
I'm 99% positive that my Turbo Revs cold side pipe was 2.5"..... I will have a look when I get home. The reason I remember was that there were silicone reducer the drop of the hot side of the cooler from 2.5" to 2". This is confirmed in the listing for just the pipework (this pipework is the same as the pipework in the kit which you can buy on ebay): http://cgi.ebay.co.uk/NEW-VW-GOLF-M..._CarParts_SM?hash=item5882f95d18#ht_566wt_939 Also found this kit - which looks to be the same as the Turbo Revs kit: http://cgi.ebay.co.uk/VW-GOLF-MK4-1..._CarParts_SM?hash=item48399121eb#ht_929wt_939
Welly (what's your name anyway?), on my turborevs kit I'm definately using a reducer from 63mm-60 on the cold side, although the kits supplied these days have a 60-60 coupler which ahs to be stretched stupidly to get it over the 63mm outlets on the core. I'd put really good money on the fact that the cold side pipes are 60mm. I also used a 60mm forge map pipe on the AUM I did for audi1.8Tdan, and it was a tight fit in the TB hose. With regards to hiding the pipes Tim, if you were to get the turborevs kit, to hide the pipes you'd need 6x63mm 45 degree bends, 1x 63-50mm 90 degree reducer, and 1x 63-60 90 degree reducer. fit the 45 degre bends onto the core of the cooler, and at the point where the standard pipework from the kit is facing 45 degrees outward towards the road cut it off and fit the 90 degree reducer, which should then point perfectly to the 45 off the cooler. these will need to be joined with a short length of 63mm pipe. On the cold side, cut the turborevs pipe where it's facing vertically downards, and twist the 90 degree reducer to face the 45 off the core, and again, join with a short length of 63mm pipework. I may try and do this to mine over easter, as I've got a standard bumper I can refit to get my grilles If that doesn't make sense tell me and I'll try and draw it somehow!
i think i follow mate....will i need the silicone hose to fit to the throttle body or is the original fine? also my plan was to buy a seperate pipe kit and cooler....then make them fit otherwise im gna end up binning most of the turbo revs pipes and it will break the £200 budget ive set for this particular job
what i had in mind based on the first pics in this thread are silicone 45 degree reducers off the cooler, then buy one of those 63mm pipe kits and cut some of the 45's and 90's till i have the shape im after...... then do the run along the back of the rad to the pancake pipe.... thoughts? also do i need to change the throttle body pipe
LOL, my real name is Alex mate, but my surname is Wellings, and EVERYONE calls me Welly (even the missus). So Welly works just fine for me Maybe we just had different kits then?? Meh. As long as it all goes together in the end, it's all good! Sounds good to me..... I used the OEM one on mine... And all fitted OK. Will take photos over the weekend for you duder.
cool cheers mate....although im thinking about the TB pipe as im gonna have to retrofit the Forge map pipe onto it, although from memory its not a rigid jobby is it
Nope, it's reasonably malleable I think. You should be fine, from what Prawn said above, thats how he got it to fit. LOL, I was lucky not having a MAP sensor.
hell yeah....its not a huge problem, but it is nevertheless a problem..... im quite looking forward to this.... dont suppose you have the cooler dimensions do you? also on the cold side where im gna have to double back to the pancake.... will i be fine with two 90's leading onto the length of 63mm?
This how - in my mind - the intercooler layout we are talking about should be roughly. Or an attempt at it using MS Paint at least!:


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Gotta Dance Ohio!! - Gotta Dance Ohio!!
Three or Five Ballroom-Dance Classes for One Person or a Couple at Gotta Dance Ohio!! (Up to 61% Off)
The Fine Print
- Expires 90 days after purchase.
- Limit 1 per person. Valid only for option purchased. Subject to availability. Merchant's standard cancellation policy applies (any fees not to exceed Groupon price). Valid for clients that have not visited within the past year. Not valid for kids classes. Must be 15 or older.


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How to remove, repair, replace and rebalance your tires when they've been tread upon.
Read MoreBe proactive on these key maintenance items so that off-road rigors don't contribute to power-unit downtime.
Read MoreStay out of trouble with the DOT through careful inspections and diligent routine maintenance.
Read MoreA new blog, the fleetHQ Ask The Tire Answer Man, features Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co.'s Tim Miller in an answer and question format, the Akron, Ohio-based tire maker said. Miller is a veteran communications marketing director at Goodyear. The blog features topics pertinent to tires, a feature that allows readers to submit questions, an interactive poll, trucking industry headlines and other elements. The blog can be accessed at Ask The Tire Answer Man.
Read MoreMaintaining the ideal air pressure is the most important step in keeping tires in peak operating condition.
Read MoreWith products becoming increasingly specialized, learn to pick the designs that fit your business and save money.
Read MoreBigger's not always better, especially when it comes to tire sidewall height. When spec'ing a truck for long-haul, you can give it a big boost of efficiency by choosing shorter sidewalls.
Read More


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Hammana | |
City | |
Hammana, 2009
Location within Lebanon | |
Coordinates: 33°49′31″N 35°44′0″E / 33.82528°N 35.73333°ECoordinates: 33°49′31″N 35°44′0″E / 33.82528°N 35.73333°E | |
Country | Lebanon |
Governorate | Mount Lebanon Governorate |
District | Baabda District |
Elevation | 1,200 m (3,900 ft) |
Time zone | EET (UTC+2) |
• Summer (DST) | EEST (UTC+3) |
Dialing code | +961 |
Hammana is a town in Lebanon, about 26 km (16 miles) East of Beirut and is part of Greater Beirut. Hammana sits at an altitude of 1200m (about 4000ft) above sea-level. It is in the Mount Lebanon Governorate in the district (or Caza) of Baabda. Hammana is bordered by the towns of Falougha, Shbaniye, Khraybe, Bmariam, Khalwet and Mdeirej.
The village has multiple water sources like the Shaghour fall, Ain-al-Hosa spring, Al-Kadaneh spring, Ain Soltan spring, Ain Maytri spring and many more. Evergreen trees such as pines, firs, spruce as well as some cedar trees are found everywhere in the town. Hammana is known regionally for its cherries, apples and fasolia beans (lubieh hammanieh). The Sohat spring water bottling plant (now owned by Nestlé) is located nearby in Falougha.
Hammana has a rich diversity of religious communities consisting of Maronites, Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholics and Druze. It is a popular summer resort destination for many Lebanese and non-Lebanese tourists.
The word "Hammana" may have come from the name of the Phoenician Sun God "Hammon" or "Hamman". These two names are derived from the word "Hama" which means heat of the sun.
The 19th century French poet, novelist and statesman Alphonse De Lamartine visited Lebanon and spent some time in Hammana. He described the town and its surrounding lush valley in his Voyages en Orient (1835) as "one of the most beautiful prospects ever presented to the human eye to scan in the works of God". The villagers in Hammana believe of a legend of a boy named Naram Ziady. A boy who freed the people.
The village has given the world great humanitarian persons, among them Doctor Ma Haide (George Hatem) who helped save China from many diseases of the new age, and who was honored by naming the square in the front the town's square after him.
Hammana is a mixture of a typical Lebanese village, where you can enjoy the magic of its nature and the extreme hospitality and a small city where you can enjoy the night life and the smooth entertainment environment. And it is a four seasons resort, where you can find four different artistic paints signed by the creator, yellow tint in autumn, mostly white in winter, colorful in spring and dark green in summer.
On November 25th, 2011 Municipality of Hammana and Barcelona/Cercs Bergueda signed the agreement of the second phase for the Ecotourism Project.
- Around 25 Hammany's signed to be part of the project, and received training to be able to run the different activities in the project.
- Around 5 Hammany's house holds signed to have their homes part of the guest houses which will receive and Host the visitors.
The official ecotourism launching and certificates distribution ceremony was held at the municipality public garden on Saturday July 9th, 2011.
External links[edit]
This Lebanon location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |


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Kemence one result.
The prices shown include VAT. Free Shipping from €199
| Saz 170B Turkish Kemence Saz 170B Turkish Kemence, spruce top, maple bridge, scale length approx 31cm, body and fingerboard made of beechwood, synthetic pegs, comes with bag, bow and rosin, 3 strings, tuning: d1-g1-d2. | €115 £99.59 |
| on request on request Our supplier has not yet provided us with an expected delivery date. Kindly contact us for further information or to see if we have a B-Stock or suitable alternative available. Standard Delivery Times |


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There are few places one might be less likely to run into a vegetarian than the Big Apple Barbecue Block Party, the annual outdoor festival of all things 'cue that runs next weekend in Madison Square Park, Manhattan.
The event - now in its sixth year - gathers all the grandmasters of barbecue for a massive meaty confab. The heavy hitters serve up pulled pork, beef brisket, whole hog, and of course ribs (St Louis style, Texas-style, Kansas City-style, baby back, beef) include some of America's finest: Blue Smoke of New York, Big Bob Gibson Bar-B-Q out of Decatur, Alabama, The Salt Lick BBQ up from Driftwood, Texas, to name but a few.
These pitmasters set up their stalls in a vast circle on the perimeter of the park, each serving his or her speciality. Customers queue - and you can expect to wait in line for a good while with more than 100,000 burger-hungry souls expected to turn up - $8 in hand, to buy their favorite dishes. Country and soul groups perform on a purpose-built stage for the finger-lickin' masses. And there are demonstrations and seminars, such as "What is it About Men and Meat and Midnight and a Pit?" and "How to Build a Better Barbecue Burger".
It's crowded all right and gluttonous and more than a bit frantic. After all, meat lovers are a passionate lot and it's a rare thing to have the world's best barbeque at one's greasy, sauce-stained fingertips.
· Big Apple Barbecue Block Party, Madison Square Park June 7–8, noon-6pm, admission free