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Imagine an entire town coming together once a year to celebrate the Earth, learn from each other and make new friends. Thanks to our intrepid Earth Day Committee volunteers, that's what we've been doing here in Natick for the past six years. On our unique Natick Common, we cobble together an amazing Earth Day Festival that celebrates the formidable strengths of our community and connects them to the Earth. Now in our seventh year, we strongly embrace the growing ethnic, religious, and political – philosophical diversity of the Town. We promote the resurgence of our downtown district, an impressive tapestry of art studios, cafes, eateries, and shops. During the first two weeks of April stroll the downtown district and take in the Kid Art Walk that champions the artwork of second grade students in storefront windows. Their drawings are magical and inspirational.
Our Theme this year: Keep Natick Beautiful and Sustainable. You'll be encouraged to sign up for our "local army of volunteers" who are cleaning up the entire town: roadways, parking lots, woodlands, and waterways. Prior to the Earth Day Festival we're conducting Natick Green-up Week (April 18 – 21). Come help us "green-up" some beautiful spaces which are often abused (Dug and Fisk Ponds, and the Pegan Cove Park area). Protect the commons; get people "fired up" about our local environment.
We range far and wide and bring in many vendors from neighboring towns: beekeepers, bagel and salsa makers, gardeners,
farmers, grassroots organizations, solar companies, artisans, singers and choirs, bands, and more. We feature Casey's Diner's iconic hot dogs ("All Arounds"), earth-friendly water stations, delicious soup from Natick Zoup! Along Common Street, our DPW invites young people to climb around on, inspect, toot horns of its Big Trucks: Vactor (catch basin cleaners), Street Sweepers, Recycling, and Brush Hog machines. Explore environmental problems that threaten the entire world: climate change, toxins in our air and water, storm water runoff, disposable plastic, invasive species. Meet the people who are on the front lines helping Natick to improve its trails, parklands, woodlands, and traffic problems. View the many fascinating programs conducted by several of "Natick's Environmental Jewels," the Natick Community Organic Farm and their neighbors along the Charles River, The Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and Natick's Broadmoor Audubon Wildlife Sanctuary.
Among the many initiatives that are coordinated by Natick's Director of Sustainability, Jillian Wilson-Martin, investigate Natick's New Pilot Curbside Composting Program, the Solar Panels atop the DPW Building, and Solar Canopies planned for parking areas at Natick schools and Community – Senior Center. Chat with Art Goodhind, Land Facilities and Natural Resources Director, about the Municipal Strategic Reforesting Project and the IPM (Integrated Pest Management) strategies used on our fields and parklands. Exchange ideas with the folks who are developing and tending to our spectacular Natick Trails, including the Cochituate Rail Trail to be completed in 2019. Explore the MassGreen Network, a statewide coalition to reduce and ban disposable plastics. Natick will join 42 other Massachusetts communities (including Framingham, Wellesley, Needham, Newton, and Brookline) that have banned single-use plastic carryout bags. Natick's Plastic Bag Reduction Bylaw will go into effect August 2017.
In addition we're blessed with terrific singers and performers: the Walnut Hill Singers, Sound and Spirit Chorus, the Natick HS Choral Ensemble, the Gina Praino Band, and Jo-Jo The Magician. We also have a number of activities for children, including and
Joanne Schmalenberger's GravOxy rebounders (mini tramps) that kids love to bounce on.
New this year we're conducting a contest for Middle and High School Students: The Most Informative and Engaging Display, Demonstration or Activity. We plan to recruit a dozen or more student projects that focus on renewable energy, water conservation, endangered species, pollution, climate change, sustainability, etc. which will be prominently displayed. Students will be called upon to explain and demonstrate their messages to the public. A panel of judges will evaluate the projects and prizes will be announced at the end of the Festival.
Get down to The Natick Common, Sunday, April 23, 11 am – 3 pm. You'll have a wonderful time and learn so much about our great Town and the Earth. For more information: contact Pat Conaway, Coordinator of the Natick Earth Day Committee, 508-740-9949 or email@example.com. Or check us out on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/events/973210126084534/
or the web: http://natickearthday.org/index.html and keepnatickbeautiful.org


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Filipino Corned Beef Hash over Rice
A dish that combines American canned corned beef and Spanish influenced "sofrito" (basic sauce) of garlic, onions, and tomatoes. This is a Filipino...
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Easy Corned Beef Patties
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Berkeley Rent Board seeks applicants for vacant seat
Katherine Harr's resignation leaves a vacancy on the Rent Board. There may be a flurry of applicants as the board can be a stepping stone to the City Council.
Katherine Harr's resignation leaves a vacancy on the Rent Board. There may be a flurry of applicants as the board can be a stepping stone to the City Council.
Six candidates are vying for four open seats on Berkeley's Rent Stabilization Board, in a race that has seen one slate of decidedly pro-tenant candidates boast numerous endorsements and a large war chest, while their landlord-leaning opponents lag — both in terms of endorsements and cash.
Berkeleyside wants to help you get to know your 2016 candidates for all the local races. Our final installment of questionnaires with the candidates follows, and this edition is focused on the Rent Stabilization Board.
Name: Leah Simon-Weisberg
Name: Alejandro Soto-Vigil
Name: Igor Tregub
Name: Nate Wollman
Name: Judy Hunt
Name: Christina Murphy
All eyes may be on the U.S. presidential race, but Berkeley's 2016 election season is also shaping up to be a big one, with electoral battles happening all over the city.
Prompted by concern that too many units are being taken off Berkeley's long-term housing market for short-term uses such as Airbnb, the City Council voted Thursday to penalize landlords who rent out multiple properties for less than two weeks.
The new rules also make it clear that owners of multi-unit apartment buildings cannot rent their apartments for less than 14 days.
When a fire tore through 2449 Dwight Way the Sunday before Thanksgiving, about 30 tenants were displaced and the property owner was saddled with around $1 million in damages. The Nov. 22 disaster has brought to light what can happen in Berkeley in the aftermath of a destructive fire.
© Berkeleyside All Rights Reserved.


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Rio - 4 Bedroom, 4 Bath Luxury Condo in Copacabana English Spoken
(28 Reviews)VRBO #133340
This listing was first published here in 2007.
Date last modified - Monday, March 20, 2017
VRBO is part of the HomeAway family, the world leader in vacation rentals with over 1 million listings. We offer the largest selection of properties for any travel occasion and every budget. We're committed to helping families and friends find a perfect vacation rental to create unforgettable travel experiences together.
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Dates | Nightly | Weekend Night | Weekly | Monthly * | Event |
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About the owner: My home is in Boston, Massachusetts, U,S.A. I have owned a well know Italian restaurant in the Italian section of Boston (The North End) for 32 years.
Living and Dinning room
White Bedroom with Queen Size Bed and Private Bathroom. Outside view of mountain
Chinese Bedroom with Queen Size Bed and Private Bathroom
Hammock , great for afternoon snooze or to relax and read.
Chef's delight of cooking utensils.
American refrigerator and dish washer
Carnival Bedroom with twin beds and mountain view.
Copacabana Beach is a 3 minute walk from condo.
Private Bathroom inside African Bedroom with large shower stall.
Social Bathroom outside door of Carnival Bedroom with large marble shower stall.
Private Bathroom in Chinese Bedroom.
Private all marble shower in White Bedroom.
Kitchen with granite counters and all appliances sent from U.S.A.
Master Bedroom with Queen Size Bed and Private Bathroom
Dinning area.
African Bedroom, Queen size bed and private bathroom.
American stack cloths washer and dryer.
Large open space living room.
Breakfast table.
Living room.
Private Bathroom inside African Bedroom.
Social Bathroom outside door of Carnival Bedroom with large marble shower stall.
Private Bathroom in White Bedroom with outside view of mountain.
Back window view of mountain,often with visiting monkeys.
This listing was first published here in 2007.
Date last modified - Monday, March 20, 2017
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The folks over at Inception Media Group released a grab-bag of geek genre goodness this past May, and I've finally gotten around to tackling the three films they've presented. I eagerly awaited the sci-fi adventure Battle Earth, familiar looking ghost story, A Haunting at Silver Falls, and the promise of thrilling horror with Stripped. Shortly after these DVDs arrived in my mailbox, a beautiful thing called "finals week during my last semester of college" reared its ugly head and these DVDs were pushed to the back burner in place of Adderall and Red Bull. I have decided to review these films as a group, because they arrived together and were all watched in the same sitting. My mood was greatly affected by the completion of each film, and some residual emotions trickled down into the next film. Normally, I wouldn't condone this sort of behavior, but I highly doubt these films were going to have a vast improvement upon further views.
Battle Earth was the first on the chopping block. I'll admit, looking at this cover got me a lot more excited than it should have. One of my earliest memories of science-fiction movies was watching Independence Day at the drive-in with my mother. (I was born in 1990. Get off it.) The alien space ship on this cover immediately brought back some nostalgic feelings of my childhood. I got sucked into the hype, and was immediately kicked out of it. This movie was a bigger disappointment than the similarly named Battlefield Earth. Wanna know why? There's no battle. Zilch. Nada. Nope. This film was nothing more than a couple of Canadian soldiers dicking around in a forest talking about shit. That's it. There's some weird "Holy crap, now we're running and the camera suddenly turns into Cloverfield" moments that does nothing more than muddy up the dialogue and give me a headache. The CGI looks better in most SyFy made-for-TV movies, and the alien (yes, there is only ONE alien in the entire movie) looks like a bastard rip-off of a Cthulhu & District 9-esque Halloween costume. I keep mentioning other films in this review, because Battle Earth is nothing more than a re-hashing of every sci-fi trope ever thrown in an invasion film. Hell, I was waiting for Slim Whitman's "Indian Love Call," to play just to ensure EVERY alien invasion movie was ripped off at some point. This movie may take the crown for the most misleading cover art in the history of cinema, and I would bet my college tuition loans that I'm not the only one completely duped by this cover art. It should be punishable by law to have such a misleading cover for such a boring movie. Honestly? This doesn't even deserve to call itself a movie, I've seen more intense fights on a playground and better camera work from my drunken relatives at family reunions. I could have examined my belly button for an hour and whatever minutes and done more for cinema than this piece of garbage. Ultimately, this was an incredibly boring movie that I wouldn't even re-gift to someone as a White Elephant present.
Hoping to cleanse the palate left from the turd sandwich of Battle Earth, I turned to the ghost movie A Haunting at Silver Falls. Apparently inspired by true events, (but aren't all ghost movies at this point?) A Haunting at Silver Falls feels like every single ghost story your older sister told you when you were a kid to give you nightmares. Surprisingly, this movie wasn't nearly as bad as I had anticipated. Sure, the story is a bit simplistic and the scare factor is only appealing to a younger audience, but I actually might keep this one around as a gateway horror flick for the little ones in my life. It really does feel like badly written creepypasta, but the film itself looks quite lovely and is pretty well cast. The story follows a girl who has moved in with her sister after the death of their father, and finds herself being followed by the ghostly presence of a young girl (that screams like something out of a scary maze game.) There's the typical 'scary twin' factor going on, but the acting is actually pretty solid. Despite a laughably unoriginal storyline, the film was excellently crafted without ever relying on cheap camera techniques or shock factors. I'd be really excited to see what the director, Brett Donowho, would do with a more original script. The biggest pitfall the film has is its horrendously cheesy ending. Oh my god. I've seen fanfics off junior high livejournal accounts with better endings than this film. The film isn't altogether bad, but it's nowhere near strong enough to survive the ending. It's a sad day when the final 20 minutes of a film can completely destroy the first 60, but the ending is just that bad. I'm not sure I'd willingly ever recommend this film to any avid horror fanatics, but it definitely could serve a purpose reeling in some "safe scares" for horror newbies.
Did you ever think to yourself, "Gee, Hostel III was such a good film, I'd totally like to see an exact replica of it with 1/8th the budget and without the ability to focus on one camera style?" If you answered "Yes" to the previous question, have I got a movie for you! If someone with dissociative identity disorder decided to remake Hostel III, you'd get Stripped. For a director that was recently nominated for the ASC's Best Cinematographer award, it's mind-blowing for a film to be so poorly executed. All of the found-footage scenes feel thrown together as nothing more than filler, and it doesn't really add anything to the storyline itself. It's a bit coincidental that the last time I did a "three-movies-in-one-sitting" marathon it ended with a bunch of bros in Vegas getting their innards played with like a preschooler discovering play-doh. Actually, that's an unfair comparison because at least Hostel III gave us pay-off. The characters in J.M.R. Luna's Stripped are so unlikable, I spent the 95% of the movie just waiting for them to die. I bitch a lot about actors that seem to be nothing more than pretty faces that want attention, and this film's entire cast is nothing but that type. It was painful to watch, not because of the subject matter, but because of how mind-numbingly annoying every single character was in this god forsaken movie. Don't waste your money, don't waste your time, I can't believe I'm even saying this, but you'd be far more satisfied watching Hostel III.


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While the intent might be up for debate, the fact that our governments and businesses appear to be watching our every move isn't. As technology increases, seemingly more and more
The largest credentialing company recently 'credentialed' by CEO Magazine India Gurgaon, India – December 1, 2016: In a few decades, when the world will look back at the history of
Nowadays, all of our lives have become virtual and more of internet based. You will notice that there are many individuals that have great on- line businesses flourishing. You will
People say that smartphones have changed the life of this generation. They say that the technology of smartphones is the reason why people can live a much-sophisticated life now. But it
Yes, you have heard it right. Love him or hate but can't ignore Donald Trump and his Innate marketing tactics during his presidential campaign in year 2017. While was trolled
'What's next' is a most brand-custodian question. What are you able to achieve for your brand today that will be able to create a strong impact tomorrow? What will you
Do you have your own business that has been promising with the course of the time? Or, do you have a start-up in your mind by which you are looking


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"Steve's work transcends every discipline, industry and organizational structure. It is about being connected to our higher truth and our higher self in order that we can operate in the world more healed, more efficiently and create a larger definition of community. When we are devoted to BEING, the DOING unfolds naturally.
The act of conscious conversation within relationship creates participatory reality. Steve's dedication to evolving intuition, a lifetime of honing listening talents and healing archetypal challenges have placed him in a unique position at the table of today's visionaries."
"Only the shaman knows that culture is a game. Everyone else takes it seriously. That's how he can do his magic." ̶ Terence McKenna
premium services and results for the discerning and fully committed leader
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Agent of Change: Thought Into Form


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Top Definition
used in the place of "faggot"
used in the place of "faggot"
"man, i wouldnt hang out with shawn, hes an asskidler..."
by Sam
March 17, 2004
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Detalles bibliográficos
Título: Metropolis.
Editorial: Berlin: August Scherl, 1926
Año de publicación: 1926
Edición: 1st Edition
Octavo. Original green cloth, titles to spine gilt on red ground, ruling and titles to front board gilt, top edge dyed yellow. With the dust jacket. Ownership ink stamp to rear pastedown. Spine a little rolled, boards a little rubbed and marked, spine slightly faded. An excellent copy in the dust jacket with spotting to the spine and rear panels. First edition, first impression, in the preferred deluxe binding. Based on the original screenplay written by German director Fritz Lang and his wife Thea von Harbou in 1924, this novelization was published before the release of the film version on 10 January 1927. The film Metropolis is a classic both of German expressionism and of silent-era science fiction; it remains the most expensive silent film ever made, costing approximately 5 million Reichsmark. Influenced by the Soviet science fiction film Aelita by Yakov Protazanov (1924), which was an adaptation of a novel by Alexei Tolstoy, Metropolis advocates non-violent non-collaboration rather than the Marxist ideal of "class struggle" promoted by Aelita. N° de ref. de la librería 50946
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Librería en AbeBooks desde: 26 de julio de 1999
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Descripción de la librería: Peter Harrington Antiquarian Bookseller has grown to become one of the largest and best known rare booksellers in Europe. Member of the ABA and ILAB. Visit us in the UK at 100 Fulham Road, Chelsea, London SW3 6HS Phone +44 (0)20 7591 0220 Fax +44 (0)20 7225 7054 www.peterharrington.co.uk


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I was scared after you guys took out 2500sq ft of drt but you told me not to panic, all will be ok, I still panicked but wow. You were right, my yard looks amazing. Thanks again, I'm telling everyone about you.
We got several quotes but went with our gut feeling and hired SGA. They had fair pricing & explained everything. We are happy to say, our yard looks better than a friend who hired another company and we paid less per sq. ft. than he did, yes we are happy!
These guys came out and were professional all the way. They left the work site cleaner than when they started. Plus the qualify of work was super good, very happy and referring them to a few friends.
We just had our yard done and are extremely satisfied. Andrew responded quickly, listened to what we wanted, is punctual, courteous, friendly and professional. The yard looks amazing, the quality is top notch, job was completed on schedule with no hidden costs. Highly recommended for converting yard to drought tolerant landscaping
Here at Smart Yardz, we Provide High Quality Artificial Grass Installation Services & Drought Tolerant Solutions for both Residential & Commercial Landscapes. We have the experience to successfully complete any job big or small. Contact us and learn more.
Proceed with caution with those "Low Cost Installers". What appears to be a great deal can lead to a lawn that needs to be replaced or repaired in less than 2 years. Do not make a decision based on the lowest price alone. Ask us why using high quality products & perfect installation are critical. We have consistently offered the highest quality grass at fair and affordable prices.
We refuse to take shortcuts and use harmful toxic products simply to lower our price to get a job. With us, you can have a beautiful lawn that is safe for all, including your pets! For example, we do not use Silica Sand Infill as it is very toxic. If you have a quote that is "Low", be careful, just because the grass looks similar does not mean it is the same quality.
Remember,with proper installation, an artificial lawn will require almost zero regular maintenance except the periodic hosing down to maintain a clean appearance. Now, the installation process itself can be intense, especially for a large lawn, so hiring someone that knows how to handle this properly is imperative. The installation process includes measuring, planning, excavation, preparing the area for installation, cutting, seaming, installing the grass, making sure the grass is set properly, infill process then the final clean up & inspection.
This is kind of a loaded question because it depends on many factors. An average landscaping area might take 1 to 5 days depending on the size and obstacles. Every installation is customized so it is difficult to determine the exact time for a specific job without a site visit. However; we average approximately 500-1,000 square feet of all-inclusive installation work, including ground prep and installation of finished product in a 1 to 2 day time period depending on the difficulty of the project. EXPERIENCE MATTERS


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Tuesday, 11 January 2011
The World Poker Tour Bay 101 Shooting Stars tournament is one of the largest bounty tournaments in the world, boasting such champions as Nam Le, Ted Forrest and Brandon Cantu. Last year, McLean Karr won almost $900,000 for besting a 333-strong field.
Full Tilt Poker is doing a fine job of increasing your potential ROI in this famous event with several qualifying events running from now until February 27. The 2011 Bay 101 WPT event kicks off on March 14 this year; the $10,000 entry is a little hefty but you can qualify for as little as $11 – or even free!Every Tuesday, a $322 direct qualifier will run; Thursdays see a $1,060 qualifier while Sundays have a $640 direct event. Satellites to these tournaments run from as little as $11 or $260, with freerolls on offer for those who don't want to spend a penny. This year the Bay 101 Shooting Stars WPT championship is predicted to give a $1,000,000 first prize including a $25,000 WPT Championship seat at the Bellagio.Those of us who don't live local to Vegas (i.e. less than an Atlantic ocean away) have no worries – the $12,000 package includes flights and accommodation to take care of all your needs should you nab a package on the cheap.Sign up for an account at Full Tilt Poker.Keep up to date with all the news from the poker world by following us on Twitter and Facebook.
Juicy Stakes has just launched a range of new online poker tournaments and is celebrating by offering a limited-time 50% re-load deposit bonus worth up to $100.
Intertops Poker and Juicy Stakes are offering online poker players the chance to take part in the main event at the upcoming St Maarten stop of the TK Poker Tour for as little as $1.10.
The Winter Poker Championship Seefeld 2017 is set to kick off from February 16 and one lucky online poker player will be taking part after winning a prize package worth $4,000 into the Austrian extravaganza's main event at Intertops Poker on Sunday.
The Winter Poker Championship Seefeld 2017 is set to run from February 16 to February 26 and online poker players are being offered the chance to win a prize package into the Austrian tournament series' main event for as little as $3.30.
Sunday Six Max and Sundowner.
Intertops Poker and Juicy Stakes.
Amateur wins at Intertops Poker.
Juicy Stakes and Intertops Poker.
Poker's unassuming killer steps back into the limelight.
Meet one of UK poker's rising stars.
We talk to WSOP bracelet winner.
By Paul Oresteen.
Just keep smiling...
By Adam Slutsky
Pushing the envelope for a new poker generation.
Jeff KImber on fish.
So says Dara O'Kearney.
Dara O'Kearney looks at game thoery.
Dara O'K on bounty tournaments.
Rob Yong calls for competition.
A critical eye on the poker world.
Nick Wealthall on unconscious decision making.
Structure changes don't suit recreationals.


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Scrumming the Scrum
The Team should make the top PBI of every Sprint to remove the single most important current impediment.
... you are using Scrum as a process improvement. The Scrum Team must have effective Sprint Retrospectives and are Beyond the Happy Bubble. The basic Scrum mechanisms are in place, and you want to leverage Scrum to fulfill its vision of kaizen: Also see Toyota Kata [2]. ✥ ✥ ✥ Only a small minority of Scrum teams achieve the hyperproductive state. This is because most teams fail to identify and remove impediments. Their work is not done, their backlog is not ready, and the team does not self-organize to improve performance. Difficult impediments may require extremely focused efforts to remove. Working on many impediments at once often leads to a lot of work with little gain and can demoralize the team. Therefore:Identify the single most important impediment at the Sprint Retrospective and remove it before the end of the next Sprint. To remove the top priority impediment, put it in the Sprint Backlog as a task with acceptance tests (see Testable Improvements) that will determine when it is Done. Then evaluate the state of the task in the Sprint Review like any other task. Focusing attention on the top priority impediment will have the side effect that the team will self-organize to remove other high priority impediments as well, without losing focus on the highest priority impediment. ✥ ✥ ✥ This pattern assures continuously increasing velocity or sustainable high-level velocity. If you are not continuously improving, your velocity will flatline or decrease over time. Lean expert Hugo Heitz [1] emphasized that Scrum teams do not put enough focus on process improvement: "They need to put the kaizen in the backlog. They need to Scrum the Scrum. They need to use Scrum to make Scrum better." While the ScrumMaster owns the process for creating and prioritizing the impediment list, the whole Scrum Team owns eliminating the impediments. Many impediments are resolvable by the team. In other cases, management help will be needed. Removing the top priority impediment should yield immediate velocity improvement. If not, the Scrum Team has not properly analyzed system dynamics and understood the root cause of the primary dysfunction. When the team is successful in achieving velocity increase the system will re-stabilize after impediment removal and the next most important impediment may be in an unexpected place. So often unnecessary work (waste) will be generated by working on multiple constraints at once. Focus on the top priority impediment. Scrum is a framework for inspecting and adapting to achieve continuous improvement by removing impediments. Continuous improvement will increase velocity and produce a hyperproductive state (at least 400% improvement). Beedle et al. [3] reported that Scrum is a pattern language for hyperproductive software development. Past work in both highly disciplined companies [4] and dysfunctional companies has shown that every team can achieve a hyperproductive state by implementing specific practices using Scrum. For example, Systematic, a CMMI maturity level 5 company, demonstrated that all teams could double their velocity by having software tested at the feature level and bug free at the end of a Sprint. A second doubling of velocity was possible by assuring a high ready state of project backlog at the beginning of a Sprint. Example: A team uses the Happiness Metric as a way to identify and prioritize process improvements. On a scale of 1-5 they ask (1) how do they feel about their role in the company and (2) how do they feel about the company. Then they share what would make them feel better and the team uses planning poker to estimate the value of things that would make team members feel better. The team estimated the value (as opposed to effort) of backlog items as well. The entire Product Backlog was estimated at 50 points of value. "Better user stories" was the top priority improvement for the team. Removing this impediment was estimated at over 60 points of value. The Chief Product Owner of the Product Owner Team wondered if removing that impediment might double velocity as the impediment value was higher than the entire Product Backlog value for the Sprint. "Improve User Stories" was put into the Product Backlog and pulled into the next Sprint with a Definition of Done. This Definition of Done was implemented as acceptance tests that had metrics that were calculated at the next Sprint Review. They included:
While improving the quality of user stories is never ending, the Sprint Review demonstrated significant improvement on this backlog item as measured by the acceptance tests. Significant improvement resulted in an increase in velocity after several sprints. After velocity had doubled this impediment fell off the top of the impediment list and another impediment took its place. The graph below [7] shows the velocity of the team doing weekly sprints. In Sprint 86 (around 12/27/2010) the team was doubled in size. By Sprint 89, "Improve User Stories" was put in the backlog of each Sprint. Within three Sprints velocity more than doubled. An average 10% increase in velocity per sprint was seen in subsequent Sprints by Scrumming the Scrum. Credits to Hugo Heitz for suggesting this pattern. References: [1] H. Heitz, "Scrumming the Scrum," Personal Communication, Paris 15 Dec 2010.
[2] M. Rother, Toyota Kata: Managing People for Improvement, Adaptiveness, and Superior Results: McGraw Hill, 2010.
[3] M. Beedle, M. Devos, Y. Sharon, K. Schwaber, and J. Sutherland, "Scrum: A Pattern Language for Hyperproductive Software Development," in Pattern Languages of Program Design. vol. 4, N. Harrison, Ed. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 1999, pp. 637-651.
[4] C. Jakobsen and J. Sutherland, "Scrum and CMMI – Going from Good to Great: are you ready-ready to be done-done?," in Agile 2009, Chicago, 2009.
[5] J. Sutherland, S. Downey, and B. Granvik, "Shock Therapy: A Bootstrap for a Hyper-Productive Scrum," in Agile 2009, Chicago, 2009.
[6] New Oxford American Dictionary.
[7] The Scrum Guide: An interview with Jeff Sutherland (21 October 2014) by StickyMinds.com, https://www.stickyminds.com/interview/scrum-guide-interview-jeff-sutherland. Picture credit: Nevermind2, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Moscow_traffic_congestion.JPG. (under CC BY-SA 3.0 License) |


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zen cart shopping, htaccess, cron job
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I'm looking for someone who is good with WHM hosting
so they can fix the htaccess on my zen cart for my friendly url display and to help me set up a cron job to upload an inventory file to the site.
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- Our Company
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For every moment the right apple. Apples offer a huge variety of colours and flavours so that everyone may find its favourit apple.
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Best apple. Best Service. This is the motto of the Association of South Tyrolean Fruit Growers' Co-operative, VOG.
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VAT number 00122310212


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I was going to post our old button-making machine on eBaY, but I lost the directions. Googled it, now this kid made it look like so much fun, suddenly everybody wants to make buttons. It's really hard to get rid of anything around here.
Arts & Crafts
Crazylace Agate Slab. Now What?
…acquired a slab of Crazylace Agate, with the intention to put feet on it and use it as an impractical and ill-advised drink coaster.


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Richard Wildman, a local historian, surmises that Bedford's obscurity "is possibly because it is on the way to other places". Those other places consist mostly of Milton Keynes, Cambridge, Leicester, Northampton and Luton airport. Nestled in a rustic pocket between the M1 and A1, Bedford occupies a location that is enviable in more ways than one.
In an area in which bland dormitory towns and synthetic new ones are not unknown, Bedford has a history that pre-dates the 10th century, as well as boasting extensive period houses and a large river, the Great Ouse, the setting for glorious embankments with parks, gardens and waterside housing.
After the Second World War, brick-making came to Bedfordshire, attracting immigrants from Poland, Italy, the Ukraine and other parts of central and eastern Europe, soon followed by newcomers from the Asian subcontinent and the West Indies. According to the county council, Bedfordshire "is the most cosmopolitan county in the UK, with some 57 ethnic groups being presented".
The ethnicity of the area is embodied as well as confirmed by Anna Ward of estate agents Spicer McColl. Ms Ward, an area manager, says that "the various groups tolerate one another and live in harmony". As Anna Kuszlewicz, she was born and raised in the area, the daughter of a political refugee from Poland and an Italian mother. She still lives in the area and can't imagine ever leaving it.
"Growth in property prices has been good and steady. I would say that prices have increased 10 per cent since January, and this is a conservative estimate," says Ms Ward.
A not inconsiderable part of Bedford's appeal is its schools. "Bedford has a large number of Victorian suburbs, mainly because of the four Harpur Trust schools, an educational charity dating to 1566," Richard Wildman explains. "There are two schools for boys and two for girls. Bedford is still important educationally, especially in further education."
The buoyant market conditions that currently prevail cut across all sectors. "We are getting first-time buyers and also investors who buy to let or to do up and sell on, especially old Victorian houses and repossessions," says Peter Wallace of Taylors estate agents. "We also have people moving up a step, from three-bed semis to three-bed detached houses, for example. Many are doing part-exchange with builders. Business has substantially improved in recent years, with buyers having more confidence in general in their ability to commit to mortgages."
In Bedford, as elsewhere, the usual mass developers have mostly built the usual uninspired semis and plug-ugly modern apartment blocks. However, now many of these old, and some new, developers are also erecting interestingly designed family homes and highly specified executive homes.
The Low-Down
Transport: Mainline trains provide service to St Pancras and King's Cross Thameslink in 50 minutes, with a through service to the City, Gatwick and Brighton. Bedford also links with the West Midlands and Euston, with westbound service via Bletchley, Leighton Buzzard and Watford Junction. Northbound service is to Kettering, Leicester, Derby, Nottingham and Sheffield. Bedford is 21 miles to Luton and 45 to Stansted airports.
Prices: One-bed flats sell for pounds 25,000-pounds 65,000. Two-bed luxury riverside flats can sell on either side of pounds 150,000, depending on location. The average Bedford property is a 3-bed semi, pounds 75,000-pounds 80,000.
Properties: Recent listings in the local property newspaper included a one-bed mobile home in Pavenham for pounds 17,995, a gigantic five-bed 1980 house with 1.2 acres in Chawston for pounds 315,000, and a Grade II listed lodge house. The area boasts modern barn conversions as well as country cottages with inglenook fireplaces and thatched roofs. At Great Denham golf village, Bovis is building detached houses with a hexagonal wing and conical dome.
New developments: Newberry Court (Fairclough Homes) is a 160-unit development of two- and three-bed homes of which 70 remain, from pounds 66,500 to pounds 86,950. Abbeyfields (David Wilson) in Elstow, 2 miles south of Bedford, has three- to five-bed homes, from pounds 89,995 to pounds 221,995. Cranbourne Gardens (Persimmon) has three- and four-bed homes at pounds 117,950 and pounds 137,950. Other developers active in the area include Beazer, Bellwinch, Connolly, McCarthy & Stone, Potton and Wilcon.
Bunyan the Ubiquitous: John Bunyan was born in Elstow in 1628, preached in Bedford and, for lack of a preaching licence, did time in the local slammer. The Bunyan Meeting House is the reconstructed barn where he preached - the famous door panels (1876) depict scenes from his Pilgrim's Progress and the parlour is the Bunyan Museum. The public library contains the Mott-Harrison collection as well as other books and pamphlets relating to the author. No fewer than 12 locations in Bedford and five in Elstow claim a Bunyan connection.
Festivals: Annual festivals and major events include the Olney pancake race (February), a beer festival and national apple day (October), Christmas lights switch-on (November), and Victorian Christmas fayre (December). The Philharmonia Orchestra presents ten concerts annually at the Corn Exchange.
Town and around: Bedford is home to the Cecil Higgins Art Gallery, and the Cowper & Newton Museum in the Georgian home of the 18th-century poet William Cowper. The area's numerous houses and parks include Woburn Abbey and Woburn Wild Animal Kingdom and Safari Park, Howard House (home of John Howard, a name enshrined in the Howard League of Penal Reform), Stockwood Country Park (horse-drawn vehicles), and Chicheley Hall (a baroque 1719 pile with "memories of Admiral Lord Beatty and a unique hidden library".
Estate agents: Fairclough, 01234 328222; David Wilson, 01234 342008; Spicer McColl, 01234 217712; Taylors, 01234 351781.
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The setting - a wasteland comprised of drapes and boulders complete with screens showing ghostly animals and humans moving around - echoed the dystopian spirit. This was about discarded fashion gems, revisited and revitalised by a new generation.
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Milan Womenswear A/W 2013
Roundup Report
Instagram by @xoreds at 16:41 Wed 20 Feb 2013:
Nails for #albertaferretti shiny transparent taupe nude using Mac Nail Lacquer in Delicate & Coffee Break with a pinch of Vanilla pigment. Pure Innocence #mfw
Milan Round-up: Live Panel Discussion
Broadcast on 14 Mar 2013
Lou Stoppard, Hilary Alexander, Jade Parfitt and Jessica Bumpus review Milan womenswear A/W 2013 live on 14 March 2013 at 11:00 GMT.


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Hire an Animator
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pls call call me for the details..
Chinese prefer.
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text: To even the most experienced of surgeons, passing good cerclage wires can be a bit of a challenge. Most Cerclage passers are of deep profile making them difficult to pass between bones which may be in close approximation such as those of the lower limbs. Most are also poor for manipulating fragments. This device sets out to address these shortcomings. Another feature of the new passer is that the instrument may be left in situ during tightening, minimising migration and oblique wires.


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5 Pioneers of Photography: Basilico, Nadar, Model, Moriyama, Muybridge
By: Barbara Bullock-Wilson (author), Professor Chris Johnson (author), Paul Hill (author)Paperback1 - 2 weeks availability
A selection of books on five of the most pioneering photographers.Create a review
About Author
Paul Hill is a writer on photography and lecturer on the life and work of Eadweard Muybridge. Cuauhtemoc Medina is a critic, art historian and was Curator of Contemporary at the Carrillo Gil Museum, Mexico City from 1989 to 1992. Luc Sante is author of Low Life, Evidence and The Factory of Facts, frequent contributor to the New York Review of Books and visiting professor in the photography and writing departments of Bard College, New York. Chris Johnson is a professor of photography at the California College of Arts and Crafts, Chair of the Oakland Cultural Affairs Commission and Director of the Mother Jones International Fund for Documentary Photography. Barbara Bullock-Wilson is a writer and editor. She frequently consults on the photography of her parents, Wynn and Edna Bullock, and has written several books on their work. Jeff Rian is a writer and professor at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Nimes. He is an editor of Purple magazine and the author of The Buckshot Lexicon (2000). He regularly contributes to Art in America and Flash Art.Product Details
- publication date: 15/09/2008
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This is the first post of many others, I hope. I launched this blog with two base sections: "What is this?" and "Story". Thanks to both of them, I think all of you will get an idea this project is about. In a near future, I will fill the site with other sections as long as I progress with the development of the game. One of the most important pages I'd like to add is one dedicated to all the opinions and contributions from all of you. Opinions and ideas that, in general, must fit with the core-system Spacefields currently has. I'm sure there will be lots of great stuff to read!
Now, a short list about the things I've done since I began with the development:
- GUI Base (round)
- Inventory System 100% functional (equippable items and visible in the spaceship prototype).
- Spawner that drops items based on real probabilities. Current quality items: commons, superiors and rares.
- Power-Up System.
- Round score and other useful stuff.
- Item sheet with correct data display of armor, base color, item name (random number), etc… Still no layout associated. It will be reworked when I get to the item generators system.
- Dyes! xd
Currently working on:
- Enemies pool entities. AI and base class.
Nothing more to add for the moment. I'm still translating all the Spanish texts I've written, so I think I'll be a little bit busy for a while. Today, I have not been able to set me to work in code because of this web stuff, but tomorrow I hope to be on the ride again.. So, I'd like to thank everyone for visiting my modest blog, and if you want to join me in this long ride and be part of it, please take a sit and let's go!


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Snellville, GA 30039
Old Town Flowers & Gifts
79 Main St Suite B Lilburn, GA
Bloom With Jenna
2149 Scenic Hwy N Snellville, GA
Elegant & affordable fresh flowers for weddings, parties & events. Ga. certified professional florist/ master Designer- 30 yrs exp. Oil & pastel paintings & portraits- Pets, Horses, Children, etc. Murals, faux finishes,trompe l'oiel.
If you've been to or used September Studios- floral , fine arts & photography, leave a review.
It's easy, only takes a couple of minutes and you'll help thousands make an informed decision.


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Hey everyone,
Thanks for your patience through what will be known as the BIBLE months--strike that--the BIBLICAL TIMES. I'm up to the book of Luke now. 85 stories down, 40 to go. I can see the light at the end of the biblical tunnel. This has been an epic--EPIC job. No joke, it's like Rapunzel's Revenge and Calamity Jack combined, only Rapunzel and Jack are bearded men with robes and headscarves.
What news is there? Let's see, ONE DEAD SPY, the first of book in my Nathan Hale's Hazardous Tales series has been picked as a Junior Library Guild Selection. My only previous book to get that was Calamity Jack. I'm supposed to get printed, final versions of the Hazardous Tales books this week. I'll shoot some photos when they get here. My manuscript for book #3 in that series is finished and being reviewed right now. The manuscript for book #4 is due at the end of this week...I should probably go write that soon...
While I was away from the blog--during BIBLICAL TIMES--blogger has gone and revamped itself. There are many new features that I have never used before. If I'm using it right, my most popular post ever is the photo of my LEGO Lewis and Clark boat. huh, wouldn't have guessed it.
Anyway, the Space Station should be somewhat operational tomorrow. Although, if I'm honest, I'd love to shut it down until July, when the BIBLICAL TIMES are finished. The problem is that TACO HELL DRIVE-THRU is a complicated story to draw. I just need to finish it, then launch something easy to draw. Or post some old sketchbook stuff. Or something.
Tune in tomorrow to find out!
Monday, April 30, 2012
Monday, April 16, 2012
Abrams Catalog Sneek-peeka!
The Abrams Catalog is here! The Abrams Catalog is here!
You've been hearing about my historical graphic novel series for over a year now, well, now you can finally SEE what they are going to be about. Take a look at pages 10-11 (right after the Wimpy Kid spread!) Coming this summer!
You've been hearing about my historical graphic novel series for over a year now, well, now you can finally SEE what they are going to be about. Take a look at pages 10-11 (right after the Wimpy Kid spread!) Coming this summer!
Wednesday, April 11, 2012
April Extrabot
Thursday, April 5, 2012
A Timeline
Hoo. What a mess. You know that feeling when you've gone waaaaay too long without cleaning a room? That's how I feel about my poor blog. It has been severely neglected. Like in Animal Crossing when you haven't visited your town in months, and there are weeds everywhere. Never mind.
In any case. I need to set a date to get things back on track, instead of just letting the last few posts just float here in limbo.
The date: May 1st
I will return to the rock-solid five-day-a-week posting schedule I've held to for the past few years. It will be rad.
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10 Best Acts at Governors Ball 2015The bands did everything festival acts should do: There were poppy fan-service acts and more experimental sets to get everybody to flex their ear muscles. Our favorites? We somehow narrowed it down to 10.
Governors Ball 2015 Lineup Led By Drake, Black Keys, Lana Del Rey & DeadMau5Started from the bottom, now the Governors Ball is here with a Canadian rapper, a blues duo, a Mickey Mouse-esque DJ and the gangster Nancy Sinatra leading its fifth year lineup.
10 Women Who Should Headline Coachella In 2015Coachella's got a woman problem. We got the answer.
Woody Guthrie, Ray Charles Collections and Bjork Album Win GRAMMYS
10 Artists Who Have Been Banned From PerformingLady Gaga, Madonna and Katy Perry have all been facing problems while performing abroad. They're not the only ones. Here's a list of 10 artists who have been banned.


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Little is known about how best to deploy scarce resources for disease control when epidemics occur in different but interconnected regions. We use a combination of optimal control methods and epidemiological theory for metapopulations to address this problem. We consider what strategy should be used if the objective is to minimize the discounted number of infected individuals during the course of an epidemic. We show, for a system with two interconnected regions and an epidemic in which infected individuals recover and can be reinfected, that equalizing infection in the two regions is the worst possible strategy in minimizing the total level of infection. Treatment should instead be preferentially directed at the region with the lower level of infection, treating the other subpopulation only when there is resource left over. The same strategy holds with preferential treatments of regions with lower levels of infection when quarantine is introduced.
1. Introduction
Many epidemics outstrip the resources available to treat all infected individuals (Lipsitch et al. 2000), especially when disease occurs simultaneously in different but interconnected regions (Ferguson et al. 2001; Keeling et al. 2001; Dye & Gay 2003). Seeking to control in more than one region poses a dilemma for epidemiologists and health administrators of how best to deploy limited resources among different regions: should preference be given to treating infected individuals in regions with high or with low levels of infection, or to equalizing levels of infection in different regions as fast as possible? Choosing between these options requires a combination of epidemiological and economic insights that hitherto have tended to remain separate: epidemiological models take little account of economic constraints (Forster & Gilligan 2007; Klein et al. 2007), while economic models mostly ignore the spatial and temporal dynamics of disease (Gilligan 2003), with some recent exceptions (Goldman & Lightwood 2002; Rowthorn & Brown 2003; Smith et al. 2005; Barrett & Hoel 2007; Forster & Gilligan 2007), of which Smith et al. (2005) and Forster & Gilligan (2007) explicitly consider infection space.
The influence of the spatial structure of susceptible populations on the invasion and persistence of human, animal and plant pathogens is now well established (Ferguson et al. 2001; Keeling et al. 2001; Dye & Gay 2003; Stacey et al. 2004). Most contemporary epidemiological theories are focused on the dynamics of disease in so-called 'structured metapopulations' (Gyllenberg et al. 1997; Grenfell & Bolker 1998; Keeling & Gilligan 2000a; Hanski & Ovaskainen 2002) following on from early models that addressed spatial heterogeneity in disease transmission (Lajmanovich & Yorke 1976; Murray & Cliff 1977; Nold 1980) in which epidemics occur in loosely coupled subpopulations. These subpopulations correspond with natural aggregations of susceptibles, such as hospitals, towns, cities or countries. Infecteds and susceptibles mix more or less freely within subpopulations, with a smaller movement of infecteds or inoculum among subpopulations. The system of loose coupling leads to spatially distributed epidemics with local fade-out but global persistence (Keeling & Gilligan 2000b), as infection is transmitted between infected and healthy subpopulations. It follows that local deployment of control in one region may benefit other regions by reducing the number of infecteds capable of transmitting infection between subpopulations, but the regional benefits of control may also be countermanded by reinvasion from neighbouring populations. Using a combination of optimization methods from the economic theory of disease control (Sethi 1978; Goldman & Lightwood 2002; Rowthorn & Brown 2003; Forster & Gilligan 2007) with a metapopulation model from epidemiological theory (Hanski 1998; Swinton et al. 1998; Park et al. 2003; Keeling et al. 2004), we show, however, that it is possible to optimize the deployment of control. By formalizing the problem as one of control of a dynamic, spatially structured system subject to economic constraints, it becomes apparent that one plausible intuition to give preference to the most highly infected regions when resources are limited may be the worst possible strategy in limiting the amount of infection suffered by the entire population.
2. Methods
2.1 The model
We consider two coupled subpopulations of susceptible individuals, in which an epidemic is described by a simple susceptible–infected–susceptible (SIS) compartmental model. An SIS model is characteristic of a sexually transmitted disease, such as gonorrhoea, in which infecteds (I) recover naturally or after treatment (Lajmanovich & Yorke 1976; Hethcote 1980; Anderson & May 1991). Infected individuals do not gain immunity to the disease, rejoining the susceptible class (S) and so may be reinfected. This relatively simple model of an epidemic allows a rigorous analysis of strategies for optimal control of disease. Here, we consider a simple control strategy in which a certain drug is administered to some or all of the infected individuals in two regions, each with populations of the same size N. The model is inspired by the analysis of Goldman & Lightwood (2002) for optimal drug use in a single region. We envisage regions as encompassing local districts, counties, provinces or countries. The dynamics of infection for the SIS model in the two regions Ii are given by(2.1)and(2.2)in which β and γ are the transmission rates within and between subpopulations, respectively; μ−1 is the infectious period; and α is a measure of the rate at which infecteds are cured by the drug. The number of infecteds receiving treatment in region i is equal to Fi. We assume that the drug is not used as a prophylactic so that only infected individuals receive it, hence Fi≤Ii. An alternative scenario, in which treatment is effected through changes in the transmission rate (β), is discussed briefly in the electronic supplementary material.
2.2 Optimal control under a budget constraint
Suppose that expenditure on drugs is subject to a budget constraint c(F1+F2)≤M. We assume that finance is not transferable through time, so that money which is not spent immediately cannot be saved for the future purchase of drugs. If there are sufficient resources, every infected individual will be treated. Otherwise, drugs are allocated so as to minimize the discounted sum of total infection in the two regions. Hence, we choose F1 and F2 so as to minimize the following integral:(2.3)The objective function in equation (2.3) is concerned only with minimizing total infection across both subpopulations. We also briefly consider objective functions of the form . If θ>1, such an objective function will give extra weight to the area with the higher level of infection. The discount rate is included to allow for long-term changes, thus giving greater emphasis to control in the short rather than the long term (Forster & Gilligan 2007). The optimization approach we adopt is based upon the Hamiltonian method (Pontryagin et al. 1962; Seierstad & Sydsaeter 1987; Pinch 1993), which is a device for minimizing the objective function subject to the economic constraints and the epidemiological dynamics of the model. This method takes into account the influence of current infection on the future evolution of disease as given by the propagation equations (2.1) and (2.2). Such influence is embodied in the co-state variables that appear in a mathematical expression known as the Hamiltonian (see appendix A and the electronic supplementary material for details).
We consider two hypotheses for optimizing the control of infection under a limited budget, when at least for some of the time, the combined number of infected individuals in the two regions exceeds the availability of the drug for treatment. A choice must then be made as to how to optimize the distribution of the drug between the two regions. Under the first hypothesis, preference is given to treating individuals in the region with the higher prevalence, so as to first equalize infection in each region. In the second hypothesis, we assume that preference is given to treating individuals in the region with the lower level of infection, thus seeking to reduce the force of infection in the more sparsely infested region.
2.3 Optimal control under a fixed budget constraint with quarantine
Suppose that the coupling parameter between regions, γ, can be altered by imposing quarantine controls that restrict the reciprocal rate of cross infection between the two regions. These are equivalent to border controls. They may be costly to administer and may also impose indirect costs arising from restrictions on free circulation. Let Q be the total amount of direct and indirect costs involved in the quarantine policy. We shall assume that γ and Q are functionally related as(2.4)where and . Thus, when there are no restrictions the cross-infection parameter γ is equal to γ0. When a total ban is imposed to movement of infection between regions γ=0, and the cost of restrictions is equal to Qmax. We also assume that the budgets for medical treatment and for quarantine restrictions are separate, so that funds cannot be transferred between uses. The optimal strategy is now to choose F1, F2 and Q so as to minimize the following integral:(2.5)subject to the same constraints as before plus the additional constraint and . In this integral, Q/p measures the cost of restrictions expressed in terms of infection equivalents. The methods for optimization are given in appendix A.
3. Results
3.1 Preferential treatment of region with higher prevalence
First, we consider preferential treatment of the region with higher prevalence. So long as all infected individuals are treated and the infection is either eliminated in each subpopulation, if , or brought to some non-negative equilibrium density in each subpopulation if R0>1. When, however, (I1+I2)>M/c, some infecteds remain untreated and a decision must be made as to how to allocate the drug between regions so as to minimize the discounted numbers of infected individuals. One obvious strategy is to equalize the levels of infection within the two regions as fast as possible. Many people would regard this as the socially equitable strategy (Murray & Lopez 1996). Formally, it involves deflection of the two subpopulations onto a spatially homogeneous solution in which the levels of infection within each region are equalized (see appendix A and §S1 in the electronic supplementary material for details). This is conventionally known in optimal control theory as the singular solution (Seierstad & Sydsaeter 1987). Such a strategy would be achieved by preferential treatment of infecteds in the region with the higher prevalence of infecteds. The policy is called the MRAP since it involves the most rapid approach path to the singular solution, in which infection is equalized in both subpopulations (figure 1). However, as we show analytically in appendix A, the MRAP is the worst possible strategy within the constraints of the system. Rather than minimizing the discounted amount of infection over time (equation (2.3)) it maximizes that quantity (figure 1).
3.2 Finding the optimal strategy
To find the best (i.e. optimal) path, we chose to give preference to the region with the lower level of infection (and, by corollary, the higher level of susceptibles), treating the other region as a residual claimant. Sufficient details of the analysis are given in appendix A to reproduce the results, with additional rigorous mathematical details in the electronic supplementary material. Individuals in the region with the higher level of infection only receive treatment when there are resources left over after treating all the infecteds in the target region (figure 1). Although it is not possible to prove analytically that this is the optimal path, extensive numerical simulations using a variety of parameters support the hypothesis (see appendix A for details). This alternative policy is known as the anti-MRAP since it goes away from the singular solution as fast as possible (figure 1c). By concentrating scarce resources on the least infected region, where there are most susceptibles, we maximize the social benefit associated with the prevention of disease.
The difference between the best and worst paths depends upon the amount of initial infection in each population when the treatment is first introduced and can be separated into three regimes in infection space (figures 1 and 2; table 1). In zone A, the best and worst scenarios each bring the epidemic under control. The difference between the two is relatively small. In zone B, the worst path fails to bring the epidemic under control while the best path does (figure 1) and the error of choosing the wrong strategy is large (table 1). We refer to this zone as an 'instability zone' to indicate the fact that the outcome is highly sensitive to the choice of policy. Neither policy is capable of bringing the epidemic under control in zone C but preferential treatment of the less infected subpopulation is substantially more successful in reducing the discounted amount of infection (figure 1; table 1). The same is also true in the case of the objective function involving shown in table 1. Thus, even if some weight is assigned to equalizing the levels of infection in the two regions (i.e. with exponents greater than unity), our results show that it may still be better to give priority to the region with the lower level of infection. For completeness, we also show consistency in the results for an objective function involving , in which the exponents are less than unity (table 1), implying some penalty for control effort as the level of infection increases.
3.3 Effects of relative transmission parameters on best and worst solutions
The size of the instability zone B, in which the best and worst paths diverge, depends upon the relative magnitudes of transmission within (β) and between (γ) subpopulations (figure 2). Increasing the value of γ has two effects. It shifts the instability zone inwards reflecting the fact that it has become more difficult to control infection. At the same time, the size of the instability zone shrinks (figure 2). Both the average and maximum values of the error ratio for the difference between the best and worst paths decline as (γ/β) gets larger (figure 2). Thus, as the rate of transmission between subpopulations increases the outcome becomes less sensitive to the choice of policy. Moreover, at a certain point there is a sharp decline in the maximum error ratio. This occurs when γ/β becomes so large that, irrespective of the starting point, it is impossible to contain infection. Under these conditions, zones A and B disappear and zone C covers the entire infection space.
3.4 Quarantine control
Using the standard procedure (see appendix A) for the propagation equations and the objective function for quarantine introduced in equation (2.5), we derive an optimal value first for from which it is possible to calculate the corresponding value for quarantine (from equation (2.4)). Extensive numerical analysis again shows that the optimal strategy is the anti-MRAP, giving preference to the population with the lower prevalence of infection while also imposing quarantine to restrict transmission between the two subpopulations (figure 3a). For the example shown in figure 3, a severe quarantine, with γ close to zero (figure 3b), is initially imposed to isolate the high infection region 2. The limited medical resources available are mostly used to saturate the low infection region 1 leaving only a small residual for use in region 2. As infection falls in region 1, more medical resources become available for use in region 2 and infection is eventually brought down there as well. At a certain point, infection is sufficiently low in both regions that it is optimal to lift the quarantine and allow γ to return rapidly to its unrestricted value of 0.03. This is done quite rapidly. Without imposing a temporary quarantine, it is impossible to bring infection down from the starting point shown. With γ fixed at 0.03, total infection increases no matter what treatment policy is followed (cf. figure 1d). Thus, the possibility of quarantine may radically alter the time paths of infection in the two regions. Table 1 compares the integrals for the discounted cost of infection with and without quarantine costs.
4. Conclusions and discussion
Epidemics of the SIS form apply to a small but important class of epidemics in which infected individuals recover and can be reinfected (Murray 2002). With just two interconnected regions of hosts and a fixed population size, our SIS formulation allows a rigorous analysis to show that, under certain initial conditions, equalizing infection in each subpopulation is the worst possible strategy when resources are limited for control. It also shows that treatment should be focused on subpopulations with the lower level of infected individuals. This is equivalent to allocating treatment preferentially to subpopulations with the higher proportions of susceptible individuals. The methods introduced here provide new insights into optimal disease control. The results overturn a simple intuition that preference should normally be given to strategies designed to equalize infection in different subpopulations. This paper presents an alternative intuition that derives from the influence of treatment on the future dynamics of disease. Our optimal solution (anti-MRAP) assumes that the benefit to those who are cured is the same no matter where they are located, but invokes the additional policy consideration that curing individuals influences the future dynamics of infection in the coupled subpopulations. The latter does depend upon the location of the individuals who are cured. The most effective way of slowing down the spread of disease is to concentrate on resources in areas where there is a large pool of susceptibles. This implies giving priority to areas with low levels of infection.
Deviation from the optimal strategy necessarily changes this criterion, with greater weight being placed upon the health of some individuals compared with others. That is, preferential treatment of the subpopulation with higher levels of infection and fewer susceptibles necessarily places a greater weighting on the health of individuals in that subpopulation. Such considerations require further debate and greater integration of epidemiological models with insight from social sciences.
One of the principal epidemiological and mathematical challenges is to extend the methods developed here to other realistic, spatially extended epidemics. It is straightforward to extend the analysis to the case of multiple regions and also to the case when treatment reduces the transmission rate of infection, as we point out with illustrative results in the electronic supplementary material (§§S3 and S4, respectively). We conclude from these explorations that the main intuition concerning the inferiority of the MRAP is robust to extensions of the model as listed above. It is our intention to extend these analytical methods further to more complex situations, in which there are immune classes and options for vaccination. In particular, is it the case that the optimal strategy identified in this paper has a counterpart for other classes of epidemics in which treated individuals become immune (SIR) or rejoin the susceptible class (SIRS)? Rigorous mathematical analysis is extremely difficult for these types of epidemics because of the increased number of state and co-state variables involved. Preliminary numerical explorations of an SIR model with births of susceptibles suggest that, for certain initial conditions, it is more efficient to follow the anti-MRAP strategy of giving priority to the infected area with the lower level of infection than it is to equalize infection as fast as possible (see §S5 in the electronic supplementary material). However, further exploratory work suggests that, while giving priority to the region with the greater proportion of susceptibles (analogous to the anti-MRAP strategy in the SIS model) is key to controlling SIR epidemics, the optimal solution sometimes involves switching priority from one subpopulation to another depending upon the initial conditions. This will be the subject of a separate study.
Consideration of the time horizon for control is also important. Here, we have used the conventional economic device of a discount rate to give more weight in the objective function to shorter rather than long-term control. We have used a default value of r=0.1 for the discount rate. Our main result, however, does not depend upon this particular value. The choice of discount rate affects the relative valuation of current and future disease, and also the optimal timing of quarantine: it does not affect the key result that the MRAP is the worst possible strategy.
Forster & Gilligan (2007) analysed an SIS seasonal plant epidemic with transmission of infection between nearest neighbours, approximated by a contact process. Switching the time horizon from a single season (with no discount rate and a fixed time) to multiple seasons (with discount and infinite horizon) effectively changed the optimal solution from a simple bang-bang (treat all then treat none) to a continuously dynamic (interior) response. Interior solutions have also been identified by Sethi (1974) and Goldman & Lightwood (2002) for SIS models, and by Barrett (2003), working with a static epidemic model with bifurcations and a Nash equilibrium, but none of these models addressed the spatial structure of host populations that are shown here to play an important part in the optimization of control. More recently, Barrett & Hoel (2007) have identified criteria under which long-term eradication of diseases, such as poliomyelitis, would be optimal. Using a non-spatial, dynamical SIR model with vaccination of susceptibles, they showed that high rates of vaccination are never optimal. The results contrast with a naive intuition that a high rate of vaccination might be advantageous in eradication programmes in an analogous way to the counter-intuitive results presented here that preference should be given to treating the subpopulation with lower rather than higher levels of infection. All three analyses (Barrett & Hoel 2007; Forster & Gilligan 2007; and the current one) support the insight that may be gained by coupling dynamic epidemiological models with economic optimization.
C.A.G. acknowledges support from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council.
Appendix A
The analytical and numerical methods used to derive the results are summarized here in sufficient detail to reproduce the results. Further mathematical detail is given in the electronic supplementary material together with some results for exploratory analysis of an SIR model.
A.1 Optimization methods
The objective is to minimize the discounted level of infection (equation (2.3)) subject to the propagation equations (2.1) and (2.2) (Pinch 1993) and subject to the following epidemiological and economic constraints: Ii(0)=Ii0; 0≤Fi≤Ii, F1+F2=min(I1+I2, M/c). Let be the region where there are sufficient resources to treat all infecteds. Within this region, the propagation equations are(A1)These equations have one stable equilibrium, which is given by(A2)We assume that . This ensures that . It also ensures that any allowable path that enters the region A will remain permanently within this region and eventually converge to the stable equilibrium point.
When there are more infecteds than can be treated, c(I1+I2)>M and hence F1+F2=M/c. The relevant Hamiltonian in this case is(A3)where mi are co-state variables. Since F2=M/c−F1, we can eliminate F2 to obtain(A4)When c(I1+I2)>M, the control variable F1 is subject to the following inequalities:(A5)Some of these are 'mixed' constraints, which include both state and co-state variables. In this case, the standard procedure is to include all constraints in a Lagrangian known as the 'augmented' Hamiltonian, which is given as follows (Seierstad & Sydsaeter 1987):(A6)where the x's and y's are multipliers that satisfy the complementary slack conditions,(A7)The first-order conditions for an optimum require that(A8)and that F1 (and hence F2) is chosen so as to maximize the Hamiltonian. This yields the following result:(A9)It must also be the case that(A10)
Finally, there are the transversality conditions. Allowable paths fall into two groups: those that never enter the region , and those that enter this region and never leave it again. In the former case, there are alternative transversality conditions. Define the function W as follows:(A11)where the integral is evaluated along the path defined by the 'treat-all' propagation equations (2.1) and starting from the point . The transversality conditions for a path that enters this set are as follows:(A12)
A.2 The singular solution
Suppose that the control variables are chosen from the interior of their domains so that 0<Fi<Ii. This implies that xi=yi=0 for i=1, 2, and hence from (A 3) it follows that m2=m1. Suppose also that the latter equality holds throughout an open interval of time. Then from which it is simple to show that I1=I2, whence and F2=F1=M/2c. This yields the 'singular' solution, which is given by(A13)
A.3 The most rapid approach path
The MRAP involves reaching the singular solution as fast as possible and remaining on this solution thereafter. This means giving preferential treatment to the subpopulation with the higher prevalence of disease until disease in the two populations is equalized, and then treating these populations equally. This strategy implies that(A14)To confirm that this strategy is the worst case, we show that this path maximizes the discounted level of infection (equation (2.3)). The Hamiltonian is identical to equation (A 4) save that the first term is replaced by for maximization rather than minimization of the integral V. Hence, the conditions on F1 for maximization are identical to equation (A 5), only this time the co-state variables are positive. Mangasarian's sufficiency conditions for a maximum require that the Hamiltonian be a concave function of I1, I2 and F1 (Seierstad & Sydsaeter 1987). These conditions require that the following matrix is negative semi-definite:(A15)which will be the case if m1≥0 and(A16)Provided β>γ, the above inequality is always strictly satisfied on the singular solution, where m1=m2. By continuity, it must also be weakly satisfied on the MRAP for points close to the singular solution. The co-state variables measure the marginal value of additional infection, which in the maximization version of the problem is always positive. Thus m1, m2>0. Moreover, for the parameter values we consider (β>γ), the inequality given in equation (A 16) is also satisfied along the whole length of the trajectory of the singular solution, where m1=m2. These conditions establish that the Hamiltonian is strictly concave on the singular solution and also close to it. For paths that remain permanently outside of the region , the transversality conditions for i=1, 2 are satisfied. For paths that enter this region, the transversality condition m1=m2 at the point where they enter is satisfied. For paths of this type, an additional concavity condition is required (Seierstad & Sydsaeter 1987). Simulations indicate that W(Z1,Z2) is concave. Under these conditions, the MRAP maximizes the integral V and is therefore as bad as, or worse than, any other path that satisfies the constraints of the problem (Seierstad & Sydsaeter 1987).
A.4 Finding the optimal path
We propose an alternative candidate for the optimal path, when (I1+I2)>M/c. The path is determined by the following decision rules:(A17)This path is the anti-MRAP in which preference is given to treating the subpopulation with lower prevalence of infection. Standard sufficiency theorems cannot be used to prove analytically that this is the optimal path since m1<0 and the Hamiltonian is not concave. However, simulations indicate that the anti-MRAP is in fact optimal (see §S2 in the electronic supplementary material).
Using a 100 × 100 grid of starting points we compared the following three paths: path 1, which always gives priority to region 1; path 2, which always gives priority to region 2; and the MRAP, which equalizes infection levels in the two regions as fast as possible and then splits the drug equally between them. Starting from an initial point with I1<I2, the smallest integral was obtained with path 1, the next smallest with path 2 and the strictly largest integral with the MRAP. From an initial point with I2<I1, the smallest integral was obtained with path 2 and the strictly largest integral with the MRAP. With I1=I2 initially, the MRAP always gave the strictly largest integral, but paths 1 and 2 gave identical integrals. We were also able to show that the three paths described above were the only paths that entered the treat-all set (given a suitable starting point) and satisfied both the Hamiltonian and transversality conditions. This suggests that the anti-MRAP strategy of favouring the least infected area is the best. We were not able to rule out the possibility that there are other paths that yield an even lower integral than the anti-MRAP, but we were not able to locate such a path from any starting point.
A.5 Quarantine
The Hamiltonian for the case with quarantine is the same as in equation (A 4) except that γ is replaced by γ0h(Q) as in equation (2.4) and the objective function by equation (2.5). The decision rules are identical to equation (A 17), with the additional constraint that the quarantine variable Q is selected from the set [0, Qmax] so as to maximize the Hamiltonian, taking all other variables as given. The optimal value of Q is thus equal to(A18)Note that in this case the discount rate does affect the optimal strategy.
A.6 Error of worst relative to best path
The error ratio for the worst compared with the best paths is computed by (Vworst−Vbest)/Vbest in which Vworst and Vbest are the values of the discounted infection along the best and worst paths, respectively. We distinguish between the maximum and the average value (computed as the average error over all starting points in infection space for which (I1+I2)>M/c for given ratios of transmission between and within subpopulations). The instability region in which the best path leads to disease control and the worst to explosive spread shown in figure 2 were computed for each of 21×21 starting points laid out on a uniform grid on the infection space. When γ=β, the two regions are effectively a single region and all allowable treatment policies lead to exactly the same trajectory for total infection, and hence to the same value for the integral V (equation (2.3)).
- Received September 16, 2008.
- Accepted January 22, 2009.
- © 2009 The Royal Society


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Album Review: Death Fortress – Deathless March of the Unyielding
The same has always been true for Death Fortress. They like to slow down to go mid-tempo a lot. When they do, they're special. You can sing along to the vocal parts, and when they blast, you go back to enjoying quality prototypical black metal. They're awesome. What more can
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DROUGHT YEAR's "ALL SYMBOLS ARE SWASTIKAS"
DROUGHT YEAR's new LP ALL SYMBOLS ARE SWASTIKAS might be one of my favorite records of the year! Let me tell you why – because it is so grim while still being very beautiful in its own twisted fucked way. Imagine if Rozz Williams decided to collabo with Kevin Shields,
Of Feather and Bone Pious Abnormality Premiere Stream + Interview
Denver's Of Feather and Bone are among the hardest working acts from the Southwest around right now and last year saw the release of their inaugural full-length, Embrace the Wretched Flesh on Good Fight Music. A 10 song onslaught of bombastic crusty grindcore, the LP was handily among 2015's heaviest
The Dead Singer…Daughters 2003 Full Set
If you don't know, now you know – Daughters are back together! Check out this rawkus full set from from 2003, and while you are at it peep this killer interview over at Clrvynt conducted by Brian Cook of Russian Circles // Sumac. Plus check the tour dates below to see when they're hitting
POST PUNK TREASURE FOUND… SPAHN RANCH THICKLY SETTLED + "Back to the Wood"
I totally respect the power of music, and how when it's made with honesty and untainted conviction, it can truly become timeless. There is a very special band from the mid 80's named Spahn Ranch, and they put out one record, Thickly Settled, which was released on Insight Records in
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Premiere Streaming: SITHTER "Jerusalem Axe Massacre"
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By three years of a child more or less adapted to life in the family, and the family has time to fully adapt to it.He did not wake the whole house at night, in compliance with the more or less measured daily routine, every day is growing rapidly, pleasing surrounding their discoveries ... and suddenly turns into a monster home - a crisis of three years.
Well, maybe not quite a monster, but he suddenly begins to rebel, it can not be in something persuade, and it is extremely difficult to reach an agreement.In the majority of requests and suggestions of senior, he gives a negative answer.If you are on something you insist the child irritable, crying and starts all possible ways to resist your will.He does not want to go for a walk, she refuses to sit at the table, to change clothes, bathe;it becomes unmanageable, stubborn and aggressive.Parents just have to call for help all his patience, and try hard not to lose his temper.All these signs indicate that the child crisis began three years - well-kn
It's not that, as some parents, the child becomes the "bad", or the nature of the spoils.Simply, he begins to realize that he - is he an individual, not a mother, father or grandmother.Yes, he understands this is not at once - in the first years of his life he was very closely associated with the parents or guardians;not in vain close (especially - mothers), speaking about the child often used the word "we" instead of "I'm a child."Only three years the child begins to think of himself in the first person ("I am!").He understands that he has his own will and desire, which may not coincide with the will of adults.This discovery is so important that it changes the child's attitude toward the world as he simply can not change their behavior.That is why he has a strong need to organize your life the way he wants, without being subject to anyone.
Since three years, the child usually does not understand exactly what he wants from life and how to better organize (not surprising, because often they do not know even adults), he chooses the only method available to him to exercise his will - to reject allThey offer adults.This is the source of the problem: the child simply does not understand the difference between "I", "I want" and "I need", and even more so can not yet be aware that his personal freedom is limited by the freedom of others.To help small rebel figure it all out - not an easy and important task for parents.
main signs of the crisis three years
- Denial.Almost any request and offer the child refuses.
- stubbornness.A child may do something not because it wants to, but just to show - he can do as it sees fit.For example, it may require parents to buy exactly the toy that he already has, turn off the TV, when they watch the news, and so on.
- demonstrative behavior.You ask a child to hold fast to the mug to keep spilled milk, and he throws it on purpose.Likewise, it can defiantly throw toys away to get away from you in the street, although you it is forbidden, and the like.
- protest.Child violent protests in almost any situation - for example, in the store when you choose him clothes, in a cafe, at a party.As a rule, children who are experiencing a crisis of three years, did not hesitate to strangers and do what they want, no matter where they are.
- depreciation.It seems that everything that ever was expensive for a child devalued: he can hit his mother, once a favorite toy to throw in the trash, give up your favorite treats.
- oppressive.One of the main goals of the child becomes the subordination of the surrounding adults.He does not ask, and requires very rapidly reacts to failure to comply.
Guidelines for parents during the crisis three years
Under no circumstances do not scold the child when he does not fulfill what you say to him;It is especially important not to give him such characteristics as "bad", "capricious", "evil", and so on.Because of these words in his address child may permanently lose faith in yourself and in the future has a chance to become a regular customer of the psychoanalyst.
Explain to him that you understand the motives of his conduct;for example, say, "I see you do not agree with a proposal to mom."Then, quietly, without raising his voice, tell your child that, despite its opposition, he has no right to be rude to other people and to do what parents say, because to a certain age, they are responsible for it, and he still can not makethat provide themselves with everything you need yourself.
as often as possible gives a child the opportunity to choose, for example, that he wants for breakfast - scrambled eggs or cereal, when and where he wants to go for a walk, and so on.Give him the opportunity to make their own what he can already do - to dress, comb and so on.No matter what will be faster if you did - but there was a child some freedom to weaken his desire to rebel.The reward for your efforts is that the child will grow harmonious, independent and happy person.When he had to learn how to apply their will, the problems with the child will be a little less.If at that time did not give him an opportunity to prove himself as an independent, free personality, may eventually be a variety of psychological problems, to solve which it is very difficult.


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While a women's group was formed, for some reason, it was determined that no men would be allowed to join. So speakers come in and talk about women empowerment, but no men are there to understand the issues or help the cause. Also, when setting up the group, it was announced to the firm that the men in charge let the women set it up. It was an awful way to suggest what happened. Basically nothing else has changed.
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How do women feel about working at RMB Capital Management? 0% think they are treated fairly and equally to men. 0% would recommend RMB Capital Management to other women, and women have a job satisfaction rating of 4.0 out of 5. What are the benefits at RMB Capital Management? RMB Capital Management offers 12 weeks of paid maternity leave. These benefits are based on tips anonymously submitted by RMB Capital Management employees.