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Publication number | US6043631 A |
Publication type | Grant |
Application number | US 09/002,329 |
Publication date | Mar 28, 2000 |
Filing date | Jan 2, 1998 |
Priority date | Jan 2, 1998 |
Fee status | Lapsed |
Publication number | 002329, 09002329, US 6043631 A, US 6043631A, US-A-6043631, US6043631 A, US6043631A |
Inventors | Boris Tsenter |
Original Assignee | Total Battery Management, Inc. |
Export Citation | BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan |
Patent Citations (76), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (80), Classifications (14), Legal Events (8) | |
External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet | |
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to a battery charger and a method of charging a rechargeable battery, specifically alkaline secondary batteries, Ni--Cd (Nickel-Cadmium), Ni--H2 (Nickel-Hydrogen) and Ni--MeH (Nickel-Metal Hydride) batteries which utilize an inflection in chemical polarization voltage as a signal to terminate charging.
2. Background and Description of the Related Art
A large number of portable electronic devices, e.g. cellular phones, two-way radios, laptop computers and camcorders, are in widespread use. In addition, portable electronic devices have become more common in the aerospace industry. With growing use of these devices, it has become necessary to provide a rechargeable battery that is in a continuous state of operational readiness. In this regard, it is preferable to utilize a rechargeable battery that uses a method of recharging that avoids both under- and overcharging.
Overcharge conditions are undesirable and disadvantageous to cycle life of the battery. Overcharge reactions in vented cells result in electrolysis and loss of water that must be replaced; in sealed cells, overcharge reactions create pressure and heat since the recombination reactions of gases produced during overcharge are exothermic.
Overcharge reactions that result from high charging voltage can be prevented by simply limiting the charging voltage to a certain value. This simple approach is, unfortunately, only partially successful with certain cell types, e.g., lead-acid cells, vented Nickel-Cadmium cells, and sealed lithium ion cells.
Despite the adverse consequences of overcharging, in conventional charging methods, overcharge reactions are tolerated to complete the charging process. Sealed cells capable of recombining the overcharge reaction products are able to tolerate overcharge at low rates because the pressures of by-product gases are low and the heat generation is slow enough that the generated heat can be easily dissipated and lost. If no electrolyte constituent is lost, it is less crucial to terminate charging. However, continuous overcharge, even at low rates, reduces the life cycle of the cells.
Rapid charging, i.e., charging in less than one hour, presents much more of a challenge in both vented and sealed cells. The first problem results from the limited rate of charge distribution or equilibration within the electrode plates. Also, at higher charge rates, the overcharge reactions begin to appear at a lower fraction of full charge. When overcharge reactions appear, the efficiency of the charge reactions declines and much of the columbic energy is wasted on the overcharge reactions. The rapid heating of a battery during high-rate overcharge may cause safe pressure limits to be exceeded, as well as cell venting.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,352,967, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, provides a good summary of some of the known methods of charging storage batteries. Most methods of charging sealed Ni-Cad and NiMH batteries use voltage and temperatures as parameters for terminating the charging phase. The methods disclosed therein focus on various techniques of determining proper charge termination and include: constant current mode; delta temperature/delta time mode (dT/dt); negative delta voltage charge mode (-ΔV); positive delta voltage or delta voltage/delta time mode (dV/dt); pulse charge mode; and reflex mode.
In the constant current charge mode, the battery is continuously overcharged with a low current. Although the expenditure for a constant current source is relatively low, the long charging time causes damage to the cell. In the constant charge mode, it is customary to restrict the charging time. Therefore, as soon as a selected time has elapsed, the charging operation is terminated. Accordingly, since the constant current charge mode does not take into account the charge condition or chemical makeup of the cell, under- or overcharging of the cell can result.
In delta temperature/delta time charging (dT/dt), the charging current is switched off once the cell has reached a predetermined slope in the temperature versus time curve for the cell This method can generate incorrect termination signals. The charging process may be terminated prior to the battery being fully charged if the preset value of dT/dt is too low, or, conversely, the charging process may be terminated too late if the value of dT/dt is too large.
In the negative delta voltage charge mode, a negative slope in the charge curve (dV/dt<0), which appears after complete charging of the battery, is used to terminate charging. The batteries are charged from a constant current source, and the charging voltage rises steadily for as long as the cells are capable of converting the supplied energy into chemical energy. When the cells are no longer capable of storing the supplied energy, the supplied energy is converted into heat, and the cell voltage drops. The drop in the cell voltage is used as an indicator to terminate charge. However, fluctuations in the battery voltage caused by surface effects may be erroneously interpreted as a signal to terminate charge. Therefore, premature break-off of the charging operation is often seen when utilizing the negative delta voltage charge mode. Another problem with negative delta voltage charge mode is that with low rates of charge, the battery does not experience a negative delta voltage in the end of charge. Additionally, Nickel-Metal Hydride batteries do not have the pronounced charging voltage curves seen in Ni--Cd batteries, and as a result, are often overcharged using the negative delta voltage charge mode.
In the positive delta voltage or delta voltage/delta time mode (dV/dt), the slope of the voltage charging curve is evaluated to determine when to terminate charging of the battery. Theoretically, the rise in the charging voltage decreases when the battery is near full charge. Utilizing a mathematical differential of the charge curve, the reduction in this rise in the charging voltage can be evaluated as the criteria for terminating charging. This method suffers from the fact that the difference in the rise may not be dramatic enough to cause termination of the charging at a proper time with ensuing overcharge of the battery. Additionally, due to fluctuation in the charging curve, this first order derivative charging method may terminate charging prematurely.
The methods described above are based, at least in part, upon the phenomena associated with oxygen production on the nickel oxide electrodes and oxygen consumption at the cadmium electrode (or complementary electrode). Oxygen production causes voltage to peak and creates inflection points. Oxygen consumption is responsible for heat generation and the decrease of internal impedance, resulting in a decrease in charging voltage. The accompanying rise in temperature can also be used for charge termination. One of the problems with relying on oxygen production as an indicator of charge termination is that oxygen production causes voltage peak and inflection points. To overcome this problem, it has been described in the related art to use certain open circuit voltage parameters as indicators of charge termination.
Pulse charging utilizes a high current charge followed by an interruption period. The interruption period allows the voltage of the battery to be determined during a currentless phase or under open circuit voltage conditions (OCV) in order to determine the open circuit voltage of the battery (VOCV).
U.S. Pat. No. 5,477,125, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, proposes a method of recharging a battery that comprises the steps of periodically interrupting the charge current, sampling the resistance free voltage (Vo) after the delay period, and determining the point or points on the Vo (t), dVo /dt and d2 Vo /dt2 curves to detect points indicative of charge termination. The current measuring periods are repeated every 10 seconds, and a delay period after current interruption is used to allow the battery to reach an equilibrium. This reference utilizes a pre-set VREF and this may result in a large degree of error due to the fact that the battery rate of charge and design criteria are not generally accounted for when selecting VREF.
Each of the above-described open circuit monitoring techniques suffer from the disadvantage that they do not precisely indicate the point or points necessary for charge termination. To prevent overcharge more accurately, it is necessary to measure and detect a relatively small change in open circuit voltage (i.e., 30-40 mV) and detect a relatively large change in absolute charging voltage (i.e., 8-9V). Use of the above described charging schemes normally does not recognize such a small change in open circuit voltage. Often, with the charging techniques of the related art, such a small change cannot be recognized above the "noise" or artifacts of the charging process.
This invention relates to an improved charging device for rechargeable batteries and cells. More particularly this invention relates to an improved battery charger capable of rapid and "gentle" charging such that adverse overcharging conditions are substantially avoided.
This invention also generally relates to a method of charging a rechargeable battery by which charge termination is signaled by voltage values sampled under open circuit voltage conditions. Open circuit voltage is sampled, compiled and analyzed periodically. Open circuit voltage is monitored for a change or inflection in chemical polarization voltage derived from the VOCV versus time data. This method allows the battery to be more fully charged without terminating charging too early or too late due to false readings. This, in turn, enables the battery to be more fully charged quickly and safely.
Specifically, the present invention provides a method of charging a rechargeable battery which includes the steps of sampling an open circuit voltage VOCV of the battery; compiling values for the open circuit voltage VOCV with respect to charging time t elapsed; analyzing the compiled values for VOCV and t to identify the VOCV point which indicates a need to adjust or terminate the charging current; continuing charging if the VOCV point is not identified; and adjusting or terminating the charging current if the pre-determined VOCV point is identified. The information provided by and derived from measurement of the VOCV is a function of time (VOCV (t)), may be an inflection point in the first order differential data (dVOCV /dt=0), a transition point in the second order differential data (d2 VOCV /dt2 =0), a negative slope in the VOCV (t) data, a drop in the chemical polarization over time (-dVCP /dt), and/or a function of any combination of the above points. This information indicates the need to adjust or terminate charging. Chemical polarization can be derived from VOCV data. Chemical polarization is responsible for a decrease in voltage as soon as oxygen is consumed on the negative electrode chemical polarization falls as heat production from oxygen consumption rises. Thus, detection of decreasing chemical polarization or -dVCP /dt is very useful in determining when to terminate charge. If a change in chemical polarization is not recognized, then charging is continued until such a point or points are identified.
When charging has been terminated, generally a trickle charge may be supplied to the battery to maintain the battery in a fully charged condition. The trickle charge can be a continuous constant current charge at a low (about C/20) rate, or alternatively, a much larger trickle rate in pulsed duration may be used to prevent formation of larger crystals on the electrodes. In this case, although the pulsed trickle charge is supplied at a much higher rate, when the duration of the high current rate is factored in, the average current charge is maintained within the desired limits.
A battery charger which accomplishes the methodology discussed herein is provided. It includes a power supply to provide charging current; a charge interrupter for periodically interrupting the charging current in order to sample the open circuit voltage; a power manager to adjust the charging current when a point or points indicating the need to adjust the current are identified; a voltage detector or microcontroller for sampling, compiling and analyzing VOCV with respect to time elapsed to identify a point indicating either a need to adjust the current, the onset of oxygen production, or the onset of overcharge. The battery charger may also optionally include a thermistor or temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the battery. A temperature comparator such as a microprocessor to compare and calculate temperature data is optional, but not necessary in the preferred embodiment of the present invention. The power manager may also be used to supply a trickle charge to the battery upon termination of the charging current. The microprocessor can also be used to switch the charging current to a second battery when charging to a first battery has been interrupted or terminated. The microprocessor may be utilized to combine, compile, analyze and determine the preferred rate of charge for the battery. Temperature (optional), current and voltage sensors provide communication and data between the battery and microcontroller.
The present invention is directed to a battery charger and a method of charging a rechargeable battery, specifically Ni--Cd (Nickel-Cadmium) batteries, Ni--H2 (Nickel-Hydrogen) batteries, and Ni--MeH (Nickel-Metal Hydride) batteries which are capable of accurately detecting a point indicative of either charge adjustment or termination. The battery charger itself comprises a power supply to provide charging current to the battery, a charge interrupter for periodically interrupting the charging current, a voltage sensor for sampling a voltage of the battery, a data compiler for compiling and analyzing the voltage values to identify a voltage point or points indicative of adverse conditions within the battery, a charging current adjuster for either adjusting or terminating the charging current when the voltage points indicative of adverse conditions within the cell are identified. The voltage sampler is capable of sampling charging voltage and open circuit voltage at a plurality of points and preferably feeds this information to a microprocessor or data compiler.
The voltage sensor samples open circuit voltage values during a plurality of currentless phases to derive information regarding chemical polarization within the battery. As will be discussed more fully herein, a negative slope (-dVCP /dt) chemical polarization on a chemical polarization curve provides an accurate indicator of whether it is necessary to terminate charging. The voltage sampler samples the steady open circuit voltage Ee periodically and feeds this information to the microprocessor or comparator to identify a point that indicates that the battery is fully charged and is about to enter a state of overcharge. To avoid overcharge, the present invention charges the battery with constant current (or hysteresis charging at an equivalent capacity) and terminates the charging current as soon as a predetermined level of voltage, identified by a drop in chemical polarization, is reached.
During charging, if one of the points indicating overcharge is identified, charging is adjusted; otherwise charging is continued. Voltage is sampled periodically during charging. To obtain steady open circuit Ee and chemical polarization voltage VCP, the open circuit voltage of the battery is sampled during currentless phases. If the open circuit voltage is sampled 5 ms after the charging current is interrupted and preferably closer to 5 seconds (5,000 ms) after the charging current is interrupted, a quasi-stationary or steady open circuit voltage Ee can be obtained. The difference between Ee and Ei is obtained. Ei is the initial open circuit voltage obtained as soon as charging is interrupted, normally during the same currentless phase period, sampled within the range of 1-5 ms, and is used for proper calculation of a chemical polarization value, VCP. Monitoring VCP over a pre-determined period of time provides the slope of VCP versus time (dVCP /dt). Although it is preferable to utilize a negative change in the chemical polarization slope (-dVCP /dt) as an indicator of the onset of overcharge, it may be possible to simply use a change in chemical polarization ΔVCP as an indicator of charge condition, and more preferably for recognition of battery type.
The features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings where:
FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic circuit diagram for the preferred embodiment of a battery charger according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the derivation of dVCP /dt and ΔVCP.
FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the increased accuracy when utilizing dVCP /dt.
FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the difference in the circuit voltage for a battery at different states of charge.
FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating three different parameters monitored during the charging process (temperature, voltage, and chemical polarization, VCP).
It should be noted that in the detailed description which follows, identical components may have the same reference numerals, regardless of whether they are shown in different embodiments of the present invention. It should also be noted that in order to clearly and concisely disclose the present invention, the drawings may not necessarily be to scale and certain features of the invention may be shown in somewhat schematic form.
The battery charger and method of recharging batteries disclosed herein focuses on Nickel-based cells. Although the terms battery and cell can be used interchangeably herein, a battery consists of one or more cells connected in series, or in parallel, or both depending on the desired output voltage and capacity of the battery. The cell is the basic electrochemical unit and consists of the anode, cathodes, and electrolyte. When a full state of charge is discussed herein, it is to be understood that the battery or cell being charged has reached nearly 100% of the capacity of stored energy, measured in ampere-hours. The rechargeable battery 10 can be any secondary battery or rechargeable battery and preferably for purposes of this invention is a Nickel-Cadmium battery or Nickel-Metal Hydride battery. A 1C charge theoretically provides a full charge in one hour. However, the principles of the present invention can be extended to include other types of rechargeable batteries.
FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic circuit diagram for the preferred embodiment of the present invention. Battery charger 9 is comprised of the necessary elements for achieving the method described herein, and includes a power manager 11 connected to a power supply (not shown). Microcontroller 18 is utilized to control the power manager 11 and receive information through a first voltage feedback circuit 14 from a second voltage feedback circuit 26 and from current feedback circuit 23. Microcontroller 18 is typically comprised of analog/digital converters ADC1, ADC2, ADC3, software or hardware based pulse width modulator (PWM), input/output (I/O) ports OUT1, OUT2, OUT3, OUT4, read only memory and timers. Output voltage is controlled by microcontroller 18 and fed to power manager 11. The output control voltage is filtered by resistors 42 and 43 and capacitor 41 and through the operational amplifier 40 which is fed to the power manager 11. Using the voltage at the output of operational amplifier 40, first resistor 83 and second resistor 84, the adjustable voltage regulator 12 sets the voltage at diode 45. Inductors 46 and 47, capacitors 48 and 49, and diode 45 are used to filter the voltage. Current feedback is derived by measuring the voltage across shunt 25 by operational amplifier 24. Diode 29 prevents the introduction of voltage from a rechargeable Nickel battery from being fed back into the charger 9. Voltage feedback from the cells of the battery 30 is provided by voltage feedback circuit 14, comprised of a shunt 16, zener diode 17 and operational amplifier 15. Since zener diode 17 is used, the feedback voltage from the cells of the battery 30 will not be full scale (zero to the battery's maximum voltage) but will be the scale of the zener diode's 17 voltage to the battery's maximum voltage. Voltage feedback from the cells of the battery 30 is provided by voltage feedback circuit 26 comprised of resistors 27 and 28 which form a voltage divider. Transistors 31 and 32 equalize the cells of the battery 30 and support designated current through the battery. The transistors 31 and 32 are under the control of the microcontroller 18. A temperature detector (not shown) or sensor may be utilized to measure the temperature, T, of the battery. Although not critical to the present invention, the temperature detector may be useful as a safety mechanism to prevent explosive reactions from taking place. The collected information is fed to a microcontroller 18 which can in turn signal adjustment or termination of the charging current of power manager 11. The microcontroller 18 is used to run and monitor the operation of the battery charger 9 and to compile and analyze the charging voltage values to identify the end of charging, the onset of shunting, the onset of electrolyte decomposition, and unequal states of charge between the cells of the battery 30. The microprocessor 18 will signal termination of the charging current if the potential shunting is identified or if charging is complete. A data compiler may or may not be integrated into microcontroller 18 and may function to compile the charging and open circuit voltage information to thereby minimize the microprocessor time dedicated to this task. Battery charger 9 is precise enough to measure the open circuit voltage within 1 ms of charge interruption to thereby obtain information regarding both the ohmic and chemical polarization components of the cell or battery. The limitation of 1 ms is adequate for measuring the necessary open circuit voltage data points in the present invention.
FIG. 2 illustrates the importance of understanding the voltage components that are present in a battery when the current is interrupted to measure the open circuit voltage VOCV of the battery. As can be seen from FIG. 2, both chemical and electrical phenomena must be taken into consideration.
This invention proposes a procedure for control of conditions associated with formation of oxygen on the negative electrode. Indeed, the expression for battery charging voltage can be written as follows.
V=Ee +I(RCP +R.sub.Ω) (1)
where V is the battery voltage, Ee is the steady open circuit voltage, RCP is the chemical resistance due to chemical polarization and R.sub.Ω is the ohmic resistance due to the ohmic components of the battery. The chemical resistance includes the electrochemical and diffusion increments of polarization of the electrode and the electrolyte.
The steady or quasi-steady open circuit voltage Ee includes the polarization in solid phase of the transition metal oxide electrode. Equation (1) can be rewritten in terms of overvoltage as:
V=Ee +VCP +V.sub.Ω (2)
where VCP is the voltage due to chemical components of the cell and V.sub.Ω is the voltage due to the ohmic component of the cell. V.sub.Ω is associated with cell resistance and disappears almost immediately after current interruption. From FIG. 2, it can be seen that VCP (VCP-1 in FIG. 2) is the difference between the open circuit voltage in the initial moments after current interruption, Ei (i.e. Ei-1 in FIG. 2) and steady open circuit voltage, Ee (i.e. Ee-1 in FIG. 2). Thus, VCP drops if oxygen is reduced on the negative electrode.
Initial open circuit voltage, Ei, is the sum of the chemical component VCP and the "steady" open circuit voltage Ee of the battery and to some extent an ohmic component V.sub.Ω. However, the ohmic component, V.sub.Ω, dissipates so rapidly, that in the range of 1 to 5 ms after current interruption, Ei consists primarily of chemical polarization, VCP, and steady open circuit voltage Ee. Accordingly, it is preferable to sample the initial circuit voltage, Ei, of the chemical component of the voltage, VCP, as quickly as possible within the range of 1-1,000 ms, most preferably within the range of 1-5 ms after current interruption. After 500 ms, the open circuit voltage can be considered substantially free of both the ohmic and chemical components of the battery. The minimum amount of time that should pass after current interruption to sample V is in the range of 5-1,000 ms because this is generally the time interval necessary for the chemical polarization component to dissipate and the open circuit voltage to become substantially stationary.
In Nickel-based batteries, the battery open circuit voltage value continues to drop on the order of hours after charge termination. This phenomenon is associated with the unsteady processes on the nickel oxide electrode. However, approximately 500 ms is a reasonable time after which chemical polarization has stabilized. The stationary value of open circuit value Eo OCV is equal to 1.31/V for a Nickel-Metal Hydride battery and 1.29/V for a Nickel-Cadmium battery. After 100 ms, chemical polarization and related voltage, VCP, substantially disappears. When using a high rate of charge, the chemical polarization disappears approximately 180 ms after charge termination. The oscilligram of FIG. 4 confirms that an interval of 100-500 ms adequately covers the time necessary to measure the change in chemical polarization. As can be seen from FIG. 4, the chemical polarization disappears after 100 ms for a low state of charge and after 180 ms of continuous current interruption, chemical polarization almost disappears for a high state of charge. The actual transient time will depend on battery design, state of charge, and temperature.
In practice, the cycle illustrated in FIG. 2 allows us to obtain the chemical polarization voltage value VCP by means of sampling the open circuit voltage value at the beginning and the end of the rest period. Thus, with an oscilligram, one can easily detect when it is necessary to terminate charging. In this test, a 7.2 volt Nickel-Cadmium battery with a rated capacity of 1.6 Ah was used. The time interval which is covered is 10 ms immediately proceeding current interruption and 200 ms following current interruption. The battery contained six sonyo production/cylindrical cells. From FIG. 3, it can be seen that the chemical polarization voltage that is the difference between VOCV at Ei and VOCV at Ee provides a much more accurate indicator of charge due to the exaggerated inflection point.
VCP is actually the summary of overvoltages for chemical processes occurring at the positive and negative electrode. V.sub.Ω and Ee are derived essentially independent of temperature, whereas VCP is dependent on the temperature of the cell. As soon as oxygen is consumed on the negative electrode and produces heat there will be a corresponding drop in chemical polarization. This is due to the fact that oxygen reduction is associated with heat generation, per the following formula:
W=VI-ET I+ET Io (3)
where V is the charging voltage, ET is the thermoneutral potential (1.45V for NiCd; 1.35V for NiMeH) or enthalpy and Io is the current of oxygen production (or conversely consumption). Since the stable open circuit value for NiCd (1.29V) and NiMeH (1.31V) are known, the difference between the thermoneutral potential and the stable open circuit voltage (Eo OCV -ET) is proportional to the cell's entropy. For a Nickel-Metal Hydride battery, the product of the entropy referred to as one coulomb is equal to 0.04V and for Nickel-Cadmium batteries, the entropy value is equal to 0.16V.
As seen in FIG. 2 since Ee is measured after the chemical component has dissipated, we can obtain the chemical component of the first sampled voltage by:
VCP =V1 -V.sub.Ω-1 -Ee-1 (4)
where V1 is the first sampled charging voltage, V.sub.Ω1 is the first sampled ohmic component and Ee-1 is the first sampled steady open circuit voltage. The difference between V1 and V.sub.Ω-1 is equal to Ei-1. Although, as seen in FIG. 2 the open circuit voltage at 275 ms is not truly steady, as long as the later sampled steady open circuit voltage Ee-2 is measured at the same time interval after interrupting the charging current there should not be a substantial impact on VCP since VCP will be normalized.
The same sequence of events is repeated for the next measurement period wherein V2 is the later sampled charging voltage, V.sub.Ω-2 is the later sampled ohmic component, and Ee2 is the later sampled steady open circuit voltage. It can be seen that both slope dVCP /dt information and the recognition of a difference (Ee -Ei) can be obtained from these samples. Accordingly, it is preferable to measure d(Ei -Ee1)/dt value and compare this with d(Ei2 -E2)/dt to obtain or recognize an inflection point value. It can be recognized that a rise in diffusion resistance results in an increase in the chemical polarization, VCP.
A significant drop in the chemical polarization slope is utilized. Preferably, the significant drop is at least a two- to ten-fold decrease over the previously derived dVCP /dt. Even more preferable is a four-fold decrease, and most preferably greater than a five-fold decrease over the previously calculated dVCP /dt. Alternatively, experience with a particular type of battery allows one to select a predetermined decrease in chemical polarization voltage over time dVo CP /dt that, when exceeded, indicates that there is a potential for overcharge. In this case such a decrease could be in the range of 10-12 mV/min. A dramatic drop in dVCP /dt is seen in FIG. 3 shortly after 72 minutes of charging. Thus, the preferred methodology of charging includes the use of a drop in dVCP /dt as a signal to terminate charging. From FIG. 3 it can be seen that a drop which exceeds about 100 mV/min is indicative of adverse charging conditions. More narrow ranges also may be used. For example, in FIG. 3, a drop of about 50 mV/min, and more preferably, a drop of about 25-50 mV/min, depending on battery design and type, as well as desired state of charge or overcharge can be manipulated. As used in this disclosure, the term "about" means +/-10% of a numerical value, i.e., about 50 mV means 45 mV to 55 mV.
In FIG. 2, the rechargeable nickel battery is initially charged at a current near the capacity of the battery (i.e., in the range of 0.75-1C-A,1C where capacity theoretically provides a full charge to the battery in one hour). This charge is provided with a pulse duration which equals approximately 20 s and is filtered by a currentless period of about 280 ms. Ei is sampled after 2 ms from the beginning of the rest period and Ee is sampled in the end of the rest period (near 280 ms). The chemical polarization is derived from the difference between values Ei and Ee, (Ei -Ee). The preferred charging profile would contain a 1.8 A charge pulse with a duration of 30 s with a 2 s rest period for measurement of the chemical polarization voltage value, VCP.
FIG. 5 illustrates that the magnitude of a VCP /dt will depend on battery type and design. The chemical polarization change over time for a Ni--MeH battery is illustrated in FIG. 5. In the prismatic metal hydride cell used to generate FIG. 5, there is much less of a dramatic shift of the chemical polarization over time than seen in a Ni--Cd battery used to generate FIG. 3. The prismatic metal hydride cell experiences much less of a shift in chemical polarization drop than the cylindrical cell. This phenomena is believed to be associated with a higher overvoltage requirement for the electrochemical reaction on the cadmium electrode of the Ni--Cd cell when compared with the metal hydride electrode resulting in a much more exaggerated impact on chemical polarization voltage value VCP by oxygen. This result may be very important in detecting the type of battery being charged. The Ni--MeH battery has a much less dramatic shift in chemical polarization than does the Ni--Cd battery. For example, in FIG. 3, a Ni--Cd design, a ΔVCP and a dVCP /dt of 100 mV of 100 mV/min can be observed. However, as can be seen from FIG. 5, for a Ni--MeH battery, a change in chemical polarization of only about 40 mV occurs during the first 57 minutes of charging. The fact that there are substantial differences in the change in chemical polarization between battery design types can be incorporated into the battery charger and methodology of charging of the present invention in a number of ways. For example, a change in chemical polarization ΔVCP, whether it be an absolute charge (|ΔVCP |), a negative charge (-ΔVCP), a positive charge (+ΔVCP), an absolute change over time (|dV/dt|), a positive change over time (+dVCP /dt), or a negative change over time (-dVCP /dt) may be used to determine the chemistry of the battery being recharged. In the examples provided, that is the Ni--Cd battery of FIG. 3 and the Ni--MeH battery of FIG. 5, a positive dVCP /dt, a ΔVCP exceeding about 40 mV, a negative slope -dVCP /dt exceeding about -10 mV/min, a |ΔVCP | of about 40 mV or greater, and a |dVCP /dt| exceeding 10 mV are all characteristic of a Ni--Cd battery. Thus, the differences in shifts of chemical polarization may be incorporated in the design of a battery charger in order to allow the battery charger to determine different designs and types of cells.
Although the preferred embodiments have been described in detail, it should be understood that the various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Specifically, combining one or more of the methods of charge termination and method of chemistry type recognition in a battery charge or a method of charging a battery is within the scope of the claims.
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Reference | ||
1 | Damon W. Chu, "Tradeoffs in Implementing Intelligent Battery Management", Jul. 10, 1995, 6 pgs. | |
2 | * | Damon W. Chu, Tradeoffs in Implementing Intelligent Battery Management , Jul. 10, 1995, 6 pgs. |
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U.S. Classification | 320/148, 320/161 |
International Classification | H01M10/42, H01M10/44, H02J7/00 |
Cooperative Classification | H02J7/0086, H01M10/4221, H01M10/44, H02J7/0081, H02J7/0008 |
European Classification | H01M10/44, H02J7/00M10C4B, H02J7/00M10C3B, H02J7/00B2A |
Date | Code | Event | Description |
Apr 20, 1998 | AS | Assignment | Owner name: TOTAL BATTERY MANAGEMENT, INC., GEORGIA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:TSENTER, BORIS;REEL/FRAME:009115/0088 Effective date: 19980225 |
Oct 15, 2003 | REMI | Maintenance fee reminder mailed | |
Dec 30, 2003 | FPAY | Fee payment | Year of fee payment: 4 |
Dec 30, 2003 | SULP | Surcharge for late payment | |
Sep 28, 2007 | FPAY | Fee payment | Year of fee payment: 8 |
Nov 7, 2011 | REMI | Maintenance fee reminder mailed | |
Mar 28, 2012 | LAPS | Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees | |
May 15, 2012 | FP | Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee | Effective date: 20120328 |


text:
As Michigan work to add the remaining pieces to their 2015 recruiting class, Farmington Hills (Mich.) Harrison defensive end Khalid Kareem is in the mix to join the Wolverines' 2016 class. That turn of events is a strong possibility after an impressive camp workout at UM earlier this summer.
"I thought I performed pretty well at the camp," Kareem told GoBlueWolverine. "We actually had a battle against the offensive line at the end and it came down to me. I beat my man pretty good. So I think I performed pretty well."
After speaking with Michigan head coach Brady Hoke over the weekend, it appears that the Maize and Blue headman agrees.
"He said he knows who I am and that I'm pretty good," said Kareem. "He's watched my film, and he wants to see me in the first four games of the season. Also he wants me to build my relationship with the coaches."
Based on his camp performance, Kareem was invited back to campus to partake in the BBQ at the Big House. This visit was a smash hit to the 6'4", 235 lb. prospect.
"It was a great visit," said Kareem. "When we first got there we met the coaches. Then we started the A-Maize-Ing race where we went all across campus finding checkpoints and taking pictures and posting them on Twitter. It was basically a tour, but it had a different kind of feel to it."
This tour around Ann Arbor provided Kareem with several advantageous opportunities. First, he was able to experience an in-depth look at a campus that he may be calling him a few years down the road from now. It also allowed for him to further his relationship with UM defensive line coach Mark Smith, who has been recruiting him over the past couple months.
"I was on coach Mark Smith's team," said Kareem. "I have a pretty good relationship with coach Smith. I've called him a couple times. We talked recently about how I did at the camp a couple weeks ago, and I did pretty good there. Overall we have a pretty good relationship."
This relationship allowed for Kareem to feel comfortable with his team during the A-Maize-Ing race. Having familiar teammates competing with him on coach Smith's squad didn't hurt matters either.
"Yeah, we had a pretty good team," said Kareem. "Josh Ross, Jack Dunaway and Corey Malone. We kind of jelled pretty good. I have known those kids for a long time."
Once the tour around the campus was over, the contingent of Michigan targets received a first-hand look at several other areas of the Michigan football program.
"Then after that we toured around the facilities and the locker rooms and had a chance to eat," said Kareem. "Then after that we got to tour the actual game day locker room and go on the field for a presentation."
Out of all the events from the jam-packed recruiting extravaganza, one conversation stood out to Kareem.
"Talking to Brady Hoke really," Kareem said. "He was telling me to just play good in the first couple games and send them over my film and things should probably take off from there."
This conversation with Hoke was encouraging to the junior defensive end, who believes a Michigan offer is within reach after his impressive camp showing.
"I think I just have to play, honestly," said Kareem. "The first four games, then I'll send my highlights in to the coaches."
How does he currently view the Wolverines?
"Michigan is in great position."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Samantha Wragg, a 28 year old woman in the UK has put her designer wedding dress, worth 2,000 British pounds, up for sale on eBay to pay for her divorce after she found her husband was cheating on her.
Samantha Wragg says she is "mainly selling as I need to pay for my divorce which my ex-husband has left me to foot the bill for".
Baby girl born mid-air, pilot makes emergency landing
She goes on to apologize for only posting two photographs of the dress on the advert, but says that "when I found out my husband was living with another woman, I pretty much burned, permanently deleted everything with his disgusting face on it!"
After her story was picked up by the media, she wrote a blog post about her reasons for selling the dress. In it, she says her husband left the relationship in January.
She wrote: "I had my wedding dress on eBay for two weeks with barely any views so I decided with a little help from my brother to make it funny. A lot of people have got the wrong end of the stick and think it's really bitter but anyone who knows me knows I've got a great sense of humour and its very tongue in cheek."
She goes on to say that she "literally can't count the amount of messages I've had on eBay from both men and women wishing me all the best with everything".
"I wish my ex-husband all the best with everything. Yes, he made a terrible and really hurtful mistake but he's got to live with that (and without me!) for the rest of his life. I forgive him and I'm very happy now so I hope he is too", she wrote.


text:
Finally the wait is over!
I'm such a child! When I heard Apple were bringing out a very slick tablet called the iPad I wanted one there and then!
The 3 month wait has been unbearable so about three weeks ago I gave into temptation and ordered one from the States. It took 13 days to arrive. As you can imagine I was on tenterhooks for two weeks. Every morning running downstairs to check my post. I was like a child at Christmas.
So I've had enough time to check out it's good and it's not so good bits for you. Bloggers have stated "it's the end of books, magazines and newspapers" Stephen Fry twittered "it's the fluffiest piece of deliciously crunchy Apple sexy tech ever! I'll take seven" But is it really that good?
I want to be absolutely honest with you "its kinda cool". Yes it's sexy and has great graphics. Unlike when you use the iPhone, you no longer have to squint at looking online which is good news for the crows feet. It feels weird doing the things you do on your phone using the pad. Using the iPad to listen to music is a bit like using a helicopter to peg the washing out because it is so huge!
The problem I have had with it is its wifi coverage. The first batch of iPads which are available from tomorrow in the UK are wifi enabled which means you have to be in a place with a strong Internet service to get the most out of it. I've tried logging on in coffee shops, on trains and even here at Heart. I've found it at best slow at worst I've given up and logged onto a proper computer (shock horror!).
However when it does work it is fab! Like the iPhone you have to load on Apps which are available from iTunes. My favourite free app includes iBooks, an online library where you can download books to the pad and read them on it. I've just finished Winnie The Poo! The best paid for app is the racing car game NFS shift. I defy anyone not to love this game. You use the pad as a steering wheel and I've been told I take the game so seriously I stick my tongue out when playing!!! It's important you buy a nice case for it as it can easily get scratched. I got mine from www.gearzap.com .
On the whole I'm glad I've got it. People have stopped to look at it in public. I've been given jealous glances on trains and I've felt rather special being one of the few people in the UK with it. Did I really need it? Well no seeing as I have a laptop at home. My excuse is I bought it so I tell you all about it ;)
Steve xxx
p.s this was written using the iPad keyboard so can I apologize if there are any horrific typos or spelling mistakes!
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text:
Jaxx, the "multi-token and multi-platform blockchain wallet" is expanding this week to include support for Dash, according to its developers. This is indeed notable news as the Decentral team builds out support for more cryptocurrencies.
Also read: Industry Report: News Surrounding Bitfinex Gets Weirder
The news is significant as Jaxx.io will become the first Dash wallet for the iOS platform. Jaxx is also available for Android, as a desktop app for Windows, OSX and Linux, and as a browser extension for Chrome and Firefox.
CEO and co-founder Anthony Di Iorio announced the integration this week on the Dash forum, saying his team had been working with Dash developers and wants to create a platform to access multiple blockchain-based tokens. He wrote:
"Our goal with Jaxx is to create an interface to blockchain for the masses. Kinda like what the browser did for the internet."
Jaxx began as a wallet for Bitcoin and Ethereum,…


text: Have a beautiful pregnancy with our designer maternity underwear that's pretty and comfortable for expecting moms and post-pregnancy nursing mothers. We carry undergarments for expectant mothers by leading designers at BellaBlu Maternity. Browse our beautiful maternity and nursing bras by Glamourmom and other top designers. We have Power Mama hosiery by Spanx with non-binding waistbands. We carry simple sheath maternity slips by Japanese Weekend. Moms-to-be will love a gift of a pretty white maternity camisole by Cozy Belly with a softer panel for her chest and a firmer panel for her baby belly. Ease back pain while increasing blood circulation in your lower body during pregnancy with the back support belt by Prenatal Cradle. After the baby arrives, the Cinch tummy wrap will help you say good-bye to the baby belly. The Cinch provides a full 360-degree compression, which is why it's winning so many rave reviews by our customers. Glamourmom's long nursing bra tops have ample stomach coverage with a built-in nursing bra. The Bella Band by Ingrid & Isabel is a favorite way to keep wearing your favorite jeans in those first months of pregnancy without them slipping down when you unbutton or unzip for comfort. We carry this top-selling pregnancy accessory in white, black, sand, midnight navy blue, gray and coffee. For a fun new look in maternity leggings, consider Maternal America's color block leggings with over and under belly support in heather gray with solid black back accents. Shop our line of affordable designer nursing bras by Le Mystere, Bella Materna, Cake and Bravado Plus that come with or without underwire support. Also browse our collections of beautiful maternity tops, pants, dresses for every occasion and nursing mom pajama sets. Use our popular size charts to find your best fit. Don't forget to click on our 50% Off button for tremendous bargains. We're the affordable choice in boutique apparel and accessories for today's moms-to-be. |


text:
Holy Ship!! Day One: A Surprise Guest Whose Name Rhymes With Drillex
Katie Bain |
On Friday afternoon, nearly 3,000 raver chicks, dude guys, scenesters, club kids and DJs assembled at a port in Fort Lauderdale and boarded the MSC Poesia, aka Holy Ship!! There are two exclamation points because this is the second edition of the EDM party cruise put on by L.A.'s Hard Events. The lineup includes Justice, A-Trak, Knife Party, Major Lazer, Boys Noise, Skream and other people.
See also: *A Dude's Dream Comes True Aboard the Holy Ship!!
And not to brag or anything guys, but this is officially one of the most fun things that anyone on this boat has ever done. So far it's gone like this:
Upcoming Events
Envy on the Coast
TicketsWed., Mar. 29, 8:00pm
Ronnie Laws
TicketsWed., Mar. 29, 8:30pm
Dwight Yoakam, X
TicketsThu., Mar. 30, 6:30pm
Zeke, Nashville Pussy
TicketsThu., Mar. 30, 7:00pm
TicketsThu., Mar. 30, 7:00pm
12:00pm: Arrive at Port Everglades to a long line of folks waiting to board the ship, most of them wearing sailor caps. "Is this the rowdiest cruise crowd you've seen in awhile," I ask the man checking me in. "Oh no," he says with a wink, "we do nude cruises that are a lot crazier." Moving on.
2pm: Wander through the ship and find a casino, the pool, each of the five clubs where music will go down, the cafeteria and an arcade. I don't know it now, but 12 hours from now I'll be back in this room playing Cruisin' USA.
3pm: At the bar on the pool deck, the guy standing me buys $500 worth of drink tickets. "It," he announces to no one in particular, "is fucking on."
4pm: The guys from Justice walk through, both eating ice cream cones.
4:30pm: There are seven dudes in a hot tub, and another guy is standing above them taking turns pouring Coors Light into each of their mouths. His aim isn't great. Note to self: Hot tub is full of Coors Light. Stay out of hot tub.
5pm: Everyone on board assembles for the required fire drill, during which we are all required to put on our life preservers. A group of women next to me contemplate if they can wear theirs out tonight. "We wouldn't even have to wear shirts underneath!"
6pm: Down in the cafeteria, a 24-hour buffet serves salads, pasta, pizza, a token vegan dish, jello salad and other various munchies. A girl in a neon pink bikini sits at a table with three hotdogs on her plate, which seems risky.
7pm: Major Lazer plays the first set of the trip as the ship leaves the port. "Are you guys ready to take off?" asks Major Lazer's Jillionaire. "I think some of these people have already taken off," Diplo replies, as most of the crowd has been drinking for six hours.
11pm: The lineup's "surprise guest" artist is due onstage after Justice. "I bet it's gong to be some no name dude that is totally going to tear it up" conjectures a young man from Winnipeg. What he can't see is that Skrillex is onstage crouched behind a table, rocking out to the "Bang the Gong" sample that Justice is dropping.
Katie Bain
11:05pm: Skrillex pops up from behind the table.
Katie Bain |
11:06pm: The crowd loses its shit.
11:45pm In the ladies restroom, two neon clad raver chicks adjust each others' pink wigs. One offers me a sip of her cocktail. "What's in it?" I ask. "Rum," she says, "AND vodka!" I pass.
12:30am: Down in the disco, J. Phlip is dropping what is easily the best set of the night. The dance floor is hella slippery as people have been spilling cocktails on it all evening, which is sort of dangerous. (A tutu-wearing raver girl goes down hard.) But it also enables some amazingly fancy footwork by me, a man dressed as a mouse and others. We dance until we're sweaty and have to go outside for fresh air.
1am: That's where we end up stargazing with 12th Planet, who points out Orion.
See also: 12th Planet is the Johnny Appleseed of Dubstep
2am: The disco keeps going with killer sets by Justin Martin and Claude Von Stroke.
See also: Claude Vonstroke Got in the EDM Game Late and Now He's Taking It Over
2:30am: Break for games in the arcade. "Don't put that $20 in the quarter machine," yells a girl to her friend. "You'll definitely regret it in the morning."
4:30am: In the Zebra Lounge (which looks and feels like the club in Scarface), Skream is wearing a tux and playing a set comprised exclusively of "'80s Prom Night Anthems." I end up dancing next to Skrillex and we sing "How Will I Know" by Whitney Houston at each other at the top of our lungs.
5am: Back in the disco, Eats Everything plays "It's Time For the Perculator." It's also time to go to bed.
5:15am: But not before swinging through the cafeteria to pick up a ham and cheese omelet, a piece of pizza and an orange Fanta. Because that's the meal that makes the most sense right now.
8am?: At some point in the morning, an announcement comes on that we've reached the Bahamas. I assume everyone else on the ship responds in the same way that I do, which is by rolling over and going back to sleep.
11am: I am woken up again by the sounds of the people in the cabin below me having sex. A new day has begun!
12pm: "Dude it was crazy easy to find drugs in town," exclaims an excited guy in the cafeteria.
Katie Bain |
2pm: On the upper deck tennis court, Gina Turner leads a well-attended yoga class. It's hard to tell if people are doing shavasana or if they've just fallen asleep.
3pm: Get off the boat. Walking into Nassau feels like entering Disney World, as you literally have to enter through the gift shop. "Do you need any party supplies?" asks a local guy in a way that implies he's not talking about balloons and streamers. Turns out it is ridiculously easy to find drugs in Nassau. (I do not buy any drugs).
6pm: We embark from Nassau into the Caribbean sunset. L-Vis 1990 is playing to a party crowd going strong on the main deck and the cafeteria is packed with people eating dinner in their bathing suits. Here we go again.
See also: *A Dude's Dream Comes True Aboard the Holy Ship!!
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7 September 2016
A huge congratulations to one of our alumni, Tom Taylor, who has been awarded the first ever scholarship by renowned engineering firm, Sir Robert McAlpine.
Tom first came to Dundee and Angus College after failing to get the results he wanted at school. Beginning with our National Progression Award and then our Pathway to Construction Course, he went on to complete his NC and HND in Civil Engineering with flying colours.
As course leader, John Mitchell says, "Tom was always a 'stand-out' student. Committed, focussed and enthusiastic, there was never any question he was destined to succeed."
Tom's excellent results mean that he has now been accepted into the third year of Abertay University's BSc (Hons) in Civil Engineering.
The McAlpine Scholarship is open to any student entering year three of the BSc (Hons) in Civil Engineering at Abertay. It is merit-based, aimed at students who can demonstrate excellent exam and coursework results, as well as determination to excel in their final two years at university.
Tom says, "When I found out about the scholarship with Sir Robert McAlpine I didn't hesitate to get my application in straight away. I didn't think for a second it would be me that was offered the opportunity, but remained hopeful that the hard work I had put in would all be worthwhile. I had already done a lot of research into multiple large contractors for my college work so I knew how successful Sir Robert McAlpine was and the projects they had done, and this made me all the more determined to push for this opportunity."


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Every day at Tri Q Crossfit we seek to recognize the hard work and determination that our members bring to our community. But once a month we give special recognition to one athlete in particular who stands out, this is a honor given to one athlete by the rest of the gym who votes every month for that one person. So here is our first Athlete of the Month profile for the month of April: Megan Choszczyk
How long have you been Crossfitting? "Officially" since August 2013 (that's when we joined a Crossfit gym. We were doing "Crossfit" inspired workouts on our own for several months before that)
What is you favorite movement? And workout? Why? Probably power clean because I have improved my technique and have seen my "PR" improve pretty substantially. I really like workouts with heavy weights and complexes….(or rather I love to hate them??) These are the really challenging workouts for me and the ones that I really have to give up everything I have to complete them. You get a certain kind of satisfaction when you complete workouts like that.
What inspired you to start Crossfit? My sister. She's always been athletic; an all star in high school, ran track and cross county in college, and starting doing Crossfit about a year and a half ago. She knew I had just transitioned from long distance running to "powerlifting" and body building type exercises and was concerned with losing body fat and getting stronger. She mentioned something to me about it and said I would probably like it. When I started incorporating Crossfit into my current strength training program I started seeing improvements in my strength and overall fitness levels almost immediately.
What do you Crossfit for? At the root of my reasoning for doing Crossfit is obviously for fitness. I've been interested in fitness and nutrition for about a decade and love learning more about my body, how it functions, and what it is capable of through training and proper diet. I have put my body through some unhealthy crap and I have not always been so dedicated or really even cared what I was doing to myself. I can honestly say that through Crossfit and strength training I have finally been able to make peace with my body and appreciate it for more than just what it looks like—it's a f@$%ing machine!
What would you say to someone who is new to crossfit? Don't quit. You will want to; you will be sore, you will hurt in places you didn't think you could, you will get frustrated learning new skills, you will easily come up with excuses to why you can't/shouldn't continue dong Crossfit. For many people I think it's probably the most physically intense thing they've done. I also think it has the potential to be the most rewarding. Crossfit is not just a fitness or exercise routine; it's a community, a family. I also think that if the correct emphasis is placed on improved work capacity, functionality, and overall fitness it changes you mentally. Maybe you start Crossfit because you want to lose weight or improve your endurance, but I guarantee your body awareness and self esteem is also improved.
What is you favorite thing about being a member at Tri Q? The sense of community. I think most members are genuinely happy and excited when other members hit PR's or improve on their time or get their first muscle up/double under/RX a workout for the first time. I've made more friends through being a member at TriQ in a few short months than I did within a year of living in the area. (We moved here from Ohio a couple years ago.) I really care about my friends at TriQ and am inspired to see their progress and ecstatic when they hit milestones or accomplish something they never thought possible.
Time for your acceptance speech… we wont play you off with music.
I am blessed to be surrounded by such amazing individuals. I am excited to see our gym grow and our members to continue becoming even more badass! Thanks guys for voting me athlete of the month, I'm truly honored!


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An excerpt from www.HouseOfNames.com archives copyright © 2000 - 2017
Reaney, P.H and R.M. Wilson, A Dictionary of English Surnames. London: Routledge, 1991. Print. (ISBN 0-415-05737-X) Hubly Early OriginsThe surname Hubly was first found in Hampshire where Bernard Hubold was listed at Winton in 1148. A few years later Henry Hubaut, Hubald, Hubalt was listed in the Pipe Rolls of Warwickshire in 1205 and in the same year Hubald de Bereford was listed in the Pipe Rolls of Herefordshire. [1]CITATION[CLOSE] Reaney, P.H and R.M. Wilson, A Dictionary of English Surnames. London: Routledge, 1991. Print. (ISBN 0-415-05737-X) Hugo Hubald, Hubolt was listed in the Domesday Book of 1086. [2]CITATION[CLOSE] Williams, Dr Ann. And G.H. Martin, Eds., Domesday Book A Complete Translation. London: Penguin, 1992. Print. (ISBN 0-141-00523-8) Hubly Spelling VariationsHubly Spelling VariationsHubly has been spelled many different ways, including Before English spelling became standardized over the last few hundred years, spelling variations in names were a common occurrence. As the English language changed in the Middle Ages, absorbing pieces of Latin and French, as well as other languages, the spelling of people's names also changed considerably, even over a single lifetime. Hubble, Hubel, Hubell, Hubbold, Hubbald, Hubball and others. Hubly Early HistoryHubly Early HistoryThis web page shows only a small excerpt of our Hubly research. Another 121 words (9 lines of text) covering the years 1148 and 1199 are included under the topic Early Hubly History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. Hubly Early Notables (pre 1700)Hubly Early Notables (pre 1700)More information is included under the topic Early Hubly Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. The Great MigrationThe Great MigrationIn an attempt to escape the chaos experienced in England, many English families boarded overcrowded and diseased ships sailing for the shores of North America and other British colonies. Those families hardy enough, and lucky enough, to make the passage intact were rewarded with land and a social environment less prone to religious and political persecution. Many of these families became important contributors to the young colonies in which they settled. Early immigration and passenger lists have documented some of the first Hublys to arrive on North American shores: Jacob Hubble arrived in Philadelphia in 1825; J.G. Hubbell arrived in San Francisco in 1850 along with a Miss M. Hubbell. Hubly Family Crest ProductsHubly Family Crest ProductsSee AlsoSee AlsoCitationsCitations
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The Hubly Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The Hubly Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname. This page was last modified on 7 October 2015 at 14:30. Sign Up
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65 Terrific Social Media Infographics
As you know, infographics are visual representations of information, data, or knowledge. They present complex concepts quickly and clearly, and communicate ideas in an easily understandable fashion.
Last year, I assembled a collection of 35 infographics that told the story of social media at that time. That post proved to be so popular that I wanted to update it, including images that are still relevant and adding newer visualizations that illustrate more recent knowledge and insights into the social Web. Since social media marketing is a relatively recent addition to organizations' integrated marketing communications plans, it's imperative for marketing professionals to gain as much understanding as possible about how people leverage social media for everyday interaction. These snapshots communicate essential information to help marketers make sense of the social networking space and how people are using it in their everyday lives to communicate and share information and ideas.
Most of these have been cropped or scaled down — please click on each image or its title to see the full-sized version.
The History of Social Networking
Who is the "Me" in Social Media?
The State of the Internet
The New Marketing Trifecta
How Marketers Are Using Social Media
Who is the Modern Media Consumer?
The Biggest Shift
The Rise of Social Networking Ad Spending
How Women Use Social Media
The CMO's Guide to the Social Landscape
The B2B Social Media Landscape
The 2010 Social Networking Map
How the World Spends Its Time Online
Who Uses Twitter and How
A Year of Twitter
The Meteoric Rise of Twitter
How Engaged is Your Brand?
The Social Engagement Spectrum
10 Levels of Intimacy in Today's Communication
The Top 50 Most Social Companies
The Social Media Landscape in China
The Social Media Effect
The Revised Social Media Effect
Facebook Facts You Probably Didn't Know
The World of Facebook
10 Mind-Blowing Facebook Games Statistics
The Rise of Facebook Mobile
Social Marketing Compass
Facebook vs. Twitter
Are We Addicted to Social Media?
How are People Using Social Media on Their Mobile Devices?
How Fortune 100 Companies are Leveraging Social Media
How Small- to Medium-Sized Businesses Spend Money on Social Media
Balance Your Media Diet
Social Media Statistics
Social Web Involvement
Social Media Demographics
The Spectrum of Online Friendship
How People Share Content on the Web
Donut Marketing
Profile of a Twitter User
Twitter Territory
Twitter PR Strategy
The Journey of a Tweet
The Hierarchy of Digital Distractions
When Social Media Attacks
The Art of Listening
The Conversation Prism
Word of Mouth Visualized
Social Web Reputation Management Cycles
Twitter Statistics
The Story (So Far) of Twitter
Who Participates Online
Gender Balance on Social Networking Sites
Building a Company With Social Media
Social Media Spending
The Facebook Juggernaut
Breakdown of the Blogosphere
Visualizing 6 Years of Facebook
The History of WordPress
The Boom of Social Sites
Age Distribution on Social Network Sites
Make Social Media Work for Your Company
The World Map of Social Networks (December, 2009)
World Map of Social Networks (December, 2010)
Join The Conversation
Mar 7 Posted 6 years agoWhat a list!What a delight!What a pleasure!A real demonstration how joyful and useful altruism can be
What a list!
What a delight!
What a pleasure!
A real demonstration how joyful and useful altruism can be
Feb 28 Posted 6 years ago
Sweet Infographs. Social Media is definitely something businesses will need to embrace in the future if they want to remain competitive. As for who is using social media it seems like it's pretty much everyone; kids to teens, professionals and even grandmas and grandpas!
Feb 20 Posted 6 years ago
I opened this post with enthusiasm but was disappointed to see how many of these infographics were unchanged from a year ago. Don't get me wrong - lots of them are fantastic, but the overall quality is diminished for me by some of the once-great-but-now-questionable graphics that were included.
Generally speaking, I advise folks to be very cautious about relying on any "statistics" that are more than 6 months old. The last two infographics conveniently make my point, because they show how usage of various social networks throughout the world changed significantly in the past year.
All too often I see people quote statistics that are grossly out-of-date and/or misrepresentative. Unfortunately, great and/or dramatic visuals can exacerbate that tendency.
As with the last two infographics, I would love to see updated versions of ALL of the numbers-based snapshots included in this post.
Courtney Hunt - Founder, Social Media in Organizations (SMinOrgs) Community
Feb 8 Posted 6 years ago
Great collection of infographics! Many useful information.
Thanks for sharing.
Feb 6 Posted 6 years ago
Pam, what a wonderful collection of infographics. I currently researching social learning and the places people are sharing information and demographics for each site are fascinating. Thanks for this post.
Feb 4 Posted 6 years ago
Really great stuff - many thanks for pulling together.
Feb 4 Posted 6 years ago
Nicely comprehensive list, thanks for sharing! And I assume it is still not even the tip of the social media iceberg ;-)
I will refer to you when I will be posting an article on my ebusiness blog on how to introduce social media marketing in the SME.
Feb 1 Posted 6 years ago
Add more ! I wish there was more emphasis on reputation management I have been doing it since 2007 and in 2010 I had at least 30 companies copycat our service this is great to show all these stats
Jan 31 Posted 6 years ago
Very very cool stuff. I love this blog by the way. It is refreshing to see an actual insider explain what is what, as opposed to the usual clamour of "social media has arrived, here is why it's the best thing ever!!" I do have a question for you. We wish to start advertising on FB and this idea is being kicked around that having an iframed app within the Facebook page encourages conversion? Can you comment as to the efficacy of iframing apps within FB-- waste of money? or Good ROI? Here is an example of what we mean by iframe below.
Jan 31 Posted 6 years ago
Wow! Great infographics. Will be super useful for my upcoming webinar. Thank you. I'll be sure to tell people where I found it. Off to tweet...fb...bookmark...etc.
Jan 31 Posted 6 years ago
Thank you for this! I am putting together a major presentation and these graphics will help a great deal!
Jan 31 Posted 6 years ago
wow there are a lot of infographs here, i have seen a few of them but most of them i have not. good post, i stumbled it!
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Dr. Mary Lou Schmidt is a female Pediatrician (taxonomy code 208000000X) located in Chicago, Illinois. Dr. Mary Lou Schmidt's NPI Number is #1245240639 and has been listed in the NPI registry for 11 years. Dr. Mary Lou Schmidt's practice location is listed as: 1740 W Taylor St Chicago, IL 60612-7232 and can be reached via phone at (866) 660-2273.
The taxonomy code for Dr. Mary Lou Schmidt's main specialty, Pediatrics, is 208000000X. A pediatrician is concerned with the physical, emotional and social health of children from birth to young adulthood. Care encompasses a broad spectrum of health services ranging from preventive healthcare to the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic diseases. A pediatrician deals with biological, social and environmental influences on the developing child, and with the impact of disease and dysfunction on development.
‡ Descriptions, provider messages, and reviews are user submitted. While we make our best effort to verify the accuracy of information submissions, DocBios cannot guarantee that the information is accurate and/or up to date. Please verify any and/or all information with the provider. DocBios is not an advice or referral service and does not guarantee, approve, or endorse any particular healthcare provider.
Health Care Provider Information | |
Phone | (866) 660-2273 |
Fax | Not Available |
Address |
1740 W Taylor St Chicago, IL 60612-7232 |
Gender | F |
Website | Not provided |
Specialties | |
Business Information | |
Updated | 1/22/2009 |
Added | 8/8/2006 |
Viewed on | 3/30/2017 |
Health Care Providers Nearby | |


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1026 photos found.
cracks by Roger Ridgeway
Cracked by Tana O'Donnell
cracks by Keeley Loy
Cracked 1 by Steven Schutz
Cracks by Alex Dolan
Cracked by Kelly Nichols
crack'd. by Megan Page
crack by Brad Shwidock
cracked paint by Bart van Oijen
Cracks by Ashley R.
Cracks by Bouchet Eloïse
All "crack" in Photos: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next »


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Using Outlook Online
1. Search the Outlook Online catalogue.
2. If you find more than one record for the title you want, choose the one with the most locations. This number is in brackets following Locations.
3. Click on the title to select the record, click on Request this Item in the top right corner. A request form will open up. Enter your information. We do not require your address.
Required Fields
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Parks and tourist attractions to consider in the Crested Butte Resort, Colorado area are listed below. Click on the name of any sightseeing attraction or park for more information.
Search Crested Butte Mountain Resort Attractions
4 attraction Results
More Info Official Website Crested Butte Mountain Heritage Museum
- 331 Elk Avenue, Crested Butte
- Museum
- 970-349-1880
More Info Official Website Crested Butte Mountain Theatre
- 403 2nd St, Crested Butte
- Performing Arts
- 970-349-0366
More Info Official Website Center for the Arts Crested Butte
- 606 6th Street, Crested Butte
- Performing Arts
- 970-349-7487
More Info Paragon Gallery Coop
- 132 Elk Ave, Crested Butte
- Art Gallery-Museum
- 970-349-6484


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25 Port Voice-Patch panel, category 3 performance, supports telephone cales with 25 or 50 pairs, includes cable ties and mounting hardware, color black, 1U.
We are currently experiencing technical difficulties. We apologize for the inconvenience, and are working to quickly resolve it. Please contact your local Anixter representative for immediate assistance.
Product Label/Description
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One person was taken to Lawrence Memorial Hospital and another was treated by emergency medical workers after Kansas University's Malott Hall was evacuated about 4:30 p.m. today following a report of a chemical odor inside a laboratory.
Crews were called to Malott when the chemical odor was detected in a fifth-floor lab, according to Jill Jess, university spokeswoman.
Fire and hazardous materials officials reopened the building just after 6:45 p.m., when the smell had dissipated and the air quality was determined to be safe.
Jess said two KU employees complained of headaches. One employee was taken to LMH, while the other was treated on the scene. Jess said the man's injuries were not considered to be life-threatening.
The fifth-floor chemical lab remained closed after officials opened the building, while officials continued their investigation.
"The hope is that it will be back open in the morning," Jess said.
Officials were not able to determine what substance caused the odor before it dissipated.
Throughout the incident, the area around Malott was cordoned off with police tape, and officers stood outside and blocked entrances to the building while small crowds of onlookers gathered around the scene.
Earlier this semester, a chemical spill was reported in Malott Hall involving a small amount of ammonium hydroxide, on Oct. 29. A second chemical spill caused Haworth Hall to be evacuated on Aug. 26.
Jess said the incident on Monday did not involve a chemical spill.


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Andrew Nevelos - Technical SEO and PPC Advice
SEO since 2003
Ann is too excited to stand still
I brought back a tshirt and some PJ's from NYC and Ann HAD to put them on.
Shewas so excited that she was not able to stand still for me to take a proper picture.
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Answer by RedSoxWife at 3:39 AM on Mar. 29, 2011
Answer by MrsCheddar at 5:41 AM on Mar. 29, 2011
Answer by tomsjennabean at 6:56 AM on Mar. 29, 2011
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One of Colorado's three legalized gambling towns, Cripple Creek once had the most lucrative mines in the state—and 10,000 boozing, brawling, bawdy citizens. Today the charming main street is lined with casinos housed in quaint Victorian buildings. Outside the central area, old mining structures and the stupendous curtain of the Collegiate Peaks are marred by slag heaps and parking lots. Take a side trip to nearby Victor, walk down streets where hundreds of miners once took streetcars to the mines, and learn about their lives.
Fodor's Editorial Photo Intern Leonard Vargas snapped photos of this spring's wildflower explosion in Southern California.


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About Show #408 Where did PowerShell come from and where is it going? Richard chats with Principle Software Engineer Lee Holmes about his experiences building PowerShell, going all the way back to 2003/2004 when Jeffrey Snover was trying to convince folks that Monad (the code name for PowerShell) was a good idea! Lee mentions a number of great resources along the way including AutoIt CmdLets and an Overview on PowerShell as a Hosting Solution. The conversation then turns to the future of PowerShell including tools like Desired State Configuration and OneGet. More PowerShell!
Lee Holmes is a Principal Software Engineer on the PowerShell team, author of the PowerShell Cookbook, PowerShell Pocket Reference, and is a frequent speaker at technical conferences and user groups. He has been blogging about PowerShell since 2005 at http://www.leeholmes.com/blog, and you can find him on Twitter as @Lee_Holmes.