text:
Peace Corps
Agency overview | |
Formed | March 1, 1961 |
Headquarters | Washington, D.C., U.S. |
Employees | 7,000 |
Annual budget | $410 million (2016 fiscal year)[1] |
Agency executive |
Parent agency | US Government |
Website | www |
The Peace Corps is a volunteer program run by the United States government. The stated mission of the Peace Corps includes providing technical assistance, helping people outside the United States to understand American culture, and helping Americans to understand the cultures of other countries. The work is generally related to social and economic development. Each program participant, a Peace Corps Volunteer, is an American citizen, typically with a college degree, who works abroad for a period of two years after three months of training.
Volunteers work with governments, schools, non-profit organizations, non-government organizations, and entrepreneurs in education, business, information technology, agriculture, and the environment. After 24 months of service, volunteers can request an extension of service.[3]
The program was established by Executive Order 10924, issued by President John F. Kennedy on March 1, 1961, announced by televised broadcast March 2, 1961, and authorized by Congress on September 21, 1961, with passage of the Peace Corps Act (Pub.L. 87–293). The act declares the program's purpose as follows:
To promote world peace and friendship through a Peace Corps, which shall make available to interested countries and areas men and women of the United States qualified for service abroad and willing to serve, under conditions of hardship if necessary, to help the peoples of such countries and areas in meeting their needs for trained manpower.
From 1961 to 2015, nearly 220,000 Americans have joined the Peace Corps and served in 141 countries.[4] The Peace Corps shows "the willingness of Americans to work at the grassroots level in order to help underdeveloped countries meet their needs". The Peace Corps has affected the way people of other countries view Americans, how Americans view other countries, and how Americans view their own country.[5]
Following the end of World War II, various members of the United States Congress proposed bills to establish volunteer organizations in developing countries. In December 1951 Representative John F. Kennedy (D-Massachusetts) suggested to a group that "young college graduates would find a full life in bringing technical advice and assistance to the underprivileged and backward Middle East ... In that calling, these men would follow the constructive work done by the religious missionaries in these countries over the past 100 years."[6]:337–338 In 1952 Senator Brien McMahon (D-Connecticut) proposed an "army" of young Americans to act as "missionaries of democracy".[7] Privately funded nonreligious organizations began sending volunteers overseas during the 1950s. While Kennedy is credited with the creation of the Peace Corps as president, the first initiative came from Senator Hubert H. Humphrey, Jr. (D-Minnesota), who introduced the first bill to create the Peace Corps in 1957—three years before the University of Michigan speech. In his autobiography The Education of a Public Man, Humphrey wrote,
There were three bills of particular emotional importance to me: the Peace Corps, a disarmament agency, and the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. The President, knowing how I felt, asked me to introduce legislation for all three. I introduced the first Peace Corps bill in 1957. It did not meet with much enthusiasm. Some traditional diplomats quaked at the thought of thousands of young Americans scattered across their world. Many senators, including liberal ones, thought it silly and an unworkable idea. Now, with a young president urging its passage, it became possible and we pushed it rapidly through the Senate. It is fashionable now to suggest that Peace Corps Volunteers gained as much or more, from their experience as the countries they worked. That may be true, but it ought not demean their work. They touched many lives and made them better.[8]
Only in 1959, however, did the idea receive serious attention in Washington when Congressman Henry S. Reuss of Wisconsin proposed a "Point Four Youth Corps". In 1960, he and Senator Richard L. Neuberger of Oregon introduced identical measures calling for a nongovernmental study of the idea's "advisability and practicability". Both the House Foreign Affairs Committee and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee endorsed the study, the latter writing the Reuss proposal into the pending Mutual Security legislation. In this form it became law in June 1960. In August the Mutual Security Appropriations Act was enacted, making available US$10,000 for the study, and in November ICA contracted with Maurice Albertson, Andrew E. Rice, and Pauline E. Birky of Colorado State University Research Foundation[9] for the study.[10][11]
John F. Kennedy first announced the idea for such an organization during the 1960 presidential campaign, at a late-night speech at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, October 14, 1960, on the steps of the Michigan Union.[12] He later dubbed the proposed organization the "Peace Corps." A brass marker commemorates the place where Kennedy stood. In the weeks after the 1960 election, the study group at Colorado State University, released their feasibility a few days before Kennedy's Presidential Inauguration in January 1961.[13]
Critics opposed the program. Kennedy's opponent, Richard M. Nixon, predicted it would become a "cult of escapism" and "a haven for draft dodgers."[14][15][16]
Others doubted whether recent graduates had the necessary skills and maturity. The idea was popular among students, however, and Kennedy pursued it, asking respected academics such as Max Millikan and Chester Bowles to help him outline the organization and its goals. During his inaugural address, Kennedy again promised to create the program: "And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country".[17] President Kennedy in a speech at the White House on June 22, 1962, "Remarks to Student Volunteers Participating in Operation Crossroads Africa", acknowledged that Operation Crossroads for Africa was the basis for the development of the Peace Corps. "This group and this effort really were the progenitors of the Peace Corps and what this organization has been doing for a number of years led to the establishment of what I consider to be the most encouraging indication of the desire for service not only in this country but all around the world that we have seen in recent years".[18] The Peace Corps website answered the question "Who Inspired the Creation of the Peace Corps?", acknowledging that the Peace Corps were based on Operation Crossroads Africa founded by Rev. James H. Robinson.[19]
John F. Kennedy's announcement of the establishment of the Peace Corps
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On March 1, 1961, Kennedy signed Executive Order 10924 that officially started the Peace Corps. Concerned with the growing tide of revolutionary sentiment in the Third World, Kennedy saw the Peace Corps as a means of countering the stereotype of the "Ugly American" and "Yankee imperialism," especially in the emerging nations of post-colonial Africa and Asia.[20][21] Kennedy appointed his brother-in-law, Sargent Shriver, to be the program's first director. Shriver fleshed out the organization with the help of Warren Wiggins and others.[9] Shriver and his think tank outlined the organization's goals and set the initial number of volunteers. The Peace Corps began recruiting in July 1962; Bob Hope cut radio and television announcements hailing the program.
A leading Peace Corps critic was U.S. Representative Otto Passman of Louisiana's 5th congressional district, based about Monroe. Critics called Passman "Otto the Terrible" for trying to thwart the program by reducing its funding to minimal levels. Ultimately, it would be President Nixon, who despite his previous skepticism rescued the Peace Corps after 1969 from Passman's congressional knife.[22]
Until about 1967, applicants had to pass a placement test of "general aptitude" (knowledge of various skills needed for Peace Corps assignments) and language aptitude.[citation needed] After an address from Kennedy, who was introduced by Rev. Russell Fuller of Memorial Christian Church, Disciples of Christ, on August 28, 1961, the first group of volunteers left for Ghana and Tanzania. The program was formally authorized by Congress on September 22, 1961, and within two years over 7,300 volunteers were serving in 44 countries. This number increased to 15,000 in June 1966, the largest number in the organization's history.[23]
The organization experienced controversy in its first year of operation. On October 13, 1961, a postcard from a volunteer named Margery Jane Michelmore in Nigeria to a friend in the U.S. described her situation in Nigeria as "squalor and absolutely primitive living conditions."[24][25] However, this postcard never made it out of the country.[25] The University of Ibadan College Students Union demanded deportation and accused the volunteers of being "America's international spies" and the project as "a scheme designed to foster neocolonialism."[26] Soon the international press picked up the story, leading several people in the U.S. administration to question the program.[27] Nigerian students protested the program, while the American volunteers sequestered themselves and eventually began a hunger strike.[25] After several days, the Nigerian students agreed to open a dialogue with the Americans.
In July 1971, President Richard Nixon, an opponent of the program,[14][15][16] brought the Peace Corps under the umbrella agency ACTION. President Jimmy Carter, an advocate of the program, said that his mother, who had served as a nurse in the program, had "one of the most glorious experiences of her life" in the Peace Corps.[28] In 1979, he made it fully autonomous in an executive order. This independent status was further secured by 1981 legislation making the organization an independent federal agency.
In 1976, Deborah Gardner was found murdered in her home in Tonga, where she was serving in the Peace Corps. Dennis Priven, a fellow Peace Corps worker, was later charged with the murder by the Tonga government.[29] He was found not guilty by reason of insanity, and was sentenced to serve time in a mental institution in Washington D.C. Privan was never admitted to any institution, and the handling of the case has been heavily criticized. The main criticism has been that the Peace Corps seems to have worked to keep one of its volunteers from being found guilty of murder, due to the reflection it would have on the organization.[30]
Although the earliest volunteers were typically thought of as generalists, the Peace Corps had requests for technical personnel from the start. For example, geologists were among the first volunteers requested by Ghana, an early volunteer host. An article in Geotimes (a trade publication) in 1963, reviewed the program, with a follow-up history of Peace Corps geoscientists appearing in that publication in 2004.[31] During the Nixon Administration the Peace Corps included foresters, computer scientists, and small business advisors among its volunteers.
In 1982, President Ronald Reagan appointed director Loret Miller Ruppe, who initiated business-related programs. For the first time, a significant number of conservative and Republican volunteers joined the Corps, as the organization continued to reflect the evolving political and social conditions in the United States. Funding cuts during the early 1980s reduced the number of volunteers to 5,380, its lowest level since the early years. Funding increased in 1985, when Congress began raising the number of volunteers, reaching 10,000 in 1992.
After the 2001 September 11 attacks, alerted the U.S. to growing anti-U.S. sentiment in the Middle East, President George W. Bush pledged to double the size of the organization within five years as a part of the War on Terrorism. For the 2004 fiscal year, Congress increase the budget to US$325 million, US$30 million above that of 2003 but US$30 million below the President's request.
As part of an economic stimulus package in 2008, President Barack Obama proposed to double the size of the Peace Corps.[32] However, as of 2010[update], the amount requested was insufficient to reach this goal by 2011. In fact, the number of applicants to the Peace Corps has declined steadily from a high of 15,384 in 2009 to 10,091 in 2012.[33] Congress raised the 2010 appropriation from the US$373 million requested by the President to US$400 million, and proposed bills would raise this further for 2011 and 2012.[34] According to former director Gaddi Vasquez, the Peace Corps is trying to recruit more diverse volunteers of different ages and make it look "more like America".[35] A Harvard International Review article from 2007 proposes to expand the Peace Corps, revisit its mission and equip it with new technology.[36] In 1961 only 1% of volunteers were over 50, compared with 5% today. Ethnic minorities currently comprise 19% of volunteers.[1] 35% of the U.S. population are Hispanic or non-White.[37]
In 2009, Casey Frazee, who was sexually assaulted while serving in South Africa, created First Response Action, an advocacy group for a stronger Peace Corps response for volunteers who are survivors or victims of physical and sexual violence.[38][39] In 2010, concerns about the safety of volunteers were illustrated by a report, compiled from official public documents, listing hundreds of violent crimes against volunteers since 1989.[40] In 2011, a 20/20 investigation found that "more than 1,000 young American women have been raped or sexually assaulted in the last decade while serving as Peace Corps volunteers in foreign countries."[41]
International presence[edit]
During its history, Peace Corps Volunteers have worked in the following countries:[44]
Latin America and the Caribbean
- Argentina (1992–1994)
- Belize (since 1962)
- Bolivia (1962–1971, 1990–2008)
- Brazil (1962–1981)
- Chile (1961–1982, 1991–1998)
- Colombia (1961–1981, since 2010)
- Costa Rica (since 1963)
- Dominica (since 1961)
- Dominican Republic (since 1962)
- Ecuador (since 1962)
- El Salvador (1962–1980, 1993–2016)[45]
- Grenada (since 1961)
- Guatemala (since 1963)
- Guyana (1966–1971, since 1995)
- Haiti (1982–1987, 1990–1991, 1996–2005)
- Honduras (1962–2012)[46]
- Jamaica (since 1962)
- Mexico (since 2004)
- Nicaragua (1968–1979, since 1991)
- Panama (1963–1971, since 1990)
- Paraguay (since 1966)
- Peru (1962–1974, since 2002)
- Saint Lucia (since 1961)
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (since 1961)
- Surinam (1995–2013)
- Uruguay (1963–1973, 1991–1997)
- Venezuela (1962–1976)[47]
Europe and central Asia
- Albania (1992–1997, since 2003)
- Armenia (since 1992)
- Azerbaijan (2003–2016)
- Bosnia-Herzegovina (2000–2002)
- Bulgaria (1991–2013)
- Cyprus (1962–1964)
- Czech Republic (1990–1997)
- Estonia (1992–2002)
- Georgia (since 2001)
- Hungary (1990–1997)
- Kazakhstan (1993–2011)
- Latvia (1992–2002)
- Lithuania (1992–2002)
- Kyrgyzstan (since 1993)
- Kosovo (since 2014)
- Macedonia (since 1996)
- Malta (1970–1975, 1990–1998)
- Moldova (since 1993)
- Poland (1990–2001)
- Romania (1991–2013)
- Russia (1992–2003)
- Slovakia (1990–2002)
- Turkmenistan (1993–2013)
- Turkey (1962–1971)
- Uzbekistan (1992–2005)
- Ukraine (since 1992)[47]
Middle East and north Africa
- Bahrain (1974–1979)
- Iran (1962–1976)
- Jordan (1997–2002, 2004–2015)[48]
- Libya (1966–1969)
- Morocco (since 1963)
- Oman (1973–1983)
- Tunisia (1962–1996, 2013)
- Yemen (1973–1994)[47]
Subsaharan Africa
- Benin (since 1968)
- Botswana (1966–1997, since 2003)
- Burkina Faso (1967–1987, since 1995)
- Burundi (1983–1993)
- Cape Verde (1988–2013)
- Cameroon (since 1962)
- Chad (1966–1979, 1987–1998, 2003–2006)
- Comoros (1988–1995, since 2014)
- Congo (1991–1997)
- Central African Republic (1972–1996)
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (1970–1991)
- Equatorial Guinea (1988–1993)
- Eritrea (1995–1998)
- Ethiopia (1962–1977, 1995–1999, since 2007)
- Gabon (1963–1968, 1973–2005)
- Gambia (since 1967)
- Ghana (since 1961)
- Guinea (1963–1966, 1969–1971, since 1985)
- Guinea-Bissau (1988–1998)
- Ivory Coast (1962–1981, 1990–2003)
- Kenya (since 1964)
- Lesotho (since 1967)
- Liberia (1962–1990, since 2008)
- Madagascar (since 1993)
- Malawi (1963–1976, since 1978)
- Mali (1971–2012, 2014–2015)
- Mauritius (1969–1976)
- Mauritania (1966–1967, 1971–2011)
- Mozambique (since 1998)
- Namibia (since 1990)
- Niger (1962–2011)
- Nigeria (1961–1976, 1992–1995)
- Rwanda (1975–1993, since 2008)
- São Tomé and Príncipe (1990–1996)
- Senegal (since 1963)
- Seychelles (1974–1995)
- Sierra Leone (1962–1994, since 2010)
- Somalia (1962–1970)
- South Africa (since 1997)
- Sudan (1984–1986)
- Swaziland (1969–1996, since 2003)
- Tanzania (1961–1969, since 1979)
- Togo (since 1962)
- Uganda (1964–1972, 1991–1999, since 2001)
- Zambia (since 1994)
- Zimbabwe (1991–2001)[47]
- Afghanistan (1962–1979)
- Bangladesh (1998–2006)
- Cambodia (since 2007)
- China (since 1993)
- East Timor (2002–2006, since 2015)
- India (1961–1976)
- Indonesia (1963–1965, since 2010)
- Malaysia (1962–1983)
- Mongolia (since 1991)
- Myanmar (since 2016)
- Nepal (1962–2004, since 2012)
- Pakistan (1961–1967, 1988–1991)
- Philippines (1961–1990, since 1992)
- South Korea (1966–1981)
- Sri Lanka (1962–1964, 1967–1970, 1983–1998)
- Thailand (since 1962)[47]
- Fiji (1968–1998, since 2003)
- Cook Islands (1982–1995)
- Marshall Islands (1966–1996)
- Solomon Islands (1971–2000)
- Kiribati (1974–2008)
- Micronesia (since 1966)
- Niue (1994–2002)
- Papua New Guinea (1981–2001)
- Samoa (since 1967)
- Tonga (since 1967)
- Tuvalu (1977–1997)
- Vanuatu (since 1990)[47]
Application Process[edit]
The application for the Peace Corps takes up to one hour unless one talks to a recruiter and the applicant must be at least 18 years old and a U.S. citizen, and must apply 9 to 12 months before they want to leave. They must go through an interview.[49]
The Peace Corps hopes to educate community members on the different illnesses that are present in developing countries as well as what treatments exist in order prevent these illnesses from spreading. Volunteers are also often there in order to teach community members about modern agricultural techniques in order for them to more effectively produce food for themselves and each other (Peace Corps). The Corps is also a proponent of equal education and moves to allow for equal education opportunities for girls in countries like Liberia and Ethiopia (USAID). Volunteers are often educators and experts in other fields so as better to help the people of the community learn and grow (Peace Corps).
"Let Girls Learn" U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), 05 August 2016, Accessed: 13 November 2016 https://www.usaid.gov/letgirlslearn Peace Corps, Peace Corps, 2016, https://www.peacecorps.gov/ Accessed 10 November 2016
Eradicating malaria in Africa[edit]
The Corps launched its initiative to engage volunteers in malaria control efforts in 2011. The initiative, which grew out of malaria prevention programs in Peace Corps Senegal, now includes volunteers in 24 African countries.[50][51]
The Corps offers a variety of environmental programs. Needs assessments determine which programs apply to each country. Programs include effective and efficient forms of farming, recycling, park management, environmental education, and developing alternative fuel sources.[52] Volunteers must have some combination of academic degrees and practical experience.
The three major programs are Protected-Areas Management, Environment Education or Awareness, and Forestry.
In Protected areas management, volunteers work with parks or other programs to teach resource conservation. Volunteer activities include technical training, working with park staff on wildlife preservation, organizing community-based conservation programs for sustainable use of forests or marine resources, and creating activities for raising revenue to protect the environment.
Environment Education or Awareness focuses on communities that have environmental issues regarding farming and income. Programs include teaching in elementary and secondary schools; environmental education to youth programs; creation of environmental groups; support forest and marine resource sustainability; ways of generating money; urban sanitation management; and educating farmers about soil conservation, forestry, and vegetable gardening.[53]
Forestry programs help communities conserve natural resources through projects such as soil conservation, flood control, creation of sustainable fuels, agroforestry (e.g., fruit and vegetable production), alley cropping, and protection of biodiversity.[54]
Peace Corps Response[edit]
Peace Corps Response, formerly named the Crisis Corps, was created by Peace Corps Director Mark Gearan in 1996.[55] Gearan modeled the Crisis Corps after the National Peace Corps Association's successful Emergency Response Network (ERN) of Returned Peace Corps Volunteers willing to respond to crises when needed. ERN emerged in response to the 1994 Rwandan genocide.[56] On November 19, 2007 Peace Corps Director Ronald Tschetter changed Crisis Corps's name to Peace Corps Response.[57]
The change to Peace Corps Response allowed Peace Corps to include projects that did not rise to the level of a crisis. The program deploys former volunteers on high-impact assignments that typically range from three to twelve months in duration.
Peace Corps Response volunteers generally receive the same allowances and benefits as their Peace Corps counterparts, including round-trip transportation, living and readjustment allowances, and medical care. Minimum qualifications include completion of at least one year of Peace Corps service, including training, in addition to medical and legal clearances. The Crisis Corps title was retained as a unique branch within Peace Corps Response, designed for volunteers who are deployed to true "crisis" situations, such as disaster relief following hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions and other catastrophes.
Education and languages[edit]
The Peace Corps website makes resources available for teachers in the US and abroad, under the name of Coverdell Worldwise Schools. Resources include lesson plans, audio lessons in seven languages, guest speakers, and classroom-to-classroom correspondence.[58]
Laws governing the Peace Corps[edit]
Executive orders[edit]
Peace Corps was originally established by Executive Order, and has been modified by several subsequent executive orders including:
- 1961 – 10924 – Establishment and administration of the Peace Corps in the Department of State (Kennedy)[59]
- 1962 – 11041 – Continuance and administration of the Peace Corps in the Department of State (Kennedy)[60]
- 1963 – 11103 – Providing for the appointment of former Peace Corps volunteers to the civilian career services (Kennedy)[61]
- 1971 – 11603 – Assigning additional functions to the Director of ACTION (Nixon)
- 1979 – 12137 – The Peace Corps (Carter)[62]
Federal laws governing the Peace Corps are contained in Title 22 of the United States Code – Foreign Relations and Intercourse, Chapter 34 – The Peace Corps.[63]
Public laws are passed by Congress and the President and create or modify the U.S. Code. The first public law establishing Peace Corps in the US Code was The Peace Corps Act passed by the 87th Congress and signed into law on September 22, 1961. Several public laws have modified the Peace Corps Act, including:
- Pub.L. 87–293, 75 Stat. 612, enacted September 22, 1961 – The Peace Corps Act
- Pub.L. 88–200, 77 Stat. 359, enacted December 13, 1963
- Pub.L. 89–134, 79 Stat. 549, enacted August 24, 1965
- Pub.L. 89–554, 80 Stat. 378, enacted September 6, 1966
- Pub.L. 89–572, 80 Stat. 764, enacted September 13, 1966
- Pub.L. 91–99, 83 Stat. 166, enacted October 29, 1969
- Pub.L. 91–352, 84 Stat. 464, enacted July 24, 1970
- Pub.L. 94–130, 89 Stat. 684, enacted November 14, 1975 – Bill to carry into effect certain provisions of the Patent Cooperation Treaty, and for other purposes.[64]
- Pub.L. 95–331, 92 Stat. 414, enacted August 2, 1978 – Peace Corps Act Amendments[65]
- Pub.L. 96–465, 94 Stat. 2071, enacted October 17, 1980 – The Foreign Service Act of 1980[66]
- Pub.L. 97–113, 95 Stat. 1519, enacted December 29, 1981 – International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1981[67]
- Pub.L. 99–83, 99 Stat. 190, enacted August 8, 1985 – International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985[68]
- Pub.L. 99–514, 100 Stat. 2085, enacted October 22, 1986 – Tax Reform Act of 1986[69]
- Pub.L. 102–565, 106 Stat. 4265, enacted October 28, 1992 – A bill to amend the Peace Corps Act to authorize appropriations for the Peace Corps for FY1993 and to establish Peace Corps foreign exchange fluctuations account, and for other purposes.[70]
- Pub.L. 105–12, 111 Stat. 23, enacted April 30, 1997 – The Assisted Suicide Funding Restriction Act of 1997[71]
- Pub.L. 106–30, 113 Stat. 55, enacted May 21, 1999 – Peace Corps Act, FY2002, 2003 Authorization Bill[72]
- Peace Corps Reauthorization Act of 2008
Code of Federal Regulations[edit]
The Peace Corps is subject to Federal Regulations as prescribed by public law and executive order and contained in Title 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations under Chapter 3.
Limitations on former volunteers[edit]
Former members of the Peace Corps may not be assigned to military intelligence duties for a period of 4 years following Peace Corps service. Furthermore, they are forever prohibited from serving in a military intelligence posting to any country in which they volunteered.[73]
Time limits on employment[edit]
Peace Corps employees receive time-limited appointments, and most employees are limited to a maximum of five years of employment. This time limit was established to ensure that Peace Corps' staff remain fresh and innovative. A related rule specifies that former employees cannot be re-employed until after the same amount of time that they were employed. Volunteer service is not counted for the purposes of either rule.[74]
Union representation[edit]
Non-supervisory domestic employees are represented by the American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) Local 3548. The Federal Labor Relations Agency certified the Union on May 11, 1983. About 500 domestic employees are members. The current collective bargaining agreement became effective on April 21, 1995.
In July 2013, President Barack Obama nominated Carrie Hessler-Radelet as the 19th director of the Peace Corps. Since 2010, Hessler-Radelet had served as Peace Corps Deputy Director and Acting Director. From 1981–83, she served as a Peace Corps volunteer in Western Samoa with her husband, Steve. On June 5, 2014 the United States Senate confirmed her nomination.
Director | Service Dates | Appointed by | Notes | |
1 | R. Sargent Shriver | 1961–1966 | Kennedy | President Kennedy appointed Shriver three days after signing the executive order. Volunteers arrived in five countries during 1961. In just under six years, Shriver developed programs in 55 countries with more than 14,500 volunteers. |
2 | Jack Vaughn | 1966–1969 | Johnson | Vaughn improved marketing, programming, and volunteer support as large numbers of former volunteers joined the staff. He also promoted volunteer assignments in conservation, natural resource management, and community development. |
3 | Joseph Blatchford | 1969–1971 | Nixon | Blatchford served as head of the new ACTION agency, which included the Corps. He created the Office of Returned Volunteers to help volunteers serve in their communities at home, and initiated New Directions, a program emphasizing volunteer skills. |
4 | Kevin O'Donnell | 1971–1972 | Nixon | O'Donnell's appointment was the first for a former Peace Corps country director (Korea, 1966–70). He fought budget cuts, and believed strongly in a non-career Peace Corps. |
5 | Donald Hess | 1972–1973 | Nixon | Hess initiated training of volunteers in the host country where they would eventually serve, using host country nationals. The training provided more realistic preparation, and costs dropped for the agency. Hess also sought to end the down-sizing of the Peace Corps. |
6 | Nicholas Craw | 1973–1974 | Nixon | Craw sought to increase the number of volunteers in the field and to stabilize the agency's future. He introduced a goal-setting measurement plan, the Country Management Plan, which gained increased Congressional support and improved resource allocation across the 69 participating countries. |
7 | John Dellenback | 1975–1977 | Ford | Dellenback improved volunteer health care available. He emphasized recruiting generalists. He believed in committed applicants even those without specific skills and instead training them for service. |
8 | Carolyn R. Payton | 1977–1978 | Carter | Payton was the first female director and the first African American. She focused on improving volunteer diversity. |
9 | Richard F. Celeste | 1979–1981 | Carter | Celeste focused on the role of women in development and increased women and minority participation, particularly for staff positions. He invested heavily in training, including the development of a worldwide core curriculum. |
10 | Loret Miller Ruppe | 1981–1989 | Reagan | Ruppe was the longest-serving director and championed women in development roles. She launched the Competitive Enterprise Development program, the Caribbean Basin Initiative, the Initiative for Central America and the African Food Systems Initiative. |
11 | Paul Coverdell | 1989–1991 | G.H.W. Bush | Coverdell established two programs with a domestic focus. World Wise Schools enabled U.S. students to correspond with overseas volunteers. Fellows/USA assisted Returned Peace Corps volunteers in pursuing graduate studies while serving local communities. |
12 | Elaine Chao | 1991–1992 | G.H.W. Bush | Chao was the first Asian American director. She expanded Peace Corps' presence in Eastern Europe and Central Asia by establishing the first Peace Corps programs in Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and other newly independent countries. |
13 | Carol Bellamy | 1993–1995 | Clinton | Bellamy was the first RPCV (Returned Peace Corps volunteer) (Guatemala 1963–65) to be director. She reinvigorated relations with former volunteers and launched the Corps' web site. |
14 | Mark D. Gearan | 1995–1999 | Clinton | Gearan established the Crisis Corps, a program that allows former volunteers to help overseas communities recover from natural disasters and humanitarian crises. He supported expanding the corps and opened new volunteer programs in South Africa, Jordan, Bangladesh and Mozambique. |
15 | Mark L. Schneider | 1999–2001 | Clinton | Schneider was the second RPCV (El Salvador, 1966–68) to head the agency. He launched an initiative to increase volunteers' participation in helping prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS in Africa, and also sought volunteers to work on information technology projects. |
16 | Gaddi Vasquez | 2002–2006 | G.W. Bush | Gaddi H. Vasquez was the first Hispanic American director. His focus was to increase volunteer and staff diversity. He also led the establishment of a Peace Corps program in Mexico. |
17 | Ron Tschetter | September 2006 – 2008 | G.W. Bush | The third RPCV to head the agency, Tschetter served in India in the mid-1960s. He launched an initiative known as the "50 and Over," to increase the participation of older men and women. |
18 | Aaron S. Williams | August 2009 – September 2012 | Obama | Aaron S. Williams became director on August 24, 2009. Mr. Williams is the fourth director to have served as a volunteer. Williams cited personal and family considerations as the reason for his stepping down as Peace Corps Director on September 17, 2012.[75] |
19 | Carrie Hessler-Radelet | September 2012 – present | Obama | Carrie Hessler-Radelet became acting Director of the Peace Corps in September 2012. Previously, Hessler-Radelet served as deputy director of the Peace Corps from June 23, 2010, until her appointment as acting Director.[76] She was confirmed as Director on June 5, 2014. |
Inspector General[edit]
The Peace Corps Office of Inspector General is authorized by law to review all programs and operations of the Peace Corps. The OIG is an independent entity within the Peace Corps. The inspector general (IG) reports directly to the Peace Corps Director. In addition, the IG reports to Congress semiannually with data on OIG activities. The OIG serves as the law enforcement arm of the Peace Corps and works closely with the Department of State, the Department of Justice, and other federal agencies OIG has three sections to conduct its functions:
Audit – Auditors review functional activities of the Peace Corps, such as contract compliance and financial and program operations, to ensure accountability and to recommend improved levels of economy and efficiency;
Evaluations – Evaluators analyze the management and program operations of the Peace Corps at both overseas posts and domestic offices. They identify best practices and recommend program improvements and ways to accomplish Peace Corps' mission and strategic goals.
Investigations – Investigators respond to allegations of criminal or administrative wrongdoing by Peace Corps Volunteers, Peace Corps personnel, including experts and consultants, and by those who do business with the Peace Corps, including contractors.[77]
From 2006–07, H. David Kotz was the Inspector General.[78]
In the news[edit]
At a meeting of the House Foreign Affairs Committee in 2011, Peace Corps volunteers shared their experiences of violence and sexual assault. At this meeting, it was found that between 2000–2009 there have been several cases of rape or attempted rape, and about 22 women are sexually assaulted each year. The case of murdered Peace Corps volunteer Kate Puzey was discussed. The Peace Corps has gained attention in the media and their directors have been attacked for how they handled this situation. Kate Puzey's mother was one of those to make a comment at the meeting about how badly the situation with her daughter had been handled. One woman claimed that her country's director had blamed her for getting raped, while other victims have also been similarly blamed.[79] Criticism of how Peace Corps has responded to sexual assaults against volunteers culminated in the appointment of Kellie Green as the agency's first Director of the Office Of Victims Advocacy in 2011. Green was eventually pushed out of her position in April 2015 for purportedly "creating a hostile work environment". Greene maintains that Peace Corps retaliated against her for pressing agency officials to fully comply with their responsibilities towards volunteers who have been victims of sexual assault. A Change.org petition demanding that Green be reinstated began circulating among former volunteers in December 2015.[80]
In 2009, the most recent year reported, 69% of Peace Corps crime victims were women, 88% were under 30, and 82% were Caucasian. Worldwide, there were 15 cases of rape/attempted rape and 96 cases of sexual assault reported for a total of 111 sexual crimes committed against female Peace Corps volunteers. This was all shared on ABC news 20/20. The majority of women who join the Peace Corps are in their mid-twenties. In 62% of the more than 2,900 assault cases since 1990, the victim was identified as being alone. In 59% of assault cases, the victim was identified as a woman in her 20s. At that time the media began to report all these numbers and facts.[81]
The Peace Corps has also been in the media for the topic of abortion. Women who have been raped in foreign countries while volunteering have wanted to get abortions. They then realize that Peace Corps had no program that would help them. Peace Corps volunteers get paid $200 to $350 a month. Abortions can typically cost around $470. This makes it difficult for women who want an abortion.[82]
Since 1979, it has been prohibited for federal funds to cover abortion costs for Peace Corps volunteers. Even in instances of life endangerment, rape and incest, volunteers are not financially covered. 433 Peace Corps volunteers were interviewed and it was reported that many thought the funding ban on abortion coverage should be removed. This was a two-month interview with no eligibility restrictions. Abortion is such a controversial topic that this just made it much more difficult for the Peace Corps to handle. Volunteers do receive health care, including prescription medications, routine examinations, and emergency care, free of charge. These services are provided in-country through a Peace Corps Medical Officer. Peace Corps volunteers don't make much money, which adds to this issue in the news. The abortion topic is very active in the Peace Corps, because when volunteers become pregnant for any reason, they can no longer be volunteers, and a significant number of them want to remain volunteers. Many volunteers have the same or very similar story.[83]
Critics and criticisms of Peace Corps include Robert L. Strauss of Foreign Policy,[84] an article by a former volunteer describing assaults on volunteers from 1992 to 2010,[85] an ABC news report on 20/20,[86] a Huffington Post article on former Peace Corps volunteers speaking out on rapes,[87] and About.com's article on rape and assault in the Peace Corps. [88]
In the Reagan Administration, in 1986, an article in the Multinational Monitor looked critically at the Peace Corps.[89] On a positive note, the writer praises the Corps for aspects saying that it is "not in the business of transferring massive economic resources. Rather it concentrates on increasing productivity and encouraging self-reliance in villages that are often ignored by large-scale development agencies," and notes the "heavy emphasis on basic education" by the Corps. "Many returned volunteers complain that the Peace Corps does little to promote or make use of their rich experiences once they return...[A] Peace Corps volunteer is sent in...[to] relieve...the local government from having to develop policies that assure equitable distribution of health care...During the early years there were many failures in structure and programming...Some critics charge that the Peace Corps is only a somewhat ineffective attempt to counter damage done to the U.S. image abroad by its aggressive military and its unscrupulous businesses...Many observers and some returned volunteers charge that, in addition to public relations for the United States, Peace Corps programs serve to legitimize dictators...When he began evaluating the Corps in the 1960s, Charlie Peters found "they were training volunteers to be junior diplomats. Giving them a course in American studies, world affairs and communism...Although it seems unlikely that the Peace Corps is used in covert operations, wittingly or not it is often used in conjunction with U.S. military interests...In a review of the Peace Corps in March the House Select Committee on Hunger praised the agency for effective work in the areas of agriculture and conservation, while recommending that the Corps expand its African Food Systems Initiative, increase the number of volunteers in the field, recruit more women, and move to depoliticize country dictatorships."
The author suggests that "the poor should be encouraged to organize a power base to gain more leverage with the powers-that-be" by the Peace Corps and that "The Peace Corps is the epitome of Kennedy's Camelot mythology. It is a tall order to expect a small program appended to an immense superpower, to make a difference, but it is a goal worth striving for."
In December 2003, a report by the Brookings Institution praised the Peace Corps but proposed changes.[90] These include relabeling Peace Corps volunteers in certain countries, greater host country ownership, reverse volunteers (have volunteers from the host country in the U.S.), and multilateral volunteers. The Brookings Institution wrote that a "one-year service commitment [for the Baby Boom generation] could make the Peace Corps more attractive to older Americans, possibly combined with the option of returning to the same site or country after a three-month break" and customized placement to a specific country would increase the amount of people volunteering.
In a critique by The Future of Freedom Foundation,[91] James Bovard mixes history of the Peace Corps with current interpretations. He writes that in the 1980s, "The Peace Corps's world-saving pretensions were a joke on American taxpayers and Third World folks who expected real help." He goes on to criticize the difference in rhetoric and action of Peace Corps volunteers, even attacking its establishment as "the epitome of emotionalism in American politics." Using snippets of reports, accounts of those in countries affected by the Peace Corps and even concluded that at one point "some Peace Corps agricultural efforts directly hurt Third World poor." At the end of the article, Bovard noted that all Peace Corps volunteers he had talked with conceded they have not helped foreigners ... but he acknowledges that "Some Peace Corps volunteers, like some Americans who volunteer for religion missions abroad, have truly helped foreigners."
BoingBoing editor Xeni Jardin describes criticism of the agency's response to assault: "A growing number of ex-Peace Corps volunteers are speaking out about having survived rape and other forms of sexual assault while assigned overseas. They say the agency ignored their concerns for safety or requests for relocation, and tried to blame rape victims for their attacks. Their stories, and support from families and advocates, are drawing attention from lawmakers and promises of reform from the agency". Among 8,655 volunteers there are on average 22 Peace Corps women reported being the victims of rape or attempted rape each year.[92][93]
In popular culture[edit]
Frank Zappa and The Mothers of Invention have a song named "Who Needs the Peace Corps?" on their 1968 album We're Only in It for the Money.
In popular culture, the Peace Corps has been used as a comedic plot device in such movies as Airplane!, Christmas with the Kranks, Shallow Hal, and Volunteers or used to set the scene for a historic era, as when Frances "Baby" Houseman tells the audience she plans to join the Peace Corps in the introduction to the movie Dirty Dancing.
The Peace Corps has also been documented on film and examined more seriously and in more depth. The 2006 documentary film Death of Two Sons, directed by Micah Schaffer, juxtaposes the deaths of Amadou Diallo, a Guinean-American who was gunned down by four New York City policemen with 41 bullets, and Peace Corps volunteer Jesse Thyne who lived with Amadou's family in Guinea and died in a car crash there.[94] Jimi Sir, released in 2007, is a documentary portrait of volunteer James Parks' experiences as a high school science, math and English teacher during the last 10 weeks of his service in Nepal.[95] James speaks Nepali fluently and shows a culture where there are no roads, vehicles, electricity, plumbing, telephone or radio.[95] The movie El Rey, directed and written by Antonio Dorado in 2004, attacks corrupt police, unscrupulous politicians and half-hearted revolutionaries but also depicts the urban legend of Peace Corps Volunteers "training" native Colombians how to process coca leaves into cocaine.[96]
In the 1969 film, Yawar Mallku/Sangre de cóndor/Blood of the Condor, Bolivian director Jorge Sanjinés portrayed Peace Corps volunteers in the camp as arrogant, ethnocentric, and narrow-minded imperialists out to destroy Indian culture. One particularly powerful scene showed Indians attacking a clinic while the volunteers inside sterilized Indian women against their will. The film is thought to be at least partially responsible for the expulsion of the Peace Corps from Bolivia in 1971. Peace Corps volunteer Fred Krieger who was serving in Bolivia at the time said, "It was an effective movie – emotionally very arousing – and it directly targeted Peace Corps volunteers. I thought I would be lynched before getting out of the theatre. To my amazement, people around me smiled courteously as we left, no one commented, it was just like any other movie."[97]
In 2016, Peace Corps partnered with jewelry retailer Alex and Ani to create cord bracelets to raise money for the Peace Corps' Let Girls Learn Fund.[98]
See also[edit]
- List of notable Peace Corps Volunteers
- AmeriCorps
- Language education
- List of Language Self-Study Programs
- Peace Corps Memorial
- Provincial Reconstruction Team
- United States Cultural Exchange Programs
- British Romanian Educational Exchange
- Doctors Without Borders
- EU Aid Volunteers
- European Voluntary Service
- Fredskorpset
- International Voluntary Services
- JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency)
- Korea International Cooperation Agency
- United Nations Volunteers
- Voluntary Service Overseas
- World Vision
- ^ a b "Fast Facts What Is Peace Corps? Learn About Peace Corps Peace Corps". Retrieved January 22, 2009.
- ^ [1] Leadership > Acting Director. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
- ^ "MS 281 COMPLETION OF SERVICE DATE ADVANCEMENT AND EXTENSION OF SERVICE" (PDF). Retrieved October 16, 2011.
- ^ "Fact Sheet" (PDF). files.peacecorps.gov. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
- ^ Hall, Michael R. "The Impact of the U.S. Peace Corps at Home and Abroad". search.proquest.com. ProQuest. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
- ^ Leamer, Laurence (2001). The Kennedy Men: 1901–1963. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-688-16315-7.
- ^ "POINT FOUR 'HOE ARMY' SOUGHT BY M'MAHON". The New York Times. January 26, 1952. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
- ^ Humphrey, Hubert H (1991). "The Education of a Public Man". ISBN 9780816618972.
- ^ a b Gerber, Anna (February 27, 2015). "Tops in Peace Corps Volunteers, again". SOURCE, Colorado State University. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
- ^ New Frontiers for American Youth: Perspective on the Peace Corps. Public Affairs Press. 1961.
- ^ "Guide too the Peace Corps Collections". Colorado State University Special Collections. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
- ^ "Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy". Peace Corps. November 20, 2013 [1960]. Retrieved 2015-08-03.
- ^ Albertson, Maurice L., Pauline E. Birky, and Andrew E. Rice. 1961. The Peace Corps Final Report. Colorado State University Research Foundation, Fort Collins. January, 1961.
- ^ a b "Teaching With Documents: Founding Documents of the Peace Corps." National Archives and Records Administration.
- ^ a b Megan Gibson. "Top 10 Things You Didn't Know About the Peace Corps" (September 22, 2011). Time.
- ^ a b James Tobin. "JFK at the Union: The Unknown Story of the Peace Corps Speech." National Peace Corps Association/University of Michigan.
- ^ The Avalon Project (1997). "Inaugural Address of John F. Kennedy". The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Retrieved May 11, 2007.
- ^ June 22, 1962 Remarks to Student Volunteers Participating in Operation Crossroads Africa. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=8730
- ^ (2005) "Who Inspired the Creation of the Peace Corps". Peace Corps Online.
- ^ "Executive Order 10924: Establishment of the Peace Corps. (1961)". Ourdocuments.gov. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
- ^ "Organization of American Historians". Historycooperative.org. June 1, 2000. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
- ^ Billy Hathorn, "Otto Passman, Jerry Huckaby, and Frank Spooner: The Louisiana Fifth Congressional District Campaign of 1976", Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, Vol. LIV, No. 3 (Summer 2013), p. 337
- ^ "US History – The Peace Corps". Peace Corps Online. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
- ^ "Peace Corps Girl Stirs Anger In Nigeria by Alleging 'Squalor'". New York Times. October 16, 1961. p. 10.
- ^ a b c "The infamous Peace Corps postcard". Peace Corps Writers. 2007. Retrieved May 11, 2007.
- ^ "Postcard to Friend Reporting 'Primitive Living' Leads to Protest by Students". New York Times. October 16, 1961. p. 10.
- ^ "RIFT ON PEACE CORPS HEALING IN NIGERIA". New York Times. November 7, 1961. p. 7.
- ^ Yee, Daniel (2005). "Jimmy Carter said his mother's service in the Peace Corps as a nurse when she was 70 years old "was one of the most glorious experiences of her life."". Peace Corps Online. Retrieved May 11, 2007.
- ^ [2],.
- ^ Weiss, Philip (May 21, 2005). "Deborah Gardner's death – Murder in the Peace Corps – Dennis Priven". Nymag.com. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
- ^ Hastings, David, ed., 2004. Geoscientists in the Peace Corps. Geotimes, August 2004.
- ^ "Microsoft Word - Fact Sheet National Service 070408 FINAL.doc" (PDF). Retrieved January 19, 2011.
- ^ http://feed.vocativ.com/peace-corps-applications-lowest-in-a-decade-doing-good-is-great-but-young-people-want-jobs/
- ^ "The Obameter: Double the Peace Corps – Obama promise No. 221:". PolitiFact. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
- ^ Boston – AP (March 4, 2006). "Peace Corps eyes recruitment of minorities, older Americans, peace, corps, percent – Regional News – WRGB CBS 6 Albany". 42.652579;-73.756232: Cbs6albany.com. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
- ^ "The Technologies of Peace – | Harvard International Review". Hir.harvard.edu. May 2, 2007. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
- ^ "United States – Selected Population Profile in the United States (White alone, not Hispanic or Latino)". 2009 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
- ^ Eden Stiffman (April 8, 2011). "Peace Corps Under Fire". First Response Action. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
- ^ "History". Michigan Review. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
- ^ Mike Sheppard (2011). "Violent Crimes Against Peace Corps Volunteers". Retrieved June 5, 2015.
- ^ "Peace Corps Gang Rape: Volunteer Says U.S. Agency Ignored Warnings". ABC News. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
- ^ peacecorpswiki.org – wiki page last substantially updated at 26 October 2009
- ^ peacecorpswiki.org/Category:Country – Peace Corps' sorted list that includes all countries served and formerly served
- ^ "Countries". Peace Corps. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
- ^ "Cuerpos de Paz de EE.UU. se van por la inseguridad" (in Spanish). elsalvador.com. 11 January 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
- ^ "US Peace Corps cuts Honduras role amid security fears". London: BBC. 22 December 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f "Countries". Peace Corps. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
- ^ Stout, David. "The U.S. Peace Corps Has Suspended Operations in Jordan". Time. Time Inc. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
- ^ "One must be 18 years old and a U.S. Citizen to apply". Peacecorps. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- ^ Hessler-Radelet, Carrie; Ziemer, Tim; (2013-04-24)"Peace Corps Volunteers Extend Malaria Efforts to Villages and Towns Across Africa", Huffington Post. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
- ^ "Africa: Prevention Focus of Peace Corps' World Malaria Day Events", AllAfrica.com. 2013-04-26. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
- ^ "Environment | What Do Volunteers Do? | Peace Corps". Peacecorps.gov. December 15, 2010. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
- ^ "Environment Education or Awareness | What Do Volunteers Do? | Peace Corps". Peacecorps.gov. September 30, 2010. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
- ^ "Forestry | What Do Volunteers Do? | Peace Corps". Peacecorps.gov. September 30, 2010. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
- ^ Peace Corps Hotline. "Crisis Corps: Opportunity to serve again" by Melinda Bridges. November 1, 2002. (PDF) Archived November 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Arnold, David. "Helping Rwanda." WorldView, Spring 1995, Vol. 8, No. 2. pg. 21
- ^ "Peace Corps "Peace Corps Press Release" November 19, 2007". Peacecorps.gov. November 19, 2007. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
- ^ "Coverdell worldwise schools". Peace Corps. Retrieved 20 Sep 2013.
- ^ Peters,Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "John F. Kennedy: "Executive Order 10924 – Establishment and Administration of the Peace Corps in the Department of State," March 1, 1961". The American Presidency Project. University of California – Santa Barbara. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
- ^ Peters,Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "John F. Kennedy: "Executive Order 11041," August 6, 1962". The American Presidency Project. University of California – Santa Barbara. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
- ^ "Executive Orders". Archives.gov. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
- ^ "Executive Orders". Archives.gov. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
- ^ "Bill Summary & Status – 94th Congress (1975–1976) – H.R.6334 – THOMAS (Library of Congress)". Thomas.loc.gov. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
- ^ "Bill Summary & Status – 95th Congress (1977–1978) – H.R.11877 – THOMAS (Library of Congress)". Thomas.loc.gov. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
- ^ "Bill Summary & Status – 96th Congress (1979–1980) – H.R.6790 – THOMAS (Library of Congress)". Thomas.loc.gov. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
- ^ "Bill Summary & Status – 97th Congress (1981–1982) – S.1196 – THOMAS (Library of Congress)". Thomas.loc.gov. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
- ^ "Bill Summary & Status – 99th Congress (1985–1986) – S.960 – THOMAS (Library of Congress)". Thomas.loc.gov. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
- ^ "Bill Summary & Status – 99th Congress (1985–1986) – H.R.3838 – THOMAS (Library of Congress)". Thomas.loc.gov. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
- ^ "Bill Summary & Status – 102nd Congress (1991–1992) – S.3309 – THOMAS (Library of Congress)". Thomas.loc.gov. October 28, 1992. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
- ^ http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=105_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ12.pdf
- ^ http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=106_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ030.pdf
- ^ "Enlisted Assignments and Utilization Management, Army Regulation 614–200" (PDF). Department of the Army. February 26, 2009. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
- ^ "United States Code: Browse Titles Page". Frwebgate.access.gpo.gov. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
- ^ Peace Corps. "Aaron S. Williams to Step Down as Peace Corps Director". peacecorps.gov. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
- ^ Peace Corps. "Director". peacecorps.gov. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
- ^ Office of the Inspector General. "Major Functions of OIG". Retrieved February 12, 2014.
- ^ "H. David Kotz Named New Inspector General at SEC (SEC)". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. December 5, 2007. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
- ^ Graves, Lucia. "The Huffington Post".
- ^ Rein, Lisa (2016-01-11). "Peace Corps volunteers petition to reinstate sexual assault victims' advocate who was pushed out". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2016-01-13.
- ^ Lowen, Linda. "Rape, Sexual Assault of Women in the Peace Corps – Are Women Safe? Part 2".
- ^ "How Peace Corps Volunteers Are Left Behind".
- ^ "No Exceptions: Documenting the Abortion Experiences of US Peace Corps Volunteers.". Jan 2015.
- ^ "Think Again: The Peace Corps". Foreign Policy. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
- ^ "John Coyne Babbles – Crime And The Peace Corps Volunteer–Not A Novel!". peacecorpsworldwide.org. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
- ^ ABC News. "Raped While a Peace Corps Volunteer – ABC News". ABC News. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
- ^ Graves, Lucia (May 11, 2011). "Peace Corps Volunteers Speak Out About Rape, Violence". Huffington Post.
- ^ Linda Lowen. "Is the Peace Corps Dangerous for Women?". About.com News & Issues. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
- ^ "The Peace Corps". multinationalmonitor.org. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
- ^ Lex Rieffel (December 1, 2003). "Reconsidering the Peace Corps". The Brookings Institution. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
- ^ "The Forgotten Failures of the Peace Corps". fff.org. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
- ^ "Peace Corps Volunteers Speak Out on Rape". The New York Times. May 10, 2011.
- ^ "Peace Corps volunteers speak out against "gross mismanagement of sexual assault complaints"". Boing Boing. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
- ^ New York Daily News. "Disappointed Diallo ma" by Nicole Bode. November 27, 2006. The original link is dead. An archival link is available here.
- ^ a b ""Jimi Sir an American Peace Corps volunteer in Nepal" December 18, 2004". Jimisir.com. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
- ^ Miami Herald. "Popular film revives Peace Corps rumors: The top movie in Colombia is about the origins of the cocaine trade with an unexpected villain: the U.S. Peace Corps." by Steven Dudley. November 6, 2004. Archive link.
- ^ Amigos de Bolivia y Peru. "Sacrificial Llama? The Expulsion of the Peace Corps from Bolivia in 1971" by James F. Siekmeier. The original story is a dead link. An archival copy is available here.
- ^ http://www.peacecorps.gov/media/forpress/press/2631/
Further reading[edit]
- Czernek, Andrew (2012). Summary of studies done of returned Peace Corps volunteers (RPCVs)
- In March 2011, the VOA Special English service of the Voice of America broadcast a 15-minute program on the Peace Corps and its 50th anniversary. A transcript and MP3 of the program, intended for English learners, can be found at "Peace Corps at 50: Same Mission of Aid, Just Smaller".


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Number of commits found: 2
Polish pkg-descr and pkg-message: . add comments and warnings about problems with chroot into the linux base; [1] . delete a note about linux port for alpha; [1] . add an advice to use linux_dist ports for cross-development; [1] . fix the link linux-XFree86-libs -> linux-xorg-libs. Submitted by: netchild (at freebsd-emulation@) [1]
- finish repo copy from fc3 to fc4 by updating to fc4 and connecting to the build - don't provide a var/log directory -> use the native one [1] Submitted by: Boris Samorodov <firstname.lastname@example.com> Suggested by: netchild [1] Repocopy by: marcus
Servers and bandwidth provided byNew York Internet, SuperNews, and RootBSD
24 vulnerabilities affecting 56 ports have been reported in the past 14 days
* - modified, not new
All vulnerabilities

subset: commoncrawl


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The mission of the Drexel Architecture Program is to pursue architecture as a professional discipline by combining the rigors of the academy with the realities of contemporary architectural practice.
Network and build relationships with various student groups throughout the campus:
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AIA Philadelphia has a job listings page on their website. Here is the most recent AIA Compensation Report Survey.
Firms seeking interns may contact Rachel Schade, AIA, Associate Director for Student Placement. Please complete and attach the following form: Drexel Architecture Student Job Placement Form [PDF]
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For a separate cash prize, the competition will include an additional napkin sketch contest for the project described in the challenge. Entrants do not need to complete the main challenge to enter the napkin sketch contest or they may enter both competitions.
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Bruce Thompson was a twenty-five year veteran of the lighting industry. He had a broad background in the profession having worked in theatre, retail, as a factory representative, and concluding his career in manufacturing as vice president of sales and marketing. Throughout his career Bruce emphasized design and innovation. He was also an accomplished light fixture designer. He established this independent competition to encourage creativity and education in light fixture design and manufacturing.
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Super Castles Australia can provide the ultimate entertainment for your next party or event. Super Castles has over 40 inflatables for hire with themes, sizes and styles to suit every occasion including Frozen, Minions, Toy Story, Disney Cars, Pirates, Princess, Super Heroes, Jungle & all you favorite Marvel Super heroes. We also hire adults jumping castles and have a Huge range of inflatable interactive games and obstacle courses available in Brisbane, Ipswich and the Gold Coast including ...
Ipswich Toy Hire
Parties Jumping CastlesCheeky Jumping Castles
Parties Jumping CastlesIn addition to the results above, we also have included a selection of related kids activities that may interest you.
Jumping castles for kids in the Ipswich Region
Jumping Castle Hire Brisbane
Parties Jumping Castles
BCH hire quality themed jumping castles at affordable rates.We also hire slushie machines,arcade games,tables and chairs.
Cleanest equipment in the business! Friendly,reliable,professional staff.
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Call Scotty today for a no deposit required booking
Grasshopper Jumping Castles
Parties Jumping CastlesKidstuff Entertainment
Parties Jumping CastlesBrisbane Castle Hire - Party Hire Browns Plains
Parties Jumping CastlesParty hire & suppliers for kids in the Ipswich Region
Party like a Popstar
Parties Party Hire
Does your child ever dream of becoming a Popstar? Party like a Popstar will be the ultimate birthday party for your kids!
We do disco and karaoke birthday parties for 4 – 12 year olds
A professional entertainer will come with a powerful state of the art PA system, spectacular disco lights and microphones for the children to sing their favorite songs on. We have all lastest top hits songs, to suit every age. Our aim is to make sure every child leaves the party with a memorable experience, but ...
Invisions Staffing & Party Hire
Parties Party Hire
INVISIONS STAFFING & PARTY HIRE are the leaders in private party staff hire & Illuminated furniture hire in Queensland
Entertaining at home or the office
should be a time to relax and enjoy family and friends,
not worry about all the details of your party that can turn it into work instead of fun.
Available for Brisbane & suburbs - Ipswich – Gold coast.
You Deserve To Be Spoilt So Book Now To Avoid Disappointment. Visit our website for full details
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Parties Party Hire
We are professional fireworks display artists that perform for audiences all over Queensland. We have been entertaining for more than 15 years and have delighted crowds from all walks of life in that time. We aim to please and deliver the very best pyrotechnics effects and colours that are available world wide. We use pyrotechnics that are award winning.
There is nothing more powerful and amazing than designing and performing a fireworks display that really connects with people. It allows ...
Little Munchkins Toy Hire
Parties Party Hire
Need toys for a children's party - we have Ball Pits, Slides, Cubbies and more for hire to make your party the best one ever.
Need toys for grandkids or relatives coming to visit - we have dolls houses, duplo, castles and cars for hire
Budget Party Hire Brisbane
Parties Party Hire
We offer cheap party hire in Brisbane, from party audio, party lighting such as lasers and strobes, party equipment, fog machines, and more for hire!
Coastal Castles
Parties Party HireDragon Jumping Castle Party Hire
Parties Party SuppliersLook at Me Face Painting & Body Art
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Parties Party Suppliers
We supply: Chairs, Tables, BBQ'S, Cold rooms, Toilets, Marquees, Catering equipment, Crockery & Cutlery, Glassware, Disco Lights, Helium, Balloons & Decorations.
The Party Hire Place
Parties Party Suppliers
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Full length native protein (purified)- kinesin II purified from unfertilized sea urchin egg cytosol.
The antibody blocks ciliogenesis in urchin eggs.
Our Abpromise guarantee covers the use of ab24626 in the following tested applications.
The application notes include recommended starting dilutions; optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
アプリケーション | Abreviews | 特記事項 |
Blocking | Use at an assay dependent dilution. It blocks ciliogenesis in urchin eggs. | |
ICC/IF | Use at an assay dependent dilution. | |
WB | 1/1000. Predicted molecular weight: 85-95 kDa. |
Please note: All products are "FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY AND ARE NOT INTENDED FOR DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC USE"


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Watch: Patriots start preparation for Carolina Panthers, hope to get back Shane Vereen and Aqib Talib
In the latest Patriots midweek report, New England is coming off the bye week with the red-hot Carolina Panthers to prepare for. The team will also hopefully see the return of cornerback Aqib Talib and running back Shane Vereen. See interviews with Tom Brady and Kyle Arrington as the Patriots start their preparations for this week's game.
Ski season updates, free from The Boston Globe.
Get the Globe's free newsletter, It's All Downhill, for the latest from the slopes.


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Craig Overton is part of the England Lions squad that is currently on the way to Sri Lanka.
The Lions will be involved in two four-day matches and a five-match one-day series against Sri Lanka A and Craig couldn't wait to board the 'plane when we spoke to him on Friday. "It will be really good," he said. "It'll be a long trip but also a good one and it'll be against some really good opposition. A lot of their players will have played for Sri Lanka so it's going to be tough but good fun."
Craig has been included in both squads whilst Somerset teammate Jack Leach has been included in the four-day squad about which he said: "It's great to be in both the one-day and four-day squad. The first few weeks is going to be all about the red ball, so I've been getting prepared for that here in Taunton. Hopefully I can do well in that and then take some good form in to the white ball stuff. It'll be great to have Leachy with us. It was a tough winter for him but he's handled it brilliantly. He can just crack on now and concentrate on his cricket."
The 22 year old is straining at the leash to get some grass under his feet. "It will be good to get out on the grass," he said. "I had a bit of that in Dubai and I can't wait to get out there. There's no substitute for bowling on grass. Bowling indoors is completely different so it's really nice to be able to go outside and get used to bowling on grass again. I've been doing quite a bit of gym stuff here but obviously when we get out to Sri Lanka we'll be focusing more on the cricket side of things. The last few weeks have been pretty tough here but it's been good to get in the gym and get strong again."
It's not just his bowling that he's concentrating on though as he explained. "Batting is something that I've been working on and I want to score a few more runs," he said. "It was great to get a hundred last year and I want to get a few more. It was a big relief to get that hundred. I'd been really close a couple of times so it was good to finally get there!"
What are Craig's goals on this tour? "Hopefully I'll be selected for the four-day games," he said. "If that happens and I do well in those then we'll see what happens with the one-dayers. I'm not looking too far in to the future. I'm concentrating on what I'm doing now in order to perform the best I can."
The Lions begin their tour with a three-day warm up match on February 12th and this will be followed by two four-day matches against Sri Lanka A beginning on the 17th and the 24th.
The five-match one-day series will begin on March 2nd.


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Got Insurance? By Sam Day Posted on July 11, 2014 by comics4healthcoverage About Sam: I have been a professional artist, illustrator, cartoonist, caricaturist, and now, wedding painter. For most of my 25 year career, I've had health insurance. At times this coverage was from my wife's employer; at other times it was an individual policy, paid monthly by my hard scrabble scribblings. But there have been lapses in coverage over the years. The story in these four panels happened during a lapse many years ago. The debt still stalks me.http://www.samday.com
Play It Safe by the Luna Blue Art Collective Posted on March 28, 2014 by comics4healthcoverage Ossain Avila Cardenas is the creator of the Luna Blue Art Collective small press and self-publishing music and art collective. He is also the creator of The Little O and his LONELY one man Folk-Punk band.www.facebook.com/lunablueartcollective
By David Lasky Posted on March 25, 2014 by comics4healthcoverage David Lasky is a Seattle cartoonist and winner of the 2013 Eisner Award for his graphic novel The Carter Family: Don't Forget This Song. https://www.facebook.com/LaskyComics
I was having a tough time with the lithium by Ellen Forney Posted on March 24, 2014 by comics4healthcoverage Excerpted from Marbles: Mania, Depression, Michelangelo, and Me by Ellen Forney. Ellen is a cartoonist living in Seattle. She collaborated with Sherman Alexie on the National Book Award-winning novel The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian and created the Eisner-nominated comic books I Love Led Zeppelin and Monkey Food. marblesbyellenforney.com
First World Problems by Michael O'Driscoll Posted on October 8, 2013 by comics4healthcoverage About Michael O'Driscoll: "I draw somewhat obsessively when I'm not flipping over my handlebars or falling down stairs. My art is my only chance of getting health insurance." http://www.missinglinkart.blogspot.com
A Letter to Congress by Elliott Chapman. Posted on October 8, 2013 by comics4healthcoverage Elliott is six years old and she really wrote this letter. Meredith Li-Vollmer is 42 years old and was so impressed that she made pictures for it. Meredith has never met Elliott but hopes Miss Chapman will consider running for public office someday.
It Was the Dog's Fault by Emilie Bess Posted on October 3, 2013 by comics4healthcoverage Emilie Bess lives in Seattle. She's into science, comics, and gardening. This is the first comic she has published.


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Honor Guard
The Sheriff's Honor Guard was formed as a small volunteer unit in the early 1970's and has transformed into the now impressive formation that is observed at so many functions and ceremonies today. The Honor Guard's mission is to provide a sharp, professional, military style representation of the Sheriff at memorial services and funerals for fallen officers, parades, and any other event where they are called to appear. One of these is the four Memorial Day services held at the Ocala Marion County Veterans Park. The Honor Guard participates annually at the National Police Memorial Week held in Washington, DC. While at the memorial, the team participates in the Honor Guard competition which has representation from city, county, state and federal agencies from across the nation. This year, the Honor Guard placed 4th during the exhibition phase of the competition. In 2010, the Honor Guard participated in 22 events around the state including seven funerals, five veterans events, two parades, five colors presentations, and two 9/11 ceremonies.


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At 612brew beers include Gateway Park pre-prohibition style lager, Six American Pale Ale, Unrated Rye IPA and the Outfit Oatmeal Porter.
Brewery makes custom creations that break the mold of typical beer
Enjoy a brewery package from this Minnesota based taproom which includes a flight, one pint to drink, and an empty growler
Taproom features 11 beers on draft and daily-determined nitros
An intimate look at the brewing process from grain to glass. Sample up to 5 different beers and take home a logo-ed pint glass.
Taste the artfully crafted brews at Barley John's Brewery, take home souvenir glasses and a growler filled with your choice of beer.
Twosomes or foursomes sample beers inside an intimate tap room, then select their favorites for a full pour
Custom-made bar constructed from the wood of a nearly 100-year-old barn welcomes groups for flights of strong ales, stouts, and IPAs
Guests sample any of this brewery's four craft beers, including an IPA with a punch of pine and citrus, a crisp lager, or a nutty brown ale
An expert shows beer lovers around the facilities where brews are made before allowing them to sample some of their most popular beers
Coffee and iced coffee served on draft with a bright, floral taste
Up to 14 people pedal on a group bicycle outfitted with a table and cooler for BYOB drinks; three easy routes around St. Paul available
Delicious dinner fare at a bar dedicated to burgers and sports
Sports bar offers a variety of burgers, pizzas, sandwiches, flatbreads, salads, and more
Enjoy a 6-pack growler punch card or get a growler of your favorite beer, jug, growler cozy, and two pint glasses
Only North Loop sports bar features new 16 tap beers, TVs and fresh made-from-scratch menu of pizzas, pastas, burgers and salads.
Established American tavern serves pub favorites
A fun pub crawl through many bars and taverns of the streets of downtown Minneapolis
Sweeping arboretum captivates guests with more than 1,200 acres of gardens, prairies, and woodland trails containing 5,000+ plant species
Dine on a buffet of chicken and pork carnitas while gazing at the sights along the St. Croix River
Whiskey made with grains from Minnesota and locally-sourced barrels; gin crafted with juniper berries grown on-site
Sulfides are a natural byproduct of the winemaking process, and although wineries strive to keep them out of the finished bottle, they're impossible to avoid completely.
Narrated train excursion along the shores of Lake Superior and into the North Woods of Minnesota
Nearly 3000 stars can be projected onto the surface of a 30-foot dome, taking the observer to any point in the universe
At an estate inspired by the traditional European chateau, guests enjoy award-winning wines with artisan cheeses and chocolate truffles
This Duluth zoo features hundreds of native animals and exotic species
Passengers take in the natural scenery and sip champagne on a 60 ft. yacht
Guests try six different wines and snack on antipasti plates while overlooking the St. Croix River and listening to live music on weekends
Discover new restaurants, spas, things to do & more great deals added daily!
*Valid on 1 unit per transaction; max 1 Local or Getaways deal per customer. Max discount $30. New customers only. Exclusive and non-transferable. Ends 3/31/17. Full details: gr.pn/promofaq


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In a cross-cultural exchange of musical sounds on flutes both ancient and modern, this cultural friendship brings together Eastern and Western musical styles in one concert program. The haunting colours, characters and stories of each musical tradition will be shared, combining the passionate tones of the Ney (the Iranian classical end-blown flute) together with the distinct sounds of the modern low flutes, including Alto, Bass, Contrabass, and the gigantic Subcontrabass flute.
Arya BastaniNezhad enjoys considerable success as a performer on the end-blown Iranian Ney flute. He has made numerous recordings and has given concerts throughout the world. Peter Sheridan, Professor of Flute at Monash University and well-known as a specialist in low flutes, has also performed internationally and is a recording artist with MOVE Records. They will be joined by Melbourne's own Alice Bennett on Bass flute and Elizabeth Collier on Alto flute.
'Exchanges of Breath' will showcase new music by contemporary Iranian composers Reza Vali, Saeed Sharifian and Arya BastaniNezhad. You will hear Iranian folkloric and classical elements merged with modern Western performance practices and compositional techniques. The Iranian composers' use of microtonality and Middle Eastern melismatic melodies within a Western musical framework produces a beautifully rich musical tapestry, reminiscent of the art of Persian calligraphy.
Other composers profiled in this concert are Australians Katia Tiutiunnik, Ross Edwards and Michal Rosiak, and Americans Alex Shapiro, Gary Schocker and Peter Sheridan. These works draw extensively on the lyrical quality of the flute family's various voices and the musical traditions of the Far East, the Middle East, Europe, the Americas and Australia. From the well-known characteristically rhythmic style of Ross Edwards' 'Ulpirra' to the lyrical writing in Katia Tiutiunnik's 'De Profundis', the various flutes will explore the different timbres and expressions of two cultures. From Rosiak's innovative 'Quasi Latino' set for the modern low-flutes quartet, and the whimsical quirky language of Gary Schocker's 'Adventures Under A Leaf', to the natural heart-felt emotions of Shapiro's 'Below', there will be something for everyone in this exciting concert.
Drawing together performers from a variety of cultural backgrounds, this concert will feature American-born Melbourne resident Peter Sheridan (low flutes), Melbourne's own Alice Bennett(Bass flute) and Elizabeth Collier (Alto flute) and recently-settled Australian residents Arya BastaniNezhad (flute & Persian ney) from Shiraz - Iran.
The aim of Exchanges of Breath is to give Australian audiences the opportunity to hear Creative Expression and the New and Multidimensional Sound Worlds while pushing the boundaries of contemporary music performance practice. Sharing these experiences with audience is just as rewarding!
R.Vali Zand (Ney & string Trio)
R.Edwards Ulpirra(Altoflute)
R. Vali Folk Songs (Flute & Low flutes)
J.S.Bach Chorale
K. Tiutiunnik De Profundis (Ney & Flute Trio)
* Interval*
A. BastaniNezhad Ney solo
M. Rosiak Quasi Latino (Low Flutes Quartet)
G. Schocker Adventures Under a Leaf (Flute & Bassflute)
R. Vali Folk Songs (Set No. Set11B) (Flute & Low flutes)
Alex Shapiro Below (Contrabass Flute and Electronics)
M.S. Sharifian Dawn (Flute Quartet)
Exchanges of Breath: Closing Meditation: Ney, Bass flute and AUDIENCE!


text: Scary Korean Comic (link) Click to block a category:GamingPoliticsNewsComicsAnimeOther antistar Channel: morbid-channel next random Comment Top NextComment comic.naver.com/webtoon/detail.nhn?titleId=3502... You don't need to understand Korean. ITT: Post your faces when you read this. next Tags: Scary | Korean | comic | creepypasta Mystery Sketch 2011 Written and Illustrated by HORANG ... +55 Views: 26225 Submitted: 12/20/2011 Facebook Twitter Google+ Tumblr Pinterest


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I recently went on a 'mommy strike' and have been sharing my experiences about it in a 'logbook' type fashion on Facebook. Much to my surprise, the response has been overwhelming and I have been asked to share it more publicly. So here it is…my very own blog. Please feel free to share:) I have a feeling I am not the only crazy working mother out there!!
Sunday, 6 January 2013
Jazz Hands
19 comments:
When you're right, you're right!
Nice work, Jessica! And thanks for abandoning the anal exam wish.
Seriously, thanks!Good job on taking the high road. It looks like things are working out for the best for everyone involved.
ReplyDeleteSo glad you are having Robert guest blog. He has me laughing out loud with every post. Also, I'm glad that this has led me to your blog! I think there are more chuckles to be had here.
Just as an aside, I am the mother of an almost 20 yr old daughter. Gawd in heaven, don't know how I made it past the teen years!I've been reading Hook for quite a while and yeah, he tells it like he sees it. I look forward to seeing his guest post!
NancyI got gypped!
Hook has left nothing but nice comments on my blog from the get-go. What gives, hah, Hook?
But I hear you, Jessica.
I can't remember how exactly I got to Hook's blog. It was a little over a year ago and I chanced upon his post about his daughter, Sarah's take (make that, double take) on bullying.
In true Hook style, he railed. That was new to me. Well, HE was new to me, so I found it odd that someone would get their kecks in a knot (to the degree that he did) about an incident they did not personally experience. So I shot him a question about his daughter's views on the incident. And I was pleased with the answer.
And that was it. I was Hooked.
>I think if I met Robert in person he would have a very dry sense of humour.
- Indeed! I crack up with a lot of his one-liners.
But Hook and I don't always have the same POV on certain aspects in his posts. Yet he is gracious and accepts that there is more than one way to view things. I like this trait, that he doesn't stymie a different angle, even if it is diametrically different from his own. That's not just being democratic, that's being mature and respectful as well.
>Most importantly, when he writes of his family you can actually feel his adoration.
- Bingo!
>The world needs more dads like Robert Hookey.
- Amen, sista!
KateThe Hook makes me laugh, makes me cry, makes my shake my head and wonder why. I love that man! Sorry to find out his is a stalker.
ReplyDeleteI'll check out his blog. But I have to say that while I was reading your post, mostly on the "punch&stuff", I imagined myself telling someone that. I used to argue about everything, then I decided I should stop doing that and begin listening and trying to understand. Obviously we have to do it, but now I'm trying to get my voice out again. Sometimes we lose ourselves when we try to change too much. Happily, most of people can find the middle :>
ReplyDelete- Anonymous8 January 2013 at 17:35
(Wandering around again)
Nice post. Like your writing style - and humor
And you are right about Hook. Nice guy - no matter what he says.
Phil, the Philosopher Mouse of the Hedge


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ith all of their enemies seemingly defeated, the Counsil of Twelve proposes to revoke the martial law that has been in effect since the destruction of the Colonies and give Commander Adama a permanent Council envoy, Siress Tinia. Meanwhile, Baltar plans his escape from the prison barge by enlisting the help of the Borelian Nomen and Commandant Leiter's enforcers.
Résumé de IMDb.com


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8:30 am EDT |
Submit your entry |
If you have a FREE Trial Profile you can start searching for that Special Someone! You'll also be able to write to as many members as you wish on JewishCafe.com or access our easy-to-use features. Perhaps one day you'll be sending us your accolade :-) !! CLICK HERE to meet Someone Special! |


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Hand Made From Scratch
Hand Made From Scratch
We are not your typical donut shop! We're known for our big, fluffy, brioche style yeasted donuts - it's what makes us different (but don't worry, we carry old-fashioned and filled donuts, too)! Our signature brioche style donuts are made, rolled, cut, dipped and topped by hand. We have a monthly rotating menu with seasonal offerings, because we like to keep things new and fresh! We love donuts and believe they should be enjoyed beyond simply tasting good - they should be enjoyed as an experience.
Wednesday - Sunday
8am - 3pm, or 'til we sell out!
Come visit us!
Come visit us!


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Top Definition
A pizza for sharing amongst a group, typically ordered as a side dish to main meals.
Say Scott, I'm really hungry and can't decide which one I want, shall we get a table pizza as well?
by pizzalover69
January 20, 2014
The Urban Dictionary Mug
One side has the word, one side has the definition. Microwave and dishwasher safe. Lotsa space for your liquids.
Buy the mugThe Urban Dictionary T-Shirt
Smooth, soft, slim fit American Apparel shirt. Custom printed. 100% fine jersey cotton, except for heather grey (90% cotton).
Buy the t-shirt


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These sunglasses feature a wire frame and gradient lenses. Engraved logo lettering at left lens. Resin accents and embossed logo details at temples.
* Frame is 5.75" wide (measured from temple edges) and 2.25" high.
* Made in Italy.
* Frame is 5.75" wide (measured from temple edges) and 2.25" high.
* Made in Italy.
When Guccio Gucci, son of a Florentine craftsman, opened a leather goods shop in his native city in 1921, he laid the foundation for what would become one of the world's most powerful and recognizable luxury brands. Gucci's current designs celebrate the House's inimitable past and its expertise in luxury craftsmanship, all the while adding youth, color, and a playful extravagance.
Shipping & Returns
Free Shipping Worldwide: No matter where you are sending your order, we offer free express shipping across the globe. Shipping Details
Easy Returns: Because we understand that not every purchase is exactly right, we've made returns easy. With the return form and return shipping label included with every order, customer service calls aren't necessary. And if you're in the USA, returns are free. Return Details
Shipping Available: Shipping Within USA Only: For Amazon Prime members, free two-day shipping is available for all Shopbop & East Dane products.


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[From DBMS Musings: The problems with ACID, and how to fix them without going NoSQL]
Archive for Uncategorized
Applications of FluidDB
Not sure what it does yet, but worth exploring.
[From Applications]
Open Data (OData)
yet another protocol to exchange data. Not clear what it brings to the arena.
[From Open Data (OData)]


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An article written for Pathe sometime between September and December 1926. Transcribed from the original manuscript. The article contains interviews with Robert McGowan (the gang's director) and Fern Carter (their teacher).
The text is recorded here exactly as it appears in the manuscript - spelling errors, improper punctuation, inconsistant capitalization, and all. This article predates legal events concerning the films that affected ownership, copyrights, etc. Certain terminology used in this article that in future years would be expressed formally as copyrighted names/titles should be considered within this article as common usage when it was drafted. This article is presented here for public viewing as a document of historical interest. Please do not copy, reproduce, or publish this article in any way.
Page 1|2
[Home] [Our Gang] [Pan American Airways] [Yuzuha] [You Inoue] [U.S.S. Mason (DD-852)] [Cats] [Space-Time]


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International Forum for Occupational Safety and Health, Amman Jordan 2017
Event Information
Safety and wellbeing of the workforce and providing safe and healthy work environments are not any more privileges that the employers have the option to offer or not, they are mandatory requirements that now are backed-up by many international laws and local legal legislations and considered as a genuine right for the workforce.
In the Arab World today organizations of both sectors (public and private) must understand that the safety and wellbeing of their employees and that of their contractors is of paramount importance and must constitute a core value of any company work ethics and management practices. This is their basic ethical duty towards society and part of their socio-economic value proposition.
This Forum will focus on the fact that EHS management is always been an integral part of any business, topics and speakers will discuss how to successfully invest in the right Safety Strategies can help not only providing a safer and secure work environment, but also reduced costs with the implementation of right strategies. The forum will also discuss how to build competency and manage the workforce to ensure Integrated OHS Management and finally how to enhance the awareness about the OHS culture.


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Availability: | In stock |
Item Number | 434A138;434A238;434A950;9999033 |
Bed Size | Twin |
Bed Type | Panel, Youth |
Brand | Universal Smartstuff |
Style | Contemporary |
Material | Wood |
Finish | White |
Depth (inches) | 81 |
Width (inches) | 42 |
Height (inches) | 48 |
Product Type | Bed |
Weight | 152 lbs |
Smartstuff Furniture Genevieve Reading Twin Bed in French White 434A038
With traditional silhouettes and distinctive French details, Genevieve is fresh and subtly feminine in a French White finish. A sophisticated mix of coordinated pieces creates a collected look that appeals to girls of all ages. Genevieve is amiable and understated. Timeless styling, beautiful craftsmanship and smartstuffTM features make Genevieve a collection any girl would love to grow up with.
We guarantee your complete satisfaction - 100% of the time!
Everything listed on our site is unconditionally guaranteed. Is the item you received not what you expected? Did it not fit as well as you hoped in your home or match your decor? Whatever the reason, you won't be stuck with an item that you can't use or you don't want.
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Smartstuff Furniture Genevieve 4-Piece Reading Bedroom Set in French White |
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I do not own a kayak
I've kayaked a bit and loved it each time. I want to become better at it.
I live in east tampa, almost the Brandon area.
Working as a national property mgmt as director for the state . Love our opportunity to take advantage of the weather and natural resources here in Florida.
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Routines in SD vs. user exits
Could you explain "Routines" in SD, and how different are they from user exits?
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Routines are a type of user-exit. They are usually small forms, written in ABAP, with a specific format, which carry out checks during SD processing. They can all be found and maintained in transaction VOFM.
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Member Of …
Books & Reading
Recommended Friends
- Amanda Holling Librarian, geek, knitter, fangirl, writer
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- Cameron D. Garriepy Writer, shenaniganist, and all around cool person
- Doom Buggy Runner My pal David Geddings
- Home Ec 101 Great advice site from Heather Solos
- Kate Shrewsday Slightly off-kilter views from the other side of the pond
- Nut House Pretty Girl
- Shannon Gooding Mr Sugarbears
- Smokies Whisperer
- Sue Baiman – BrightEyedDyer
- TreasuresEncore My wife's eBay store of personal treasures
Recent Posts
Tag Archives: Highlands
Highlands, NC getting ready for Christmas
Such a pretty and friendly place. The Christmas parade is due to start at 11am. Posted via email from Carnellm's Posterous
Morning at The Mountain
See and download the full gallery on posterous A tad chilly, but beautiful. Posted via email from Carnellm's Posterous