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Modernism was a revolt against the conservative values of realism. Arguably the most paradigmatic motive of modernism is the rejection of tradition and its reprise, incorporation, rewriting, recapitulation, revision and parody in new forms. Modernism rejected the lingering certainty of Enlightenment thinking and also rejected the existence of a compassionate, all-powerful Creator God. In general, the term modernism encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organisation and daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social, and political conditions of an emerging fully industrialised and technological world.
The modernist movement, at the beginning of the 20th century, marked the first time that the term "avant-garde", with which the movement was labeled until the word "modernism" prevailed, was used for the arts (rather than in its original military and political context). Surrealism gained fame among the public as being the most extreme form of modernism, or "the avant-garde of modernism". The most controversial aspect of the modern movement was, and remains, its rejection of tradition. Modernism's stress on freedom of expression, experimentation, radicalism, and primitivism disregards conventional expectations. In many art forms this often meant startling and alienating audiences with bizarre and unpredictable effects, as in the strange and disturbing combinations of motifs in surrealism or the use of extreme dissonance and atonality in modernist music. In literature this often involved the rejection of intelligible plots or characterization in novels, or the creation of poetry that defied clear interpretation
"That's not it at all, that's not what I meant at all" —from "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," by T. S. Eliot The English novelist Virginia Woolf declared that human nature underwent a fundamental change "on or about December 1910." The statement testifies to the modern writer's fervent desire to break with the past, rejecting literary traditions that seemed outmoded and diction that seemed too genteel to suit an era of technological breakthroughs and global violence. "On or about 1910," just as the automobile and airplane were beginning to accelerate the pace of human life, and Einstein's ideas were transforming our perception of the universe, there was an explosion of innovation and creative energy that shook every field of artistic endeavor. Artists from all over the world converged on London, Paris, and other great cities of Europe to join in the ferment of new ideas and movements: Cubism, Constructivism, Futurism, Acmeism, and Imagism were among the most influential banners under which the new artists grouped themselves. It was an era when major artists were fundamentally questioning and reinventing their art forms: Matisse and Picasso in painting, James Joyce and Gertrude Stein in literature, Isadora Duncan in dance, Igor Stravinsky in music, and Frank Lloyd Wright in architecture.
The excitement, however, came to a terrible climax in 1914 with the start of the First World War, which wiped out a generation of young men in Europe, catapulted Russia into a catastrophic revolution, and sowed the seeds for even worse conflagrations in the decades to follow. By the war's end in 1918, the centuries- old European domination of the world had ended and the "American Century" had begun. For artists and many others in Europe, it was a time of profound disillusion with the values on which a whole civilization had been founded. But it was also a time when the avant-garde experiments that had preceded the war would, like the technological wonders of the airplane and the atom, inevitably establish a new dispensation, which we call modernism. Among the most instrumental of all artists in effecting this change were a handful of American poets.
Ezra Pound, the most aggressively modern of these poets, made "Make it new!" his battle cry. In London Pound encountered and encouraged his fellow expatriate T. S. Eliot, who wrote what is arguably the most famous poem of the twentieth century--The Waste Land--using revolutionary techniques of composition, such as the collage. Both poets turned to untraditional sources for inspiration, Pound to classical Chinese poetry and Eliot to the ironic poems of the 19th century French symbolist poet Jules Laforgue. H. D. (Hilda Doolittle) followed Pound to Europe and wrote poems that, in their extreme concision and precise visualization, most purely embodied his famous doctrine of imagism. Of the many modern poets who acted on the ambition to write a long poem capable of encompassing an entire era, Hart Crane was one of the more notably successful. In his poem "The Bridge," the Brooklyn Bridge is both a symbol of the new world and a metaphor allowing the poet to cross into different periods, where he may shake hands in the past with Walt Whitman and watch as the train called the Twentieth Century races into the future.
Summary This poem, the earliest of Eliot's major works, was completed in 1910 or 1911 but not published until 1915. It is an examination of the tortured psyche of the prototypical modern man—overeducated, eloquent, neurotic, and emotionally stilted. Prufrock, the poem's speaker, seems to be addressing a potential lover, with whom he would like to "force the moment to its crisis" by somehow consummating their relationship. But Prufrock knows too much of life to "dare" an approach to the woman: In his mind he hears the comments others make about his inadequacies, and he chides himself for "presuming" emotional interaction could be possible at all. The poem moves from a series of fairly concrete (for Eliot) physical settings—a cityscape (the famous "patient etherised upon a table") and several interiors (women's arms in the lamplight, coffee spoons, fireplaces)—to a series of vague ocean images conveying Prufrock's emotional distance from the world as he comes to recognize his second-rate status ("I am not Prince Hamlet'). "Prufrock" is powerful for its range of intellectual reference and also for the vividness of character achieved.
Comments "Prufrock" displays the two most important characteristics of Eliot's early poetry. First, it is strongly influenced by the French Symbolists, like Mallarmé, Rimbaud, and Baudelaire, whom Eliot had been reading almost constantly while writing the poem. From the Symbolists, Eliot takes his sensuous language and eye for unnerving or anti-aesthetic detail that nevertheless contributes to the overall beauty of the poem (the yellow smoke and the hair-covered arms of the women are two good examples of this). The Symbolists, too, privileged the same kind of individual Eliot creates with Prufrock: the moody, urban, isolated-yet-sensitive thinker. However, whereas the Symbolists would have been more likely to make their speaker himself a poet or artist, Eliot chooses to make Prufrock an unacknowledged poet, a sort of artist for the common man.
The second defining characteristic of this poem is its use of fragmentation and juxtaposition. Eliot sustained his interest in fragmentation and its applications throughout his career, and his use of the technique changes in important ways across his body of work: Here, the subjects undergoing fragmentation are mental focus and certain sets of imagery; in The Waste Land, it is modern culture that splinters. Eliot's use of bits and pieces of formal structure suggests that fragmentation, although anxiety-provoking, is nevertheless productive. The kinds of imagery Eliot uses also suggest that something new can be made from the ruins: The series of hypothetical encounters at the poem's center are iterated and discontinuous but nevertheless lead to a sort of epiphany (albeit a dark one) rather than just leading nowhere. Eliot also introduces an image that will recur in his later poetry, that of the scavenger. Prufrock thinks that he "should have been a pair of ragged claws / Scuttling across the floors of silent seas." Crabs are scavengers, garbage-eaters who live off refuse that makes its way to the sea floor. Eliot's discussions of his own poetic technique suggest that making something beautiful out of the refuse of modern life, as a crab sustains and nourishes itself on garbage, may, in fact, be the highest form of art. In The Waste Land, crabs become rats, and the optimism disappears, but here Eliot seems to assert only the limitless potential of scavenging.
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On Blogger since August 2009
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My blogs
Gender | FEMALE |
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Occupation | Teacher/librarian |
Location | Sydney, NSW, Australia |
Introduction | I'm a teacher/librarian in an early childhood school library. The library caters for 3-8 year old children, their teachers and their parents. My aim here is to showcase at least one book each day until there is ' a year in a Prep School Library'. Usually the date will be the birthday of someone who is connected with Children's Literature. I have met my initial challenge to write about a book every day, so now I write much more intermittently when I have learned of a new birthday, special day, have had a wonderful teaching moment or have found a great new book. |
Interests | children's books, reading, early childhood education |

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THE OTHER SIDEAlkimyaProgressive Metal |
From Progarchives.com, the ultimate progressive rock music website
Alkimya is one of those bands that are excellent musically. For a debut album this is exceptional prog metal, and I really hope to see more from this band in the future. They show their potential in so many ways, but the lack of originality and a few other flaws completely kill this album.
Well, it doesn't completely kill the experience. This is filled with memorable melodies, and the musicians clearly have what it takes to make an excellent progressive metal album. The songwriting is very professional, and the musicians definitely know what they're doing. The only problem is that they still haven't developed their sound yet. I'm sure that over time Alkimya will get their own developed sound, but that has not happened yet. When I listen to this album I might as well be listening to Awake-era Dream Theater without James LaBrie.
I swear, it always sounds like they are trying to be Dream Theater. I'll admit that there are a ton of DT clones out there. The problem with many of these "clones" is that they really don't have any potential at all. That is not the case with Alkimya! They have what it takes to be excellent. They write an album filled with excellent melodies and riffs, but they just don't have their own sound that will allow them to stand out in the crowded prog metal genre.
With all of that said, we have a prog metal-by numbers album here that is fairly enjoyable. This doesn't do anything original or groundbreaking, but for what it is, it's an enjoyable album. I'll explain all of the songs in more detail next:
The Music:
"The Gate of Dreams"- The opening song starts with some siren sound effects, followed by a drum riff. The whole band comes in on a riff, using the same exact keyboard sound Kevin Moore frequently used on Awake! Of course, this might as well be Dream Theater without LaBrie, but it is a very memorable song. The chorus has a captivating vocal melody, and I love some of the riffs on this song. It has some excellent progressions between sections, and I love the guitar solo near the end. An excellent way to open the album, but you can probably guess what I would complain about here.
"Fatal Attraction"- It opens up with something that is different from the cloning of Awake-era DT. This time it sounds like Images & Words! After a pleasant enough riff we have a nice more metal-orientated section with a vocal melody that I swear to God sounds like the verse of Pull Me Under. Anyway, it has some excellent melodies during the chorus, and I love the contrast between the multiple vocal melodies and guitar riffs.
"Martyr Child"- It opens up with some nice organ chords and guitar riffs. It starts out pretty heavy, but turns into a pretty beautiful song (that of course sounds like DT). It's got some nice piano chords, and some wonderful vocals. It progresses back into a great vocal melody. Definitely one of the best on the album.
"Hot Winter Cold Summer"- Probably the weakest song on the album. It opens up with some guitar and synth chords, and isn't memorable at all. It features some good build-ups, and the main chorus is pretty good. I like the instrumental section of this song.
"Diva's Requiem"- A dark and melodic opening begins the song. It then has some piano chords with some pleasant vocal melodies. Heavier guitar riffs soon enter and serve as a bridge, as it soon progresses back into the main vocal melody. A pretty good song.
"Forgotten People"- A VERY Dream Theater sounding opening kicks the song off, but it then is followed by a pretty forgettable vocal line. At around 2 minutes in some beautiful piano chords enter. It builds from there, and I absolutely love this part. It has a great guitar solo that builds excellently into the opening section. Possibly the best song.
"The Other Side, Pt. 1"- This opens up with some light guitars and synths (very Images & Words sounding). The vocals come in, and after a few verses we have an emotional guitar solo. It becomes a more upbeat song after the vocals come back in, and are followed by a good synth solo. It still contains the Dream Theater sound throughout the rest of the song, but it is a great opening to the epic.
"The Other Side, Pt. 2"- After the piano ending of Part One, it continues into the beginning of Part 2. It builds well into a good guitar solo that builds excellent. The vocal performance at the end is incredible, and it show's Pierre Placines' skills. It ends with the great piano chords it started with. A truly beautiful song.
"The Other Side, Pt.3"- This starts with guitars and electric pianos with some melodies that make for a great opening. The vocals soon come in. It really isn't until the ending of the song that it really is good, and I actually find this to be a disappointing end to what would be an otherwise great epic.
"Kashmir"- I wish they wouldn't have included this, because it does not do the song any justice at all. They do an okay job, but I much prefer the original.
The bonus track is poor, and really isn't worth commenting on.
I have a lot of hope in this band. They have the songwriting skills and the musicianship to be a great band. And when (if) they develop their own sound I think they could succeed. But since that has not yet happened, we have a "Dream Theater clone" sitting around here. As I conclude this review, I'm still not sure what I will give it. It would be worth about a 3.5 musically, and because of the lack of originality I would drop a point, and give The Other Side a 2.5. So now I must choose between a 2 and a 3. Since this album is fairly enjoyable, I will round up to a 3, but please don't let me down, Alkimya!
3 stars.
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azfoll44 Review
Saw an older version of this ottoman at a friend's house and loved it. It's very heavy duty. I didn't like the signature design, it just didn't go in my house so I reupholstered it. Not as hard as I thought, but still takes some time. Overall, love the look and quality.
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Credits: | 1 (1/0/0) |
Description: | This course covers food safe basics through handling procedures, food storage, cleaning, sanitizing, purchasing and receiving. This course follows the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Model Food Code, and students will test for the National Restaurant Association (NRA) ServSafe Certification exam at the conclusion of the class. |
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Thursday, January 26, 2017
Happy Australia Day
I joined in Anthea of Hibiscus Stitches Australia day swap
I received these lovely Aussie themed gifts from Kaye of Kitten Stitching
Anzac tin
Utterly gorgeous lace
Threads in Aussie colours
Australian flag item ..a nice gym towel
Liquer chocolates Oh so yummy
Thankyou Kaye and Anthea
I will post what I sent when my partner lets me know she has received
Happy Australia Day to all
Saturday, January 7, 2017
Last night was our first FNWF for 2017
Once again the gorgeous Cheryll is our host
Some secret sewing happened at my house
It is supposed to look bright and summery
What do you think? Fit the bill?
Another hot one coming up today
I do not like the heat
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text: Ligar Privada #9 cigars are one of the best known lines out of the infamous house of Drew Estate. Rolled only for DE president Steve Saka, the company decided to take this 7 tobacco blend public. It was an instant hit thanks to its amazing construction, rich taste, and equally enticing aroma.


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Front Mission Evolved (Xbox 360) review"With Front Mission Evolved, Square-Enix and Double Helix take virtually all of the strategy out of the title and leave us with a clunky third-person shooter with an uninspired terrorism plot featuring shallow, one-dimensional characters." |
Staff review by Rob Hamilton (November 04, 2011)
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Results 13 to 24 of 53
Re: My Final 7 Round (Ravens only) Mock Up
Great job Wicked
With Haloti getting older and Cody (so far) not living up to expectations, do you see them possibly going for a DT/NG earlier than the 6th?
Disclaimer: The content posted is of my own opinion.
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Re: My Final 7 Round (Ravens only) Mock Up
I've been checking WalterFootball daily to browse mocks. They updated today and have us taking Elam in Round 1, Darius Slay in Round 2. I wasn't thrilled with Slay, so I looked at the next few picks in round 3, and I see that John Jenkins and Jesse Williams both go about 12 picks after our 2nd rounder. Between those two and Barrett Jones and David Bakhtiari, that's where I'd go with our 2nd, assuming we couldn't trade down a few spots.
When I think of a Baltimore Raven - we go in there, we take your lunch box, we take your sandwich, we take your juice box, we take your applesauce, and we take your spork and we break it. And we leave you with an empty lunch. Thats the Baltimore Raven way. - Steve Smith Sr.
Call me a Special Teams coach again. I dare you! I double dare you, MFer!
Re: My Final 7 Round (Ravens only) Mock Up
They said the same thing about Jimmy Smith's tackling. It was his only weakness but he's been great on special teams and won the Denver playoff game with one of the greatest open field tackles vs a Holliday who returned 2 TDs vs us in that same game.
Jimmy pinned him inside the 5 and forced Corey's Graham's interception to win the game.
So you never know about these reports.
I've been pimping Cyprien for two weeks now.
Ozzie will have to use some picks to trade up for Patton in the 2d round.
McShay had Ravens drafting him in the first.
Re: My Final 7 Round (Ravens only) Mock Up
I like Walter Football alot and use it quite regularly, but I think Slay at 62 is very optimistic. I think it's about 40/60 he goes in the first round and about 75/25 that he's off the board by pick 50. The guy is extremely fast and plays a position of need for all 32 teams.
04-22-2013, 12:26 AM #18Pro Bowl Russell Street Raven
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- Nov 2012
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Re: My Final 7 Round (Ravens only) Mock Up
Yea I agree 100% with your Slay reasoning. Slay at 62 would be a STEAL. I really like Graham and Chykie and our other young CBs, but Slay in my opinion could potential start for many years to come. I felt that Graham and Chykie were getting picked on in the playoffs after teams got some tape.
I also, like Walter Football a lot, but there latest mock doesn't seem that realistic. If Geno Smith, EJ Manuel, and 4 OTs are on the board at 32...we're trading down no question about it.
Re: My Final 7 Round (Ravens only) Mock Up
Nice job, Wicked. Any thoughts of the Ravens being interested in Tyrann Mathieu? Would love to pick him up, especially if we used one of the comp picks to draft him.
Re: My Final 7 Round (Ravens only) Mock Up
I'm not all that high on Mathieu, he's really going to struggle on the field at times because of his size (and I'm not even going to talk about his past drug addiction, which I don't even care about because its weed). Go watch the 2011 tape when he was matched up against Da'rick Rogers, he got destroyed.
Re: My Final 7 Round (Ravens only) Mock Up
As for the mock, I rarely disagree with Wicked on this sort of thing, and once again, he posts a good and realistic mock draft that will hopefully play out that way come draft day.
Re: My Final 7 Round (Ravens only) Mock Up
Disclaimer: The content posted is of my own opinion.
Re: My Final 7 Round (Ravens only) Mock Up
Thanks Leach!
Disclaimer: The content posted is of my own opinion.
Re: My Final 7 Round (Ravens only) Mock Up
Good work, Wicked. I think this is pretty solid.
Round 1 - Jonathan Cyprien, SS
I could definitely dig this. Cyprien or Eifert would send me to bed as a happy fan on Thursday night.
Round 2 - Quinton Patton, WR
"My guy" originally, so I would be crazed to have him onboard. He won't run away from too many guys, but he will get open and he will make the catch. Not sure he lasts until #62 though. I'm going to lose a remote and some drywall, if he gets snatched just ahead of us.
Round 3 - Khaseem Greene, LB
I've cooled on Greene, but getting him in the 3rd would be great value. May need to trade up 10-12 slots, I'm thinking.
Round 4 - Jordan Mills, OT
Believe it or not, Oher at LT and RT, was a far worse run blocker than pass protector. Mills wouldn't have that problem, but his feet, as you point out, concern me. Generally, we draft OLmen reasonably well, so if Ozzie takes Mills (or whomever as a "project OT") then I'd be okay with it.
Round 4 (Comp Pick) - Trevardo Williams, LB
Good value. Not sure what we're going to get from McAdoo and Hamilton, and like CBs, you can never have enough pass rushers IMO.
Round 5 - Kevin Reddick, LB
For some reason, since October, I've always seen Reddick as a Raven, but I would love Steve Beauharnais here. I like his pass coverage ability and instincts. I would imagine him and Greene (as a Joker/Hybrid guy) would work well together since they know and understand each other's tendencies and styles of play.
Round 5 (Comp) - Marquess Wilson, WR
There's is value in looking to eventually "replace" JJ12's straight-line speed; and Wilson has some nice flashes on tape, but I am 100% vested into drafting a WR that can get separation at the snap of the football, and I don't see that in Wilson. In your mock, Patton is that guy, but I would pursue another...Chad Bumphis or TJ Moe would be my choices here."On their way to the podium, the Ravens FO is going to collectively step over my dead body and select...Breshad Perriman." -- Me, the day before the 2015 Draft
Play-makers or bust.


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The interactions of two metal-free phthalocyanines [(H2Pc) and Solar Pc (with four peripherical groups: SO2N(CH2CH2OH)2)] and of one metal substituted dye (CoPc) with resting and stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were compared. The absorption, fluorescence, photoacoustic and EPR spectra of both resting cells and cells stimulated by… (More)
- A Sluzewska, J Rybakowski, E Bosmans, M Sobieska, R Berghmans, M Maes +1 other
- Psychiatry research
- 1996
Immune-inflammatory markers and their correlations were examined in patients with major depression. Plasma concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R), soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), transferrin receptor (TfR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), as well as the microheterogeneity of AGP, were… (More)
An increased level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a very well established risk factor of coronary artery disease (CAD). Unoxidized LDL is an inert transport vehicle of cholesterol and other lipids in the body and is thought to be atherogenic. Recently it has been appreciated that oxidized products of LDL are responsible for plaque formation properties… (More)
- Beatrice Galve-de, Krzysztof Wiktorowicz, Irving Kushner, Jean-Michel Dayer
- 2005
The concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) increases in human plasma up to a thousandfold during inflammatory states. Because tissue macrophages have been shown to have receptors for CRP, the question arises of whether these cells may respond to increased local concentrations of CRP by producing cytokines capable of participating in the inflammatory… (More)
The following paper presents the use of regularized linear models as tools to optimize training process. The models were calculated by using data collected from race-walkers' training events. The models used predict the outcomes over a 3 km race and following a prescribed training plan. The material included a total of 122 training patterns made by 21… (More)
Three phthalocyanine dyes-sensitizers were incorporated into two types of human T leukemia cells from two cell-lines: CCRF and MOLT 4. The efficiency of the dye incorporation into cells and photochemical properties of stained cells were investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy. The dyes exhibited different properties in each of the two cell-lines. Small… (More)
Human peripheral blood cells stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (which serve as a model of cancerous cells) and resting cells were incubated in dimethyl sulfoxide solutions of various phthalocyanines. In order to diminish the influence of atmospheric oxygen the cells were embedded in a polymer (polyvinyl alcohol) film. Fluorescence spectra of the samples were… (More)
This paper presents the use of linear and nonlinear multivariable models as tools to support training process of race walkers. These models are calculated using data collected from race walkers' training events and they are used to predict the result over a 3 km race based on training loads. The material consists of 122 training plans for 21 athletes. In… (More)
This paper is devoted to an evaluation of selected fuzzy particle swarm optimization algorithms. Two non-fuzzy and four fuzzy algorithms are considered. The Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy system is utilized to change the parameters of these algorithms. A modified fuzzy particle swarm optimization method is proposed, in which each of the particles has its own inertia… (More)


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We present the universal listing of funds/grants in projects and activities related to New & Renewable Energy. We offer funders the option to post fund information for free along with the facilities of free profile page, proposal alerts, post call for proposals, to share events, videos, news, jobs, blogs and much more on their profile page. Click here to Register free
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AmplifyChange Opportunity Grant: Supporting New Ideas of Young People |
Deadline: 2017-12-31 | Posted On: 2015-12-28 15:01:39 , By Mr. Raj Kumar | |||
AmplifyChange is inviting applicants for its "Opportunity Grant" in order to support groups try out new ideas, implement their plans or make the most of circumstances where there may be a good chance to bring about some sort of positive change. |
USAID/Jordan: Jordan Partnerships Program |
Deadline: 2016-09-20 | Posted On: 2016-01-23 14:06:25 , By Mr. Raj Kumar | |||
The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is seeking concept papers from qualified U.S. and Non-U.S. organizations to fund a program entitled- Jordan Partnerships Program. |
Nominations Open for 2017 Zayed Future Energy Prize! A Chance to win US $4 million |
Deadline: 2016-06-27 | Posted On: 2016-02-04 14:50:01 , By Mr. Raj Kumar | |||
Nominations are open for the 2017 Zayed Future Energy Prize to recognize innovation, long-term vision, and leadership in renewable energy and sustainability. The award is a commitment of the UAE to the Sustainable Energy for All Initiative which has three objectives: |
IRENA/ADFD open new round of funding for renewable energy in developing countries |
Deadline: 2016-02-15 | Posted On: 2016-01-19 07:44:10 , By Mr. Raj Kumar | |||
The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) in collaboration with the Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD) is currently inviting applications for the fourth round of funding to support renewable energy projects in developing countries. |
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Rebar Workshop and Ordering software
This project received 28 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $6921 SGD.
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Need to Building a software to process steel rebar ordering information and convert it to a worksheet cum delivery order and sale order.
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Build a website to take the order and sent it for processing using the phase one software
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- Natural Ethyl Isovalerate
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Natural Ethyl Isovalerate FEMA 2463 is a colorless to light yellow liquid. It has a molecular weight of 130.19 and it's molecular formula is C7H14O2. Natural Ethyl Isovalerate has a minimum purity amount of 98.0% and a maximum acid value of 2.0. This product has a specific gravity of 0.862 - 0.866 and refractive index 1.395 - 1.399. Natural Ethyl Isovalerate is a combination of fruity, rosy, green, peach and honey flavors. It is a flavoring agent that is commonly used in tea and confectionery applications.
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Julington Creek Animal Walk is a facility like no other. Our 9-acre, off-leash pet campus was des...
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Wehrmacht Combat Helmets 1933-45 Paperback
by Brian C. Bell
Illustrated by Kevin Lyles
Part of the Elite series
German helmets of World War II are among the most widely collected Third Reich memorabilia as they are relatively inexpensive and very difficult to fake.
This concise text is a guide for collectors and modellers, as well as a detailed classification of helmets used by the Army, Navy and Luftwaffe.
It is illustrated with many wartime photographs of different types of helmets in use, with close-up contemporary images from private collections.
This book also includes colour artwork by the respected illustrator, Kevin Lyles.
- Format: Paperback
- Pages: 64 pages, 50 b&w and 8 colour illustrations
- Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC
- Publication Date: 24/06/2004
- Category: Militaria, arms & armour
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Right now, RC (radio-controlled) helicopters can be found in the market in particular with the cheap pricing. You may also study the basic functions and functions of the aircraft in just a few minutes with this novice introduction. You can learn how a RC helicopter works and how you can run it to be able to fly your own handy remote control helicopter.
What is RC Helicopters All About?
RC means radio-controlled. RC helicopters are small precise models of the true one. They are created sleekly sound for soaring. Flight control is done by using a remote control device.
RC helicopters have flybars that are a component that allows it's flight, it's a small horizontal bar located close to the middle rotor blades that functions as a stabilizer while in flying. The most recent RC helicopter designs have different electronic leveling attributes that do not use flybar making them even closer to the design of true helicopters.
How Do RC Helicopters Remain In The Air?
To find out the theory or procedure of how objects fly, you will need more studying and lessons to totally grasp the theory. However so you know, a helicopter's major source of thrust and lift is its rotor blades. As the rotor blades spin, it drags the aircraft off the ground and up in the sky. This is quite comparable with how beginner RC helicopters perform.
One more element in the helicopter's rotor blade assembly could be the swashplate. It has 2 disks, the top portion spinning with the central blades as well as the base that doesn't move. The pilot handles the swashplate to ensure that it changes the angle-of-attack of each of the primary rotor blades. This can be the part that is mainly responsible for getting the helicopter elevate and stay in the air.
It is essential as a newbie to learn that as the rotors rotate it creates a torque reaction, this happens as the body moves in a distinctive way from the rotor blades. To counter this, the end rotor blades control the rotate of the helicopter body and strengthen the aircraft during flight.
How Does A Beginner RC Helicopter Move Around?
The swashplate moves the angle of the rotors to start the flight and this is how the helicopter is lifted off the ground.
To get the aircraft shift route to and fro it's the part of the swashplate to change the rotors to a specific course, creating a variation in stability and it forces the plane to go to the route in which there is less degree of lift.
Types Of RC Helicopters
The Leading Types of RC Helicopters: Fixed Pitch and Collective Pitch.
The perspectives of the rotors of fixed pitch helicopters are fixed and cannot be changed. The velocity of the major rotors switch recognizes its velocity. The tail blade on fixed pitch helicopters has also a restricted angle. One more thing in fixed pitch aircraft is that it has gyroscope senses that could allow to move the angles of the nose of the helicopter and it accelerates or reduces the tail rotor motor to be able to balance it.
Collective pitch helicopters on the other hand permits the pilot to complete the changing of perspectives of every rotors in order to make the lift the helicopter.
Parts Of An RC Helicopter
Motor - This can be responsible for turning the gears thus turning the central rotors.
Electric Speed Controller (ESC) - This part is liable for giving all the other components energy.
Servo - It is the role of the servo to move the mechanical parts of the aircraft.
Gyro - This element is can be positioned behind or at the front of the aircraft. It's main part is it senses the yaw or even the sidewards spinning of the plane and commands the tail rotor servo to balance for the torque reaction.
Batteries - The battery power are accountable for giving electrical power to the aircraft. It's the energy source.
Radio - This gives the pilot permission to fly the aircraft. It transfers signals of the pilot's commands.
Receiver - The receiver gets the pilot's order data from the radio then passes the corresponding servos.
Basic 4-Channel Control
Each "channel" of the RC Helicopter's radio part refers to a certain function of the RC Helicopter. A 4-channel basic controller indicates that there are four features of the RC Helicopter for you to control.
The channel responsibilities are typically:
Channel 1: Aelirons control the left-right motion of the RC helicopter
Channel 2: The Elevator handles forward and backward action
Channel 3: Acceleration
Channel 4: Rudder - deals with yaw or rotate
You can utilize the four different channel effects so you can soar your aircraft you may mix them to produce the necessary soaring you wish.
Source by Jewel Sipe


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Two rendering forms in landscape design
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This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers.
At the one of the most significant current discussions in the field of education of landscape design, hand rendering, which is defined as "a two-dimensional representation which conveys information to an observer in a form which can be understood,because it is based on principles that conform with what is seen. " (Gill,1991:11) has become one of the central concerns for the skills of demonstration. This paper will focus on describe the difference between hand rendering and computer aids design,then highlight the importance of hand rendering ability rather than computer aids rendering in the university education, which plays an much more essential role in demonstrate the ideas of design and do more potential to further career life . It begins at define the concept of landscape and then goes on tell the difference of the nature of the terms of "hand rendering" and "computer aids design",at the same time,some typical features of both rendering form will be analysed, then make a final point according to the result of the case study in the main body of this essay,indicated that should not only highlight hand rendering ability,but also combined the two forms together to make a better demonstration.
The definition of landscape
Over the past century there has been a dramatic increase in the number of the individuals who study in landscape design,which is defined as "the appearance of the area of land which the eye can see at once"(Chambers quoted in Roe,2007:1).Moreover,"landscape has become an increasingly important cross-disciplinary area,which draws contributions from both arts and science-based subjects including art,literature,ecology,geography,and much more."(Roe,2007:1)Meanwhile,landscape design as a kind of art,the concept of it turns to be much more massive than architecture,much more subjective than engineering,having much more extensive meaning than planning which is means landscape is a kind of art that based on real image,being highly accept by every individuals in each level.The practice of landscape design have an tremendous affect on the behavior of human being as well as representive the behavior modeling of human being,after all, the landscape design effectiveness is closely associate with the level of the environment that surrounding citizens.In briefly,"It involves the study of man in his habitat,as the centre of an ecological system-- the principal part of a science that examines the habits of living organisms in relation to their surroundings."(Nuttgens,1972:104)
The conception of the two rendering forms
Looking back, the rapid upward changes in the computer science area are having a serious effect on the landscape design field.At decades before,the range of the design activities that computers can get involved in has a restrict limitation,so that everything that a landscape designer can do is hand rendering based planning.Since the dramatically development in the computer functions,some software existing that can simulate what real environment like well,almost every designers tend to working on computer aids design.The results of this is,in nowadays,the ways to demonstrate the designers' thought divided into two sections:hand rendering based design and computer aids design.These two kinds of demonstration abilities have difference in essence,also, have something closely associated with. To better understand what the hand rendering so important for, it is necessary to understand the following paragraph which is discuss the differences of both.
Define the features of hand rendering
To begin with,the act of hand drawing is an important starting point for the intellectual process we call "design".To be able to draw a chair or a building is a prerequisite for anyone wishing to design such things.Drawing has two functions for the designer -- it allow him or her to record and to analyse existing examples,and the sketch provides the medium with which to test the appearance of some imagined object.(Edwards,1996:1) Also,"there are two primary functions of drawings: first,marketing design ideas to the client and,second,instructing the contractor how to build the design ideas".(Blake,1999:271)There are three main features that makes hand drawing different from computer based design.
The way of a designer's thinking is different through hand rendering compared with computer aids design
It is a better way to demonstrate the initial design-image in mind.That is to say, at the first part of a whole design project,especially at the very beginning,the intention image in the brain is uncertain and abstract.To a long term design process,however,is a endless procedure to alter as well as improve the very initial image of the design planning.There would be plenty ideas that inspire in the designers' mind in the process of hand rendering and thinking as well as rethinking the creative ideas which is means it is necessary to rely on a method which is could quickly record the short-moment inspiration.Clearly,the best way to keep the inspiration that only appeared for few seconds is to own hand drawing ability that in a reasonable level.At the same time,hand drawing is also could be regarded as a effective rethinking way to upgrade the initial thought,it is a way to combine the image-shaping ability as well as imagination-creating capability and hand drawing ability in a great order.Through the combining process in hand rendering,the designer could level up the ability to cooperating observe,discovery,thinking and rethinking,as well as take brain,eyes,hand and image-creative in a effective order.
To sum up,the training of hand based drawing,is definitely the most valid way to improve the capability of image-thinking as well as design-analysing and case evaluation,especially for upgrade the creativity thinking ability.
Hand rendering offers a large range of demonstration form
It is appearantly shows much more representability as well as activity on the paper.Meanwhile,the hand based rendering could demonstrate plenty feelings through different tools apply.For example,the sketch feeling picture that based on pencil or pen drawing,water colour can shows a dream feeling,good 3D and lighting feeling could exist in acrylic apply drawing,the most convenient way to drawing by hand is using marker pen.In this case,as a result of there are plenty of ways and tools to rely on,and almost no limitation for the effect the designer want to show.That is to say,hand based rendering could demonstrate much more objective,just like painting,could apply to many ways to show the effectiveness till could highly represent the image that exist in the designer's mind.Obviously,the image on the paper which is create by hand drawing could not been the same style,it could be romantic or same as the real environment or seems abstract,etc. all the different feelings of the images shows are depending on what the designers tend to show to the clients.
Hand rendering is the most effective way to communicate with clients.
Hand based drawing is the most important and necessary procedure for prophase work.The whole environment,including the basic shape in both inside and outside,roughly contrast between dark and light,etc,all can easy to tell through hand rendering.In this case,at the first communication between the landscape designer and the client,the quickly ideas demonstration is quite important which is means only hand based drawing can reached this aim.That is to say,the landscape designer could according to what the client talking about to illustrating the main idea through just a piece of paper by pen or pencil which is extraordinarily quickly and helpful.Through this initial image which is apply by hand rendering,the designer could shows a effective concept of design of his or her own mind.Following this the client could show their own mind to let the designers know where and how to reach the final image that the clients want.Clearly,the process of hand rendering is highly useful and can halve the work to the communication between the client and the landscape designer.Besides the prophase work,during the middle and final process of a whole project,the selected in hand based drawing is also highly been recommended.That is as a result of the pictures that created by the designers hand drawing is closely associated with the thought of the designer's whole thinking and planning process,and also the most truly demonstration for the designers' thought.At this point,the hand based drawing have a highly art painting feeling,especially at the details demonstration,although the picture cannot shows identical image to the real environment,the most value of the hand rendering is can render a special atmosphere that the computer aids design cannot replaced.It is being regarded as a artwork that could be having aesthetic enjoyment.Moreover,this kind of artwork like output can play a significant role in winning the business project from the aiming clients.
Define the features of computer aids design
On the other hand,move to the case of computer based rendering.It seems like should be think double towards the developed computer aids tools.
The advantage side
Since decades before,the widely use in computer , bring a branding new way to show the ideas,new enough to represent a new time for it.The three-dimension software can shaping the real environment via a precise ratio,modeling and rendering an exactly real image to represent the final work of a whole project. Clearly,the benefit of the computer aids design is could be much more real,objective,precisely which is something hand based rendering cannot replaced.The main purpose of computer based drawing is to instruct the people who are going to build the landscape on how and where to build it.(Blake,1999)To be precise,firstly,computer aids design could largely represent the real image of the final work,including could tell the exactly space relationship and which materials in used.Secondly,the computer aids design have a clearly image,which is could tell every elements in the picture easily .Thirdly,it is easy to modified the rendering,would be convenient to create plenty cases to present for choose in a short term time.Fourthly,the computer based rendering could satisfied the whole range of people in different taste level.However,as same as all other new technology.
The downside
The downside of the computer based design is as obviously as the benefit,that is to say,more too often the computer based design up side down the relationship between demonstration,in an other words,it is frequently to see the designers highlight the ability to handle the software,to make the pictures more pretty rather than to trying to upgrade the ideas of design itself.The most important issue here is,the demonstration through software is only a tool,not aim.More too often,make the invitation for bid like a computer aids rendering competition.In the university study time,many students spend too much time on how to make the picture a pretty looking rather than think creativity to make a better idea in the name of design,result in a serious situation that focus on the results of the final-work-looking rather than gaining the creativity thinking ability during the process.Meanwhile,according to the nature of this kind of new technology,it restrict the wing of imagination during the creativity process.The limitation of the software itself can do bad influence on the designers' project ,especially the designer who did not reached the master level for handle the three-dimensional software got downside influence by the computer based rendering.It is easily to sacrifice the inspiration of the designer's mind at the initial rendering of design-idea,and have to give up the most precious inspiration which is quite abstract and randomicity that only pop in the designers' mind in few seconds .
The result of the downside
All of these make the creative work as same as a process for product producing which is rather boring and no sense of fresh and creativity . Furthermore,at the process of the landscape design education,if the students rely on and addict with the computer based rendering too much,ignoring the training of the basic hand rendering ,lose the passion to pursue the high level of hand rendering skills, the only result of that, could be predict,is reducing the ability to analyze as well as thinking and rethinking and creativity which is could make the entirely ability of design reduced.
The best way to use computer aids design effectively
To sum up,computer based rendering as the way to present the ideas of design except hand drawing,supply a great and effective chance to make the planning of the designers' thought to got a better way to demonstrate.According to the case study above,could directly make a final point that the best way to upgrade the functions of computer based rendering is to level up the hand drawing ability as well as creativity and criticize capacity first.By doing that,could make the landscape designer's thought to be demonstrated in the most effective way.
"Our environment of hills ,water,woods,vegetation,buildings and artefacts provides a myriad of different landscape patterns which we see"(Bell,1993:13)For do a better design for that,is that an either/or question for choosing hand drawing or computer aids rendering? Definitely no.They both serve one aim that is to demonstrate the meaning of a project in the best way. It seems combined the two rendering forms is the most effective way to show the result of the design work.In briefly,hand based rendering could be highly enhanced by the computer based rendering,that is because obviously hand rendered graphics can do better to capture the emotion and evoke a quality of space. On the other hand,computer aided graphics provide a depth of much needed technical information, they can shocking the eyes at the first sight,but do not have direct connection to the soul.Furthermore,the using priority should depending on the nature of the aim of using, the goals of the outcome of the meeting, and the audience, could lean towards one or the other according the nature of the usage.
- Benson,J.F. and Roe,M. (2007) Landscape and Sustainability,Routledge, New York and London.
- Blake,J.(1999) An Introduction to Landscape Design and Construction ,Kyodo Printing Co(S'pore) Pte Ltd.,Singapore.
- Edwards,B.W.(1996) Understanding Architecture Through Drawing,Alden Press,Oxford
- Bell,S. (1993) Elements of Visual Design in the Landscape ,Hong Kong
- Gill,R.W. (1991) Basic Rendering ,Thames and Hudson Ltd,London
- Aldous,T. and Clouston,B. and Alexander,R. (1979) Landscape by Design Butler & Tanner Ltd. Frome and London.
- Nuttgens,P. (1972) The Landscape of Ideas,3 Queen Square,London
- Pile,J. (1973) Drawing of Architectural Interiors, Whitney Library of Design,New York


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Salmonid Natural History Species and History
Salmonid Species and History O The family Salmonidae consists of a variety of salmon and trout species in several phylogenetic branches. O The Pacific salmon, rainbow trout, and cutthroat Trout are all in the genus Oncorhynchus.
Relationships the Salmonids From Smith and Stearly 1989 graylings Salmonidae taimen lenoks Atlantic salmon Brachymystax Hucho Thymallu s brown trout Salmo Onchoryhnchus rainbow trout cutthroat trout Pacific salmon Adriatic trout Salvelinus Arctic char Dolly Varden bull trout Pacific Salmon chars bold represents fish of the Pacific Northwest
Relationships within Oncorhynchus Consensus tree; Conservation Biology, Volume 8, No. 3, Sept 1994 Mexican golden trout Oncorhyhchus rainbow trout Pacific salmon Apache trout Gila trout cutthroat trout clarki gilae gilae apache gilae Golden trout Rainbow trout mykiss chrysogaster irideus aguabonita Masu Chinook Coho Sockeye Pink Chum masou tsawytscha kisutch keta gorbuscha nerka mykiss
Pacific Salmon Relationships
Colonization by Pacific Salmon
Glacial Lake Elwha Salmon Colonization of the Elwha river watershed
After the Ice But, as the glaciers receeded and the lake drained, new land was exposed and forests began to reclaim the valleys. While ice filled the strait, salmon and other fish could not migrate into the Elwha Valley.
California golden trout Columbia redband trout Coastal Rainbow trout Rio Yaqui trout chrysogaster Mayo trout irideus gairdnerii aguabonita newberrii Great Basin redband trout Beardslee trout nelsoni San Pedro Mártir trout irideus f. beardsleei Little Kern River golden trout f. whitei Mykiss Rainbow trout Golden trout Mexican golden trout Rio Piaxtla trout Rio San Lorenzo trout Relationships of the Rainbow trout (mykiss)
Rainbow Trout Colonization and Evolution
Trout of Mexico
Relationships of the Cutthroat trout (clarki) cutthroat trout Westslope Lahotan Coastal Bonneville Rio Grande Yellowstone Colorado River Greenback Paiute Alvord Crescenti Clarki clarki f. crescentii alvordensis seleniris henshawi lewisi Lower Snake river spp. utah bouvieri Upper Snake river spp. pleuriticus stomias virginalis macdonald Yellowfin Bold indicates major subspecies, non-bold is a minor subspecies, talics indicates now extinct, small font indicates not likely a true subspecies, but rather a form
Cutthroat Trout Colonization and Evolution
How do fish cross mountain ranges? As the climate warms, trout can survive in the lower rivers
Beardslee and Crescenti Cutthroat Trout in Lake Crescent
Seasonal Runs
Oncohynchus Rainbow Pacific Salmon Cutthroat trout
This project was made possible in part by a grant from Washington's National Park Fund.
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It's difficult to tell from these photos, but Raikes Mausoleum is 38 ft (12 m) high and 67 ft (20 m) in circumference. Quite something to spy nesting there in the woods at the North end of Welton Dale, a haunting presence. Built in 1818 by Robert Raikes (1765-1837), it was desecrated in the 1960's and a skull was stolen, later found near the Humber estuary. After a coroners inquest and police investigation the skull was returned and the large vault underneath the main structure was permanently sealed.
David H Parker, who was born in the village in 1931, compiled a memoir about growing up there. He writes, "I will start at the northern end of the village at the top of Welton Dale where there are a few houses and a small church called Wauldby. This once belonged to the Raikes family who lived in the Manor House. Most of their ancestors are buried in a mausoleum which is in the corner of Welton Dale near the Beverley Road. It was built around 1818, with the main burial chamber under a round building which contained lead coffins on shelves around the walls. These had been broken into many years ago during the First World War, there was also a passage leading to another vault. A friend of mine, Bill Goldsmith, and I managed to get into the chamber when we were about twelve by removing a stone slab. While we were down there a shadow moved across the entrance. Bill and I fought each other to get out of there and didn't stop running until we got to Welton. It was only a tree branch moving across the setting sun, but it frightened us thoroughly."
(An extract from Welton As I Remember It: A personal recollection of life and times In the village by David H Parker).
Welton is the site of many springs, the one pictured above is near to the old watermill. Water runs through the village to the mill pond by the church, dropping down from a weir and beyond that in streams down towards the river. I made some music, Home Ground a composition inspired by the water and landscape of this place, as a child growing up there it has haunted and inspired me equally. I recall exploring wood and hedgerow, daring to stir up dark bodies of water with stones and little feet, vanquishing ghosts.
Robert Schuck: Clarinet
Gaynor: voice, piano, pads
Written, performed & produced © Gaynor Perry
For more, see my previous post Home Ground, May 2010.


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In the Harrisonburg, VA market in November, closings of new homes dropped year-over-year, a decline following a rise in October 2015. New home closings moved from 6 a year earlier to 4 after the figure moved from 6 in October 2014 to 12 in October 2015.
A total of 70 new homes were sold during the 12 months that ended in November, down from 72 for the year that ended in October.
On a percentage basis, new home closings as a part of total closings decreased to 3.4% from 5.0% a year earlier. Following a year-over-year increase in October, closings of new and existing homes fell year-over-year in November.
Pricing and Mortgage Trends
The average value of newly sold homes in November 2015 was $201,175, down from last year's $217,659. This came after a 35.3% bump in October year-over-year.
The average mortgage size on new homes was $168,635, up from $164,122. Average mortgage size on new homes went from $155,177 in October 2014 to $230,859 in October 2015.
Other Market Trends
There was no change in the composition of the new home market with regard to the types of properties sold in November 2015.
The average unit size of newly sold homes fell from 1,981 square feet a year earlier to 1,706 square feet.
Foreclosures and real estate owned (REO) closings continued to decline from a year earlier in November, but did not look to be a burden on the market. Combined, foreclosures plus REO closings represented 10.6% of existing home closings, below 18.4% a year earlier. The percentage of existing home closings involving foreclosures declined to 2.7% in November from 7.0% a year earlier while REO closings as a percentage of existing home closings fell to 8.0% from 11.4% a year earlier.
Please refer to the ABOUT THIS MSA tab to learn more about geographic coverage and data availability in the Harrisonburg, VA area.


text: OLPC Refusing to Cancel Orders?Sean Fallon3/25/08 7:00pmFiled to: OlpcLaptopsOne Laptop Per ChildRumorXO17EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink At least one Gizmodo reader has informed us that he attempted to cancel his OLPC laptop order and was denied. Apparently, they are "not accepting cancellations from anyone for any reason." That is, unless you refuse your shipment then call and cancel after the laptop arrives back at the manufacturer. This doesn't make a damn bit of sense, so we must ask: has anyone else received a similar denial? [Thanks Joe!]Reply17 repliesLeave a reply


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Out Now!Visit our website: http://www.disney.co.uk Join Disney Movie Rewards: http://www.disneymovierewards.co.uk/Disney's irresistible talking puppies — Budderball, B-Dawg, Rosebud, Buddha and Mudbud — are back in an all-new movie that takes them halfway across the world to the ruins of ancient Egypt. With the help of some exotic new friends, this epic adventure is a treasure trove of pure Buddy fun. In a race against a devious cat, the Buddies and their new friends, Cammy and Babi, must avoid booby traps, solve puzzles and explore a mysterious tomb — all in search of the greatest treasure known to animal kind.Packed with action, heart and tail-wagging bonus features, Treasure Buddies unleashes a celebration of teamwork and friendship your family will enjoy again and again.Bonus Features•DIGS: B-Dawg Edition - Take a tour around the pup's lush crib!• "Roam" Music Video Performed by Caroline Sunshine, Kenton Duty& Adam Irigoyen
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Eye of a guardian angel, Cardboard and wooden bead. |
Take one old oak chair and secure it to a 5' x 4' wooden pallet. Make angel body from heavy duty cardboard tubing. (Note to pyros, cardboard tubing burns very well and lasts a surprisingly long time. It's free too.) You can see that I place the fireworks as I build, there's a big fountain in the head.
The face was started with a corner of a cardboard box for the profile, a hot glued wooden bead became an eye. Small strips of cardboard form the lids of the eye. |
The trick to figurative work in cardboard is to keep it loose. Especially if you have a burn deadline! Symmetry is overrated. |
I think a real angel would be fierce and more than a little terrifying. It's not an easy job.
What is your idea of an angel?


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Karachi, Feb 18 : The Caretaker Chief Minister of Sindh Justice (Rtd) Abdul Qadir Halepota said today that the democratic process in the country would be completed with the general elections.
He was talking to the media after he cast his vote at St. Peters High School polling station in Old Clifton area of Karachi.
He also appealed to the political parties of the country to cooperate with the Government in maintaining peace and ensuring transparent and fair elections.
Polling for the 2008 general elections in Pakistan began today amidst tight security.


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Fundamentals of Combustion
Combustion Combustion occurs when fossil fuels, such as natural gas, fuel oil, coal or gasoline, react with oxygen in the air to produce heat. The heat from burning fossil fuels is used for industrial processes, environmental heating or to expand gases in a cylinder and push a piston. Boilers, furnaces and engines are important users of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons, meaning they are composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen. When fossil fuels are burned, carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) are the principle chemical products, formed from the reactants carbon and hydrogen in the fuel and oxygen (O2) in the air.
Chemical Balance The combustion is a rapid oxidation process. The simplest example of hydrocarbon fuel combustion is the reaction of methane (CH 4 ), the largest component of natural gas, with O 2 in the air. When this reaction is balanced, or stoichiometric, each molecule of methane reacts with two molecules of O 2 producing one molecule of CO 2 and two molecules of H 2 O. When this occurs, energy is released as heat.
Three elements important to real combustion are missing in this simple equation. Air is composed of about 79% nitrogen (N 2 ), so there is a lot of N 2 that enters the combustion with the O 2 and is released with the flue gas. This has a huge effect on the basic size of a combustion system. One should keep in mind that the mass ratio of air to fuel is usually more than 10:1. Fuel is a very small part of the mass flow through the system. Real systems don't operate at a stoichiometric ratio = 1.00. A little extra air is required for all combustion, so there is extra O 2 (and N 2 ) on both sides of the equation. How much extra air, how we control it and how we measure it are important subjects we will discuss later. Most fuel has contaminants (ash, sulfur, nitrogen, etc.) that may or may not participate in the combustion, but which will appear in the flue gas as air pollutants. Source: USEPA, APTI, 2012, Combustion Source Evaluation Student Manual.
Excess Air The amount of air chemically required to burn the fuel is frequently called the stoichiometric air flow. Alternatively, when the fuel and air flow are chemically or stoichiometrically balanced, we say that the equivalence ratio is equal to one. The equivalence ratio is defined as "the actual air-fuel ratio divided by theoretical or stoichiometric air-fuel ratio." Source: USEPA, APTI, 2012, Combustion Source Evaluation Student Manual.
Real combustion systems operate with more air than the stoichiometric air requirement in order to avoid the emissions, such as CO, that result from incomplete combustion. Products of incomplete combustion result when some of the fuel does not mix with enough air. Excess air is normally expressed as a percent of the stoichiometric flow and can be any value from near zero to several hundred percent. Excess Air Source: USEPA, APTI, 2012, Combustion Source Evaluation Student Manual.
Operation at the minimum practical excess air is desirable for several reasons: Lower air flow means a lower stack flow rate – less hot gas going up the stack, which means improved thermal efficiency; NOx emissions are lower at lower excess air levels; Maximum load on some boilers is limited by the size of the air fans, so reducing the excess air requirement increases the maximum load. So two objectives of good combustion performance – and hence low emissions – are to: design and maintain a system which is capable of low excess air levels, continuously operate that system very close to the minimum practical air flow. Excess Air Source: USEPA, APTI, 2012, Combustion Source Evaluation Student Manual.
Controlling excess air exactly is now an integral part of the air pollution control systems used in automobiles as well as many stationary sources. Theoretically, one could determine the excess air level in a system by measuring the fuel flow, calculating the air required for combustion and then subtracting this from the measured air flow. Fortunately, there is a far simpler and more precise method, and that is to measure the oxygen concentration (% O2) in the flue gas. Air enters the combustion zone with 20.9% O2 concentration. So whatever amount of O2 remains in the exhaust gas, by definition, represents the excess air. Using instruments developed since about 1970, O2 concentration in exhaust gas can be measured accurately, reliably and inexpensively. Note that when calculating air emissions it is standard practice to use O2 measured in a dry gas sample (% by vol., dry basis). Source: USEPA, APTI, 2012, Combustion Source Evaluation Student Manual.
There is a simple relationship between excess air and flue gas oxygen concentration, given by Equation 4-8. This is more of a definition of excess air than a rigorously derived formula, but it is the form that pervades all the current air pollution data reduction methods. % O2 (by vol., dry basis) is the amount of oxygen remaining after combustion. 20.9 – %O2 is the initial minus the final amount of air, which, by conservation of mass, must be the amount of air consumed in the flame. So the excess air formula is simply the ratio of the amount of oxygen remaining divided by the amount consumed. Source: USEPA, APTI, 2012, Combustion Source Evaluation Student Manual.
This formula is not exactly the form that results if one started with a balanced chemical equation and went through a rigorous derivation. An assumption implicit in Equation 4-8 is that the combustion air volume is the same as the flue gas volume – which is only approximately correct. The exact formula for excess air includes fuel composition as well as % O2. Equation 4-8 is simple, it does not depend on fuel composition and it is widely accepted. However, note that 20.9% is the dry volume concentration of O2 in the atmosphere, so O2 should be measured dry. In most sampling systems the gas sample is extracted and cooled before it enters the instrument, yielding a dry measurement. If O2 is measured wet (hot flue gas with no condensation or using a dilution type sampling system), the O2 value must be corrected upward by the ratio of wet to dry flue gas volumes before it is used in standard data reduction formulas. Source: USEPA, APTI, 2012, Combustion Source Evaluation Student Manual.
Gas Turbine Combustor Source: USEPA, APTI, 2012, Combustion Source Evaluation Student Manual.
Combustion sources emit a number of different pollutants that can be divided into three categories: Products of Incomplete Combustion (PIC): black smoke/soot, CO, organic compounds, and in some cases particulate matter. Pollutants resulting from inorganic contaminants in the fuel: SOx, particulates, HCl, etc. NOx: nitrogen oxides from atmospheric N2 and O2 breaking down in the combustion zone and reacting Combustion-generated pollutants Source: USEPA, APTI, 2012, Combustion Source Evaluation Student Manual.
Most fuels contain at least a trace of sulfur and many waste fuels contain significant amounts of chloride. These inorganic contaminants convert mostly to SO2 and HCl gases in the combustion zone. The potential emissions can be calculated from a fuel analysis as described in the preceding section. ACID GASES: SULFUR OXIDES AND HCl
Fuel Sulfur Conversion to Pollutants
Much of the chloride in fuel will convert to HCl (hydrochloric acid) in the combustion zone. One may generally assume that all of the organic chlorides will be converted to HCl. Compounds like NaCl (sodium chloride) may pass through the combustion zone unchanged. In theory, a fuel that is low in hydrogen (coke or anthracite coal) can suppress HCl formation and drive the chloride to form Cl2 (chlorine gas). However, in practice, there are not many sources that fire low hydrogen fuels with significant amounts of chloride. Cement kilns can fire low hydrogen fuels like pulverized coke, but when they burn hazardous wastes with significant chlorides, there is enough hydrogen in the wastes that the chloride is emitted as HCl rather than Cl2. Sources that emit significant amounts of chlorine gas appear to be a special case that is left to other references. Chlorine gas in small amounts can be a factor in dioxin formation. Hydrochloric Acid Source: USEPA, APTI, 2012, Combustion Source Evaluation Student Manual.
Combustion-generated particulate matter falls into two groups: Large particles – those larger than 1-2μm that are descended primarily from large fuel particles and, Fine particles – those smaller than about 1μm that are composed primarily of material that was in vapor form in the combustion zone and condensed as the exhaust gases cooled. Large particles derive almost entirely from the breakdown of even larger particles of fuel or ash. As a general rule, large particles are responsible for most of the weight of measured particulate emissions (Method 5). Fine particles derive primarily from the agglomeration or condensation of vapors or large molecules – the opposite process from the formation of large particles. Fine particles are frequently responsible for most of the visible emissions (Method 9). Particulate Matters Source: USEPA, APTI, 2012, Combustion Source Evaluation Student Manual.
Formation of Coke and Ash Particulate Source: USEPA, APTI, 2012, Combustion Source Evaluation Student Manual.
Themost important particle formation mechanisms in air pollution sources include the following: Physical attrition/mechanical dispersion Combustion particle burnout Homogeneous condensation Heterogeneous nucleation Droplet evaporation
Fine particles are formed "from the bottom up"; that is, they start as atoms or molecules that condense or agglomerate into particles. These particles can grow to be large particles, but their growth rate slows by the time they reach about 0.5μm in size. This size is a kind of temporary ceiling in particle growth. The fundamental explanation for this limit is that 0.5μm is about the size where particles become too big to undergo Brownian motion. They stop bouncing around, so they stop running into other particles to combine with; therefore, further growth is much slower. Although some fine particulate can be formed by the breakup of larger particles, for the most part, fine particles are composed of chemicals that are in a gaseous or vapor phase in the combustion zone. Obviously this includes carbon, sulfur oxides, and any heavy hydrocarbons that survive combustion. It also includes any metals and minerals that are heated to liquid or vapor phase during combustion. Source: USEPA, APTI, 2012, Combustion Source Evaluation Student Manual.
NOx is an acronym for the sum of two compounds: nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). NOx = NO2 + NO Both compounds are formed in a combustion zone, but NO usually accounts for 95% or more of the total. However, once emitted into the atmosphere, NO promptly oxidizes to NO2. Thus from a regulatory perspective it does not matter which compound is emitted because it will all show up as NO2 in the atmosphere. This has led to the regulation of the sum of the two or NOx. When determining the mass of emissions we need to assign the molecular weight – in this case the number is 46, which is the molecular weight of NO2. NITROGEN OXIDES Source: USEPA, APTI, 2012, Combustion Source Evaluation Student Manual.
NOx is the one pollutant emitted by nearly all combustion sources independent of what is in the fuel or the configuration of the combustor. The reason is that even when there is no nitrogen in the fuel, NOx is created from the breakdown of atmospheric N2 and O2 in the combustion zone and the subsequent reaction to form NO. N2 + O2 ↔ 2NO Formation and control of NOx emissions will be discussed in detail latter. Source: USEPA, APTI, 2012, Combustion Source Evaluation Student Manual.
Polychlorinated-dibenzo-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated- dibenzo-furans (PCDF) are very toxic compounds that are chemically stable and environmentally persistent. Their toxicity combined with their ability to accumulate in the food chain has led to regulation at levels measured in nanograms per cubic meter of exhaust gas. Dioxin-Furan Formation Source: USEPA, APTI, 2012, Combustion Source Evaluation Student Manual.
PCDD and PCDF are produced almost exclusively by combustion systems when the fuel contains chlorine. In addition, there must be some level of incomplete combustion because organic species cannot be created once all the carbon has oxidized to CO or CO2. Solid waste incinerators are the sources most likely to meet these conditions and, indeed they have been a significant source of PCDD and PCDF. Other sources include forest fires and automobiles – where the amount of chlorine in the fuel is very small, but the amount of fuel burned is very large. Utility boilers probably emit some PCDD, but the amount of organic material in their exhausts is undetectable by normal test methods and PCDD would have to be generated from carbon.
Dioxin-furan formation can be eliminated by completely burning the fuel. The most efficient method of generating dioxins is to incompletely burn chlorinated aromatic compounds such as chlorinated phenols once used as coolants in electric transformers. Any time there is a fire in an old transformer, downwind or adjacent areas are heavily contaminated with dioxins. Perhaps the next best way to emit dioxins is to incompletely burn any chlorine containing waste – such as PVC plastic. Municipal and hospital waste incinerators built before 1980 frequently fit in this category. Most of these sources generated substantial amounts of dioxins during combustion, although most of them have been regulated out of existence. Source: USEPA, APTI, 2012, Combustion Source Evaluation Student Manual.
Research since about 1990 has shown that dioxins and furans can be created in the exhaust gas after the combustion zone – primarily at temperatures in the range of 250-300°C (480° - 570°F), which can include the normal operating temperature of a dust collector. The mechanism is a chemical reaction between organic PIC and molecular chlorine (Cl2) in the presence of fly ash that apparently acts as a catalyst. This synthesis apparently requires a time span of several seconds. The way to avoid dioxin formation is (1) to completely burn the fuel, and (2) to cool the gas rapidly through the critical temperature range of 250°-300°C. This basically means avoiding the installation of a dust collector or a long duct where the exhaust gas is in the critical temperature range. A baghouse operating in the critical temperature range can be particularly troublesome because flue gas passes through the filter cake, which appears to be a catalyst for dioxin formation. Source: USEPA, APTI, 2012, Combustion Source Evaluation Student Manual.
There is some evidence that dioxins might be formed from carbon; although this appears to be much less efficient than forming dioxins from organic material. This possibility reinforces the need for the dust collector to operate well outside of the 250°-300°C temperature range. Source: USEPA, APTI, 2012, Combustion Source Evaluation Student Manual.
有一火力發電廠每天燃燒含硫量 2% ,含灰份 7% 的煤 200 公噸, 請回答下面問題: 如果所有燃料中的硫都轉換為 SO 2 由煙囪中排放,請問此一煙 囪 SO 2 的排放率為若干 g/sec? 如果加裝 FGD( 排煙脫硫 ) ,且 SO 2 去除率為 80% ,則此一煙囪 SO 2 的排放率為若干 g/sec? 煙道中廢氣流量在 150 ℃, 1 大氣壓時為 80m 3 /sec ,假設廢氣的 分子量可視為 28.5 ,求上題中裝了 FGD 以後廢氣中 SO 2 濃度為 多少 ppm? 如果燃燒後灰份有 50% 變為飛灰,而且集塵器會去除 99% 的 粉塵,請問此一煙囪懸浮微粒的排放率為若干 g/sec? 依 (2) 的條件算出此一煙囪懸浮微粒的排放濃度為多少 mg/Nm 3 ?
有一燃燒器每小時燃燒 12 公斤 CH 4 ﹐如過剩空氣供給量為 150% ﹐求: (a) 廢氣乾基流量為多少 Nm 3 /s ﹐ (b) 乾燥的廢氣中含氧量為多少 % ﹖
利用 Orsat 分析儀求出某一燃燒碳氫化合物的鍋爐廢氣中, CO2 佔 10.1% , O2 佔 8.3% , CO 佔 0.9% ,請問在乾燥的情況下,此一 廢氣的分子量為多少?燃燒時過剩空氣為多少?
假設某燃料 100g 中含 C:72g, H:24g, S:4g, 某鍋爐一小時燒 100kg 此 種燃料, 燃燒時過剩空氣為 30%, 請問燃燒後廢氣乾基流量為若干 Nm 3 /s? 廢氣中 SO 2 乾基濃度為多少 ppm? ( 原子量 C:12, H:1, S:32, O:16)( 標準狀態為 1atm, 0 ℃ )
有一個電廠,每天燒煤 100 公噸,煤的成分如下: H (5%) 、 C(76%) 、 N(2%) 、 S(2%) 、 O(7%) 、 ash(8%) ,燃燒時過剩空氣供 給量為 30% ,進入燃燒室的空氣為完全乾燥 ( 不含水分 ) ,請問: (a) 廢氣中 SO 2 的濕基濃度為多少 ppm? (b) 廢氣中 SO 2 的乾基濃度 為多少 ppm? (c) 如果不裝排煙脫硫設備,則此電廠 SO 2 排放量為 多少 g/s ? (d) 此一電廠廢氣的流量為多少 Nm 3 /s?
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Adapted from the nonfiction book by Natalie Robins and Steven M.L. Aronson, Tom Kalin's Savage Grace recounts the true crime tale of the death of Barbara Baekeland. Stephen Dillane stars as Brooks Baekeland, the son of the man who invented Bakelite, one of the early forms of plastic. As the family fortune begins to...more
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This unique and strategic project could become one of AMEXCID's emblematic programs
AMEXCID, GIZ and SEDESOL have developed a program to prevent the migration of unaccompanied children and adolescents that focuses on their home communities in Central America's Northern Triangle and Mexico with the goal of improving their livelihoods and development opportunities in six communities (two per country) in Central America's Northern Triangle.
The project is expected to benefit over 6,000 participants directly and about 30,000 people indirectly in the areas of influence, through their schools and communities, over a period of three years. It focuses on direct intervention in the affected communities, by promoting:
· Activities in schools, families and in the community that strengthen the identity of the children and adolescents, and create a sense of belonging and connectedness to their community
· Partnerships with stakeholders working in the area to create synergies
· Actions that address the root causes of migration, strengthen the social fabric at the community level and develop and implement local systems of protection
· Systematization of the intervention model based on evidence of what works to make it replicable and scalable
· The participation of vulnerable groups to strengthen the children's sense of belonging
· Legislative and organizational changes to strengthen protection systems in participating countries and on the migration routes
The source communities included in the pilot project in each country were selected from rural and peri-urban emigrant communities:
El Salvador: Colonia Carrillo in San Miguel and Piedra Azul in San Rafael Oriente
Honduras: peri-urban area of Tegucigalpa and San Pedro Sula (where specific communities will be selected)
Guatemala: the communities of Cruz Chich and Quiacoj in the Joyabaj municipality in the Quiche department
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