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Electrical Units
The Volt In Chap. 1, you learned a little about the volt, the standard unit of electromotive force (EMF) or potential difference. An accumulation of electrostatic charge, such as an excess or shortage of electrons, is always associated with a voltage. There are other situations in which voltages exist. Voltage can be generated at a power plant, produced in an electrochemical reaction, or caused by light rays striking a semiconductor chip. It can be produced when an object is moved in a magnetic field, or is placed in a fluctuating magnetic field. A potential difference between two points produces an electric field, represented by electric lines of flux (Fig. 2-1). There is a pole that is relatively positive, with fewer electrons, and one that is relatively negative, with more electrons. The positive pole does not necessarily have a deficiency of electrons compared with neutral objects, and the negative pole does not always have a surplus of electrons relative to neutral objects. But the negative pole always has more electrons than the positive pole. The abbreviation for volt (or volts) is V. Sometimes, smaller units are used. The millivolt (mV) is equal to a thousandth (0.001) of a volt. The microvolt (μV) is equal to a millionth (0.000001) of a volt. It is sometimes necessary to use units larger than the volt. One kilovolt (kV) is one thousand volts (1000 V). One megavolt (MV) is 1 million volts (1,000,000 V) or one thousand kilovolts (1000 kV). In a dry cell, the voltage is usually between 1.2 and 1.7 V; in a car battery, it is 12 to 14 V. In household utility wiring, it is a low-frequency alternating current of about 117 V for electric lights and most appliances, and 234 V for a washing machine, dryer, oven, or stove. In television sets, transformers convert 117 V to around 450 V for the operation of the picture tube. In some broadcast transmitters, the voltage can be several kilovolts.
Protons, Neutrons, and Atomic Numbers The part of an atom that gives an element its identity is the nucleus. It is made up of two kinds of particles, the proton and the neutron. These are extremely dense. A teaspoonful of either of these particles, packed tightly together, would weigh tons. Protons and neutrons have just about the same mass, but the proton has an electric charge while the neutron does not. The simplest element, hydrogen, has a nucleus made up of only one proton; there are usually no neutrons. This is the most common element in the universe. Sometimes a nucleus of hydrogen has a neutron or two along with the proton, but this does not occur very often. These "mutant" forms of hydrogen do, nonetheless, play significant roles in atomic physics. The second most abundant element is helium. Usually, this atom has a nucleus with two protons and two neutrons. Hydrogen is changed into helium inside the sun, and in the process, energy is given off. This makes the sun shine. The process, called fusion, is also responsible for the terrific explosive force of a hydrogen bomb. Every proton in the universe is just like every other. Neutrons are all alike, too. The number of protons in an element's nucleus, the atomic number, gives that element its identity. The element with three protons is lithium, a light metal that reacts easily with gases such as oxygen or chlorine. The element with four protons is beryllium, also a metal. In general, as the number of protons in an element's nucleus increases, the number of neutrons also increases. Elements with high atomic numbers, like lead, are therefore much denser than elements with low atomic numbers, like carbon. Perhaps you've compared a lead sinker with a piece of coal of similar size, and noticed this difference.
The largest voltages on our planet occur between clouds, or between clouds and the ground, in thundershowers. This potential difference can build up to several tens of megavolts. The existence of a voltage always means that charge carriers, which are electrons in a conventional circuit, flow between two points if a conductive path is provided. Voltage represents the driving force that impels charge carriers to move. If all other factors are held constant, high voltages produce a faster flow of charge carriers, and therefore larger currents, than low voltages. But that's an oversimplification in most real-life scenarios, where other factors are hardly ever constant!
Current Flow If a conducting or semiconducting path is provided between two poles having a potential difference, charge carriers flow in an attempt to equalize the charge between the poles. This flow of current continues as long as the path is provided, and as long as there is a charge difference between the poles. Sometimes the charge difference is equalized after a short while. This is the case, for example, when you touch a radiator after shuffling around on the carpet while wearing hard-soled shoes. It is also true in a lightning stroke. In these instances, the charge is equalized in a fraction of a second. In other cases, the charge takes longer to be used up. This happens if you short-circuit a dry cell. Within a few minutes, the cell "runs out of juice" if you put a wire between the positive and negative terminals. If you put a bulb across the cell, say with a flashlight, it takes an hour or two for the charge difference to drop to zero. In household electric circuits, the charge difference is never equalized, unless there's a power failure. Of course, if you short-circuit an outlet (don't!), the fuse or breaker will blow or trip, and the charge difference will immediately drop to zero. But if you put a 100-watt bulb at the outlet, the charge difference will be maintained as the current flows. The power plant can keep a potential difference across a lot of light bulbs indefinitely.
Have you heard that it is current, not voltage, that kills? This is a literal truth, but it plays on semantics. It's like saying "It's the heat, not the fire, that burns you." Naturally! But there can only be a deadly current if there is enough voltage to drive it through your body. You don't have to worry when handling flashlight cells, but you'd better be extremely careful around household utility circuits. A voltage of 1.2 to 1.7 V can't normally pump a dangerous current through you, but a voltage of 117 V almost always can. In an electric circuit that always conducts equally well, the current is directly proportional to the applied voltage. If you double the voltage, you double the current. If the voltage is cut in half, the current is cut in half too. Figure 2-2 shows this relationship as a graph in general terms. It assumes that the power supply can provide the necessary number of charge carriers.
The Ampere Current is a measure of the rate at which charge carriers flow. The standard unit is the ampere. This represents one coulomb (6,240,000,000,000,000,000) of charge carriers flowing every second past a given point. An ampere is a comparatively large amount of current. The abbreviation is A. Often, current is specified in terms of milliamperes, abbreviated mA, where 1 mA = 0.001 A, or a thousandth of an ampere. You will also sometimes hear of microamperes (μA), where 1 μA = 0.000001 A or 0.001 mA, which is a millionth of an ampere. It is increasingly common to hear about nanoamperes (nA), where 1 nA = 0.001 μA = 0.000000001 A, which is a thousandth of a millionth of an ampere. A current of a few milliamperes will give you a startling shock. About 50 mA will jolt you severely, and 100 mA can cause death if it flows through your chest cavity. An ordinary 100-watt light bulb draws about 1 A of current in a household utility circuit. An electric iron draws approximately 10 A; an entire household normally uses between 10 and 50 A, depending on the size of the house and the kinds of appliances it has, and also on the time of day, week, or year. The amount of current that flows in an electrical circuit depends on the voltage, and also on the resistance. There are some circuits in which extremely large currents, say 1000 A, can flow. This will happen through a metal bar placed directly at the output of a massive electric generator. The resistance is extremely low in this case, and the generator is capable of driving huge numbers of charge carriers through the bar every second. In some semiconductor electronic devices, such as microcomputers, a few nanoamperes will suffice for many complicated processes. Some electronic clocks draw so little current that their batteries last as long as they would if left on the shelf without being put to any use.
Resistance and the Ohm Resistance is a measure of the opposition that a circuit offers to the flow of electric current. You can compare it to the diameter of a hose. In fact, for metal wire, this is an excellent analogy: smalldiameter wire has high resistance (a lot of opposition to current), and large-diameter wire has low resistance (not much opposition to current). The type of metal makes a difference too. For example, steel wire has higher resistance for a given diameter than copper wire. The standard unit of resistance is the ohm. This is sometimes symbolized by the uppercase Greek letter omega (Ω). You'll sometimes hear about kilohms (symbolized k or kΩ), where 1 kΩ = 1000 Ω, or about megohms (symbolized M or MΩ), where 1 MΩ = 1000 kΩ = 1,000,000 Ω. Electric wire is sometimes rated for resistivity. The standard unit for this purpose is the ohm per foot (ohm/ft or Ω/ft) or the ohm per meter (ohm/m or Ω/m). You might also come across the unit ohm per kilometer (ohm/km or Ω/km). Table 2-1 shows the resistivity for various common sizes of solid copper wire at room temperature, as a function of the wire size as defined by a scheme known as the American Wire Gauge (AWG).
Ions If an atom has more or less electrons than protons, that atom acquires an electrical charge. A shortage of electrons results in positive charge; an excess of electrons gives a negative charge. The element's identity remains the same, no matter how great the excess or shortage of electrons. In the extreme case, all the electrons might be removed from an atom, leaving only the nucleus. However, it would still represent the same element as it would if it had all its electrons. A charged atom is called an ion. When a substance contains many ions, the material is said to be ionized. A good example of an ionized substance is the atmosphere of the earth at high altitudes. The ultraviolet radiation from the sun, as well as high-speed subatomic particles from space, result in the gases' atoms being stripped of electrons. The ionized gases tend to be found in layers at certain altitudes. These layers are responsible for long-distance radio communications at some frequencies. Ionized materials generally conduct electricity well, even if the substance is normally not a good conductor. Ionized air makes it possible for a lightning stroke to take place, for example. The ionization, caused by a powerful electric field, occurs along a jagged, narrow channel. After the lightning flash, the nuclei of the atoms quickly attract stray electrons back, and the air becomes electrically neutral again. An element might be both an ion and an isotope different from the usual isotope. For example, an atom of carbon might have eight neutrons rather than the usual six, thus being the isotope C14, and it might have been stripped of an electron, giving it a positive unit electric charge and making it an ion.
When 1 V is placed across 1 Ω of resistance, assuming that the power supply can deliver an unlimited number of charge carriers, there is a current of 1 A. If the resistance is doubled to 2 Ω, the current decreases to 0.5 A. If the resistance is cut by a factor of 5 to 0.2 Ω, the current increases by the same factor, to 5 A. The current flow, for a constant voltage, is said to be inversely proportional to the resistance. Figure 2-3 is a graph that shows various currents, through various resistances, given a constant voltage of 1 V across the whole resistance. Resistance has another property. If there is a current flowing through a resistive material, there is always a potential difference across the resistive component (called a resistor). This is shown in Fig. 2-4. In general, this voltage is directly proportional to the current through the resistor. This behavior of resistors is useful in the design of electronic circuits, as you will learn later in this book. Electrical circuits always have some resistance. There is no such thing as a perfect conductor. When some metals are chilled to temperatures near absolute zero, they lose practically all of their resistance, but they never become absolutely perfect, resistance-free conductors. This phenomenon, about which you might have heard, is called superconductivity.
Just as there is no such thing as a perfectly resistance-free substance, there isn't a truly infinite resistance, either. Even air conducts to some extent, although the effect is usually so small that it can be ignored. In some electronic applications, materials are selected on the basis of how "nearly infinite" their resistance is. In electronics, the resistance of a component often varies, depending on the conditions under which it is operated. A transistor, for example, might have high resistance some of the time, and low resistance at other times. High/low resistance variations can be made to take place thousands, millions, or billions of times each second. In this way, oscillators, amplifiers, and digital devices function in radio receivers and transmitters, telephone networks, digital computers, and satellite links (to name just a few applications).
Conductance and the Siemens Electricians and electrical engineers sometimes talk about the conductance of a material, rather than about its resistance. The standard unit of conductance is the siemens, abbreviated S. When a component has a conductance of 1 S, its resistance is 1 Ω. If the resistance is doubled, the conductance is cut in half, and vice versa. Therefore, conductance is the reciprocal of resistance. If you know the resistance of a component or circuit in ohms, you can get the conductance in siemens: divide 1 by the resistance. If you know the conductance in siemens, you can get the resistance: divide 1 by the conductance. Resistance, as a variable quantity, is denoted by an italicized, uppercase letter R. Conductance, as a variable quantity, is denoted as an italicized, uppercase letter G. If we express R in ohms and G in siemens, then the following two equations describe their relationship
Units of conductance much smaller than the siemens are often used. A resistance of 1 kΩ is equal to 1 millisiemens (1 mS). If the resistance is 1 MΩ, the conductance is one microsiemens (1 μS). You'll sometimes hear about kilosiemens (kS) or megasiemens (MS), representing resistances of 0.001 Ω and 0.000001 Ω (a thousandth of an ohm and a millionth of an ohm, respectively). Short lengths of heavy wire have conductance values in the range of kilosiemens. Heavy metal rods can have conductances in the megasiemens range. Suppose a component has a resistance of 50 Ω. Then its conductance, in siemens, is 1/50 S, which is equal to 0.02 S. We can call this 20 mS. Or imagine a piece of wire with a conductance of 20 S. Its resistance is 1/20 Ω, which is equal to 0.05 Ω. You will not often hear the term milliohm. But you could say that this wire has a resistance of 50 mΩ, and you would be technically right. Determining conductivity is tricky. If wire has a resistivity of 10 Ω/km, you can't say that it has a conductivity of 1/10, or 0.1, S/km. It is true that a kilometer of such wire has a conductance of 0.1 S, but 2 km of the wire has a resistance of 20 Ω (because there is twice as much wire). That is not twice the conductance, but half. If you say that the conductivity of the wire is 0.1 S/km, then you might be tempted to say that 2 km of the wire has 0.2 S of conductance. That would be a mistake! Conductance decreases with increasing wire length. Figure 2-5 illustrates the resistance and conductance values for various lengths of wire having a resistivity of 10 Ω/km.
Power and the Watt Whenever current flows through a resistance, heat results. The heat can be measured in watts (symbolized W) and represents electrical power. (As a variable quantity in equations, power is denoted by the uppercase italic letter P.) Power can be manifested in many forms, such as mechanical motion, radio waves, visible light, or noise. But heat is always present, in addition to any other form of power, in an electrical or electronic device. This is because no equipment is 100 percent efficient. Some power always goes to waste, and this waste is almost all in the form of heat. Look again at Fig. 2-4. There is a certain voltage across the resistor, not specifically indicated. There's also a current flowing through the resistance, and it is not quantified in the diagram, either. Suppose we call the voltage E and the current I, in volts (V) and amperes (A), respectively. Then the power in watts dissipated by the resistance, call it P, is the product of the voltage in volts and the current in amperes:
If the voltage E across the resistance is caused by two flashlight cells in series, giving 3 V, and if the current I through the resistance (a light bulb, perhaps) is 0.1 A, then E = 3 V and I = 0.1 A, and we can calculate the power P in watts as follows: P = EI = 3 × 0.1 = 0.3 W Suppose the voltage is 117 V, and the current is 855 mA. To calculate the power, we must convert the current into amperes: 855 mA = 855/1000 A = 0.855 A. Then: P = EI = 117 × 0.855 = 100 W
You will often hear about milliwatts (mW), microwatts (μW), kilowatts (kW), and megawatts (MW). By now, you should be able to tell from the prefixes what these units represent. Otherwise, you can refer to Table 2-2. This table lists the most commonly used prefix multipliers in electricity and electronics. Sometimes you need to use the power equation to find currents or voltages. Then you should use I = P/E to find current, or E = P/I to find voltage. Always remember to convert, if necessary, to the standard units of volts, amperes, and watts before performing the calculations.
A Word about Notation Have you noticed some strange things about the notation yet? If you're observant, you have! Why, you might ask, are italics sometimes used, and sometimes not used? Something should be said early in this course about notation, because it can get confusing with all the different symbols and abbreviations. Sometimes, symbols and abbreviations appear in italics, and sometimes they do not. You'll see subscripts often, and sometimes even they are italicized! Here are some rules that apply to notation in electricity and electronics: Symbols for specific units, such as volts, amperes, and ohms, are not italicized. Symbols for objects or components, such as resistors, batteries, and meters, are not italicized. Quantifying prefixes, such as "kilo-" or "micro-," are not italicized. Labeled points in drawings might or might not be italicized; it doesn't matter as long as a diagram is consistent with itself. Symbols for mathematical constants and variables, such as time, are italicized. Symbols for electrical quantities, such as voltage, current, resistance, and power, are italicized. Symbols and abbreviations for modifiers might or might not be italicized; it doesn't matter as long as a document is consistent with itself. Numeric subscripts are not italicized. For nonnumeric subscripts, the same rules apply as for general symbols. Some examples are R (not italicized) for resistor, R (italicized) for resistance, P (italicized) for power, W (not italicized) for watts, V (not italicized) for volts, E or V (italicized) for voltage, A (not italicized) for amperes, I (italicized) for current, f (italicized) for frequency, and t (italicized) for time.
Once in a while you will see the same symbol italicized in one place and not in another—in the same circuit diagram or discussion! We might, for example, talk about "resistor number 3" (symbolized R3), and then later in the same paragraph talk about its value as "resistance number 3" (Symbolized R3). Still later we might talk about "the nth resistor in a series connection" (Rn) and then "the nth resistance in a series combination of resistances" (Rn). These differences in notation, while subtle (and, some people will say, picayune) are followed in this book, and they are pretty much agreed upon by convention. They are important because they tell the reader exactly what a symbol stands for in a diagram, discussion, or mathematical equation. "Resistor" and "resistance" are vastly different things—as different from each other as a garden hose (the object) and the extent to which it impedes the flow of water (the phenomenon). With this in mind, let us proceed!
Energy and the Watt-Hour Have you heard the terms "power" and "energy" used interchangeably, as if they mean the same thing? They don't! Energy is power dissipated over a length of time. Power is the rate at which energy is expended. Physicists measure energy in units called joules. One joule (1 J) is the equivalent of a watt-second, which is the equivalent of 1 watt of power dissipated for 1 second of time (1 W s or Ws). In electricity, you'll more often encounter the watt- hour (symbolized W h or Wh) or the kilowatt-hour (symbolized kW h or kWh). As their names imply, a watt-hour is the equivalent of 1 W dissipated for 1 h, and 1 kWh is the equivalent of 1 kW of power dissipated for 1 h. A watt-hour of energy can be dissipated in an infinite number of different ways. A 60-W bulb consumes 60 Wh in 1 h, the equivalent of a watt-hour per minute (1 Wh/min). A 100-W bulb consumes 1 Wh in 1/100 h, or 36 s. Besides these differences, the rate of power dissipation in real-life circuits often changes with time. This can make the determination of consumed energy complicated, indeed. Figure 2-6 illustrates two hypothetical devices that consume 1 Wh of energy. Device A uses its power at a constant rate of 60 W, so it consumes 1 Wh in 1 min. The power consumption rate of
device B varies, starting at zero and ending up at quite a lot more than 60 W. How do you know that this second device really consumes 1 Wh of energy? You must determine the area under the curve in the graph. In this case, figuring out this area is easy, because the enclosed object is a triangle. The area of a triangle is equal to half the product of the base length and the height. Device B is powered up for 72 s, or 1.2 min; this is 1.2/60 = 0.02 h. Then the area under the curve is 1/2 × 100 × 0.02 = 1 Wh. When calculating energy values, you must always remember the units you're using. In this case the unit is the watt-hour, so you must multiply watts by hours. If you multiply watts by minutes, or watts by seconds, you'll get the wrong kind of units in your answer. Often, the curves in graphs like these are complicated. Consider the graph of power consumption in your home, versus time, for a day. It might look like the curve in Fig. 2-7. Finding the area under this curve is not easy. But there is another way to determine the total energy burned by your household over a period of time. That is by means of a meter that measures electrical energy in kilowatt- hours. Every month, without fail, the power company sends its representative to read your electric meter. This person takes down the number of kilowatt-hours displayed, subtracts the number from the reading taken the previous month, and a few days later you get a bill. This meter automatically keeps track of total consumed energy, without anybody having to go through high-level mathematical calculations to find the areas under irregular curves such as the graph of Fig. 2-7.
Other Energy Units The joule, while standard among scientists, is not the only energy unit in existence! Another unit is the erg, equivalent to one ten-millionth (0.0000001) of a joule. The erg is used in lab experiments involving small amounts of expended energy.
Most folks have heard of the British thermal unit (Btu), equivalent to 1055 joules. This is the energy unit commonly used to define the cooling or heating capacity of air-conditioning equipment. To cool your room from 85 to 78°F needs a certain amount of energy, perhaps best specified in Btu. If you are getting an air conditioner or furnace installed in your home, an expert will come look at your situation, and determine the size of air-conditioning/heating unit that best suits your needs. That person will likely tell you how powerful the unit should be in terms of its ability to heat or cool in Btu per hour (Btu/h). Physicists also use, in addition to the joule, a unit of energy called the electron volt (eV). This is a tiny unit of energy, equal to just 0.00000000000000000016 joule (there are 18 zeroes after the decimal point and before the 1). The physicists write 1.6 × 10−19 to represent this. It is the energy gained by a single electron in an electric field of 1 V. Machines called particle accelerators (or atom smashers) are rated by millions of electron volts (MeV), billions of electron volts (GeV), or trillions of electron volts (TeV) of energy capacity. Another energy unit, employed to denote work, is the foot-pound (ft-lb). This is the work needed to raise a weight of one pound by a distance of one foot, not including any friction. It's equal to 1.356 joules. All of these units, and conversion factors, are given in Table 2-3. Kilowatt-hours and watt-hours are also included in this table. In electricity and electronics, you need to be concerned only with the watt-hour and the kilowatt-hour for most purposes.
Alternating Current and the Hertz This chapter, and this whole first section, is mostly concerned with direct current (dc). That's electric current that always flows in the same direction and that does not change in intensity (at least not too rapidly) with time. But household utility current is not of this kind. It reverses direction periodically, exactly once every 1/120 second. It goes through a complete cycle every 1/60 second. Every repetition is identical to every other. This is alternating current (ac). Figure 2-8 shows the characteristic wave of ac, as a graph of voltage versus time. Notice that the maximum positive and negative voltages are not 117 V, as you've heard about household electricity, but close to 165 V. There is a reason for this difference. The effective voltage for an ac wave is never the same as the instantaneous maximum, or peak, voltage. In fact, for the common waveform shown in Fig. 2-8, the effective value is 0.707 times the peak value. Conversely, the peak value is 1.414 times the effective value.
Because the whole cycle repeats itself every 1/60 second, the frequency of the utility ac wave is said to be 60 hertz, abbreviated 60 Hz. The German word hertz literally translates to "cycles per second." In the United States, this is the standard frequency for ac. In some places it is 50 Hz. In wireless communications, higher frequencies are common, and you'll hear about kilohertz (kHz), megahertz (MHz), and gigahertz (GHz). The relationships among these units are as follows: 1 kHz = 1000 Hz 1 MHz = 1000 kHz = 1,000,000 Hz 1 GHz = 1000 MHz = 1,000,000 kHz = 1,000,000,000 Hz Usually, but not always, the waveshapes are of the type shown in Fig. 2-8. This waveform is known as a sine wave or a sinusoidal waveform.
Rectification and Pulsating Direct Current Batteries and other sources of direct current (dc) produce constant voltage. This can be represented by a straight, horizontal line on a graph of voltage versus time (Fig. 2-9). For pure dc, the peak and effective values are identical. But sometimes the value of dc voltage fluctuates rapidly with time. This happens, for example, if the waveform in Fig. 2-8 is passed through a rectifier circuit. Rectification is a process in which ac is changed to dc. The most common method of doing this uses a device called the diode. Right now, you need not be concerned with how the rectifier circuit is put together. The point is that part of the ac wave is either cut off, or turned around upside down, so the output is pulsating dc. Figure 2-10 illustrates two different waveforms of pulsating dc. In the waveform at A, the negative (bottom) part has been cut off. At B, the negative portion of the wave has been inverted and made positive. The situation at A is known as half- wave rectification, because it involves only half the waveform. At B, the ac has been subjected to full-wave rectification, because
all of the original current still flows, even though the alternating nature has been changed so that the current never reverses. The effective value, compared with the peak value, for pulsating dc depends on whether halfwave or full-wave rectification is applied to an ac wave. In Fig. 2-10A and B, effective voltage is shown as dashed lines, and the instantaneous voltage is shown as solid curves. The instantaneous voltage changes all the time, from instant to instant. (That's how it gets this name!) The peak voltage is
the maximum instantaneous voltage. Instantaneous voltage is never any greater than the peak voltage for any wave. In Fig. 2-10B, the effective voltage is 0.707 times the peak voltage, just as is the case with ordinary ac. The direction of current flow, for many kinds of devices, doesn't make any difference. But in Fig. 2-10A, half of the wave has been lost. This cuts the effective value in half, so that it's only 0.354 times the peak value. In household ac that appears in wall outlets for conventional appliances in the United States, the peak voltage is about 165 V; the effective value is 117 V. If full-wave rectification is used, the effective value is still 117 V. If half-wave rectification is used, the effective voltage is about 58.5 V.
Safety Considerations in Electrical Work For our purposes, one rule applies concerning safety around electrical apparatus: If you have any doubt about whether or not something is safe, leave it alone. Let a professional electrician work on it. Household voltage, normally about 117 V (but sometimes twice that for large appliances such as electric ranges and laundry machines), is more than sufficient to kill you if it appears across your chest cavity. Certain devices, such as automotive spark coils, can produce lethal currents even from the low voltage (12 to 14 V) in a car battery. Consult the American Red Cross or your electrician concerning what kinds of circuits, procedures, and devices are safe and which aren't.
Magnetism Electric currents and magnetic fields are closely related. Whenever an electric current flows—that is, when charge carriers move—a magnetic field accompanies the current. In a straight wire that carries electrical current, magnetic lines of flux surround the wire in circles, with the wire at the center, as shown in Fig. 2-11. (The lines of flux aren't physical objects; this is just a convenient way to rep-
resent the magnetic field.) You'll sometimes hear or read about a certain number of flux lines per unit cross- sectional area, such as 100 lines per square centimeter. This is a relative way of talking about the intensity of the magnetic field. Magnetic fields are produced when the atoms of certain materials align themselves. Iron is the most common metal that has this property. The atoms of iron in the core of the earth have become aligned to some extent; this is a complex interaction caused by the rotation of our planet and its motion with respect to the magnetic field of the sun. The magnetic field surrounding the earth is responsible for various effects, such as the concentration of charged particles that you see as the aurora borealis just after a solar eruption. When a wire is coiled up, the resulting magnetic flux takes a shape similar to the flux field surrounding the earth, or the flux field around a bar magnet. Two well-defined magnetic poles develop, as shown in Fig. 2-12. The intensity of a magnetic field can be greatly increased by placing a special core inside of a coil. The core should be of iron or some other material that can be readily magnetized. Such substances are called ferromagnetic. A core of this kind cannot actually increase the total quantity of magnetism in and around a coil, but it will cause the lines of flux to be much closer together inside the material. This is the principle by which an electromagnet works. It also makes possible the operation of electrical transformers for utility current. Magnetic lines of flux are said to emerge from the magnetic north pole, and to run inward toward the magnetic south pole.
Magnetic Units The overall magnitude of a magnetic field is measured in units called webers, abbreviated Wb. One weber is mathematically equivalent to one volt-second (1 V s). For weaker magnetic fields, a smaller unit, called the maxwell (Mx), is used. One maxwell is equal to 0.00000001 (one hundredmillionth) of a weber, or 0.01 microvolt-second (0.01 μV s). The flux density of a magnetic field is given in terms of webers or maxwells per square meter or per square centimeter. A flux density of one weber per square meter (1 Wb/m2) is called one tesla (1 T). One gauss (1 G) is equal to 0.0001 T, or one maxwell per square centimeter (1 Mx/cm2). In general, as the electric current through a wire increases, so does the flux density near the wire. A coiled wire produces a greater flux density for a given current than a single, straight wire. And the more turns in the coil, the stronger the magnetic field will be. Sometimes, magnetic field strength is specified in terms of ampere-turns (At). This is actually a unit of magnetomotive force. A one-turn wire loop, carrying 1 A of current, produces a field of 1 At. Doubling the number of turns, or the current, doubles the number of ampere-turns. Therefore, if you have 10 A flowing in a 10-turn coil, the magnetomotive force is 10 × 10, or 100 At. Or, if you have 100 mA flowing in a 100-turn coil, the magnetomotive force is 0.1 × 100, or 10 At. (Remember that 100 mA = 0.1 A.) A less common unit of magnetomotive force is the gilbert (Gb). This unit is the equivalent of 0.796 At. Conversely, 1 At = 1.26 Gb.
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The general trademark of a manufacturer by which the consumer knows its products. A manufacturer can have multiple brand names. Some manufacturers license their brand names to other producers.
Product name:
Product name is a brand's identification of a product, often a model name, but not totally unique as it can include some product variants. Product name is a key part of the Icecat product title on a product data-sheet.
Product code
The brand's unique identifier for a product. Multiple product codes can be mapped to one mother product data-sheet if the specifications are identical. We map away wrong codes or sometimes logistic variants.
In this category you will find software for planning your route to your destination, like extra maps for your GPS, but also software with which you can plan your route at home and print it for use on the road.
navigation software
Data-sheet quality:
created/standardized by Icecat
The quality of the product data-sheet can be on several levels:
only logistic data imported: we have only basic data imported from a supplier, a data-sheet is not yet created by an editor.
created by TomTom: a data-sheet is imported from an official source from a manufacturer. But the data-sheet is not yet standardized by an Icecat editor.
created/standardized by Icecat: the data-sheet is created or standardized by an Icecat editor.
only logistic data imported: we have only basic data imported from a supplier, a data-sheet is not yet created by an editor.
created by TomTom: a data-sheet is imported from an official source from a manufacturer. But the data-sheet is not yet standardized by an Icecat editor.
created/standardized by Icecat: the data-sheet is created or standardized by an Icecat editor.
Included since:
15 Jul 2005
The date Icecat noticed for the first time that this product was included in the price list of a channel partner
Info modified on:
06 Feb 2017 11:17:56
The date of the most recent change of this product data-sheet in Icecat.
Product views:
This statistic is based on the
using ecommerce sites (eshops, distributors, comparison sites, ecommerce ASPs, purchase systems, etc) downloading this Icecat data-sheet since
Only sponsoring brands are included in the free Open Icecat content distribution as used by
free Open Icecat users .
Long product name TomTom NAVIGATOR PALM:
The short editorial description of TomTom NAVIGATOR PALM
Marketing text TomTom NAVIGATOR PALM
:The official marketing text of TomTom NAVIGATOR PALM as supplied by the manufacturer
Go wireless with TomTom Navigator Bluetooth for Palm T3. Find your way without asking for directions or fumbling with maps. TomTom Navigator for Palm transforms your palmOne Tungsten T3 into a flexible and personal car navigation system. No hassles, no software installation: it's "plug and go". The latest software and maps come installed on an SD memory card that you slip into your Palm T3. It's easy to use, guaranteeing peace of mind on any trip.
Short summary description TomTom NAVIGATOR PALM:
This short summary of the TomTom NAVIGATOR PALM data-sheet is auto-generated and uses the product title and the first six key specs.
TomTom NAVIGATOR PALM, Benelux, Palm T3
Long summary description TomTom NAVIGATOR PALM:
This is an auto-generated long summary of TomTom NAVIGATOR PALM based on the first three specs of the first five spec groups.
TomTom NAVIGATOR PALM. Geographic coverage: Benelux. Minimum system requirements: Palm T3
This is a demo of a seamless insert of an Icecat LIVE product data-sheet in your website. Imagine that this responsive data-sheet is included in the product page of your webshop. How to integrate Icecat LIVE JavaScript.
Geographic coverage*
System requirements
Minimum system requirements
Palm T3


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comebacks is a valid word in this word list. For a definition, see the external dictionary links below.
The word "comebacks" uses 9 letters: A B C C E K M O S.
No direct anagrams for comebacks found in this word list.
Adding one letter to comebacks does not form any other word in this word list.
Words within comebacks not shown as it has more than seven letters.Try a search for comebacks in these online resources (some words may not be found):
Wiktionary -
OneLook Dictionaries -
Merriam-Webster -
Google Search
Each search will normally open in a new window.
List all words starting with comebacks, words containing comebacks or words ending with comebacks
All words formed from comebacks by changing one letter
Other words with the same letter pairs: co om me eb ba ac ck ks
Browse words starting with comebacks by next letter
Previous word in list: comeback
Next word in list: comedian
Some random words: ufological huarache veal huarache foal if drip
This is not a dictionary, it's a word game wordfinder.
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FixMyStreet is an Android application enabling people to upload photos to the FixMyStreet.org.nz site. The FixMyStreet.org.nz site is to help people report, view, or discuss local issues to their local council by simply locating them on a map.
Please note: GPS (via satellite) is required for fine grained location. This is to aid councils locate the issue accurately.
FixMyStreet.com launched in September 2010 in the UK. This NZ version is basically a reconfiguration of the original UK-based FixMyStreet.com version (with some modifications).
Tags: fixmystreet , fix my street , fix my street logo , fixmystreet nz
Users review
from 7 reviews
Download FixMyStreet (NZ)
Free - V1.2.3 - 204K
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Residential Asset Management for Corporate Investors
May 24, 2010
Young Group asset manages around 350 residential properties for our clients. Most of these are owned by private individuals.
Over the last year or so there has been an increased interest from institutions to invest in residential property – mostly in London / South East. We have been involved in this, including being invited to join a working group run on behalf of the HCA (Homes and Communities Agency). There have been some announcements from the likes of Aviva and AEGON but little new money has entered the field.
However, there are established corporate investors in this field, such as the Grosvenor Estate and Grainger who have invested over the years. We are currently in discussions with these types of investors regarding the asset management side.
They tend to use the likes of Touchstone and ARIM for property management
and a variety of agents for the tenant finding side.
We take a holistic view to asset management in residential property – you need to focus on both property management and income. Many large scale landlords take a commercial property focus to residential property and focus on property management and ignore the income side.
Please do not get me wrong, property management is very important, and with the right focus can increase the level of renewals and reduce voids – a happy tenant is a long term tenant.
Good property management can also save the landlord money, knowing a property well means reduced call outs etc. However, without being close to the market, a new tenancy that should be £5 or £10 a week higher and can move into the property a week earlier can have a significant effect on overall income / yields.
Many regard the secret to residential property investment as buying well, this is important, but so is generating good ongoing income, something that has become even more important in this post crunch era.
The above views come from many years of experience in this field. Sylvana and I have our own portfolio that Young Group manages, along with our clients investments, we give them all the same care and attention.
This is something I am pleased to say large scale investors are realising and why we are having more productive discussions in this area.
Watch this space.


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1. fantastic holiday
- Weather:
- 4
- Holiday:
- 5
- Accommodation:
- 5
- Food:
- 5
- Nightlife:
- 3
- Overall:
- 5
We went early December and still came back with decent tans.Quite breezy during the day but warm enough to sunbathe, although the Egyptians thought we were mad- they were all wrapped up.
Night time was quite chilly: cardigans or jackets advisable.
Brilliant holiday as always.We've been to various resorts in Egypt but this was one of the best.
Staff at the Hilton Sharks Bay Deluxe were fantastic: couldn't expect more of them.
The hotel and grounds were well kept and very clean and there was plenty of choice in the restaurant.
Don't expect English food as you are in Egypt not Spain! So annoying when people complain they want the food to be the same as at home.
Lovely to see Shamel, restaurant supervisor again (met at the Hilton Dreams 6 years ago). He knew who we were straight away and made us welcome again. Be back to see you soon Shammy.
During the day it was nice to go to the Sunshine bar at the resort side of the hotel,have a bar snack and chill whilst looking out over the bay.
Such a relaxing holiday; love Egypt and the people: they're always up for a bit of fun.
Recommend Shark's Bay to others


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Webolutions Team
Our Webolutions team is comprised of highly skilled professionals with marketing expertise in a number of different mediums. Our team uses a 100% collaborative approach to creating the best solutions for our clients.
President / Founder
I believe we should all "take a step back" and create a different lens through which to view the world. When constant change and evolution is the norm, this lens allows us to challenge the status quo and create fresh, innovative, relevant approaches to build success. This success allows us to make a difference in the world and this relevance is what drives me.
Director of Strategic Community & Public Policy Engagement
With 26 years of Public Policy and Community Problem Solving experience I believe that Colorado is the leader in economic health, responsible and effective government, entrepreneurial activity and effective decision making that maintains and enhances our vibrant quality of life. Our best days are ahead of us because we are going to make them.
Web Design and Development
"If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader." – John Quincy Adams
SEO – Online Marketing
The world revolves around relationships. Honest, open relationships result in trust, true communication and efficiencies. The lack of transparency subverts the overall betterment of mankind. I believe we should strive to be empathetic in order to achieve greater objectivity and make optimal decisions in all areas of life, both personally and professionally.
Operations Management
I joined Webolutions back in 2005, where we were in a tiny office on Evans and Monaco. It has been exciting to be a part of the growth and success that we've had as a company over the past 10+ years. We have a team that is passionate about what we do, and everyone works hard at their pieces of the puzzle, which all come together to produce an amazing marketing plan for our clients.
Project Management
I believe in making the world a better place. Having a happy and positive outlook on life definitely helps me with this every single day. Do what makes you happy and you will in turn make the world a happier, more positive place. Be kind to people and help others as much as possible. Always do your best. And laugh a lot!
Business Strategy & Marketing
"I believe in achieving remarkable relationships with clients based on trust. Without trust, it is impossible to do great work – which is ultimately my goal. Part of that is simply getting to know clients and investing in them. But, it also means doing what you say you are going to do, being honest, and treating everyone with mutual respect."
"I believe everyone—and every business—has a story to tell. In today's world, people aren't interested in your corporate policy. They're interested in YOU. Tell them how you got here. Tell them about your successes and your failures. Tell them about your celebrations and your mistakes. Be real with them, and they'll come back for more."
"When you collaborate with talented, creative and inspiring colleagues and clients who desire to make a difference in the world, there's no better motivation. When you tackle your to-do list with integrity, passion and humor, there's nothing that can stop you."
IT Coordination & Support
I'm a geek at heart, always have been. My first computer was an Apple IIe when I was in grade school and she was a beauty! Had I known that geek chic didn't attract women until at least college, I might have done something more conventional with my time but in reality, I regret nothing.
Experience Coordinator
I have finally found a job where my enthusiasm and creativity is appreciated. My position at Webolutions as an Experience Coordinator is a bit outside of the executive assistant realm. I get to create fabulous guest and team member experiences and still be involved in all things office-related. I immediately felt like a part of the team and it's clear to see that everyone at Webolutions truly loves their jobs and everyone works together as a team.


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Danish researchers have perfected an inexpensive and efficient way to convert types A, B and AB blood into type O, the universal-donor blood that can be given to anyone - an achievement that promises to make transfusions safer and relieve shortages of type O blood.
The team reported Sunday in the journal Nature Biotechnology that they isolated bacterial enzymes that safely remove from red blood cells the sugar molecules that provoke immune reactions in recipients.
Previous studies of type O blood produced from type B by a different method have shown it to be both safe and effective, and the researchers are now conducting clinical trials with the new product.
Mismatching of blood causes at least half of all transfusion-related deaths. And the need for precisely matched blood drives the costly and inefficient process of shuttling blood units between regional blood banks and hospitals to match daily requirements.
"Those issues could be largely resolved if there were a universally transfusible blood supply," said Doug Clibourn, chief executive of ZymeQuest Inc. in Beverly, Mass., which is developing the technology.
The problem involves sugar molecules on the surface of red blood cells. Type A blood has one set of sugars and type B has another, while type O has none. People with type A blood have antibodies against the type B sugars, people with type B have antibodies against type A, and people with type O have antibodies against both.
If a person receives mismatched blood, the antibodies attack red blood cells, producing a potentially fatal breakdown of red cells.


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Grosgrain ribbon Australia.
16mm - 5/8" Wholesale grosgrain ribbon supplier in Australia.
72 colours of 16mm solid grosgrain ribbon.
If you purchase 2 x 5 metre lengths you will receive 1 x 10 metre length.
The quality and texture of our grosgrain ribbon makes it perfect for making hair bows like twisted boutique bows and korker ribbon.
Buy the finest quality grosgrain ribbon available!
Think Bowtique is craft supply heaven.
We stock everything from grosgrain ribbon, satin ribbon, fabric flowers, elastic's, tulle, rhinestone embellishments, pearl embellishment, headbands and hair clips and more.
Grab a coffee and browse store.
Get the lastest new on Think Bowtique and join us on Facebook.
100% polyester
Colour fast,
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Our prices are in metres.
1 metre = 1.1 yards.
Colours may differ with different monitors, please request a sample if you are unsure of the colour your require.


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Ontario College Advanced Diploma Three-Year Co-op
Find out how you can complete a Bachelor of Commerce degree in 12 months on-site at Lambton College through Nipissing University after completing your Business Administration - Accounting diploma.
If you are looking for a program that leads to a rewarding career, that challenges you to develop valuable critical thinking and analytical skills, and has an option for a simple pathway to a university degree – then the three-year Business Administration – Accounting program is definitely in the right column for you!
Students in this program will receive a well-rounded and thorough education in important aspects of business such as human resources, law, and marketing. There will be a focus on developing strong communication, planning, teamwork, and analytical skills while studying all of the important accounting and finance courses. Students will apply their skills and develop an understanding of accounting theory and procedures, taxation, finance, and the use of accounting software. Because real-world experiences are so important, students are given the option to participate in Term 5 in a co-op work experience. This provides exposure to a business environment and could provide valuable work experience in the accounting field.
Some students may wish to hone their skills further by assisting others to make their entrepreneurial dreams a reality. This is done through The Cube – Lambton College's entrepreneurship hub, and through participation in Enactus, our award-winning social entrepreneurship team.
Students entering this program are entering a Mobile Learning - Class+ Experience program. The Class+ Experience is exclusive to Lambton College, where technology inspires learning. Mobile devices allow students to experience learning both inside and outside the classroom, integrating educational apps and tools into class activities. See device requirements.
Recognized by Apple as a distinguished program for innovation, leadership, and educational excellence.
O.S.S.D. or equivalent with: Grade 12 English C or U Any Grade 11 or 12 Mathematics C or U
Mature applicants must be at least 19 years of age by the start of classes, be out of secondary school for at least one year and usually do not have a high school diploma. Mature applicant assessment for this program is available in the Counselling Department in the subjects of English and Math. The assessment(s) will demonstrate proficiency in required admission subjects. For more information please contact the Counselling Department at ext 3412. Academic admission requirements can be obtained through Academic Upgrading and Pre-Programs at Lambton College.
Our graduates have the skills to begin careers in accounting from entry and middle-level to management. Accountants are needed in all business sectors – public and private. These could include government and agencies, public accounting firms, small and large manufacturers, retailers, service providers, banks and financial institutions, tax preparation firms and financial planners. You may begin your career working in accounts payable, accounts receivable, payroll, corporate accounting, general accounting, credit and collections, inventory control, budget analysis, financial accounting, management accounting, or financial and tax analysis. Some graduates have opted to participate in entrepreneurial opportunities.
Connect to your future career with Career Coach.
See where you could go within Ontario to complete a degree once you've completed this Lambton College program.
Want to go outside of Ontario? See where this Lambton College program can take you.
Students who successfully complete the Business Administration – Accounting program will have access to a number of university pathways including Nipissing University's Bachelor of Commerce (12 months) or Bachelor of Business Administration degrees which can be completed right here at Lambton College.If you are interested in pursuing a professional accounting credential, please visit the CPA Ontario website.
Students in this program may be eligible for entry into CPA Canada's Advanced Certificate in Accounting and Finance (ACAF).
To pursue the Chartered Professional Accountant (CPA) designation, students graduating from this program may complete the CPA entry requirement of an undergraduate degree by accessing a number of university pathways.
Students graduating from this program will have met the academic requirements for the Certified in Management (CIM) and Professional Manager (P.Mgr.) designations. All graduates from this program will be eligible to receive a Certificate in Management and Administration from the Canadian Institute of Management. In order to obtain these designations, graduates will need to demonstrate the appropriate level of managerial experience in the workplace and submit the appropriate application form(s), fee(s) and reference letter(s) to the Canadian Institute of Management. They may apply for designation at graduation or later in their careers.
Saturday, April 110:00 a.m. – 2:00 p.m.
Business & Creative Design, Liberal Studies & English519-542-7751 ext 2433
Program Information 519-541-2403 firstname.lastname@example.com
A-Z Program List


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The cuts will be mainly in the back office and in Warburg's securities operations, which overlap with SBC's.
"SBC views Warburg as a badly run bank," one source said.
The possibility of a counterbid for Warburg and a full bid for its 75 per cent stake in Mercury Asset Management spurred both shares yesterday. Mercury shot up 34p to 878p and Warburg rose 13p to 827p.
The sale of Warburg's stake in Mercury is now seen as an integral part of the deal, and offers are already being considered. Among the front- runners are Sandy Weill's US Smith Barney retail brokerage and Merrill Lynch. NatWest and ABN Amro have both firmly denied that they are interested.
Rumours over the proposed deal continue to increase in volume as both SBC and Warburg remain silent on the progress of their sales talks. In Frankfurt financial markets were awash with rumours that Dresdner Bank, Germany's biggest bank after Deutsche, is now seriously interested in making a counter-bid for Warburg.
A spokesman for Dresdner said last night: "We are considering our options."
Dresdner had a link with Kleinwort Benson in the early 1980s and has consistently said it would like to increase its investment banking operation in London. Although no longer interested in Kleinwort, sources said Dresdner was keen to copy Deutsche Bank's successful Morgan Grenfell acquisition.
"Now that Warburg is definitely in play, the Germans are seriously running a ruler over it," one source said.
Sources close to the talks confirmed that, although there will have to be big job cuts, SBC is also promising big bonuses to key Warburg players in the corporate finance department to stem further defections.
Four top equities people defected to Deutsche this week, and more may go as SBC's plans to slim Warburg's securities arm become clearer. SBC's strategy is to combine its huge balance sheet with Warburg's corporate finance expertise and contacts. Warburg's European corporate finance side is three times the size of SBC's.
- More about:
- Banking
- Deutsche Bank
- Dresdner Bank AG


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Lone Star Chapter BMW CCA Driving Tour
October 1 - We'll leave Classic BMW's Cars and Coffee event at 10 am and work our way northward and westward where we will wind up in lovely, downtown Wataugua, Texas, where we will be dining at the Chef's Point Cafe.
Sample specials for this week at Chef's Point Cafe: Weekly Specials Sept. 12, 2011 Here are the specials for week of 9/12/2011. Duck Breast Appetizer Better Than Sex Fried Chicken Chicken Fried Steak Chicken & Waffles Hawaiian Chicken or Salmon Fish Tacos Meat Loaf Given the fact this incredible gastronomic delight is located in a gas station (as in a 'place that sells gasoline' not a site for gastrointestinal distress), I think it will be a great place for our touring newcomers to wind down after a spirited drive across some of the finer back roads of North Texas. And for you hearty souls that will drive over from Ft Worth to leave from Classic BMW with us, the termination of the tour is just north of Ft Worth, so you will have a short drive home! For those of you who've always wanted to try a tour with us, this half day event will give you a good 'taste' of what touring with the Lone Star Chapter of BMW CCA is all about!
Lone Star BMW CCA Chapter Ex-president (retired 2017) , Chief Driving Instructor - LIFETIME Member # 119366
Past: 1991 BMW E30 M3 street car ; 1988 BMW E30 M3 track car |
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High body mass record (BMI), expanded midsection outline and sort 2 diabetes mellitus may build the danger of liver disease, another study has found.
A group of analysts from the National Cancer Institute in the US and the American Cancer Society, considered whether weight, and sort 2 diabetes mellitus are connected with liver disease chance.
Subside Campbell from the American Cancer Society and partners pooled information from 1.57 million grown-ups selected in 14 diverse US-based planned studies.
At enrolment, members finished polls identified with their tallness, weight, liquor consumption, tobacco utilize and different elements conceivably identified with disease chance. None of them had growth at enrolment.
Sort 2 diabetes mellitus was analyzed in 6.5 for every penny of the study members. After some time, 2,162 created liver disease, which the specialists had confirmed.
They thought about the rates of liver malignancy among members with and without corpulence and diabetes to
decide the relative dangers of liver tumor.
Specialists found that for each five kg/m2 increment in BMI, there was a 38 and 25 for every penny increment in the hazard for liver disease in men and ladies, separately.
The expansion in hazard was eight for each penny for each five cm increment in midriff boundary.
At the point when balanced for liquor consumption, smoking, race and BMI, members with sort 2 diabetes mellitus were 2.61 times more inclined to be determined to have liver malignancy and the hazard expanded with increment in BMI.
"We found that each of these three variables was related, heartily, with liver growth hazard. Every one of the three identify with metabolic brokenness. This adds generous support to liver malignancy being on the rundown of stoutness related growths," Campbell said.
The discoveries additionally add additional proof to bolster general wellbeing endeavors went for controling weight, Campbell included.
"This is yet another motivation to keep up a body weight in the "typical" range for your tallness," he said.
"Liver tumor is not just identified with overabundance liquor admission and viral hepatitis contamination," he said.
"From a general wellbeing viewpoint, these outcomes are vital on the grounds that corpulence and diabetes, sadly, are basic conditions in the populace," said Katherine A McGlynn, from the National Cancer Institute.
"While some other all around depicted hazard variables, for example, hepatitis B infection or hepatitis C infection, are connected with expanded dangers of liver tumor, these components are a great deal less regular than are corpulence and diabetes," McGlynn included.
The study was distributed in the diary Cancer Research.


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exchangeable refill with metal tip and metal push-button, barrel made of wood (painted with print), diameter is 8 mm, tip diameter is 0,5mm, waterproof alcohol-based ink
Pens & Writing Materials
- Ballpoint Pens
- Pencils
- Refills
- Marker
- Paint Brushes & Brush Pens
- Fountain Pens
- Pens & Drawing Pens
- Ink
- Fineliner & Fibre Tip Pen
- Calligraphy Pens
- Aquarelle Pencils
- Charcoal Pencils
+ show more
Color Group
- 8 VariantsMark's Tous les Jours ballpoint penfrom 6,50 €
- 214 VariantsCopic Various Ink, refill bottlefrom 8,50 €alcohol-based ink for Copic Marker and Copic Sketch, each can be mixed with the other, plastic bottle
- 214 VariantsCopic Markerfrom 5,90 €alcohol-based ink, refillable with Various Ink up to 8 fillings per bottle), grey, quadratically plastic barrel with 2 interchangeable points: bevelled (broad) 2 - 5 mm and round (fine) approx. 1 mm; cap has end...
- 10 VariantsPentel Sign Pen S520from 15,10 €water-based ink, metal encased acrylic fibre point 2 mm, plastic barrel in the colour of the ink, cap with clip
- 4 VariantsPenxacta 0,5from 10,50 €water soluble, non-poisonous ink, metal encased plastic point 0.5 mm, plastic barrel in the colour of the ink, cap with clip
- 8 VariantsMark's Tous les Jours mechanical pencilfrom 6,60 €including lead (diameter is 0.5 mm), metal tip and metal push-button, painted and printed wood barreincluding l, diameter 8 mm, eraser in the push-button
- 203 VariantsTouch Twin Brush Markerfrom 3,80 €non-permanent alcohol-based ink, non-toxic (AP certified), odourless, refillable, black plastic barrel; 2 interchangeable nibs: slanted (broad 2 – 6 mm and round (fine) ca. 1 mm; the end piece of the cap is colour...
- Mark´s ballpoint pen refillsfrom 1,90 €refill with metal tip, metal large capacity refill (Caran d'Ache 849) or, alternatively, plastic standard refill (Mark's Tous les Jours and W-Note), waterproof, archival safe per ISO 12757-2 DOC
- 121 VariantsFaber Castell Polychromos coloured pencilfrom 1,60 €soft crayon lead ø 3.8 mm, high quality pigments, extremely lightfast, waterproof, wooden barrel painted the colour of the lead
- 144 VariantsCopic Sketchfrom 5,90 €alcohol-based ink, refillable with Various Ink (up to 12 times per bottle), grey, oval plastic barrel with 2 interchangeable points: bevelled (medium broad) 2 - 5 mm and brush (super brush); cap has end piece the...
- 7 VariantsPilot gel rollerball G-TEC, ultra-finefrom 3,00 €waterproof, lightfast pigment ink, interchangeable refill, metal point, transparent plastic barrel with cushioned grip and viewable ink level, cap with clip
- 8 VariantsCopic Multilinerfrom 3,90 €ink does not bleed when drawn over with a Copic marker, metal encased plastic point, grey tinged plastic barrel with line width indicator, cap with clip
- 5 VariantsUni-ball rollerball pen Eye finefrom 2,00 €roller ball in metal socket, line width 0.4 mm, water-based, archival safe ink (red, medium blue, black), waterproof, tungsten-carbide ball, line thickness is 0.4 mm, plastic barrel with ink level window, plastic cap...
- 2 VariantsPen holder, nickel-platedfrom 1,60 €round spring steel spiral, silver, glossy, for pens with barrel size up to ø 12 mm
- 6 VariantsPapermate Tikky Graphic Rotring, lightfastfrom 3,20 €free-flowing ink (writes to the last drop), water-based pigment ink, metal encased fibre tip, wine red polypropylene barrel with line width indicator and view window to check ink supply, cap with clip and end piece...
- 3 VariantsMark's W-Note ballpoint penfrom 6,00 €replaceable standard refill cartridge with metal tip and metal push button, painted wooden barrel, barrel diameter is 8 mm, tip diameter is 0.5 mm, waterproof alcohol-based ink
- 3 VariantsPentel fountain pen, Tradio Stylo TRJ50from 7,30 €free-flowing ink (writes to the last drop), interchangeable cartridges, flexible plastic point for variable line widths, good looking black polypropylene barrel with view window to check ink supply, cap with sturdy...
- 16 VariantsFaber-Castell Pitt artist penfrom 2,70 €indelible (waterproof), extremely lightfast drawing ink, metal encased fibre tip (except for the brush pen), plastic barrel the colour of the ink and with line width indicator, black cap with plastic clip
- 52 VariantsFaber-Castell Pitt artist pen, brush, colouredfrom 2,70 €indelible (waterproof), extremely lightfast drawing ink, flexible fibre tip in the form of a brush, plastic barrel in the colour of the ink, black cap with plastic clip
- 21 VariantsStabilo Point 88from 0,75 €water-based ink, metal encased plastic point 0.4 mm, orange polypropylene barrel, cap is the colour of the ink
- 49 VariantsMolotow One4all 127HS paint markerfrom 3,50 €acrylic-based hybrid ink, solvent-free, can be thinned with water and acetone, paint-like coverage, semi-gloss, quick-drying, good UV and weather resistance, waterproof and smudge-resistant, refillable (capacity: 5...
- 24 VariantsStaedtler Lumocolor, permanentfrom 1,65 €dry-safe ink, waterproof and smudge-resistant, fibre tip, black polypropylene barrel, cap with clip is the colour of the ink
- 9 VariantsFaber-Castell lead holder TK 9400from 4,75 €including graphite lead, metal tip, green hexagonal plastic barrel with ergonomic grip grooves and hardness indicator
- 3 VariantsPatchwork Family wooden pen holderfrom 3,20 €Tung tree wood, natural, untreated
- 3 VariantsPentel fountain pen, Tradio Stylo TRJ50, cartridgesfrom 3,30 €free-flowing ink (writes to the last drop), interchangeable cartridges, flexible plastic point for variable line widths, good looking black polypropylene barrel with view window to check ink supply, cap with sturdy...
- 3 VariantsLeuchtturm Pen Loop pen holderfrom 2,95 €plastic pad: 40 x 40 mm, self-adhesive, with matching colour loop made of elastic fabric sewn onto it, th = ca. 15 mm
- 4 VariantsSchneider K15 ballpoint penfrom 0,60 €push-button activated pen with steel clip, round plastic barrel, colour of barrel is the ink colour, replaceable refill, M (medium) line width, archival safe ink
- 12 VariantsFaber-Castell Castell 9000 graphite pencilfrom 1,35 €continuously glued and fracture resistant lead, hexagon barrel, dark green water-based exterior varnish
- 10 VariantsCopic Multiliner SPfrom 7,90 €water-based pigment ink, quick drying, lightfast, waterproof, does not bleed when drawn over with a Copic marker, interchangeable refill, replaceable, metal encased plastic point, silver anodised aluminium barrel...
- 6 VariantsStaedtler Pigment liner, lightfastfrom 2,90 €special features: Long metal tip, dark grey PP barrel, coloured cap with metallclip , characteristic: indelible (in accordance with ISO 14145-2) ink on waterbase
- 2 VariantsKoh-i-Noor kneaded eraserfrom 0,75 €easily kneaded eraser, soft
- 2 VariantsPentel pen brush GFKPfrom 6,00 €waterproof, lightfast pigment ink, interchangeable cartridge, brush tip made out of the finest synthetic bristles, black plastic barrel, cap with metal clip
- 5 VariantsPalaset plactic boxes, coloured, pen holderfrom 5,30 €high quality polystyrol injection mould, glossy, striation-free, without top, given dimensions: outer measurements l x w x h (inner measurements are generally about 10 mm smaller), wall thickness = 5.0 mm, designed...
- 19 VariantsEcobra mechanical pencil lead, Super-Hi polymerfrom 0,85 €l = 60 mm, black, for paper and paperboard
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Preview taken at: 1 year ago
If you are the webcam owner, please reactivate this webcam or provide us with updated webcam information. Thank you.
This webcam is currently assigned to The Last. It was originally added on August 27, 2007 and has been viewed 50,940 times since then. The current picture above was taken 1 year ago, thereby the webcam seems to be currently inactive. So far, it was added to their personal favorites on webcams.travel by 8 people.
In the native language of the webcam owner
Blick Richtung Zugspitze
Monday 4°C / 15°C 39°F / 59°F |
Tuesday 3°C / 15°C 37°F / 59°F |
Wednesday 5°C / 15°C 41°F / 59°F |


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Detroit Institute of Arts. Home to 1st VanGogh in US Museum, Rivera's Detroit Industry murals, & city's best mac-n-cheese. Let yourself go!
1784 days ago
There was a packed crowd at Sunday's performance of "The Circus" by Mexican puppet troupe Marionetas de la Esquina. The DIA thanks the Consulate of Mexico of Detroit for helping to bring such wonderful programs to the museum. Stay tuned for more!
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{The Lovely Leif} |
Tuesday, July 10
faithisms: emily morrice
10 comments:
Thanks Emily for sharing this, so proud of you for opening up this way!!! I can totally relate because I come from a similar fam background. I remember once at a clothes swap you organized we played some game and someone said something innocent that I totally took to be dirty..and laughed so much! I was so embarressed when I realized I'd misunderstood. Thank you Jesus that we're saved by grace!
ReplyDeleteWow! I've grown up as a Christian, so I never even considered the fact that being reborn could be so hard. Thank you for the new aspect on it!
Et tu, tutu?I got your blog from my cousin Lindsey at the Lovely Leif. "being extroverted is not a sin"...THANK YOU! i needed that encouragement this evening. I've had a week of feeling like I need to hide who I am in order to blend. What a blessing to fall upon your site. I was also very blessed reading your story. Thanks for sharing it. You have an important role in helping those with the lingo grow an awareness that there is a lingo and what it does to new believers. Blessings on your journey
ReplyDeleteRepliesthank you SO much!
it seems that you needed to hear what I've needed to hear so often.
though many Christian women who are Godly, pure, nobel, etc, tend to be introverted, soft, quiet (in their voice, not spirit), not ALL of us are, are that's ok so long as we're still honoring Jesus and being Biblical.
thank you for YOUR encouragement as well.
the blog world can be such a blessing, eh?


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Civilization has fallen, leaving California an unforgiving, decimated place. But Cass Dollar beat terrible odds to get her missing daughter back—she and Ruthie will be happy.
Yet with the first winter, Cass is reminded that happiness is fleeting in Aftertime. Ruthie retreats into silence.
Flesh—eating Beaters still dominate the landscape. And Smoke, Cass's lover and strength, departs on a quest for vengeance, one that may end him even if he returns.
The survivalist community Cass has planted roots in is breaking apart, too. Its leader, Dor, implores Cass to help him recover his own lost daughter, taken by the totalitarian Rebuilders. And soon Cass finds herself thrust into the dark heart of an organization promising humanity's rebirth—at all costs.
Bound to two men blazing divergent paths across a savage land, Cass must overcome the darkness in her wounded heart, or lose those she loves forever. (summary from Amazon)
I'm not wild about the possibility of a love triangle, but the rest shows great potential.
Any other zombie books on your wishlist?


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Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister | |
PerlMonks |
Comment on |
( #3333=superdoc: print w/replies, xml ) | Need Help?? |
two obvious things:
- use Win32::AdminMisc; #and not win32::adminmisc; remember, that package names are case sensitive! Otherwise you'll face unexpected behaviour, such as not-calling 'import' package function at proper time. - use strict; # will have a chance to see report about above mentioned problems (I did similar things about a year ago, and will try to look deeper into your problem if my obvious advices will not work.) Courage, the Cowardly Dog. In reply to Re: Win32 Task Scheduler Monitor
by Courage


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When you purchase a digital subscription to Cake Central Magazine, you will get an instant and automatic download of the most recent issue.
10 " chocolate and vanilla cake.
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No Wonder This Has Nearly 1 Million Views! It's Too Cute To Miss!
Anthony CorwinSome people think men don't appreciate the cuteness of a tiny kitten. Well, this video is sure to prove them wrong! Watching this has truly made my heart swell like 8 sizes. Just look at how cute these two are together!
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You won't be able to dismiss this by usual means (escape or click button), but you can close it programatically based on user choices or actions.
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Release Date: 2011 | Tracklist
Album Rating: 5.0besy
Album Rating: 3.5haven't heard
Album Rating: 5.0 Mess' weirdness has got his less remarkable peers far even when his contributions border on unlistenable (Dance Gavin Dance). Huh. Not quite sure what this means. But he was not unlisted able on st
Album Rating: 5.0Probably should be rewordeD a bit better
Album Rating: 4.0more like jon best
Digging: The Menzingers - After the Party
Album Rating: 5.0yeaa
Album Rating: 5.0Still one of my hardest 5's
Album Rating: 5.0probably the best thing this band has ever or will ever do
Bands: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z


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Lamberto Bava Italy, 1985
This week: due demoni! That is, two demons by Italian master of the macabre, Lamberto Bava (son of the great Mario Bava). Co-written and produced by Dario Argento, this film in true 1980s horror fashion turns on pop culture (here, the movies) attacking the audience. Soundtrack by Claudio Simonetti.


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Ambivalence, a Love Story: Portrait of a MarriageAmbivalence, a Love Story is a deeply nuanced accounting in which two people come together to make a marriage work. Rarely has marriage and its compromises been so intimately portrayed, especially when tested by depression, unemployment, miscarriage and other realities of contemporary life. Whether inside the sterile out-placement offices for reengineered executives or traipsing through the suburban homes and competing lifestyles with perky realtors, Donatich muses on life's transitions with rare candor and insight. Ambivalence traces the inner life of a man coming into adulthood: on being first generation, on interfaith marriage, on playing the accordion and ultimately on the question of whether we are better off solitary or coupled. But at heart, it is a tender -- if circumspect -- love story. An astonishing middle-aged debut. |
What people are saying - Write a review
Ambivalence, a love story: portrait of a marriage
User Review - Not Available - Book VerdictPart memoir, part essay, Donatich's account of contemporary marriage and fatherhood will resonate with readers who find Robert Bly too glib and Martin Amis too ironic; his book fairly bristles with ... Read full review


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$489.99 $904.00
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Item Number | 709-BR40 |
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Philippians 3New Revised Standard Version, Anglicised (NRSVA)3 Finally, my brothers and sisters,[a] rejoice[b] in the Lord. Breaking with the PastTo write the same things to you is not troublesome to me, and for you it is a safeguard. 2 Beware of the dogs, beware of the evil workers, beware of those who mutilate the flesh![c] 3 For it is we who are the circumcision, who worship in the Spirit of God[d] and boast in Christ Jesus and have no confidence in the flesh— 4 even though I, too, have reason for confidence in the flesh. If anyone else has reason to be confident in the flesh, I have more: 5 circumcised on the eighth day, a member of the people of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew born of Hebrews; as to the law, a Pharisee; 6 as to zeal, a persecutor of the church; as to righteousness under the law, blameless. 7 Yet whatever gains I had, these I have come to regard as loss because of Christ. 8 More than that, I regard everything as loss because of the surpassing value of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord. For his sake I have suffered the loss of all things, and I regard them as rubbish, in order that I may gain Christ 9 and be found in him, not having a righteousness of my own that comes from the law, but one that comes through faith in Christ,[e] the righteousness from God based on faith. 10 I want to know Christ[f] and the power of his resurrection and the sharing of his sufferings by becoming like him in his death, 11 if somehow I may attain the resurrection from the dead. Pressing towards the Goal12 Not that I have already obtained this or have already reached the goal;[g] but I press on to make it my own, because Christ Jesus has made me his own. 13 Beloved,[h] I do not consider that I have made it my own;[i] but this one thing I do: forgetting what lies behind and straining forward to what lies ahead, 14 I press on towards the goal for the prize of the heavenly[j] call of God in Christ Jesus. 15 Let those of us then who are mature be of the same mind; and if you think differently about anything, this too God will reveal to you. 16 Only let us hold fast to what we have attained. 17 Brothers and sisters,[k] join in imitating me, and observe those who live according to the example you have in us. 18 For many live as enemies of the cross of Christ; I have often told you of them, and now I tell you even with tears. 19 Their end is destruction; their god is the belly; and their glory is in their shame; their minds are set on earthly things. 20 But our citizenship[l] is in heaven, and it is from there that we are expecting a Saviour, the Lord Jesus Christ. 21 He will transform the body of our humiliation[m] so that it may be conformed to the body of his glory,[n] by the power that also enables him to make all things subject to himself. Footnotes:
New Revised Standard Version, Anglicised (NRSVA) New Revised Standard Version Bible: Anglicised Edition, copyright © 1989, 1995 the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved. |
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Mick Fleetwood Blues Band Announces Fall Tour Dates
Fleetwood Mac is (mostly) staying off the stage in 2016, but Mick Fleetwood isn't twiddling his thumbs during the band's time off.
Fleetwood Mac is (mostly) staying off the stage in 2016, but Mick Fleetwood isn't twiddling his thumbs during the band's time off.
Van Morrison fans have a new album to look forward to this fall.
Farm Aid's 2016 lineup will include performances by up-and-coming acts as well as returns from festival veterans.
Threatened with trademark infringement for using his dad's name on the road, Dweezil Zappa has changed the name of his upcoming tour once again.
Filter called off their Monday show in Gothenburg, Sweden after receiving a death threat.
We just came across some more tickets to see Guns N' Roses at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas on Wednesday August 3. Oh and Father's Day is just around the corner. You know what that means? It means it's your chance to win tickets for dad.
Some of the biggest names in early-'80s rock will be touring together this summer.
How would you like to see Cheap Trick perform in concert? We have your chance to win tickets!
Guns N' Roses announced Alice in Chains and Lenny Kravitz as the opening acts for concerts in June and July 2016.
The two guitar-based acts will hit the road for a brief tour in September.
Ozzy Osbourne joined together with Slipknot's Corey Taylor today to announce the combination of their respective festivals into one huge metal event this fall.
AC/DC shows always draw a lot of attention, but their current tour is even more under the microscope as Guns N' Roses frontman Axl Rose fills in on vocals.


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Message view | « Date » · « Thread » |
Top | « Date » · « Thread » |
From | Christopher Schultz <ch...@christopherschultz.net> |
Subject | Re: Tomcat 6 jsvc startup/shutdown script |
Date | Fri, 22 Jun 2012 20:36:24 GMT |
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Hash: SHA1 Priscilla, On 6/22/12 10:12 AM, Muriithi, Priscilla K. wrote: > Can anyone send me a tomcat 6 jsvc startup/shutdown script for Red > Hat Linux 5.4? Please don't post the same message over and over again to the list. If you don't get a response right away, you need to wait for a bit to see if someone answers. If you still don't get a response, reply to your original message and ask again, possibly providing more information. jsvc doesn't require a complex startup/shutdown script: you can easily write your own that makes sense for your environment. I also wouldn't be surprised if Red Hat has their own script(s) in their yum packages for Tomcat. If you don't want to install a package-managed version of Tomcat, you could temporarily install one (even on a test server or VM or whatever) and steal the script from it. - -chris -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: GnuPG/MacGPG2 v2.0.17 (Darwin) Comment: GPGTools - http://gpgtools.org Comment: Using GnuPG with Mozilla - http://enigmail.mozdev.org/ iEYEARECAAYFAk/k10gACgkQ9CaO5/Lv0PCoMwCfepLtTegl9KtVotZBX+UkzEVx ZzUAnj9J5Uy/cGYjI+u4uuuae8bDgXT0 =wYsU -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com | |
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