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Banc of California Stadium progress
After 10 months of construction, Los Angeles FC has put together a video of progress on the Banc of California Stadium.Click image to view video
Turner Field sign removed from Georgia State University stadium
Reporters from WSB captured the moment that the famed Turner Field sign was removed from Georgia State University's football stadium.Click image to view video
Sports venue retail concession spaces can add real value to the visitor experience. How can stadia and arenas apply retail best practice to push performance and develop brand loyalty?
Anyone who works in sport knows that success is hard won. Retail can be just as unforgiving. So, while sports teams may enjoy a level of loyalty that is far from the reach of your average high street retailer, stadia and arenas keen to invest in concession space and improve retail performance can still learn much from established retail practices.
Soccer, the national game in the UK, is often linked to the phrase "a game of two-halves" – in which each half of the match has a very a different character. Most sporting venues are also divided into two distinct periods – fixture and non-fixture trading days.
When sports venues draw their biggest crowds, shopping is invariably not the main event. As a result, dwell time in-store is often limited, with customers more focused on finding their seats and soaking up the atmosphere. However, outside of the big event, retail concession spaces can help venues to establish themselves as a genuine destination and meeting place. This requires concessions to exhibit a warmth and personality that invites people in – making them feel welcome and encouraging them to stay.
To achieve this balance, venues need to create a shopping environment that is commercially and visually focused towards the needs of the shopper. This means learning to 'think like a customer', developing a critical-eye and embarking upon the relentless pursuit of the highest retail standards.
Visual merchandising's (VM) role in delivering retail success is often thought to be limited to creating impactful window displays. It's not. Put simply, effective VM encompasses everything from store layout and product merchandising to point-of-sale (POS), choice of fixtures, price ticketing and even good housekeeping. For me, it is, and always has been, about delivering a truly great brand and customer experience at every touchpoint along the shopping journey.
Within sports retail concessions, as within department stores and malls, many of the general principles of retail apply, in that an effective promotional layout will drive footfall and additional sales. With tens of thousands of people descending on concessions in such a concentrated period of time, bad retail practices can quickly be exposed such as weak layout planning, poor use of space and inefficient customer flow. These can make concession spaces far from practical, or enjoyable to shop.
Retail concessions can help divide physical space into different specialists zones, giving visitors a clear destination for their needs. But, more importantly, they can allow customers to clearly segment product offers and present them with small groups of product choices – essential to securing sales conversion when customers have limited time to give to their shopping mission.
Promotional space must also make sense – customers can be easily influenced if they are presented with logical promotions that they feel they must buy. And, importantly, displays must be able to support the day's sales while maintaining visual presentation standards. Visually poor displays will negatively impact on the shopping experience and, ultimately, damage the wider venue brand. POS must also be implemented correctly or it may drastically weaken the impact and purpose of promotional messages.
Increased visitor footfall also brings with it the need to maintain POS standards doubly hard. Disheveled displays won't show products at their best – resulting in lost sales. It is also important to add uniformity to the retail experience within a venue without detracting from the individual identities of the brands operating concessions. Furthermore, the overall space has to offer an environment within which each individual brand is allowed to express itself.
The most important thing to remember is that retail success, like any team sport, is often a result of the whole being greater than the sum of its parts. Retail teams with the knowledge and skills needed to implement improved product presentation standards, can be the cornerstone of enhancing the brand experience, inspiring customers and driving sales.
Karl McKeever is the founder and managing director of Visual Thinking, which specializes in visual merchandising, brand delivery and retail performance improvement. Karl and his team have created strategies for the likes of Harley-Davidson, Wilko, Marks & Spencer, IKEA, Sainsbury's, O2, John Lewis and Coles.
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Two-year partnership will see the communications specialist design, install and maintain a carrier-grade wi-fi network for fans attending Stamford Bridge stadium.
Click here to read more
New 33,000-seat, multipurpose stadium opens on July 1, and will be the new home for the Canadian Football League's Saskatchewan Roughriders
Click here to read more
The NEC, Genting Arena, Barclaycard Arena and Symphony Hall will play an important role in the UK city's bid for the Games.
Click here to read more
Home of Olympique Lyonnais is the first stadium in France to use dynamic LED pitch lighting with moving color spots
Click here to read more
Renderings of the new multipurpose, 18,000-capacity arena, which will be built on Yas Island, Abu Dhabi, released by architects HOK
Click here to read more
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Published on: 19 August 2012
We deliver 6 days a week from 7am - 8pm, including the option of next day and Saturday delivery on 1000's of products. We offer a range of delivery services for you to choose from, with many allowing you to choose a delivery date. Most of our delivery partners give you delivery time slots on the day of delivery and the ability to track your order. You may also have the option to collect from our Huddersfield or East Midlands stores, or from thousands of nationwide CollectPlus collection points.
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A perfect balance of technology and appearance, the Compaq Presario CQ57 notebook makes it easy to do more and stay connected. This is the first choice for a worry-free PC experience, at a price you can afford.
07/09/2012 peddim: Hi, has the laptop got a web cam ? and has it got a Hdmi socket ? thanks
Mike: Webcam = Yes, HDMI = No

subset: commoncrawl


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Tony Ura blasts a century to give the Diggers a first innings lead before the Hammers fought back late on Day 2 of the Hebou Shield Men's 3-Day Fixture today.
Resuming the day at 0/59, the Diggers lost Dogodo Bau (20), trapped Leg Before Wicket (LBW) by Raymond Haoda Jnr early on Day 2 to leave the Diggers at 1/68. Then inform Hebou PNG Barramundis batsmen, Lega Siaka joined his opening batsmen, Tony Ura to pile on the runs for the Diggers, putting on 168 runs for the second wicket. Ura was eventually bowled by Vagi Boko, not before making a brilliant 147 runs. Boko then made the double break-through soo after dismissing Siaka for an entertaining 63 to leave the Diggers in a commanding position at 3/239. Assad Vala (21), Tom Willie (21) and Kiplin Doriga (17) continued momentum for the Diggers, but the Hammers were able to take regular wickets to eventually dismiss the Diggers for 323 in the 80th over. Nosiana Pokana (3/65) and Mahuru Dai (3/76) were the pick of the Hammers' bowlers taking three (3) wickets each while Boko (2/61) picked up two (2) crucial wickets with his leg spinners.
Trailing by 161 runs in the 1st innings, the Hammers' opening batsmen Vani Vagi Morea (65*) and Jason Kila (40*) went about reducing the deficient late on Day 2. They managed to take the Diggers' bowling attack apart, and guide the Hammers to 0/107 at stumps on Day 2, to only trail by 54 runs with ten (10) second innings wickets in hand.
Day 2 of the Men's 3-Day fixture will resume tomorrow at Amini Park, while the Diamonds will take on Sharks on at Amini Park #2 (Bisini). Both matches will start at 10am.
The HEBOU Shield- Cricket PNG's Premier First Class Competition. The HEBOU Shield Men's Competition will be divided into two (2) divisions- 3 Day and 50 Over Competitions, while the Women's Division will be divided into two (2) divisions- 40 Over and T20 Competitions.
2017 HEBOU Shield Day 2 Scores
Men's 3 Day Division
1st Innings
Hammers 10/162 (76.4) John Boge Reva 41, Doura Gavera 35, Vani Vagi Morea 35, Jason Kila 23, Pipi Raho 2/23, Norman Vanua 2/43, Boge Aura 1/11, Damien Ravu 1/18, Assad Vala 1/18
Diggers 10/323 (79.5) Tony Ura 147, Lega Siaka 63, Assad Vala 21, Tom Willie 21, Dogodo Bau 20, Nosiana Pokana 3/65, Mahuru Dai 3/76, Vagi Boko 2/61
2nd Innings
Hammers 0/107 (15) Vani Vagi Morea 65*, Jason Kila 40*
Hammers trail by 54 runs with ten (10) second innings wickets in hand.
2017 HEBOU Shield Fixtures
Men's 3 Day Division
Match 1 6-8th June, 2017 Hammers vs Diggers Amini Park
Match 2 13-15th June, 2017 Hammers vs Diggers Amini Park
Match 3 20-22nd June, 2017 Hammers vs Diggers Amini Park
Women's 40 Over Division
Round 1 6th June, 2017 Diamonds vs Piranas Amini Park #2
8th June, 2017 Diamonds vs Sharks Amini Park #2
13th June, 2017 Piranas vs Sharks Amini Park #2
Round 2 15th June, 2017 Diamonds vs Piranas Amini Park #2
20th June, 2017 Diamonds vs Sharks Amini Park #2
21st June, 2017 Piranas vs Sharks Amini Park #2
22nd June, 2017 Grand Final Amini Park #2


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Breast Reduction Reviews
results + Breast Reduction
21 YO, 34H+ to a D - Indianapolis, IN
Hi everyone! I'm 21 years old and about three weeks out from my surgery. I've always had a big chest since I was about 14. At 21, I'm popping out of a 34H sized bra. I went to Janet Turkle's office in Carmel on June 12th. Janet Turkle was very professional, friendly and made me feel so... READ MORE
44 Year Old Mother of Two
I've been needing a reduction for years, but was afraid of having scars, but with age you realize it's better to have a scare than to live with cronic back, shoulder,and kneck pain.I did my research and went to consultations. While doing some research on realself, I came across Dr. Harper's... READ MORE
Why did I wait so long!
Boobs have always been too big for my liking since I was young and they were high and perky. After aging gravity is a bitch. Slight asymmetry is now 2 cup size difference one C one Dd. Back neck, and shoulders have always killed me. I've always wanted reduction since I turned 14 and got breast.... READ MORE
Weight Lifted off my Chest! - Sugarland, TX Bellosma Method
I wanted a breast lift without the ugly scars. My neck and back hurt all the time. I felt lije Inwas carrying a bowling ball on my chest. I researched all doctors and came accross Dr Horndeski. Once I saw his method I was sold. I emailed the office and set up a phone interview, then two days... READ MORE
35 Years Old, 3 Kids, It's Time for a Much Needed Breast Reduction
I had my pre-op today and reality finally set in. I'm having my breast reduction on June 30th. I'm excited and nervous at the same time. I'm looking forward to having smaller breast.... Breasts that I can work out with and not have pain from them moving around... even with two sports bras. I... READ MORE
Finally at Age 60, Much Needed Breast Reduction
I want to thank all of you on this forum for sharing your stories. It has helped me immensely during this process. The information I've gleaned from so many of you helped me be better prepared for my own surgery. Like most of you I developed large breasts at an early age. Between the summer of... READ MORE
29 Yo, Mother of 4, Breast Reduction/lift
I had a breast reduction/lift with Losken on 7/11/17. I am so happy with my results so far. I was a 36HH. I asked to be a full C or D . He gave me what i asked for. I read tons of blogs before surgery. So i was ready. I bought front opening bra and sleepwear. I will make a list of things i... READ MORE
Breast Reduction - 46 Years Old, Wish I Had Done It Sooner
I am now 7 weeks post op having had a breast reduction with Dr Richards and his team on 26th May. I highly recommend Dr Richards to anyone considering this procedure, he and his team are supportive, caring and most importantly provide exceptional standards throughout the procedure and after care... READ MORE
Lifting "The Girls" Back Up - Done ✅
I have been considering a breast reduction and lift for several years. After age 50 my breasts started to get droopy. I always had great breasts but aging changes our bodies. My surgeon did an excellent job! I have zero regrets and I'm so happy that I did it . It's been three weeks... READ MORE
Breast Reduction
Oh BOY!!!! I cannot express how absolutely THRILLED I am with my results!! Floating on air! And in addition to that, I could not have asked for a more respectful, professional staff. I put in ~30 hours of research to determine the best surgeon for me, and I am glad I did because Dr. Sattler... READ MORE
23 Years Old, 1 Child, 36DD/DDD and Ready for a Breast Reduction! - Baltimore, MD
Hello everyone. I wanted to document my journey to my breast reduction. Since my breast started growing I have been really self conscious about them. They have ALWAYS sagged, my areolas are HUGE and they are not attractive. I remember the first me and my daughters father decided to become... READ MORE
Dr Cerna. A Wonderful Experience
After years of wanting a reduction I finally plucked up the courage to have them done. I be had several consultation all over London with quotes in excess of 7000£ due to the size of my breast. A lot of surgeons explained that I would need to have my nipple removed and replaced and that it ... READ MORE
42 Yrs , 3 Kids, 36h/I (Hoping for a C or D)
I blossomed early and had DD boobs by the time I was 14. I nursed all three of children, each time they would grow as large as cantaloupes. When I was younger I could exercise and stay slim, and could keep the between D and DD. I became chronically ill and no longer able to exercise.... READ MORE
36 J Very Dense Breast Tissue and Tummy Pouch, 32 Yo
Breast reduction, Tummy Tuck, and small amount of lipo on flanks Many surgeons treat breast reductions as purely functional surgeries. In other words they remove as much tissue as necessary or as dictated by insurance and then stitch you up faster than they should. As a result, I see a lot of... READ MORE
19 and I Finally Have Breast (Breast Reduction on One Side and Lift on Both NO Implants)
8 years of feeling unwomanly and gross and hiding my breasts from the world I finally got my mouth open and told people went to doctors and asked for advice. After researching my deformity for years I knew beforehand that I needed surgery and I made peace with that, even thought I had never... READ MORE
Inspired by my 19 Year Old Daughter to Get Rid of my Big and Saggy Boobs! - Towson, MD
I've been lurking on this site for the past couple of weeks; being able to read all of the other blogs and reviews has given me the courage to share thoughts and feelings that I've never expressed 'out loud' before. Quite honestly, I'm kind of mortified that I'm sharing with complete... READ MORE
Amazing Doctor, Amazing Results
I had breast reduction surgery with Dr. Rowin two months ago. I am SO happy with my results, he truly is amazing! Recovery was way easier than I thought it would be, and I had no pain whatsoever. Dr. Rowin was thorough when explaining the surgery process and post-op instructions, and he was... READ MORE
42 Yrs W/ a Two Yr Old. 32G to maybe a ...B or C?
The story of how I got here is not dissimilar to everyone else's on this site. I actually started to develop later than some of my friends and was feeling left behind. I used to pray for breasts and did the Judy Blume 'I must increase my bust' exercises. Well apparently it worked too well... READ MORE
44 Year Old Breast Reduction and Lift
I've been wanting to do this procedure since I was in my thirties now I'm so happy finally got it done..Never too late. After surgery, I'm bruised, feel tightness and sore under my arm pits since the surgeon did liposuction under arm there due to fat! I'm happy with my results so far! What a... READ MORE
33 Years Old -no Children - 36j - New York, NY - Breast Reduction
Hi Real Self, I am 33 years old and my surgery is scheduled for May 1st. Over the last few weeks I have been going through different sets of emotions ranging from excited- to extremely anxious. I am 5'6 and weigh btw 174-180 Pds depending on the day. My weight has always fluctuated and my... READ MORE


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Explore New Jersey, Germany and more!
Explore related topics
"Trenton makes the world takes" - Trenton, NJ - Moving to New Jersey from Germany in 1968, this was a familiar sight
Trenton NJ...worked there for 4 months....
Trenton makes the world takes. Trenton, NJ
This digital project by Paris-based photographer Thierry Cohen is an imaginative tale about how urban landscapes might appear if we turned out all of the lights. In a big city glowing with street lamps, store signs, car headlights, and rows of illuminated apartment buildings, it's almost impossible to see the stars in the sky.
trenton makes the world takes
Trenton Makes bridge ~ connecting Trenton, NJ to Morrisville, PA My grandfather lived in Trenton, NJ as a boy. He came to America from Alsace ,France in 1902.
Trenton, NJ
Mercer County Waterfront Park- Trenton, NJ (Trenton Thunder)
Lincoln Highway in Pennsylvania, in 1915 the highway crossed the Delaware on the Calhoun Street Bridge at Trenton, NJ and Morrisville, PA.


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Opposition politicians believe the new law will prevent them from gaining parliament seats in future elections.
Fund's Europe head warns rapid outflows of skilled workers, ageing workforce and political turmoil are adding to dilemma.
The sale of stakes in two of Moldova's biggest banks could result in the entry of international banking groups that would change the face of the industry, Moldova's deputy central bank governor tells bne IntelliNews.
Moldova to gain banking expertise from BSTDB member countries as Chisinau seeks investors for country's three largest banks.
Evgheni Shevchuk is under investigation in five corruption-related cases, which he claims are politically motivated.
Electoral reforms ahead of Moldova's 2018 general election appear to be an attempt at gerrymandering and will contribute to the country's slide into authoritarianism.
Transnistria to nationalise two banks, liquidate third in connection to $80mn loans extended by central bank, in case that appears to replicate $1bn bank frauds in Moldova.


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Chattanooga, TNUSA
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April 14, 2014
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Be you
Beauty tips
16 Great Uses for Cucumbers – They're not just for eating! - unless you have the munchies. Cucumbers are the best munchies food ever! #Fitness Matters
dramatic eyes with a natural glow, try Jouer Liquid Shimmer Eyeliner in Panther to create this smooth black cat eye
Beauty tip for clear skin. Made my face super soft! If you want to exfoliate then add a bit of sugar.
Easily clean your nails with products found around your house!
Personal Size Chocoflan- a popular mexican dessert


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RAW VIDEO: Two tornadoes tear through the Australian state of Victoria injuring up to 80 people.
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Once you've added a video visit "My Queue" to start watching!


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US House of Representatives passes bill to toughen sanctions on RussiaWorld July 26, 1:09
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MOSCOW, May 30. /TASS/. The Russian government has endorsed the decision to re-establish the State Research Experimental Institute of Military Medicine in St. Petersburg. The resolution signed by Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev was placed on the Cabinet of Ministers' website on Saturday.
"The adopted decision will allow for conducting special military applied research for enhancing the country's defence and security and preserving unique laboratories and specialists responsible for the development and testing of weapons and radiation projection means," the accompanying note says.
The Defence Ministry's research institute of military medicine under the Soviet Union's Defence Ministry was established in 1969 for research into medical means of protection and equipment crucial to the military medicine service.
In 2010 it was taken over by the Kirov Military Medical Academy to be downgraded to its structural subdivision.


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Saturday Night Live Lost & Found: SNL in the 80s
9 ratings
LOW STOCK: Only 1 copy left
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Available: Usually ships in 1-3 business days
Format: DVD
sku: LMT 2317D
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DVD Features:
- Rated: Not Rated
- Run Time: 1 hours, 27 minutes
- Video: Color
- Released: March 4, 2008
- Originally Released: 2005
- Label: Universal Studios
- Encoding: Region 1 (USA & Canada)
- Packaging: Snap Case
- Aspect Ratio: Anamorphic Widescreen - 1.78
- Aspect Ratio: Full Frame - 1.33
- Audio:
- Dolby Digital 2.0 Stereo - English
- Subtitles - English (SDH) - Optional
Performers, Cast and Crew:
|Billy Crystal, Martin Short, Gilbert Gottfried, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Al Franken, Kevin Nealon, Nora Dunn, Jon Lovitz, Dana Carvey, Robert Smigel & Conan O'Brien
|Directed by
|Kenneth Bowser
|Music Performer:
|James Brown, Queen, Tom Petty, Bonnie Raitt, Roy Orbison, Elvis Costello, Harry Connick, Jr., Don Henley & The Kinks
|Created by
|Lorne Michaels
Product Description:
The 1980s were a strange time for us all, but they were especially chaotic for SATURDAY NIGHT LIVE. With many of the sketch comedy show's key players gone--including Chevy Chase, Gilda Radner, Bill Murray, John Belushi, and Dan Aykyrod--the program struggled to maintain its hold on the late-night landscape. Enduring sweeping cast changes, network interference, and critical lashings, the show fell into a rut that it only overcame with the return of creator Lorne Michaels. LOST & FOUND fondly revisits this embattled period with rare footage, candid interviews with SNL alumni, and classic '80s musical performances that help imbue the flavor of the era.
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Neuvoo Nigeria is the largest job site in the country with over 37881 job vacancies available, 12 of which are Deputy Head of Operations-related.Show more...
Premiere Urgence Internationale (PUI) |
Abuja, Federal Capital Territory
- 4d ago
Job Description. The Deputy Head of Mission ensures the daily functioning of the mission, is... coordinated operations, finding synergies and improvements where possible. Logistic Monitoring. He She...
Catholic Relief Services |
(Unspecified city)
- 4d ago
The CoP will report to the Deputy Country Representative for Agriculture and Livelihoods and will... Collaborate with Regional and Headquarters technical staff to implement appropriate ICT4D solutions to...
Catholic Relief Services |
(Unspecified city)
- 4d ago
The Deputy Country Representative for Operations (DCR Operations) will be responsible for overall... Leadership in Operational Excellence (OpEx). Coach, mentor and support two Heads of Operations and a...
Danish Refugee Council (DRC) |
(Unspecified city), Borno
- 4d ago
Reporting Lines. The position reports to the Head of Programme (HOP). The Psychosocial Manager and the... In collaboration with Area Managers and Deputy Area Managers, organize rapid needs assessments to...
EZ37 Solutions |
Oyo, Oyo
- 4d ago
Develop a framework for the conduct of ex post independent controls within the branches and Head Office Operations Department (i.e. mostly Back Office Unit). Supervises a team of risk and...
Norwegian Refugee Council |
Maiduguri, Borno
- 11d ago
Duty station Maiduguri. NRC initiated country operations in Nigeria in June 2015, in order to respond to... The Head of Programme reports to Country Director. Job description. Deputy CD when appointed. Ensure and...
Solidarites International |
(Unspecified city), Borno
- 4d ago
Operations are based in Maiduguri, Monguno, Dikwa and N'gala. In Maiduguri the team is currently... About the Job. The Head of Mission is the Solidarités International official representative in the...
Catholic Relief Services |
(Unspecified city)
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Key Working Relationships. Internal. Country Representative, Deputy Country Representative (Agriculture), Emergency Director, Head of Operations, Senior Business Development Manager, MEAL...
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E's Room
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Tensions on the Korean peninsula continued to escalates this week, as North Korea warned it was considering striking the United States even if the U.S. doesn't attack first.
"In the case of our super-mighty preemptive strike being launched, it will completely and immediately wipe out not only U.S. imperialists' invasion forces in South Korea and its surrounding areas but the U.S. mainland and reduce them to ashes," The Rodong Sinmun, an official state paper, warned.
The statement came merely hours after U.S. Vice President Mike Pence said that an "era of strategic patience" with North Korea was over and the same week that U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson said the United States would not continue the same strategy from the past.
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"We're reviewing all the status of North Korea, both in terms of state sponsorship of terrorism as well as the other ways in which we can bring pressure on the regime in Pyongyang to re-engage with us, but re-engage with us on a different footing than past talks have been held," Tillerson said.
Meanwhile, China's military has placed its bombers "on high alert" and is prepared to respond to any military activity in North Korea, a U.S. defense official told CNN. The goal likely is to "reduce the time to react to a North Korea contingency," the official said
China has two concerns: 1) refugees from North Korea fleeing across the border to China, and, 2) North Korea collapsing and reunifying with South Korea.
In 2015, 83 percent of North Korea's exports and 85 percent of its imports involved China.
It isn't known how many nuclear weapons North Korea, a very reclusive nation, has. The U.S.-Korea Institute said in a 2016 report that North Korea possesses "enough fissile material to build anywhere from six to about 30 nuclear weapons." China in 2015 said North Korea has 20 nuclear weapons, and a U.S. Congressional report said between six and 10.
What do you believe the Trump administration's strategy toward North Korea should be? Share your thoughts in the section below:
watch out N korea our aircraft carriers are coming to get you! er,no they arent…yes they are..no they arent–whose in charge here? elmer fud where are you? what a bunch of bs–it all a joke–ww3 put off for another day till we find out whose is running this circus–fire the clown!
N.K. is full of bullshit, even if they could get a couple nukes off and score good, their end would be swift and complete.
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text:
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RunCC is a new kind of parsergenerator that generates parsers and lexers at runtime. Source generation is only optional. It features the absence of any cryptography. Although intended for small languages, it comes with Java and XML example parsers.
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text:
R-MARTIN is one of the most respected name in garment industry. The company has earned its reputation through its product and service since two decade.
R-MARTIN Company with export sales network in INDIA and UAE. with huge range of men's wear with fully satisfied clients across INDIA and U.A.E.
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Dark and intense rock/hip hop with eerie fx, hits, electric guitars, and pulsing synth patterns.
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Chuck Henry
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Views: 484, Replies: 3 » Jump to the end
Sep 22, 2012 12:35 AM CST
|Hi Bonitin!
If you'd like to see Vernonia fasciculata in the wild in Minnesota, look here:
Sep 22, 2012 1:37 AM CST
|Hi Rick!
Thanks for the link, interesting to see the Vernonia fasciculata in the wild! The plant was new to me when I saw it in my brother's garden, it is quite impressive in size too, it must be veeery hardy being wild in Minnesota!
Oct 6, 2012 6:15 PM CST
|If you think that size is impressive, look at Vernonia gigantea...
Oct 7, 2012 12:23 AM CST
|Wow, what a beautiful giant! Funny how you had to take out the ladder to take photos of the flowers!
|« Garden.org Homepage
« Back to the top
« Forums List
« Photo of Smooth Ironweed (Vernonia fasciculata)
« Plant Photos Forum


text: After dancing around at number 2 for some time, Deano's has finally reached No 1 on Trip Advisor. Thanks to all our lovely customers for taking the time to write reviews to make this happen xxThis entry was posted in Deano's News. Bookmark the permalink. ← Deano's Welcomes 'The Antiques Fair' Two Plush Nominations!! →


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Straight Curve?
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Session template
+ 20Shared:
04/16/2016 Listened:
615 Downloads:
7 Remixes:
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Love at first sight when I heard this fantastic guitar of Chris!
I added the Hammond.
Thank you Chris, thanks for listening
I added the Hammond.
Thank you Chris, thanks for listening
September 24 2016 22:52:32AnneCozean
you sure know the value of a good sustain, Stef. the furiously fast downward growls interspersed between them were so perfect. 2:27! :) 2:52's choppiness was fantastic against the smooth man behind you on guitar. LOVE IT!
+1 September 25 2016 00:11:34 Stef
Thank you Anne for stopping here on this track I really love. The intention was to create a dialogue in music between keys and guitar humanizing the sound at best. I am so glad that you like! :) +1 September 25 2016 02:36:07 AnneCozean
humanizing was successful - and a neat idea! +1
April 30 2016 03:10:49SupJax
awe-some-work! haha, that sound. great :D
+1 April 30 2016 15:42:17 Stef
Thanks again SupJax! :) +0
April 22 2016 23:15:03Marcelo D
Damn cool hammond! Wow! Straight to the point! Great
+1 April 30 2016 15:41:54 Stef
Thanks a lot Peixe! :) +1
April 18 2016 09:38:52kennyadry
Really lovely Hammond Stef!!
+1 April 18 2016 10:45:29 Stef
Thanks a lot Kenny! :) +0
April 18 2016 05:53:29jaeusm
Very nice! You really complemented the feel of this tune :)
+1 April 18 2016 10:43:57 Stef
Thank you so much Jason! :) +1
April 17 2016 22:20:14aleonz
you blend so sweetly with Tof track, pretty colors, this track very tasty stef! love it !
+1 April 17 2016 23:09:07 Stef
Never as sweet as you...:) Thank you so much dear Alice! :) +0
April 17 2016 17:34:14jjdf
Perfect match... this sound is great! well done my friend Stef! ;)
+1 April 17 2016 23:07:33 Stef
Thank you so much my friend! :) +0
April 17 2016 17:21:29jmrukkers
Cool! Especially like the percussion merging with the guitar at 2:24 - Leslie working hard here...
+1 April 17 2016 23:06:50 Stef
Thank you so much Joe! Yes, the percussion is very important in this track! :) +1
April 17 2016 17:07:30cody tripp
+1 April 17 2016 23:03:52 Stef
Thanks a lot Tom! :) +1
April 17 2016 16:34:14davebee
+1 April 17 2016 23:03:26 Stef
Thank you Brother! :) +0
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At AIC, we tend to quietly go about making a difference in the community. We are passionate about South Africa and committed to making a positive difference in the lives of South Africans, by nominating various smaller, lesser known charities in need of assistance.
We believe in staff involvement, working closely with a hands-on approach, rather than the "sign a cheque" attitude.


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Hawke Deckover Dump Trailers are offered in GVWR's of 7,000, 10,000, and 14,000 lb. Scissor lift is standard. Deckover dump trailers are primarily used for hauling materials as well as removal of construction and landscaping debris, so ramps are not included standard, but are offered as an option. Barn doors tailgates open to both sides for unobstructed dumping of bulk materials or debris. The 7,000 and 10,000 GVWR models is built in 6′ width and has a 6″ channel main frame. The 14,000 GVWR model is built with a rugged 8″ channel main frame and comes in 8′ width. Cylinder sizes are matched to the model capacity. There are two versions of the 14,000 GVWR model offered. The standard 14,000 GVWR uses the same style of scissor lift as the 7,000, 10,000 and 12,000 GVWR models. The heavy duty version adds a super duty scissor lift with 5″ cylinder AND G range radial tires for heavy duty commercial applications. Dexter brand axles with radial tires on all models provide a long life running gear.
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text:
Extensions to Haskell type system
A reader should have realized by now that the current Haskell type system is not the final design. It is a very fine and sophisticated system, but it still has some shortcomings. As Haskell evolves from the stable Haskell 98 specification to (what is a current working name) Haskell 2, more and more features will be added and refined to overcome those shortcomings.
There are already several interesting features, which has been implemented in particular implementations of Haskell compilers and interpreters. For example, HBC compiler has had the existential types for several years. The idea has been so fruitful and useful that other compilers, such as Hugs and GHC, implement it now too -- as an extension to standard Haskell 98 specification. It seems that this concept will be accepted in specification of Haskell 2, and hence we will document it here as well.
Existential quantification
Warning: The original notation has been adopted to match the Haskell
style. But be aware that current language implementations
do not use exists a notation for existential quantification,
but rather rely on few clever tricks to achieve similar results
shown below. They will be discussed later, but for now
will be used for clarity.
Type specifications for variables of a universally quantified type have the following form, for any type expression T a:
p :: forall a. T a (e.g. id :: forall a. (a -> a))By analogy with universal quantification, we can try to give meaning to existentially quantified types. In general, for any type expression T a,
p :: exists a. T ahas the property "For some type
p has the type
T a".
For example,
(3,4):: exists a. (a, a) (3,4):: exists a. awhere
a = Int in the first case, and
a = (Int,Int) in the second.
Every value has type
exists a. a because for every value there exists
a type such that that value has that type.
Thus the type
exists a. a denotes the set of all values, which we
shall sometime call
Top (the biggest type):
data Top = exists a. a -- the type of any value whatsoeverThe set of all ordered pairs may be denoted by the following existential type.
exists a. exists b. (a, b) -- the type of any pair whatsoeverThis is the type of any pair
(p,q) because, for some
a (take a type
p) and some type
b (take a type of
(p,q) has type
The type of any object together with an integer-valued operation that can be applied to it may be denoted by the following existential type.
exists a. (a, a -> Int)The pair
(3,succ) has this type, if we take
a = Int. Similarly the pair
([1,2,3],length) has this type, if we take
a = [Int].
Because the set of types includes not only simple types but also
universal types and the type
Top, existentially quantified types
have some properties that may at first appear counterintuitive.
The type
exists a. (a, a)is not simply the type of pairs of equal type (e.g.
(3,4)), as one might
expect. In fact even
(3,True) has this type. We know
that both
3 and
have type
Top; hence there is a type
a = Top such that
(3, True) :: (a, a).Therefore,
exists a. (a, a)is the type of all pairs whatsoever, and is the same as
exists a. exists b. (a, b).Similarly, any function whatsoever has type
exists a. a -> a,if we take
a = Top.
exists a. (a, a -> Int)forces a relation between the type of an object and the type of an associated integer-valued function. For example,
not have this type (if we consider
3 as having type
then we would have to show that
length has type
Top -> Int, but we
only know that
length :: forall a. [a] -> Intmaps any lists to integers, and we cannot assume that any arbitrary object of type
Top will be mapped to integer).
Not all existential types turn out to be useful. For example, if we
have an (unknown) object of type
exists a. a,
we have absolutely no way of manipulating it (except passing it around)
because we have no information about it. If we have an (unknown) object
of type
exists a. (a, a), we can assume that it is
a pair and apply
fst and
snd to it, but
then we are stuck because we have no information
Existentially typed objects can be useful, however, if they are sufficiently structured. For example,
x :: exists a. (a, a -> Int)provides sufficient structure to allow us to compute with it. We can execute:
(snd x) (fst x)and obtain an integer.
Hence, there are useful existential types which hide some of the structure of the objects they represent but show enough structure to allow manipulations of the objects through operations the objects themselves provide.
These existential types can be used, for example, in forming apparently heterogeneous lists:
[(3,succ), ([1,2,3],length)] :: [exists a. (a, a -> Int)]We can later extract an element of this list and manipulate it, although we may not know which particular element we are using and what its exact type is. Of course, we can also form totally heterogeneous lists of type
[exists a. a], but these
are quite unusable.
Source: [CARDELLI + WEGNER]
The real usefulness of existential types becomes apparent only when we realize that
exists a. (a, a -> Int)is a simple example of an abstract type packaged with its set of operations. The variable
a is the abstract type itself, which hides
a representation. The representation was
Int and
[Int] in the
previous examples. Then
(a, a ->Int)
is the set of operators on that abstract type: a constant of type
and an operator of type
a -> Int. These operators are
unnamed, but
we can have a named version by using record types instead of Cartesian
x:: exists a. {const: a, op: a -> Int} x.op(x.const)As we do not know what the representation
a really is (we only know
that there is one), we cannot make assumptions about it, and users
x will be unable to take advantage of any particular implementation
An ordinary object
(3,succ) may be converted to an
abstract object having type
exists a. (a, a->Int)
by packaging it so that some of its structure is hidden.
Source: [CARDELLI + WEGNER]
Cardelli & Wegner proceed here with the explanation of the details of packaging. Particularly, ADA packages are subjected to analysis. We are stopping right here -- delaying this discussion to the sections describing Haskell implementation of these ideas.
Existential types in Haskell
Following other researchers (including [CARDELLI + WEGNER] quoted in our introduction to the topic of existential types), [LAUFER] suggested one possible solution to extending the Haskell type system with the concept of existential quantification. The idea has been first implemented in HBI interpreter, and now existential types are also present (as extention to Haskell 98) in GHC compiler and Hugs interpreter.
Note, however, that - although HBI reserves special syntax for
annotation of existential types (where existential variables are
preceded by "?") - Hugs and GHC implementations do not explicitely
use the construct
exists, but instead require
the explicit form of
forall quantification. On the
surface, this might seem quite counter-intuitive, until one realizes
exists and
forall quantifiers are
related via De Morgan's rules. The current
experimental implementations of Hugs and GHC existentiality provide,
in effect, isomorphism between universally and existentially
quantified data structures. But I cannot provide any simple
description of the Laufer's concept. Perhaps someone else can.
Whether it was solely chosen for the accomodation
of existential types or for some other reasons, the Hugs and GHC
extensions to Haskell 98 drop the restriction that only type variables
that are bound as formal type parameters may appear in the
component types of algebraic data type definition; that is,
only those that appear on both sides of 'data' declaration
in Haskell. But both extensions still require
the explicit universal quantification
forall (as a hint
to compilers?). Too bad - it confuses the issue, I think.
As a consequence, any free type variables in a data type declaration is considered local to and existentially quantified in the component types of the data constructor in which it appears.
Additionally, just as universally quantified type variables can
be constrained by a context
context, existentially
quantified type variables can be constrained by local
c,c',c''... for the data constructors
in which they appear. Thus the general form
of a data type declaration (in extensions to Haskell 98) is as follows:
data [context=>] T u1..uk = [c=>]K t1..tk | [c'=>] K' t1'...tk' |....As a simple example of the above, consider the following algebraic data type declaration:
data KEY = forall a. MakeKey a (a -> Int)Notice that the type variable
a does not appear
in the data type itself, which is just plain KEY. The left side
does not contain a context
context, nor it depends
on any other type variable. (This is just the simplest example).
But the right hand side depends on the free, universally quantified
a. This supposes to signal to us that
this variable is, in fact, existentially quantified.
Whatever the confusion due to lack of sugaring, we can see that in order to make the above definition consistent, the data constructor MakeKey must have the type:
MakeKey :: a -> (a -> Int) -> KEYto produce just plain KEY. The interpretation is such that there are some pairs of
a and
a ->Int
that, when acted upon by the data constructor
will produce a result of the abstract type
This brings us very close to the
topic of existential types, outlined previously. According
to Cardelli & Wegner the truly existential constructor, acting
on the useful pair of variable
a and a function
a -> Int would have to be in a form:
MakeKey :: (exists a . (a, a -> Int)) -> KEYThe two forms are (supposedly) isomorphic; compilers are happy, stylists -- less, but what counts its the usefulness of this approach, which will be demonstrated by the examples that follow.
Source: [LAUFER]
Heterogeneous lists
A word about a name of this section: a truly heterogeneous list is not possible. What is usually meant by this is a list of heterogeneous elements - each wrapped in a common type before being put in such a list.
Consider the following data declaration
data KEY = forall a. MakeKey a (a -> Int)It introduces a new (parameterless) type KEY and a value constructor
MakeKey of type
MakeKey :: a -> (a -> Int) -> KEYSince all applications of MakeKey have the same result type, KEY, we can construct the following list:
hetList = [MakeKey 5 id, MakeKey [1,2,3] length, MakeKey True (\x -> if x then 1 else 0), MakeKey 9 (+1)]Although
hetList is a homogeneous list of type [KEY],
each of its elements have a different representation type a.
We use pattern matching to extract the two components of a value
of type KEY. The type variable
a in the component type
of the constructor MakeKey is existentially quantified. Thus the
argument type of
f and the type of
x in
the following function definition are identical,
giving the function the type
KEY -> Int:
whatkey :: KEY -> Int whatkey (MakeKey x f) = f xWe observe that KEY is an abstract data type whose implementations explicitely bundle together a value of some type and a method on that type returning an
Int. Each element of
may be viewed as a different implementation of the same abstract
data type. Two implementations of KEY differ either in representation
types, for example the second and third elements, or in methods,
such as the first and last elements of
Given a value of type KEY, we do not know its representation type, but it is guaranteed that we can safely apply the second component (the method) to the first component (the value).
Compare simplicity of this approach with the traditional approach that does not use existential types.
Existential types and classes
A datatype whose definition involves existentially quantified variables cannot use the standard Haskell mechanisms for deriving instances of standard classes like Eq and Show. If instances of these classes are required, then they must be provided explicitly by the programmer. For example, you could use Hugs (in -98 mode) to evaluate the following (where 'hetList' was defined in previous example):
length hetList ==> 3 :t hetList ==> [KEY] map whatkey hetList ==> [5, 3, 1, 10]but you could not display:
hetList ==> Hugs will complain until you provide show method for each of four cases.It is possible, however, to attach type class constraints to existentially quantified variables in a datatype definition. For example, we could improve on our 'data' definition from the previous example by constraining the existential type variable
to instances of the type class
This would mean that all of the operations of the class
are available when a value
a of this type
is unpacked during pattern matching. This can be put
to good use to define a simple instance of type class
for the KEY datatype, describing the way we want to "show" our abstract
KEYs. The entire module, handling this example is
shown below:
module C where data KEY = forall a. Show a => MakeKey a (a->Int) instance Show KEY where showsPrec _ (MakeKey x f) = showString "(" . showsPrec 0 x . showString ", " . showsPrec 0 x . showString " ==> " . showsPrec 0 (f x) . showString ")" -- our fancy way of showing the KEYs hetList = [MakeKey 5 id, MakeKey [1,2,3] length, MakeKey True (\x -> if x then 1 else 0), MakeKey 9 (+1)] whatkey :: KEY -> Int whatkey (MakeKey x f) = f x -- end of C moduleNow when you simply enter
hetList, Hugs will respond with:
[(5, 5 ==> 5),([1,2,3], [1,2,3] ==> 3),(True, True ==> 1),(9, 9 ==> 10)]
Traditional heterogeneous lists
A word about a name of this section: a truly heterogeneous list is not possible. What is usually meant by this is a list of heterogeneous elements - each wrapped in a common type before being put in such a list.
Let us start with the valid data declaration of a form,
which packs together a variable, and a function operating
on that variable and yielding an integer
data AnyKey a = MakeAny a (a -> Int)Looks promissing, but this would not let us put
MakeAny 5 id and
MakeAny [1,2,3] length on the same list since
they have in fact different types:
AnyKey Int
AnyKey [Int],
respectively. Values of different types cannot be put on the
same list.
The traditional approach to dealing with heterogeneous lists in Haskell is to introduce an algebraic datatype with a separate constructor for each type allowed in the list, as in:
data KEY = MakeIdKey Int (Int->Int) | MakeListKey [Int] ([Int]->Int) | MakeBoolKey Bool (Bool->Int) | MakeSuccKey Int (Int->Int)This is valid, since every option here evaluates to the same data type
Having this decleared, we can now create a list of values - all
wrapped in a common type
hetList = [MakeIdKey 5 id, MakeListKey [1,2,3] length, MakeBoolKey True (\x -> if x then 1 else 0), MakeSuccKey 9 (+1)]
Simple enough! A more delicate question is to examine an individual component of this list to find out what key does it hold. This can be only done by pattern matching, which cannot be generalized even though the right-hand sides look identical: all you need is to apply the second element (a function) to the first (a variable).
whatkey :: KEY -> Int whatkey (MakeIdKey x f) = f x whatkey (MakeListKey x f) = f x whatkey (MakeBoolKey x f) = f x whatkey (MakeSuccKey x f) = f xThere are several disadvantages to this approach: First, one has to remember and use a number of different constructors. Second, the component types of the algebraic data type are not abstract; consequently, any operation can be applied to the components as long as it is type correct. Finally and most importantly, algebraic types of this form do not support extensions; when a new case is added to an algebraic type, every function that operates on the type has to be changed to include new case.
Compare it with the existential approach to this problem.
Information hiding
To hide some information from a client you can use the traditional Haskell way of restricting imports/exports from Haskell modules, or you can use existential types instead. You can also combine the two - as shown in attached examples.
Combined information hiding
An example of combined information hiding, which uses both: module mechanism and existential types, is shown below. The module D imports four functions from module C, but not much information is passed here from C.
module D where import C (questions, answers, secret1, secret2) -- End of module DBut we may try to examine it a bit:
:type secret1 ==> secret1 :: Secret Aha, some unknown object! :type secret2 ==> secret2 :: Secret A similar object :type questions ==> questions :: Secret -> ([String], [String]) Takes secret object and provides a pair of two lists of strings. :type answers ==> answers :: Secret -> ([Bool], [String]) Takes secret object and provides a pair with list of booleans and list of strings :info Secret ==> Uknown reference `Secret' Ouch!But the operations on the secret objects look safe. Let's try:
questions secret1 ==> (["has size?","has mass?"],["name?"]) answers secret1 ==> ([False, True], ["Guess!"]) It has no size, it has some mass, but it won't tell us its name. questions secret2 ==> (["has size?"],[]) answers secret2 ==> ([True], []) It has some size, but you even cannot ask about its mass and name.That's all we can do here. Not much!
Existential information hiding
But module C exports the datatype Secret. So let us import it to module D:
module D where import C (Secret(S), questions, answers, secret1, secret2)Now we can inquire about the type "Secret":
:info SecretHugs will respond with:
-- type constructor data Secret -- constructors: S :: Show a => a -> [a -> (String,Bool)] -> [a -> (String,String)] -> Secret -- instances: instance Show SecretNow the secret is being partially revealed. It looks like data
Secret is of existential type depending on some type variable
a. It provides unknown object
and two lists of functions [f] and [g], operating on the same
x, but returning different answers:
f :: a->(String, Bool) g :: a->(String, String)We know the pattern and we are provided with constructor
so we may try to create our own dummy little secret:
our_secret = S 5 [f1,f2] [g1] where f1 x = ("has property 1?", True) f2 x = ("has property 2?", False) g1 x = ("name?", "dummy")Now we can even manipulate our own secret. It appears that module C already provided us with convenient ways of disclosing the secret:
questions our_secret ==> (["has property 1?", "has property 2?"], ["name?"]) answers our_secret ==> ([True, False], ["dummy"])But still, we cannot extract our original value
And both secrets imported from the module C are still the mysteries
to us! We were just passed two pieces of data with a set of
operations, we could even write our specialized functions
to replace
questions and
we were given some hints by attached textual descriptions,
but the secrets still hold.
Secrets revealed
So what are the secrets of module C, which could not be broken by module D? Here is the source code of C:
-- We start with list of exports: module C (Secret(S), questions, answers, secret1, secret2) where -- Here is our existential data type data Secret = forall a. (Show a) => S a [a->(String,Bool)] [a->(String,String)] -- We will make our secret an instance of Show class -- just in case users wish to display the secrets. -- We could be nicer than given below, of course! instance Show Secret where show (S x fs gs) = show "Secret" -- Here are our two little secrets secret1 = S Electron [hasSize, hasMass] [name] secret2 = S Ball [hasSize] [] -- Any ordinary object can be converted to an abstract type Secret -- by packaging it in a standard way. We could use it instead -- the above, as in: -- secret1 = pack Electron -- secret2 = pack Ball pack :: (Show a, Object a) => a -> Secret pack x = S x [hasSize, hasMass] [name] -- Here are standard ways to reveal our questions and -- answers. We will export them for user convenience. questions :: Secret -> ([String],[String]) questions (S x fs gs) = (map fst (apply x fs), map fst (apply x gs)) answers :: Secret -> ([Bool],[String]) answers (S x fs gs) = (map snd (apply x fs), map snd (apply x gs)) -- This is an auxiliary function. No need to export it. apply :: a -> [a->b] -> [b] apply x [] = [] apply x (f:fs) = (f x) : (apply x fs) -- We define two secret objects: Electron and Ball -- and for our conveniennce make them the instances -- of a class Object. This way both of our objects -- have the same interface. data Electron = Electron deriving Show data Ball = Ball deriving Show class Object a where hasSize :: a->(String,Bool) hasMass :: a->(String,Bool) hasColor :: a->(String,Bool) name :: a->(String,String) instance Object Electron where hasSize x = ("has size?", False) hasMass x = ("has mass?", True) hasColor x = ("has color?",False) name x = ("name?", "Guess!") instance Object Ball where hasSize x = ("has size?",True) hasMass x = ("has mass?",True) hasColor x = ("has color?", True) name x = ("name?", "Ball")
Overlapping sets
The concept of overlapping comes from set theory and can be a bit confusing - as demonstrated by the following puzzle:
We are given 87 tibbs. All 34 gibbs and 49 pibbs are tibbs. If exactly 9 tibbs are gibbs and pibbs, then how many tibbs are neither pibbs nor gibbs?
This problem is about overlapping sets. The words "tibbs" and "gibbs" and "pibbs" are nonsense words made up for the problem and used because they are cute. We'll cal them T, G and P.
We are talking about Ts. Everything is a T. Think of T, G, and P as properties or attributes of these things, so things are allowed to be more than one. Perhaps T means things and G means good and P means purple.
So we start with 87 things. They are all Things. 34 of them are Good and 49 of them are Purple. But that doesn't make 83 all together, because there's some overlap. Some of them are both Good AND Purple. In fact, the next sentence tells you that the overlap is exactly 9 things that are both Good and Purple. So we have 25 that are Good but not Purple, 40 that are Purple but not Good, and 9 that are both Good and Purple. That accounts for 25+40+9=74.
And, since we started with 87 Things all together, how many does that leave un-accounted for? 13! These are the Things that are neither Good nor Purple.
Source: Message from Math Forum
Overlapping instances
Class constraints define a set of admissible instances of a given
class. Taking as an example a simplified declaration of class
Num and of its instances
Int and
class Num a where (==), (/=) :: a -> a -> Bool (+), (-), (*) :: a -> a -> a negate :: a -> a ... instance Num Int where x == y = integer_eq x y x + y = integer_add x y ... instance Num Float where ...we can see here several class constraints, which say:
Num a -- any type a is admissible to class Num -- (if it supports following functions ...) Num Int -- Int is admitted as an instance of Num class Num Float -- Float is also admitted as an instance of Num classHaskell 98 does not allow for overlapping instances; that is, instances whose class constraints overlap. Here
Num Int
Num Float do not overlap: integers and floats
are distinct types.
Some compilers, such as GHC or Hugs, introduce extensions to Haskell 98 standard and allow for some restricted form of overlapping.
As it says in the Hugs manual:
Overlapping instances are allowed, providing that one of the instances in each overlapping pair is strictly more specific than the other.
To understand the above we need to introduce several definitions.
Substitution: A mapping from type variable to type expression
Overlapping constraints:
pi and
pi' are two class constraints,
then we say that
pi and
pi' are overlapping
S(pi) = S'(pi') for
some substitutions
S and
For example,
C Int and
C [a] do not overlap.
C (a,Int) and
C (Bool, a) do overlap:
if you substitute
C (a,Int) by
C (Bool,Int)
C (Bool, a) by
C (Bool, Int) then both substitutions
lead to identical results.
More specific class constraint:
Class constraint
pi is more specific than
S(pi) = pi' for some substitution
Let us write this as
pi <= pi' . For example:
C (Bool, Int) <= C (a, Int) <= C (a, b) <= C a.Strictly more specific class constraint: For
pi to be strictly more specific than
pi', written
pi < pi',
we require that
pi <= pi' , but that
not (pi' <= pi) . For example, all
the inequalities above are strict:
C (Bool, Int) < C (a, Int) < C (a, b) < C a.For an example of class constraints that satisfy
pi <= pi'
but where
pi is not strictly more specific that
pi', note that:
C (a,b) <= C (c,d) <= C (a,b).Thus a program containing three following instance declarations:
class C a where .. instance C (a, b) where .. instance C (a, Int) where .. instance C (Bool, Int) where ..is acceptable since all class constraints are strictly ordered:
C (Bool, Int) < C (a, Int) < C (a, b) < C a.The strict inequality gives us a simple rule for choosing which instance to use in any given situation without ambiguity: use whichever is the closest match.
A pair of overlapping instances in which neither is more specific than
the other leaves an ambiguity: for example, given two
C (a,Int) and
C (Bool,a), which
should we choose to deal with an instance of the
C (Bool,Int)? Either alternative could apply,
with potentially different results depending on the definitions
in each instance.
One way to allow overlapping pairs like this without ambiguity, would be to require that the programmer provide a further instance declaration to cover precisely the overlapping cases. For the time being, Hugs/GHC implementations take the simpler step of banning such overlaps altogether.
Source: Message from Mark P Jones to Haskell list
Excerpt from Hugs 98 manual follows:
The command line option +o can be used to enable support for overlapping instance declarations, provided that one of each overlapping pair is strictly more specific than the other.
This facility has been introduced in a way that does not compromise the coherence of the type system. However, its semantics differs slightly from the semantics of overlapping instances in Gofer, so users may sometimes be surprised with the results. This is why we have decided to allow this feature to be turned on or off by a command line option (the default is off). If practical experience with overlapping instances is positive then we may change the current default, or even remove the option.


text:
This practical guide to warehouse distribution automation techniques includes: evaluation of automation packages; strategic company plans; system justification; and equipment analysis, testing, training, and follow-up.
"synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.
Increase the efficiency of your warehouse and distribution operations-and improve your bottom line with automation technology Today's consumers demand products and services that are on time and that cost less, making automated distribution centers more crucial to order fulfillment than ever before. Will your warehouse be able to keep up? In clear, easy-to-understand language, this practical reference explains how automation can help you achieve an efficient, responsive, cost-competitive warehouse operation. You'll learn how to reap the benefits of automation-including on-time delivery, traceable and real-time audit trails, and accurate inventory control-while lowering operating costs. The Warehouse and Distribution Automation Handbook serves as a step-by-step guide for engineers, managers, and operations personnel through the entire automation implementation process, including: Identifying system requirements and creating request for proposal bid specifications; Evaluating automation software packages and choosing the right one to meet your specific needs; applying the latest technologies, such as radio frequency and voice recognition terminals, bar codes, and scanning devices, to your operations; Justifying the costs involved in comparison to the benefits and savings achieved; Designing or modifying a system to streamline warehouse operations, including receiving, quality control, returns, put-away, order processing, picking, shipping, and more; Developing project plans, implementation, and test plans; Creating training programs and system documentation; Effective material handling solutions-conveyor/sortation equipment, carousels, pick-to-light systems, pallet racking, forklift trucks, and more; Follow-up, evaluation, and problem resolution activities. You'll also learn where the industry is headed in the foreseeable future and the automation concepts your warehouse operations and want to implement automated systems for increased efficiency and profits, this reference is a must-read.
"About this title" may belong to another edition of this title.
£ 10.75
From U.S.A. to United Kingdom
Book Description Mcgraw-Hill (Tx), 1996. Hardcover. Book Condition: New. Bookseller Inventory # DADAX0070004005
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Book Description Mcgraw-Hill (Tx), 1996. Hardcover. Book Condition: New. Bookseller Inventory # P110070004005
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Book Description Mcgraw-Hill (Tx). Hardcover. Book Condition: New. 0070004005 New Condition. Bookseller Inventory # NEW6.3010994
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