text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 31, 1978
|Filing date
|Mar 30, 1976
|Priority date
|Mar 30, 1976
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Rudolph John Bacher
|Original Assignee
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (15), Classifications (21)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to printed circuits, and more particularly to compositions for producing dielectric layers for use in such circuits.
It is useful in fabricating printed circuits to be able to conserve space by disposing a metallization directly above other metallizations. To prevent shorting and reduce capacitance coupling, such metallizations are separated by dielectric material.
There are two ways to produce such multilayer structures. The first consists of printing and firing "crossover" layers between printed conductor layers on a single substrate, to form what is sometimes called a "multilevel" printed wiring board. The second method involves printing conductor patterns on organic-bonded thin "tapes" of particulate alumina, then laminating such printed tapes and firing the resultant laminated structure at high temperature to make a discrete monolithic multilayer structure which serves as its own substrate. The present invention describes the role of certain compositions in forming, inter alia, crossover dielectric layers in the "multilevel" type of process, wherein the substrate is a prefired alumina ceramic.
A crossover dielectric composition is essentially a low dielectric constant insulator capable of separating two conductor patterns through several firing steps. High melting, viscous glasses have been used as the dielectric so that the firing of the top conductor line can be carried out at a temperature below that at which softening of the dielectric occurs. Melting or softening of the crossover dielectric is accompanied by shorting of the two conductor patterns against each other with subsequent failure of the electrical circuit. The major requirement for a crossover dielectric is control of resoftening or thermoplasticity in the top conductor firing step. Other property requirements are: (a) low dielectric constant to produce low A.C. capacitance coupling between the circuits insulated by the crossover dielectric, (b) low electric loss (high Q) to avoid dielectric heating, (c) low "pinholing" tendency and a low tendency to evolve gasses in firing, (d) proper glass softening temperature so that the initial firing is adaptable to the screen printing process, (e) a high resistance to thermal shock crazing, and (f) low sensitivity to water vapor and subsequent spurious electrical losses.
Also required are compositions for producing dielectric layers in multilayer capacitors printed on an alumina substrate. Such capacitors include those of Bacher et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,683,245 and Bergmann U.S. Pat. No. 3,679,943, each of which is incorporated by reference herein.
Among the numerous compositions known for producing dielectric layers in multilayer structures are compositions based upon glasses, such as the crystallizable glasses of Hoffman U.S. Pat. No. 3,586,522 or Amin U.S. Pat. No. 3,785,837; or upon mixtures of crystalline materials and glasses such as Amin U.S. Pat. No. 3,787,219 and Bacher et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,837,869. Each of these four patents is incorporated by reference herein.
Often the alumina substrate on which multilayer structures are formed is distorted or bowed by forces exerted by the fired dielectric layer(s). There is a need for dielectric compositions which have thermal expansion characteristics such that bowing is reduced, since otherwise poor film adhesion can result.
Reduction in alumina substrate bowing caused by many commercially available dielectric compositions is important, since distorted (non-planar) substrates makes allignment difficult in printing subsequent layers on the substrate. Also, bowed substrates are more difficult to mount into connector assemblies. Furthermore, the compressive forces exerted by the dielectric layer can result in cracking of the alumina substrate when it undergoes thermal cycling, for example, in dip soldering of the electrodes. The fired dielectric layers must be nonporous, as defined herein, and fireable at temperatures compatible with the firing temperatures of typical electrode compositions (e.g., below 975� C.). Furthermore, when crystalline fillers are used, the fillers should have dielectric constants which are relatively low.
I have invented certain compositions useful for printing dielectric layers in multilayer electronic structures. The compositions have a reduced tendency to cause substrate distortion or bowing (i.e., deviation from planarity). The compositions comprise, by weight complementally, finely divided powders of
a. 65-90% of one or more glasses having a softening point greater than about 700� C. and a thermal expansion coefficient less that that of alumina, and
b. 10-35% crystalline fillers which are, based on the total weight of the composition
1. 0-25%, preferably 0-20%, MgTiO3, and/or
2. 0-35% mixtures of MgO and TiO2.
Where the weight of MgTiO3 in the powder compositions is less than 10%, sufficient crystalline MgO and TiO2 are present in such molar proportions that in the fired dielectric layer(s) in the multilayer structures there will be at least 10% crystalline MgTiO3. Furthermore, in the fired dielectric layer(s) there is no more than 25%, preferably no more than 20%, MgTiO3 present (whether added to the unfired powder compositions as preformed MgTiO3 or the result of reaction of MgO and TiO2 during firing), but there may be an excess of MgO or TiO2 up to a total crystalline oxide content of 35%.
The powder compositions preferably comprise 86-82% (a) and 14-18% (b). Preferably the compositions comprise only preformed MgTiO3 in component (b). Also preferably component (a) is Ti-free.
The compositions may be dispersed in an inert liquid printing vehicle.
Also part of this invention are multilayer electronic structures such as capacitors and multilevel structures comprising as sequential layers on a substrate a bottom electrode on and adherent to said substrate, a dielectric layer over and adherent to at least part of said bottom electrode, and a top electrode over and adherent to at least part of said dielectric layer, wherein said dielectric layer consists essentially of, by weight complementally,
a. 65-90% one or more glasses having a softening point greater than about 700� C. and a thermal expansion coefficient less than that of alumina, and
b. 10-35% crystalline fillers which are
1. MgTiO3 and/or
2. mixtures of MgO and TiO2, provided that there is 10-25%, preferably 10-20%, MgTiO3 in the fired dielectric layer and 0-25% MgO or TiO2.
Such devices include the multilayer capacitors described in the examples below or in multilevel electronic patterns.
The dielectric layers made using the compositions of this invention minimize alumina substrate bowing during firing, and further can produce good electrical properties (e.g., dielectric constant below 10 and Q above about 400).
The compositions of the present invention comprise powders of glass and certain crystalline oxide fillers. These powders are sufficiently finely divided to be used in conventional screen printing operations. Generally, the powders are sufficiently finely divided to pass through a 400-mesh screen (U.S. Standard Sieve Scale), and preferably have an average particle size in the range 0.5-15 microns, preferably 1-5 microns, with substantially all particles in the range 1-20 microns. To achieve these sizes, the powders may be ground in a mill (ball or multidimensional) prior to use.
The glass and crystalline oxides and their relative proportions are chosen such that they will cause reduced distortion (bowing) of the alumina substrate upon firing of the dielectric. Some uses can tolerate more bowing than can others.
The glasses used are substantially nonconductive and have a softening point (the temperature at which the glass deforms rapidly) greater than about 700� C. and have a thermal expansion coefficient less than that of alumina (70� � 10-7 /� C.). Generally, glasses with less than a total of 30% Bi2 O3 plus PbO are preferred.
The glasses in the present invention are prepared from suitable batch compositions of oxides (or oxide precursors such as hydroxides are carbonates) by melting any suitable batch composition which yields the desired compounds in the desired proportions. The batch composition is first mixed and then melted to yield a substantially homogeneous fluid glass. The temperature maintained during this melting step is not critical, but is usually within the range 1450�-1550� C. so that the rapid homogenation of the melt can be obtained. After a homogeneous fluid glass is obtained, it is normally poured into water to form a glass frit.
MgTiO3 has a thermal coefficient of expansion greater than that of alumina. This crystalline oxide, sometimes referred to as ternary oxide herein, may be present in the (unfired) powder compositions of this invention, or alternately may be formed upon firing of the dielectric in the multilayer configuration. Thus, the powder compositions may contain some or no ternary oxide, but if less than 10% ternary oxide is present in the powder compositions; there will be sufficient precursor cyrstalline oxides present (MgO and TiO2) to form at least 10% crystalline MgTiO3 upon firing. Thus, if 5% MgTiO3 were present in the powder composition, there would be sufficient precursor oxides in the powder to form at least 5% more MgTiO3 in the fired dielectric layer.
The powder comprises a total of 10-35% MgTiO3 plus MgO and TiO2. Less than 10% MgTiO3 in the fired dielectric does not provide adequate reduction in substrate bowing. More than 35% crystalline oxides in the fired dielectric results in porous dielectric layers. Porosity can cause sinking of the conductor layer into and through the dielectric, and hence shorting.
When precursor oxides MgO and TiO2 remain in the fired dielectric layer, the total weight of MgTiO3 and precursor crystalline oxides does not exceed 35%, but at least 10% MgTiO3 is present. Thus the powder compositions comprise, by weight complementally, 10-35% crystalline oxides and 90-65% glass, preferably 14-18% crystalline oxides and 86-82% glass. The compositions of this invention are printed as a film in the conventional manner onto alumina substrates bearing a prefired electrode metallization. Preferably, screen or stencil printing techniques are employed. The composition is printed as a finely divided powder in the form of a dispersion in an inert liquid vehicle. Any inert liquid may be used as the vehicle, including water or any one of various organic liquids, with or without thickening and/or stabilizing agents and/or other common additives. Exemplary of the organic liquids which can be used are the aliphatic alcohols; esters of such alcohols, for example, the acetate and propionates; terpenes such as pine oil, terpineol and the like; solutions of polyisobutyl methacrylate in 2,2,4-trimethyl pentanediol-1,3-monoisobutyrate; solutions of resins such as the polymethacrylates of lower alcohols, or solutions of ethyl cellulose, in solvents such as pine oil and the monobutyl ether of ethylene glycol monoacetate. The vehicle may contain or be composed of volatile liquids to promote fast setting after application to the substrate.
The ratio of vehicle to inorganic solids may vary considerably and depends upon the manner in which the dispersion is to be applied and the kind of vehicle used. Generally, from 0.4 to 9 parts by weight of inorganic solids per part by weight of vehicle will be used to produce a dispersion of the desired consistency. Preferably, 2-4 parts of inorganic solids per part of vehicle will be used.
After the compositions of the present invention are printed onto prefired ceramic substrates (with metallizations thereon), the printed substrate is refired. Generally, the dielectric composition is fired in the temperature range 800-975� C. to form a continuous dielectric layer. Preferably, the firing is conducted at a peak temperature of about 900�-950� C. Peak temperature is held for about 10 min. normally, although 5-30 min. may be used by one skilled in the art. Belt or box furnaces may be used. Where a belt furnace is used the total firing cycle is normally about 40-60 min. These compositions may be fired in air or in nitrogen, but much better results are obtained in air. Often a second dielectric layer is printed and fired directly over the first to prevent pinholing.
Although the compositions of this invention are designed to be used as dielectric layers in multilayer structures formed on alumina substrates, these compositions may be used with other substrates, including substrates having thermal expansion characteristics similar to those of alumina. Typical commercially available densified (prefired) alumina substrates comprise above 90% alumina; for example, American Lava Corp. Alsimag 614 contains 96% alumina.
The multilayer structures of this invention include conductive layers (e.g., capacitors) or lines (e.g., complex circuits with dielectric pads or "crossovers" at the point of crossover of the conductor lines). The geometry of the multilayer structure is not of the present invention, but will be designed in the conventional manner by those skilled in the art, according to their requirements. Amin U.S. Pat. No. 3,785,837, discusses crossover dielectrics and Amin U.S. Pat. No. 3,787,219 discloses multilayer capacitors. Structures with a multiplicity of layers can be provided with the compositions of this invention.
In the following examples presented to illustrate the invention, all parts percentages, ratios, etc. are by weight, unless otherwise stated. In a number of examples multilayer capacitors of two conductors and an intermediate dielectric were printed and fired on an alumina substrate to demonstrate the utility of the present invention. In other examples the dielectric composition was printed on an alumina substrate and fired to illustrate an advantage of the present invention, reduced substrate deformation or bowing due to the fired dielectric layer. In every example the substrate was a preferred (densified) 96% alumina substrate, American Lava Corp. Alsimag 614.
The glasses used in these examples were prepared as follows. A physical mixture, in the desired proportions, of metal oxides, hydroxides and/or carbonates was prepared and melted at a peak temperature of 1450�-1550� C. and then quenched by pouring into water. The glasses were then finely ground in a conventional 1-liter ball mill with 261/4-inch alumina balls (36 g. glass, 15 ml. water, milled 2 hr.), filtered and dried. The powder was screened through a 400-mesh screen. Average particle size was about 1-5 microns, with substantially all particles between about 1-20 microns.
The crystalline oxides used, i.e., MgO, TiO2 and MgTiO3, were purchased commercially, identified by X-ray, and reduced in size by milling 100 g. with 100 ml. water in a multidimensional mill for 2 hr. The particle size of the milled oxide was in the range of about 1-20 microns, average about 1-5 microns.
Dispersions of glass and crystalline oxides according to this invention were prepared by mixing the desired relative amounts of finely divided glass and crystalline oxides (usually in a Hoover muller) with a vehicle of suitable consistency and rheology for screen printing. The solids/vehicle ratio was 77/23, that is, 77 parts inorganic solids (glass and crystalline oxides) were mixed with a vehicle of 22.8 parts of a mixture of polymer and solvent (20% polyisobutyl methacrylate in 80% of a solvent which was 2,2,4-trimethyl pentanediol-1,3-monoisobutyrate) and 0.2 parts of a wetting agent (soya lecithin). In some instances up to 2 additional parts of that solvent was added to modify rheology.
The dielectric composition of the present invention was printed and fired in air on an alumina substrate to demonstrate the reduction in substrate distortion (bowing) with the compositions of the present invention. The substrate was 2 inches (5.08 cm.) by 1 inch (2.54 cm.) by 25 mils (0.64 mm.) thick. A 200-mesh printing screen was masked to the center (a 1/4-inch or 0.64 cm. square) so that the one entire surface of the substrate would be covered with dielectric composition, except for that central square. First the thickness (height) of that central square was measured on each substrate with a Starrett gauge. Percent bowing equals change in height at the center of the substrate divided by the thickness of the substrate, each in mils. The glass has a thermal expansion coefficient of 50� � 10-7 /� C. The glass contained 40% SiO2, 18% BaO, 5% CaO, 6% B2 O3, 10% Al2 O3, 5% MgO, 8% ZnO, and 8% PbO. A layer of the dielectric composition of 16 parts MgTiO3 and 84 parts glass was then printed through that patterned 200-mesh screen on the substrate. The print was dried at 120� C. for 10 min. and then a second dielectric print was printed over the first and dried as before. The printed substrate was fired in a box furnace at 950� C. for 10 min.
Two additional dielectric layers were printed and dried as before; firing was repeated as before. Height at the center of the substrate was measured again. The center of the substrate was bowed slightly negatively (about 0.5%) versus the substrate before any printing or firing as described herein.
The dielectric layer was found to have an excellent appearance and to be non-porous by an ink test, as follows. A drop of water soluble ink (Sheaffers Skrip deluxe blue No. 2) was placed on the fired dielectric and allowed to stand for about a minute, then washed under running water for about 5 sec. If a stain remains the sample is considered porous.
Example 1 was repeated except that only the glass was used. No MgTiO3 or any other crystalline filler was present. Although the dielectric appearance was again excellent, the substrate was found to have bowed +24.4%.
Example 1 was repeated except that the inorganic powder contained 26% crystalline MgO and 74% glass. The amount of bowing was greater than in Example 1, and the dielectric layer was unacceptable due to considerable cracking and surface roughness. This demonstrates the importance of MgTiO3.
Example 1 was repeated using a dielectric composition containing less MgTiO3, 10% (plus 90% glass). Substrate bowing was +5.5%, versus only about -0.5% in Example 1 using 16% MgTiO3 (the substrate is nearly flat) and versus +24.4% bowing in Showing B using 100% glass. Thus, 10% MgTiO3 is not preferred.
Example 1 was repeated using 84 parts glass and 16 parts crystalline filler of a 1/1 molar ratio of MgO/TiO2, versus 16 parts preformed MgTiO3 and 84 parts glass in Example 1. Substrate bowing was +6.2%. Hence preformed MgTiO3 is preferred over MgO/TiO2 mixtures, although such mixtures are an improvement over compositions of glass alone (Showing B) and MgO alone (Showing A).
In these examples multilayer capacitors were prepared using the dielectric compositions of this invention. The glass was that of Example 1. The Table sets forth the identity and relative proportions of the inorganic solids, from which dispersions were formed as before. The substrate dimensions were 1 inch (2.54 cm.) by 1 inch (2.54 cm.) by 25 mils (0.64 mm.) thick.
In Examples 4, 6 and 7, a bottom electrode (a keyhole pattern of a 400 mil circle with electrode tabs extending therefrom) was printed on the substrate with a gold composition through a 325-mesh screen, dried at 125� C. for 10 min. and fired in air at 900� C. for 10 min. The gold composition contained 80.3 parts finely gold and 3.7 parts finely divided glass binder dispersed in 16 parts vehicle (8% ethyl cellulose/94% terpineol). The fired electrode thickness was about 0.7 mils.
In Example 5, the electrode was fired in nitrogen at 900� C. for 10 min. The electrode material comprised a base metal, copper (80.6 parts finely divided copper and 6.2 parts finely divided glass) dispersed in 13.2 parts vehicle (2.5 parts ethyl cellulose, 48.5 parts dibutyl phthalate, 46.6 parts terpineol and 2.4 parts soya lecithin).
A dielectric layer (a 440 mil circle) was printed over the fired bottom electrode, overlapping the bottom electrode in the area where the top electrode (a keyhole pattern) was intended to be printed. The dielectric layer was dried at 125� C. for 10 min. and then a second dielectric layer was printed on the first and dried.
TABLE__________________________________________________________________________CAPACITOR FORMATION Wt. % PerformedExample Crystalline Ternary Oxide Diss. Diel. Break-(No.) or Fillers Filler to among Inorganic Diel. Factor Q Thick- downShowing (and molar Glass Powders In Constant at at ness Voltage IR(Letter) ratio) Wt. Ratio Composition at 1 kHz 1 kHz(%) 1 MHz (Mils) (Volts (ohms)__________________________________________________________________________4 MgTiO3 16/84 16 7.2 0.1 707 2.4 1000 5 � 1012 ##STR1## 26/74 0 6.8 0.28 640 2.4 900 10126 MgTiO3 10/90 10 6.8 0.4 789 2.2 1200 10137 ##STR2## 16/84 0 9.5 0.6 807 2.2 800 2 � 1012__________________________________________________________________________
The structure was refired at 900� C. for 10 min. The thickness of the dielectric layer is set forth in the Table.
A top electrode (keyhole pattern) was printed and dried as before over the fired dielectric layer using the same electrode composition and firing atmosphere as had been used for the bottom electrode in that example, and then fired at 900� C. for 10 min.
Q, a measure of loss of power in a resonant circuit (the higher the Q, the lower the power loss), was determined by reading capacitance (pF) and conductance (mho) from a General Radio 1682 (1 MHz) bridge and then using the following equation ##EQU1##
Dissipation factor in decimals was determined using a General Radio 1672A (1 kHz) bridge, and was then converted into percentage.
Dielectric constant was determined from the capacitance, as follows: ##EQU2## where C is capacitance (pF) t and A are thickness and area of the dielectric, respectively, in mils.
IR (dielectric loss) was determined at 100 volts D.C. using a Penn Airborne Products Co. Megatrometer Model 710.
Breakdown voltage (volts AC) was determined using an Associated Research Inc. Hypot Breakdown tester.
As indicated in the Table, good electrical properties were obtained with each composition.
The best overall performance was observed with 16% preformed MgTiO3 (0.1% dissipation factor, low K of 7.2, and Q of 707).
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 27, 1950
|Oct 5, 1954
|Alfred Ungewiss
|Ohmic resistance
|May 18, 1965
|Aug 16, 1966
|Corning Glass Works
|Electrical capacitor
|Jan 30, 1967
|Sep 30, 1969
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Glaze for high density alumina
|Sep 22, 1972
|Jan 22, 1974
|Du Pont
|CaTiO{11 -CRYSTALLIZABLE GLASS DIELECTRIC COMPOSITIONS
|Dec 29, 1972
|Jun 25, 1974
|Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd
|Thin-film capacitor and method for the fabrication thereof
|Aug 5, 1974
|Feb 24, 1976
|Ferro Corporation
|Process for making cordierite glass-ceramic having nucleating agent and increased percent cordierite crystallinity
|Apr 22, 1974
|Apr 13, 1976
|Asahi Glass Company, Ltd.
|Electrically insulating coating glass
|Jun 2, 1975
|Dec 7, 1976
|Zenith Radio Corporation
|Thick film capacitors
|Bacher, R. J. et al. "Thick Film Temperature-Compensating Capacitor Dielectrics"Pub. by I.E.E.E., 24th Electronic Components Conf., Washington, pp. 87-93, May 1974.
|Electronic and Newer Ceramics-pub. by Ind. Pub. Co. Chicago (1959) "Magnesium Titanate", p. 184.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 25, 1980
|Dec 29, 1981
|Sprague Electric Company
|High Q monolithic capacitor with glass-magnesium titanate body
|Dec 23, 1983
|Mar 19, 1985
|Tam Ceramics, Inc.
|Low firing ceramic dielectric for temperature compensating capacitors
|Jul 31, 1985
|May 26, 1987
|Societe Xeram
|Substrate of dielectric ceramic material and process for manufacturing the same
|Dec 29, 1988
|Aug 1, 1989
|Rogers Corporation
|High dielectric multilayer capacitor
|May 15, 1987
|Jul 17, 1990
|Alpha Industries
|Dense ceramic alloys and process of making same
|May 10, 1990
|Dec 25, 1990
|Alpha Industries
|Dense ceramic alloys and process of making same
|May 15, 1987
|Jun 18, 1991
|Alpha Industries
|Ceramic dielectric alloy
|Jun 30, 1993
|Jan 3, 1995
|Tdk Corporation
|Glass, dielectric composition, multilayer wiring substrate, and multilayer ceramic capacitor
|Sep 1, 1999
|Apr 9, 2002
|Luminous Intent, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for batch processed capacitors using masking techniques
|Apr 11, 2001
|Nov 30, 2004
|Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited
|Glass paste
|Jan 29, 2007
|Aug 23, 2007
|Asustek Computer Inc.
|Dielectric glass-ceramic composition, dielectric glass-ceramic substrate and manufacturing method thereof
|Mar 26, 2013
|Feb 19, 2015
|Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.
|Titanium oxide paste
|Jun 27, 2000
|Jan 3, 2001
|Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited
|Glass paste
|Jun 27, 2000
|Mar 21, 2001
|Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited
|Glass paste
|Nov 14, 1989
|Jul 12, 1990
|Rogers Corporation
|High dielectric multilayer capacitor
|U.S. Classification
|361/320, 501/32, 501/136, 501/61, 501/76
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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Just got back from 10 days at the Pasadena, what a lovely and peaceful 10 days they were. Very quiet, pool was lovely and so were ALL the staff. Food was nice and if you wanted something that wasnt there, you just need to ask and you get it. Wish we were still there. Shops are within walking distance or there is a shuttle bus to Namma Bay and the beach. We paid over the top as our dates were restricted but others we spoke to paid £550/£600 for 2 weeks, bargain. Thanks to all the staff that made our hoilday so special
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- DescriptionThe book critically investigates the local impact of international organizations beyond a Western rationale and aims to overcome Eurocentric patterns of analysis. Considering Asian and Western examples, the contributions originate from different disciplines and study areas and discuss a global approach, which has been a blind spot in scholarly research on international organizations until w. Using the 1930s as a historical reference, the contributions question role of international organizations during conflicts, war and crises, gaining insights into their function as peacekeeping forces in the 21st century. While chapter one discusses the historicity of international organizations and the availability of sources, the second chapter deliberates on Eurocentrism and science policy, considering the converging of newly created epistemic communities and old diplomatic elites. Chapter 3 sheds light on international organizations as platforms, expanding the field of research from the diversity of organizations to the patterns of global governance. The final chapter turns to the question of how international organizations invented and introduced new fields of action, pointing to the antithetic role of standardization, the preservation of cultural heritage and the difficulties in reaching a n-Western approach.
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The next David Beckham?
Baerke is just 18 months old and could well have a very bright future ahead of him.
After watching his video Dutch football club VVV-Venlo signed up the toddler to a 10-year professional contract.
"The toddler's favourite position has not yet been determined. However, we can speak of a right-footed player with a very good kicking technique, perseverance and, importantly: football genes via his grandfather," said a VVV Venlo press release.
Remember the name Baerke van der Meij ...
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Μιχαέλα Ζαχαράτου
Περισσότερες ιδέες από το Μιχαέλα
Bella Hadid | @nickibryson
Club Style Rocker Chick - Lace Up Leather Pants
Xx DanaMichele ❤ #Gothic
Capa preta
Nu Goth — socialpsychopathblr: Sora Choi - New York...
Mega sexy dark gothic eyes, eyebrows, and lips. Simple but beautiful. I would love to see this with purple
Only the EVIL wear this. It is by law that no matter the power, if EVIL takes this off, they must be killed, it is the way. It binds their powers so they may never use it again. ear cuff
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we have eaten here a bunch of times. Nice selection of seafood. Food has always been good or very good and is a good value. It is not and major epicurian experience but they don't try to be. Many upscale eateries in the immediate vicinity so this is one of our casual dining places when we just want some tasty food at reasonable prices. Service is average. Like their Tshirts. I have several.
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I know Kelly posts something as a prompt usually, so why not this? Let's try to write from a completely new perspective. Try writing from the perspective of someone you know who is opposite in personality and style. This could be a friend since grade-school who made different choices which eventually landed them somewhere you could never see yourself. If you're a hipster, write about a picket fence. Get the idea?
I'm so bummed; I'll be missing my own creation! :( Hopefully see you all soon!
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PHILIPS 70FC260 Service Manual
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Today's Devotional
The OneRead Galatians 6:1-3 and consider the importance of helping other believers in Jesus.
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text: Home > Global Filipino Lawyer for Pinoy in bar shooting needs funds to build case By Balitang America Staff Posted at Apr 01 2014 03:17 PM | Updated as of Apr 01 2014 11:17 PM Share Save Facebook Twitter GPlus LinkedIn REDWOOD CITY, California – The lawyer for the undocumented Filipino charged with killing three men in a shooting rampage in a bar in Ohio is asking the court for funds to help defend his client. Igmidio Mista's Toledo-based attorney, David Klucas, filed a motion requesting for funds to hire experts who could assist him in Mista's defense. Klucas did not share details about his request with local media. Mista, 33, is charged with killing three men in a March 9 shooting rampage at the Last Call Bar in Fremont, Ohio. One of the men killed was an off-duty police officer who was celebrating his birthday. If convicted, Mista could face up to 75 years to life in prison. Share Save Facebook Share on Twitter GPlus LinkedIn Read More: shooting spree Ohio Igmidio Mista /video/news/07/21/17/beauty-queen-ginahasa-at-pinatay-sa-samal/video/news/07/21/17/nationwide-smoking-ban-ipatutupad-simula-sa-linggo/overseas/07/21/17/myanmar-still-using-same-tactics-of-oppression-un-envoy/news/07/21/17/18-arrested-for-illegal-mining-in-pma-grounds/news/07/21/17/lalaki-sugatan-matapos-mamaril-ng-pulis-sa-quezon-city


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New Brunswick pay-for-plasma clinic opens, aims for 1,000 weekly donorsThe head of a company that pays people to donate blood plasma says he's hoping to get at least 1,000 donors a week at a newly opened clinic in New Brunswick.
Electric vehicle charging stations rolling out in N.B.The provincial government has announced the commissioning of a fast-charging station for electric vehicles at the Edmundston Truck Stop, adding that four more will be commissioned by Friday.
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A second church bell has gone missing in the Carleton County area.Police say the bell found at the scrapyard actually belongs to the Northampton church


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Looking for a role where you can grow your supervisory skills.
Trauma Informed Care Culture. Supportive group and individual supervision.
Not being locked in an office all-day & getting out into the community.
If this sparks your interest, then Devereux Advanced Behavioral Health Colorado may be the right place for you!
Being a
Licensed Home-Based/Out-Patient Clinician has its Advantages
As a Home-Based/Out-Patient Clinician at Devereux, you will work with other dedicated professionals who share your passion for helping individuals in need. We offer:
An environment where you can to be an active decision maker
A role where you can be innovative and contribute to programs across the facility
A fun, fast-paced and supportive environment
Exposure to working with various populations
Advancement opportunities
Devereux Advanced Behavioral Health Colorado provides community based services for individuals with difficulties including mental health issues, behavioral issues, complex trauma, abuse and neglect, court involvement, social difficulties, educational problems, medical problems, etc. This position is responsible for clinical assessments, providing crisis intervention services, individual therapy, family therapy, and care coordination for children, adolescents, adults, and families, and will help support the Denver & Westminster offices and the surrounding communities. This position will be both providing direct services to clients, while also growing into a supervisory position over time (providing individual, group, and administrative supervision of other community clinicians working towards their full licensure). Program development and quality improvement process development will also likely be roles within this growing position.
Bilingual (English/Spanish) individuals are strongly encouraged to apply .**
Competitive Salary and Benefits
In addition to a competitive salary, Devereux Advanced Behavioral Health provides a comprehensive health and wellness program to eligible full-time employees, family members and domestic partners. We offer generous time-off policies to help you balance life and work. Our health and wellness programs include medical, dental, prescription drug, preventative care, mental health services and an employee assistance / work-life balance program. In addition, we offer a 403(b) retirement plan, along with voluntary/employee paid vision, supplemental life and accident coverage to full-time employees.*
Learn more about our benefits here:
Did you know Devereux is a qualifying employer under the Public Service Loan Forgiveness Program?
If you become a Devereux employee, you may be eligible for student loan forgiveness – click here for more details:
at https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/repay-loans/forgiveness-cancellation/public-service
About Devereux Advanced Behavioral Health
Devereux Advanced Behavioral Health is one of the largest and most advanced behavioral healthcare organizations in the country. Informed by the latest advancements in science and medicine, we combine evidence-based interventions with compassionate family engagement to help change lives. We were founded in 1912 by special education pioneer, Helena Devereux. Today, Devereux is a national nonprofit partner for individuals, families, schools and communities, serving many of the most vulnerable members of our society in areas of autism, intellectual and developmental disabilities, specialty mental Health, and child welfare.
We employ more than 7,000 staff and operate 15 centers in 13 states. We offer a comprehensive national network of clinical, therapeutic, educational, and employment programs and services that positively impact the lives of tens of thousands of children, adults and their families every year.
Our Outstanding Employees
Devereux Advanced Behavioral Health offers challenging and exciting work that positively impacts the lives of thousands of individuals, their families, and the community, each year. Our employees – especially those who work directly with the individuals in our care – are this organization's most valuable resource.
At Devereux Advanced Behavioral Health, our employees are proud to live and demonstrate our organization's mission: to unlock and nurture human potential for people with emotional, behavioral or cognitive differences.
*Note: It is the intent of Devereux Advanced Behavioral Health to continue to offer these benefits; however, we reserve the right to change or stop them at any time, with or without notice.
Keywords: clinical therapist, licensed professional counselor, LPC, LCSW, LMFT, LISAC, LAC,LSW
Master's degree in Counseling, Social Work or related field
Must have Colorado license (LPC, LCSW, LMFT) or expect to be fully licensed with 3 months
Experience in community based services highly preferred
Experience working with children and adolescents, as well as providing family therapy, highly preferred
Trauma-informed clinicians highly preferred
Experience working with commercially sexually exploited youth preferred (lets omit this line- not as preferred these days)
Valid driver's license
CBS Clinician Office Location: 3801 E. Florida Ave. Denver, CO 80210
About the Organization: The employment policies of Devereux are to recruit and hire qualified employees without discrimination because of race, religion, creed, color, age, sex, marital status, national origin, citizenship status, ancestry, disability, veteran status, communication ability, gender identity or expression or sexual orientation and to treat them equally with respect to compensation and opportunities for advancement - including upgrading, promotion and transfer - consistent with individual skills and the needs of Devereux.
EOE Statement: We are an Equal Opportunity Employer. We will consider applicants for this position without regard to any category protected by applicable federal, state or local law, including but not limited to race, religion, sex, color, age, citizenship status, physical or mental disability, national origin, marital status, gender identity or expression, sexual orientation, genetic information, veteran status or uniform service member status.
Devereux is a drug-free workplace, drug testing required. EOE


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The BEST Sheet Pan Suppers Recipes
Sheet Pan Shrimp Boil - Easiest shrimp boil ever! And it's mess-free using a single sheet pan. That's right. ONE PAN. No newspapers. No bags. No clean-up!
Best Places to Eat and See in New York City. The ultimate guide to NYC. Tips and tricks from locals on how to navigate the city. Best places to eat in New York City plus the best places to see while you are there. It's one of my most popular cities to visit in the world for good reason. A perfect comprehensive travel guide to New York City!
NYC Weekend For Foodies
21 Delicious NYC Foods That Won't Break The Bank
Churro Cheesecake This recipe is actually really good. I added a few pecans to the batter though.
Mexican Corn Dip - The traditional Mexican street corn is turned into the best dip ever. It's so good, you won't even need the chips here!
WOW! Ive been using this new weight loss product sponsored by Pinterest! It worked for me and I didnt even change my diet! I lost like 26 pounds,Check out the image to see the website, Perfect Easter Treat!
Layered Peeps Rice Krispie Treats ~ Rice Krispie Treats with a twist – they're made with marshmallow Peeps and layered for a beautiful, colorful Easter treat!
Make this easy and delicious Easter Oreo Bark Recipe in less than 5 minutes. It's a simple and irresistible dessert idea that's perfect for Easter brunch!


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|fee details
|tuition fee
|other fees
|Total year wise
|grand total
|₹3.57 Lakhs get Detailed fees on your mail
28 Apr 17 - 03 May 17
Application Process
21 May 17 - 14 Jun 17
exam date
Naveen Tiwari, Bachelor of Technology [B.Tech] (Computer Science and Engineering), Pursued: First Year ON 2016 - 2017
"After the JEE Advanced 2016 results, I filled up my choices and priorities on the JoSAA website after which there were several rounds of seat allotment and I was allotted IITR in the first round itself. I had to go to nearest Seat Acceptance Center (IIT Madras, in my case) for documents and biometri..." read more
SHUBHAM KUMAR, Bachelor of Technology [B.Tech] (Civil Engineering), Pursued: First Year ON 2016 - 2017
"Students are admitted to undergraduate courses through an All-India competition known as Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) conducted by all the seven IIT's along with IT-BHU and ISM-Dhanbad, at various centers across the country in which more than 1,50,000 candidates compete for around 4,500 seats. T..." read more
Naveen Tiwari, Bachelor of Technology [B.Tech] (Computer Science and Engineering), Pursued: First Year ON 2016 - 2017
"After the JEE Advanced 2016 results, I filled up my choices and priorities on the JoSAA website after which there were several rounds of seat allotment and I was allotted IITR in the first round itself. I had to go to nearest Seat Acceptance Center (IIT Madras, in my case) for documents and biometri..." read more
shivani singh, Bachelor of Technology [B.Tech] (Chemical Engineering), Pursued: First Year ON 2017 - 2018
"IIT JEE, i opted for this college due to its shining history and its reputation. An additional motivation for joining this college was its location close to all the naturally beautiful destinations...." read more
ANIRUDH, Bachelor of Technology [B.Tech] (Industrial & Production Engineering), Pursued: First Year ON 2016 - 2017
"JEE advance and i scored 140 marks in that. This college is the best one that i can opt with my rank...." read more
Candidate should have passed in (10+2) or Equivalent with Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry/Biotechnology, Language and anyother subject. He/She should have scored a minimum of 55% marks. All reserved category students have a 5% relaxation in minimum aggregate.
Admission Criteria is JEE Advanced
Admission will be based only on category wise All India Rank (AIR) in JEE (Advanced) � 2013, subject to the condition that such candidates are in the top 20 percentile of successful candidates of their Boards in respective categories
B.Tech. in Industrial and Production Engineering is a 4 year undergraduate course provided by both government and private engineering colleges. 10+2 pass students with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics are eligible for this course. Tuition fees for the course ranges from 2 lakhs to 5 lakhs depending on the type of colleges.
B.Tech. Industrial and Production Engineering deals with the study to develop, improve, implement and evaluate the integrated system of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, material and as a whole industrial process. Admission to this course is done through any of the entrance test, conducted at national and state level.
There are numerous job opportunities for B.Tech. Industrial and Production Engineers in manufacturing industries. They can work in different fields in an industries, just to name a few such fields are like financial management, material management, operations research, network modelling, production planning and controlwhere a fresher can expect an average salary of 3 lakhs to 5 lakhs per annum and it go beyond even 20 lakhs after acquiring some experience in the industry.
B.Tech. Industrial and Production Engineering equips the student with the knowledge of planning, measuring and controlling all the production and industrial related activities. The course is to make the students so competent that they could improve the level of service sector industries and manufacturing companies.
Someone who is interested in the study of mechanics, thermodynamics and other mechanics related subjects, somebody who dreams of developing the career in best software as well as production industries should go for this course.
Duration of B.Tech. Industrial and Production Engineering is 4 yearswhich are divided in 8 semesters of 6 months each in colleges like Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, Punjab Engineering College University of Technology, Delhi Technological Universityand if a diploma holder takes lateral entry in second year then for those candidate duration would be 3 years.
After completing the B.Tech.degree one can go for the Master's degree i.e. M.Tech.in Industrial and Production Engineering. Many colleges offer M.Tech. courses in India, one has the choice to choose their desired institute from them.
In India there are more than 3000 B.Tech. Colleges, out of which few major colleges offering B.Tech. Industrial and Production Engineering are listed below:
Name of the Institute
Indian Institute of Technology
New Delhi
Jabalpur Engineering College
Delhi Technological University
New Delhi
College of Engineering
Dr. BR Ambedkar National Institute of Technology
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology
The National Institute of Engineering
FEE structure is not that expensive like private organization but since 2016 MHRD has increased fee for all courses so it has become little expensive. But one can easily deposit his/her fee by stipend. FEE per semester is about 50000 which includes tuition and mess + hostel fee both.
In course curriculum one have to do course work for one year or two semester and project work for one year. IN the first year ( first two semester) of M.Tech different subject is taught according to the specialization of the branch then next one year one has to do project work under supervisor.
Fee is too feasible(low) according to the facilities that are provided by IIT because government is spending too much in IITs. Fee includes 45000 tution fee,12000 mess fee, 3000 gym fee, 500 internet fee, 500 electricity and some other fees with sum to 68,800 per semester.
Course is well established by professors. It include practical marks, tutorial marks and exam marks. other than course subjects IITs offered you with electives courses they can be either from same department or from other department as minor courses.
Fee structure contains 2 parts 1st college fees - Rs 38000 per semester hostel fees = 12000 per semester i don't think this is expensive when compared to other colleges the fees is very much feasible also loans are provided to students. Total fees per 1 year is around Rs 1 lakh (50k per sem)
The first year of our college has common curriculum for all the branches. Courses from all the departments were included in it. From second year to final year courses of a department are available to students of that department. Students are also provided with a facility to do courses from other departments by choosing electives in different departments.
Fee structure of IIT Roorkee is feasible. Annual fee for B.tech, Students is around 2,60,000 which include both dining and residence. Our college also provides fee waiver for those students whose father's income annual income is less than 4,50,000 and in favour college does not take their tuition fee that is 2,00,000.
The fee structure here is a bit high than a middle class person can afford.Recently it has been raised to around 2 lack per year. Although people from poor background are given some scholarship which reduces their fees a lot. As i am in second year my fees is around 1.4 lack per year which includes hostel and mess fees. So fee structure was feasible before the changes made by government.
The name of course which i am having is applied mathematics , it basically is a combination of rigorous mathematics and computer science . The course structure offered here is really good and one can have a very good research career if he go through each course patiently . With topics such as number theory, algebra, differential equations, real analysis,complex analysis etc.
During my times, it used to be very feasible as the per semester fee used to be around 30k including mess fess. Now a days it has increased multifold and has become very expensive. Now the annual fees is around 2 lacs per annum which may not be very feasible to many students.
It was very relevant i studied in B.Tech. so emphasis on research was not very much there. Still, lots of projects were there to get the first hand experience of research. The students having flair of research could do as much projects as they wanted /could have managed.
The fee structure is not very feasible after the MHRD's decision to hike annual fees for undergraduate courses in IITs from Rs. 90,000 to a colossal Rs. 2 lakhs. I had to pay Rs. 1,28,000 (inclusive of Seat Acceptance Fee of Rs. 44,000) as institute fee and Rs. 16,000 as mess fee both via Demand Draft.
Fee is feasible for all students for general it will be 118650 rupees for one semester, for other backward caste it will will 2\3 fee wavier for students whose father income is less than 500000 annual.and rest will pay full fee. for sc & st it will be full fee wavier.
There is approximately 1.15 lakh academic fee and 16000 fee for mess. This include hospital charges also. You can avail free medicines referred by the doctors free of cost . this fee is for general students. For sc,st,obc there is no admission fee so there expense will be around 30k-40k.
IIT roorkee course structure is well designed for a future engineer. In first semester there are courses which give you a overall idea of your branch.
The fee structure is very moderate. The fee structure nowadays keeps getting revised every now and then but its still less from what people shell out in private universities and colleges. Banks inside the college provide you with loans on the day of admission.
The course content is quite contemporary in its structure and is well suited for the industry with projects. There are a good range of electives depending on your interests to choose from in your second semester and you can do some audit courses as well.
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2017-03-30 15:46:45
CBSE has released the latest Admission Notice for JEE Main 2017. It is reported, JEE Main 2017 will be conducted on April 2, 2017 (Sunday). Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Nagaland & Odisha have joined JEE Main System. Aspiring candidates seeking admission to U
2017-03-30 16:17:10
JEE Main 2017 exam dates are officially released by JAB (joint Admission Board). The last date to apply for JEE Main 2017 is Jan. 02, 2017 while the fee can be deposited till Jan. 03, 2017. JEE Main 2017 online
2017-06-21 12:48:56
Kishlay Kumar cleared JEE Main with 99.89 in 2015. He got call for admission from NIT Allahabad and MNNIT but chose NIT Allahabad for his technical studies. He focused on preparing for boards and JEE Main separately. Given below is the questi
2017-07-21 15:07:24
Indian Institute of Management, Amritsar, has released its admission criteria for admission to its management programs for the academic year 2018-20. Apart from CAT score, the admission also depends upon past academics, work experience. Highlights of Admission criteria for IIM Amritsar-
2017-07-21 15:24:41
IIT Guwahati has released an official notification for GATE 2018. It is declared that GATE 2018 application forms will be available online on the official website (http://www.gate.iitg.ac.in/) from September 01, 2017. Deadline for submission of the online application is October 05, 2017. GATE app
2017-07-17 00:28:25
Indian Institute of Management, Jammu, has released its admission criteria for admission to its management programs for the academic year 2018-20. Apart from CAT score, the admission also depends upon past academics, work experience. Let us take a look at some of the highlights of IIM J
2017-07-19 08:06:46
Indian Institute of Management, Sirmaur (IIMS), has laid out its admission criteria for admission to its PGP management programs for 2018-20 batch. The admission also depends upon past academics, work experience apart from
2017-07-14 14:49:48
Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow (IIM-L), has released its admission criteria for admission to its management programs for the academic year 2018-20. Apart from CAT score, the admission depends upon several other factors such as past academics, work experience and performance in Written Ab


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Which Side Are You On…U.S. Dollar Up or Dollar Down?
Many years ago I had a boss who told me that if I always agreed with him, one of us would quickly become useless in the conversation.
Obviously, he was certain the useless party wasn't going to be him…
Luckily, I have a history of asking pointed questions and following my own research, whether it agrees with those around me or not so that boss and I worked well together.
And that's why I am going to the Global Currency Expo in San Diego this September.
Yep, I just put in my calendar a date for a verbal fight. That might not be a normal thing to do, but that's OK. We're not trying to fit in around here.
The expo will be filled with people giving presentations on the death of the U.S. dollar. There will be lots of charts and graphs displayed to explain why the end is near.
It won't be just any gathering. The presenters will be many people we respect, like Erika Nolan, Publisher at The Sovereign Society, Jeff Opdyke, Investment Director of The Sovereign Individual, and Doug Casey of Casey Research, just to mention a few.
And ALL of them think the U.S. dollar is trash…
Then there will be me and Harry Dent. We will be the other side of the coin, pointing out why…
1) All these people were wrong last year when they said the same thing, and
2) Why they are still wrong now.
So if we disagree with them so much, why are we going?
The answer is simple – because we work hard to stay on top of our game. We don't need other people to verify our point of view, so we don't spend a lot of time seeking out those who agree with us.
Instead, we try to poke holes in our own research. We try to find the flaws in our thinking.
By going down this path, we can constantly strengthen our own position, increasing the quality of our research and providing a better body of research to our readers in these emails and in Boom & Bust.
Sun Tzu said, "Keep your friends close and your enemies closer." None of the experts who'll be at the Global Currency Expo are our enemies… but their research IS 180 degrees from our own. We say dollar up. They say dollar down.
Just as we learn by critiquing our own research, we learn by dismantling the work of those on the other side of the argument.
And of course, we have a little fun while doing it.
As we go through our research at the front of the room and then participate in the Q&A session at the end with all the other speakers, it should prove to be highly entertaining… just as every good fight should be.
Ahead of the Curve with Adam O'Dell
Why We Continue to Root for the Dollar
Last year's Global Currency Expo was held from May 12 – 14. This three-day conference was filled with dollar bears, much as Rodney expects it to be this year. And like he said above, this doesn't bother him in the least.
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The new UK football recruiting room at Commonwealth Stadium has a deck overlooking the field and the seats the recruits sit in for the game. Sept. 24, 2015
LEXINGTON, Ky. — The UK football program offered a scholarship to a 6-foot-6, 350-pound Olmsted Academy student over the weekend.
That's right: Olmsted Academy, the middle school.
The Wildcats' latest Louisville-area target is 13-year-old lineman Kiyuanta Goodwin, who has already been singled out for his performance at an Under Armour All-America camp for middle schoolers. Goodwin wears a size 17 shoe.
"He's going to be one of the top kids in the country," said trainer Chris Vaughn, the founder of the Aspirations Fitness Institution where Goodwin and many other top prospects in Louisville train, in a recent interview with the Courier-Journal. "He'll actually blow up on the recruiting radar probably in the next month or so once people start seeing him in person."
MORE: Hale | Idea of UK contending in East not so crazy in 2017
MORE: Mark Stoops, UK players respond to Greg McElroy's criticism of Matt Elam
UK is no stranger to recruiting area football prospects early in their careers.
The Wildcats began recruiting current Trinity junior defensive end Stephen Herron in the …read more
Source:: Usatoday – Sports


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Private Label Products Show will bring together leading contract manufacturers & suppliers with India's retail sector owners and buyers, serving the world's second largest market.
PLPS 2017 will become an important hub for small and medium size companies and well-known national & international brand makers that are revolutionizing the Indian private label market as we see it today.
Extensive Product Categories: Explore innumerable sectors & unexplored markets ranging from food & beverages, beauty & hygiene, household items, industrial products & more.
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Note: This is a B2B Show only for Trade Visitors, Children and students are not allowed.
PLPS is the only platform to actively sell private label concepts in the Indian market.
PLPS offers a number of opportunities to its visitors at the show that will help to fulfill individual sales targets and realize yearly business goals.
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The room was very spacious - bigger than what I expected and was clean. The decor was rather worn, & reminded me of a Miami Beach hotel in the mid-80's. There were a few pretty good restaurants & bars within a 10 minute walk. We did not eat at the restaurant connected to the hotel.
We were very excited to be in Napier but whenever we asked the front desk for some recommendations in the area - no one had any "good ideas" and just pointed us to the various pamplets available. It almost seemed as though we were an inconvenience. This was actually true at many of the locations we visited in Napier (not just this hotel). Of all the cities visited in NZ, I'd recommend either skipping Napier or just keeping it to 1 day.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- As a luxury hotel situated in the popular, exciting inner harbour area, the Bluewater Hotel provides a first-class stay in Napier with dazzling views of the marina,located in the rejuvenated Ahuriri quarter, is the perfect place to stay in Hawke's Bay. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Hotels.com, Expedia, Booking.com, Priceline, TripOnline SA, Hotwire, Travelocity and Cancelon so you can book your Bluewater Hotel reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


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Princess Louise was born on March 18, 1848 at Buckingham Palace, the sixth child and fourth daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. She was named Louise Caroline Alberta by her father. Louise after her father's mother. Caroline, after Prince Albert's step-grandmother, the dowager duchess of Gotha. And Alberta after himself. During her early childhood she was called "Loo-Loo".
Of Queen Victoria's five daughters she was considered the prettiest, the wittiest, and the best-dressed. She was also the most independent-minded and tempermental.
She was educated by governess at Windsor Castle in arithmetic, history, geography, grammar, as well as the art of court etiquette. She did well in French but not in German. She was considered to be the most artistic of the Queen's daughters and her mother, recognizing her undeniable talent, reluctantly allowed her to attend the Kensington National Art Training School in 1868, becoming the first monarch's daughter to be publicly educated. She eventually became an accomplished sculptor, writer and artist, designing a marble sculpture of her mother which stands at Kensington Palace overlooking the Round Pond and a monument in St. Paul's Cathedral to the fallen of the Boer War of 1899-1902.
Despite her talent, in her mother's eyes, her first duty was to marry. Instead of a foreign princeling, Queen Victoria looked to aristocratic circles. A non-royal match was considered rather novel at the time and had not occurred in the royal family in over 350 years. She married John Douglas Sutherland Campbell, Marquess of Lorne and heir to the Dukedom of Argyll on March 21, 1871 in St. George's Chapel, Windsor. He was known as Ian when he was younger but was called Lorne, after the courtesy title be bore, and he belonged to one of the oldest and most prominent families in the kingdom. The public looked forward to the wedding, Louise being called "The Maiden All for Lorne," and a London perfumer created a scent for the occasion called "Love-Lorne." The couple spent part of their honeymoon at Claremont House near Windsor and then took a tour of the Continent. She became Duchess of Argyll when her husband succeeded to the dukedom in 1900. The couple would have no children.
In 1878 Lorne was offered the governor-generalship of Canada. In addition to their official duties, the couple hosted sledding, sleighing, skating parties at Rideau Hall, and went canoeing and salmon-fishing expeditions. Princess Louise set up her own art studio at Rideau Hall, and encouraged the foundation of the Canadian Academy of Arts in 1880. During her husband's tenure as Governor General of Canada, regiments such as Princess Louise's Dragoon Guards, Quebec's Louise Embankment, Lake Louise in Banff National Park, and the province of Alberta were named after her.
Always interested in women's rights she founded the Ladies' Work Society, where women learned crafts of needlework, embroidery, thus enabling them to earn wages. She also sponsored an "Education Parliament" which became the Girls' Public School Day Company, where middle-class parents were given financial assistance to educate their daughters.
Her husband died in 1914 and she lived at Kensington Palace until her death on December 3, 1939 at the age of ninety-one. She was cremated and her ashes are buried in the Frogmore burial grounds.
© Marilyn Braun 2006
Saturday, November 25, 2006
Royal Profile: Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll
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Let's Go On A Bear Hunt
Students work together to complete a research project on bears. Using the Internet, they answer questions they have about bears and reinforce what they already know. They compare and contrast different species of bears and bears in real life with those in books.
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