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Arkansas's landscape is a diverse one. The Ozark and Ouachita mountains in the north and westand a heavy tracery of rivers that cut through its rich agricultural lands
stand in contrast to the rich, flat, river-laced agricultural lands of the east. Nearly allof
the state's rivers flow from northwest to southeast and empty via the Arkansas andthe
Red rivers into the Mississippi, which forms the major eastern boundary.The state's name was used by the early French explorers for the Quapaw Indians and the river along which they settled. It probably was a phonetic spelling of the Illinois term for "downriver" people, a reference to the Quapaw.
Ever since For more than a century after Arkansas was admitted as the 25th member of the United States in 1836, its people have maintained a remarkable homogeneity, and today most of them are native to the state. Striking cultural contrasts exist within Arkansas, however, with the long-isolated mountain people who eked out subsistence livings in the north and west counterposed to the people to the east and south who created a Southern environment in which cotton growing and sharecropping long were the dominant modes of economic life. Between the two regions lies Little Rock, the capital and the urban and economic centre of the state. Its location and increasingly cosmopolitan character are symbolic of Arkansas's growing unification and urbanization.
Arkansans are concerned about the state's relative poverty and lack of development. Although Arkansas remains among the lowest-ranking states in income per capita and other economic indicators, the overall economy in recent years has gained faster than the national average, and the population has increased, reversing a long decline. Programs have been developed to increase these trends and to continue the process of equalizing the educational, economic, and social opportunities of the state's citizens.Physical and human geographyThe landRelief
it experienced limited economic growth and retained a predominantly rural character. As a result there was little incentive for immigration from other states, and the state's population remained essentially homogeneous. However, two distinct regional cultures emerged in association with two types of agricultural economy. The culture of the physically isolated Ozark and Ouachita mountain areas was based primarily on subsistence farming and small-scale wood-products industries. By contrast, the lowlands culture of the flat Mississippi floodplain of the east and south was founded on a typical Southern agricultural system with cotton plantations and extensive tenant farming (or sharecropping).
The cultural and economic contour of Arkansas has changed since the 1970s, as rapid economic and urban development in selected areas brought population growth and increased diversity. With improvements in transportation and greater integration of the state's economy with the national and global economic systems—particularly in the 1980s and '90s under the governorship and U.S. presidency of Arkansas native Bill Clinton—Arkansas received an influx of immigrants from outside the South. Although most came from other regions of the United States, many moved from abroad, particularly from various countries of Asia and, increasingly, from Mexico. The majority of the immigrants settled in urban areas, most notably Little Rock, Fort Smith, and other cities in the Arkansas River valley. Some, however, were attracted to the economically emergent northwestern corner of the state. In this era of rapid socioeconomic change, the state undertook many programs to accelerate development and to equalize educational, economic, and social opportunity. Area 53,178 square miles (137,730 square km). Pop. (2000) 2,673,400; (2008 est.) 2,855,390.
A line drawn from the southwestern corner to the northeastern corner of thestate
map of Arkansas approximates the division between the highlandslying
that lie in the west and north and the lowlandslying
that lie in the south and east. The highlands are divided by the Arkansas River valley into two physiographic regions: the Ozark Mountains in the north and the Ouachita Provinceon
in the southand the Ozark Plateau on the north
. The lowlands include theMississippi
alluvial plain of the Mississippi River in the east and the western Gulf Coastal Plain in the south and extreme southwest.
Thehighlands are covered with the dense pine and hardwood forests of the Ouachita and Ozark national forests.The Ozark Plateau
Ozark Mountain region is broken by broad, flat-topped ridges and steep valleys with fast-flowing streams.The
Its more rugged southern edge, known as the Boston Mountains, contains the highest elevations. Excellent farmland, producing a wide variety of crops, lies
in thenorthern part.
entire Ozark range. To the north lie the Springfield and Salem plateaus with gently rolling landscapes and underground drainage associated with limestone caves. The Arkansas River valley contains the highest point in the state, Mount Magazine,at
which rises to 2,753 feet (839 metres)above sea level
.The western section has extensive coal and natural gas deposits. Several peaks
Several mountains in the Ouachita Province reach heights of about 2,500 feet (760 metres). The mountains are eroded,exposing
folded, and faultedrock
with the ridgesextend west and east. The famous Hot Springs National Park is in this area.
The western Gulf Coastal Plain has gentle hills suitable for livestock grazing and farming. Much of this area consists of pine and white oak forests, which sustain lumbering industries. Petroleum and natural gas deposits have been developed in the Smackover and El Dorado area. The Mississippi alluvial plain, much of which was once a vast swamp, is now well drained and protected against flooding. It contains the state's richest and most fertile farmland. Rice and soybeans have replaced cotton as the major crops. A long, narrow chain of hills, Crowley's Ridge, runs north-south through the centre of the plain.
The climate generally is mild in winter and hot in summer. Normal high and low temperatures in Little Rock in January are 51 and 29 °F (11 and −2 °C); in July they are 93 and 71 °F (34 and 22 °C). The normal annual precipitation of 49 inches (1,250 mm) is distributed about equally during the year, though summers tend to be drier than the other seasons.
stretching to the east and west.
The western Gulf Coastal Plain, extending southward from the Ouachita Mountains to the Gulf of Mexico, is flat to gently rolling. It is underlain by marine sands and clay and has a covering of rich loams in some areas. The alluvial plain of the Mississippi River occupies approximately the eastern third of the state and is characterized by low relief and poor drainage. The landscape is dominated by tributaries of the Mississippi—most notably the Arkansas, White, and St. Francis rivers—as well as by former channels of the Mississippi river system. A long, narrow ridge, Crowley's Ridge, extends some 200 miles (320 km) from southern Missouri into the northern part of the alluvial plain. The ridge is a dissected upland composed primarily of river sands and gravels capped with windblown silt.
The climate of Arkansas generally is mild in the winter and hot in the summer. In Little Rock in January, temperatures usually rise from a low of about 30 °F (–1 °C) to a high of about 50 °F (10 °C) daily; in July, daily low temperatures are normally in the low 70s (low 20s C), and high temperatures are in the low 90s F (low 30s C). Temperatures vary with elevation and latitude, however. Precipitation in Arkansas typically amounts to nearly 50 inches (1,270 mm) annually and is distributed about equally throughout the year. October, however, tends to be somewhat drier than other months. The wettest areas are in the Ouachita Mountains and the southeastern part of the state; the driest area is in the Ozarks in the northwest.
The Ozark Mountains and Crowley's Ridge support extensive hardwood forests dominated by oak and hickory, with understories of dogwood and redbud. In the Ouachitas the vegetation is predominantly mixed pine and hardwood forest. The lowlands were extensively modified by agriculture, but remnants of the original bottomland hardwood forest remain. About half of the state is forest-covered.
Arkansas is the year-round home to some 300 native species of birds, including bald eagles, assorted hawks, barn owls, bluejays, cardinals and other finches, and flycatchers, among others. Sightings of the large, majestic ivory-billed woodpecker, for decades thought to be extinct, were reported in the early 21st century in the state's east-central wooded wetlands. Arkansas is situated on the Mississippi flyway; migratory water birds and some 300 native species attract hunters to the
and thus is a seasonal way station for migratory ducks, geese, shorebirds, and various small land birds. The rice fields and reservoirs ofeastern Arkansas. Deer, quail, opossums, turkeys,
the eastern part of the state attract many game birds and animals, among the most plentiful of which are turkeys, quail, deer, opossums, squirrels, and rabbitsare among the more abundant game animals
. Bobcatsand wolves are not uncommon in the hill country.
inhabit the hill country and feral hogs (locally known as razorbacks) are found in many parts of the state. In the mid-20th century black bears were reintroduced into the Ozarks. The lakes and streams of the state offer an abundance of fish, including crappie, bass, walleye, drum, catfish, buffalo, gar, and trout.Settlement patterns
The inhabitants of the Ozarks and Ouachitas once lived in rural isolation, which bred an independence of spirit and a suspicion of strangers. Hunting and fishing were essential to supplement the limited produce of their farms. Since a plantation economy was impracticable in the uplands, few slaves were brought into the region. Settlement of the westernmost regions was long discouraged by the lawless frontier border with Indian Territory. Much of this area remains timbered and lies within the Ouachita and Ozark national forests.
In eastern Arkansas the plantation economy produced a vast gulf between the sharecroppers and tenants on one end of the social scale and the managers and landlords on the other. The owners of small farms or businesses constituted another class. The croppers lived a bare and meagre existence. Handicapped by lack of economic resources and education, they accomplished remarkable results through the Southern Farm Tenants Union, which they organized in eastern Arkansas in the 1930s; this organization influenced the national farm policy of presidents from Franklin D. Roosevelt onward.
Although changes in the economy were evident earlier, the rate of change since World War II has been dramatic. The Ozarks are no longer isolated. A network of paved highways brings tourists to enjoy the region's scenic beauty and varied recreational activities. Numerous "retirement villages" attract visitors and buyers from across the country. The tourist industry remains the economic mainstay, though small industrial plants have taken advantage of the climate and the ample labour supply.Mechanization of farming in eastern Arkansas and the shift from cotton farming to rice and soybeans has virtually eliminated the sharecropper—though not the rural poor. As the pace of mechanization increased, so did the exodus of the tenant farmers to cities in the North and East. Farming is increasingly a corporate venture. Eastern Arkansas is still, however, more Southern in character than the mountainous region. The shacks of the sharecroppers are gone, and much of the rural population has left the state or moved to nearby towns offering nonfarm employment. In eastern and central Arkansas reside the majority of the state's blacks, many of whom still work the land as their ancestors did
Prior to the American Civil War (1861–65), the state's residents came largely from Kentucky and Tennessee; this influx was part of the westward movement of people of Scottish, Scotch-Irish, and English ancestry who, since early colonial times, had been migrating from Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. There also were many people of black African descent; most were slaves of the white settlers. In 1860 the black residents numbered about 110,000, amounting to roughly one-fourth of the state's population.
By the early 21st century the white community of Arkansas had grown to embrace more than four-fifths of the state's residents, while African Americans had become a shrinking—albeit still significant—segment of the population. The heaviest concentrations of African Americans were on the plateau in the northwest, in the fertile eastern alluvial plain, and in the river valleys. Some areas in the eastern part of the state remained more than half African American. Other notable groups included a small but rapidly expanding Hispanic population, mostly of Mexican origin, and a smaller Asian community, consisting primarily of Vietnamese, Chinese, Indians, and Filipinos. Native Americans accounted for just a tiny portion of the state's residents, most having been removed in the early 19th century to reservations in Oklahoma—many following the infamous Trail of Tears. No federally recognized tribes or reservation lands existed within the state.
Historically, the religious atmosphere of Arkansas has been one of conservative fundamentalism, with a variety of Christian Protestant denominations constituting the largest religious communities in the state. Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Pentecostals, and followers of the Church of Christ are among the most prominent Protestant groups. There also is a growing Roman Catholic population, substantially boosted by Vietnamese and Mexican immigration. Small, long-established Jewish communities are found in Little Rock and Fayetteville; in Bentonville a sizable Jewish community had emerged by the early 21st century, owing largely to business opportunities that had developed around Wal-Mart, a company that not only had its headquarters in the town but had become the world's largest retailer. There also are Muslim groups in the state's larger cities, consisting largely of various immigrant communities.
In the Ozark and Ouachita mountains, where a plantation economy was impracticable, people lived in rural isolation until the mid-20th century. Meanwhile, settlement of the westernmost areas was long discouraged by the rough frontier border with the Indian Territory, and in the early 21st century much of that region remained timbered and lay within the boundaries of the Ouachita and Ozark–St. Francis national forests.
In the flat portions of Arkansas a plantation economy developed, wherein many tenant farmers delivered labour, produce, cash, or a combination thereof to a landlord in exchange for the right and means to cultivate the land. As the rate of farm mechanization increased during the 20th century, so too did the exodus of the tenant farmers—both black and white—to cities in the northern and eastern United States. Many of the state's African American residents, swept up in the Great Migration that spanned much of the 20th century, left for points north. Indeed, in the later 20th century, the populations of the flatlands of southern and southeastern Arkansas plummeted to less than half of what they had been in the World War II (1939–45) era; the trend continued into the early 21st century, with the region regularly recording a stable or declining population. Meanwhile, the more rugged northwestern region and central portions of the state have experienced population growth, which has generally offset the losses in the flatlands.
Little Rock, the major port on the Arkansas River, lies among the easternmost foothills of the Ouachita Mountains. A marketing centre and the site of assorted manufacturing facilities, the cityhas completed or undertaken several urban renewal projects in its downtown area, including the construction of a pedestrian mall, the renovation of historic buildings, and the expansion of convention facilities
also is home to various corporate headquarters and convention centres, as well as an array of renovated historic buildings. At the western boundary of the state lies Fort Smith, the second largest city, on the Arkansas River
. It is one of the most industrialized cities in the state and serves as a regional business and service centre. The economy of Pine Bluff, some 50 miles (80 km) downriver from Little Rock,depends primarily
continues to depend largely on the surrounding agricultural area, but since the late 20th century it also has become more industrialized and business-oriented. Texarkana, contiguous with the Texas cityof
with the same name, is an important regional rail centre.
Prior to the Civil War, Arkansas's population came largely from Kentucky and Tennessee, a part of the westward movement of Scottish, Scotch-Irish, and English stock from Virginia and the Carolinas since early colonial times. The black population in 1860 was about 110,000, or 25 percent of the total; by the early 21st century there were more than 430,000 blacks living in Arkansas, making up a decreasing percentage of the total population. A few counties in eastern Arkansas are more than 50 percent black. The heaviest concentrations of population are in the fertile eastern alluvial plain, in the river valleys, and on the plateaus in the northwest.
The largest religious denominations are the Baptist, United Methodist, Presbyterian, Church of Christ, and Roman Catholic. The religious atmosphere is one of conservative fundamentalism, and Arkansas is considered a part of the Bible Belt. Fundamentalism underlies many characteristic attitudes of Arkansans. The sale of alcoholic beverages is subject to local option; many counties and cities prohibit their sale or permit it only in private clubs and certain other establishments in major cities. The right-to-work amendment to the state constitution in 1944, which prohibits compulsory union membership, was sponsored by the Christian Association. Harding College in Searcy is the site of an annual Freedom Forum, which advocates a blend of religious fundamentalism, extreme patriotism, and free-enterprise capitalism.
Cotton is no longer king in Arkansas, and the state is no longer primarily agricultural. Industrialization and urbanization are major factors in Arkansas's recent record of economic progress. Labour unions are strong in transportation, utilities, construction, and heavy industry, but most of the state's labour force is unorganized. In both political and economic policy-making, labour is less influential than business.
The demand for increased revenue has led to cooperation between leaders in the private sector and public agencies in the promotion of economic growth. Progress in overhauling the state tax structure and in improving methods of tax collection has been slow but steady. The state attempts to generate more revenue by raising income per capita through increasing employment opportunities and developing human resources to their maximum.ResourcesOil fields in southern Arkansas yield natural gas and bromide salts. Coal of a nearly smokeless quality, as well as natural gas, are found in the Arkansas River valley. Arkansas's aluminum industries have reduced substantially their bauxite mining operations and have closed some of their reduction plants. Experimental use of lignite in coal-fired electrical generating stations offers the possibility of extensive commercial development of the widespread lignite deposits in southern Arkansas. Magnet Cove, near Hot Springs, contains more than 40 different minerals in one small valley;
An urban concentration in northwest Arkansas has emerged in the wake of the rapid growth of retailing in Bentonville, of trucking in Lowell, and of poultry interests in Springdale and other cities of the region.
The increasing interconnectedness and globalization of the world's economy, especially since the mid-20th century, have had a dramatic impact upon the economy of Arkansas. King Cotton has been dethroned, farming has become an increasingly corporate venture, and agriculture itself has lost its position as the mainstay of the economy. Many other historical building blocks of the Arkansas economy also have declined, if not disappeared, while new economic activities, particularly in the service sector, have sprung up in their place. By the early 21st century a diverse services sector had become the largest segment of the economy. Facilitating this economic shift has been the network of paved highways and interstate roads that ended the isolation of the Ozarks and Ouachitas, ultimately allowing the establishment of industries that serve national and international markets. The World Wide Web also has permitted some Arkansas firms to overcome the state's earlier isolation and become businesses of international significance.
Eastern Arkansas in particular has truly felt the impact of the globalization of the state's economy. Where cotton once dominated the region's agricultural economy, it now shares its place with rice, soybeans, and wheat. Moreover, cotton has faced increasingly stiff market competition from synthetic fibres, which has triggered a drop in cotton prices. As one of the largest rice producers in the country, Arkansas historically has grown rice for export, but strained U.S. diplomatic relations with Cuba and Iran—once major markets for Arkansas rice—since the mid-20th century have forced the state to find new markets. Meanwhile, soybeans, the most widely cultivated crop in Arkansas since the 1960s, as well as wheat have confronted competition from producers in other states as well as other countries.
In order to survive in this competitive environment, farmers in Arkansas continued to mechanize and intensify agricultural production. Many of the fields are now double-cropped with wheat and soybeans, smaller farms were consolidated to form larger acreages, and machinery got bigger. Most of the hand labourers who once worked the fields of Arkansas have disappeared; many of them migrated to urban centres throughout the country.
Although pigs and cattle long have been important products of Arkansas's agricultural activities, the growth of the poultry industry since the late 20th century has had a dramatic effect on the state's economy. During the 1920s large-scale poultry farming started in northwest Arkansas and spread throughout the western half of the state. By the early 21st century Arkansas had become one of the country's top poultry producers, and the poultry industry had become one of the largest private employers in the state.
The forests of Arkansas contain extensive stands of pine and oak. Aggressive reforestation programs have made forestry in Arkansas sustainable since the mid-20th century. Both paper and lumber are major products of the state's forestry activities.
The Arkansas economy has long been tied closely to the state's natural resources, although this relationship has weakened significantly as the state has diversified its economy. Fertile soil and timber were the resources that attracted early settlers. Later, oil fields in southern Arkansas yielded natural gas and bromide salts, while coal of a nearly smokeless quality as well as natural gas have been extracted from the Arkansas River valley. Arkansas also has one of the country's few commercially exploited supplies of bauxite, which is used for making aluminum. Since the late 20th century, however, most aluminum companies have closed their Arkansas operations, and the mining of bauxite has ceased, all in response to changing domestic and world markets. Magnet Cove, near Hot Springs in west-central Arkansas, contains dozens of minerals in one small valley, among which barite and titanium are the most important. Arkansas whetstones, made from novaculite, are regarded as among the finest in the world. Near Murfreesboro, in southwestern Arkansas, is Crater of Diamonds State Park, site of the only active diamond mine in thenation, now operated only as a tourist attraction. Almost one-half of Arkansas is covered with forests, including extensive stands of pine and white oak.
Hydroelectric power is produced at dams erected by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and by private companies. Two nuclear power plants have been constructed near Dardanelle, and coal-fired stations have also been built.
Cotton remained the major source of agricultural income into the 1960s. Since then rice and poultry, of which the state is a leading producer, have dominated. Other important crops are soybeans and grains. Commercial fish farming has begun to take advantage of the extensive rice paddies of eastern Arkansas. Farms have followed the national trend of increasing in size while decreasing in number.
Manufacturing chiefly involves the production of consumer goods. Major industries include food processing and the manufacture of clothing, furniture, electrical and nonelectrical machinery, electronic equipment, and fabricated metal products.
About half of the state's energy is provided by coal-fired generators scattered around the state, with most of the coal imported from Wyoming. A nuclear power plant near Russellville supplies more than one-fourth of the state's energy. Hydroelectric stations, mostly along the White, Arkansas, and Ouachita rivers, generate a smaller but nonetheless significant portion of the state's power.
Following World War II, Arkansas welcomed a wide variety of light manufacturing industries to the state. Over the next several decades, manufacturing grew to become the largest single contributor to the state's gross product, a status it retained into the 21st century, although employment in the sector had begun to decline as a result of increasing global competition. Among the principal manufactures of Arkansas are food products, chemicals, wood and paper products, motors, automobile and airplane parts, and assorted machinery.
The most important manufacturing firm in Arkansas in the early 21st century was Tyson Foods, Inc., with its corporate headquarters in Springdale. Tyson started in northwest Arkansas as one of the many poultry companies that established themselves in the region in the early 20th century. Through expansions and acquisitions, Tyson Foods became one of the largest poultry and meat processors in the world, with large processing plants scattered throughout the country.
Since the late 20th century the service sector has become much more important in the Arkansas economy. In part this is attributable to the exponential growth of the Arkansas-based Wal-Mart retail stores. The first Wal-Mart was opened in 1962 by Sam Walton, a Bentonville resident, in Rogers, Ark. The firm quickly expanded its operations to other small towns nearby. Eventually, Wal-Mart became a nationwide chain, and by the early 1990s it had become the largest American retailer and had begun to open stores in other countries. Wal-Mart continued to grow in the early 21st century, attaining the position of the world's largest retailer.
The emergence of Wal-Mart has had a dramatic impact on the economy of Arkansas, especially in the northwestern region. A tremendous number of vendors have brought in many employees to the area simply to service Wal-Mart, their largest single account. Wal-Mart itself also has provided northwestern Arkansas with many jobs.
Several major railroads provide freight service within Arkansas, as well as
and to major cities in the central United States. Airline service is provided by national carriers from a number of airports to any point in thenation. By interstate highways more than half of the nation's population is within a two-day driving radius of Arkansas. Motor-fuel tax revenues are reserved for public highways and streets. As funds are available, major routes are being rebuilt as four-lane, limited-access roads.
country. The busiest of the state's airports are those at Little Rock and Bentonville. The McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System (completed in 1971) for navigation and flood control is among the largest civil worksproject
projects ever undertaken by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Theproject provides access to more than one-half of the nation's
system basically consists of a series of pools that are connected and regulated through locks and dams; together, the pools allow access to most of the country's navigable inland waterways.Annual freight tonnage along it has exceeded estimates, and significant industrial growth has been attributed to the project.Administration and social conditionsGovernment
Adopted in 1874, Arkansas's constitution has been amended more than70
80 times. Like the Constitution of the United States, that of Arkansas provides for executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. The governor, who is elected to a four-year term as the state's chief executive, has the authority to summon thelegislature into
bicameral legislature—the General Assembly—into a special session and to veto acts, though a veto
. A gubernatorial veto, however, may be overridden by a simple majority vote in eachlegislative
house of the legislature.
TheSenate has
General Assembly consists of the Senate, with 35 memberswith
who serve four-year terms;
, and the House of Representatives, with 100 memberswith
who serve two-year terms.The judicial branch includes
Senators are limited to two terms, and representatives are limited to three terms in office. The state's judiciary comprises the Supreme Courtof
, which has seven popularly elected members who serve eight-year terms, a court of appeals, and circuit and chancery district courts. Where established, municipal courts have jurisdiction throughout the county.Elected officials of the 75 counties include county judge (
; the Court of Appeals; and the lower circuit, district, and city courts.
At the local level, Arkansas is divided into some 75 counties and several hundred municipalities. At the county level, elected officials include the county judge (the chief executive), clerk, treasurer, sheriff-
, collector,surveyor
assessor, and coroner.In each county, elected justices of the peace make up a quorum court, which serves as an advisory body to the judge and exercises some legislative functions. There are many local improvement districts and school districts. Although a number of incorporated cities have a city-manager form of government, the traditional mayor–council form is most common.
Arkansas is a predominantly Democratic state. Since Reconstruction, few Republican governors or congressmen have been elected, although the Republicans have gained strength. Unless a candidate receives a majority of votes cast in a preferential primary, a runoff is required. Permanent voter registration replaced the poll tax in 1965.
Most cities operate with a mayor-council form of government, although a few have a council-manager system.
For nearly a century after the end of Reconstruction (1865–77), Arkansas was part of the so-called Solid South, with the Democratic Party dominating politics. Indeed, from 1874 to 1967 not a single Republican was elected governor of the state, and during the same period the Democrats won the state in every presidential election. Since the 1960s, however, Republicans have become increasingly competitive in statewide and congressional elections, and they occasionally have been elected to the governorship and the U.S. Congress. Nevertheless, Democrats have continued to control most of the Arkansas state and local governments.
Despite the state's small size, several of its politicians have played a significant role on the national stage, particularly since the mid-20th century. Bill Clinton, from Hope and governor of the state from 1979 to 1981 and from 1983 to 1992, was elected to two terms as president of the United States (1993–2001). Republican Mike Huckabee, also from Hope, was governor of Arkansas from 1996 to 2007 and was a leading contender for the Republican nomination for the presidency in 2008. In addition, Democrat J. William Fulbright, who represented the state in the U.S. Senate for three decades (1945–74), was a leading critic of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and is perhaps best known for the Fulbright scholarship, an educational program that funds international exchanges.
Malaria, pellagra, and pinworm, all of which once plagued the region, had by the early 21st century been brought under control, if not virtually eliminated, by the widespread eradication efforts of state and local health authorities. Various state departments administer health programs, funded in part by the federal government. Since the late 20th century, however, health and welfare programs have become increasingly strained, especially in rural Arkansas; by the early 21st century, welfare payments in the state—and the wages of Arkansas workers—ranked among the lowest in the country.
The public school system functions under the state's department of education and district school boards. Specialized institutions include schools for the deaf and the blind. The state's facilities forretarded
children with developmental disabilities and for the treatment of mental illness haveattracted nationwide
received acclaim across the country. Vocational-technical schools serve most areas ofthe
state.In addition, private schools, most of them church-related, offer instruction from kindergarten through the secondary level.
The University of Arkansas, founded in 1871, hasa
its main campusat
in Fayetteville and branchesat
in Little Rock, Pine Bluff, and Monticello. The graduate schools of health sciences, technology,
; the school of medicine and graduate programs in health sciences and social workare located in
, all of which are on the Little Rock. Several
campus, are nationally recognized. Arkansas State University, founded in 1909 as an agricultural college in Jonesboro, now has branch campuses in several cities. Also prominent is the University of Central Arkansas, founded in 1907 as the Arkansas State Normal School, in Conway. A handful of other universities and nearly two-year
dozen community colleges are supported by the state.Some of these were developed from institutions for the agricultural and mechanical sciences and for teacher training. There are also several
There also are a number of private and church-affiliated colleges and universities.
Problems of malaria, pellagra, and pinworm that once plagued the region have been virtually wiped out by widespread efforts of state and local health authorities. The state departments of health and human services administer many programs funded in part by the federal government. Emigration of young people over the past several decades has aggravated health and welfare programs, especially in declining rural areas. Welfare payments are among the lowest in the nation. The mild climate and attractive scenery has fostered the establishment of retirement villages in the Ozarks.
The wages of Arkansas's workers are among the lowest in the nation, and living costs approximate those of the south central region. Blacks live at distinctly lower economic and social levels despite improvements.
Semiprofessional orchestras, choral groups, and ballet, theatre, and opera companies operate in Little Rock and other urban centres of Arkansas. Most colleges and universities offer training and performance in the arts . A four-state opera workshop is held each summer in the Ozarks. Arkansas's richest contributions are in the folk arts of the Ozarks. A major folk art centre in Mountain View has been designed to provide a showcase for local and visiting performers in dance and music; to preserve traditional skills in ceramics, jewelry, wood carving, hooked rugsand sponsor regular performances and exhibitions.
Some of the state's richest contributions to the arts come from the communities of the Ozark Mountains. The Ozark Folk Centre, just north of Mountain View, is dedicated to showcasing local and visiting musicians and dancers; to preserving such local traditions as ceramics, jewelry making, wood carving, rug hooking, and basketry; and to offer offering instruction in the native folk local and regional arts. Other aspects of folk culture include the gospel singing of Beyond the Ozarks, white southern gospel music is prominent in many rural areas. Black African American spirituals and soul music flourished also have deep roots in Arkansas long before they became popular nationwide.. Efforts to preserve and cultivate these vocal music traditions have been centred in Jonesboro and Helena.
The University of Arkansas has a fine collection of houses many archaeological and historical artifacts. A collection of colonial glassware is featured in the Museum of Science and History, housed in the old federal arsenal in one of the highlights of the Museum of Discovery, a museum of science and history in downtown Little Rock. The Arkansas Arts Center and its branch for the decorative arts, located in a restored antebellum mansion, have attracted regional recognition. Historic , also in Little Rock, is home to regionally recognized collections of European and American paintings, drawings, and sculpture, as well as decorative arts. Prominent historical sites include Arkansas Post, the first European settlement in French Louisiana; Washington, the Confederate state capital during part of the American Civil War; and the Territorial Capitol Restoration Historic Arkansas Museum and Old State House, in Little Rock. Arkansas devotes considerable effort to attract out-of-state vacationers, who annually contribute millions of dollars to its economy. State and national agencies stock lakes and streams with fish, and the state's preserves and conservation practices assure ample game in hunting seasons. The largest single attraction in Arkansas is Hot Springs National Park, which offers both outdoor recreation and luxury hotels throughout the year. The The Clinton Presidential Library opened in downtown Little Rock in 2004.
The state's long association with minor league baseball revolves around the Arkansas Travelers of Little Rock, who have been playing since 1903, mostly in the Texas League, and whose alumni include a number of players who are members of the Baseball Hall of Fame. Among these fabled athletes are Tris Speaker, Ferguson (Fergie) Jenkins, and Bill Dickey, the last of whom, like Hall of Famers Dizzy Dean, George Bell, and Brooks Robinson, was an Arkansas native.
In the world of auto racing, dirt tracks act as the minor leagues for NASCAR. Arkansas's biggest and most important dirt track, Batesville Speedway in Locust Grove (between Memphis, Little Rock, and Fayetteville), draws drivers and fans from a large region.
With its mountains, lakes, streams, and striking scenery, Arkansas offers a multitude of opportunities to participate in outdoor sports and recreation. Foremost among the state's many hiking trails is the Ozark Highlands National Recreation Trail. Arkansas also can claim some of the most challenging and beautiful cycling routes in the United States; the routes in the mountains and valleys of northern Arkansas as well as in the Mississippi River valley are especially popular with cyclists. The state's rivers and lakes are a fishing paradise, and golfers have their choice of a large number of golf courses. Hot Springs National Park in central Arkansas, the Buffalo National River, Blanchard Springs Caverns, and the resort town of Eureka Springs, also known for its arts community and Victorian architecture, attract thousands of visitors annually. In addition to the five national park sites, there are numerous state parks affording a great variety of recreational activities.Little Rock has the oldest are among the most popular destinations for outdoor recreation.
The University of Arkansas at Fayetteville (long a member of the former Southwest Conference but now part of the Southeastern Conference) has a history of achievement in basketball that includes winning the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) championship. In addition, its track and field program is among the most successful in collegiate athletics, having won many outdoor championships and a host of indoor and cross-country championships. It is University of Arkansas gridiron football, however, that is the king of spectator sports in the state. The team's halcyon days in the 1960s and '70s under beloved coach Frank Broyles remain a touchstone. Basketball player Scottie Pippen, a native Arkansan, starred at the University of Central Arkansas (of the Southland Conference) before distinguishing himself in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and being named one of the 50 greatest players in the league's history in 1996. Arkansas also proudly claims one-time world heavyweight boxing champion Sonny Liston as a native son.
The first newspaper west of the Mississippi River, the Arkansas Gazette, founded was started in 1819; in Little Rock in 1819. In 1991 it merged with the Arkansas Democrat to form the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Central Arkansas is served by radio and television affiliates of the major networks. The state has numerous commercial radio stations. The Arkansas Educational Television network covers most of the state, and cable television serves urban communities, the state's widest-circulating daily. The Arkansas Times is the leading weekly newspaper, although its readership, along with that of most other major weeklies, has declined since the late 20th century.


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Adidas Chelsea 2013-14 official away shirt in white with blue and red stripes across the chest.
Features embroidered Chelsea team badge and adidas logo at the front and the kit sponsor is heat-transferred below.
Clima Cool,100% polyester.Add official licensed PU N&N and Lextra badges from the list below.
Soccerplus first opened in 1994. We were one of the first soccer websites to hit the webView more
Address: 1640 E. Washington Blvd.
Pasadena, Ca 91104, USA
Phone: 1-800-945-7291
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subset: commoncrawl


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Sulfur is a naturally-occurring mineral that is found mostly near hot springs and volcanic craters. It has a distinct "rotten egg" smell, caused by sulfur dioxide gas escaping into the air. As a supplement, sulfur is available in two forms: dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM). About 15% of DMSO breaks down into MSM in the body. Both have been touted as treatments for pain.
MSM occurs naturally in some plants, such as horsetail; fruits and vegetables; some grains; and milk. MSM is important in joint health and helps form connective tissue -- cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. It may also slow the nerve impulses that transmit pain signals, reducing pain.
DMSO is a chemical byproduct of papermaking and is used as an industrial solvent, as well as for medicine. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved DMSO for intravesical use. That means it is instilled in the bladder by a doctor to treat interstitial cystitis. DMSO is also used in creams and taken by mouth for pain and other conditions. Unlike MSM, DMSO is absorbed through the skin.
Never use industrial-grade DMSO as a supplement, because it may contain dangerous impurities. You should talk to your doctor before either taking DMSO internally or applying it to your skin.
Mud baths containing sulfur, often called balneotherapy, can help treat skin disorders and arthritis. Balneotherapy is one of the oldest forms of pain relief for people with arthritis. The term "balneo" comes from the Latin word for bath and means soaking in thermal or mineral waters. Some people claim these baths are useful for allergies and respiratory problems, but there is no scientific evidence for these uses.
People also apply sulfur products to the skin to treat acne and other skin conditions.
Many -- but not all -- studies suggest there may be a connection between sulfur gases in the environment and the rise in allergy and respiratory illnesses, particularly asthma.
Skin Disorders
Sulfur baths, and other forms of sulfur applied to the skin, may help treat acne, rosacea, psoriasis, eczema, dandruff, folliculitis (infected hair follicles), warts, and pityriasis versicolor, a long-lasting skin disorder characterized by patches of skin that are a different color from the usual skin tone.
Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever)
One preliminary study found that taking 2,600 mg of MSM per day for 30 days reduced symptoms of seasonal allergies. More and larger studies are needed to determine whether there is any real effect.
Topical DMSO has been proposed as a treatment to relieve pain and inflammation of shingles (herpes zoster). Some evidence suggests it may reduce the number of lesions and lower inflammation, but more studies are needed.
Interstitial Cystitis
Although research is limited, the FDA has approved DMSO to treat interstitial cystitis, a chronic bladder inflammation that causes frequent and nighttime urination, as well as pain. When DMSO is used to treat interstitial cystitis, a doctor inserts a liquid solution of DMSO directly into the bladder. General anesthesia may be needed because the procedure can be painful and may cause bladder spasms.
Several case reports suggest that DMSO, applied in creams or taken by mouth, may help treat amyloidosis, a condition where protein builds up in the body's organs and damages them. However, because the condition is rare, there are no scientific studies about DMSO and amyloidosis. Take DMSO, or apply it in creams, only with your doctor's supervision.
MSM is found in protein-rich foods, such as eggs, meat, poultry, fish, and legumes. Other good sources include garlic, onions, Brussels sprouts, asparagus, kale, and wheat germ.
Sulfur supplements are available in two main forms: dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM).
Healthy people who eat a well-balanced diet don't usually need extra sulfur. People who follow a vegan diet, however, may be at risk for sulfur deficiency.
Ointments, creams, lotions, and dusting powders containing sulfur are available to treat skin rashes. Natural sulfur baths -- the kind usually found at hot springs -- may help ease pain associated with arthritis.
Don't give sulfur to a child.
There is no recommended dietary allowance for sulfur. Most people get all they need from their diet.
Because of the potential for side effects and interactions with medications, you should take dietary supplements only under the supervision of a knowledgeable health care provider.
Researchers believe MSM is safe. However, you should talk to your doctor before taking large doses of this or any other supplement.
Do not take DMSO internally except under your doctor's supervision. Side effects of taking DMSO internally include headache, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation. Used topically, DMSO can cause skin irritation.
If you have diabetes, asthma or liver, kidney or heart conditions, do not use DMSO. Never take industrial-grade DMSO.
DMSO should not be used by pregnant or breastfeeding women.
There are no reports to suggest that MSM interacts with any conventional medications.
However, DMSO may interact with a number of other medications. Talk to your doctor before using DMSO.
Side effects may include allergic reactions, such as skin rashes, itching, hives, or swelling of the face, lips, or tongue. Some people may also experience redness, blistering, peeling, or loosening of the skin, including inside the mouth.
Barrager E, Veltmann JR, Schauss AG, Schiller RN. A multi-centered, open-label trial on the safety and efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Altern Complement Med. 2002;8(2):167-73.
Brien S, Prescott P, Lewith G. Meta-analysis of the related nutritional supplements dimethyl sulfoxide and methylsulfonylmethane in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2009 May 27. [Epub ahead of print].
D'Amato G, Liccardi G, D'Amato M. Environmental risk factors (outdoor air pollution and climatic changes) and increased trend of respiratory allergy. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2000;10(3):123-128.
Elkayam O, Ophir J, Brener S, Paran D, Wigler I, Efron D, Even-Paz Z, Politi Y, Yaron M. Immediate and delayed effects of treatment at the Dead Sea in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2000;19(3):77-82.
Kim LS, Axelrod LJ, Howard P, Buratovich N, Waters RF. Efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in osteoarthritis pain of the knee: a pilot clinical trial. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006 Mar;14(3):286-94.
Moldwin RM, Evans RJ, Stanford EJ, Rosenberg MT. Rational approaches to the treatment of patients with interstitial cystitis. Urology. 2007 Apr;69(4 Suppl):73-81. Review.
Pain. MSM: does it work? Harv Health Lett. 2000;25(10):7.
Parcell S. Sulfur in human nutrition and applications in medicine. Altern Med Rev. 2002;7(1):22-44.
Ring J, Eberlein-Koenig B, Behrendt H. Environmental pollution and allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001;87(6 Suppl 3):2-6.
Simon LS, Grierson LM, Naseer Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of topical diclofenac containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) compared with those of topical placebo, DMSO vehicle and oral diclofenac for knee osteoarthritis. Pain. 2009;143:238-45.
Theoharides TC. Treatment approaches for painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis. Drugs. 2007;67(2):215-35. Review.
Usha PR, Naidu MUR. Randomised, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled study of oral glucosamine, methylsulfonylmethane and their combinations. Clin Drug Invest. 2004;24:353-63.
Verhagen AP, de Vet HC, de BIE RA, Kessels AG, Boers M, Knipschild PG. Balneotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2000. Oxford: Update Software.
von Mutius E. The environmental predictors of allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;105(1 Pt 1):9-19.
Wolverton. Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, An Imprint of Elsevier. 2012.
Zhou J, Liu JH, Jin Y, Ouyang XL, Yang LG. Protective effects of DMSO on function of lyphilized human platelets. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2007;15(6):1284-8.
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Small Natural History Desk Caddy: No. 2, Fox
$42.00 $34.00
This simple reclaimed wood desk caddy is made from floor joists that once belonged to 1800s Philadelphia area houses. It is finished with decoupage extracted from old and dusty books whose beginning and end now coincide with that of the houses.
Each desk caddy will vary in grain and indications of the wood's prior use.
- Animal illustration from a natural history text dating back to the late 1800s
- Reclaimed Pine
- Finished with tung oil
- Sealed with a matte finish
- Minimally packaged with a letterpressed tag and jute
Inches: 4″ long by 3″ wide by 4″ tall
Metric: 10.2 cm long by 7.6 cm wide by 10.2 cm tall


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Shopping Guide: 10 Sleeveless Summer Blouses
I used to harbor an inexplicable hatred for button-down blouses. Actually, I can explain. I don't mean the actual blouses themselves, or on other people — I actually would see other people wearing them and be jealous of how good they looked. The problem was when I would try them on myself. Suddenly, my shoulders looked broad, my boobs flattened, and my hips enormous. I continued to try them every once in a while in hopes that I would one day be the type of girl who looked good in them… and now I am! My body didn't change or anything, I just realized that I was going for the wrong type of shirt. Starchy button-downs still look terrible on my difficult-to-dress figure, but it turns out that a semi-sheer, silky blouse might even be my best look. They don't fare well for the summertime, which is why I'm turning to the sleeveless variety to carry me through. Click through for 10 stylish, flattering sleeveless blouses perfect for wearing right now!


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The Dodgers can live with losses in the All-Star voting as long as they keep avoiding them on the field.
The hottest team in baseball continued to streak toward the All-Star break with a 6-1 win over the Colorado Rockies on Thursday night, their fifth straight victory and 16th in the last 19 games.
On the day Yasiel Puig finished second in the Final All-Star Vote to Atlanta Braves first baseman Freddie Freeman, the Dodgers' rookie contributed a pair of hits to elevate his average to .397.
Mark Ellis finished 3 for 4 with four RBIs to carry a streaking Dodgers offense. The second baseman gave the Dodgers a three-run lead with a two-run single in the fourth inning and a 5-0 lead with an insurance two-run single in the eighth.
Dodgers third baseman Juan Uribe's productive night included two hits, a walk and a pair of runs scored.
Coming off a three-game sweep of the National League West-leading Arizona Diamondbacks that pulled them within 1 games of first place, the Dodgers have won 13 of their last 15 games against division opponents. Since a loss to the San Diego Padres on June 21 dropped them a season-worst 12 games below .500, the Dodgers have posted a 16-3 mark that is the best in the major leagues.
Arizona followed Wednesday's 14-inning loss to the Dodgers with a 5-3 win over Milwaukee Thursday night, maintaining its hold on first place with just three games left before the all-star break that may be ill-timed for the Dodgers.
"We're playing good and if a couple days off costs you," Dodgers manager Don Mattingly said. "You're not that good."
After lasting an average of four innings in his last two starts, during which he allowing a combined 13 runs on 17 hits, Capuano (3-6) was fantastic Thursday. His longest outing since pitching into the seventh inning May 18 lasted 6<MD+,%30,%55,%70>1/<MD-,%0,%55,%70>3 innings. He didn't allow a run on six hits with eight strikeouts and no walks.
"I think tonight was probably the best I've felt this season so far just with the command of the pitches and the action on them," Capuano said.
"Between starts I was working on trying to stay more in line, trying to throw down and finish the pitch. It worked tonight."
After Capuano was pulled following two singles in the seventh inning, Ronald Belisario induced an inning-ending double play on his first pitch.
A hot Dodgers offense averaging 6.44 runs per game in July put pressure on Rockies starter Drew Pomeranz early. The left-hander making his second start of the season allowed three runs on seven hits with five walks in four innings.
An inning after robbing Hanley Ramirez of extra bases with a leaping catch at the wall, left fielder Carlos Gonzalez took a split-second too long to gather Jerry Hairston Jr.'s second-inning double. Though the throw arrived home just in time, Rockies catcher Wilin Rosario dropped it trying to make the tag on Uribe, who scored from first on the play.
Ramirez went 0 for 2 with three walks, two of which were intentional.
The Dodgers added to their lead in the fourth inning when Pomeranz loaded the bases with three consecutive walks to begin the inning. Ellis delivered a base hit through the left side of the infield to score a pair of runs.
Puig left the game after striking out in the seventh inning, citing a bothersome hip, the same one he injured running into the outfield wall July 3.


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You have things you need to carry at all times, and a painless way to do so. Get any of these five backpacks and your stuff will always be taken care of.
Back-to-school stocks are poised to have a strong autumn. Consider adding these strong cool-weather performers to your portfolio.
Back-to-school shopping doesn't have to cost an arm and a leg. Just use these tips and save Big.
Back-to-school deals aren't just for students! These seasonal sales can mean big savings for you, too.
Those back-to-school lists get longer every year. Stock up on supplies while raking in the savings with these sales strategies.
Is it already time to start thinking about back to school? It is if you want to save money!
Back-to-school time means breaking out the wallet, but it can be a lot less hectic — and a lot cheaper — with some crib notes.
If you went overboard stocking school supplies this year, don't fret. There's plenty of cool re-uses for your plethora of pencils and erasers.
Back-to-school is already over for many of us, but if you're still shopping, here's how to save money and stay sane.
Wise Bread reaches back into the archives to help you and your family navigate back-to-school.
If you still haven't purchased all of this semester's books and your book budget is almost bust, visit one of these discount book websites.
If you're still in need of back-to-school notebooks and pens, or stocking up for next year, swoop in now to grab some great school supply deals.
Back-to-school sales are great, but thrift stores are even better. Discover the best gently used items to buy for your kids.
Check out these updated savings strategies for school books and supplies to give your child a rich curriculum on a modest budget.
Eco-friendly school supplies are a great way to teach kids about sustainability. Even better, a green back-to-school can help mom and dad save lots of cash.
You can get everything on your kid's school-supply list for cheap, and you don't even need to run all around town to find the best deals. Here's how.
Home organization is often such a monumental task that families just neglect doing it. Here's an idea to help you organize for much less money and much less time.
You can start stocking up on school (and office) supplies now if you haven't already but be careful out there. Great deals are everywhere (including Target, Kmart, Staples, Office
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The MCH program provides two visits to healthcare organizations
in New York, with the goal of providing a direct contact with these
institutions and a professional on-site observation of their daily
reality.The group will visit a company or receive classroom a local
manager to provide an opportunity to interact live with the reality
of U.S. business. Students will also receive suggestions for visits
to organizations and events to be developed by the students'
Organization of Program
Mount Saint Mary College is a private foundation, nonprofit,
founded in 1959 by the Dominican religious order. The campus is
located in the city of Newburgh, overlooking the Hudson River,
about 1 hour from Manhattan.
Under the coordination of Prof.. Dr. Ricardo Pitelli de Britto,
the program will provide assistance to students in their
preparation for the trip and the course, aiming to their full
Our goal is to offer international education with focus on
professional reality. Aware of the difficulties for the student to
attend a program abroad, we provide a set of documents and
information to the students, facilitating the process of organizing
the trip. In short, you will receive:
• Texts from prior reading in order to complete their
preparation for classes, with several weeks in advance;
• Invitations to participate in meetings with the group, sharing
information and meeting the people who will take the course;
• Guidelines on how to obtain airline tickets at very affordable
prices (see section Estimates of Expenditures on page 4);
• Documents and guidelines for obtaining your visa to enter the
• Suggested tours, sightseeing, shopping and visits in their
free weekends.
Intensive Courses and Health Administration in the United States
Mount Saint Mary College in Latin America is represented by
IBS-SP who are responsible for managing the program.
January 2014 – Business Management and Health Care
Classes start in 01/06/2014 (boarding in Brazil 01/02/2014) and
end on 01/23 (return to Brazil 01/26/2014).
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Hillary's Got a Millennial Problem
Listen to ABC News - Politics on iHeartRadio
Sure, projecting a winner in a presidential election a couple of years in advance is a mug's game. But don't you know that Hillary Clinton has already won the 2016 contest? It's just like 2008 all over again: Hillary can't lose.
Seriously, though, it's obvious Hillary will win, especially when you look at the way she's currently trouncing leading Republicans such as Chris Christie and Rand Paul among young voters. The kids love Hillary, goes this line of thinking, and since they decided the 2012 election and will only ever vote Democratic, all we need to do now is reanimate Aretha Franklin, the Eagles, or one of her other mummified favorite performers for the inauguration.
But such triumphalism about Clinton and the Democratic stranglehold on younger voters is premature, to say the least. While there's no question that the GOP has managed to alienate millennials, there's every reason to believe that top Democrats are doing just about everything they can to squander their currently commanding advantage.
Over at FiveThirtyEight, Harry Enten averages a bunch of polls taken earlier this year and finds that the former first lady, senator, and secretary of state rolls over Christie on average by 10 points with all voters and a whopping 27 points with "young voters" (ages 18 to 29 or 34, depending on the poll).
For Paul, the shellacking is even worse, with Clinton beating him by 11 points overall and by 28 points with the kids. Enten argues that even though 45 percent of Americans have no idea who Rand Paul is, "it's not entirely clear Paul's numbers will drastically improve if young voters learn more about his positions." Paul and the kids may be on the same side when it comes to pot legalization, privacy, and war, but they seem to be at loggerheads when it comes to immigration, health care, and a host of other issues.
Apart from trying to look two years into the future—where was Barack Obama in 2006? or Bill Clinton in 1990?—the case against Rand Paul is largely irrelevant to Hillary Clinton's and the Democrats' own burgeoning youth problem. Thanks to truly epic Republican awfulness on just about every possible issue from gay marriage to foreign affairs to budget-busting, the Dems have indeed been able to take the kids for granted in recent years. But that hasn't always been the case. Indeed, Republicans as different as Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, and George H.W. Bush all managed to win the youth vote. And consider that in 2000, George W. Bush and Al Gore split the 18-29 year old vote, each pulling 48 percent.
Read The Full Article On The Daily Beast
More articles from The Daily Beast:
- Election 2014 Is Drowning in Dark Money
- Senate Pigs Called Kirsten Gillibrand 'Porky'
- Iowa Lawmaker's Plea Deal Could Get Awkward for Rand Paul
© 2014 Newsweek/Daily Beast Company LLC
PHOTO: Getty Images


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why not just write them a letter? which country is this GP in?
Hi again
Thanks again for all your feedback, experiences. Just so you know i WILL NOT aproach the Surgery or any other business regarding their WEP set up.
why not just write them a letter? which country is this GP in?
To hm2075, I am in Australia. Writing an anonymous letter would be good idea stating about WEP possible security problem. I dont know when will go to that Drs again it isnt my one it is my girlfriends.
Still not underestimating the power...
There is no such thing as bad information - There is truth in the data, so you sift it all, even the crap stuff.
I'd suggest that an anonymous letter would be, at best, a waste of your time. My experience is that many businesses don't listen to any sort of security advice unless they are either a) very conscientious, b) about to undergo some sort of audit, c) paying a lot of money for said advice or d) have just been hacked.
Given that most GP sugeries in Australia are either medical centers run by an uncaring evil corporate parent* or are run by the Doctor themselves, there generally isn't a lot of attention paid to the administrative side of the business. This is because the corporate parent usually runs things "bare bones" and the Doctors don't have the time to pay attention to these things. Because of this its unlikely that anyone will actually do anything in response to an unsolicited anonymous letter, and you will still potentially have the issue of being considered a suspect if they do get hacked (make sure your fingerprints aren't on the letter )
* No, Im not too fond of these type of places...
Capitalisation is important. It's the difference between "Helping your brother Jack off a horse" and "Helping your brother jack off a horse".
The Forum Rules, Forum FAQ and the BackTrack Wiki... learn them, love them, live them.
@ Lupin, thanks, i wont be doing anything THATS MY FINAL answer I do agree about Drs surgerys would have the idea that if it aint broke (in there eyes) dont fix it. Well I just hope that noone cracks the WEP and potentially more, thats not my problem.
Thanks again for your feedback
A simple "Hey I notice you're using WEP on your wireless network. I'm kind of concerned and was wondering; are my medical records available via that network? Did you know that WEP has known weaknesses and is VERY simple for people to break?" should do the trick.
I'm a compulsive post editor, you might wanna wait until my post has been online for 5-10 mins before quoting it as it will likely change.
I know I seem harsh in some of my replies. SORRY! But if you're doing something illegal or posting something that seems to be obvious BS I'm going to call you on it.
I had a situation kind of like this once where I noticed my vet where I take my animals had wep encryption and various other security problems. All I did was find some articles from reliable sources that the "average" person would trust and made them up into a little packet and offered them to the VET. A few weeks later I assume she enlisted her IT guy to fix the problems because they got fixed. I avoided sounding like I could break into her system and I also did not offer to fix it which is why she trusted me. Just my 2 cents. I do believe every situation is probably different though so no one answer will apply to every situation.


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Acai Extract 4:1 (Euterpe oleracea) (fruit) 1000 mg. Percent Daily Values (DV)are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Daily Value (DV) not established.
Other Ingredients
Maltodextrin, Hypromellose, Silica, Magnesium Stearate, Water.
Take 2 capsules, one time daily, with a meal.
If you are pregnant, nursing or taking any medications, consult your doctor before use. Discontinue use and consult your doctor if any adverse reactions occur. Not intended for use by persons under the age of 18.
Keep out of reach of children. Do not use if seal under cap is broken or missing. No Artificial Flavor or Sweetener, No Preservatives, No Sugar, No Milk, No Lactose, No Gluten, No Wheat, No Yeast, No Fish. Sodium Free.
Zapzyt Maximum Strength 10% Benzoyl Peroxide Acne Treatment Gel - 1 Oz
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Playtex Sport Unscented Tampons, Multi Pack - 36 Ea
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Balm Barr Cocoa Butter Hand And Body Creme Jar - 6 Oz
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