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Project DescriptionFour decades after this house appeared in Architectural Record, the new owners—Greg and Lorena Andon—embarked on a renovation. Alexandria, Va.–based David Jameson Architect removed select interior walls, revealing free-flowing pavilions linked by a glass entrance. The original brick fireplace and skylight ring at the center of the house was exposed and left unchanged.
Jury: "An excellent example of new work within a significant midcentury modern structure. The interventions appear to reinforce the original design concept. … The new work serves to highlight the naturally lit passage and accentuate the overall spirit of the house."
Client: "We wanted to keep the essence of the house the same, but bring it up to modern times. We had no idea what we wanted. We were just throwing out ideas. David Jameson was like a mind reader. … He understood the way we wanted to live and how one space flowed into the next. We love being here. It's calm and peaceful, and it's got a great view of the woods." —Lorena Andon


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« Back to Schedule |
Print Camp Details
Grades 6th-8th
Location: Robert & Mariam Hayes Stadium -Charlotte, NC
Monday, June 17, 2013 to Thursday, June 20, 2013
Starts: 9:00am / Ends: 1:00pm
Camp Cost: $200.00
This is not your ordinary camp… This is a high paced, high intensity camp that has the design of everyday life for the Charlotte 49ers, a Top 30 Program in the Country since 2006.
Each player will receive high level instruction and a lot of reps. With the pace of this camp, we do not expect the campers to be able to last at a high level for more than a half day.
$200.00 (plus a $16.00 registration fee)
Total Camp Cost: $216.00
Loren Hibbs - Head Baseball Coach of the Charlotte 49ers
Brandon Hall - Associate Head Coach
Kris Rochelle - Assistant Coach
Current and Past 49er Players
Area College and HS Coaches
EquipmentEach camper must bring his own baseball equipment. Players should bring a glove, bat, cleats/spikes, running shoes or turf shoes, hat, and any other equipment they feel necessary to compete. Catchers must bring their own gear. Helmets will be provided.
Please check your email regularly as this is our primary way we communicate. Any additional information that we need to convey as the camp draws closer will be passed on to you via the e-mail address that you supplied when you signed up for camp. Please make it a habit to check your e-mail daily, this will eliminate any confusion and or miscommunication.
Charlotte 49er Camps are open to all entrants and only limited by age restraints.
Note: If you are unable to register on-line and would like to register by mail please contact Brandon Hall at firstname.lastname@example.com or 704-687-0727
Drop off will begin at 7:45am
Meals will not be provided. Please pack your lunch from home.
What if I have to cancel a camp?
We do not offer refunds on cancelled campers, just a future camp credit if you decide to cancel, but we do have what is called "Cancellation Protection".
We offer basic Cancellation Protection to allow participants some peace of mind in case plans change. This allows us to keep our prices low and provide the best service possible. Due at the time of registration, Cancellation Protection entitles you to a full refund of camp fees should you cancel your registration more than 14 days prior to the start of an overnight camp, and 7 days prior to the start of a day camp. If you cancel within 14 or 7 days of the start of your session, we will give you a camp credit for all money paid. The credit is valid for three years from camp date.
Credit with insurance is transferable to family members or friends, and good toward a future camp.
For questions please e-mail Brandon Hall at email@example.com or 704-687-0727
Find More Baseball Camps
Check Out College Softball Camps
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Privacy Policy
CHARLOTTE Camp Schedule
Contact Charlotte
Coach's Login
Join the ABC Sports Team
Terms & Conditions
Website & Online Registration by ABC Registrations,
part of ABC Sports Camps Network |
© 2017 ABC Camps LLC. All Rights Reserved

subset: commoncrawl


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Mommy & Me Tie Side in Mingo Mingle
This super cute kids headband is perfect to keep your little one stylish this season!
Bands measure 2 1/4" at back and has a cute tie front
Tie can be untied and retied for an adjustable fit
Please select child's size when purchasing
Made with a soft stretch jersey knit
Handmade in Orange County, California with love just for you!
Each piece is made when you order and takes 7-10 business days to ship
***ADULT The Tie Side in matching print/color included***
Exclusive KRZA print


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You've learnt:
(Suiton: Suishi no Jutsu) – Water Drowning Technique
Rank: C
Type: Offensive, supplementary
Range: Short-Mid
Chakra cost: 15
Damage points: 30
Description: After waving the Boar → Dog → Horse → Tiger hand seals, the user will gather a large amount of water to form a large spiraling stream of water. It can be guided to strike a target in a number of angles.
Note: Requires a nearby water source.
Next jutsu isn't very detailed in its description. And I couldn't find a wiki page for it. So, channel your suiton chakra into this huge lake which has been growing for some time now, manipulate the the pressure within it in a rotating manner to give it a spinning motion. This will cause a whirlpool to be created which will suck your opponent in.
Justu's name is Water Release: Great Exploding Current.


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'Basically, it will come down to this: Any owner willing keep this franchise in Buffalo will bet the annual rate of appreciation outweighs the annual losses. Owners who lose $50 million over 10 years and watch the franchise appreciate by $60 million are called investors. Owners who lose $50 million and watch it appreciate $25 million are called former investors.'
It's definitely not a seller's market for Rigas and the Sabres
May 19, 2002 Submitted by
Via: Buffalo News


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Rock Star Karaoke
A longtime favorite on the NYC karaoke scene, RSK has played all over town, fostering a party atmosphere everywhere it goes. Superstar hostess Kelly Cooper has been known to ask for volunteers to try their luck at a randomly selected song for something called the Rock Star Karaoke Challenge, so have a few drinks. Stadium-rock staples by Creedence, Black Sabbath and—of course—Journey are all on the group's playlist, made up of rock, country, blues and classic hits. While it's totally free to belt out a number, tips for the players are encouraged. Go to rockstarkaraokenyc.com for more information.
|Venue name:
|Bar 13
35 E 13th St
New York
|Cross street:
|at University Pl
|Subway: L, N, Q, R, 4, 5, 6 to 14th St–Union Sq
|Event website:
To improve this listing email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Home ·
MBA Programs ·
MBA at Dallas/Fort Worth ·
Applying To McCombs ·
Common Questions
Differences in Class Profile: The main difference is in regard to work experience. Working Professional MBAs are required to have a minimum of two years work experience, while Executive MBAs are required to have a minimum of five years work experience. For more details on the full class profile, see the following links:
Differences in Curriculum: Academic Intensives (immersion courses) for Working Professional MBAs take place in August of each program year. Executive MBAs attend four one-week Executive Seminars at specified times during the program.
Other Differences: The schedule and length of the programs differ, but students from all programs participate in study groups that meet outside of class and all students remain fully employed for the length of the program. For a quick snapshot of the differences, or more information on finding the right program for you, view the program comparison chart on our home page, or our blog post.
The McCombs School of Business confers only one MBA degree. All Texas MBA candidates earn the same degree, regardless of the program they are registered in.
During the Austin Intensive (for Working Professional programs) and Executive Seminars (for the Executive program), students reside at the AT&T Executive Education and Conference Center on the UT Austin campus. Students will be in-residence during the week at the Austin Intensive site and should not plan for any work activity during this time.
Since classes are held outside of normal working hours, McCombs does not require formal corporate sponsorship. However, it is important for you to ensure that your employer (especially direct supervisors) supports participation in the Texas MBA Program. Work and travel schedules should be arranged so that you can attend the required classes, Austin Intensives or Executive Seminars, and the Global Studies Trip. You may need to obtain your employer's approval to attend the Austin Intensives or Executive Seminars as well as the Global Trip, and/or plan on scheduling vacation time.
The class size be approximately 75 students in Austin, 80 in Dallas, 90 in Houston.
For more details on classes, see the following links:
Students enter as a cohort class, meaning the same group of students will take the same sequence of courses together. There are two cohorts each in the Dallas and Houston programs, and one each for the Evening and Executive programs.
The typical student should expect to spend 12-18 hours per week preparing for class and attending study group meetings.
No. The McCombs School of Business does not allow course waivers.
No. The McCombs School of Business does not allow transfer credits from other universities.
Applicants who submit the required application materials are considered for an interview. Interviews are by invitation only.
If a student has been admitted to the Texas MBA Program, he or she may request to defer admission to the following year's class.
U.S. citizens and Permanent Residents do not need to submit a TOEFL or IELTS score. A waiver of the TOEFL or IELTS is automatically granted (no request needed) if you are an international applicant and have earned an undergraduate degree in a country where the official language is English (not just an English-speaking institution or a country where English is spoken) (see country list here).
In order to request a TOEFL or IELTS waiver you must have submitted a Texas MBA application AND meet one of the following conditions:
If you do not meet any of these conditions, you are required to submit the TOEFL exam without exception. If you meet the conditions above, please check the appropriate box requesting the waiver in the test score section of your application. You will receive a confirmation of your waiver decision within two weeks of submitting your application.
Visit the financial aid page located under Program Information for detailed info.
The Texas MBA at Houston, Texas MBA at Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas Evening MBA, and Texas Executive MBA programs do not provide scholarships for students at this time; however, we encourage you to research and apply for a number of outside fellowship and scholarship funds that are available. Both federal and private loans are available for students to cover the cost of the program. More information is available on the Cost & Financial Aid page.
If you are a Texas MBA at Dallas or Texas MBA at Houston student, you are not required to pay additional program fees based on your Texas residency status. The Texas Executive MBA and Texas Evening MBA programs (based in Austin) do require you to pay additional out-of-state program fees plus any additional University fees for each semester you do not meet the Texas residency requirements. This fee is set each year by the legislature. Note: There are differences between programs, so please review the Program Costs & Financial Aid information for each program for details.
Texas Residency status is handled by The University of Texas at Austin residency department. All Texas MBA applicants default to non-resident until an offer of admission is accepted and the applicant completes the Residency Questionnaire found online.
Residency requirements can changed based on directives from the Texas Legislature. For the best information on establishing or determining your residency status, visit: http://bealonghorn.utexas.edu/residency
Page last updated: 5/15/2013
By phone: (512) 471-5921
2110 Speedway, B6000
Austin, TX 78705
McCombs School of Business,
The University of Texas at Austin |
Contact Us


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Compare Lexus ECU Repair and Testing prices in Newcastle upon Tyne today.
Enter your Registration and get your competitive local quotes now!
Compare Lexus ECU Repair and Testing prices in Newcastle upon Tyne today.
Arrived on time and did the job in a very reasonable time at a good price. Will use again. Thanks.
Excellent service especially given it was Bank Holiday, good communication, arrived promptly, sorted the problem, fair price, would definitely use again.
I would definitely recommend Jack to anyone who needs work doing on their car. My car had failed its MOT, and I was offered £350 by the garage to fix it. Instead, I put a request on whocanfixmycar and Jack came straight back to me with a quote for £140. We arranged a time for the following day, and Jack travelled to my house and carried out all the work I had asked for (including an advisory from the MOT) quickly and efficiently. The following day, the car passed its MOT retest with no advisories. Very happy customer.
Very reliable would use again
Top bloke and a crackin job and price.. Don't go to anyone else
Hard to locate the garage. Did a good job. Happy with the service.
Champion, everything was good!
good price and good work.
I would definitely recommend this garage. They found the problem of my car very quickly and solved it. Thank you!
An awkward job with the car requiring more work than initially expected, but dealt with very well and at a reasonable price by GC Autos.
Great service, picked up and dropped off. Low price and great result.
Got an appointment quickly, and didn't take long at all. Brakes working well, thanks.
Good service, good communication, good bunch of lads - highly recommend this garage, will definitely use them again :)
I needed the car asap they booked me in the next morning .Repaired car within an hour with a bonus of a2 year guarantee on part,were friendly and courteous.I would not hesitate to use them again
Quick and easy service and sorted my problem out with a free diagnosis. Will definately be using this garage again in the future.
Excellent service will be using again
Excellent all round service for the price. Would certainly recommend and use in the future.
They quoted a price and apart from a faulty head light which had to be added,;that's the price I paid. Collected and dropped off my car - great price, great job, great garage.
They actually charged me less then the quote as the brake fluid did not need changed. The guys at the garage were great, definitely will use them again
Friendly helpful service, would use again. Part not readily available but they still sourced it for fitting next day.
I would highly recommend Tripal Garage, they fitted my clutch kit in a day and the car drives lovely now - professional service, Many thanks again.
Top garage would use again , thanks
Guy I spoke to was very professional and helpful. Told me exactly what was wrong with the car and also pointed these out. Had agreed to go and get the job done tomorrow morning however my dad suprised me telling me he's booked me in somewhere else and had already paid! Good value for money and feel bad my dad took business away from you! Would deffinately recommend people to try this garage.
Really impressed with the service at Tripal Garage! Having been given the wrong advice from another garage, Parm was very honest about what did need sorting on the car and did it at a very reasonable price. Will be using this garage from now on! Thank you.


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WATCH: The Wanted release new video for 'Show Me Love'
Listen to The Wanted on iHeartRadio
The guys in the Wanted are showing off a more serious side in their new video for "Show Me Love."
The video, which premiered on Sunday night, is shot entirely in black-and-white and has Max, Siva, Jay, Tom and Nathan spruced up in formal attire performing in an empty theater.
It starts with footage of a couple in the middle of an intense argument as Nathan sits at a piano crooning about a lost love. The video then follows the woman as she roams the city streets in tears, passing other members of the group as she walks. Heavy rain then pours down on all five as the couple says their goodbyes in a less than happy ending.
"Show Me Love" will be featured on their upcoming album Word Out Mouth, which is out in November.


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Men's Under Armour Spine Clutchfit Running Shoes
Select a size above
Size Chart
Buy Online & Pick Up In-Store
Check Availability at stores near you.
Product Details
The Under Armour Spine Clutch is a running shoe that's made for performance, with the advanced UA Spine Chassis and all-new ClutchFit technology for a second-skin fit and superior feel as you rack up the miles.
Made with the elusive mix of flexibility and support in mind, the UA Spine Chassis has been a hit on numerous UA running shoes. UA upped the ante further with their latest technology, ClutchFit. Designed to activate under pressure, ClutchFit locks down for a stellar feel as you train. Plus, not only does the Spine Clutch offer the unparalleled support and comfort you need to push your limits, it also boasts standout good looks for a sneaker that'll take you from an intense training run to a post-workout lunch in style.
- UPPER: ClutchFIT
- MIDSOLE: UA Spine Chassis
- OUTSOLE: Durable rubber with traction pattern


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This day is the rigth time to showed you about IKEA lighting ideas named Lighting Hacks. Why I said like that? Because at the time I will share some of favorite IKEA outdoor lighting hacks for ligthing. Whether you're up for building a wond...[Read More]
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text:
|Test Name:
|Diagnostic Section:
|Total Serum Protein
|Clinical Pathology
|Set up days:
|Turn Around Time:
|Most Species (exc. primates)
|M, Tu, W, Th, F
|Same day *
|Specimen Requirements:
|Serum or plasma - 0.5 ml minimum
|Collection Protocol:
|Collect in red top or green top tube, separate serum/plasma promptly; or collect in serum separator tube, spin and send "as is"
|Shipping Requirements:
|Refrigerated, in leak proof tube(s). Overnight or 2-day shipping is recommended.
|Additional Information:
|* Results available same day if received by 4:00 pm


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Visitor Intake Process/Customer Service Record (VIP/CSR) System
Effective Date: December 23, 2007
System number: 60-0350
System name:
Visitor Intake Process/Customer Service Record (VIP/CSR) System.
Security classification:
System location:
Social Security Administration
Office of Systems
Categories of individuals covered by the system:
This system covers visitors to the Social Security Administration (SSA) field offices (FO) for various purposes (see ''Purpose(s)'' section below); individuals who have threatened an act of violence, commit, or attempt to commit, a violent crime against an SSA employee, a visitor to any SSA office conducting business or another individual accompanying such visitor, or to any SSA office; and SSA beneficiaries, claimants, attorney or non-attorney representatives, or representative payees who commit, or attempt to commit, a violent crime, have an outstanding arrest warrant, and who we reasonably believe will attempt to contact one of our facilities to conduct program business.
Categories of records in the system:
This system contains the following information about each visitor:
(1) Visitor information, such as Social Security number, full name and date of birth, when such information is provided by the visitor;
(2) Visitor information, such as the time the visitor entered and left the office, an assigned group number, number of interviews associated with the visit and remarks associated with the visit;
(3) Appointment information, such as date and time of appointment, source of appointment and appointment unit number (unit establishing appointment);
(4) Notice information, such as close-out notice type (e.g., title II 6-month closeout letter, title XVI SSA–L991) and close-out notice date/time when sent;
(5) Interview information, such as each occurrence, subject of interview, estimated waiting time, preferred language, type of translator, the number of the interview in the queue, interview disposition (e.g., completed, deleted, left without service), interview priority, start and ending time and name of interviewer;
(6) SSN, full name and relationship to claimant or beneficiary, when such information is provided;
(7) ''High Risk'' alert information about individuals who take action, or threaten to take action, that affects the security and safety of our employees, security guards, visitors, facilities, or records; i.e., personal information about the visitor such as name, SSN, date of birth, specific nature of the threat or act of violence, the date, time, and location of the threat or act of violence;
(8) Source of the report from the SSA– 3114–U4; and
(9) ''High Risk'' alert information about beneficiaries, claimants, attorney or non-attorney representatives, or representative payees who commit, or attempt to commit, a violent crime, have an outstanding arrest warrant, and who we reasonably believe will attempt to contact one of our facilities to conduct program business; i.e., personal information about the individuals such as name, SSN, date of birth, information pertaining to the specific nature of the crime, and the date, time, and location of the crime.
Authority for maintenance of the system:
Sections 222, 223, 225, 1611, 1615, 1631 and 1633 of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 422, 423, 425, 1382, 1382d, 1383 and 1383b); the Federal Records Act of 1950 (Pub. L. 81–754, 64 Stat. 583), as amended.
Information in VIP/CSR System is used to:
- Provide a means of collecting waiting time data on all in-office interviews in SSA FOs;
- Provide management information on other aspects of all in-office interviews in SSA FOs;
- Provide a source for customer service record data collection for such interviews and capture discrete data about the volume and nature of inquiries to support management decisions in the areas of process improvement and resource allocation;
- Provide a means of collecting information about individuals who have threatened an act of violence and/or have committed an act of violence against an SSA employee, or a visitor to any SSA office conducting business, and/or to any SSA office;
- Generate a timely ''High Risk'' alert to alert intake employees of an individual who may pose a security risk, including a ''High Risk'' alert for Social Security beneficiaries, claimants, attorney or non-attorney representatives, or representative payees who commit, or attempt to commit, a violent crime, have an outstanding arrest warrant, and who we reasonably believe will attempt to contact one of our facilities to conduct program business;
- Provide a standard approach to ensure the safety of SSA employees, visitors, security personnel, and facilities.
The information
collected from visitors to SSA FOs will be used for filing claims for benefits
under title II, transacting post-entitlement actions if currently entitled to
benefits under title II, filing claims for benefits under title XVI, transacting
post-eligibility actions if currently eligible for benefits under title XVI,
obtaining an SSN, transacting other actions related to a SSN, or other actions
or queries that may require an interview at SSA.
The information collected from the ''High Risk'' alert will be used to advise the intake employees at any SSA office of the potential security risk and to use extra caution when dealing with the individual who is before them and/or who has scheduled an appointment. The ''High Risk'' alert will include personal information about the visitor such as name, SSN, date of birth, specific nature of the threat or act of violence, and the date, time, and location of the threat or act of violence.
Routine uses of records maintained in the system, including categories of users and the purpose of such uses:
Disclosures may be made for routine uses as indicated below.
1. To the Office of the President for the purpose of responding to an individual pursuant to an inquiry received from that individual or from a third party on his or her behalf.
2. To a congressional office in response to an inquiry from that office made at the request of the subject of a record.
3. To the Department of Justice (DOJ), a court, or other tribunal, or other party before such tribunal when:
(a) The Social Security Administration (SSA), or any component thereof, or
(b) Any SSA employee in his or her official capacity; or
(c) Any SSA employee in his or her individual capacity where DOJ (or SSA where it is authorized to do so) has agreed to represent the employee; or
(d) The United States, or any agency thereof, where SSA determines that the litigation is likely to affect the operations of SSA or any of its components is party to litigation or has an interest in such litigation, and SSA determines that the use of such records by DOJ, a court, or other tribunal is relevant and necessary to the litigation, provided, however, that in each case, SSA determines that such disclosure is compatible with the purpose for which the records were collected.
4. To contractors and other Federal agencies, as necessary, to assist the Social Security Administration in the efficient administration of its programs.
5. To student volunteers, individuals working under a personal services contract, and other individuals performing functions for the Social Security Administration, but technically not having the status of Agency employees, if they need access to the records in order to perform their assigned Agency functions.
6. To the General Services Administration and National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) under 44 U.S.C. 2904 and 2906, as amended by the NARA Act of 1984, information that is not restricted from disclosure by Federal law for the use of those agencies in conducting records management studies.
7. To Federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies and private security contractors as appropriate, information necessary:
(a) To enable
them to protect the safety of Social Security Administration (SSA) employees and
customers, the
security of the SSA workplace and the operation of SSA facilities, or
(b) To assist investigations or prosecutions with respect to activities that affect such safety and security or activities that disrupts the operation of SSA facilities.
8. To the appropriate law enforcement official, the Social Security Administration (SSA) may disclose information regarding a Social Security beneficiary, claimant, attorney or non-attorney representative, or representative payee who is the subject of an outstanding arrest warrant for having committed, or having attempted to commit, a violent crime for the purposes of determining whether SSA should include an individual's information in the VIP/CSR System or remove an individual's information from the system because he or she no longer meets the criteria (i.e., the individual is in the custody of law enforcement, is no longer a suspect or has been exonerated, or is deceased).
9. We may disclose information to appropriate Federal, State, and local agencies, entities, and persons when (1) we suspect or confirm that the security or confidentiality of information in this system of records has been compromised; (2) we determine that as a result of the suspected or confirmed compromise there is a risk of harm to economic or property interests, identity theft or fraud, or harm to the security or integrity of this system or other systems or programs of SSA that rely upon the compromised information; and (3) we determine that disclosing the information to such agencies, entities, and persons is necessary to assist in our efforts to respond to the suspected or confirmed compromise and prevent, minimize, or remedy such harm. SSA will use this routine use to respond only to those incidents involving an unintentional release of its records.
Policies and practices for storing, retrieving, accessing, retaining and disposing of records in the system:
Records in this system are maintained in both electronic and paper form (e.g., magnetic tape and disc and microfilm).
Records in this system will be retrieved by the individual's SSN and/ or name.
Security measures include the use of access codes to enter in the computer system, which will maintain the data and storage of the computerized records in secured areas that are accessible only to employees who require the information in performing their official duties. SSA employees who have access to the data will be informed of the criminal penalties of the Privacy Act for unauthorized access to or disclosure of information maintained in the system. See 5 U.S.C. 552a(i)(1).
Contractor personnel and/or alternate participants having access to data in the system of records will be required to adhere to SSA rules concerning safeguards, access and use of the data.
Retention and disposal:
Records in the Visitor Intake Process/ Customer Service Record (VIP/CSR) System ''High Risk'' file will be retained for five years in accordance with Section E of NC–47–76–12. The means of disposal of the information in the Visitor Intake Process/Customer Service Record (VIP/CSR) System ''High Risk'' file will be appropriate to the storage medium (e.g., deletion of individual electronic records or shredding of paper records). Additionally, management officials will have the ability to delete records from the ''High Risk'' file electronic database.
System manager(s) and address(es):
Deputy Commissioner
Office of Systems
Social Security Administration
Notification procedure(s):
An individual can determine if this system contains a record about him or her by writing to the system manager(s) at the above address and providing his or her name, SSN, or other information that may be in the system of records that will identify him or her. An individual requesting notification of records in person should provide the same information, as well as provide an identity document, preferably with a photograph, such as a driver's license. If an individual does not have identification documents sufficient to establish his or her identity, the individual must certify in writing that he or she is the person claimed to be and that he or she understands that knowing and willful request for, or acquisition of, a record pertaining to another individual under false pretenses is a criminal offense.
If notification is requested by telephone, an individual must verify his or her identity by providing identifying information that parallels the record to which notification is being requested. If it is determined the identifying information provided by telephone is insufficient, the individual will be required to submit a request in writing or in person. If an individual is requesting information by telephone on behalf of another individual, the subject individual must be connected with SSA and the requesting individual in the same phone call. SSA will establish the subject individual's identity (his or her name, SSN, address, date of birth and place of birth, along with one other piece of information such as mother's maiden name), and ask for his or her consent in providing information to the requesting individual.
If a request for notification is submitted by mail, an individual must include a notarized statement to SSA to verify his or her identity or must certify in the request that he or she is the person claimed to be and that he or she understands that the knowing and willful request for, or acquisition of, a record pertaining to another individual under false pretenses is a criminal offense. These procedures are in accordance with SSA Regulations (20 CFR 401.40).
Record access procedure(s):
Same as Notification procedure(s). Requesters also should reasonably specify the record contents they are seeking. These procedures are in accordance with SSA Regulations (20 CFR 401.40).
Contesting record procedure(s):
Same as Notification procedures. Requesters also should reasonably identify the record, specify the information they are contesting, and state the corrective action sought, and the reasons for the correction, with supporting justification showing how the record is untimely, incomplete, inaccurate or irrelevant. These procedures are in accordance with SSA Regulations (20 CFR 401.65).
Record source categories:
Information in this system of records is obtained from information collected from individuals interviewed in person in SSA FOs, from existing systems of records, such as the Claims Folders System, 60–0089; Master Beneficiary Record, 60–0090, Supplemental Security Income Record and Special Veterans Benefits, 60–0103; from information generated by SSA, such as computer date/time stamps at various points in the interview process; and from law enforcement.
Systems exempt from certain provisions of the Privacy Act:


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Luce Foundation Center for American Art
Activities and Programs
The Luce Foundation Center for American Art, an innovative study center and visible art storage facility, displays more than 3,000 artworks from the museum's permanent collection in a three-story space. Through free public programs and social media, the Luce Center brings the museum's collection to you. The Center is located on the third floor of the museum, so be sure to plan enough time during your visit to explore!
Free public WiFi internet access is available in the Luce Foundation Center during museum hours. A limited number of electrical outlets are available on a first-come, first-served basis.
Delve into the local arts scene! The Center's Luce Local Artists Series invites bands as well visual artists and designers from the DMV to showcase their talents.
Bring a pad and pencil and your imagination to the Luce Foundation Center every Tuesday at 2:30 p.m. to join a brief instructional session and sketch works of art on display.
Enjoy the Luce Center's pairing of the visual arts and music by Washington, D.C.-area musicians with the Museum's unique version of the mix tape.
Follow the Luce Foundation Center on Tumblr! We'll highlight pieces from the collections, museum programs, neighborhood events and art news. Feel free to ask us a question or leave a comment!
Be a citizen curator and help us fill the spaces in our Luce Foundation Center cases!
See the results of our hackathon to reimagine the digital interpretation in the Luce Foundation Center.
Selected artist videos are shown daily and are also available online via YouTube.


text:
So this may light a fire but.... Mother's day isn't a "real" holiday.
It is awesome to show people appreciation and to go out of your way to let someone know that you love and respect their sacrifices. And I get it's nice to have a day that is deemed special. It's entitlement that is associated with Mother's day is ridiculous.
IMO (in my opinion) This isn't a day where anyone should expect the world and pout if they don't receive it. "My mother's day" "My Day" "My" "My" "MY" I frankly hate the commercialization of this "holiday" and wish it would go away. I feel it's void of any real feeling.
I don't participate, and find it tacky when my mother calls to ask what I got, but just really to vent at me for not sending her something. "Same thing I gave you Mom, nothing, and it's just what I wanted.Not really sorry because you've heard me rant about this. I show you my love and appreciation throughout the year"


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Child Therapist
Lisa Reed, MA, NCC, LPC, CAADC
Licensed Professional Counselor
900 6th Street and 342 South Richards Street, Saxton and Bedford, Pennsylvania
Raising children is a difficult job. They need to feel loved and secure, and parents need to learn to be fair, firm, friendly, and consistent. I help parents and their children learn to talk and behave in a way that everyone's needs are met, through positive parenting and communication, rewards, consequences, and setting healthy limitations and expectations, young children will have a healthy self esteem and parents will feel proud of themselves and their children. I use resources a lot from the book, How to Talk so Kids will Listen and Listen so Kids will talk. Humor, praise, and therapeutic games are beneficial too!
Try Online Therapy
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Location: Altoona, Pennsylvania
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Still searching? We want you to know we have GREAT therapists for you to speak with who practice online therapy. There are many licensed therapists on Theravive who practice online. Working with an E-Counselor from Theravive is real therapy, not a quick gimmick or a chat app, but actual counseling governed by ethics and regulatory bodies. Search our online therapists who provide professional counseling services over Skype, Email and/or Phone. All therapists on Theravive are licensed and registered professionals.
16601 is a zip code located in Blair County and part of Altoona, Pennsylvania. It has a land area of 86.506 square miles.  The population of 16601 is 33,870 people.


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STV, in joint venture, provided program and construction management services for NJ TRANSIT's Newark Light Rail Broad Street Extension. This one-mile link is an extension of the Newark Light Rail and connects Newark Penn Station with Broad Street Station in Newark. The $207.7 million project included five new stations that serve the downtown business district and major cultural and recreational destinations, including the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, Bears & Eagles Riverfront Stadium and The Newark Museum. It also included a new 800-foot double track tunnel that connected to an existing tunnel. The line expands mobility and serves as a catalyst for economic development in downtown Newark.
download project sheet (393,172 KB PDF)


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Please OPEN UP YOUR NIGGA MINDS! Bring yo NIGGA BIBLE It's "THE NIGGA CHURCH" w/ The Conscious Nigga of Comedy--The Honorable RITE REVEREND DAT NIGGA presiding aka SOOPA NIGGA: The Conscious Nigga of Comedy. Rite Reverend DAT NIGGA is Founder of The Nigga Church (a Church OF Niggas, Started BY a Nigga. FOR Niggas Everywhere)! Afta putting on his CAPE he emerges from the CHURCH BASEMENT as SOOPA NIGGA and takes to the PULPIT to SPIT that Insiteful SHIT that is dedicated to FIGHTING against the Social, Sexual, Politikal, Medical and Religious Hypocritical Bullshit of the day that the Powers That Be are tryna Force The Peeple to Swallow!!!!
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'"It shows right there that we have a team that can play pretty much any style we want," Kaleta said. "If we have a mind-set we're playing physical, we're playing physical. If we need to run and gun, we can do that, too. It just showed."'
Kaleta's return turns out to be a hit
February 2, 2009 Submitted by
Via: Buffalo News


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The AVG Family Safety app is a free, secure, family-friendly mobile web browser, which helps protect your children from inappropriate websites, while also protecting your whole family from scam, fraud, phishing and potentially malicious online content. The Do Not Track feature helps you identify which websites are collecting data on your online activities and gives you the choice whether to allow it.
AVG Family Safety comes on top of the built-in mobile security provided by Apple for your iOS device. It will block sites that you may not wish your children to see when they are surfing the Web on an iPhone®, iPod® Touch, or iPad®, and also helps prevent your family visiting malicious websites that try to misuse personal data.
By downloading and using AVG Family Safety's secure mobile browser, as an alternative to the default browser, you can take steps to ensure:
You and your family only visit safe websites. Websites that are known to be malicious or contain scams or malware will be blocked, using data provided by AVG's Linkscanner® technology. You will be notified and prevented from accessing the rogue site.
Your children are unable to access mature and inappropriate content. Sites that are deemed inappropriate will be blocked, with the category displayed on screen.
AVG Do Not Track
AVG has added Do Not Track to AVG Family Safety for iOS, which helps you identify which websites are collecting data on you and your family when you use an iPhone® or iPad®, and gives you control over whether to allow tracking of your family's online activities.
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- Browser history of websites visited
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The AVG Family Safety® desktop PC software can be downloaded from here.
In order to best protect you and your family, we recommend locking the use of the default browser. The easy 3 simple step instructions on how to do this can be found on our FAQ pagehere.


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Sunday, January 10 2010 - In the Media
Giuliani: 'We had no domestic attacks under Bush'
Speaking of Orwell ...
– Ed.
by David Edwards and John Byrne
UPDATE: ABC's George Stephanopoulos has taken responsibility for not challenging former New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani on the mayor's assertion on Good Morning America Friday that "we had no domestic attacks under Bush."
As noted below, a Giuliani spokesman "clarified" the mayor's statement later in the day, arguing that the mayor meant no attacks after 9/11.
"Whatever the mayor meant, it's not what he said," Stephanopoulos wrote on his ABC blog. "All of you who have pointed out that I should have pressed him on that misstatement in the moment are right. My mistake, my responsibility."
Original story follows below\r\n
The former New York City mayor who has sometimes been mocked for using "a noun, \r\n a verb and 9/11" in stump speeches appears to have forgotten -- or has mentally \r\n reclassified -- the worst terrorist attack on American soil. "We had no domestic \r\n attacks under Bush," Rudy Giuliani told ABC''s George Stephanopoulos Friday.\r\n
Even if Giuliani doesn''t consider the attacks on 9/11 a "domestic" attack then surely he forgot about the anthrax attacks of 2001 or an Egyptian national who attacked the El Al ticket counter at Los Angeles International Airport in 2002.
While ABC''s George Stephanopolous let Giuliani get away with his misstatement both during the interview and on his blog, ABC''s Jake Tapper called the former mayor out. "Giuliani''s comments that there were zero terrorist attacks under Bush, 1 under Obama, is false no matter how you slice it," tweeted Tapper.
A spokesman for Giuliani attempted to clarify his remarks.
Giuliani''s remark came amidst a jeremiad against President Barack Obama''s handling of the Christmas day Detroit airliner bombing suspect and appears at about 3:21 in the below clip.
"What he should be doing is following the right things that Bush did," Giuliani said. "One of the right things he did was treat this as a war on terror -- we had no domestic attacks under Bush; we had one under Obama."
The former mayor criticized Obama for opting to handle the alleged bomber''s case in civilian court, essentially saying that the problem with civilian courts is that suspects are given lawyers.
"If you put someone in a civilian court, within a short period of time a lawyer is appointed and the person shuts up," he remarked. "If you have a person in the military system, you can question him endlessly for as long as you have to to make sure you''ve got the full scope of information."
Giuliani then praised Obama for using the phrase "war on terror."
"I''m very hopeful that President Obama turned a corner yesterday," he said. "He first used the words, thank goodness, ''War on Terror.''"
In 2007, while campaigning for the Republican nomination for president, Giuliani told a New Hampshire crowd that America would ultimately prevail against terrorists but that if a Democrat was elected president the United States would suffer more casualties.
"But the question is how long will it take and how many casualties will we have?" Giuliani said. "If we are on defense [with a Democratic president], we will have more losses and it will go on longer."
"I listen a little to the Democrats and if one of them gets elected, we are going on defense," Giuliani continued. "We will wave the white flag on Iraq. We will cut back on the Patriot Act, electronic surveillance, interrogation and we will be back to our pre-Sept. 11 attitude of defense."
"The Democrats," he added, "do not understand the full nature and scope of the terrorist war against us."
Curiously, Giuliani is the third high profile Republican to conveniently suggest that no domestic terror attacks occurred on President Bush''s watch or to try to blame the Clinton administration for 9/11. Former White House Press Secretary Dana Perino and GOP operative Mary Matalin also recently said similar things during TV appearances blasting President Obama for allegedly ignoring terrorism.
This video is from ABC''s Good Morning America, broadcast Jan. 8, 2010.
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Dragons Martial ArtsSports Self Defence Classes & Lessons
Sherwood Road, Aldavilla, NSW 2440
Best match results for: CATEGORY = Self Defence Classes & Lessons for Kids + LOCATION = the Mid North Coast
Sherwood Road, Aldavilla, NSW 2440
Unit 1, 7-9 Ocean Drive, Kew, NSW 2439
Sherwood road Aldavilla, Kempsey, NSW 2440
Public School, Tuncurry, NSW 2428
3 Binbilla Pl, Port Macquarie, NSW 2444
Cnr Lake & Jindallee Roads, Port Macquarie, NSW 2444
9 Albert Chapel Drv, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450
99 Tuckers Rock Rd, Repton, NSW 2454
In addition to the results above, we also have included a selection of related kids activities that may interest you.
Martial arts activities for kids in the Mid North Coast
Flynn's Beach Surf Club, Port Macquarie, NSW 2444
Bellingen Primary School hal, Lovell Street, Boambee, NSW 2450
4 Bellbowrie Street, Port Macquarie, NSW 2444
PO Box 157, Dorrigo, NSW 2453
Taree and Tuncurry, Tuncurry, NSW 2428
14 Keona Circuit, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450
47B Bowra St, Nambucca Heads, NSW 2448
185 Princes Hwy, Tuncurry, NSW 2428
4 Gundagai Pl, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450
City Square, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450
1 Edgar St, Bulahdelah, NSW 2423
8 Richard Place, Port Macquarie, NSW 2444
26 Braeroy Dr, Port Macquarie, NSW 2444
74 Bray St, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450
Kempsey Anglican Hall, 30 Kemp St, Kempsey, NSW 2440
Sport activities for kids in the Mid North Coast
106 Johnston Road, Bass Hill, NSW 2197
Servicing Bass Hill, Smithfield, Fairfield and 17 other suburb(s)
Have been using Myswim at Bass Hill for 2 months now and am very impressed with not only the venue, the resources and organisation but also with the outstanding and highly skilled swim teachers they employ. My daughter loves swimming lessons and is making outstanding progress thanks to Myswim Bass Hill.


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Coal contains Noted coal geologist James Morton Schopf defined coal as containing more than 50 percent by weight (or 70 percent by volume) carbonaceous matter produced by the compaction and induration of altered plant remains—namely, peat deposits. Different varieties of coal arise because of differences in the kinds of plant material (coal type), degree of coalification (coal rank), and range of impurities (coal grade). Although most coals occur in stratified , sedimentary deposits, the deposits may later be subjected to elevated temperatures and pressures caused by igneous intrusions or deformation during orogenesis (i.e., processes of mountain building), resulting in the development of anthracite and even graphite. Although the concentration of carbon in the Earth's crust does not exceed 0.1 percent by weight, it is indispensable to life and constitutes humankind's main source of energy.
This article considers the geological origins, structure, and properties of coal, its usage throughout human history, and current world distribution. For a discussion of the coal-extraction process, see the article coal mining. For a more complete treatment of the processes involved in coal combustion, see the article coal utilization.
The discovery of the use of fire helped to distinguish humans from other animals. Early fuels were primarily wood (and charcoal derived from it), straw, and dried dung. References to the early uses of coal are meagre. Aristotle referred to "bodies which have more of earth than of smoke" and called them "coal-like substances." (It should be noted that biblical references to coal are to charcoal rather than to the rock, coal.) Coal was used commercially by the Chinese long before it was utilized in Europe. Although no authentic record is available, coal from theFu-shun
Fushun mine in northeastern China may have been employed to smelt copper as early as 1000 BC.Cast-iron Chinese coins dating to about the 1st century BC are thought to have been made using coal.
Stones used as fuel were said to have been produced in China during the Han dynasty (206 BC–AD 220).
Coal cinders found among Roman ruins in England suggest that the Romans were familiar with its use before AD 400. The first documented proof that coal was mined in Europe was provided by the monk Reinier of Liège, who wrote (about 1200) of black earth very similar to charcoal used by metalworkers. Many references to coal mining in England, Scotland, and the European continent began to appear in the writings of the 13th century. Coal was, however, used only on a limited scale until the early 18th century, when Abraham Darby of England and others developed methods of using coke made from coal in blast furnaces and forges. Successive metallurgical and engineering developments—most notably the invention of the coal-burning steam engine by James Watt—engendered an almost insatiable demand for coal.
Up to the time of the American Revolution, most coal used in the American colonies came from England or Nova Scotia. Wartime shortages and the needs of the munitions manufacturers, however, spurredon
small American coal-mining operations such as those in Virginia on the James River near Richmond. By the early 1830s mining companies had emerged along the Ohio, Illinois, and Mississippi rivers and in the Appalachianregions
region. As in European countries, the introduction of the steam locomotive gave the American coal industry a tremendous impetus. Continued expansion of industrial activity in the United States and in Europe further promoted the use of coal.
Coal is an abundant natural resource that can be used as a source of energy, as a chemical feedstock from which numerous synthetic compounds (e.g., dyes, oils, waxes, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides) can be derived, and in the production of coke for metallurgical processes. Coal ispresently
a major source of energy in the production of electrical power using steam generation. In addition, gasification and liquefaction produce gaseous and liquid fuels that can be easily transported (e.g., by pipeline) and conveniently stored in tanks.
In general, coal can be considered a hydrogen-deficient hydrocarbon with a hydrogen-to-carbon ratio near 0.8, as compared with a liquid hydrocarbons ratio near 2 and a gaseous hydrocarbons ratio near 4. For this reason, any process used to convert coal to alternative fuels must add hydrogen (either directly or in the form of water). Gasification refers to the conversion of coal to a mixture of gases, including carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, and other hydrocarbons, depending on the conditions involved. Gasification may be accomplished either in situ or in processing plants. In situ gasification is accomplished by controlled, incomplete burning of a coal bed underground while adding air and steam. The gases are withdrawn and may be burned to produce heat,
or generate electricity, or they may be used as synthesis gas in indirect liquefaction or the production of chemicals.
Liquefaction may be either direct or indirect (i.e., by using the gaseous products obtained by breaking down the chemical structure of coal). Four general methods are used for liquefaction: (1) pyrolysis and hydrocarbonization (coal is heated in the absence of air or in a stream of hydrogen), (2) solvent extraction (coal hydrocarbons are selectively dissolved and hydrogen is added to produce the desired liquids), (3) catalytic liquefaction (hydrogenation takes place in the presence of a catalyst—for example, zinc chloride), and (4) indirect liquefaction (carbon monoxide and hydrogen are combined in the presence of a catalyst).
Coal is very abundant; assuming current rates of usage and production do not change, estimates of reserves indicate that enough coal remains to last for many hundreds of more than 200 years. There isare, however, a variety of problems associated with the use of coal.
Mining operations are hazardous. Each year hundreds of coal miners lose their lives or are seriously injured. Major mine hazards include roof falls, rock bursts, and fires and explosions. The latter result when flammable gases (such as methane) trapped in the coal are released during mining operations and accidentally are ignited. Promising research in the extraction of methane from coal beds prior to mining is expected to lead to safer mines and provide a source of natural gas that has been wasted for so long. Also, the repeated inhalation of coal dust over extended periods of time can result in serious health problems, as, for problems—for example, anthracosis (commonly called black lung disease).
Coal mines and coal-preparation plants have caused much environmental damage in the past. Surface areas exposed during mining, as well as coal and rock waste (which were often dumped indiscriminately), weathered rapidly, producing abundant sediment and soluble chemical products such as sulfuric acid and iron sulfates. Nearby streams became clogged with sediment, iron oxides stained rocks, and "acid mine drainage" caused marked reductions in the numbers of plants and animals living in the vicinity. Potentially toxic elements, leached from the exposed coal and adjacent rocks, were released into the environment. Since the 1970s, however, stricter laws have significantly reduced the environmental damage caused by coal mining in developed countries, though more-severe damage continues to occur in many developing countries.
Coal utilization also can cause problems. During the incomplete burning or conversion of coal, many compounds are produced, some of which are carcinogenic. The burning of coal also produces sulfur and nitrogen oxides that react with atmospheric moisture to produce sulfuric and nitric acids—so-called acid rain. In addition, it produces particulate matter (fly ash) that can be transported by winds for many hundreds of kilometres and solids (bottom ash and slag) that must be disposed of. Trace elements originally present in the coal may escape as volatiles (e.g., chlorine and mercury) or be concentrated in the ash (e.g., arsenic and barium). Some of these pollutants can be trapped by using such devices as electrostatic precipitators, baghouses, and scrubbers. Current research on alternative means for combustion (e.g., fluidized bed combustion, magnetohydrodynamics, and low nitrogen dioxide burners) is expected to provide efficient and environmentally attractive methods for extracting energy from coal. Regardless of the means used for combustion, acceptable ways of disposing of the waste products have to be found. Finally, the
The burning of all fossil fuels (oil and natural gas included) releases large quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. The CO2 molecules allow the shorter-wavelength rays from the Sun to enter the atmosphere and strike the Earth's surface, but they do not allow much of the long-wave radiation reradiated from the surface to escape into space. The CO2 absorbs this upward-propagating infrared radiation and reemits a portion of it downward, causing the lower atmosphere to remain warmer than it would otherwise be. This is Whereas the so-called greenhouse effect . (Other is a naturally occurring process, its enhancement due to increased release of greenhouse gases (CO2 and other gases, such as methane and ozone, are also greenhouse gases.) Whether ) is called global warming. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), there is substantial evidence that higher concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere will in fact lead to significant climatic changes has not yet been clearly established, but it is a matter of considerable concern among scientists. A rise in the Earth's mean annual temperature of only a few degrees Celsius could cause melting of enough glacial ice to inundate coastal areas. and other greenhouse gases have increased the mean temperature of the Earth since 1950. This increase is probably the cause of noticeable reductions in snow cover and sea ice extent in the Northern Hemisphere. In addition, a worldwide increase in sea level and a decrease in mountain glacier extent have been documented. Technologies being considered to reduce carbon dioxide levels include biological fixation, cryogenic recovery, disposal in the oceans and aquifers, and conversion to methanol.
It is generally accepted that most coals formed from plants that grew in and adjacent to swamps in warm, humid regions. Material derived from these plants accumulated in low-lying areas that remained wet most of the time and was converted to peat through the activity of microorganisms. (It should be noted that peat can occur in temperate regions [e.g., Ireland and the state of Michigan in the United States] and even in subarctic regions [e.g., the Scandinavian countries].) Under certain conditions this organic material continued to accumulate and was later converted into coal. Much of the plant matter that accumulates on the surface of the Earth is never converted to peat or to coal, because it is removed by fire or organic decomposition. Hence, the vast coal deposits found in ancient rocks must represent periods during which several favourable biological and physical processes occurred at the same time.
Evidence that coal was derived from plants comes from three principal sources. First, lignites, the lowest coal rank, often contain recognizable plant remains. Second, sedimentary rock layers above, below, and adjacent to coal seams contain plant fossils in the form of impressions and carbonized films (e.g., leaves and stems) and casts of larger parts such as roots, branches, and trunks. Third, even coals of advanced rank may reveal the presence of precursor plant material. When examined microscopically in thin sections or polished blocks, cell walls, cuticles (the outer wall of leaves), spores, and other structures can still be recognized (see below Genesis of macerals and rock types Macerals). Algal and fungal remains also may be present. (Algae are major components in boghead coal, which appears to be transitional between coal and petroleuma type of sapropelic coal.)
Anthracite (the highest coal rank) material, which appears to have been derived from plantsalgae, is known from the Proterozoic Eon of Precambrian times time (beginning approximately 2,500,000,000 540 million to 2.5 billion years ago). Siliceous rocks of the same age contain fossil algae and fungi. These early plants were primarily Protista protists (solitary or aggregate unicellular organisms that include yellow-green algae, golden-brown algae, and diatoms) , which that lived in aqueous environments. It was not until the Late Silurian Period (from 408,000,000 to 421,000,000 approximately 420 million years ago) that plants are known to have developed the ability to survive on land. Fossil organisms that are reflective of this dramatic evolutionary event have been discovered in Wales and Australia.
Evidence for early coastal forests is preserved in strata of the Late Devonian age Period (about approximately 360 ,000,000 to 374,000,000 to 385 million years old). By the latter half of the Paleozoic Era, plants had undergone extensive evolution and occupied many previously vacant environments (this phenomenon is sometimes called adaptive radiation).
There were two major eras of coal formation in geologic history. The older includes the Carboniferous Period (sometimes divided into the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian periods, from approximately 286,000,000 300 to 360 ,000,000 million years ago) and the Permian Period (from about 245,000,000 to 286,000,000 approximately 250 to 300 million years ago). Much of the bituminous coal of eastern North America and Europe is Carboniferous in age. Most coals in Siberia, eastern Asia, and Australia are of Permian origin. The younger era began about 135 ,000,000 million years ago during the Cretaceous Period and reached its peak during the Tertiary Period (about 1,600,000 to 66,400,000 years ago) approximately 2 to 65 million years ago, during the Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic Era. Most of the coals that formed during this second era are lignites and subbituminous (or brown) coals. These are widespread in such areas as western North America (including Alaska), southern France and central Europe, Japan, and Indonesia.
Late Paleozoic flora included sphenopsids, lycopsids, pteropsids, and the Cordaitales. The sphenopsid , Calamites, grew as trees in swamps. Calamites had long, jointed stems with sparse foliage. The lycopsids included species of Lepidodendron and Sigillaria (up to 30 metres [about 100 feet] tall) that grew in somewhat drier areas. Pteropsids included both true ferns (Filicineae) and extinct seed ferns (Pteridospermaphyta), which grew in relatively dry environments. The Cordaitales, which had tall stems and long, narrow, palmlike leaves, also favoured drier areas. During the Cretaceous and Cenozoic the angiosperms (flowering plants) evolved, producing a diversified flora from which the younger coals developed.
Although peat is used as a source of energy, it is not usually considered a coal. It is the precursor material from which coals are derived, and the process by which peat is formed is studied in existing swamps in many parts of the world (e.g., in the Okefenokee Swamp of Georgia, U.S., and along the southwestern coast of New Guinea). The formation of peat is controlled by several factors including (1) the evolutionary development of plant life, (2) the climatic conditions (warm enough to sustain plant growth and wet enough to permit the partial decomposition of the plant material and preserve the peat), and (3) the physical conditions of the area (its geographic position relative to the sea or other bodies of water, rates of subsidence or uplift, and so forth). Warm , moist climates are thought to produce broad bands of bright coal. Cooler , temperate climates, on the other hand, are thought to produce detrital coal with relatively little bright coal.
Initially, the area on which a future coal seam may be developed must be uplifted so that plant growth can be established. Areas near seacoasts or low-lying areas near streams stay moist enough for peat to form, but elevated swamps (some bogs and moors) can produce peat only if the annual precipitation exceeds annual evaporation and little percolation or drainage occurs. Thick peat deposits necessary for coal formation develop at sites where the following conditions exist: slow, continuous subsidence; the presence of such natural structures as levees, beaches, and bars that give protection from frequent inundation; and a restricted supply of incoming sediments that would interrupt peat formation. In such areas the water may become quite stagnant (except for a few rivers traversing the swamp), and plant material can continue to accumulate. Microorganisms attack the plant material and convert it to peat. Very close to the surface where oxygen is still readily available (aerobic, or oxidizing, conditions), the decomposition of the plant material produces mostly gaseous and liquid products. With increasing depth, however, the conditions become increasingly anaerobic (reducing), and molds and peats develop. The process of peat formation—biochemical coalification—is most active in the upper few metres of a peat deposit. Fungi are not found below about 0.5 metre (about 18 inches), and most forms of microbial life are eliminated at depths below about 10 metres (about 30 feet). If either the rate of subsidence and/ or the rate of influx of new sediment increases, the peat will be buried and soon thereafter the coalification process—geochemical coalification—begins. The cycle may be repeated many times, which accounts for the numerous coal seams found in some sedimentary basins.
The general sequence of coalification is from lignite to subbituminous to bituminous to anthracite (see below Ranking by coalification Coal types and ranks). Since microbial activity ceases within a few metres of the Earth's surface, the coalification process must be controlled primarily by changes in physical conditions that take place with depth. Some coal characteristics were are determined by events that occurred occur during peat formation—eformation—e.g., charcoallike charcoal-like material in coal is attributed to fires that occurred during dry periods while peat was still forming.
Three major physical factors—duration, increasing temperature, and increasing pressure—may influence the coalification process. In laboratory experiments artificially prepared coals are influenced by the duration of the experiment, but in nature the length of time is substantially longer and the overall effect of time remains undetermined. Low-rank coal (i.e., brown coal) coal in the Moscow Basin was deposited during Carboniferous time but was not buried deeply and never reached a higher rank. The most widely accepted explanation is that coalification takes place in response to increasing temperature. In general, temperature increases with depth. This geothermal gradient averages about 30° C 30 °C (about 85 °F) per kilometre, but the gradient ranges from less than 10° C 10 °C (50 °F) per kilometre in regions undergoing very rapid subsidence to more than 100° C 100 °C (212 °F) per kilometre in areas of igneous activity. Measurements of thicknesses of sedimentary cover and corresponding coal ranks suggest that temperatures lower than 200° C were 200 °C (about 390 °F) are sufficient to produce coal of anthracite rank. The effect of increasing pressure due to depth of burial is not considered to cause coalification. In fact, increasing overburden pressure might have the opposite effect if such volatile compounds such as methane that must escape during coalification are retained. Pressure may influence the porosity and moisture content of coal.
Coals may be classified in several ways. One mode of classification is by coal type; such types have some genetic implications because they are based on the organic materials present and the coalification processes that produced the coal. The most useful and widely applied coal-classification schemes are those based on the degree to which coals have undergone coalification. Such varying degrees of coalification are generally called coal ranks (or classes). In addition to the scientific value of classification schemes of this kind, the determination of rank has a number of practical applications. Many coal properties are in part determined by rank, including the amount of heat produced during combustion, the amount of gaseous products released upon heating, and the suitability of the coals for liquefaction or for producing coke.
Coals contain both organic and inorganic phases. The latter consist either of minerals such as quartz and clays that may have been brought in by flowing water (or wind activity) or of minerals such as pyrite and marcasite that formed in place (authigenic). Some formed in living plant tissues, while and others formed later during peat formation or coalification. Some pyrite (and marcasite) is present in micrometre-sized spheroids called framboids (from named for their raspberry-like shape) that formed quite early. Framboids are very difficult to remove by conventional coal-cleaning processes.
By analogy to the term mineral, British botanist Marie C. Stopes of Great Britain (1935) proposed proposed in 1935 the term maceral to describe organic constituents present in coals. The word is derived from the Latin macerare, meaning "to macerate." (Mineral names often end in "-ite." The corresponding ending for macerals is "-inite.") Maceral nomenclature has been applied differently by some European coal petrologists who studied polished blocks of coal using reflected-light microscopy (their terminology is based on morphology, botanical affinity, and mode of occurrence) and by some North American petrologists who studied very thin slices (thin sections) of coal using transmitted-light microscopy. Various nomenclature systems have been used. A comparison of common coal maceral terms is given in the Tabletable.
Three major maceral groups are generally recognized: vitrinite, liptinite (formerly called exinite), and inertinite. The vitrinite group is the most abundant, constituting as much as 50 to 90 percent of many North American coals. Vitrinites are derived primarily from cell walls and woody tissues. They show a wide range of reflectance values (discussed below), but in individual samples these values tend to be intermediate compared with those of the other maceral groups. Several varieties are recognized—erecognized—e.g., telinite (the brighter parts of vitrinite that make up cell walls) and collinite (clear vitrinite that occupies the spaces between cell walls).
The exinite (or liptinite ) group makes up 5 to 15 percent of many coals. Exinites Liptinites are derived from waxy or resinous plant parts, such as cuticles, spores, and wound resins. Their reflectance values are usually the lowest in an individual sample. Several varieties are recognized, including sporinite (spores are typically preserved as flattened spheroids), cutinite (part of cross sections of leaves, often with crenulated surfaces), and resinite (ovoid and sometimes translucent masses of resin). The exinites liptinites may fluoresce under ultraviolet light, but with increasing rank their optical properties approach those of the vitrinites, and they become indistinguishable.
The inertinite group makes up from 5 to 40 percent of most coals. Their reflectance values are usually the highest in a given sample. The most common inertinite maceral is fusinite, which has a charcoallike charcoal-like appearance with obvious cell texture. The cells may be either empty or filled with mineral matter, and the cell walls may have been crushed during compaction (bogen texture). Inertinites are derived from strongly altered or degraded plant material that is thought to have been produced during the formation of peat; for examplein particular, charcoal produced by a fire in a peat swamp is preserved as fusinite.
Coals may be classified on the basis of their macroscopic appearance (generally referred to as coal rock type, lithotype, or kohlentype). Four main types are recognized:Vitrain (1) vitrain (Glanzkohle or charbon brillant), which is dominated by vitrinite group macerals and appears glassy to the unaided eye, (2) clarain characterized by a brilliant black lustre and composed primarily of the maceral group vitrinite, which is derived from the woody tissue of large plants. Vitrain is brittle and tends to break into angular fragments; however, thick vitrain layers show conchoidal fractures when broken. Vitrain occurs in narrow, sometimes markedly uniform, bright bands that are about 3 to 10 mm (about 0.1 to 0.4 inch) thick. Vitrain was probably formed under somewhat drier surface conditions than the lithotypes clarain and durain. On burial, stagnant groundwater prevented the complete decomposition of the woody plant tissues. Clarain (Glanzstreifenkohle or charbon semi-brillant), which is composed of both vitrinite and exinite and has an appearance between that those of vitrain and durain , (3) durain and is characterized by alternating bright and dull black laminae (commonly less than 1 mm thick). The brightest layers are composed chiefly of the maceral vitrinite and the duller layers of the other maceral groups, liptinite and inertinite. Clarain exhibits a silky lustre less brilliant than that of vitrain. It seems to have originated under conditions that alternated between those in which durain and vitrain were formed.Durain (Mattkohle or charbon mat), which is generally composed of fine-grained inertinites and exinites and has a dull, matlike lustre, and (4) fusain characterized by a hard, granular texture and composed of the maceral groups liptinite and inertinite as well as relatively large amounts of inorganic minerals. Durain occurs in layers more than 3 to 10 mm (about 0.1 to 0.4 inch) thick, although layers more than 10 cm (about 4 inches) thick have been recognized. Durains are usually dull black to dark gray in colour. Durain is thought to have formed in peat deposits below water level, where only liptinite and inertinite components resisted decomposition and where inorganic minerals accumulated from sedimentation.Fusain (Faserkohle or charbon fibreux), which is commonly found in silky and fibrous lenses that are very thin, only millimetres thick and centimetres long. Most fusain is extremely soft and crumbles readily into a fine, sootlike powder that soils the hands. Fusain is composed mainly of fusinite (carbonized woody plant tissue) and resembles wood charcoal (because it soils the hands just as charcoal would)semifusinite from the maceral group inertinite, which is rich in carbon and highly reflective. It closely resembles charcoal, both chemically and physically, and is believed to have been formed in peat deposits swept by forest fires, by fungal activity that generated intense heat, or by subsurface oxidation of coal.
The term coal type is also employed to distinguish between banded coals and nonbanded coals (see Table table). Banded coals contain varying amounts of vitrinite and opaque material. They include bright coal, which contains more than 80 percent vitrinite, and splint coal, which contains more than 30 percent opaque matter. The nonbanded varieties include boghead coal, which has a high percentage of algal remains, and cannel coal with a high percentage of spores. The usage of all the above terms is quite subjective.
The oldest coal-classification system was based on criteria of chemical composition. Developed in 1837 by the French chemist Henri-Victor Regnault, it was improved in later systems that classified coals on the basis of their hydrogen and carbon content. However, because the relationships between chemistry and other coal properties are complex, such classifications are rarely used for practical purposes today.
The most commonly employed systems of classification are those based on analyses that can be performed relatively easily in the laboratory, as, for laboratory—for example, determining the percentage of volatile matter lost upon heating to about 950° C 950 °C (about 1,750 °F) or the amount of heat released during combustion of the coal under standard conditions. The Table lists the ranks assigned to coals by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) assigns ranks to coals on the basis of fixed carbon content, volatile matter content, and calorific value (see the table). In addition to the major ranks (lignite, subbituminous, bituminous, and anthracite), each rank may be subdivided into coal groups , such as high-volatile A bituminous coal. Other designations, such as coking coal and steam coal, have been applied to coals, but they tend to differ from country to country (see illustration).
Coal analyses may be presented in the form of "proximate" (a term derived from the word "approximate") and "ultimate" analyses, whose analytic analytical conditions are prescribed by organizations such as the ASTM. A typical proximate analysis includes the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents. (Fixed carbon is the material, other than ash, that does not vaporize when heated in the absence of air. It is usually determined by subtracting the sum of the first three values—moisture, ash, and volatile matter—in weight percent from 100 percent.) It is important for economic reasons to know the moisture and ash contents of a coal because they do not contribute to the heating value of a coal. In most cases ash becomes an undesirable residue and a source of pollution, but for some purposes (e.g., use as a chemical feedstock or for liquefaction) the presence of mineral matter may be desirable. Most of the heat value of a coal comes from its volatile matter, excluding moisture, and fixed carbon content. For most coals , it is necessary to measure the actual amount of heat released upon combustion (expressed in megajoules per kilogram or British thermal units [BTUs] per pound or megajoules per kilogram).
Ultimate analyses are used to determine the carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, ash, oxygen, and moisture contents of a coal. For specific applications, other chemical analyses may be employed. These may involve, for example, identifying the forms of sulfur present; sulfur . Sulfur may occur in the form of sulfide minerals (pyrite and marcasite), sulfate minerals (gypsum), or organically bound sulfur. In other cases the analyses may involve determining the trace elements present (e.g., mercury, chlorine), which may influence the suitability of a coal for a particular purpose or help to establish methods for reducing environmental pollution and so forth.
Virtually all classification systems use the percentage of volatile matter present to distinguish coal ranks. In the ASTM classification, high-volatile A bituminous (and higher ranks) are classified on the basis of their volatile matter content. Coals of lower rank are classified primarily on the basis of their heat values, because of their wide ranges in volatile matter content (including moisture). The so-called agglomerating character of a coal refers to its ability to soften and swell when heated and to form cokelike masses that are used in the manufacture of steel. The most suitable coals for agglomerating purposes are in the bituminous rank.
The plant material from which coal is derived is composed of a complex mixture of organic compounds, including cellulose, lignin, fats, waxes, and tannins. As peat formation and coalification proceed, these compounds, which have more or less open structures, are broken down, and new compounds—primarily aromatic (benzenelike) and hydroaromatic—are produced. These In vitrinite these compounds are connected by cross-linking oxygen, sulfur, and molecules such as methylene. Some researchers refer to this complex array of cross-linked molecules as a "coal molecule." During coalification, volatile phases rich in hydrogen and oxygen (e.g., water, carbon dioxide, and methane) are produced and escape from the mass; hence, the coal becomes progressively richer in carbon. The classification of coal by rank is based on these changes—ichanges—i.e., as coalification proceeds, the amount of volatile matter gradually decreases and the amount of fixed carbon increases. As volatiles are expelled, more carbon-to-carbon linkages occur in the remaining coal until, having reached the anthracite rank, it takes on many of the characteristics of the end product of the metamorphism of carbonaceous material—namely, graphite. Coals pass through several structural states , including a glassy (or "liquid") state, as the bonds between the aromatic (benzenelike compounds) nuclei increase.
Many of the properties of coal are strongly rank-dependent, although other factors such as maceral composition and the presence of mineral matter also influence its properties. Several techniques have been developed for studying the physical and chemical properties of coal, including density measurements, X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectrophotometry, mass spectroscopy, gas chromatography, thermal analysis, and electrical, optical, and magnetic measurements.
Knowledge of the physical properties of coal is important in coal preparation and utilization. For example, coal density ranges from approximately 1.1 to about 1.5 megagrams per cubic metre, or grams per cubic centimetre (1 megagram per cubic metre equals 1 gram per cubic centimetre). Coal is slightly denser than water (1.0 megagram per cubic metre) and significantly less dense than most rock and mineral matter (e.g., shale has a density of about 2.7 megagrams per cubic metre and pyrite of 5.0 megagrams per cubic metre). Density differences make it possible to improve the quality of a coal by removing most of the rock matter and sulfide-rich fragments by means of heavy liquid separation (fragments with densities greater than about 1.5 megagrams per cubic metre settle out while the coal floats on top of the liquid) and devices . Devices such as cyclones and shaker tables , which also separate coal particles from rock and pyrite on the basis of their different densities.
Coal density is controlled in part by the presence of pores that persist throughout coalification. Measurement of pore sizes and pore distribution is difficult; however, there appear to be three size ranges of pores: (1) macropores (diameter greater than 50 nanometres), (2) mesopores (diameter 2 to 50 nanometres), and (3) micropores (diameter less than 2 nanometres). (One nanometre is equal to 10−9 metre.) Most of the effective surface area of a coal—about 200 square metres per gram—is not on the outer surface of a piece of coal but is located inside the coal in its pores. The presence of pore space is important in the production of coke, gasification, liquefaction, and the generation of high-surface-area carbon for purifying water and gases. From the standpoint of safety, coal pores may contain significant amounts of adsorbed methane that may be released during mining operations and form explosive mixtures with air. The risk of explosion can by be reduced by adequate ventilation during mining or by prior removal of coal-bed methane.
One of the most An important property of coal is its reflectivity (or reflectance)—i—i.e., its ability to reflect light. Reflectivity is measured by shining a beam of monochromatic light (with a wavelength of 546 nanometres) on a polished surface of the vitrinite macerals in a coal sample and measuring the percentage of the light reflected with a photometer. Vitrinite is used because its reflectivity changes gradually with increasing rank. Fusinite reflectivities are too high due to its origin as charcoal, and exinites liptinites tend to disappear with increasing rank. Although little of the incident light is reflected (ranging from a few tenths of a percent to 10 to 12 percent), the value increases with rank and can be used to determine the rank of most coals indirectly (i.e., without measuring the percentage of volatile matter )present.
The study of coals (and coaly particles called phyterals) in sedimentary basins containing oil and/or gas reveals a close relationship between coalification and the maturation of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. During the initial stages of coalification (to a reflectivity of almost 0.5 and near the boundary between subbituminous and high-volatile C bituminous coal), hydrocarbon generation produces chiefly methane. The maximum generation of liquid petroleum occurs during the development of high-volatile bituminous coals (in the reflectivity range from roughly 0.5 to about 1.3). With increasing depth and temperature, petroleum liquids break down and, finally, only natural gas (methane) remains. Geologists can use coal reflectivity to anticipate the potential for finding liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons as they explore for petroleum.
Other properties, such as hardness, grindability, ash-fusion temperature, and free-swelling index (a visual measurement of the amount of swelling that occurs when a coal sample is heated in a covered crucible), may affect coal mining and preparation, as well as the way in which a coal is utilized. Hardness and grindability determine the kinds of equipment used for mining, crushing, and grinding coals in addition to the amount of power consumed in their operation. Ash-fusion temperature influences furnace design and operating conditions. The free-swelling index provides preliminary information concerning the suitability of a coal for coke production.
Coal is a widespread resource of energy and chemicals. Although terrestrial plants necessary for the development of coal did not become abundant until Carboniferous time, large sedimentary basins containing Carboniferous and younger rocks are known on virtually every continent (see Figure 1), including Antarctica (not shown on the map). The presence of large coal deposits in regions that now have arctic or subarctic climates (such as Alaska and Siberia) is due to climatic changes and to the tectonic motion of crustal plates that moved ancient continental masses over the Earth's surface, sometimes through subtropical and even tropical regions. The absence of coal in the some areas (unshaded on map areas (; such as Greenland and much of northern Canada) results from the fact that the rocks found there are older than Carboniferous age period and that these regions, known as shields, lacked the abundant terrestrial plant life needed for the formation of major coal deposits.
World coal reserves and resources are difficult to assess. Although some of the difficulty stems from the lack of accurate data on coal reserves and production figures for individual countries, two fundamental problems make these estimates of worldwide reserves and production difficult and subjective. The first problem concerns differences in the definition of the term reserves. Ideally the terms such as proven reserves (generally only those quantities that are recoverable) and geological resources (generally the total amount of coal present, whether or not recoverable at present).
The proven reserves for any commodity , including coal, should provide a reasonably accurate estimate of the total recoverable amountamount that can be recovered under existing operating and economic conditions. To be economically minablemineable, a coal bed must have some a minimum thickness (about 0.6 metre; 2 feet) and be buried less than some maximum depth (roughly 2,000 metres; 6,600 feet) below the Earth's surface. These values of thickness and depth are not fixed but change with the coal quality, demand, the ease with which overlying rocks can be removed (in surface mining) or a shaft sunk to reach the coal seam (in underground mining), and so forth. The development of new mining techniques can may increase the amount of coal that can be extracted relative to the amount that cannot be removed. For example, in underground mining (which accounts for about 60 percent of world coal production), conventional mining methods leave behind large pillars of coal to support the overlying rocks and may recover only about 50 percent half of the coal present. On the other hand, longwall mining, in which the equipment removes continuous parallel bands of coal, may recover nearly all of the coal present.
The second problem concerning , which concerns the estimation of reserves, is the rate at which a commodity is consumed. When considering coal as a resourcethe worldwide reserves of coal, the number of years that coal will be available may be more important than the total amount of coal reservesresources. Estimates of how long At present rates of consumption, world coal reserves will last range from a few hundred years to should last more than 1,000 years, depending on technological developments and assumed rates of consumption300–500 years. The Table table indicates the extent present quantity of world coal resources using a simple twofold division: (1) geologic resources, including all coal resources whether recoverable or not, and (2) technically and economically recoverable reserves. Note that the latter category constitutes less than 10 percent of the estimated total world coal. The amounts in the table are given in million tons of coal equivalentproven coal reserves. A large amount of additional coal is present in the Earth but cannot be recovered at this time. These resources, sometimes called "geologic resources," are even more difficult to estimate, but they are thought to be as much as 15 times greater than the amount of proven reserves.
The quantities shown in the table of proven coal reserves are in millions of tons of coal equivalent (MTCE). One ton of coal equivalent equals 1 metric ton (2,205 pounds) of coal with a heating value of 29.3 megajoules per kilogram (12,600 BTUs British thermal units per pound). The estimates in the Table These values suggest that the United States has the largest amount of recoverable coal. (The coalfields of the conterminous United States are shown in Figure 2.) Nearly 60 Nearly 80 percent of the world's recoverable coal resources are controlled by seven countries: the United States , the former Soviet republics of Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakstan, and China.
(about 27 percent), Russia (about 17 percent), China (about 13 percent), India (about 10 percent), South Africa (about 5 percent), Ukraine (about 4 percent), and Kazakhstan (about 3 percent).
G.H. Taylor et al., Organic Petrology (1998); BP/Amoco, BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2006); and the World Energy Council, Survey of Energy Resources (2004), provide data on proven reserves.
Simon Walker, Major Coalfields of the World (2000), provides information about the early history of coal mining and coal utilization. Marie C. Stopes and R.V. Wheeler, Monograph on the Constitution of Coal (1918), is a classic work on the coal resources worldwide. Information on the organic composition of coals. Information on this and other subjects and , with numerous references to earlier literature, may be found in D.W. van Krevelen, Coal: Typology, Physics, Chemistry, Constitution, 3rd, completely rev. ed. (1993); E. Stach et al., Stach's Textbook of Coal Petrology, 3rd rev. and enlarged ed. (1982; originally published in German, 1935); and Duncan Murchison and T. Stanley Westoll (eds.), Coal and Coal-Bearing Strata (1968). Robert A. Meyers (ed.), Coal Structure (1982), examines the nature and origin of coal structure and porosity. Simon Walker, Major Coalfields of the World (1993), provides information about coal resources worldwide. Methods for estimating world coal reserves, the present status of coal reserves, and the prospects for future development of coal resources are examined in Günter B. Fettweis, World Coal Resources: Methods of Assessment and Resources (1979; originally published in German, 1976); and Carroll L. Wilson, Coal—Bridge to the Future: A Report of the World Coal Study (1980). Douglas C. Peters (ed.), Geology in Coal Resource Utilization (1991), provides information concerning coal resources, reserve estimation, coal utilization, and the environment.