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Figure 1. Examples of stimuli in the following tasks: individual negative (A), individual positive (B), group negative (C), group positive (D), group neutral (E), and individual neutral (F).
Figure 2. Attenuated frontopolar response to group-positive vs individual-positive images in participants with remitted major depressive disorder (rMDD) compared with control subjects. A, Frontopolar response thresholded at P < .001 (uncorrected) and superimposed on a standard structural image. B, Peak voxel signal change associated with group-positive and individual-positive images in control subjects and participants with rMDD.
Figure 3. Attenuated lateral orbitofrontal response to group-negative vs individual-negative images in participants with remitted major depressive disorder (rMDD) compared with control subjects. A, Latero-orbitofrontal response thresholded at P < .01 (uncorrected) and superimposed on a standard structural image. B, Peak voxel signal change associated with group-negative and individual-negative images in control subjects and participants with rMDD.
Elliott R, Lythe K, Lee R, McKie S, Juhasz G, Thomas EJ, Downey D, Deakin JFW, Anderson IM. Reduced Medial Prefrontal Responses to Social Interaction Images in Remitted Depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(1):37-45. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.139
© 2017
Author Affiliations: Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, England.
Context Major depressive disorder is associated with impairments in processing emotional stimuli, and residual impairments are observed during remission, possibly indicating trait vulnerability. Stimuli with social context represent a distinct class of emotional stimuli, which in healthy volunteers are associated with specific neural substrates but have not previously been studied relative to vulnerability to depression.
Objective To explore whether individuals with remitted major depressive disorder had altered neuronal processing of social emotional stimuli.
Design Cross-sectional design using functional magnetic resonance imaging, combined with a cognitive activation task.
Setting General community of greater Manchester, England.
Participants Twenty-five unmedicated participants fully remitted from major depressive disorder and 29 age-matched control subjects.
Main Outcome Measures Neuronal responses to positive and negative social interaction images vs valence-matched images with less overt social context.
Results Participants with remitted depression showed attenuated frontopolar response relative to controls for positive and negative images depicting social interactions. For negative social images, participants with remitted depression also showed reduced latero-orbitofrontal response relative to controls.
Conclusions In the absence of current symptoms, individuals with remitted major depressive disorder showed reduced frontopolar processing of stimuli showing social interactions, a reduction not seen for stimuli showing individual successes and failures and, therefore, not simply an effect of emotional valence. These results suggest a specific trait abnormality in social emotional processing associated with vulnerability to depression, which may have implications for understanding social cognition mechanisms and for developing effective psychological therapies.
A range of deficits in emotional processing, both behavioral and neuronal, have been reported in major depressive disorder (MDD). Patients with depression show impaired processing of face emotion stimuli,1- 4 as well as biases in memory for1,5,6 and attention to3,7,8 emotionally valenced stimuli. In general, these studies report a bias toward negative information or a bias away from positive information compared with responses of healthy control subjects. Evidence for continuing emotional processing biases following remission of symptoms is more mixed,9 although the balance of evidence suggests ongoing biases.3,4,10,11
Neuroimaging has identified neuronal substrates for a range of emotional processing abnormalities in MDD. For example, Wagner et al12 reported enhanced hippocampal response to positive images and enhanced amygdala and prefrontal responses to negative images in patients with MDD. By contrast, Lee et al13 reported reduced activity in right hippocampus and right insula in response to negative images and reduced activity in anterior cingulate cortex and left insula in response to positive images. A different pattern of responses again was reported by Anand et al,14 showing increased activation of anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and parahippocampal areas for negative images. One explanation of the discrepancy is differences in task demands. Phillips et al15 argued that limbic overactivity during initial evaluation of emotional stimuli, combined with failure of cortical control, causes a bias toward processing of negative information in MDD. Under this account, the exact neural correlates of any task will depend on the relative emotional evaluative and cognitive demands.
Bhagwagar and Cowen16 argued that studying remitted MDD (rMDD) may provide insights into trait abnormalities; however, the extent to which abnormal neuroimaging responses to emotional stimuli persist following remission is unclear.9,17 Some researchers suggest that increased responses to negative emotional stimuli (typically faces) are observed in remitted patients.18- 20 Others have reported normal responses to emotional faces in rMDD21- 23 or elevated responses to negative stimuli only if transient sad mood is induced.24- 26 There are several potential reasons for these discrepancies; for example, we have suggested that the degree to which abnormality persists in remission depends on personality traits associated with vulnerability to relapse.23 Traits like intraversion and neuroticism are associated with vulnerability to depression and may be related to increased functional magnetic resonance (fMR) imaging responses to negative emotional stimuli in never-depressed individuals27 and in patients with rMDD.23 In an explicit test of the association between abnormal emotional responses and vulnerability to relapse in rMDD, Farb et al28 recently showed that abnormal prefrontal responses to sad films predict relapse.
Another important issue is whether different contexts of emotional processing influence abnormalities observed in rMDD. Recent theories of emotional processing suggest an important distinction between social and nonsocial emotions.29,30 Although basic emotions like fear also have social connotations, a range of emotions necessarily depend on determining the self-relevance of other individuals' emotions. Positive social encounters tend to elicit positive social emotions (eg, love and pride), while negative social encounters tend to elicit negative social emotions (eg, jealousy and shame). Social emotional processing may be mediated by distinct neural substrates30- 32 that involve brain regions previously identified as important in social information processing.33- 37 For example, studies32,38,39 of guilt and shame have consistently shown frontopolar activation. Some of these investigations have involved a social condition requiring mentalizing or empathy compared with a condition without this requirement (eg, studies37,40 taking perspective of self compared with other). A previous study30 explicitly comparing social and nonsocial emotional processing using script-driven imagery reported increased frontopolar response to social stimuli, as well as responses in other regions of a putative social cognition network. Meanwhile, a study41 of social exclusion compared with social inclusion reported a focal increase in right inferior frontal activation. Negative social emotions like social exclusion may be particularly relevant in depression and relate to trait vulnerability and current mood,42 but to date no imaging studies have been explicitly designed to probe socially related emotional processing in people vulnerable to MDD.
The present study investigated neuronal correlates of emotional processing in a sample of unmedicated individuals with rMDD using stimuli designed to differentially probe social emotions, specifically images of social group interactions compared with single individuals. Unlike some previous investigations, we asked participants to imagine themselves in another's situation in all conditions. Rather than varying the nature of the instruction, we varied the degree of social context of the imagined situation. We hypothesized (1) that in healthy controls increased social emotional processing would be associated with increased neuronal responses in regions that include frontopolar cortex, inferofrontal gyrus (IFG), temporoparietal junction, and temporal poles30,33,35- 37,43,44 and (2) that participants with rMDD would show increased response to negative social emotions within these regions.
Participants were recruited using a Web site, local advertisement, general practice, and word of mouth. Potential suitability was established via a postal or an online screening survey (as part of a much larger study [http://www.medicine.manchester.ac.uk/mentalhealth/]), and positively screened participants were invited for interview. After complete description of the study to the participants, written informed consent was obtained. The study was approved by the Central Manchester Local Research Ethics Committee (reference 06/Q1410/72), Manchester, England. All the participants were right-handed and reported normal vision or vision corrected to normal. Their IQ was estimated using the Quick Test. All the participants completed the 240-item NEO Personality Inventory–Revised. Scores on the neuroticism and extraversion subscales are summarized in the Table.
Twenty-five participants (9 males and 16 females; mean [SE] age, 33.8 [10.1] years) with rMDD were included in the study. Participants were required to have had no lifetime history of bipolar disorder, psychosis, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or drug or alcohol misuse, as well as no neurological disorder, unstable medical condition, history of significant head trauma, or contraindication to MR imaging. Thirty-two participants were invited for interview, at which diagnosis was established using the 1994 Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV by the American Psychiatric Association, administered by a trained researcher (G.J., E.J.T., and D.D.) under supervision of a consultant psychiatrist (I.M.A.). Participants were required to meet DSM-IV criteria for at least 1 past major depressive episode but not for a current major depressive episode or any other psychiatric disorder. Participants were required to have a Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale45 score of less than 10, which has been proposed as an acceptable definition of clinical remission.46,47 Two participants were excluded on the basis of Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale scores above this cutoff point. All the participants with rMDD were required to be unmedicated, and 5 were excluded on the basis of current medication. Of the included participants, 18 of 25 had previously taken antidepressants but had discontinued medication at least 6 months previously, and 24 of 25 had not experienced any depression in the preceding year. The mean (SE) number of past depressed episodes was 3.5 (2.4). Participants with a history of anxiety disorder were not excluded. Depression is frequently comorbid with anxiety,48 and commonalities of symptoms and treatment response indicate a strong case for considering the disorders together in a neurobiological context.49 To exclude current anxiety, all participants were required to have a score of less than 8 on the Clinical Anxiety Scale.50 No one was excluded on this basis, and only 6 of 25 participants had a history of clinical anxiety disorder on clinical interview.
Twenty-nine controls (10 males and 19 females; mean [SE] age, 32.4 [9.7] years) were included in the study. The same general exclusion criteria applied as for the patients with rMDD. In addition, controls were required to have no reported personal or immediate family history of psychiatric problems on diagnostic interview. Of 32 participants interviewed, 3 were excluded on the basis of current medication.
The rMDD and control groups did not differ in terms of age, IQ, or sex ratio (Table). Participants with rMDD scored within the normal range on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale and Clinical Anxiety Scale but differed significantly from controls. They were also significantly more neurotic and less extraverted than controls.
Participants were shown 64 images, each including 1 person highlighted by a red circle. The images were selected on the basis of a pilot study (Appendix,"Methods" section) to differentially probe social emotion. We included images of social group inclusion and exclusion designed to evoke highly social emotions and images of individual success and failure designed to evoke less pronounced social emotions. In the active conditions, each image depicted 1 of the following 4 emotive conditions: individual positive, individual negative, group positive, and group negative (Figure 1). We also included 2 control conditions showing nonemotive situations and controlling for the presence of 1 vs several persons in the individual and group conditions (eg, a person sitting reading a newspaper or a person standing in a queue at a supermarket). Red-circled individuals were young adults in all images, with equal numbers of male and female protagonists across the task. In positive images, the individuals had happy expressions; in negative images they had sad or upset expressions, and in neutral conditions they had neutral expressions. None of the negative scenarios showed explicit emotions of fear, anger, or disgust. Participants were instructed to think about how they would feel in a situation similar to that of the person highlighted. Neutral images were divided into 2 groups so that a specific set of control images existed for each emotive condition. For each emotive condition, there were 8 images (divided into 2 blocks of 4), and for each neutral condition (single person and multiple person), there were 16 images (divided into 4 blocks, 2 with single-person images and 2 with multiple-person images). Emotive conditions were presented in a counterbalanced order, with neutral control blocks interspersed between emotive blocks. The order of presentation was varied among participants. Images were presented at a rate of 1 every 11.25 seconds, with the image on screen for 8.00 seconds, followed by a fixation cross for 3.25 seconds. Therefore, each block lasted 45.00 seconds; there were 8 emotive blocks (2 for each condition) and 8 neutral blocks, rendering a total task time of 12 minutes. No explicit responses were required. After imaging, participants were asked to rate how positive or negative they had found the images seen during imaging using a 10-point Likert-type scale. The groups did not differ in their affective ratings of the images shown (Table). There were also no significant differences for either group in valence ratings between group and individual images (positive, negative, or neutral).
Participants underwent fMR imaging using a 1.5-T imaging system (Intera; Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands). Three hundred forty volumes were acquired with T2-weighted gradient-echo echoplanar imaging. Repetition time was 2.1 seconds, and echo time was 40 milliseconds. Each volume comprised 40 axial sections, at a section thickness of 4.5 mm with a 0.5-mm section gap and in-plane resolution of 3.5 × 3.5 mm. A T1-weighted structural image was acquired for use in spatial preprocessing and was examined to exclude participants with any structural abnormalities (no abnormalities were observed).
Data were analyzed using statistical parametric mapping (SPM5; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, London, England). Images were realigned to correct for motion using the first image as a reference image. Coregistration of the structural (T1-weighted) and functional (T2-weighted) images was performed. Images were spatially normalized into a standard stereotactic space using a nonlinear transformation and were smoothed using a gaussian kernel filter of full width at half maximum of 3 times the voxel size (ie, 10.5, 10.5, and 13.5 mm). First-level analysis (fixed effects) was performed on each participant to generate a mean image for each of the following contrasts: (1) individual positive vs individual neutral, (2) individual negative vs individual neutral, (3) group positive vs group neutral, and (4) group negative vs group neutral.
At second-level analysis (random effects), we first identified differential responses to individual and group images in healthy controls. A factorial model was then used to determine how differential responses to individual and group images were modulated by diagnosis (rMDD vs controls). We assessed effects within regions of interest (ROIs) predefined using anatomical masks from the automated anatomical labels of the Wake Forest University (Winston Salem, North Carolina) Pick Atlas toolbox.51,52 Defined ROIs were frontopolar cortex, temporal poles, IFG, and temporoparietal junction, all bilateral. We created a single a priori mask comprising these regions, and within this single composite ROI we report blood oxygenation level–dependent responses surviving statistical thresholds of P < .05 (false discovery rate [FDR] corrected), although those that do not also survive at P < .05 (familywise error [FWE] corrected) must be viewed with caution. Voxels outside of these regions are reported if they reach statistical significance at P < .05 (FWE corrected) for whole brain. Montreal Neurological Institute coordinates are reported.
Correlations with neuroticism and extraversion scores were also evaluated within ROIs. In the rMDD group, correlations with the number of past depressed episodes and residual depressive and anxiety symptoms were also assessed.
In all reported contrasts, the corresponding neutral condition was subtracted from each emotive condition in first-level analysis. This was done to control for any effect of differential responses to images of single and multiple persons. For example, if it was more difficult to process images of several persons, the use of matched–neutral images would control for this.
For group-positive images compared with group-neutral images, significant response was observed in frontal pole (Montreal Neurological Institute coordinates 4, 49, 35; z = 4.09,κ = 22), surviving correction at P < .05 (FWE corrected) in ROI analysis. For individual -positive images compared with individual-neutral images, no significant response was observed in ROI analysis.
Significantly greater response to group-positive compared with individual-positive images was observed in frontal pole (coordinates 4, 49, 35; z = 4.09; coordinates 4, 63, 20; z = 4.07,κ = 36), surviving correction at P < .05 (FWE corrected) in ROI analysis. There were no regions that showed greater response to individual-positive images than to group-positive images.
For group-negative images compared with group-neutral images, significant response was observed in frontal pole (coordinates 4, 56, 10; z = 4.54,κ = 24), surviving correction at P < .05 (FWE corrected) in ROI analysis, and in right IFG (coordinates 38, 45,−10; z = 3.27), surviving correction at P < .05 (FDR corrected) in ROI analysis. For individual-negative images compared with individual-neutral images, no significant response was observed in ROI analysis.
Significantly greater response to group-negative compared with individual-negative images was observed in frontal pole (coordinates 4, 53, 35; z = 4.19,κ = 36), surviving correction at P < .05 (FWE corrected) in ROI analysis, and in right IFG (coordinates 49, 25,−15; z = 3.62,κ = 21), surviving correction at P < .05 (FDR corrected) in ROI analysis. There were no regions that showed greater response to individual-negative images than to group-negative images.
For group-positive images compared with group-neutral images, controls showed significantly greater response than participants with rMDD in frontal pole (coordinates−14, 60, 20; z = 3.86,κ = 19), surviving correction at P < .05 (FWE corrected) in ROI analysis. There were no regions where responses to group-positive images were greater in participants with rMDD than in controls. For individual-positive images compared with individual-neutral images, participants with rMDD showed greater response than controls in frontal pole (coordinates−4, 60, 10; z = 3.76,κ = 18), surviving correction at P < .05 (FWE corrected) in ROI analysis. There were no regions that showed responses to individual-positive images were greater in controls than in participants with rMDD.
Controls showed significantly greater response than participants with rMDD to group-positive images compared with individual-positive images in frontal pole (coordinates−14, 60, 20; z = 4.09,κ = 12), surviving correction at P < .05 (FWE corrected) in ROI analysis (Figure 2). This interaction was driven by enhanced frontopolar signal to group images compared with individual images in controls and by the opposite pattern in participants with rMDD. There were no regions that showed greater responses to individual-positive images in controls than in participants with rMDD.
For group-negative images compared with group-neutral images, controls showed significantly greater response than participants with rMDD in right IFG (coordinates 38, 45,−10; z = 3.27,κ = 14), surviving correction at P < .05 (FDR corrected) in ROI analysis. There were no regions that showed responses to group-negative images were greater in participants with rMDD than in controls. For individual-negative images compared with individual-neutral images, participants with rMDD showed greater response than controls in frontal pole (coordinates 7, 56, 35; z = 3.85,κ = 13), surviving correction at P < .05 (FWE corrected) in ROI analysis. There were no regions that showed greater responses to group-negative images in participants with rMDD than in controls.
Controls showed significantly greater response than participants with rMDD to group-negative images compared with individual-negative images in frontal pole (coordinates 7, 60, 35; z = 3.64,κ = 19) and in right IFG (coordinates 49, 25,−15; z = 3.57,κ = 15), surviving correction at P < .05 (FDR corrected) in ROI analysis (Figure 3). There were no regions that showed greater responses to individual-negative images in controls than in participants with rMDD.
No significant correlations were noted between the fMR imaging responses reported herein and the number of past depressed episodes, residual depressive symptoms (Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale score), or anxiety symptoms (Clinical Anxiety Scale score) among participants with rMDD. Furthermore, inclusion of residual depressive and anxiety symptoms as covariates of interest in the between-group analysis did not affect the results reported herein. None of the reported fMR imaging responses correlated significantly with neuroticism or extraversion in controls. For participants with rMDD, there were no significant correlations with fMR imaging signal in the regions reported herein. However, the fMR imaging response to group-negative images compared with group-neutral images was significantly negatively correlated with extraversion in hippocampus (coordinates 25,−25,−10; z = 4.66,κ = 12), a region that was not seen in any of the main effects or interactions discussed herein. This correlation survived whole-brain correction at P < .05 (FWE corrected). Therefore, less extraverted participants with rMDD showed greater blood oxygenation level–dependent response in posterior hippocampus when viewing group-negative images.
In controls, both positive and negative group images compared with neutral images were associated with responses in frontal pole. Neither positive nor negative individual images compared with neutral images were associated with differential responses in ROIs. When comparing images depicting explicit social group context with images depicting single individuals, differential responses were observed in frontopolar cortices for images of both positive and negative valence. Negative social group compared with individual images were also associated with enhanced right IFG responses. Participants with rMDD showed decreased frontopolar response to positive images and decreased IFG response to negative images compared with neutral images of group interaction and showed increased frontopolar response to both positive and negative images of individuals. When images with different social content were directly contrasted, participants with rMDD showed significantly attenuated frontopolar response to group images compared with individual images. Contrary to our hypothesis, this attenuation was observed for both positive and negative images. Negative social group compared with individual images were also associated with attenuated response in right IFG. Neither frontopolar nor IFG responses correlated with the number of previous depressive episodes, residual depressive symptoms, neuroticism, or extraversion. However, less extraverted participants with rMDD showed significantly enhanced posterior hippocampal response to negative images depicting group exclusion.
In controls, our key finding was enhanced frontopolar response to emotional images of group interactions. Frontopolar responses have been observed in many investigations of self-referential and introspective processing and have been associated with mentalizing and empathy.33- 35,40,43 We explicitly asked participants to imagine themselves in someone else's situation in all conditions (including neutral controls); therefore, all conditions involved mentalizing and empathy. Hence, our results indicate that frontopolar involvement in such processes is enhanced when stimuli have a more overtly social context, consistent with several theoretical accounts that suggest a specific role for frontopolar regions in processing of social interactions.34,37,53,54
Our main objective in this study was to evaluate social emotional processing in rMDD, and we demonstrate for the first time to date selective alteration in processing of emotional images depicting overt social interaction. Participants with rMDD showed reduced frontopolar response to both positive and negative images of explicit social interaction compared with images of individuals matched for subjective valence. Previous findings have suggested that rMDD may be associated with ongoing neural abnormalities in processing of positive or negative emotional stimuli, particularly faces.55 In our study, the positive images (both individual and group) showed happy persons, while the negative images showed sad persons; therefore, responses to happy and sad faces could be a factor in our task. However, opposite effects in frontopolar regions were observed for group and individual images of the same valence. This pattern is incompatible with a hypothesis of general hyperresponse or hyporesponse to stimuli showing emotional faces. Furthermore, postimaging valence judgments did not differ for group compared with individual images or for participants with rMDD compared with controls; therefore, differences in perceived valence of images are unlikely to be a significant factor affecting the results. Reduced responses to positive and negative group images seem to represent a genuine impairment in response specifically to stimuli depicting social interaction.
Schaefer et al56 showed that patients with MDD were hyporesponsive to images depicting positive social interaction in regions that included frontopolar cortex. However, in their study, this hyporesponse normalized after successful antidepressant therapy, which is somewhat at odds with our finding of hyporesponse in participants with rMDD. This may reflect lack of power in their study (n = 9) or the possibility that antidepressants may directly enhance processing of emotional and social information57 and"mask" underlying hyporesponse. The discrepancy may also reflect differences between paradigms. The paradigm by Schaefer et al required passive viewing of images. By contrast, we asked participants to imagine themselves in the situations depicted; therefore, our instructions directed participants toward a self-referential mode of processing. Self-referential processing in MDD has been associated with increased medial prefrontal response in studies58,59 of patients with current depression. Furthermore, this elevation was shown not to normalize in response to effective treatment60 and has been suggested as a vulnerability marker relating to self-focus in depression.61
Findings of abnormalities in rMDD may be associated with a"scarring" effect of prior depressive episodes. However, we observed no correlation between frontopolar abnormalities and the number of previous depressive episodes. Therefore, it is also plausible that reduced frontopolar responses to social images represent a trait vulnerability factor. Notably, Krämer et al44 reported that frontopolar responses to images of emotionally charged social situations were negatively correlated with participants' tendency to feel distress and anxiety, which has been associated with lack of self-regulation in emotional situations.62 An association between vulnerability to depression and frontopolar-mediated failure to self-regulate that leads to distress and anxiety in social emotional situations would be a plausible hypothesis.
Another explanation for decreased frontopolar responses in participants with rMDD to images of social interaction may be reduced ability to relate to the social situations depicted. This would be consistent with a history of social anxiety and withdrawal associated with MDD. The extraversion scale of the NEO Personality Inventory–Revised provides a crude measure of tendency to engage in and be motivated by social interaction, and participants with rMDD scored significantly lower on this measure than controls. However, extraversion scores did not correlate with frontopolar responses or other responses within hypothesized ROIs. Notably, among participants with rMDD, there was a significant negative correlation between extraversion and posterior hippocampal response to negative social images. Posterior hippocampal response may reflect greater engagement of autobiographical memory for images evoking feelings of exclusion or rejection. Eisenberger et al41 showed that in healthy individuals enhanced hippocampal response to social rejection was associated with a stronger link between momentary feelings of rejection and end-of-the-day social disconnection, suggesting that hippocampal responses may reflect a tendency to greater rumination on rejection. It is plausible that this tendency is increased in less extraverted persons vulnerable to depression.
Participants with rMDD also showed no increased right IFG response to negative social group images, although this result must be interpreted with caution because it did not survive stringent statistical thresholding. Enhanced right IFG response to social exclusion in healthy controls supports the finding by Eisenberger et al41 of social rejection that implicated right Brodmann area 47. Eisenberger et al also reported that functional response in this region correlated negatively with reported emotional distress, suggesting that it may fulfill a regulatory function mitigating the effect of social distress. Our study findings suggest that individuals vulnerable to depression may fail to recruit this regulatory mechanism, compatible with helplessness theories and with recent theories of emotional processing15 that emphasize a role for lateral prefrontal regions in voluntary suppression of emotions.
There are several limitations to our study. First, although none of the participants with rMDD were showing current clinically significant anxiety, we did not exclude history of anxiety disorder; therefore, it is possible that previous social anxiety symptoms may have contributed to observed effects. However, only 6 of 25 participants had a history of clinical anxiety disorder, and exclusion of these participants did not affect the significance of the results. Further study is required to relate the observed abnormalities to specific traits and to overt social behavior. Second, our design does not allow us to distinguish between potential trait abnormalities and a scarring effect of previous depressive episodes. A future study among never-depressed individuals with risk factors for depression would help address this point. Similarly, an important future direction would be a longitudinal study to determine whether abnormalities in social emotional processing are predictive of relapse in rMDD.
There are also important limitations regarding the task used. We did not require any explicit response during imaging and, therefore, have no overt measure of attention; however, differential effects of different stimuli would argue against a general attention effect. Also, we did not attempt to elicit information about subjective experiences during image viewing and therefore have no measure of the extent to which social emotions were experienced. Results of our pilot study suggest that the images successfully probe different emotions in an independent sample. Our stimuli were selected (described in eMethods) to differentially engage social feelings (inclusion and exclusion) compared with feelings of individual success and failure. Images of single individuals experiencing success and failure can certainly elicit social emotions, but critically we suggest that they do so to a lesser extent than overt images of social group interactions. Future research with more sophisticated paradigms is required to test hypotheses generated by the present study more explicitly.
Despite the limitations, our study reveals potentially important abnormalities in response to social emotion in rMDD. Although affective ratings for the images were not significantly different from those by controls, participants with rMDD showed decreased responses to images of social interaction, which we interpret in terms of a potential trait abnormality in social emotional processing. Previous studies have explored generalized emotional processing correlates, with somewhat equivocal results. In this study of unmedicated participants with rMDD, we suggest that specific social emotional processing abnormalities may represent a trait vulnerability for MDD. Improved understanding of what the neurobiological mechanisms of vulnerability and relapse are and how they relate to psychological models has important implications for developing cognitive and pharmacological approaches to primary and secondary prevention of depression.
Correspondence: Rebecca Elliott, PhD, Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Room G907, Stopford Bldg, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, England (firstname.lastname@example.com).
Submitted for Publication: April 14, 2011; final revision received June 1, 2011; accepted July 15, 2011.
Author Contributions: Dr Elliott had full access to all the data in the study, performed the statistical analysis, and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Financial Disclosure: In the past 12 months, Dr Elliott received consultancy fees from Cambridge Cognition and P1vital. Dr Deakin variously performed consultancy, speaking engagements, and research for Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Schering Plough, Janssen-Cilag, and Servier (all fees are paid to the University of Manchester to reimburse them for the time taken); he has share options in P1vital. Dr Anderson received an honorarium for speaking from Lundbeck and grant support from Servier and AstraZeneca.
Funding/Support: This study was supported by grant LSHM-CT-2004-503474 from the NewMood European Union Integrated Research Programme. Dr Thomas was supported by a Medical Research Council Studentship.
Role of the Sponsor: The sponsor provided peer review of the study design and funded the work but had no further role in the design or conduct of the study or in the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.
Additional Contributions: Diana Chase, PhD; Kathryn Lloyd-Williams, BSc; Ivan Koychev, PhD; and Christine Bowen, BSc (Hons), assisted with recruitment and data acquisition. Roland Zahn, MD, provided helpful comments on a draft of the manuscript. For all their assistance, we thank the staff of the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester, where this research was performed.


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Pizza, knife sent flying in fracas at Lake City eatery
Published: Tuesday, December 31, 2013 at 3:21 p.m.
Last Modified: Tuesday, December 31, 2013 at 3:21 p.m.
Two sisters who tried to sell donuts to workers at a busy Pizza Hut in Lake City were arrested Monday night after police say they sparked a brawl that saw one worker poked in the head with a spatula and a bystander get hit in the face with a pizza.
Eden Odom, 23, and Eternity Odom, 19, both of Jacksonville, went to the Pizza Hut on South Marion Avenue intending to sell donuts to the staff, according to the Lake City Police.
Officials said the two women twice were asked to leave because employees were busy. After the second time, Eden Odom went into the back of the store and complained to an employee about how they were being treated. After an argument, a store employee asked the two sisters to leave, the report said.
Eden then picked up a pizza spatula and poked it onto the forehead of a female store employee, who began to fight Eden.
The report said Eternity at first tried to stop the fight involving her sister, but later joined in.
Several objects were thrown during the fight, including a kitchen knife and a pizza, which hit a witness in the face, the release said.
Both sisters were booked into the Columbia County Jail on charges of aggravated battery and trespassing, according to the report. They were held at the jail as of Tuesday each in lieu of $6,000 bond.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Obama's Counsel Was Told of IRS Audit Findings Weeks Ago
The White House's chief lawyer learned weeks ago that an audit of the Internal Revenue Service likely would show that agency employees inappropriately targeted conservative groups, a senior White House official said Sunday.
That disclosure has prompted a debate over whether the president should have been notified at that time.
In the week of April 22, the Office of the White House Counsel and its head, Kathryn Ruemmler, were...


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Alexander Wang Spring 2014
Which Wang is which? The Alexander Wang who shows on such an epic scale in New York, or the Alexander Wang who is now the creative director of Balenciaga in Paris? It's taken only one season for America's twenty-first century fashion prodigy to spot the potential for confusion between the two, and quick as a flash, he's acted to head it off before it happens. The cleverest and most knowingly funny aspect of his fresh, leggily provocative spring collection was the way he turned it into a branding exercise. Instead of resorting to any Old World clanking monogrammed hardware or printed logos however, Alexander Wang literally embedded his name as laser cutouts in leather, or woven in lace in the bodice of a dress. At one point WANG appeared written in punched-out letters on a pair of white leather gloves. "It's a great mental exercise," Wang laughed backstage.
It was astonishing how quickly he trained the eye of the spectator to scan for encrypted logo clues. Even an X-shaped chrome metal rivet started to come under suspicion as a brand-identifier after a while. Didn't it stand for the X in the middle of Alexander? Whatever, the playing with signifiers is all very innovative, and liable to draw swathes of more kids into Wang's own-label cult.
As for the clothes? Amongst the tiny pleated cotton-shirting skirts, the baby doll spaghetti-strap dresses, the hybrid Bermuda–boxing shorts and the oversize utility jackets, there's a world of choice for the fans of the Alexander Wang brand. Not to mention, a new half-structured, half slouchy bag to keep that desire at fever pitch.


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SLW Chapel: Abundant Life - for Real? - Amanda Garber (RISE)
When Friday February 15, 2013 @ 10:00 AM (1623 days ago)
Where Lehman Auditorium
Duration 40 minutes
Consider just how real abundant life can be for us with pastor Amanda Garber. Alyssa Cable and Philip J. Yoder lead energetic and worshipful singing.
This is a 40-minute chapel. Drop by the Campus Center Greeting Hall for after chapel fellowship featuring hot chocolate. Third period classes begin at 10:50 a.m.
Event Web-site: http://www.emu.edu/studentlife/campus-ministries/spiritual-life-week/
Intended Audience General Public
Contact Information
Name Campus Ministries
Phone # 540.432.4196


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LOS ANGELES - An 8-year-old boy was listed in critical condition after the Dodge Durango he was riding in was T-boned by a black Cadillac Escalade at 70 miles per hour while stopped at a Central City intersection early this morning, a traffic sergeant said.
The crash was reported at 12:31 a.m. at 22nd Street and Griffith Avenue, said a sergeant in the Los Angeles Police Department Traffic Division, who did not give his full name.
The Escalade driver was arrested on suspicion of DUI, the sergeant said.
The boy was taken to University of Southern California Medical Center where he is expected to survive, the officer said. He had been sitting in the back seat, which is the safest place for children.
Both the driver of the Escalade and the driver of the Durango suffered moderate injuries, and were transported to hospitals for treatment, he said.


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Cleveland's wearin' of the green
(Cleveland) - It was sunny, but cold for Cleveland's St. Patrick's Day Parade. A stiff wind was blowing off icy Lake Erie, but that didn't stop many parade-goers from arriving early to get their favorite spots along Superior Avenue. However, it wasn't quite as many as last year because of the weather.
Cleveland's Parade is Ohio's oldest and finest comprising approximately 10,000 participants in 125 units.
It stepped off 1:04pm at East 18th and Superior Ave in Downtown Cleveland, and traveled southwest on Superior Ave. to East Roadway.
The parade then headed northwest on East Roadway for one block; and then turned northeast on Rockwell Ave. ending at the intersection of Rockwell Ave. and East 6th St.
Many along the route admitted that it was cold, but said they wouldn't miss the parade for the world. Adults and kids were bundled up, cheering the marchers as they passed. Many planned to attend other events with family or friends once the parade was over.
(Photos by Ken Robinson/WTAM)
Get breaking news sent to your mobile phone. Text "news" to 21095.
(Copyright © 2014 by Clear Channel, all rights reserved.)


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Summer Driving Tips
Summer usually means vacation time and hot weather conditions.
Summer usually means vacation time and hot weather conditions. To keep yourself safe and cool on the roads, follow these summer driving safety tips:
- The summer sun can create dangerously hot temperatures in your vehicle: Be sure to check that your air-conditioning system is functioning properly before traveling. Do not leave pets or children waiting in a car.
- Summer temperatures can wreak havoc on your vehicle: Before you head out on the road, especially for a long trip, be sure to have your car serviced and inspected for safety.
- Check your fluid levels: That means check the oil, transmission, coolant, brake, power-steering and windshield fluids.
- If planning a road trip, get up-to-date maps: Also, share your travel itinerary with friends and family.
- When packing for a trip, don't exceed your car's payload capacity: Your owner's manual has information about the maximum weight of all cargo and passengersyour vehicle can safely carry.
- Make sure your tires are properly inflated: In hot summer months, for every 10-degree Fahrenheit increase in air temperature, tire pressure increases approximately one pound.
- Use caution around road-construction projects: Warm weather increases road construction work. Safely navigate through construction zones, obey all signs and watch for pedestrians and work vehicles.
- When parked, use a sun shield beneath the windshield: A shield will keep the car's interior heat to a minimum and protect your vehicle's interior surfaces.
- The end of summer signals the start of school. Be familiar with school zones, and get into the habit of noticing where school zones and crosswalks are on the roads you generally take.
Also of interest: Quiz: Are you a smart driver?
Join the Discussion0 | Add Yours
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Welcome To CK5!
Registering is free and easy! Hope to see you on the forums soon.
Score a FREE Membership sticker when you sign up for a Premium Membership and choose the recurring plan.
looking for picture......Help!
Discussion in '1969-1972 K5 Blazer | Truck | Suburban' started by Klef72K5, Jun 9, 2001.


text:
MySQL 5.5.12
Che cos'è la garanzia di sicurezza FileHippo?
Sappiamo quanto sia importante mantenere la sicurezza online, quindi FileHippo utilizza la tecnologia di scansione antivirus fornita da Avira per garantire che tutti i download su FileHippo siano sicuri. Il programma che stai per scaricare può essere installato sul dispositivo in sicurezza.
MySQL Community Edition is a freely downloadable version of the world's most popular open source database that is supported by an active community of open source developers and enthusiasts.
MySQL delivers enterprise features, including:
- Partitioning to improve performance and management of very large database environments
- Row-based/Hybrid Replication for improved replication security
- Event Scheduler to create and schedule jobs that perform various database tasks
- XPath Support
- Dynamic General/Slow Query Log
- Performance/Load Testing Utility (mysqlslap)
- Improved! Full Text Search (faster, new dev templates)
- Improved! Archive engine (better compression, more features)
- Improved! User session and problem SQL identification
- Improved! MySQL embedded library (libmysqld)
- Additional INFORMATION_SCHEMA objects
- Faster data import operations (parallel file load)
- ACID Transactions to build reliable and secure business critical applications
- Stored Procedures to improve developer productivity
- Triggers to enforce complex business rules at the database level
- Views to ensure sensitive information is not compromised
- Information Schema to provide easy access to metadata
- Pluggable Storage Engine Architecture for maximum flexibility
- Archive Storage Engine for historical and audit data


text:
Garden Basics
Wisconsin Gardener Segments tagged as Garden Basics
Non-native Shade Plants
Join Madison gardener Jean Rideout in her lush shade garden featuring hostas, tiarella, epimedium, begonia and pulmonaria.
How and Why to Test Your Soil
Join UW-Extension Soils Specialist Sherry Combs to learn how to test soil and how to compost properly.
Indoor Herbs
Discover how to take slips, or cuttings, from plants in your garden to grow herbs indoors during the winter.
Native Shade Plants
Tour horticulture professor Dennis Stimart's native woodland garden. Highlights include trillium, virginia bluebell, Jack-in-the-Pulpit, bloodroot and bellwort.
Choosing a Conifer for Year Round Interest
Enhance your landscape by giving it life and color during the long winter months. Dr. Ed Hasselkus introduces us to varieties of dwarf and full size conifers that do well in the Wisconsin climate.
Ornamental Crabs
Learn how to choose an ornamental crabapple tree. Dr. Ed Hasselkus explains the importance of fruiting qualities, disease resistance, shape and size.
Fertilizing Basics
Learn what the terms top dress, side dress and broadcast mean in reference to fertilizing your garden. UW-Extension's Soil Scientist Sherry Combs explains how you should add nutrients to your garden.
No-Mow Mix
Learn about alternatives to a traditional manicured lawn from Neil Diboll of Prairie Nursery. Slow growing, draught resistant fine fescues are environmentally friendly and require little maintenance.
Lilacs for Wisconsin Gardeners
Narrow down the numerous choices of lilacs and choose the right one for your garden. Master Gardener Pat Connors offers tips to help you decide what will work best in your yard.
Good Garden Web Sites
Choose your seeds for spring planting using online gardening websites. Master Gardener Doris Kissler reviews some of her favorite gardening sites.


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After finding references to seven newspaper articles within a couple of months, she discovered her ancestor was shot during an argument with a former boarder who'd developed a crush on Franchetti's wife. Clemens says help from the Schenectady County Clerk's office was invaluable in locating the perpetrator's criminal trial records.
Neel found corroboration in court records while at this year's National Genealogical Society conference in Raleigh, NC. Turns out the aging father-in-law had misplaced his stash.
With the mystery solved, she's turned to ancestors whose less sensational lives still deserve to be known. "I now focus on the other lines of the family that have, in their own right, great stories to be researched and written about."


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Previous Episode | Next Episode
A Blue Knight At The Opera
Post your Comments or Review
This page has been viewed 11 times this month, and 396 times total.
A Blue Knight At The OperaA Blue Knight At The Opera (1988) Episode 5131-8806- Police Academy: The Series Cartoon Episode Guide by Dave Koch
This page has been viewed 11 times this month, and 396 times total.
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- 1988
- Ruby-Spears Productions
- Police Academy: The Series Episode Guide
- Cartoon Characters: Mahoney, Jones, Hightower, Sweetchuck, Zed, Tackleberry, Hooks, Callahan, Commander Lassard, Captain Harris, House, Proctor.
- Vocal Talent: Dan Hennessey (Zed, Tackleberry).
- Directed By Cosmo Anzilotti, Bill Hutten, Tony Love.
Supervising Director: Charles A. Nichols.
- Produced By Larry Huber.
Executive Producers: Joe Ruby, Ken Spears, Paul Maslansky.
Associate Producers: Phillip Goldfine, Stacy McLaughlin.
- Written By Mark Edens.
Story Editors: Dorothy Middleton, Jack Mendelsohn, Richard Merwin.
Senior Story Editor: Michael Maurer.
- Executive Producers: Joe Ruby, Ken Spears, Paul Maslansky.
- Producer: Larry Huber.
- Supervising Director: Charles A. Nichols.
- Directors: Cosmo Anzilotti, Bill Hutten, Tony Love.
- Associate Producers: Phillip Goldfine, Stacy McLaughlin.
- Senior Story Editor: Michael Maurer.
- Story Editors: Richard Merwin, Dorothy Middleton, Jack Mendelsohn.
- Animation Services Provided by: Wang Film Productions Co., Ltd. and Fil-Cartoons.
- Animation Supervisors: John Conning, Colin Baker.
- Storyboard Supervisor: Sharon Forward.
- Storyboard Artists: Barry Caldwell, Kathleen V. Carr, Jim Willoughby, Dan Haskett, Brian Chin, Kurt Conner, Gary Hoffman, Rich Chidlaw, Dave Rodriguez, Ron Campbell, Victoria Jenson, Cullen Blaine.
- Director of Production Design: Ric Gonzalez.
- Police Academy Characters Designed by: John Dorman, Kurt Conner, Ric Gonzalez, Jim Woodring.
- Models Supervisor: Alan B. Huck.
- Models: Thomas Hickson, Barrington Bunce, Butch Hartman, Paula LaFond.
- Background Styling: Eric Semones.
- Backgrounds Painted by: Dennis Durrell.
- Background Layout Supervisor: Larry Nikolai.
- Background Layouts: Dennis Greco.
- Color Key Supervisor: Bunny Munns.
- Color Key: Suzette Darling.
- Graphics: Iraj Paran, Tom Wogatzke.
- Studio Manager: Jeffrey M. Cooke.
- Featuring the Voices of: Ron Rubin, Charles Gray, Denise Pidgeon, Dan Hennessey, Catherine Gallant, Howard Morris, Greg Swanson, Gary Crawford, Greg Morton, Liz Hanna, Dorian Joe Clark, Noam Zylberman, Len Carlson.
- Voice Director: Howard Morris.
- Talent Coordinator: Lynne Batchelor.
- Production Manager: Loretta High.
- Assistants to the Executive Producers: Melinda Diner, Jeanne Silveri Whittle.
- Production Assistants: Cinny Newman-Toepke, Paul Gorniak, Jimmel Willis, Kristine Finnstrom, Diorena Rock, Kerri Michael, Fanny Jay.
- Music: John Debney.
- Title Song Performed by: The Fat Boys.
- Music Consultant: Joseph E. Zynczak.
- Director of Music Supervision: Joanne Miller.
- Executive in Charge of Production: Chip Yaras.
- Sound Editors: Tom Syslo, Pete Grives, Willy Allen.
- Music Editor: Liz Lockman.
- Negative Consultant: Mary Duerrstein.
© 1988 Warner Bros., Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Ruby-Spears Enterprises
in association with
Warner Bros. Television, a Warner Communications Company
This crew list is believed to be complete.
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Do you have anything to add to this page? Have we made any mistakes... or do you have any additional information about A Blue Knight At The Opera? If so, we would love to hear from you. Please send us a quick note with your additions or corrections to this page, and we will make the corrections as soon as possible!Report Errors / Submit Additional Information
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text:
http://www.eliterestaurantequipment.com/marsal-sons-sd-236-2-52-pizza-deck-oven-double-deck.html http://www.eliterestaurantequipment.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/265x/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/s/l/slice3_3.jpg SD-236-2 Marsal & Sons
Marsal & Sons SD-236-2 - 52" Pizza Deck Oven - Double Deck
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Return Policy: All stocked items may be returned to us if the item has not been used and is in original packaging. In order for returns to be accepted, your items must be returned within 30 days from receipt. Please note when placing an order you agree to our return policies. Please contact a customer solutions specialist before returning an item. We will create a return authorization for you and send you an e-mail with instructions on how to complete the return. You will be credited 24-72 hours upon receipt and inspection of returned product(s). Products returned may be subject to restocking fees. All parts are non-refundable.
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Product Description
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|Liquid Propane / Natural Gas
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|Top Style:
|Cooking Surface:
|24" x 36" & 24" x 36"
|Shipping Weight:
|1,490 lbs.
|Deck Style:
|Double Deck
|Oven Style:
|Stainless Steel


text:
Lenovo Online Data Backup is available for select ThinkPad, ThinkCentre and ThinkStation models, in English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Japanese and Brazilian Portuguese, in limited countries*. Please check this site regularly for additional language updates and PC availability.
*Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Phillippines, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, UK, US


text:
Couples Counselor
Jonathan Gransee, Psy.D.
Licensed Psychologist
313 W. Liberty Street, Suite 226, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
When couples have problems that they cannot fix, oftentimes they will turn to a therapist to help to sort things out. When a therapist works with a couple, it is the relationship that is the client; not the two people in the relationship. So, when working with a couple, the goal is to help them to understand what is not working in their relationship, and why, and also what to do to improve how they are doing the relationship.
Couples Counselor
Ronald Barrick, MS, LPC, CAADC
Licensed Professional Counselor
1 Center Square, Suite 9, HANOVER, Pennsylvania
Being in a relationship can be very challenging, and requires a lot of work. Relationships develop in stages, and learning about each other and deciding if this is a safe, healthy relationship that you are willing to commit to is a learning process. It helps to have a relationship coach to help you to work through rough patches and develop the skills that make relationships last.
Couples Counselor
Jean Pollack, PhD
Professional Relationship,WellnessLife Coach, Mediator,Author
Broadway St., Hanover, York, Pennsylvania
Relationship and parent/child coaching helps you through any phase of your relationship: dating, living together, separating, divorcing, remarrying or considering reconciliation we provide life coaching and/or counseling for you and your partner. We help you to improve your communication and coping skills so that you can improve the quality of your relationship, develop or rebuild trust and or enhance your life together. I can help you to greatly improve your relationship.
17057 is a zip code located in Dauphin County and part of Middletown, Pennsylvania. It has a land area of 32.304 square miles.  The population of 17057 is 21,329 people.


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Free forum : A WWE and TNA Slash Roleplay site. Original Characters are welcome. This site contains male/male and female/female relationships. Don't like it? Don't Join. Slash Only, no het here!
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text: On the paddle out during the Hurricane Sandy swell. Thought I was finally out and then a bigger set came through, probably 10-12 ft, made just managed to make it under the lip of the first but then got sucked back over the falls. Went straight from the top to the sand, don't know how many tumbles after that along with the next 2 waves following. After that I made it out no problem.


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TOLEDO, Ohio (AP) -- The city of Toledo is again fighting with the police union over who should be writing the parking tickets downtown.
The Blade newspaper (http://bit.ly/V4WiQH ) reports that the mayor's office has ordered the Downtown Toledo Parking Authority to resume writing tickets for vehicles parked illegally downtown, other than those at expired meters.
The head of the city's police patrolmen and command officers unions has filed grievances claiming that is police work.
In October 2010, the city ignored the objection of two unions and told the parking authority it could expand the types of tickets it writes for vehicles to include those illegally parked in spaces for the handicapped, at fire hydrants, and in loading zones.
The city backed down by early 2011 and reversed its decision.


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Sixth Annual Allstate Sugar Bowl Lacrosse Classic Scheduled for Jan. 28-29
Monday, January 23, 2012
NEW ORLEANS - The sixth annual Allstate Sugar Bowl Lacrosse Classic will be held at Lafreniere Park on Saturday and Sunday, Jan. 28 and 29. A regional event, the classic will feature 39 teams at five boys' levels: varsity, junior varsity, U15, U13 and U11. Eighty-three games will be played over the two-day event. Admission to the lacrosse classic is free. For directions to the event, please visit the official website for Lafreniere Park.
11 a.m.: Mandeville vs. Spain Park (Field 1)
2 p.m.: Spain Park vs. Dutchtown (Field 1)


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Guide to the Collection on Francisco "Pancho" Villa
Finding aid prepared by Special Collections & Archives staff
Special Collections & Archives©2012
The UCR Libraries
P.O. Box 5900
University of California
Riverside, California 92517-5900
Phone: 951-827-3233
Fax: 951-827-4673
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
URL: http://library.ucr.edu/?view=collections/spcol
The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
Title: Collection on Francisco "Pancho" Villa
Collection Number: MS 033
Repository: Rivera Library. Special Collections Department.
Riverside, CA 92517-5900
Extent: 0.5 linear feet
Date: circa 1910-1920
Abstract: This collection consists of photographs of Francisco "Pancho" Villa from the Mexican Revolution.
Please contact Special Collections & Archives in advance to request access.
Copyright has not been assigned to the University of California, Riverside Libraries, Special Collections & Archives. All requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Head of Special Collections & Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Regents of the University of California as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.
[identification of item]. Collection on Francisco "Pancho" Villa, MS 033. University of California, Riverside Libraries, Special Collections & Archives, University of California, Riverside.
This collection is not fully processed.
Collection Scope and Content Summary
This collection consists of photographs of Francisco "Pancho" Villa from the Mexican Revolution.
Subjects and Indexing Terms
Villa, Pancho, 1878-1923
Mexico History Revolution, 1910-1920.


text:
Asylum Fight League XXXV
Asylum Fight League XXXV - Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) Event on June 18, 2011 in Lakewood, New Jersey USA
Directions: FirstEnergy Park is located at 2 Stadium Way in Lakewood, NJ 08701, at the intersection of Cedar Bridge and New Hampshire Avenues. From Northern Jersey - Garden State Parkway South to Exit 89. At the end of the exit, bear right towards Brick & Lakewood. Make a left onto Cedar Bridge Ave (Rt. 528 W). Proceed 1.4 miles through three traffic lights to FirstEnergy Park entrance. From Southern Jersey - Garden State Parkway North to exit 90, which puts you on Chambers Bridge Road. Make a U-turn at the first light (loop around and make a left back onto Chambers Bridge Road, heading west. Go under the Parkway, at the second light, make a left on Route 88 and proceed for one mile. Make a left onto New Hampshire Avenue and proceed .5 miles to the second light, Cedar Bridge Avenue and the ballpark. From West - Take Route 70 East to jughandle before New Hampshire Ave. (Rt. 623) intersection. Turn left onto New Hampshire Ave. and cross over Route 70. Continue through 2 traffic lights to FirstEnergy Park on left. From East - Take Route 70 West to Cedar Bridge Ave. (Route 528). Turn right and proceed 2.4 miles to FirstEnergy Park on left. From Interstate 195 - Take Exit 28A to Route 9 South. Follow Route 9 South for 5.9 miles to Pine St. Turn left onto Pine St. and follow for 1.6, miles to New Hampshire Ave, Turn left onto New Hampshire Ave. and follow to FirstEnergy Park on left.


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Obsidian generally contains less than 1 percent water by weight. Under high pressure at depth, rhyolitic lavas may contain up to 10 percent water, which helps to keep them fluid even at a low temperature. Eruption to the surface, where pressure is low, permits rapid escape of this volatile water and increases the viscosity of the melt. Increased viscosity impedes crystallization, and the lava solidifies as a glass.
Different obsidians are composed of a variety of crystalline materials. Their abundant, closely spaced crystallites (microscopic embryonic crystal growths) are so numerous that the glass is opaque except on thin edges. Many samples of obsidian contain spherical clusters of radially arranged, needlelike crystals called spherulites. Microlites (tiny polarizing crystals) of feldspar and phenocrysts (large, well-formed crystals) of quartz may also be present.
Most obsidian is associated with volcanic rocks and forms the upper portion of rhyolitic lava flows. It occurs less abundantly as thin edges of dikes and sills. The obsidians of Mount Hekla in Iceland, the Eolie Islands off the coast of Italy, and Obsidian Cliff in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U.S., are all well-known occurrences.
Obsidian was used by American Indians and many other primitive peoples for weapons, implements, tools, and ornaments and by the ancient Aztecs and Greeks for mirrors. Because of its conchoidal fracture (smooth curved surfaces and sharp edges), the sharpest stone artifacts were fashioned from obsidian; some of these, mostly arrowheads, have been dated by means of the hydration rinds that form on their exposed surfaces through time. Obsidian in attractive and variegated colours is sometimes used as a semiprecious stone.
See also volcanic glass.


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Financial execs to discuss global business leadership
A pair of top financial executives will discuss leadership in today's changing global business environment Tuesday, Feb. 22, at the Darla Moore School of Business at the University of South Carolina.
John W. Bachmann, senior partner with Edward Jones, and John H. Sykes, founder of JHS Capital Advisors, will speak from 2 – 3 p.m. in Lumpkin Auditorium, located on the 8th floor of the Moore School.
Their talk, titled "Global Leadership/Global Preparedness" is free and open to the public. For more information, call 803-777-7311 or visit www.moore.sc.edu/events.aspx.
Bachmann began his career at Edward Jones in 1959, working in retail investment, product marketing, strategic planning, corporate finance and technology. In 1980, he succeeded Edward D. "Ted" Jones Jr. as managing partner of Edward Jones. During his tenure, Bachmann grew the firm from 200 offices in 28 states to 9,000 offices throughout the U.S., Canada and United Kingdom. He is a former chairman of the Securities Association and chairman of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. Bachmann was the Moore School's first distinguished executive in residence.
Sykes has more than 33 years of business and community leadership. He is chairman of JHS Capital Holdings Inc. and founder and chairman emeritus of Sykes Enterprises Inc; he retired in 2004. He has earned numerous awards for entrepreneurship, including Florida Entrepreneur of the Year, Innovator of the Year and Florida Free Enterpriser of the Year. He serves as chairman of NorthStar Banking Corporation and NorthStar Bank and is a member of the board of trustees of the University of Tampa.
Global Leadership/Global Preparedness
- What: Talk, sponsored by Darla Moore School of Business
- Who: John W. Bachmann, senior partner with Edward Jones, and John H. Sykes, founder of JHS Capital Advisors
- When: Tuesday, Feb. 22, 2 – 3 p.m.
- Where: Lumpkin Auditorium