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Join the Office of Civic Engagement & Diversity in an engaging conversation with UNLV female faculty as they share their identities and experiences on campus. They will also discuss the present and future status of the women's movement and how it plays a role in our current perceptions of self.
See you all there and remember, Let's Keep It Poppin' !
There will be free food and drinks available.


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This week's mystery photo comes all the way from New Zealand. Don't you just love the way the Internet
brings us all closer together!
Janet Drinnan wrote of the picture below "We think it may be our great-great-grandmother, who was born in Buchanan, Stirlingshire, Scotland, in 1810. Her
daughter Elizabeth, who emigrated to New Zealand in 1862, had it. It is not Elizabeth, as
we have several photos of her in New Zealand—she was born in 1840
when her mother was 30 years old. Elizabeth's
mother, who was born in 1810, died of cancer in 1865 at 55 years old."
Unfortunately, I have bad news for Janet: This woman isn't her great-great- grandmother (born 1810).
The woman in this photo lived long after 1865. The design of
her dress dates the picture to circa 1900 to 1905. Notice her scalloped collar with jet
beaded trim, and the pleated inset in the bodice. She has three-quarter-length
sleeves. Lower sleeves extend to the wrist, with pleats and
a beaded wristband. It's a gorgeous dress,
probably made from black silk. The woman wears a chiffon rose pinned to her bodice and a similar hair bow. (Hair bows were worn
by younger women in this period, while older women usually chose plain hairstyles.) The bow, dress and setting provide elegance to this portrait.
Clothing styles were different in the 1860s. Women then wore
wide skirts and full sleeves with small collars. Jet beaded trim was also commonly used in the 1880s,
but the other clothing details point to the 1900 to 1905 time frame.
Now that I've destroyed a family oral tradition of who's
depicted, let's see if I can help determine who this really is:
Once Janet considers these
questions she should be able to list a few suspects.
There's no mystery about the relative depicted. Kathryn
knows the last woman in the middle row is her maternal great-grandmother, "Mom
Battle" (Mary Clement Crawford Battle). When Mary's husband died in September
1909, instead of staying home, she traveled in Europe.
Kathryn would like to know when the picture was taken. The
numbers on the lower right side of the picture, 184.108.40.206, elaborate that
detail. I believe the first number is the photographer's notation for his 51st picture, but the last three digits are clearly the date.
Using the European
method of notation, Mom Battle had her picture taken on the second day of August, 1910. Her black attire, including hat and coat, supports this date. Victorian mourning
standards required widows to wear black for the first year after a husband's death.
Centuries of visitors have marveled over the natural beauty of
the Gap. You can read more about it in Black's Guide to Ireland (1902), available through Google Books.
A documentary, Trip Through the Gap
of Dunloe (1903), probably boosted tourism in the area. A key stop on the immortalized tour was Kate Kearney's Cottage, with its legendary history of spells cast by
Kate herself, followed by food and drink. Visitors could then hire a horse-drawn conveyance to take them through the Gap and back. Today the cottage still offers refreshments and tourists can still take a horse and buggy.
Kathryn also wondered who else is in this picture. I have a
question for her, "Did Mom Battle travel alone or with a companion?" A traveling companion would've been along for this ride. The rest of the
folks are just fellow travelers, such as the young honeymoon (perhaps) couple cuddled up in the
second row.
This is a great photo of a woman who decided to enter the next
phase of her life with a sense of adventure!

subset: commoncrawl


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Flames NewsFlames Home > Field Hockey Home > News
Field Hockey Falls on the Road at Cal, 1-0
Liberty capped its weekend road trip to California with a tough defeat, falling to the host California Golden Bears, 1-0, on Sunday afternoon at Maxwell Family Field. The Lady Flames suffered their first loss of the season, dropping to 2-1, while Cal upped its record to 3-1 on the year.
Defense was the theme of the first half, as both teams struggled to record shots. The Lady Flames made several runs into the Golden Bears' circle, but were unable to get off a shot in the opening 35 minutes of the game.
Cal nearly tallied the contest's first score on its second shot of the game midway through the first stanza. Jordan O'Reilly redirected a shot toward the cage, but Liberty goalkeeper Ann Jefferis swatted the ball away to keep the game scoreless.
Liberty notched its first shot of the game with 24:30 remaining in the second half. Hannah Jones inserted the Lady Flames' second penalty corner of the game into the circle to the stopper, Bethany Barr. Barr pushed the pass to Helen Doolittle who struck the ball just wide of the cage.
Less than four minutes later, Liberty's Jordan Richardson received the ball in the top of the circle. The senior made a couple of moves before sending a shot to the wide left of the goal.
The Golden Bears broke the scoreless contest with just under eight minutes remaining in the game. Nicole Hendrikkson knocked a shot toward the left post of the cage. Andrea Earle redirected the ball past the diving Jefferis, putting Cal in the lead, 1-0.
The Lady Flames worked their way into the circle for one last attempt at tying the game with just over a minute remaining in the match. Natalie Barr ripped a shot toward the cage, but the ball clanked off the right side of the goal and trickled out of bounds.
Cal controlled the ball for the final minute of the contest and held on for the 1-0 victory. The Golden Bears finished the game with seven shots and four penalty corners. Liberty recorded three shots and a pair of penalty corners.
In goal, Jefferis notched one save for the Lady Flames, while the Golden Bears' Courtney Hendrickson was not forced to make a save during the game.
The Lady Flames continue their six-game road trip next weekend with games at No. 18 Wake Forest on Friday and VCU on Sunday. The Wake Forest matchup is slated for 4:30 p.m., while the VCU contest is set for 2 p.m.


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Autosomal dominantInheritance - autosomal dominant; Genetics - autosomal dominant
Autosomal dominant is one of several ways that a trait or disorder can be passed down through families.
If a disease is autosomal dominant, it means you only need to get the abnormal gene from one parent in order for you to inherit the disease. One of the parents may often have the disease.
Inheriting a disease, condition, or trait depends on the type of chromosome affected (autosomal or sex chromosome). It also depends on whether the trait is dominant or recessive.
A single, abnormal gene on one of the first 22 nonsex chromosomes from either parent can cause an autosomal disorder.
Dominant inheritance means an abnormal gene from one parent can cause disease, even though the matching gene from the other parent is normal. The abnormal gene dominates.
Each child's risk is independent of whether their sibling has the disorder or not. For example, if the first child has the disorder, the next child has the same 50% risk of inheriting the disorder. Children who do not inherit the abnormal gene will not develop or pass on the disease.
If someone has an abnormal gene that is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, then the parents should also be tested for the abnormal gene.
Examples of autosomal dominant disorders include Huntington's disease and neurofibromatosis-1.
See also:
Korf BR. Principles of Genetics. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 39.
Review Date: 5/16/2012
Reviewed By: Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc.


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ONLY poems listed here or in the current printed anthology are eligible for the 2016-2017 competition.
What People are Saying
"I was surprised that I was able to select poems that are so out of my usual spoken word preference. The Poetry Out Loud website has hundreds of poems that I have never seen before, and the fact that I found 3 and was able to make it so far with them is amazing to me. I guess I learned that stepping outside of the box is okay!"
Annabelle Emuze


text: Extreme Bagjumping is a new form of freedrop diving that looks pretty awesome. Even though most in the office are afraid of heights, this looks like something that we'd need to add to the bucke list in the future! Check out the video and would you give this a shot?


text:
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COMING BACK: NeNe Leakes Will Return To 'Real Housewives of Atlanta'
NeNe Leakes will be returning to "Real Housewives of Atlanta" despite numerous reports to the contrary.
Numerous sources close to the situation have confirmed that NeNe will be back for a sixth season of the hit show despite rumors that she's feuding with producers over money.
She even took to Twitter to post an update that made light of all of the rampant rumors about her exit.
In fact, all of the ladies will be back for another round of drama next season including Kenya Moore and Porsha Williams.
Photo: Getty Images


text:
This is the leather iPhone case that converts to a stand that displays the device in any orientation. The rugged European leather provides a slim yet sturdy shell, with a soft, brushed lining that protects the tablet against dust and scratches. When opened, the articulated cover folds back to become a stand that rotates 360�, so it can hold the iPhone horizontally or vertically without removing the device. Cutouts in the frame provide access to all buttons and ports while the iPhone remains safely encased. A strong snap closure secures the iPhone inside, and powerful concealed magnets keep the cover tightly closed. For iPhone 5. Black or Tan. 5 1/4" L x 3 3/4" W x 3/4" D. (5 1/2 oz.)
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Should you have any questions, we are available seven days a week (8:00 am – midnight EST). Please call 1-800-321-1484 to speak with a specialist or email us at email@example.com to receive a response within three business hours or less.
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Good case with lots of features
By Pianophile
from Twin Cities
Best Uses
I needed a quality case that was 1.) A flip case, that would protect the front of the phone,2.) Was not too thick, and3.) Has a textured surface, i.e. wasn't too slippery, and3.) Facilitated viewing the phone screen hands-free on a table or desktopThis case met all of my requirements. It would be nice of it could be all of the above and thinner as well, but you can't have everything. :-)
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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ABC, Wash. Post advanced misleading arguments against minimum-wage boost, obscured Democratic support for wage increase
Research ››› ››› JOSH KALVEN
ABC White House correspondent Jake Tapper and Washington Post staff writer Jeffrey Birnbaum both uncritically reported conservatives' argument that a minimum-wage increase will eliminate existing jobs and discourage the creation of new ones. However, several studies show that minimum-wage increases do not hurt employment.
An August 3 report by ABC White House correspondent Jake Tapper and an August 3 article by Washington Post staff writer Jeffrey Birnbaum both uncritically reported an argument made by conservatives that raising the minimum wage will result in job losses and discourage job creation. In fact, numerous studies have found that increasing the minimum wage does not result in job loss or negatively affect employment. Further, neither Tapper nor ABC business correspondent Betsy Stark reported in a previous segment on World News Tonight that congressional Republicans have tied a minimum-wage increase to legislation cutting the estate tax -- a measure that would disproportionately benefit the wealthiest Americans. And Tapper, Stark, and Birnbaum all omitted the fact that Democrats have been pushing for years to increase the minimum wage.
In his report on the August 3 edition of ABC's Good Morning America, Tapper noted that Congress is currently debating legislation that would increase the federal minimum wage from $5.15 per hour to $7.25 per hour. At the top of the segment, Tapper posed the following question: "But is that truly the smartest way to help the working poor? Or could that just hurt job creation?" He went on to note the argument put forth by retail giant Wal-Mart that efforts to increase the minimum wage it pays its employees "will mean fewer stores and fewer jobs in needy areas." Tapper then quoted two economists -- Kevin Hassett of the American Enterprise Institute and June O'Neill of the National Bureau of Economic Research -- both of whom agreed that an increased minimum wage would negatively affect the job market.
While Tapper did air a clip of talk-show host Oprah Winfrey arguing in favor of a minimum-wage increase, he did not interview one of the hundreds of economists who support such a measure. As a result, the misleading argument that a higher minimum wage would discourage job growth went unchallenged. As Media Matters for America has noted, several studies contradict this claim. A 1998 Economic Policy Institute (EPI) study of the impact of the two most recent increases in the federal minimum wage found that the effect on employment was "economically small and statistically insignificant ... [and] almost as likely to be positive as negative." Additionally, as the weblog Think Progress noted, a 1995 study by Princeton University economists David Card and Alan B. Krueger found that increases in state and federal minimum wages led "to increases in pay, but no loss in jobs." Though Card and Krueger's study is now more than a decade old, their conclusions regarding state-level wages were backed up by a report released recently by the nonpartisan Fiscal Policy Institute. That report, released in March 2006, found that "employment and payrolls in small businesses grew faster in the states with minimum wages above the federal level." Think Progress also highlighted a report from the Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development, which found that the state's 2005 minimum-wage increase "produced $175 million in additional payroll and a $3 million boost in state tax revenue."
In his August 3 Post article, Birnbaum joined Tapper in uncritically repeating conservatives' arguments against a minimum-wage increase. Birnbaum reported that "[b]usiness organizations have long opposed minimum-wage increases, arguing that the higher labor costs would force employers to lay off workers or eliminate some low-paying entry-level jobs." Similarly, a July 28 article by Post staff writer Jonathan Weisman reported this claim without challenge, as Media Matters noted.
By contrast, in her report on the August 2 edition of ABC's World News Tonight, Stark reported the claim that "jobs will be lost if employers are forced to pay wages they can't afford," but went on to note that "economists we talked to doubt that will happen." She then aired a clip of economist Bill Cheney saying "you can't find in the data any clear evidence of significant job losses." Stark also noted that employers in the 18 states that have raised the minimum wage "are hiring at about the same rate as states that have not."
Yet the reports by both Stark and Tapper omitted a crucial component of the ongoing congressional debate over the minimum wage -- that House Republicans have tied the wage increase to a bill that would cut the estate tax. Indeed, while Tapper reported that the House last week "voted to raise the wage" -- and aired a clip of Rep. Deborah Pryce (R-OH) speaking about the bill on the House floor -- he failed to note that the GOP-sponsored legislation included a provision to slash the estate tax. In her report, Stark noted that the minimum-wage measure is "linked to another controversial bill," but gave viewers no further details.
Moreover, in reporting on this issue, Birnbaum, Tapper, and Stark all ignored the strong Democratic support for a minimum-wage increase and the long-standing Republican opposition to such legislation. As CNN congressional producer Ted Barrett wrote in a June 28 article on CNN.com: "During the past nine years ... Democrats have tried unsuccessfully to increase the minimum wage." Most recently, the GOP-controlled Senate defeated a Democratic amendment calling for a minimum-wage increase on June 21. Not a single Democrat voted against the measure.
In his August 3 article, Birnbaum also uncritically reported business lobbyists' misleading claim that the estate tax hurts small businesses:
In contrast, business lobbyists are seeking "yes" votes. Dan Danner, executive vice president of the National Federation of Independent Business, the small-business lobby, sent lawmakers a letter of support this week.
"While we have strong concerns about the minimum wage hike, we're supportive of permanent relief of the estate tax," he wrote. "If Congress needs to address the federal minimum wage level this year, we believe it should be addressed in a package that also provides significant relief for small businesses. . . . The bill does just that."
"Every closely held business in America today is either affected by the death tax or could be affected by it," one top business lobbyist said. "At the same time, less than 3 percent of the country's workers get paid at the minimum wage." In addition, the lobbyist said, "people in the business community understand that it is valuable to Republicans standing for election in November to demonstrate that they have compassion for folks at the lowest end of the economic ladder."
In fact, several studies have shown that the estate tax affects few small-business owners. As Media Matters has noted, a March 2005 report by the Brookings Institution's Tax Policy Center found that of all the estates affected by the tax in 2004, only 440 (roughly 2 percent) were "primarily made up of farm and business assets," whether large or small. The Tax Policy Center report also noted that revenue from these 440 farms and businesses constituted only 5.6 percent of total estate-tax revenue collected in 2004. "Small" farms and businesses -- "defined as those valued at less than $5 million" -- constituted less than 1 percent of total estate-tax liability in 2004. Moreover, a July 2005 Congressional Budget Office report found that based on an analysis of 1999 and 2000 estate-tax returns, only 135 family-owned businesses would have owed any estate tax at the current exemption level of $2 million. By contrast, about 4.5 million active businesses with assets under $5 million filed income-tax returns in 2002, according to the IRS.
From the August 3 edition of ABC's Good Morning America:
DIANE SAWYER (co-host): Well, coming up on Capitol Hill this morning, big debate about jobs and justice and what Oprah Winfrey has been doing on her show. The issue is the minimum wage in America. And ABC's Jake Tapper is at the Capitol this morning to tell us more. Jake?
TAPPER: Good morning, Diane. Well, the federal minimum wage is five dollars and 15 cents an hour. That's about $41 a day -- not even enough to get yourself a tank of gas. Congress is now debating whether or not to increase the minimum wage. But is that truly the smartest way to help the working poor? Or could that just hurt job creation?
[begin video clip]
TAPPER: After 10 years without any increase, the mighty Oprah took action.
WINFREY: Today we're giving a voice to the millions of Americans who work full time, yet are still living far below the poverty level.
UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: I feel like I can't give my kids enough. And that bothers me.
TAPPER: Hours after that program ran last week -- 100 days before the midterm elections -- the House voted to raise the wage.
PRYCE: The bill before us tonight will raise the minimum wage more than two dollars -- to seven dollars and 25 cents an hour -- a 41 percent increase.
TAPPER: But is this really the best way to help the working poor? Or does it destroy the very jobs they are in? In Chicago, the city council recently demanded that Wal-Mart and other big retailers pay workers above minimum wage -- 10 dollars an hour.
CROWD: We beat Wal-Mart! We beat Wal-Mart!
TAPPER: Wal-Mart and the business community argue that will mean fewer stores and fewer jobs in needy areas. So who really won here?
HASSETT: Maybe right now the grocery store in your hometown has a person out front helping you load the bags into your car. And maybe they decide that that's a service that they can't really afford to offer anymore if the minimum wage goes up another couple of dollars.
TAPPER: Some economists say a minimum-wage increase would eliminate up to 1.6 million jobs for youth. And they argue a better way to help the working poor is by giving them tax credits.
O'NEILL: Most economists agree that the minimum wage is not a useful way to help people.
[end video clip]
TAPPER: The reason economists support tax credits is because that money for the working poor comes from the federal government, whereas increasing the minimum wage comes from employers. But that can be a difficult argument to make politically when you consider how little $41 a day is to live on and when you consider the fact that, in the 10 years since congressmen last passed the minimum wage, they have voted to give themselves pay raises eight times at a total of about $30,000 a congressman. Diane.
SAWYER: Right, OK. Thank you, Jake Tapper.
From the August 2 edition of ABC's World News Tonight:
SAWYER: And now, we're going to take "A Closer Look" at the issue being fiercely debated in Congress about raising the federal minimum wage from $5.15 an hour to $7.25 an hour over the next three years. It is a political war about jobs and justice, not to mention the Oprah factor. ABC's Betsy Stark takes our "Closer Look."
[begin video clip]
STARK: The minimum wage and the debate over raising it both seem to be trapped in time.
UNIDENTIFIED SPEAKER: People who work a 40-hour workweek ought to earn a minimum wage that's worth living on.
JACK FARIS (National Federation of Independent Businesses): The unintended consequences of this action today will hurt the very people it's supposed to help.
STARK: For the nearly two million Americans who worked for the minimum wage, the 10-year status quo has been painful. While their wages have stood still, rents have gone up 34 percent. The cost of seeing a doctor is up 30 percent. A gallon of milk is 29 percent more. A gallon of gas has more than doubled.
BETH SHULMAN (Fairness Initiative of Low-Wage Work): It takes a minimum-wage worker working 11 hours merely to fill their own tank of gas.
STARK: Never in the history of the minimum wage has Congress gone this long without raising it. So, why consider it now? Polls show 80 percent of Americans favor it. It's an election year. And Congress has voted itself 10 pay raises while giving workers nothing. Today, Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid also speculated on the power of one.
REID (D-NV): Number two, and I say this seriously, Oprah. Millions of people watch that show.
STARK: On the day the House voted to increase the minimum wage, Oprah was talking about the tragedy of living on $5.15 an hour.
WINFREY: Why wouldn't this be a priority in government, if you've got 30 million potential voters who are living on minimum wage?
STARK: Opponents still say jobs will be lost if employers are forced to pay wages they can't afford. But economists we talked to doubt that will happen.
CHENEY: If you go back in time to the earlier occasions when we raised minimum wages, it's clear that you can't find in the data any clear evidence of significant job losses.
[end video clip]
STARK: And here's something else to consider, 18 states have not waited for the federal government to pass a higher minimum wage. They've done it themselves. And in those states, employers are hiring at about the same rate as states that have not raised the minimum wage.
SAWYER: OK. A reality check, Betsy. What are the odds and how soon it'll go to a Senate vote?
STARK: It doesn't look like it's going to -- there's no vote scheduled in the Senate, Diane, and the odds of this passing this year, still pretty dim. This measure's linked to another controversial bill. So this thing is still very hot politically.
SAWYER: Yeah. And about to hit the skids of the campaign --
STARK: Absolutely.
SAWYER: -- this fall. OK. Thanks to you, Betsy.
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text:
Workers at the Terra Nova Shoes factory in Harbour Grace were blindsided this morning (July 8) when they reported for their regularly scheduled shifts.
As the group piled into the footwear production facility, the employees had no idea they were about to be told the plant was closing later this year.
The Compass has learned three executives from Kodiak Group Holdings, the owner of Terra Nova Shoes, were on hand to announce to some 80 workers the facility on Water Street will cease operations this November.
After receiving the news, workers were sent home for the day. They will return to work Wednesday.
Workers told The Compass no advanced notice was given before today, and some have referred to the news as "devastating."
Word came this morning
Terra boots began production in 1971 in Harbour Grace, and has since become a well-known brand. But after November, all production will be moved to Cambridge, Ont.
A media release was received late this morning with a statement from Kodiak.
In the release, it was confirmed each employee will receive a severance package, although the details have not been made public, and those who decide to stay on until November will also receive bonuses.
The Compass has also learned some supervisory workers will continue their employment at the facility in Cambridge.
Others will have the opportunity to work in Cambridge as well, but they will have to apply. Those who are chosen will receive relocation assistance.
Kodiak president Kevin Huckle said in the release that cost is the primary reason for shutting down, but the company will stay in Canada.
"We are committed to manufacturing in Canada," Huckle said. "The reality is the high costs to continue operating the Harbour Grace plant have become unsustainable over the past several years."
The company has received numerous loans and grants over the past decade, but even with the extra funding, the workforce has decreased by half.
Some $8 million in an interest-free loan was given to the company in 2008 by the provincial government.
In 2010, 59 workers were laid off. More workers lost their positions in a second round of lay offs.
The company was supposed to start supplying boots to the Canadian Forces this year, but all production will take place in Cambridge after November.
Region affected
Not long after the announcement was made, several Harbour Grace councillors headed to the town hall to discuss what the closure means for the town of some 3,200.
Mayor Terry Barnes, Deputy Mayor Sonia Williams, Coun. Pat Haire and Coun. Kathy Tetford spoke with The Compass.
"It's very disappointing that expansion in 2008 led to layoffs in the past six years, and now total closure," Williams said. "It's devastating."
Haire would like to see the town bounce back from the loss as fast as possible because of the loss of taxes from the company, which is some $70,000 annually.
"It's a sad day for the town, and the surrounding area," he said. "A lot of people are out of work. It's too bad they couldn't make it work, but we will do whatever we can to (speed up) the situation."
Mayor had no idea
Mayor Barnes said he heard the news Monday after getting contacted by a reporter from St. John's, and felt he needed to investigate.
Barnes and Carbonear-Harbour Grace MHA Sam Slade went to the facility Monday, but could not confirm the information. They left under the influence that it was "business as usual."
Barnes said the shutdown is devastating to the people of the region who work at the company.
Barnes is disappointed the council was not informed that the doors would be shutting to Terra Nova Shoes, and felt it should have been told prior to being released to the public.
"Council will have to get together, and see what steps we can take from here," he explained. "Do we want to lose jobs? Absolutely not."
Tetford said she wants to ensure those workers involved in the closure are not left out in the cold.
"The town is taking necessary steps to protect the assets, and make sure the residents of Harbour Grace and surrounding areas are treated in the best way possible," she said.
Slade offers assistance
MHA Slade was one of the first to announce his intentions to assist any displaced worker.
He called the closure "devestating to the Town of Harbour Grace, and those workers throughout the region."
"I am here to help in anyway possible for those employees and their families," he said.
In a discussion with The Compass late Tuesday afternoon, he explained he would be available to speak with anyone affected by the closure to help in any way he can.
"Anyone and everyone who is affected and would like some help can contact my office, and I'll do everything I can to help them," he said.


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NHL • The Colorado Avalanche won the NHL draft lottery on Monday in Toronto. The Florida Panthers own the second pick for June's draft, while the Tampa Bay Lightning have the third selection. Colorado had an 18.8 percent chance of winning the lottery after finishing the regular season with a 16-25-7 record, worst in the Western Conference.
The Panthers, who finished last in the NHL with a 15-27-6 mark, had the best odds of winning the lottery at 25 percent but had to settle for the No. 2 pick.
Portland Winterhawks defenseman Seth Jones is the No. 1-ranked North American skater, according to the NHL Central Scouting Bureau.
MLS refereesvote to unionize
soccer • Major League Soccer's referees and their assistants are unionizing. The match officials said Monday in New York that they had voted to certify the Professional Soccer Referees Association (PSRA) as their collective bargaining agent in a vote conducted under the rules of the National Labor Relations Board. Referees, linesman and fourth officials are included in the bargaining unit. The Professional Referee Organization (PRO), responsible for managing match officials for MLS, will be required to bargain with PSRA over the terms and conditions of employment.
Ailing Nebraska boy meets Obama
college football • The 7-year-old cancer patient who became an Internet sensation for his touchdown run in Nebraska's spring football game has yet another fan President Barack Obama. Jack Hoffman, his family and former Cornhuskers running back Rex Burkhead visited Obama for 15 minutes in the Oval Office on Monday. Obama presented Jack with a new football and told him he was proud of him.
Burkhead, who was drafted by the Cincinnati Bengals on Saturday, befriended Jack shortly after the boy was diagnosed with brain cancer in 2011. Their friendship led to the "Team Jack" campaign, which has raised awareness and funds for research.
From wire reports


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NRO: Barilla Pasta Is Right To Censor Gay Families In Its Ads
Blog ››› ››› CARLOS MAZA
National Review Online reporter Katrina Trinko criticized mainstream media outlets for characterizing the homophobic head of Barilla Pasta as "anti-gay."
In a September 28 article titled, "The Gay-Marriage Double Standard," Trinko defended recent comments made by Barilla Chairman Guido Barilla in which he stated that he would "never" run an ad with a "homosexual family," adding "Ours is a classic family where the woman plays a fundamental role." Barilla went on to say that if gay customers "don't like it, then they will not eat it and they will eat another brand."
Trinko criticized media outlets for describing Barilla's comments as "anti-gay," asserting that other anti-gay comments had failed to generate similar condemnation:
The mainstream media is giving widespread -- and negative -- coverage to comments made by pasta king Guido Barilla.
Just check out these headlines: "Italian pasta baron's anti-gay comment prompts boycott call" (Reuters); "Pasta maker Barilla under fire for anti-gay comments" (CNN Money); "Pasta Barilla boycotted after CEO's 'homophobic' remarks" (MSNBC); and "Barilla pasta executive in hot water for anti-gay comments" (New York Daily News). Even a post on the Los Angeles Times website that has a more neutral headline ("Guido Barilla says pasta maker will never show gay families in ads") goes straight for the anti-gay accusation in the first sentence: "Is Barilla pasta taking a page out of the Chick Fil-A anti-gay playbook?"
So what exactly did Barilla, who heads a huge pasta company, say that was so awful? Did he propose that gay relationships be illegal? Did he make hateful comments about gays and lesbians, like movie star Alec Baldwin, whose July homophobic tweets such as "I'm gonna find you George Stark, you toxic little queen, and I'm gonna f**k you . . . up" not only didn't get him axed from his Capital One spokesman role, but also didn't prevent him from getting hired to host an MSNBC show? No. What Barilla did was to announce that he doesn't approve of adoption by gay couples, and he doesn't plan to feature a family with gay parents in Barilla ads. That's it. In fact, Barilla even added that he supports gay marriage.
However, supporting gay marriage, but not gay adoption, isn't good enough to suit the mainstream media, which has a long history of ditching objectivity when covering LGBT issues. [emphasis added]
According to Trinko, comments can't be accurately described as "anti-gay" unless they explicitly include hate speech or call for the outright criminalization of homosexuality. It's an absurd standard, meant to whitewash the homophobic content of Barilla's statements.
In his comments, Barilla suggested that gay people aren't fit to be parents, and families headed by gay couples aren't real families. To Barilla, the mere existence of same-sex parents is so objectionable that it deserves to be censored from his company's advertising. That's not a mere disagreement about adoption policy; it's an example of clear anti-gay animus.
Trinko went on to defend Barilla's comments by echoing his claim that gay couples are unfit to raise children, citing one of the most widely discredited papers about same-sex parenting in anti-gay activism:
Again, let's look at exactly at what Barilla opposes: gay adoption. That's hardly an extreme outlier position: 36 percent of Americans remain opposed to adoption by gay couples, according to a 2012 USA Today/Gallup poll. Nor, no matter what the Left would try to claim, is it settled whether it does or doesn't matter to a child whether he or she is raised by a same-sex couple. In a Slate article last year, University of Texas sociology professor Mark Regnerus outlined the results of his study comparing children who had lived in a same-sex household at some point to those who had not.
Extensive research has debunked the myth that gay couples are incapable of effectively raising children. There is no longer a serious debate to be had about whether the families of same-sex couples are at a disadvantage. Barilla's decision to censor gay families from his company's advertising isn't based on a healthy dose of sociological skepticism - it's based on an unwillingness to treat gay and lesbian couples with respect and dignity.
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- Diversity & Discrimination, LGBTQ
- Network/Outlet
- National Review Online
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Career Opportunities!
In 2008 the City of Bardstown and the government of Nelson County worked together to apply for a grant to start a recycling program for city and county residents. In May of that year, they received the grant from the State of Kentucky. This grant made it possible to purchase a forklift, two balers, and five recycling bin trailers that would be necessary for the start of the program in our community. The trailers were parked strategically around the city and throughout the county. On March 3rd of 2014, recycling moved from the three Bardstown locations to the Guthrie Opportunity Center at 900 Nutter Drive in the Bardstown Industrial Park and is now staffed to receive mixed paper, aluminum, cardboard, and #1 & #2 plastics.
Why Recycle?
Setting Up Recycling In Your Home
Pick a location in your home, such as the garage or patio, that is easily accessible. If the location is convenient, recycling becomes a daily habit.
Consider convenience, price, space, weight and ease of cleaning when selecting your storage containers. Stackable plastic bins, crates, boxes and grocery bags are good options. Make sure that your recycling containers look different from your trash receptacles.
What to Recycle
The city and county recycling program will accept many materials, but not all. For right now, the following willbe accepted:
Where to Take Your Recyclables
There is one "staffed" location in Bardstown: (map)
There will still be a trailer in New Haven- Behind City Hall (map)
For Bloomfield residents, the trailer will be parked on Depot St.- Across from Bloomfield Fertilizer(map)
What Happens Next
The last step of the recycling process involves purchasing recycled products. The value of recyclables is driven by market demand. As consumers, we must choose products with recycled content and packaging. When consumers purchase products that have been made with post-consumer material, the recycling process has been completed.
Please take the time to learn more about recycling. Spread the word, and encourage others to recycle as much as possible. Does your family recycle? It is never too late to start conserving our precious resources.


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I added link to the picture to my profile but it's not showing. It's a precise link that points to one picture (my logo).Why my profile picture is still not showing?Thank you for help.
I don't know. Are you sure your picture follows these rules: The maximum size of your custom image is 320 by 240 pixels or 64.0 KB ?
From the FAQ:http://www.sitepoint.com/forums/faq.php?faq=youraccount#faq_avatars
After you've reached 25 posts, you can use a personalized avatar. An avatar is a small image that can be included in your user profile. The maximum size for avatar images is 75 by 75 pixels.
You cannot use your avatar as a means of advertising.
The SitePoint logo, in any variation, cannot be used by anyone who is not a member of the SitePoint staff.
Just checked:Dimensions: 280px × 236pxSize: 39Kb
So it should be 75x75 or 320x240 ?
To be honest, no idea. But I believe the 25 post limit is going to prevent you from seeing it anyway.
The 25 posts and 75 by 75 pixels limits are for the avatar (the picture shown on the left of each post). The profile pic is another thing. I have no idea if the post limit is valid for the profile pic as well.
Somebody's confused here.
cpradio has linked to the avatar rules. Avatars are the small pictures which show up by your posts.
Your profile picture will only show on your profile page. Is that the one you're trying to set? I uploaded mine, which works fine. Can you upload yours instead of linking to it?
So I am. I never realized there was a profile pic (just goes to show how many of the features I use....)
:lol: I can't remember why I have one. I suspect I uploaded it whilst trying to help somebody else do the same.
You're not doing anything wrong. That field hasn't worked since we upgraded to vB4.We're about to move right off vB and onto Discourse so it will be a moot point anyway.Apologies for all the confusion.


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Weight: 6.3 pounds
Height: 11.7 inches
Length: 17.4 inches
Capacity: Two strips (44 to 47 nails)
Nail size: 1 1/2-inch only
Magazine angle: 30 degrees
Street price: $369
I have used or owned most of the metal-connector nailers on the market, so when I heard that Paslode was introducing a new, smaller Positive Placement tool, I was eager to try it. Unlike earlier models, which shoot both 1 1/2- and 2 1/2-inch fasteners, the PF150-SS shoots only the 1 1/2-inch size.
In March, the manufacturer sent me the new nailer. My crew and I have been using it ever since. Here's what we discovered.
Paslode's new nailer is short enough top-to-bottom to fit in a 12-inch joist bay.
Like Paslode's previous hardware nailers, this one has a probe, or aiming tip. The user presses the probe into the hole in the metal hardware and pulls the trigger, and the fastener goes in through that hole. With tools from other manufacturers, the user puts the tip of the fastener directly in the hole and then fires the gun. In my experience, these two ways of aligning the nail work equally well.
The PF150S-PP is less than 12 inches tall, so it's easy to maneuver in tight quarters, such as joist bays. The rear-loading magazine is long enough to accommodate two sticks of nails, which means less reloading and increased production. Lighter and more compact than Paslode's other hardware nailer, this gun is still a couple of pounds heavier than its closest competitor, the Bostitch MC150. The MC150, however, holds just one strip of nails.
As with most guns of this type, the Paslode has only one firing mode: sequential. This is to prevent it from accidentally shooting a second nail that misses the hole in the hardware, which could cause the tool to bounce back and hit the operator. To eliminate premature wear to the driver and reduce the likelihood of missing fasteners, a dry-fire lockout engages when the magazine is down to four nails.
The gun comes with a small metal rafter hook that bolts to the handle next to the air fitting. You can attach it on whichever side you prefer, for left- or right-hand use. The tool works well in either hand because the magazine is in line with the grip.
Comfort. Its rubber grip and compact size make this gun comfortable to use for long periods, and the oversize trigger makes it easy to operate while wearing gloves. Although it's not the lightest model on the market, it has a nice solid feel and produces very little recoil.
Though the PF150S-PP (on left in both pairings) is similar in appearance to Paslode's earlier hardware nailer, it's smaller and lighter and drives only 1 1/2-inch fasteners. (The larger tool can also drive 2 1/2-inch nails.)
The only thing I don't like about this tool — a complaint that applies to most of the guns that shoot 1 1/2-inch fasteners — is that it's a pain to remove the magazine to clear a jam.
Thanks to its reliable performance and comfort, the PF150S-PP is our tool of choice for driving 1 1/2-inch nails in framing hardware. We haven't had it long enough to know how durable it will prove to be, but given our experiences with Paslode's other hardware nailers, my bet is that it will last a long time.
Tim Uhler is a lead framer for Pioneer Builders in Port Orchard, Wash., and a JLC contributing editor.


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Mental health services should be integrated into disaster response as part of emergency services planning, according to a new study by UT Southwestern Medical Center psychiatrists who completed an exhaustive review of articles on the aftereffects of disasters on mental health.
The researchers sifted through more than 1,000 articles, reviewing more than 200 that showed disasters can exacerbate existing problems and generate new disorders. Many in the population will experience a natural disaster during their lifetime, while man-made disasters – such as terrorism and airplane crashes – can add to that burden.
"Adverse mental health outcomes may not be as apparent as are physical injuries such as broken bones, bleeding, and other obvious trauma. But our review clearly shows that mental injuries are prevalent and require a similar system for identifying, triaging and treating these individuals, just as you would those with physical injuries," said Dr. Carol North, professor of psychiatry at UT Southwestern, and senior author of the study publishing in the Journal of the American Medical Association. The Aug. 7 issue focuses on violence and human rights.
For example, she said, it is important to distinguish between those who are experiencing distress – which nearly everyone does in a disaster – from psychiatric disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) so that people can be treated appropriately. PTSD is the most common disorder associated with most disasters, with nearly 1 in every 3 people who are directly exposed to severe disasters showing signs of PTSD and nearly one-fourth showing signs of major depressive disorder, the review showed.
The review also found that people at greatest risk for mental health issues are women, people with pre-existing disorders, those lacking adequate social services, and those already stressed. Severity of exposure was an additional factor that mental health responders could use to help pinpoint who needs help. Researchers found that people with more intense reactions were more likely to accept mental health referrals than those with less intense reactions to a disaster.
Other findings included:
- Nine of 10 people are likely to experience trauma in their lifetimes;
- As many as 40 percent of distressed individuals had pre-existing psychiatric disorders;
- Between 11 percent and 38 percent of distressed individuals evaluated at shelters and family-assistance centers after disasters have stress-related and adjustment disorders; and
- Disorders included bereavement, major depressive disorders, and substance abuse disorders.
"In addition to developing a consistent and integrated system for identifying, triaging, and treating people, more evidence-based research is needed to determine which treatments are most effective," said Dr. North, who is a member of the emergency medicine's section on homeland security at UT Southwestern and director of the Program in Trauma and Disaster at the VA North Texas Health Care System. "While there is evidence to support treatments for patients with active psychiatric disorders, interventions such as psychological first aid, psychological debriefing, crisis counseling, and psychoeducation for distressed individuals have not been adequately evaluated to determine whether they help or hurt in disaster settings."
Dr. Betty Pfefferbaum, Chair of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, also contributed to the review.
Explore further: PTSD after traumatic events: Which teens are at risk?
More information:


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McSweeney's will host a radio drama on Los Angeles' KCRW during two broadcasts on November 24 and 25 at 5 p.m. PT. You can listen to the broadcast live at this online link.
The drama will feature a huge list of musicians and writers, including Wayne Coyne from the Flaming Lips, Will Sheff from Okkervil River, Eleanor Friedberger from Fiery Furnaces, author Jack Hitt and Edward Droste from Grizzly Bear. Check it out:
A long time ago, McSweeney's commissioned Richard Parks to make a one-hour radio show starring Wayne Coyne and the Flaming Lips. Richard disappeared for months and came back with something from another time—a continuous-play radio drama in the style of Mercury Theatre's War of the Worlds, but mixed with contemporary music from bands like Bill Callahan and Okkervil River, with the musicians appearing in it as themselves. We listened to it, and didn't know what to make of it, but the music was great, and there was all kinds of crazy sound design—car crashes and helicopters and murmuring tumors (yes, murmuring tumors). We've been playing it since then from time to time, and people seem to like it—so we thought we'd finally make it available to listeners.


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I'll be answering ten questions each month...
and if your question is chosen, I'll post a personalized response!
Submit Your Question
- from Oakland, CA
Fondant covered cakes can be stored at room temperature for 3-4 days. Extra fondant can be stored 2 months at room temperature in an airtight container.
Return to Storage questions


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Join as a member. There's a certificate with your name on it.
Last updated 21 March 2011. Created on 16 December 2007.
Edited by Christopher James Francis Rodgers, ronald_istos, JohnAlbin. Log in to edit this page.
The CSS layout method used in the core Zen theme is based on the mostly undocumented "Zen Columns" layout method. The theme developer can use a liquid layout or fixed-width layout that is extremely flexible and has source-ordered XHTML, meaning the main content comes before anything else in the XHTML source, but does not necessarily come first in the visual display of the page.
The parts of the page are placed in the XHTML in the following order:
- Header
- Content
- Navbar
- Left sidebar
- Right sidebar
- Footer
But the page will visually appear to be presented to the user in the following order:
- Header
- Navbar
- Left sidebar
- Content
- Right sidebar
- Footer
Since the content is placed near the top of the XHTML source, both accessibility and search engine optimization will be greatly improved.
Looking for support? Visit the Drupal.org forums, or join #drupal-support in IRC.
How this works
I thought I'd explain how this is accomplished, in case it helps anyone...
The basics are simple. 4 elements, #content, #navbar, #sidebar-left & #sidebar-right are contained (in that order) within an element called #main. All 4 are left-floated, so they begin rendering in a horizontal line across (and beyond) the canvas.
#content has a right margin with a NEGATIVE value equal to its width and left-margin. This effectively 'pulls' the other elements across to the left by that amount, so that the next element left in the left-to-right sequence of floats moves to the very left of the stage, where #content's left-margin starts. The next element is #navbar, so it goes to its correct position at the top left of the screen. Because all elements but #navbar have a margin-top of the #navbar's height, they are all below #navbar.
#navbar has a width of 100%, and a margin-right of the same. This has the same effect of 'pulling' the remaining elements across to the left by that amount, so that the next element left in the left-to-right sequence of floats moves to the very left of the stage. The next element in the left-to-right sequence of floats is #sidebar-left. So it's where it needs to be.
Finally, #sidebar-left pulls the same trick - it also has a right margin with a NEGATIVE value equal to its width and left-margin. This effectively 'pulls' the final element remaining after it - #sidebar-right - to the very left of the stage. #sidebar-right has a left margin equal to the width (including padding and margins) of #sidebar-left and #content, so after its margin it's immediately to the right of #content. Thus it's where it needs to be, too.
Thanks, Thomas! Very helpful overview of the layout.
I have to confess that this is one of the most confusing things which I've come across in a while. In my layout I have 2 columns with the sidebar being on the right. #sidebar-right has a left margin of 690px, which is sensible, but it also has a right margin of -960px. What purpose does this serve? In fact, if I set this right margin to zero it seems to have no affect on the layout at all.
Also, you mention above that rendering begins with all elements in a line across and beyond the canvas. Why is this? They are contained within the page which has a fixed width so surely they should drop down. Clearly I'm missing something here but I'd like to know why this would be the case.
Thanks, Rich
I tried to explain the
I tried to explain the purpose of the negative right margin - take another look at what I wrote. As for the elements being 'in a line', perhaps what I should have said is that being left-floated they 'want' to be on the same line unless they find that other elements earlier in the source have pushed them off it, which thanks to the negative margins the elements here don't do.
I'm pretty sure you didn't
I've just re-read your post and I can't find where you've mentioned sidebar right's right margin.
Yep, the elements do want to be on the same line. In fact, they do drift beyond the canvas if you mess with the figures. I just can't understand why because they should surely drop down due to running out of room.
I attempted to illustrate the
I attempted to illustrate the concept in a post below. Unfortunately I can't delete that post and move it here where I wanted it.
... I pretty much understand how it works now, but still have to ask - why? What's the point of all this? Why do we declare elements in on order and then use negative margins to reposition them in the sequence? I realise that there must be a valid reason and I'd love to know what it is.
Display order without CSS
The brief answer is that the order in which elements appear in the source is the order they appear to some agents, such as search engine crawlers and people using certain sorts of web browsers for the visually impaired. (Some search engines apparently give greater weight to text which comes higher in the source order.)
Thanks, this really helped me
Thanks, this really helped me to understand the structure! If I am not mistaken, I think #sidebar-right should be floated right.
Because all elements but #navbar have a margin-top of the #navbar's height, they are all below #navbar.
on my site,
on firefox my right side bar has the same height as the nav bar thus occluding part of it. and on IE it gets worse because the content is vertically on top of the navbar...
If i specify navbar height and then specify all the margin tops manually it begins to behave. You talk about it as if this is meant to be automatic and you must be right becuase the zen theme doesnt specify any of these... and automatically all the columns assume their position below the navbar....
so what triggers this automatic behavior?
EDIT:Ignore this, they are specified even on zen... woops
couldn't this be accomplished easier with absolute positioning?
the zen CSS was driving me up the wall with all the math. after thinking about it for a while, i've found that i can use absolute positioning to eliminate ALL the math. here's how:
#main is the parent element of #content, #navbar, #sidebar-left and #sidebar-right. #main has its position set to relative; this means absolutely positioned child elements will be positioned relative to the top/right/left/bottom of #main and not relative to edges of the browser. by using absolute positioning for #navbar and the sidebars i've found that i don't need to do any math at all. check out my code and tell me what you think:
position: relative; /*absolutely positioned child elements will be positioned relative to parent and not to the browser*/
#navbar {
height: 50px;
position: absolute;
top: 0px; /* place 0px from the top edge of #main */
left: 0px; /* place 0px from the left edge of #main */
#sidebar-left {
width: 200px;
position: absolute;
top: 50px; /* set to height of navbar - 50px from the top edge of #main is right below the navbar*/
left: 0px; /* place 0px from the left edge of #main */
#sidebar-right {
width: 200px;
position: absolute;
top: 50px; /*set to height of navbar */
right: 0px; /* place 0px from the right edge of #main */
#content, .no-sidebars #content {
margin-left: 0;
margin-right: 0;
margin-top: 50px /*set to height of navbar */
padding: 0;
.sidebar-left #content {
margin-left: 200px; /* width of #sidebar-left */
.sidebar-right #content {
margin-right: 200px; /* width of #sidebar-right */
.two-sidebars #content {
margin-left: 200px; /* The width of #sidebar-left */
margin-right: 200px; /* The width of #sidebar-right */
this is working great for me and it requires no math at all.
If you've found that a layout
If you've found that a layout using absolute positioning and precise pixel margins works for you then that's great, that means it is probably the best solution for your site.
However, there are a variety of features that the Zen system has that are not easily met, or in some cases simply cannot be met, using your method, for e.g.:
- ability to function in either fluid or fixed designs (with only minor CSS changes required)
- ability to re-order the columns and to deal well with missing columns by dynamically filling available space
- renders well when a user-agent attempts to linearize the content - through a crappy cell phone browser, for example
- deals well with the full set of methods users may employ to increase text size for readability/accessibility
The Zen layout method has been designed for maximum flexibility across a wide range of different design needs. Granted, absolute positioning would make the code simpler, but such an approach would only meet the needs of a particular subset of the wide range of sites that the Zen layout currently serves.
why not just float
why not just float sidebar-right to the right? if you do that, you don't need to worry #sidebar-right's margins at all (they're set to 0). you also don't need to worry about #sidebar-left's margins since it's not pulling #sidebar-right around the screen. the only margins you really need to worry about then are #content's margins.
i'm just not seeing why we're complicating the layout when there are easier ways to accomplish the same thing.
This is all related to the
This is all related to the ordering of the columns and the desire to retain the ability for the middle column to expand and contract depending on the dimensions of the viewport. You can't simply float the left-sidebar "left" and the right-sidebar "right" and expect the middle column to behave by expanding and contracting through the middle. If your source order were sidebar-left, middle-column, sidebar-right, then you might be able to get away with it, as long as you knew that every page on your site was going to include all three columns. But as soon as you want to have your middle column appear first in the source order, or to deal with different numbers of columns using the same template, then things quickly become complicated.
There are dozens, perhaps hundreds, of different techniques for trying to achieve the perfect 3-column layout. Some of them use pared down CSS like you are suggesting. But the most flexible ones (i.e. the ones that provide the best range of options for dealing with different source column ordering and for effectively expanding and contracting depending on the presence of columns or on viewport width, and which are cross-browser compatible) are invariably fairly complex affairs.
IE6 Doubled Float-Margin Bug
I understand how and why you've laid out the elements as you have. It's brilliantly sleek, searchable, accessible CSS.
However, since all the elements are floated left and since the negative right-margins in effect "pull" each subsequent element to the very left of the "stage" (the container element, #main), won't those elements with a left margin not equal to zero be vulnerable to the infamous IE6 Doubled Float-Margin Bug -- which will mysteriously double the left-margin of an element floated to the left that butts up against the inner-left of its container element: http://www.positioniseverything.net/explorer/doubled-margin.html
Will that bug apply to just the first element floated? Or will it apply to each of the left-floated elements with non-zero left margins, each pulled up against the left side of #main?
In the Zen layout-fixed.css, .sidebar-first #content and .two-sidebars #content each have a non-zero margin-left (each equal to "The width of .region-sidebar-first"), as does .region-sidebar-second (equal to the "Width of content + sidebar-first").
The problem does not occur in the Zen layout-liquid.css, in which the left-floated elements (#content, #navigation, and .region-sidebar-first) have margin-left equal to zero, and in which the right-floated element (.region-sidebar-second) has a margin-right equal to zero.
Fortunately, if the IE6 Doubled Float-Margin Bug is an issue for Zen layout-fixed.css, then there is an easy fix: Simply place {display: inline;} on each of the floats in question. According to that Position Is Everything article:
{display: inline;} on a float should be no different than using {display: block;} (or no display value at all), and indeed all browsers follow this specification, including IE. But, this does somehow trigger IE to stop doubling the float's margin. Thus, this fix can be applied straight, without any fussy hiding methods.
Unfortunately (Fortunately?), I do not have access to IE6, so I do not know if the problem actually arises (I tried an online emulator; but it had other issues, of its own). But this infamous IE bug is worth considering, particularly since the fix is so easy (and reportedly harmless).
Ie 6 and the double margin float bug
Zen 2 deals with the ie 6 double margin float bug in the conditionally included ie6.css
However, if you are using panels and utilise the zen themed panel layouts you may hit this bug in .zen-one-sidebar-second .panel-sidebar-first
The solution is to add the following to ie6.css
.zen-one-sidebar-second .panel-sidebar-first {
display: inline; /* double float margin bugfix */
never mind...
never mind...
This should go into the Docu,
This should go into the Docu, very helpfull info!!
An illustration of the affect of the negative right margin
Assume we're floating all column elements left, starting from the leftmost pixel on the browser screen; we'll call this our zero point: x=0.
Let's suppose our content column has a left margin of 20px and width of 60px, therefore it's right edge winds up at x=80.
Now let's consider how setting the right margin of the content column affects the positioning of the next column element:
If we gave the content column a right margin of 10px, the next element would be positioned from x=90, right?
If instead we gave it a right margin of 0px, the next element would be positioned from x=80.
Now consider this: if we gave the content column a right margin of -10px, the next element would be positioned from x=70. (The first element overlaps with the left margin of the next element.)
And finally, if we give the content column a right margin of -80px, which is the negative of the sum of it's left margin plus width, then the next element is positioned from x=0 -- i.e., the same point that the content column was positioned from. (The left edges of the left margins of both elements are co-incident at x=0.)
So it follows that, if we're floating elements left starting from any arbitrary point, and if we give each element a right margin equal to the negative of the sum of it's left margin plus it's width, then each succeeding element winds up positioned from that same initial point.
Knowing that, all you need to do is:
1) assume that all elements are being positioned, horizonally and vertically, from the same point
2) figure each element's left and top margins so that the visible portions are positioned correctly with respect to each other
3) force the initial assumption (1) to be true: float each element left, and for each element calculate a right margin = -(left margin + width).
I hope that's clear.
Thank you
Thanks for clarifying the role of margin-right. After reading your post and rereading Thomas', everything made sense.
A visual analogy...
A good visual analogy would be to consider each column being printed on a separate transparency (like in the good old days before computers, when you would put printable elements on separate transparent overlays--actual pieces of mylar--to create a composite image).
On each transparency, you would locate the column a certain distance from the left edge, such that when you overlay (i.e., stack) all the transparencies on top of one another with their left edges co-incident, all columns will appear in the correct locations with respect to each other.
Well, here we're basically doing the same thing, but in a non-physical domain.
Each column has a certain width and is laid out a certain distance from a "left-edge", just like on a physical transparency.
Question: But now how can we overlay these "virtual transparencies" on top of one another, with their left-edges co-incident?
Answer: By using something that wouldn't make sense in the physical "mylar" world, but makes excellent sense in our virtual "html" world: a negative right margin.
For each column, we make the right margin = -(left margin + width), which has the effect of overlapping these "virtual transparencies" on top of each other with their left edges co-incident, and voila!--all the columns fall into place (assuming all your margin calculations are correct).
Finally, it should be apparent that just like with physical transparencies, the order in which we overlay (i.e., stack) our "virtual transparencies" does not change the look of the composite layout (as long as all left edges are co-incident), so we might as well order our "virtual transparencies" in a way that maximizes our search engine rankings--content first, navigation later, etc.
Best Analogy!
I read the whole way down to your post and didn't quite get it. However your post was just what I needed! I guess that means I grew up in a world of light tables and projectors.
Great way to explain it
This is a wonderful way to explain margins and the impetus for stacking things in a way that enhances SEO. Thanks.
Thank you Thomas!
Thank you so much! In just a minute I understood it! Exactly what I needed.
flash movie to explain this anyone?
i think this could be better communicated with a flash movie, so if anyone wants me to make one say so (i know flash pretty good)
need 4 things though, in order to do it...
- a quick but decent explanation of why the zen people do it this way (i don't like making stuff if i can't say why something is like it is - that's where i get my motivation from). i mean, are there other ways? (such as using CSS positioning) is this better than them? is this approach a robust one? is it possible to get a little elaboration on the beef screenreaders & search engines have with the more (visually) to-be-expected source order?
- somewhere reliable to host it, so the link isn't gonna go dead. drupal.org perhaps???
- an explanation of the how the footer works (its not covered by anyone as far as i can see)
- someone to check the flash movie when i've made a first draft (for the purposes of saying what's right & wrong) cos my understanding of the whole thing is still pretty shaky (i'm not as smart as loopduplicate)
[ i don't know if you can upload swf movies to drupal.org. or, in case you can't, are there any rules for what kind of external links are allowed (ie: recommended locations for uploading files to, allowed filetypes, etc) ]
anyway, if anyones got anything to say u can email me at email@example.com. or obviously just reply
hey david, check out my post
hey david,
check out my post above. i really don't see why we need to mess with margins at all when we can just use absolute positioning. i'd love to know if my code works for anyone else.
Why We don't use Absolute Positioning
Absolute positioning is not used because it does not respond to variable content well. That is the entire argument. You could use it deal with the SEO issues, and keep the structure seperate, but the idea is that you want as much of the page as possible to be fluid, not static, allowing the code to adapt the style to the content.
Absolute is too static for a generalized system like drupal. That's the theory, anyway.
Graphic example of Zen columns
Check out my post about Zen positioning of columns. Some of you have done your best to explain how Zen columns work but as a graphic designer I need some visual reference (thought I got it at first) and I thought other people may need a visual guide as well.
Post is here: http://choosecircle.com/blog/understanding-zen-theme-content-management-...
You can see the Zen layout used for this website here: http://www.mommyshares.com
As a newbie to drupal and to zen, I'm struggling with the huge number of css style sheets and confused by the duplication (and nomenclature - why html reset?) of css elements. I've been working with css for 3.5 years and thought I knew a thing or two until I encountered drupal/zen. The following site is my first attempt http://www.fofumrecords.com - don't laugh (out loud).
It's lacking in all sorts of ways, but one thing really bugs me and that is the (my) inability to range the header section right of the left sidebar - or to put it another way - the header runs across the top of the page and the left sidebar hangs beneath. Well suppose I want the sidebar to run from top to bottom 100%? From my twiddling it seems that the navbar is "captured" by the main div - which sits directly underneath the header/navbar...it does seem an inordinately complex system - (particularly for those of us numerically challenged...). As such I find it difficult not to regard the structure as inflexible - am I wrong...?
ps the above article looks like it might explain a few things to my poor old brain - thanks...
(54 years old and struggling)...
angstman, I think this kind
angstman, I think this kind of post is better dealt with in the Zen issue queue as a support request rather than as a post here in the Zen documentation. The quick answer is that you are right that the Zen layout is not set up to adjust this easily. What you want to do in principle is to move the header section inside the main content section where you normally find the "top" content section. Which is really like getting rid of the header altogether and having a two column layout with no header. That would require some significant edits to the CSS. Try posting in the issue queue and maybe you'll get more detailed suggestions/instructions.
Thanks for the advice Phil,
Thanks for the advice Phil, although I've just discovered the Zen page template, which makes things a little clearer. However tinkering with the page structure will require a better understanding of the css...
Thankyou Gegagome
Your explanation works the best for me, especially in combination with the image. http://choosecircle.com/sites/choosecircle.com/files/understanding-zen.jpg.
Zen Documentation needs to be better, so that we don't have to bury our heads in a comment list to find explanations. They say zen documentation is fantastic, but only at a very basic level. Your kind of explanation in combination with something visual is what zen theme documentation needs.
Thanks again
CSS Problems
Okay...I am a newby. How in GOD's name do u change a simple CSS file in Zen? All I want to do is change a simple color and I have been at this for 48 hours. I am ready to go back to simple HTML/CSS structure via Dreamweaver and to toss the CMS.
HELP please...
Dear Zen...your dead. Fusion is SO MUCH easier.
My reaction is exactly opposite. I switched from fusion to zen because with zen I was able to achieve exactly what I needed relatively quickly, which would not have been possible with fusion no matter how much time I spent wading though tons of confusing code. Not to knock fusion, but it has its limitations.
So Dear Zen...you're still alive and well. Thanks guys, for a great job!
If you understand html and css then changing a simple colour should have taken no time whatsoever. Just use firebug to figure out where the colour is specified for a start. It's actually very easy...from starting with Zen I had my entire theme going within a few days, and that was with almost no css or html experience.
Still, the negative margins are still as confusing as hell.
negative margins confusion
I didn't understand it either at first, which is what led me to this article. I thought Thomas Ash explained it very well in comment #1. I don't get what all the confusion is about. The negative right margin pulls the next block over to the left edge, so that it can be positioned from there. It works beautifully. It's just simple arithmetic.
Could someone please explain
Could someone please explain to a noob how to change the width of the page from 960px to a smaller lets say 725px in layout-fixed.css? Thanks!!
Drupal 7: Setting Zen Column Widths
A Visual Explaining how to do the math in Layout Fixed
I posted a visual guide to doing the math on layout-fixed.css for Drupal 6. It's definitely geared toward newbies, but I think it might help people who have the same questions that many of my teammates did when starting to work with this file. It helped them, so I thought I'd pass it along.
Working with Zen's Layout Fixed CSS
Hi All Thomas, after reading
Hi All
Thomas, after reading your explanation I altered the figures in the layout-fixed.css of my sub-theme and my page layouts immediately fell into correct position on both IE and Firefox, something I had been struggling with for a while, for a while Firefox was rendering it correctly even though my figures were apparently out and IE always showed the elements as a bit of a mish mash - it was very untidy. Now they are in the correct place, so thank you very much for your explanaion Thomas. You can view my site here: www.jbmjk.com
The Stylesheets I have are layout-fixed.css and my cusotm one jens2.css more for the appearance than the layout.
Can anybody help me to tweak the code to perfection. Although everything is now where it should be position wise - Left, right sidebar and content are all pushed up into the navbar with no margins showing between the elements and for some reason navbar is slightly mis-aligned from everything else, off to the right.
I'm a wee bit scared to touch anything now all the elements are being rendered in the correct position on the screen. :-/
Many Thanks
Incredibly confusing
This seems to me to be the most ridiculous method to set the layout. Why don't you try to make it a little more confusing? My comment to others is to stay away from this theme and try to use a real theme like Adaptive or Omega.
Mark Hanna
My Blog
Current 7.5 version of Zen offers new layout options
For those who come across markusa's comments here in the documentation section of Zen, I would note that Zen layout options and methods have moved along quite a ways since this page was created and since the initial comments in this thread appeared. The comments on this page address issues related primarily to "fluid" layout options for Zen 6.x-1.x and 6.x-2.x. The fluid layout CSS structure in the 7.x-3.x and earlier versions of Zen was inherited from the 6.x versions that were also written with XHTML in mind.
However, before dismissing Zen as an option, it is worth evaluating the current version 7.x-5.x written for HTML5. Layouts are achieved differently now, and several new features and configuration methods are available, including a robust system for achieving responsive designs and the introduction of Zen grids, which leverages the power SASS for CSS:
And of course, Zen has always offered one or more fixed-width layout options, which have always been configured more simply.
The Adaptive and Omega themes mentioned by markusa above are both also great, popular them choices, and they may indeed be better choices for some users or some use cases. But I would encourage users to compare current versions of themes when evaluating options. The Adaptive Theme, for example, no longer has a supported version for Drupal 6.x, so it would probably not be the best option for those people still running Drupal 6. Likewise, the Omega theme was still in its infancy in its 6.x-1.0 version (the final version produced for Drupal 6.x), and some users may very well find that version as challenging as Zen when attempting to configure it for Drupal 6.x.
To moderate my comments
truly pkiff is right. Really I shouldn't have flamed Zen in general. I was trying to adapt a theme that was done several years ago in an old 6.x zen version. Things have changed quite a bit on the theme scene and to be fair, although I don't prefer Zen the current version is a fully capable, modern theme.
I still prefer Adaptive, not only for its advanced configuration UI, but just for its general structure and the fact that out of the box all the stylesheet files are set to them for smartphones, tablets, and desktops. Not to mention GPanel templates.
So to all Zen lovers out there, my humblest apologies for flaming your theme.....
Mark Hanna
My Blog


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For example I feakin love each one of these made by various authors!...
If I had to choose one of mine(which for the sake of the thread we do!) I would choose one that happens to have no sales.
So whats your favorite track you have so I can hear your hidden gem
Hello!Honestly, I have a couple of days ago there was a similar idea), but I went further to create a collection of favorite tracks of the authors. collection, in which everyone could add only one track with 0 sales! from each of the author … I think this collection will be the most democratic in our community … And yet, we can go further: to vote for the most interesting track, and come up with an award for the winner, not necessarily money, the fact that the universal acceptance of this will be the reward for victory))) just a thought!
Very often my favorite track is the one I last finished! Probably because I'm sick of the old ones from hearing them too much. My newest one called Spring Step is currently my favorite, but it's not been accepted yet. It will probably be on here later today or tomorrow, so instead I'll share this one:http://audiojungle.net/item/rain-temple/2346996
It's called Rain Temple. It had one sale, and it was even an extended license. It just turned out really well.
I hope that you enjoy)))
I absolutely love everything by Alkishttp://audiojungle.net/user/alkis
Here's our favorite track we've made: http://audiojungle.net/item/dreams-of-success/1670663
Hello! Nice works! Here's my favorite track: http://audiojungle.net/item/autumn/2022930
Have a pleasant listening!-)
I agree that Alkis' stuff is just ridiculous! Some of the coolest effects I've ever heard. Just finished this pop style corporate track, no sales yet, but it's my favorite right now
http://audiojungle.net/item/we-press-on/2611176 Thanks for listening!
Our favorite is Chill Factor so far. Thanks for checking out
Wow! there is a suggestion: each of us can create a collection of "favorite songs of authors" and place them on the main page of the profile)) and when in this topic will be added new tracks you add them to your collection! I think, so it will be true!))


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Editor's Note: Whether you're a tourist or an office worker in downtown Chicago, you can get sick of eating at chain restaurants all day. So we've started a series to get you the lowdown on where to find a great and affordable lunch.
A while back Nick did a Standing Room Only review of Big Easy, which is located in the Chase Tower's Urban Market (basically an underground food court in the belly of the beast). But considering how rare Cajun and Creole food is hard to come by as a lunch option, I thought I'd check it out anyway and see how it stacks up.
This review almost didn't happen. As soon as I snapped the photo of the little service counter, a mysterious man in business attire showed up out of thin air to tell me that taking photos within the Chase Tower is strictly forbidden. But like Pee Wee Herman, I'm a loner, Dottie, a rebel. Unlike Steve Dolinsky getting kicked out of g.e.b., I was able to whisk away like a ninja under the cover of darkness, draped in Cajun food. Worst ninja ever.
When you're eating Cajun or Creole food, it's almost a sin if you don't order at least a cup of gumbo ($4.00). This is a flavorful chicken and andouille sausage version with no shrimp (that I got, at least), with a perfect amount of rice piled onto it. It's bold and has a deep, meaty, and savory background to it, along with the classic flavors of the holy trinity (onions, bell pepper, celery), and it has a little pinch of cayenne to finish with a building heat. But after a few bites, the salt starts building up. Now, I like my salt, and I realize that this food is salty by nature (Salty By Nature would be a great band name), but if you're watching your sodium intake, this may not be the best option for you.
I also tried the Chicken Creole ($6.50) with a side of Parmesan cheese grits. The tomato-based sauce was about as sweet as ketchup with only the flavor of bell pepper cutting through it. It's served over white rice, which helps tone down the sugar a bit, but the sweetness is a little too much. Unfortunately, the chicken was stringy and somewhat dry, giving me mixed feelings overall. The Parmesan grits, however, were velvety and rich with a pronounced Parmesan taste.
Of course, there is an item with the name "Mardi Gras" in it. The Mardi Gras Étouffée ($6.50 w/one side) is also chicken and andouille sausage-based, much like the gumbo applied with a lighter roux. Too bad it didn't come with any beads, because I am easily persuaded to take off my shirt on any occasion. Flavorwise, it also shares a lot of bell pepper, celery, and onion flavors, much like the other entrees, and for all intents and purposes, the Mardi Gras Étouffée is nearly gumbo, just lightened up a little bit. The macaroni and cheese is fairly standard, and by the time I got it, the cheese was a bit grainy. Otherwise, it's comforting and straightforward, but not something to get excited about.
Here's where I became disappointed. The Jambalaya ($6.50 w/one side) was prohibitively salty. I'm a card-carrying member of the clean plate cub, and I just couldn't do it, regardless of the Korean-mother guilt instilled deeply within my soul. I grew up with salty (sometimes extremely salty) food, and even so, the jambalaya had just too much. However, I'm happy to report that the bitter collard greens were salted appropriately, not stringy or tough, and were balanced out with the right amount of meat to give it a bold flavor.
Overall, I wouldn't say that Big Easy is your best bet in the Chase Tower, considering there's a Rick Bayless food stand in the same cafeteria. The Big Easy portions are somewhat small; I would recommend two sides to get some more calories out of the deal. If salt is a major concern, you may want another option. And something else I noticed: everything we ordered was lukewarm except for the gumbo. If you've had better experiences here, let me know in the comments section, but otherwise, I'll keep hunting for the best lunch out there.
Big Easy
10 S. Dearborn, Chicago IL 60603 (map)
About the author: After a failed attempt at starting a chain of theme restaurants called "Smellen Keller," Dennis Lee traveled the world to discover his true passion. Sadly, midwifery didn't pan out. Now he works in a cubicle, and screws around as much as possible. Follow his shenanigans on Twitter.


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Some people put off replacing their dining room table or bedroom set because they're worried about the cost. That's where Sam's Club comes in. Sam's Club has partnered with top brands to bring you furniture for every room in your home, all at low, affordable prices.
Look around your living room. Does it need a face lift? How about picking up a new couch, recliner and matching coffee table? You'll find a variety of options to complement any décor. The same is true for the bedroom where you can purchase a new bed frame, armoire or dresser, and even a new mattress. Whether you need a twin, queen or king size mattress, there's a huge selection just waiting for you. You can even pick up kid's furniture in fun colors and styles.
Browse the stock of office furniture for your home or business. You'll be able to get some work done at a beautiful desk or workstation, especially if you pick up a comfortable desk chair as well.
And don't forget about the finishing touches. Make your recreation room complete with a pool table, air hockey table or foosball table or dart board. With all of these fun activities, you'll never want to leave your house. Especially when you decorate it with home furnishings such as rugs, decorative accents, paintings and more.
* Subject to credit approval. Exclusions, limitations and restrictions apply. See the Member Services Desk or samsclub.com for details. The Sam's Club MasterCard is issued by Synchrony Bank pursuant to a license by MasterCard International Incorporated. MasterCard is a registered trademark of MasterCard International Incorporated.
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Chiefs running back Jamaal Charles out of practice
ST. JOSEPH, Mo. — Pro Bowl running back Jamaal Charles had his ailing right foot examined by two orthopedic surgeons and they confirmed the Kansas City Chiefs' diagnosis of a mild strain.
Charles turned his right ankle early in practice on Monday.
"His ankle ligaments were fine," Chiefs trainer Rick Burkholder said. "He had some pain on the outside bone of his foot. We did an X-ray. That was negative. There's a tendon that attaches right at that spot and that's what is sore right now. That's why we call it a strain."
Charles walked down the long, grassy hill to the practice fields Tuesday without a boot or a noticeable limp. He spent some time with the training staff off to the side, riding a stationary bike but only using the arm levers, before leaving the field for the rest of practice.
Burkholder said Charles felt some soreness up his leg but that it was expected.
"People are speculating Lisfranc and all that," Burkholder said of the mid-foot injury that caused problems for former Chiefs running back Larry Johnson. "He doesn't have any discomfort there. I've had him see two orthopedic surgeons and everyone agrees he has a mild foot strain."
It's unclear how long Charles will be out of practice, but it appears unlikely that he will play in Friday night's preseason game against San Francisco at Arrowhead Stadium.
The Chiefs leaned heavily on Charles in their preseason opener last week. He touched the ball on eight of the 14 plays that the No. 1 offense ran on its opening touchdown drive.
"No difference. Next guy has to step up," Chiefs offensive coordinator Doug Pederson said. "They're getting a lot of reps right now, so we just keep going. Nothing changes."
Rookie running back Knile Davis took most of the carries with the first-team offense on Tuesday. Shaun Draughn and Cyrus Gray continued their battle for the No. 3 job. Chiefs quarterback Alex Smith said that good teams are able to overcome an injury to one of their most productive players, and that somebody else will have to step up.
"He's a special player. Kind of stating the obvious," Smith said. "Jamaal is a special player but we have to find a way. ... But no question, he'll be missed."


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Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley today announced that 22,391,785 commercial passengers flew through Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport in 2011. This annual passenger traffic figure, an increase of 2.1% over 2010, represents a new all-time record for BWI Marshall.
The previous annual traffic record at BWI Marshall was 21,936,461 passengers, set in 2010. In July 2011, BWI Marshall Airport set a new monthly record with 2.2 million passengers. Annual cargo shipments also rose at BWI Marshall in 2011. Total cargo for the year reached 237.6 million pounds, an increase of 5.3% over 2010.
"BWI Marshall Airport's continued success is great news for residents, businesses, and travelers in Maryland and throughout the entire National Capital region," said Governor O'Malley. "The Airport is an important transportation and economic resource that supports 21,000 jobs. This record year is another sign of Maryland's strong recovery from the national economic downturn."
Southwest Airlines, the leading carrier at BWI Marshall Airport, served more than 12.5 million passengers in 2011, a 7% increase over 2010. For 2011, Southwest Airlines had a 56% passenger market share at BWI Marshall. Southwest provided 195 daily departures from BWI Marshall during the peak summer months of 2011, a new record for the airline. Southwest offered service to several new markets during 2011 including Charleston (SC), Greenville/Spartanburg (SC), and Newark.
AirTran Airways, the second leading carrier at BWI Marshall Airport, added new international service in 2011, including flights to Bermuda and Aruba. AirTran also increased international service to both Cancun and Montego Bay. Delta Air Lines, British Airways, and US Airways all had significant increases in passenger traffic for 2011.
"At BWI Marshall, we emphasize customer service and a convenient experience for our travelers," said Paul J. Wiedefeld, Executive Director of BWI Marshall Airport. "We continue to work with our airline partners to offer an expanding selection of domestic and international air service."
For 2012, several airlines plan to introduce service to new markets from BWI Marshall. Earlier this week, Southwest Airlines started service to Atlanta and seasonal service to Tucson. Currently, Southwest plans to offer 199 daily departures during the peak summer travel period, the most service the airline has ever offered from BWI Marshall. Southwest also recently announced that it would start to take delivery of new, larger aircraft in April. BWI Marshall is one of the first markets that Southwest will use the larger Boeing 737-800 aircraft.
For international service, Condor Airlines of Germany will start twice-weekly seasonal flights from BWI Marshall to Frankfurt in July. Frankfurt is an important international destination and a major global hub market. Island Travel and Tours is set to begin charter service to Cuba in March.
Jonathan Dean


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Bookmark this site
WASHINGTON -- Early this month, President Obama signed the JOBS Act into law, which ushers in a new era for securities regulations and eases the restrictions on small businesses to raise capital.
According to the White House, the bill includes a series of small business proposals that the President put forth earlier this year, and small businesses will start benefiting from the measures on day one. Among the provisions, there are 12 major benefits to small businesses. | See what's in the act
Much of the attention has been on the funding component of the bill, whose name stands for "Jumpstart Our Business Startups." There are 6 million small businesses in America, which have been hailed as the lifeblood the nation's economy, but most of them have been cut off from capital markets since the financial crisis. The JOBS Act, through "crowdfunding," is expected to alleviate small businesses' capital access problems and benefit investors in the process.
Crowdfunding (also crowd financing, equity crowdfunding or hyper funding) is the collective cooperation, attention and trust by people who network their money and other resources, usually via the Internet, to support efforts initiated by other people or organizations. Participants can raise as much as $1 million a year without having to do a public offering, which often requires state-by-state registrations that can cost thousands of dollars.
Bill Clark, chief executive of Microventures, writes about the JOBS Act and crowdfunding at Mashable.com


text: I'm not waiting on him to die because life is soooo much more important than a game, but I do hope that he relinquishes the majority of his duties to Stephen at some point, who will in turn bring in a real football mind as GM. This is a more realistic solution. I don't see Jerry carrying all the responsibility that he has now into his later years.


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Thrane & Thrane Inc.
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what transfer case should i use?
Discussion in 'The Garage' started by freeflow, Nov 3, 2005.


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Washington : Government Printing Office
|Public Law 87-609
|Indians. Choctaw Tribe. Property disposition. 25 U. S. C. 355 note.
Page 966
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Act of August 25, 1959 (73 Stat. 420), is amended as follows: The words "three years", which appear twice in section 1 (a), once in section 1 (d), once in section 11, once in section 12 (a), and once in section 12 (b), are changed to "six years".
Section 12 (c) of such Act is amended by changing the period to a comma and adding "and for a period of three years after such legal entity is organized it shall have the same immunity from the defense of laches or a statute of limitations that the Choctaw Tribe had prior to such time."
Approved, August 24, 1962.