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The secession of the Southern states (in chronological order, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina) in 1860–61 and the ensuing outbreak of armed hostilities were the culmination of decades of growing sectional friction over the related issues of slavery, trade and tariffs, and the doctrine of states' rights. This friction arose out of fundamental differences between the economies of the Northern and Southern states. The North had a growing manufacturing sector and small farms using free labour, while the South's economy was based on large farms (plantations) using slave labour. In the 1840s and '50s the Northern states wanted to prohibit slavery in the western territories that would eventually become new states. The Southern states opposed all efforts to block the expansion of slavery and feared that the North's stance would eventually endanger existing slaveholdings in the South itself. By the 1850s, some Northerners had begun calling for the complete abolition of slavery, while several Southern states threatened to secede from the Union as a means to protect their right to keep slaves. When Abraham Lincoln, the candidate of the antislavery Republican Party, was elected president in late 1860, the Southern states carried out their threat and seceded, organizing as the Confederate States of America.
The flash and dull roar of a 10-inch mortar on April 12, 1861, announced the opening of the American Civil War. After a 34-hour bloodless bombardment, Robert Anderson, in command of a Federal garrison of about 85 soldiers, surrendered Fort Sumter in the harbour of Charleston, South Carolina, to some 5,500 besieging Confederate troops under P.G.T. Beauregard.
With war upon the land, Union President Abraham Lincoln called for 75,000 militiamen to serve for three months. He proclaimed a naval blockade of the Confederate States, directed the secretary of the treasury to advance $2 million to assist in the raising of troops, and suspended the writ of habeas corpus. The Confederate government had previously authorized a call for 100,000 soldiers for at least six months' service, and this figure was soon increased to 400,000.
At first glance it seemed that the 23 states of the Union were more than a match for the 11 seceding Southern states. There were approximately 21 million people in the North compared with some 9 million in the South (of whom about 3.5 million were slaves). In addition, the Federals possessed over 100,000 manufacturing plants as against 18,000 south of the Potomac River, and more than 70 percent of the railroads were in the North. Furthermore, the Union had at its command a 30-to-1 superiority in arms production, a 2-to-1 edge in available manpower, and a great preponderance of commercial and financial resources. It had a functioning government and a small but efficient regular army and navy.
The Confederacy was not predestined to defeat, however. The Southern armies had the advantage of fighting on interior lines, and their military tradition had bulked large in the history of the United States before 1860. Moreover, the long Confederate coastline of 3,500 miles (5,600 km) seemed to defy blockade; and the Confederate president, Jefferson Davis, hoped to receive decisive foreign aid and intervention. Finally, the gray-clad Southern Confederate soldiers were fighting for the intangible but strong objectives of home and white supremacyto achieve a separate and independent nation based on what they called "Southern institutions," the chief of which was the institution of slavery. So the Southern cause was not a lost one; indeed, other nations had won independence against equally heavy odds.
Command problems plagued both sides. Of the two rival commanders in chief, most people in 1861 thought Davis to be abler than Lincoln. Davis was a West Point graduate, a hero of the Mexican War, a capable secretary of war under President Franklin Pierce, and a U.S. representative and senator from Mississippi; whereas Lincoln—who had served in the Illinois state legislature and as an undistinguished one-term member of the U.S. House of Representatives—could boast of only a brief period of military service in the Black Hawk War, in which he did not perform well.
As president and commander in chief of the Confederate forces, Davis revealed many fine qualities, including patience, courage, dignity, restraint, firmness, energy, determination, and honesty; but he was flawed by his excessive pride, hypersensitivity to criticism, and inability to delegate minor details to his subordinates. To a large extent Davis was his own secretary of war, although five different men served in that post during the lifetime of the Confederacy. Davis himself also filled the position of general in chief of the Confederate armies until he named Robert E. Lee to that position on February 6, 1865, when the Confederacy was near collapse. In naval affairs—an area about which he knew little—the Confederate president seldom intervened directly, allowing the competent secretary of the navy, Stephen Mallory, to handle the Southern naval buildup and operations on the water. Although his position was onerous and perhaps could not have been filled so well by any other Southern political leader, Davis's overall performance in office left something to be desired.
To the astonishment of many, Lincoln grew in stature with time and experience, and by 1864 he had become a consummate war director. But he had much to learn at first, especially in strategic and tactical matters and in his choices of army commanders. With an ineffective first secretary of war—Simon Cameron—Lincoln unhesitatingly insinuated himself directly into the planning of military movements. Edwin M. Stanton, appointed to the secretaryship on January 20, 1862, was equally untutored in military affairs, but he was fully as active a participant as his superior.
Winfield Scott was the Federal general in chief when Lincoln took office. The 75-year-old Scott—a hero of the War of 1812 and of the Mexican War—was a magnificent and distinguished soldier whose mind was still keen, but he was physically incapacitated and had to be retired from the service on November 1, 1861. Scott was replaced by young George B. McClellan, an able and imaginative general in chief but one who had difficulty in establishing harmonious and effective relations with Lincoln. Because of this and because he had to campaign with his own Army of the Potomac, McClellan was relieved as general in chief on March 11, 1862. He was eventually succeeded on July 11 by the limited Henry W. Halleck, who held the position until replaced by Ulysses S. Grant on March 9, 1864. Halleck then became chief of staff under Grant in a long-needed streamlining of the Federal high command. Grant served efficaciously as general in chief throughout the remainder of the war.
After the initial call by Lincoln and Davis for troops and as the war lengthened indeterminately, both sides turned to raising massive armies of volunteers. Local citizens of prominence and means would organize regiments that were uniformed and accoutred at first under the aegis of the states and then mustered into the service of the Union and Confederate governments. As the war dragged on, the two governments had to resort to conscription to fill the ranks being so swiftly thinned by battle casualties.
In the area of grand strategy, Davis persistently adhered to the defensive, permitting only occasional "spoiling" forays into Northern territory. Yet perhaps the Confederates' best chance of winning would have been an early grand offensive into the Union states before the Lincoln administration could find its ablest generals and bring the preponderant resources of the North to bear against the South.
Lincoln, on the other hand, in order to crush the rebellion and reestablish the authority of the Federal government, had to direct his blue-clad armies to invade, capture, and hold most of the vital areas of the Confederacy. His grand strategy was based on Scott's so-called Anaconda plan, a design that evolved from strategic ideas discussed in messages between Scott and McClellan on April 27, May 3, and May 21, 1861. It called for a Union blockade of the Confederacy's littoral as well as a decisive thrust down the Mississippi River and an ensuing strangulation of the South by Federal land and naval forces. But it was to take four years of grim, unrelenting warfare and enormous casualties and devastation before the Confederates could be defeated and the Union preserved.
The first military operations took place in northwestern Virginia, where non-slaveholding pro-Unionists sought to secede from the Confederacy. McClellan, in command of Federal forces in southern Ohio, advanced on his own initiative in the early summer of 1861 into western Virginia with about 20,000 men. He encountered smaller forces sent there by Lee, then in Richmond in command of all Virginia troops. Although showing signs of occasional hesitation, McClellan quickly won three small but significant battles: on June 3 at Philippi, on July 11 at Rich Mountain, and on July 13 at Carrick's (or Corrick's) Ford (all now in West Virginia). McClellan's casualties were light, and his victories went far toward eliminating Confederate resistance in northwestern Virginia, which had refused to recognize secession, and toward paving the way for the admittance into the Union of the new state of West Virginia in 1863.
Meanwhile, sizable armies were gathering around the Federal capital of Washington, D.C., and the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. Federal forces abandoned positions in Virginia, including, on April 18, Harpers Ferry (now West Virginia), which was quickly occupied by Southern forces, who held it for a time, and the naval base at Norfolk, which was prematurely abandoned to the enemy on April 20. On May 6 Lee ordered a Confederate force—soon to be commanded by P.G.T. Beauregard—northward to hold the rail hub of Manassas Junction, Virginia, some 26 miles (42 km) southwest of Washington. With Lincoln's approval, Scott appointed Irvin McDowell to command the main Federal army that was being hastily collected near Washington. But political pressure and Northern public opinion impelled Lincoln, against Scott's advice, to order McDowell's still-untrained army forward to push the enemy back from Manassas. Meanwhile, Federal forces were to hold Confederate soldiers under Joseph E. Johnston in the Shenandoah Valley near Winchester, Virginia, thus preventing them from reinforcing Beauregard along the Bull Run near Manassas.
McDowell advanced from Washington on July 16 with some 32,000 men and moved slowly toward Bull Run. Two days later a reconnaissance in force was repulsed by the Confederates at Mitchell's and Blackburn's Fords, and when McDowell attacked on July 21 in the First Battle of Bull Run (in the South, First Manassas; see photograph), he discovered that Johnston had escaped the Federals in the valley and had joined Beauregard near Manassas just in time, bringing the total Confederate force to around 28,000. McDowell's sharp attacks with green troops forced the equally untrained Southerners back a bit, but a strong defensive stand by Thomas Jonathan Jackson (who thereby gained the nickname "Stonewall") enabled the Confederates to check and finally throw back the Federals in the afternoon. The Federal retreat to Washington soon became a rout. McDowell lost 2,708 men—killed, wounded, and missing (including prisoners)—against a Southern loss of 1,981. Both sides now settled down to a long war.
Fresh from his victories in western Virginia, McClellan was called to Washington to replace Scott. There he began to mold the Army of the Potomac into a resolute, effective shield and sword of the Union. But personality clashes and unrelenting opposition to McClellan from the Radical Republicans in Congress hampered the sometimes tactless, conservative, Democratic general. It took time to drill, discipline, and equip this force of considerably more than 100,000 men, but as fall blended into winter, loud demands arose that McClellan advance against Johnston's Confederate forces at Centreville and Manassas in Virginia. McClellan fell seriously ill with typhoid fever in December, and when he had recovered weeks later he found that Lincoln, desperately eager for action, had ordered him to advance on February 22, 1862. Long debates ensued between president and commander. When in March McClellan finally began his Peninsular Campaign, he discovered that Lincoln and Stanton had withheld large numbers of his command in front of Washington for the defense of the capital—forces that were actually not needed there. Upon taking command of the army in the field, McClellan was relieved of his duties as general in chief.
Advancing up the historic peninsula between the York and James rivers in Virginia, McClellan began a month-long siege of Yorktown and captured that stronghold on May 4, 1862. A Confederate rearguard action at Williamsburg the next day delayed the blue-clads, who then slowly moved up through heavy rain to within 4 miles (6 km) of Richmond. Striving to seize the initiative, Johnston attacked McClellan's left wing at Seven Pines (Fair Oaks) on May 31 and, after scoring initial gains, was checked; Johnston was severely wounded, and Lee, who had been serving as Davis's military adviser, succeeded Johnston in command of the Army of Northern Virginia. McClellan counterattacked on June 1 and forced the Southerners back into the environs of Richmond. The Federals suffered a total of 5,031 casualties out of a force of nearly 100,000, while the Confederates lost 6,134 of about 74,000 men.
As McClellan inched forward toward Richmond in June, Lee prepared a counterstroke. He recalled from the Shenandoah Valley Jackson's forces—which had threatened Harpers Ferry and had brilliantly defeated several scattered Federal armies—and, with about 90,000 soldiers, attacked McClellan on June 26 to begin the fighting of the Seven Days' Battles (usually dated June 25–July 1). In the ensuing days at Mechanicsville, Gaines's Mill, Savage's Station, Frayser's Farm (Glendale), and Malvern Hill, Lee tried unsuccessfully to crush the Army of the Potomac, which McClellan was moving to another base on the James River; but the Confederate commander had at least saved Richmond. McClellan inflicted 20,614 casualties on Lee while suffering 15,849 himself. McClellan felt he could not move upon Richmond without considerable reinforcement, and against his protests his army was withdrawn from the peninsula to Washington by Lincoln and the new general in chief, Halleck. Many of McClellan's units were given to a new Federal army commander, John Pope, who was directed to move overland against Richmond.
Pope advanced confidently toward the Rappahannock River with his Army of Virginia, while Lee, once McClellan had been pulled back from near Richmond, moved northward to confront Pope before he could be joined by all of McClellan's troops. Daringly splitting his army, Lee sent Jackson to destroy Pope's base at Manassas, while he himself advanced via another route with James Longstreet's half of the army. Pope opened the Second Battle of Bull Run (in the South, Second Manassas) on August 29 with heavy but futile attacks on Jackson. The next day Lee arrived and crushed the Federal left with a massive flank assault by Longstreet, which, combined with Jackson's counterattacks, drove the Northerners back in rout upon Washington. Pope lost 16,054 men out of a force of about 70,000, while Lee lost 9,197 out of about 55,000. With the Federal soldiers now lacking confidence in Pope, Lincoln relieved him and merged his forces into McClellan's Army of the Potomac.
Lee followed up his advantage with his first invasion of the North, pushing as far as Frederick, Maryland. McClellan had to reorganize his army on the march, a task that he performed capably. But he was beset by contradictory orders: Lincoln urged him to pursue Lee more swiftly; Halleck directed him to slow down and to stay closer to Washington. Biding his time, McClellan pressed forward and wrested the initiative from Lee by attacking and defeating a Confederate force at three gaps of the South Mountain between Frederick and Hagerstown on September 14. Lee fell back into a cramped defensive position along the Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, where he was reinforced by Jackson, who had just captured about 11,500 Federals at Harpers Ferry. After a delay, McClellan struck the Confederates on September 17 in the bloodiest single-day's battle of the war. Although gaining some ground, the Federals were unable to drive the Confederate army into the Potomac, but Lee was compelled to retreat back into Virginia. At Antietam, McClellan lost 12,410 of some 69,000 engaged, while Lee lost 13,724 of perhaps 52,000. When McClellan did not pursue Lee as quickly as Lincoln and Halleck thought he should, he was replaced in command by Ambrose E. Burnside, who had been an ineffective corps commander at Antietam.
Burnside delayed for a number of weeks before marching his reinforced army of 120,281 men to a point across the Rappahannock River from Fredericksburg, Virginia. On December 13 he ordered a series of 16 hopeless, piecemeal frontal assaults across open ground against Lee's army of 78,513 troops, drawn up in an impregnable position atop high ground and behind a stone wall. The Federals were repelled with staggering losses; Burnside had lost 12,653 men, compared to Lee's 5,309. The plunging Federal morale was reflected in an increasing number of desertions. Therefore, on January 25, 1863, Lincoln replaced Burnside with a proficient corps commander, Joseph ("Fighting Joe") Hooker, who was a harsh critic of other generals and even of the president. Both armies went into winter quarters near Fredericksburg.
Military events, meanwhile, were transpiring in other arenas.
In the Trans-Mississippi theatre covetous Confederate eyes were cast on California, where ports for privateers could be seized, as could gold and silver to buttress a sagging treasury. Led by Henry Sibley, a Confederate force of some 2,600 invaded the Union's Department of New Mexico, where the Federal commander, Edward Canby, had but 3,810 men to defend the entire vast territory. Although plagued by pneumonia and smallpox, Sibley bettered a Federal force on February 21, 1862, at Valverde, and captured Albuquerque and Santa Fe on March 23. But at the crucial engagement of La Glorieta Pass (known also as Apache Canyon, Johnson's Ranch, or Pigeon's Ranch) a few days later, Sibley was checked and lost most of his wagon train. He had to retreat into Texas, where he reached safety in April but with only 900 men and seven of 337 supply wagons left.
Farther eastward, in the more vital Mississippi valley, operations were unfolding as large and as important as those on the Atlantic seaboard. Missouri and Kentucky were key border states that Lincoln had to retain within the Union orbit. Commanders there—especially on the Federal side—had greater autonomy than those in Virginia. Affairs began inauspiciously for the Federals in Missouri when Union General Nathaniel Lyon's 5,000 troops were defeated at Wilson's Creek on August 10, 1861, by a Confederate force of more than 10,000 under Sterling Price and Benjamin McCulloch, each side losing some 1,200 men. But the Federals under Samuel Curtis decisively set back a gray-clad army under Earl Van Dorn at Pea Ridge (Elkhorn Tavern), Arkansas, on March 7–8, 1862, saving Missouri for the Union and threatening Arkansas.
The Confederates to the east of Missouri had established a unified command under Albert Sidney Johnston, who manned, with only 40,000 men, a long line in Kentucky running from near Cumberland Gap on the east through Bowling Green to Columbus on the Mississippi River. Numerically superior Federal forces cracked this line in early 1862. First, George H. Thomas smashed Johnston's right flank at Mill Springs (Somerset), Kentucky, on January 19. Then, in February, Grant, assisted by Federal gunboats commanded by Andrew H. Foote and acting under Halleck's orders, ruptured the centre of the Southern line in Kentucky by capturing Fort Henry on the Tennessee River and Fort Donelson, 11 miles (18 km) to the east on the Cumberland River (both forts located in Tennessee). The Confederates suffered more than 16,000 casualties at the latter stronghold—most of them taken prisoner—as against Federal losses of less than 3,000. Johnston's left anchor fell when Pope seized New Madrid, Missouri, and Island Number Ten in the Mississippi River in March and April. This forced Johnston to withdraw his remnants quickly from Kentucky through Tennessee and to reorganize them for a counterstroke. This seemingly impossible task he performed splendidly.
The Confederate onslaught came at Shiloh, Tennessee, near Pittsburg Landing, a point on the west bank of the Tennessee River to which Grant and William T. Sherman had incautiously advanced. In a herculean effort, Johnston had pulled his forces together and, with 40,000 men, suddenly struck a like number of unsuspecting Federals on April 6. Johnston hoped to crush Grant before the arrival of Don Carlos Buell's 20,000 Federal troops, approaching from Nashville, Tennessee. A desperate combat ensued, with Confederate assaults driving the Unionists perilously close to the river. But at the height of success, Johnston was mortally wounded; the Southern attack then lost momentum, and Grant held on until reinforced by Buell. On the following day the Federals counterattacked and drove the Confederates, now under Beauregard, steadily from the field, forcing them to fall back to Corinth, in northern Mississippi. Grant's victory cost him 13,047 casualties, compared to Southern losses of 10,694. Halleck then assumed personal command of the combined forces of Grant, Buell, and Pope and inched forward to Corinth (see photograph), which the Confederates evacuated on May 30.
Beauregard, never popular with Davis, was superseded by Braxton Bragg, one of the president's favourites. Bragg was an imaginative strategist and an effective drillmaster and organizer; but he was also a weak tactician and a martinet who was disliked by a number of his principal subordinates. Leaving 22,000 men in Mississippi under Price and Van Dorn, Bragg moved through Chattanooga, Tennessee, with 30,000, hoping to reconquer the state and carry the war into Kentucky. Some 18,000 other Confederate soldiers under Edmund Kirby-Smith were at Knoxville, Tennessee. Buell led his Federal force northward to save Louisville, Kentucky, and to force Bragg to fight. Occupying Frankfort, Kentucky, Bragg failed to move promptly against Louisville. In the ensuing Battle of Perryville on October 8, Bragg, after an early advantage, was halted by Buell and impelled to fall back to a point south of Nashville. Meanwhile, Federal General William S. Rosecrans had checked Price and Van Dorn at Iuka, Mississippi, on September 19 and had repelled their attack on Corinth on October 3–4.
Buell—like McClellan a cautious, conservative, Democratic general—was slow in his pursuit of the retreating Confederates and, despite his success at Perryville, was relieved of his command by Lincoln on October 24. His successor, Rosecrans, was able to safeguard Nashville and then to move southeastward against Bragg's army at Murfreesboro, Tennessee. He scored a partial success by bringing on the bloody Battle of Stones River (or Murfreesboro, December 31, 1862–January 2, 1863). Again, after first having the better of the combat, Bragg was finally contained and forced to retreat. Of some 41,400 men, Rosecrans lost 12,906, while Bragg suffered 11,739 casualties out of about 34,700 effectives. Although it was a strategic victory for Rosecrans, his army was so shaken that he felt unable to advance again for five months, despite the urgings of Lincoln and Halleck.
In the east, after both armies had spent the winter in camp, the arrival of the active 1863 campaign season was eagerly awaited—especially by Hooker. "Fighting Joe" had capably reorganized and refitted his army, the morale of which was high once again. This massive host numbered around 132,000—the largest formed during the war—and was termed by Hooker "the finest army on the planet." It was opposed by Lee with about 62,000. Hooker decided to move most of his army up the Rappahannock, cross, and come in upon the Confederate rear at Fredericksburg, while John Sedgwick's smaller force would press Lee in front.
Beginning his turning movement on April 27, 1863, Hooker masterfully swung around toward the west of the Confederate army. Thus far he had outmaneuvered Lee; but Hooker was astonished on May 1 when the Confederate commander suddenly moved the bulk of his army directly against him. "Fighting Joe" lost his nerve and pulled back to Chancellorsville, Virginia, in the Wilderness, where the superior Federal artillery could not be used effectively.
Lee followed up on May 2 by sending Jackson on a brilliant flanking movement against Hooker's exposed right flank. Bursting like a thunderbolt upon Oliver O. Howard's 11th Corps late in the afternoon, Jackson crushed this wing; while continuing his advance, however, Jackson was accidentally wounded by his own men and died of complications shortly thereafter. This helped stall the Confederate advance. Lee then resumed the attack on the morning of May 3 and slowly pushed Hooker back; the latter was wounded by Southern artillery fire. That afternoon Sedgwick drove Jubal Early's Southerners from Marye's Heights at Fredericksburg, but Lee countermarched his weary troops, fell upon Sedgwick at Salem Church, and forced him back to the north bank of the Rappahannock. Lee then returned to Chancellorsville to resume the main engagement; but Hooker, though he had 37,000 fresh troops available, gave up the contest on May 5 and retreated across the river to his old position opposite Fredericksburg. The Federals suffered 17,278 casualties at Chancellorsville, while the Confederates lost 12,764.
While both armies were licking their wounds and reorganizing, Hooker, Lincoln, and Halleck debated Union strategy. They were thus engaged when Lee launched his second invasion of the North on June 5, 1863. His advance elements moved down the Shenandoah Valley toward Harpers Ferry, brushing aside small Federal forces near Winchester. Marching through Maryland into Pennsylvania, the Confederates reached Chambersburg and turned eastward. They occupied York and Carlisle and menaced Harrisburg. Meanwhile, the dashing Confederate cavalryman J.E.B. ("Jeb") Stuart set off on a questionable ride around the Federal army and was unable to join Lee's main army until the second day at Gettysburg.
Hooker—on unfriendly terms with Lincoln and especially Halleck—ably moved the Federal forces northward, keeping between Lee's army and Washington. Reaching Frederick, Hooker requested that the nearly 10,000-man Federal garrison at Harpers Ferry be added to his field army. When Halleck refused, Hooker resigned his command and was succeeded by the steady George Gordon Meade, the commander of the 5th Corps. Meade was granted a greater degree of freedom of movement than Hooker had enjoyed, and he carefully felt his way northward, looking for the enemy.
Learning to his surprise on June 28 that the Federal army was north of the Potomac, Lee hastened to concentrate his far-flung legions. Hostile forces came together unexpectedly at the important crossroads town of Gettysburg, in southern Pennsylvania, bringing on the greatest battle ever fought in the Western Hemisphere. Attacking on July 1 from the west and north with 28,000 men, Confederate forces finally prevailed after nine hours of desperate fighting against 18,000 Federal soldiers under John F. Reynolds. When Reynolds was killed, Abner Doubleday ably handled the outnumbered Federal troops, and only the sheer weight of Confederate numbers forced him back through the streets of Gettysburg to strategic Cemetery Ridge south of town, where Meade assembled the rest of the army that night.
On the second day of battle, Meade's 93,000 troops were ensconced in a strong, fishhook-shaped defensive position running northward from the Round Top hills along Cemetery Ridge and thence eastward to Culp's Hill. Lee, with 75,000 troops, ordered Longstreet to attack the Federals diagonally from Little Round Top northward and Richard S. Ewell to assail Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill. The Confederate attack, coming in the late afternoon and evening, saw Longstreet capture the positions known as the Peach Orchard, Wheat Field, and Devil's Den on the Federal left in furious fighting but fail to seize the vital Little Round Top. Ewell's later assaults on Cemetery Hill were repulsed, and he could capture only a part of Culp's Hill.
On the morning of the third day, Meade's right wing drove the Confederates from the lower slopes of Culp's Hill and checked Stuart's cavalry sweep to the east of Gettysburg in midafternoon. Then, in what has been called the greatest infantry charge in American history, Lee—against Longstreet's advice—hurled nearly 15,000 soldiers, under the immediate command of George E. Pickett, against the centre of Meade's lines on Cemetery Ridge, following a fearful artillery duel of two hours. Despite heroic efforts, only several hundred Southerners temporarily cracked the Federal centre at the so-called High-Water Mark; the rest were shot down by Federal cannoneers and musketrymen, captured, or thrown back, suffering casualties of almost 60 percent. Meade felt unable to counterattack, and Lee conducted an adroit retreat into Virginia. The Confederates had lost 28,063 men at Gettysburg, and the Federals, 23,049. After indecisive maneuvering and light actions in northern Virginia in the fall of 1863, the two armies went into winter quarters. Never again was Lee able to mount a full-scale invasion of the North with his entire army.
In Arkansas, Federal troops under Frederick Steele moved upon the Confederates and defeated them at Prairie Grove, near Fayetteville, on December 7, 1862—a victory that paved the way for Steele's eventual capture of Little Rock the next September.
More importantly, Grant, back in good graces following his undistinguished performance at Shiloh, was authorized to move against the Confederate "Gibraltar of the West"—Vicksburg, Mississippi. This bastion was difficult to approach: Admiral David G. Farragut, Grant, and Sherman had failed to capture it in 1862. In the early months of 1863, in the so-called Bayou Expeditions, Grant was again frustrated in his efforts to get at Vicksburg from the north. Finally, escorted by Admiral David Dixon Porter's gunboats, which ran the Confederate batteries at Vicksburg, Grant landed his army to the south at Bruinsburg, Mississippi, on April 30, 1863, and pressed northeastward. He won small but sharp actions at Port Gibson, Raymond, and Jackson, while the circumspect Confederate defender of Vicksburg, John C. Pemberton, was unable to link up with a smaller Southern force under Joseph E. Johnston near Jackson.
Turning due westward toward the rear of Vicksburg's defenses, Grant smashed Pemberton's army at Champion's Hill and the Big Black River and invested the fortress. During his 47-day siege, Grant eventually had an army of 71,000; Pemberton's command numbered 31,000, of whom 18,500 were effectives. After a courageous stand, the outnumbered Confederates were forced to capitulate on July 4. Five days later, 6,000 Confederates yielded to Nathaniel P. Banks at Port Hudson, Louisiana, to the south of Vicksburg, and Lincoln could say, in relief, "The Father of Waters again goes unvexed to the sea."
Meanwhile, 60,000 Federal soldiers under Rosecrans sought to move southeastward from central Tennessee against the important Confederate rail and industrial centre of Chattanooga, then held by Bragg with some 43,000 troops. In a series of brilliantly conceived movements, Rosecrans maneuvered Bragg out of Chattanooga without having to fight a battle. Bragg was then bolstered by troops from Longstreet's veteran corps, sent swiftly by rail from Lee's army in Virginia. With this reinforcement, Bragg turned on Rosecrans and, in a vicious two-day battle (September 19–20) at Chickamauga Creek, Georgia (see photograph), just southeast of Chattanooga, gained one of the few Confederate victories in the west. Bragg lost 18,454 of his 66,326 men; Rosecrans, 16,170 out of 53,919 engaged. Rosecrans fell back into Chattanooga, where he was almost encircled by Bragg.
But the Southern success was short-lived. Instead of pressing the siege of Chattanooga, Bragg unwisely sent Longstreet off in a futile attempt to capture Knoxville, then being held by Burnside. When Rosecrans showed signs of disintegration, Lincoln replaced him with Grant and strengthened the hard-pressed Federal army at Chattanooga by sending, by rail, the remnants of the Army of the Potomac's 11th and 12th Corps, under Hooker's command. Outnumbering Bragg now 56,359 to 46,165, Grant attacked on November 23–25, capturing Lookout Mountain (see photograph) and Missionary Ridge, defeating Bragg's army, and driving it southward toward Dalton, Georgia. Grant sustained 5,824 casualties at Chattanooga and Bragg, 6,667. Confidence having been lost in Bragg by most of his top generals, Davis replaced him with Joseph E. Johnston. Both armies remained quiescent until the following spring.
Finally dissatisfied with Halleck as general in chief and impressed with Grant's victories, Lincoln appointed Grant to supersede Halleck and to assume the rank of lieutenant general, which Congress had re-created. Leaving Sherman in command in the west, Grant arrived in Washington on March 8, 1864. He was given largely a free hand in developing his grand strategy. He retained Meade in technical command of the Army of the Potomac but in effect assumed direct control by establishing his own headquarters with it. He sought to move this army against Lee in northern Virginia while Sherman marched against Johnston and Atlanta. Several lesser Federal armies were also to advance in May.
Grant surged across the Rapidan and Rappahannock rivers in Virginia on May 4, hoping to get through the tangled Wilderness before Lee could move. But the Confederate leader reacted instantly and, on May 5, attacked Grant from the west in the Battle of the Wilderness. Two days of bitter, indecisive combat ensued. Although Grant had 115,000 men available against Lee's 62,000, he found both Federal flanks endangered. Moreover, Grant lost 17,666 soldiers compared to a probable Southern loss of about 8,000. Pulling away from the Wilderness battlefield, Grant tried to hasten southeastward to the crossroads point of Spotsylvania Court House, only to have the Confederates get there first. In savage action (May 8–19), including hand-to-hand fighting at the famous "Bloody Angle," Grant, although gaining a little ground, was essentially thrown back. He had lost 18,399 men at Spotsylvania. Lee's combined losses at the Wilderness and Spotsylvania were an estimated 17,250.
Again Grant withdrew, only to move forward in another series of attempts to get past Lee's right flank; again, at the North Anna River and at the Totopotomoy Creek, he found Lee confronting him. Finally at Cold Harbor, just northeast of Richmond, Grant launched several heavy attacks, including a frontal, near-suicidal one on June 3, only to be repelled with grievous total losses of 12,737. Lee's casualties are unknown but were much lighter.
Grant, with the vital rail centre of Petersburg—the southern key to Richmond—as his objective, made one final effort to swing around Lee's right and finally outguessed his opponent and stole a march on him. But several blunders by Federal officers, swift action by Beauregard, and Lee's belated though rapid reaction enabled the Confederates to hold Petersburg. Grant attacked on June 15 and 18, hoping to break through before Lee could consolidate the Confederate lines east of the city, but he was contained with 8,150 losses.
Unable to admit defeat but having failed to destroy Lee's army and capture Richmond, Grant settled down to a nine-month active siege of Petersburg. The summer and fall of 1864 were highlighted by the Federal failure with a mine explosion under the gray lines at Petersburg on July 30, the near capture of Washington by the Confederate Jubal Early in July, and Early's later setbacks in the Shenandoah Valley at the hands of Philip H. Sheridan.
Meanwhile, Sherman was pushing off toward Atlanta from Dalton, Georgia, on May 7, 1864, with 110,123 men against Johnston's 55,000. This masterly campaign comprised a series of cat-and-mouse moves by the rival commanders. Nine successive defensive positions were taken up by Johnston. Trying to outguess his opponent, Sherman attempted to swing around the Confederate right flank twice and around the left flank the other times, but each time Johnston divined which way Sherman was moving and each time pulled back in time to thwart him. At one point Sherman's patience snapped and he frontally assaulted the Southerners at Kennesaw Mountain, Georgia, on June 27; Johnston threw him back with heavy losses. All the while Sherman's lines of communication in his rear were being menaced by audacious Confederate cavalry raids conducted by Nathan Bedford Forrest and Joseph Wheeler. Forrest administered a crushing defeat to Federal troops under Samuel D. Sturgis at Brice's Cross Roads, Mississippi, on June 10. But these Confederate forays were more annoying than decisive, and Sherman pressed forward.
When Johnston finally informed Davis that he could not realistically hope to annihilate Sherman's mighty army, the Confederate president replaced him with John B. Hood, who had already lost two limbs in the war. Hood inaugurated a series of premature offensive battles at Peachtree Creek, Atlanta, Ezra Church, and Jonesboro, but he was repulsed in each of them. With his communications threatened, Hood evacuated Atlanta on the night of August 31–September 1. Sherman pursued only at first. Then, on November 15, he commenced his great March to the Sea with more than 60,000 men, laying waste to the economic resources of Georgia in a 50-mile- (80-km-) wide swath of destruction. He captured Savannah on December 21.
Hood had sought unsuccessfully to lure Sherman out of Georgia and back into Tennessee by marching northwestward with nearly 40,000 men toward the key city of Nashville (see photograph), the defense of which had been entrusted by Sherman to George H. Thomas. At Franklin, Hood was checked for a day with severe casualties by a Federal holding force under John M. Schofield. This helped Thomas to retain Nashville, where, on December 15–16, he delivered a crushing counterstroke against Hood's besieging army, cutting it up so badly that it was of little use thereafter.
Sherman's force might have been larger and his Atlanta-Savannah Campaign consummated much sooner had not Lincoln approved the Red River Campaign in Louisiana led by Banks in the spring of 1864. Accompanied by Porter's warships, Banks moved up the Red River with some 40,000 men. He had two objectives: to capture cotton and to defeat Southern forces under Kirby-Smith and Richard Taylor. Not only did he fail to net much cotton but he was also checked with loss on April 8 at Sabine Cross Roads, Louisiana, and forced to retreat. Porter lost several gunboats, and the campaign amounted to a costly debacle.
That fall Kirby-Smith ordered the reconquest of Missouri. Sterling Price's Confederate army advanced on a broad front into Missouri but was set back temporarily by Thomas Ewing at Pilot Knob on September 27. Resuming the advance toward St. Louis, Price was forced westward along the south bank of the Missouri River by pursuing Federal troops under A.J. Smith, Alfred Pleasonton, and Samuel Curtis. Finally, on October 23, at Westport, near Kansas City, Price was decisively defeated and forced to retreat along a circuitous route, arriving back in Arkansas on December 2. This ill-fated raid cost Price most of his artillery as well as the greater part of his army, which numbered about 12,000.
On January 10, 1865, with Tennessee and Georgia now securely in Federal hands, Sherman's 60,000-man force began to march northward into the Carolinas. It was only lightly opposed by much smaller Confederate forces. Sherman captured Columbia, South Carolina, on February 17 and compelled the Confederates to evacuate Charleston (including Fort Sumter). When Lee was finally named Confederate general in chief, he promptly reinstated Johnston as commander of the small forces striving to oppose the Federal advance. Nonetheless, Sherman pushed on into North Carolina, capturing Fayetteville on March 11 and, after an initial setback, repulsing the counterattacking Johnston at Bentonville on March 19–20. Goldsboro fell to the Federals on March 23, and Raleigh on April 13. Finally, perceiving that he no longer had any reasonable chance of containing the relentless Federal advance, Johnston surrendered to Sherman at the Bennett House near Durham Station on April 18. When Sherman's generous terms proved unacceptable to Secretary of War Stanton (Lincoln had been assassinated on April 14), the former submitted new terms that Johnston signed on April 26.
Grant and Meade were continuing their siege of Petersburg and Richmond early in 1865. For months the Federals had been lengthening their left (southern) flank while operating against several important railroads supplying the two Confederate cities. This stretched Lee's dwindling forces very thin. The Southern leader briefly threatened to break the siege when he attacked and captured Fort Stedman on March 25. But an immediate Federal counterattack regained the strongpoint, and Lee, when his lines were subsequently pierced, evacuated both Petersburg and Richmond on the night of April 2–3.
An 88-mile (142-km) pursuit west-southwestward along the Appomattox River in Virginia ensued, with Grant and Meade straining every nerve to bring Lee to bay. The Confederates were detained at Amelia Court House, awaiting delayed food supplies, and were badly cut up at Five Forks and Sayler's Creek, with their only avenue of escape now cut off by Sheridan and George A. Custer. When Lee's final attempt to break out failed, he surrendered the remnants of his gallant Army of Northern Virginia at the McLean house at Appomattox Court House on April 9. The lamp of magnanimity was reflected in Grant's unselfish terms.
On the periphery of the Confederacy, 43,000 gray-clad soldiers in Louisiana under Kirby-Smith surrendered to Canby on May 26. The port of Galveston, Texas, yielded to the Federals on June 2, and the greatest war on American soil was over.
While the Federal armies actually stamped out Confederate land resistance, the increasingly effective Federal naval effort must not be overlooked. If Union sea power did not win the war, it enabled the war to be won. When hostilities opened, the U.S. Navy numbered 90 warships, of which only 42 were in commission, and many of these were on foreign station. Fortunately for the Federals, Lincoln had, in the person of Gideon Welles, a wise secretary of the navy and one of his most competent cabinet members. Welles was ably seconded by his assistant, Gustavus Vasa Fox.
By the time of Lee's surrender, Lincoln's navy numbered 626 warships, of which 65 were ironclads. From a tiny force of nearly 9,000 seamen in 1861, the Union navy increased by war's end to about 59,000 sailors, whereas naval appropriations per year leaped from approximately $12 million to perhaps $123 million. The blockade of about 3,500 miles (5,600 km) of Confederate coastline was a factor of incalculable value in the final defeat of the Davis government, although the blockade did not become truly effective before the end of 1863.
The Confederates, on the other hand, had to start from almost nothing in building a navy. That they did so well was largely because of untiring efforts by the capable secretary of the navy, Stephen Mallory. He dispatched agents to Europe to purchase warships, sought to refurbish captured or scuttled Federal vessels, and made every effort to arm and employ Southern-owned ships then in Confederate ports. Mallory's only major omission was his delay in seeing the advantage of Confederate government control of blockade runners bringing in strategic supplies; not until later in the war did the government begin closer supervision of blockade-running vessels. Eventually, the government commandeered space on all privately owned blockade runners and even built and operated some of its own late in the war.
The naval side of the Civil War was a revolutionary one. In addition to their increasing use of steam power, the screw propeller, shell guns, and rifled ordnance, both sides built and employed ironclad warships. The notable clash on March 9, 1862, between the North's Monitor and the South's Virginia (formerly the Merrimack) was the first battle ever waged between ironclads. Also, the first sinking of a warship by a submarine occurred on February 17, 1864, when the Confederate submersible Hunley sank the blockader USS Housatonic.
Daring Confederate sea raiders preyed upon Union commerce. Especially successful were the Sumter, commanded by Raphael Semmes, which captured 18 Northern merchantmen early in the war; the Florida, captained by John Maffit, which, in 1863, seized 37 Federal prizes in the North and South Atlantic; and the Shenandoah, with James Waddell as skipper, which took 38 Union merchant ships, mostly in the Pacific. But the most famous of all the Confederate cruisers was the Alabama, commanded by Semmes, which captured 69 Federal ships in two years; not until June 19, 1864, was the Alabama intercepted and sunk off Cherbourg, France, by the Federal warship Kearsarge, captained by John Winslow. A great many other Federal ships were captured, and marine insurance rates were driven to a prohibitive high by these Southern depredations. This led to a serious deterioration of the American merchant marine, the effects of which lasted into the 20th century.
Besides fighting efficaciously with ironclads on the inland rivers, Lincoln's navy also played an important role in a series of coastal and amphibious operations, some in conjunction with the Federal army. As early as November 7, 1861, a Federal flotilla under Samuel Francis du Pont seized Port Royal, South Carolina, and another squadron under Louis M. Goldsborough assisted Burnside's army in capturing Roanoke Island and New Bern on the North Carolina littoral in February–March 1862. One month later, Savannah, Georgia, was closed to Confederate blockade runners when the Federal navy reduced Fort Pulaski guarding the city; and on April 25 David Glasgow Farragut, running the forts near the mouth of the Mississippi, took New Orleans, which was subsequently occupied by Benjamin F. Butler's army.
But in April 1863 and again in July and August, Federal warships were repelled at Fort Sumter when they descended upon Charleston, and a Federal army under Quincy A. Gillmore fared little better when it tried to assist. Farragut had better luck, however, when he rendered Mobile, Alabama, useless by reducing Fort Morgan and destroying several defending Confederate ships on August 5, 1864, in the hardest-fought naval action of the war. The Confederacy's last open Atlantic port, Wilmington, North Carolina, successfully withstood a Federal naval attack by Porter on defending Fort Fisher when Butler's army failed to coordinate its attack properly in December 1864, but it fell one month later to Porter and to an ably conducted army assault led by Alfred H. Terry. Only Galveston remained open to the Confederates in the last months of the war. In short, "Uncle Sam's web feet," as Lincoln termed the Union navy, played a decisive role in helping to crush the Confederacy.
The triumph of the North, above and beyond its superior naval forces, numbers, and industrial and financial resources, was due in part to the statesmanship of Lincoln, who by 1864 had become a masterful war leader, to the pervading valour of Federal soldiers, and to the increasing skill of their officers. The victory can also be attributed in part to failures of Confederate transportation, matériel, and political leadership. Only praise can be extended to the continuing bravery of Confederate soldiers and to the strategic and tactical dexterity of such generals as Lee, Jackson, and Joseph E. Johnston.
While there were some desertions on both sides, the personal valour and the enormous casualties—both in absolute numbers and in percentage of numbers engaged—have not yet ceased to astound scholars and military historians. Based on the three-year standard of enlistment, about 1,556,000 soldiers served in the Federal armies, which suffered a total of 634,703 casualties (359,528 dead and 275,175 wounded). There were probably about 800,000 men serving in the Confederate forces, which sustained approximately 483,000 casualties (about 258,000 dead and perhaps 225,000 wounded).
The American Civil War has been called by some the last of the old-fashioned wars; others have termed it the first of the modern wars of history. Actually it was a transitional war, and it had a profound impact, technologically, on the development of modern weapons and techniques. There were many innovations. It was the first war in history in which ironclad warships clashed; the first in which the telegraph and railroad played significant roles (see photograph); the first to use, extensively, rifled ordnance and shell guns and to introduce a machine gun; the first to have widespread newspaper coverage, voting by servicemen in national elections, and photographic recordings; the first to organize medical care of troops systematically; and the first to use land and water mines and to employ a submarine that could sink a warship. It was also the first war in which armies widely employed aerial reconnaissance (by means of balloons).
The Civil War has been written about as have few other wars in history. More than 60,000 books and articles give eloquent testimony to the accuracy of Walt Whitman's prediction that "a great literature will … arise out of the era of those four years." The events of the war left a rich heritage for future generations, and that legacy was summed up by the martyred Lincoln as showing that the reunited sections of the United States constituted "the last best hope of earth."


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Product Reference: 42260
Distinguished & exquisite craftsmanship, made with high-quality material
Slim and lightweight, this case is ideal for those of you that are on-the-go. It's soft and stylish fabric material gives it an edge that will make your Lumia 1520 stand out from the crowd, and compliment your tablet completely.
Designed specifically for the Nokia Lumia 1520
Designed with your Nokia Lumia 1520 in mind, you can rest assured that all ports and features will be easily accessible, and your handset will be fully functional within the case.
Multi-Angle viewing stand
This case can fold into various levels, maximising your comfort and visibility whilst using your device. Perfect for viewing movies and pictures as well as typing out those important e-mails.
Card storage facility
Inside the front cover of the case, there are 3 credit card slots, so you can minimise what you carry around with you.
Protection against dust, dirt & scratches
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With suction cups on the inside of the cover, your case will close securely, improving the protection of your device.

subset: commoncrawl


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Brea Total Wine Featured Tastings - Schramsberg Vineyards
Total Wine & More - SoCal
Sunday, December 2, 2012 from 1:00 PM to 4:00 PM (PST)
Who's Going
San Francisco, California
London, United Kingdom
Florence, Italy
Event Details
You're invited to a special tasting opportunity!
Stop by our Tustin store this Sunday for a Featured Tasting with Wilson Daniels featuring a lineup of products from Schramsberg Vineyards! You can find this tasting table in our classroom, so stop by!
Selection and quantity will vary depending on RSVP attendance and supplier selection. Nominal tasting fee applies (10 cents). Please contact the store for more details.
When & Where
Total Wine & More - Brea
471 S Associated Rd
Sunday, December 2, 2012 from 1:00 PM to 4:00 PM (PST)
Add to my calendar
Total Wine & More - SoCal
Total Wine offers an unparalleled selection, greater than any other retailer in the Seattle-area, with everyday low prices and excellent service from the company's expertly trained staff. Total Wine also features a climate-controlled wine cellar for rare selections, a walk-in humidor for fine cigars, and provides space for private tastings, consumer education courses, community meetings and special events.


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That's not a bug, they're just confused and are trying to surf the web whilst on hold with sprint customer service! =) ok ok just kidding, I do feel bad for anyone who's on Verizon or Sprint. I love my AT&T and the grandfathered unlimited data plan I'm on. I've only been throttled once by AT&T and that's because I used 5GB of data. But as soon as my billing cycle started over, the throttling stopped. Love love love AT&T!
Im on verizon and i notice that when i go from Wifi to LTE then i have to put the phone in airplane mode and back just to surf the web. Am i the only one?
We have two iPhone 5's and both do the same thing. Both on AT&T
I get some service, but it's 1 bar of nothing, then three to five bars of Edge, back to no bars and back to Edge... Cycling over and over until airplane mode is turned on and off.
Then and only then do i get 4G.
AT&T has no idea what the problem is
Told me to restore and set up as new phone and keep WIFI off as there are "known wifi issues"
Didn't fix the problem
iPhone was replaced and still have the same problem.
So as of right now, it looks to me to be a HUGE glitch in the phones or ios6.
Word. most times this is an article hating on AT&T or even 10 carriers but mentions AT&T specifically. I love how there are millions of complaints with sprints service/speeds but if there's ever anything abnormal with AT&T service there's an article. Sure they can be dumb but don't act like that's the only person who rips me off
This is the same problem i had from the time I received my iphone 5 on September 21st.
The difference is; my carrier is AT&T.
I should mention that I had set up the iphone 5 with a restore from my iphone 4.
I went through all the usual steps, including a full reset, replacement of sim card, etc.
Finally, I went to the Apple store, where they verified that I had the problem.
However, this only occurred when I didn't have WiFi turned on.
Apple restored my phone to IOS 6 as new at the store and the problem went away.
I was then instructed to restore my apps, songs, podcasts, contacts, etc., once I got home.
But they told me not to do this as complete restore or the problem would reoccur.
So I had to go into Itunes and check these items and then apply the changes.
They were left to conclude that it had something to do with my old APN settings being pullled over.
I have owned an iphone 3G, 3GS, and 4.
Also, previous iphones had been jailbroken.
I remember that I had used SAM and ultras0w at some point during my jailbreaks.
All I can say now is, the problem has gone away.
LTE activation is an odd process involving several steps. Depending on your signal and proximity, it can take anywhere from 10 seconds to 24 hours for full LTE activation to occur. During this period, it is important to ensure the phone stays powered on and in signal range during the entire process.
I had this issue when activating my LTE iPad. I spent hours on the phone with Verizon support and nobody could figure it out; they all kept saying my SIM was "partially activated." So I went to the Verizon store to get a new one, and after convincing them it was not an "Apple proprietary SIM card," and that any micro-SIM would work, they finally agreed to give me a new one but they had to install it. Sadly I had the same activation result. Finally when I got home, I made the call to Verizon support, during which I spoke with the most knowledgable support person I have ever had the pleasure of dealing with from any company. She said it was not the SIM causing the problem, it was that the activation records showed it as completed when it was not. She also told me the reason was cutting power during the activation process. She was right; the first time I tried, I removed the SIM about 5 minutes after to see if it was interchangeable with my air-card, and with the 2nd SIM the guy in the Verizon store tried restarting the iPad! So, she simply reset the activation record, then I restarted my iPad and almost immediately upon restart it had 3G and said "Activation Successful," though still no LTE. This is when she told me it could take up to 24 hours, but judging by my signal strength and the number of activations presently occurring, it should only take about 10 minutes. Just then that beautiful LTE symbol popped up, and I've been paying through the nose ever since! (Lol)
Note: when my SIM was in a "partially activated" state, I was able to connect to the LTE network with a bit of trying. If I switched airplane on and off a few times it would connect to LTE and be blazing fast. After connecting to wifi or restarting the device it would go away again. I was able to use over 4gb of data in this partial state (thank you Verizon). But I knew something was terribly wrong because you should be able to switch cellular on and off and reconnect in seconds; this wasn't the case.
Now that my activation records were reset and I didn't power my device off or remove the SIM, the LTE network was able to properly activate my device/SIM. I learned my lesson with my iPhone 5 and didn't do any restoring from backups or resets, and followed the activation instructions exactly, giving the device the proper time to do its thing. Then I set it up as a new iPhone and synced all of my data to it.
Note Note: You should never restore a non-jailbroken device from a backup of a jailbroken device. I wouldn't restore the backup from a different device either (i.e. iPhone 4 -> 5), but that's just my preference. The jailbreak backup could actually cause issues, I'm not sure about the backup of a different device.
wow. I never thought this could have been a bug. I have this issue as well and its been really irritating at times. I went into sprint knowing full well that I wasnt going to get very good reception, but there are times where the phone just spends all day randomly jumping from roaming, to sprint, and back, all while im in the same spot, sometimes not even moving. then theres the issue of the speed never being the same no matter whether i have full bars or not. matter of fact, sometimes it seems i get better data speeds when i have 2 or 3 bars, as opposed to full bars. often times full bars on sprint for me with my iphone 5 means im gonna get crappy data speeds. :-\ i even get that stupid popup about not activating data network while on 3G as well, just like the picture implies. this sucks. Sprint, please get this fixed. maybe I wont regret my switch from at&t as much...


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The 4th USA Science & Engineering Festival is quadrupling the Nifty Fifty Program to include more than 200 noted professionals who will fan out across the Washington, DC area in the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 school years to speak about their work and careers at various middle schools and high schools. The Nifty Fifty will feature individuals who have made a major impact on the field of science and engineering either through research or through other fields such as law, business, government and public service.The Nifty Fifty (times 4) will be an important, high-profile group in the Festival's mission to bring young students into personal contact with renowned professionals and to build momentum and excitement in the months leading up to the Festival's Expo in April 2016.
We are looking for nominees from all areas of science and engineering who are dynamic, recognized in their field, and passionate about what they do – and who have the proven experience and desire to communicate that passion to young students in engaging, interactive ways.
The Festival seeks a broad representation of speakers, particularly with a diversity of science and engineering professions, ethnicity and gender.
The nominee's ability to engage a young audience is critical, especially because these talks are not only intended for youngsters who may be interested in science and engineering careers, but also for kids who may not be as enthusiastic. The challenge for the Nifty Fifty speaker is to engage everyone.
Selected scientists and engineers will be scheduled to make at least one, four-hour commitment for a presentation during the 2014/2015 and/or 2015/2016 school year at a selected middle or high school in the Washington, DC, northern Virginia, Maryland areas or in the Northern California region.
In considering which scientists or engineers to nominate as Nifty Fifty presenters, Festival Partners are advised that nominees should:
- be engaging, dynamic, high energy and passionate speakers.
- preferably live in, or be within driving distance of, Washington, DC, northern Virginia or Maryland.
- be able to wow your audience by including ample visuals (such as videos and other multimedia technology, cool demos, research samples, and handouts) in their talks, and other means (such as humor and personal vignettes) to engage students. It is important that speakers be able to customize their talks to young audiences and not use typical materials or language they might employ for talks directed to colleagues.
- be able to submit to the Nifty Fifty selection committee video or audio samples of "kid friendly" presentations they have conducted in the past in classrooms or in other science education settings.
- be able to communicate (or preferably meet) with the assigned classroom teacher at the school at least 45 days before the scheduled presentation to discuss the level of student understanding of the speaking topic, coordinate the contents of the talk, audiovisual needs, logistics and other matters. In an absolute ideal scenario, the speaker may also invite the teacher to tour their place of work to showcase the current state of research and engineering.
Other criteria to keep in mind:
Speakers' talks should center on three key areas – the science and/or engineering they are passionate about, their career path (including how they became interested in what they do, who or what influenced them as young students, and stumbling blocks or challenges they encountered along the way) and what opportunities they see for young people in their field. Nifty Fifty talks should be no more than 35 minutes, with an additional 15 minutes for Q&A. Speakers should also be able to stay at least 2 hours before or after their talk to have lunch or a coffee at the school with a subset of interested teachers/students.
Coordinators of the Festival will be on hand at talks to facilitate presentations, news media coverage and to videotape all sessions for consideration for the Festival website and future promotion of Festival activities.
Click here to see the current list of Nifty Fifty (times 4) speakers.
Fill out the form below to nominate a Nifty Fifty speaker.
Please Note - The Nifty Fifty speaker line-up for the 2015/2016 school year is now full! Your nomination below will be considered for the following school year.


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Just 'enjoy the music': Sumter instructor, pianist takes to Serbian stage
By Liz McCarthy, firstname.lastname@example.com, 803-777-2848
When Jane Luther Smith approaches a piano the first thing she thinks is "enjoy the music."
Her thoughts sometimes turn toward the history of a particular piece, a composer's intentions and her many years of piano studies. But then she remembers to just enjoy it.
"That's the most important thing. If you don't enjoy what you're doing, you're not going to convey joy to your audience and make them enjoy the music as well," Smith said.
The USC Sumter instructor of music has had a lot to enjoy recently. This summer she was invited to perform and lecture at the fourth World Piano Conference in Serbia, representing USC, South Carolina and the United States.
"I felt like I was at the Olympics," she said.
When Smith isn't playing piano across the country and Europe, she teaches music classes at USC Sumter and runs her own piano studio. Her classes are always full.
"I feel it's very rewarding work because some have studied music for 13 or 14 years and some have had no music at all," she said. "I really feel fulfilled if I can teach them and bring them to music."
Smith, a graduate of USC's School of Music, began playing piano at 9 because she loved being on stage. She studied at Coker College as a teenager before coming to Columbia and then going on to study at the Royal Academy of Music in London.
She practiced four to six hours a day when she was in school but now she has to grab time when she can, snatching a few minutes in between other obligations. When her piano students get sick or miss lessons she prepares for upcoming performances. Sometimes she's playing piano past bedtime.
Preparing for performances can take Smith four months, which means a lot of time practicing alone, she said. Her experience playing at the same level as world renowned pianists humbled her.
"I've come away with a greater appreciation of the practice it takes to make music," she said.
Smith was invited to return to Serbia again in 2013, but she's still considering it. She has four other commitments lined-up for 2013.
Although music makes the world better, Smith loves the energy, emotion and excitement from being on stage performing.
"It's where I should be," she said. "I'm ready to jump on the stage. I'm always ready to perform."
News and Internal Communications


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Brevard, N.C. - Brevard College head baseball coach Matt McCay is pleased to announce the date for the 2011 Tornados Fall Prospect Camp on October 8th at Gil Coan Field on the campus of Brevard College.
The one day camp will feature instruction from the Brevard College Baseball coaching staff, geared toward students between the grades 8 and 12. The camp will cover defensive instruction, hitting, pitching and catching as well as putting the players through a pro style workout.
Players will be responsible for bringing their own baseball equipment, while catchers will be responsible for their own catching equipment.
The Fall Prospect Camp will run from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m., with check-in occurring at 9:15 a.m. on Oct. 8th at Gil Coan Field. Lunch will be provided.
For more information on the Tornados Fall Prospect Camp, visit the Brevard College Tornados Athletic website, www.BCTornados.com.
For more information on the Tornados Fall Prospect Camp, click on the brochure available below:
Fall Prospect Camp Brochure


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'His wife Ashley, the five-year son and husband, the two year-old twins initially remain in America. Thomas Vanek rise on Wednesday on a plane to Europe. "No matter how many goals I will ever shoot, how much money will I make, I always have a feeling of gratitude," said Vanek. This also explains why he plays on Friday in Graz. And when he says that it will be here a few "very special game" of his life, then it is believed das.'
The Sabres Report - October 3, 2012


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- Hooters Air Clips its Wings - This may be the dullest product name and brand proposition for an airline in the history of flight. No wonder it is being grounded. There may be a place for irreverent product names that reference women's anatomy. Airline travel is not one of them.
- The Search for a Domain Name - Dennis Forbes has a great piece on building the perfect domain name. This is a crucial element of many companies' product naming strategies. Take a look!
- Why Branding is Bad for Democracy - Interesting thoughts from a person in the business. I'm not sure it will affect our brand name research, but maybe this is one of those blogs that make you go hmmmmm.
- The Art of Driving Your Competition Crazy - Guy Kawasaki has some interesting tips on how to compete by simply pursuing excellence over competitive advantage.
- Dave Lorenzo's Branding Microcosms - Interesting take on how to creatively build the perfect brand... and career.
Technorati Tags: Hooters, Airline Industry, Domain Name, PR, Corporate Responsibility, Competition, Competitive Tactics


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NBC News: 7 Bombs Recovered Amid Marathon Bomber Manhunt
(Watertown, MA) -- At least seven explosive devices have been found in Boston, Cambridge and Watertown, according to NBC News. More than 18 hours after the two suspects in the Boston Marathon bombing exchanged 200 rounds with police in a rolling gun battle, the manhunt continues in Watertown for one of the men, 19-year-old Dzhokhar Tsarnaev [[ Zoh-kar Zar-nay-ahv ]]. His 26-year-old brother, Tamerlan is dead.


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- GIIS Queenstown Campus
- GIIS East Coast Campus
- GIIS Balestier Campus
- GIIS Noida Campus
- GIIS Whitefield Campus, Bengaluru
- GIIS Surat Campus
- GIIS Indore Campus
- GIIS Ahmedabad Campus
- GIIS Chinchwad Campus (Pune)
- GIIS Uppal Campus (Hyderabad)
Instituted with the mission of providing quality education, Global Indian International School (GIIS) made its humble beginning in 2002. Over the years, as the school widened its presence across Asia, it strengthened its base in Singapore with three sprawling campuses in Queenstown, East Coast and Balestier. At GIIS, we encourage curiosity in our young students through a balanced and holistic approach towards education. Our curriculum delivery mechanism, coupled with unparalleled exposure received through diverse learning opportunities, prepares our students for unseen challenges in a dynamic and multifaceted global environment. Today, GIIS' campuses in Singapore are recognised for their hallmark initiatives in educational excellence, environment conservation, peace and value-based education, and community integration. Our students receive wide exposure through participation in various school activities and external programmes, providing fruitful opportunities for learning and overall personality development.
Exceptional Academic Results
Academics is at the forefront of GIIS' focus in providing a holistic educational experience to its students. Our students have secured exceptional results, year after year, with the unconditional guidance and mentoring provided by teachers. GIIS students have raised the bar and secured outstanding scores in decisive board examinations conducted by CBSE, Cambridge IGCSE and International Baccalaureate (IB). The school's unique performance-measuring metrics track and monitor each child's academic results, enabling teachers to determine and continuously improve their academic record.
Choice of Indian and International Curricula
GIIS campuses in Singapore provide an entire spectrum of K-12 education, offering Indian and international curricula including International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP) for Classes 11 and 12, Cambridge IGCSE for Classes 8 to 10, CBSE for Classes 1 to 12, and Global Montessori Plus programme from Nursery to Kindergarten 2.
Worldwide University Placements
Our university placement programme has an impressive track record as graduating students have received offers from prestigious universities across United States, United Kingdom, Singapore, Canada, India, Hong Kong and Australia. Some of these universities include Carnegie Mellon University;Georgia Tech, Atlanta; University of California, Berkeley; University of Oxford;Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) in India; Monash University;Nanyang Technological University (NTU); National University of Singapore (NUS);and Singapore Management University (SMU), to name a few.Students are guided by our in-house career counsellor, which supplemented by conduct of on-campus information sessions, visit to university fairs, and workshops by visiting universities
Focus on Holistic Education
At GIIS, we encourage curiosity in our students through a balanced and holistic approach towards education. Our curriculum delivery mechanism prepares our students for unseen challenges in a dynamic and multifaceted global environment.The Nine Gems™ model, GIIS' proprietary and award-winning tool for all-around character development, is an integrated holistic approach to learning. The model balances academics with nine key focus areas, which include personality development; creativity development; sports excellence; leadership and entrepreneurship development; fine and performing arts, and foreign languages; community, action and service; ethics and discipline; and clubs & hobbies..
Excellence in Sports
Our specialised sports training module, GIIS Gold Squad Programme, has been designed to identify well-performing students in five merit sports and provide expert training and guidance to further sharpen their skills. Imparted by proficient coaches, specialised training under this programme prepares students to participate in national and international level competitions. Over the years, GIIS students have proven their mettle in various sporting championships and have also represented Singapore on a national-level in international tournaments and matches.
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Rabbi Bunam used to tell young menwho came to him for the first timethe story of Rabbi Eisik, son of Rabbi Yekel in Cracow.After many years of great poverty,which had never shaken his faith in God,he dreamed that someone bade him look for treasureunder the bridge which leads to the king's palace in Prague.When the dream recurred the third time he set out for Prague. But the bridge was guarded day and nightand he did not dare start digging.Nevertheless he went to the bridge every morningand kept walking around it until evening.Finally, the captain of the guards,who had been watching him, asked in a kindly way whether he was looking for something, or waiting for someone.Rabbi Eisik told him of the dreamwhich had brought him from a faraway country.The captain laughed, "And so to please your dream you wore out your shoes to come here! You poor fellow.And as far as having faith in dreams, if I had had it I should have had to go to Cracow and dig for treasure under the stove in the room of a Jew - Eisik, son of Yekel!That's what the dream told me. And imagine what it would have been like; one half of the Jews over there are called Eisik, and the other half Yekel!" And he laughed again.Rabbi Eisik bowed, traveled home,dug up the treasure from under his stove,and built the house of prayer which is called Reb Eisik's Shul.Rabbi Bunam used to add,"Take this story to heart and make what it says your own. There is something you cannot find anywhere in the world, not even at the Zaddik's,and there is, nevertheless, a place where you can find it."
Life is a search, a constant search, a desperate search, a hopeless search.a search for something one knows not what. There is a deep urge to seek, but one knows not what one is seeking.
And there is a state of mind in which whatsoever you get is not going to give you any satisfaction. Frustration seems to be the destiny of humanity, because whatsoever you get becomes meaningless the very moment you have got it. You start searching again.
The search continues whether you get anything or not. It seems irrelevant what you have got, what you have not got - the search continues anyway. The poor are searching, the rich are searching, the ill are searching, the well are searching, the powerful are searching, the powerless are searching, the stupid are searching, the wise are searching - and nobody knows exactly what.
This very search - what this search is and why it is there - has to be understood. It seems that there is a gap in the human being, in the human mind; in the very structure of the human consciousness there seems to be a hole, a black hole. You go on throwing things into it, and they go on disappearing. Nothing seems to make it full, nothing seems to help towards fulfillment. It is a very feverish search. You seek it in this world, you seek it in the other world; sometimes you seek it in money, in power, in prestige, and sometimes you seek it as godliness, bliss, love, meditation, prayerfulness - but the search continues. It seems that man is ill with search.
The search does not allow you to be here and now because the search always leads you somewhere else. The search is a project, the search is a desire: that somewhere else is what is needed, that it exists, but it exists somewhere else, not here where you are. It certainly exists, but not in this moment of time, not now - and somewhere else. It exists 'then-there', never here-now. It goes on nagging you; it goes on pulling you, pushing you, it goes on throwing you into more and more madness; it drives you crazy and it is never fulfilled.
I have heard about a very great Sufi mystic woman, Rabia al-Adabiya.
One evening people found her sitting on the road searching for something. She was an old woman, her eyes were weak and it was difficult for her to see. So the neighbors came to help her. They asked, "What are you searching for?"
Rabia said, "That question is irrelevant, I am searching. If you can help me, help."
They laughed and said, "Rabia, have you gone mad? You say our question is irrelevant, but if we don't know what you are searching for, how can we help?"


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WATCH: Mutant Spider Dog Makes Unsuspecting People Flee In Terror
Listen to Who Let The Dogs Out Radio on iHeartRadio
In his latest prank, SA Wardega, dressed up his dog in a creepy spider costume and set it loose on the unsuspecting public. The video went instantly viral with nearly 5 million views in just 1 day. The prankster has posted tons of videos of his other pranks on Youtube.


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DOVER, DE -- Delaware lawmakers have introduced a bill in the state Legislature that would broaden economic opportunities for blind residents in the state by creating snack bars, cafeterias and vending facilities on federal, state and municipal properties.
Under federal law and state law, Delaware's Business Enterprise Program is granted priority to operate vending facilities on federal and state property. The proposed legislation -- HB 139 -- would amend these rules to allow licensed participants in Delaware's BEP to purchase materials and nonprofessional services under any central contract negotiated by the state.


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By Nick Patterson Herald Writer
EVERETT — Ladies and gentlemen, we have a race.
The Everett AquaSox just dropped two of three in their series against the Vancouver Canadians, meaning the Northwest League North Division's first-half race isn't over just yet.
When Everett headed to Vancouver for a three-game series beginning Monday, the Sox were a scorching 14-3. After winning the first game against the Canadians, Everett's lead atop the division was up to five games over Vancouver. With just three weeks remaining in the first half, that five-game lead was beginning to appear daunting.
But Vancouver won the final two games of the series to cut the lead back down to three heading into Thursday's action, and suddenly Everett finds itself looking over its shoulder, despite its incredible start.
"(The Canadians) have a good club, you have to give them credit," Everett manager Rob Mummau said. "We're about halfway through the first half and we have to keep battling every day."
Vancouver won the final two games of the series 11-1 and 7-3. Almost all of the damage done in those games came between seventh inning of Tuesday's game and the second inning of Wednesday's. In those four innings Vancouver totaled 14 runs on 16 hits. In the other 12 innings the Sox allowed just four runs on 14 hits.
"A lot of hits seemed to fall in for them," Mummau said. "A lot of the soft-hit balls they hit seemed to fall in. That's just baseball."
Perhaps it was inevitable things were going to even out that way for the Sox. Everett's fast start in the standings was built not on domination, but on winning close games. The Sox opened the season 14-2, but they didn't score more than six runs in any of those games. Of the 14 victories, eight were by a single run. Despite being 12 games over .500, Everett had outscored its opponents by just 11 runs.
With Vancouver outscoring Everett 18-4 in the final two games of the series, Everett had a 15-5 record despite scoring the exact number of runs as its opponents.
The first half ends on July 22, and it's looking more like there will be some intrigue as the date approaches.


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Henrico's Top Teachers – Robert Rice
By Patty Kruszewski, Citizen Managing Editor (Photo by Wayne Miller for the Henrico Citizen) 02/16/12
Former students frequently drop by to visit Robert Rice or invite him to lunch, coffee, birthday parties, high school and college graduations. But this year was the first time, he says, that he was invited to the wedding of a former student.
"Not wanting to dwell on how old this made me feel," he recalls, "I had to ask why was I invited. I was told by the bride, 'Why wouldn't I invite my favorite teacher?'"
Touched by the praise, and by being included in such a personal event, Rice went on to have a wonderful time reuniting with former students and their parents at the ceremony. The bride also told him that she was becoming a teacher, and that he was partly responsible for her choosing that path.
Despite the numbers of students who continue to stay in touch, and others who Rice "checks in with" from time to time, he is surprised – and maybe a little amused – that any student would want to contact him after moving on. "They know that just because they leave my classroom, doesn't mean they've left my clutches!"
He is often "floored," he adds, that the former students still remember things that were done in class years ago. "And they know," he says, "how easy it is to get me to cry too."
A recent encounter that Rice admits drew some tears was related to a civics project that he has assigned for many years. The project requires students to pretend that they are 18 and fresh out of high school, and that they must live on their own for one month. Using the newspaper, internet and job and apartment guides, they must find age-appropriate jobs, apartments for rent, and transportation – then figure out to pay their bills.
As this school year began, Rice received an email from a former student. "She informed me that when her mom lost her job during the summer, they used my project to help budget their household," he says. "She let me know that my project played a large part in helping them through some pretty tough times."
Rice also has a gift for teaching history to his students, who say that he teaches in a way that is interactive and engaging and helps all students understand the material. More than one former student has stated that he or she was never interested in history until having Rice for a teacher.
"But he made history so fun," wrote one, "that I thoroughly enjoyed going to class. Now, almost five years later, I still attribute my love of history to Mr. Rice."
One former student called Rice "the most motivational and inspirational teacher I have had" in HCPS, and said he made her "fall in love with history." He teaches the subject with such enthusiasm, she wrote, that it makes students want to learn.
It was his passion for history that led him to the profession of teaching, says Rice – even though not all of his own teachers were good ones and some he described as "pretty terrible."
He credits Moody Middle School teacher Bonnie Geiger (now retired) with shaping the way he teaches middle schoolers.
"All through college, I was preparing to teach high school," says Rice. "When placed at Moody, I thought I was being punished by my advisor. Thankfully, Mrs. Geiger was there to show me that middle school was the best place for me to be.
"I still use her lessons and worksheets in my classes . . . 15 years later."
Rice drew praise from nominators not only for his skills in the classroom, but also for his participation in PTA and school pageants, and for supporting his students outside of class by cheering them on at after-school activities and athletic events.
Other students expressed appreciation for the tutoring, advice and listening ear he gave them. "He is always there to lend a helping hand to a struggling student," said one.
When another student was struggling with her feelings over losing a close relative, wrote a parent, she turned to Rice. "Mr. Rice had something about his caring for his students – not just their grades, but overall well-being – that made her think about life and that she still could exist among others and allow them to care."
Another parent wrote that Rice has a high-energy and creative personality that makes even typically-unmotivated students want to please him, adding that students also bond with Rice because he respects their individuality. "He seems to make a personal connection with every child he teaches," said the parent, who was echoed by a former student now in high school. "He is not only a phenomenal teacher, but a wonderful friend," wrote the student. "He still keeps track of my grades and makes sure I am staying focused, even though I am no longer his student. There is no way I could be as successful without him."
But the parents who have had multiple children in Rice's classes are perhaps his biggest fans, citing the turnaround they have seen in children who complained about school but began to love it, and the way his students talk about him years after leaving his class. "There is no other teacher that I know," said one, "[who can so] touch their students intellectually and inspire them with smiles on their faces."
One parent of several children said that Rice's impact has filtered down even to her four-year-old, who enjoyed and learned from the projects done by older siblings.
"I think," she wrote of Rice and his relationship with his students, "that he literally would be their mentor for life."
Eyes in the sky
By Patty Kruszewski, Citizen Managing Editor 07/21/2017 General NewsGovernment
Members of the Henrico Citizens Police Academy Alumni (pictured) got a rare peek at the "high" side of law enforcement recently, with a trip to the Metro Aviation Hangar adjacent to Richmond International Airport.
About 25 academy alumni gathered at the hangar July 11 to hear Officer Shaun McCarthy describe a typical day aloft - and some not so typical – in a Cessna owned by the Metro Aviation Unit. > Read more.
Rock on!
By Patty Kruszewski, Citizen Managing Editor 07/21/2017 FeaturesGeneral News
The painted rocks craze is thriving in Henrico, as a walk around the grounds of local libraries and parks will demonstrate. This rock was spotted near Libbie Mill Library, and there's a slideshow of many more uniquely-painted stones on the RVA Rocks Facebook page (https://facebook.com/groups/RVARocks/).
Painting and hiding rocks is a family activity appropriate for all ages, and parents especially like the way it fosters creativity and gets kids outdoors. > Read more.
Goochland man arrested at RIC with gun
Citizen Staff Reports 07/20/2017 General NewsPublic Safety
A Goochland County man was arrested at Richmond International Airport July 19 after Transportation Security Administration officers found a loaded semi-automatic handgun in the traveler's carry-on bag.
A TSA officer detected the 9 mm caliber handgun inside the man's carry-on bag as it entered the security checkpoint X-ray machine. The handgun was loaded with 12 bullets. > Read more.
Kansas man struck, killed while crossing West Broad Street
Citizen Staff Reports 07/20/2017 General NewsPublic Safety
A 54-year-old Kansas man was struck and killed by a car while attempting to cross West Broad Street near Bethlehem Road in the Near West End at about 10:30 p.m., July 19.
Julius A. McBride of Overland Park, Kansas, was struck by a car traveling east on West Broad Street. > Read more.
Julius A. McBride of Overland Park, Kansas, was struck by a car traveling east on West Broad Street. > Read more.
Henrico Police warn citizens to 'Take it, Lock it or Lose it'
By Ashley Luck, Special to the Citizen 07/20/2017 General NewsPublic Safety
Eastern parts of Henrico County have witnessed a recent increase in larceny from automobiles, so Henrico Police officials are spreading the word to encourage citizens to lock their vehicles.
Police are handing out and posting fliers and putting message boards in neighborhoods to educate residents.
There usually is a rise of larceny from automobiles during Christmas, spring and summer break, said Henrico Police Officer James Bupp. > Read more.
Henrico Police warn citizens to 'Take it, Lock it or Lose it'
Glover to be inducted posthumously into Babe Ruth Hall of Fame
Rolls-Royce supplier lands in Henrico
New Walmart opens in Eastern Henrico
Unattended oily rags cause fire in commercial building near Richmond Raceway
- More News
Print Edition
Jul. 20, 2017Current edition | Archive
Weekend Top 10
'Five Flights' opens July 20 at CAT Theatre
Henrico actress lands role in Christian TV series
All's fair in food and fun
Restaurant Watch
- More Entertainment
Obituary – Hoyle S. "Chick" Walters
Obituary – Janet Sue Vest
Obituary – Barbara Jean (Chilton) Crider
- More Obituaries
Glen Allen woman raising companion dog
Guided tour of Malvern Hill planned as part of 'History at Sunset' series
Anthem LemonAid registration now open
- More Community
Growing a grown-up: Part II
How to grow an adult
Make 'em take the pledge: no more snuff boxes!
- More Opinions
Code Lacrosse joins Richmond Strikers
5 Henrico student-athletes win scholarships at awards dinner
RIR to host playoff race in 2018
- More Sports
|July 2017
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Was $79.95 NOW $49.95
This is the device that tightens skin and diminishes wrinkles around the eyes without requiring surgical procedures. Using the same technology employed in medical spas, the wand delivers safe, painless high-frequency vibrations that penetrate deep into the skin to warm the dermis. This helps promote the production of collagen and elastin, two proteins that help maintain skin's elasticity and tautness. The wand's smooth tip is ideally contoured for use on the delicate under-eye area to treat puffiness, dark circles, and fine lines, and can also be used around the forehead and mouth. After five minutes of treatment three times a week, skin will appear smoother and more vibrant. The wand also helps massage your favorite eye cream into skin to maximize absorption and results. Requires one AA battery. 5 3/4" L x 1" W x 3/4" D. (6 oz.)
Lifetime Guarantee
The Crow's Feet Reducing Skin Toner comes with The Hammacher Schlemmer Lifetime Guarantee. If this product ever disappoints you, for any reason, you may return your Hammacher Schlemmer purchase for exchange, credit, or refund.
Should you have any questions, we are available seven days a week (8:00 am – midnight EST). Please call 1-800-321-1484 to speak with a specialist or email us at firstname.lastname@example.com to receive a response within three business hours or less.
Sale item quantities are limited — please order soon.
Shipping charges noted in parentheses apply in addition to our standard shipping & service.
We're sorry, but gift wrap is not available. Please call 1-800-395-7006 for Premium or Express delivery rates.
Oversized items scheduled for expedited delivery (Premium or Express) may incur additional shipping and services charges because of their unusual size. Please call 1-800-321-1484 for an estimate of S&S charges. International callers, please call 1-513-860-3397.
We're sorry, but gift wrap is not available for oversized items.
Shipped via truck and may require customer assistance upon delivery. You will be contacted to make an appointment for delivery.
We're sorry, but gift wrap and gift cards are not available.
GST still applies and will be charged upon processing. For complete shipping & service charges please call Customer Service at 1-800-321-1484.
May we recommend:
(based on 32 reviews)
Ratings Distribution
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Reviewed by 32 customers
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(25 of 28 customers found this review helpful)
Skin Toner
By Roger
from Keokuk, Iowa
My wife has used this for one week on ONE eye. Today she asked me if I could tell which eye she had used it on. I looked and picked an eye and she said that was the one. I could tell the difference. I started using it on my eyes this afternoon.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
Was this review helpful? Yes / No
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(18 of 18 customers found this review helpful)
Effective At Reducing Dark Circles
By DrFrankenstein
from Minneapolis, MN
Daily use helps improve the Blood Circulation around the eyes. This, in turn, reduces the appearance of Crow's Feet, and, Dark Circles. I wish that I had found this product earlier. It is so effective, when lots of other things -- Creams, Cucumbers, Hot Packs, etc. just didn't work!
(13 of 14 customers found this review helpful)
Effective Without Any Chemicals
Best way to reduce Dark Circles around the eyes.
(8 of 11 customers found this review helpful)
My family wants this for Christmas gifts
By Dale
from East Windsor, CT
Easy to use at the office
(7 of 7 customers found this review helpful)
Was disappointed
By none
from Chicago, IL
Dark circles developed under my eyes as a result of surgery and chemotherapy. I wanted a healthier look so ordered the skin toner. The first one I used worked for about 5 minutes and then stopped. I tried several different batteries but it didn't work. Hammacher Schlemmer's customer service sent a second but the same thing happened again. Worked for 5 minutes and then stopped not to work again. It was easy to use but not continuing to work forces me to give it just one star.
Bottom Line No, I would not recommend this to a friend
Hammacher Schlemmer Response: We apologize for your experience with this product. We are investigating the product to determine what may have caused this issue.
Lay in a supply of AA batteries
By Barbie
from Allentown
It does the job, but 10 minutes (5 minutes/eye area) completely depletes a AA battery.
(5 of 5 customers found this review helpful)
I would not recommend this product
By Disappointed Customer
from Michigan
I was not able to see any results, because the battery would die before I could finish a 3-5 min. application on each eye. I can't believe this product passed any type of validation tests with such a nonpractical battery life.
Good Product
By JLW
from Rockport, IN
The product works well, but it takes awhile for it to make a difference. I don't have much problem with crow's feet, but my eylids do droop a bit. It has helped with that. I also use it on my lips and they seem a bit fuller. I have not noticed much difference below the eyes. Oh, and I usually use it for longer than advertised. I just sit back and use it while watching an evening show.
(4 of 8 customers found this review helpful)
No results yet
By Babe
from Pennsylvania
I use it 5 minutes under each eye 3X a week. Also spend 5 minutes above lips, and another 5 minutes between the eyes. (Can do this while watching TV) It feels good. Don't know when I'll see results, but will keep trying.
(3 of 3 customers found this review helpful)
Has potential but misses the mark
By TJ
from Santa Fe, NM
I used this product once and although I saw an improvement, that one time use exhausted the battery. After replacing the battery it only worked for several more seconds and died! It is really too bad that it is not made to perform well and last. I returned the inferior, defectively designed product.
Hammacher Schlemmer Response: While we regret that this didn't delight you, we are gratified that you returned to us since this did not meet your fullest satisfaction.
COPYRIGHT © 2016 HAMMACHER SCHLEMMER & COMPANY, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. W105147 E. 57th ST • NEW YORK, NY • 10022 • 1-800-_321-1484


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HIGH POINT, NC -- Microtronic US said it has sold 10 million U-Keys and is marking the milestone with a Facebook contest for users of the cashless payment device.
U-Key users are invited to post a picture of themselves using the payment method in a vending machine or micromarket on the Microtronic Facebook page for a chance to win a $100 Visa card. The winner will be selected on August 1.
The prepaid U-Key is designed for use in "closed" payment environments, where vending machines or micromarkets are equipped with a Microtronic reader. It has a Mifare RFID chip inside that stores value, which customers load at a Microtronic cash-only or cash and credit card-loading station, or at a vending machine. The company's micromarket kiosks enable customers to load value using either cash or a credit card.
The U-Key is ISO 14444-certified and can be ordered in eight different colors and engraved with a logo.
Separately, Microtronic US said it is scheduled to install over 100 of its micromarkets in the next 60 days. The company introduced a "mini" self-checkout market for smaller sites last fall. | SEE STORY


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Soups Class
Saute Culinary Academy
Friday, January 11, 2013 from 7:00 PM to 10:00 PM (PST)
Who's Going
San Francisco, California
London, United Kingdom
Florence, Italy
Event Details
Did you know that stocks are the foundation of all great cooking? Learn the ingredients that create perfect stocks needed to make great soups. You'll learn how to make the perfect soups out of almost any ingredient. Imagine the possibilities and how you can impress your family and friends.
When & Where
14 E. Duarte Rd
Friday, January 11, 2013 from 7:00 PM to 10:00 PM (PST)
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Saute Culinary Academy
Saute Culinary Academy offers classes to serve every kind of cook, from beginners to advanced. We offer recreational classes on a variety of subjects, featuring seasonal produce and focusing on proper techniques. Most classes run for three hours and all our classes are hands-on, so students truly learn through participation.
Our goal is to teach participants how to prepare simple and delicious meals for healthy living in a way that is compatible with your everyday busy life. In each class, students learn to plan and a cook a meal that includes an appetizer, main dish and dessert. Classes are open to all levels. Join us for a fun night of cooking and eating!
Saute Culinary Academy
150 E. Colorado Blvd
Monrovia, CA 91016