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This Week's Reading
What We're Loving: Genealogy, Pathogenecity, BloomsburyBy The Paris Review
I relish hearing my mother's crazy tales about her forebears, many of whom got kicked out various European countries, throughout history. And then there's her maternal grandfather, about whom the stories are legion—they begin with him leaving home at fifteen to fight with Pancho Villa. I often wonder what he and I have in common, whether there is more than blood that connects us. It's that impulse that partly explains the contemporary obsession with ancestry, as I've learned from Maud Newton's absorbing essay in the June issue of Harper's. Newton's research into her family tree has led to revelations about her lineage, but by and large her search seems directed at the branches on which she is borne—her parents—and it describes the central tension in the modern hunt for ancestry: the desire to explain or to explain away certain aspects or ourselves, but also to make some kind of sense of where we come from, without losing sight of who we are as individuals. "We come from our parents, who came from their parents, who descended, as the Bible would put it, from their fathers and their fathers' fathers," Newton writes, "and then we enter the world and we become ourselves." —Nicole Rudick
Angelica Garnett was Bloomsbury royalty: the daughter of Vanessa Bell and niece of Virginia Woolf, she grew up at Charleston, the colorful East Sussex farmhouse that became the movement's literal and spiritual home. Until the age of eighteen, Garnett believed herself to be the daughter of the art critic Clive Bell; in fact, she was the product of her mother's affair with the artist Duncan Grant, who often made his home at Charleston. At twenty-four, she married fifty-year-old David Garnett—Duncan Grant's former lover. It should come as no surprise that Garnett's 1984 memoir Deceived with Kindness: A Bloomsbury Childhood is somewhat … ambivalent. She describes a world ostentatiously devoted to freedom yet still fundamentally hidebound by Victorian convention—in which she and other children were largely casualties of an adult experiment. Even years later, the author's anger at her parents' self-absorption is palpable, and she is not necessarily sympathetic herself. It can be uncomfortable reading. But to anyone interested in either the romance or reality of Bloomsbury, I'd recommend it highly. —Sadie Stein
My fiancée and I joke that bacteria and viruses are actually alien life-forms that have been here for billions of years, lying in wait for the chance to wipe humans out. (Look under a microscope and try to disagree.) But in Ed Yong's fascinating look at bacteria's pathogenicity, bacteria attack us more by accident, not to assassinate us—people are just "civilian casualties in a much older war" between microbes. Yong writes, "We're not central actors in the dramas that affect our lives. We're not even bit players. We are just passers-by, walking outside the theatre and getting hit by flying props." —Justin Alvarez
Anne Carson's poem "The Albertine Workout," which appears in this week's London Review of Books, is an ineffable marvel—it seems to have emerged from the same winking achronological wormhole that Barthelme's "Eugenie Grandet" came out of more than forty years ago. —Dan Piepenbring
Read More


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Bachelors Programs
Child Development (B.S.)
Early Childhood Development & Education
Math (with teacher certification) (B.S.)
Mathematics & Computer Science
Masters Programs
Health Care Administration (HCA)
See the HCA brochure (pdf).
For more information contact
Gerald Goodman.
Educational Administration
Prepare to be an educational leader as a principal, instructional supervisor, program director, or professional development specialist.
Special Education
Advance your career through two different tracks as an educational diagnostician or as an instruction and behavior intervention specialist.
Reading Education
Obtain certification as a Master Reading Teacher and an All-Level Reading Specialist and enhance your skills with training in Reading Recovery.

subset: commoncrawl


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Delaware Take Steps Walk
Delaware, Take Steps to Find a Cure!
The Crohn's & Colitis Take Steps Walk is one of the foundation's largest events committed to finding cures for digestive diseases. Our walks offer an incredible day for family, friends and the community to come together in celebration of all their hard work and dedication to our mission.
Our community consists of patients, loved ones, friends and supporters that empower and inspire each other to fight these diseases. Each year we connect with our communities as we fundraise for cures and celebrate our hard work together in supporting our patients.
To date, Take Steps has raised more than $60 million to fund mission-critical research and patient support programs. More than 80 cents of each dollar raised goes directly to funding this mission. Click here to register in your local community and join thousands of others Taking Steps for cures.
Dravo Plaza
815 Justison Street
Wilmington, Delaware, 19801
For more information


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Celebrity Fashion – Clothes, Style & Modeling BlogPosted by admin in Home, tags: blog, celebrity, fashion, model, style, swimsuit
Celebrity Fashion Model Ramona, exclusively with Sirena Models, has launched a fashion blog focused on the impressions of the Hollywood and LA lifestyle of Celebrities, Fashion, Style, Star filled Parties, Photo Shoots and Modeling. Ramona is working in conjunction with Sirena Models on following her exciting and action packed lifestyle. Although visually stunning, she is widely known for her great sense of style and ability to find and assemble the perfect fashion elements of clothing, jewelry and accessories. Follow this Lithuanian born beauty on her Celebrity Fashion Blog at Celebfashion.com Click to visit. Ramona's modeling portfolio can be found here.


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Dewitt Latimer, an innovative thinker who had made a great impact in a short time as the Chief information Officer for Montana State University System and its flagship university, was killed Sunday in a motorcycle accident west of Bozeman.
Services are pending in Indiana for Latimer, who was 50 years old. A memorial is also expected to be held on the MSU campus at a later date.
Latimer died Sunday afternoon when the motorcycle he was riding westbound on Norris Road collided with a van. He was pronounced dead at the scene.
MSU President Waded Cruzado said Latimer had a keen intelligence and an ability to analyze and understand big-picture concepts swiftly, and he will be missed by all four campuses in the university system.
"Dewitt had only just joined the MSU family, coming to campus last June, but in that short time he distinguished himself for his good-natured humor, his incredible work ethic, his vision for transforming ITC, for his dedication to students, and for the easy way in which he made friends," Cruzado said. "He will be greatly missed by all of us who had the good fortune to know him."
Cruzado said the entire university is sending thoughts and prayers to Latimer's family, especially his wife, Kim, and four children ranging in age from 10-17. The Latimer family was to have moved to Bozeman this summer.
Since Latimer joined MSU last June 25, he was a member of MSU's senior leadership team and directed MSU's Information Technology Center and technology initiatives.
Latimer was a progressive thinker who quickly initiated improvements to the technology used by students, faculty and staff.
Among the innovations he launched during his tenure was a series of town hall meetings that allowed the campus community to learn about technology issues. He was pivotal to OpenMSU, a comprehensive effort to empower staff and faculty to optimize mission support success through long-term, sustainable changes based on campus input and data collection and analysis. He worked for better technology connection and standards within the four MSU campuses. He oversaw upgrades and improvements to several MSU technology initiatives, including MSU's Wi-Fi system in student and study areas, MSU's email system and protection of university data.
Latimer's interest in campus issues was broad. Among his initiatives was development of the texting system used during MSU football games and the development of a code of honor for attendees' behavior at Bobcat games. He currently was the chair of a committee seeking a new MSU Vice President for Student Success.
"His tagline on his email was 'gathering no moss' (which he wrote as: d), and that certainly was Dewitt, always thinking and moving," said Matt Caires, MSU dean of students.
Prior to joining MSU last summer, Latimer founded and was senior principal of Techwitt LLC, an information technology consulting firm with an emphasis in higher education. Previously, Latimer held leadership and management positions at the University of Notre Dame, the University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Kent State University and Clemson University. He held a doctorate in education from the University of Tennessee.
Cruzado said that from the time Latimer arrived in Bozeman, he had an instant rapport with the campus and the state.
"He loved it here," she said. "He will be missed."
Carol Schmidt, MSU News (406) 994-1966, email@example.com


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by Casey Brown '14
If you haven't read the Crimson's "Let Them Eat Code" article yet, read it now and weep. Not because it's true, but because it gets it all wrong.
Rest assured, the last thing humanities majors need right now is the advice of a computer-savvy Marie Antoinette. Among budget cuts and decreased student interest (Harvard itself had a 20 percent decrease in humanities majors in the last 10 years), the humanities major has become a hot topic in journalism. Crimson staff welcomes the decline of English majors. The payoff, they claim, is an increased focus on scientific research and the retirement of dying discourse.
Sadly, they're not the only ones who seem to think that a major in humanities has lost its value. As an English major, I've had to fill in the blank for the following conversation too many times.
Person A: What's your major?
Me: English
Person A (choose one, or, fellow English majors, add your own):
(a) "What are you going to do with that?"
(b) "So are you going to be a teacher after you graduate?"
(c) "Oh, have you ever heard of that song from Avenue Q? You know, 'what do you do with a B.A. in English…"
Why strangers feel the need to compare me to a singing puppet with a "useless degree" I will never know. More importantly, however, why do the Crimson staff and others seem to think we're better off eating JavaScript for breakfast than devouring literature word-by-word?
There has been a flurry of explanations. New York Times writer Tamar Lewin explains that the recession has ushered in a "shift toward viewing college education as a vocational training ground." Practicality calls for pre-professional tracks or those with the established paths to success.
Employment anxiety is perhaps not unfounded. In 2010 unemployment rates nationwide among recent English major graduates was 4% higher than that of chemistry graduates (9.8% versus 5.8%). Jennifer Levitz and Douglas Belkin from the Wall Street Journal note that as the U.S. pours more attention into the global economic race, the "job market … is disproportionately rewarding graduates in the hard sciences."
Supply and demand, explains the Crimson staff.
By now you might have started wondering what you're doing listening to career advice from an English major. Run away! Run fast!
But my voice—and the voices of my peer English and humanities majors—is exactly what is missing from much of the discourse.
As Verlyn Klinkenborg from the New York Times explains, when it comes to discovering the value of an English major, "In a way, the best answer has always been, wait and see – an answer that satisfies no one."
Many proponents of humanities majors make broad statements that can't encapsulate the diverse interests within English departments. Adam Gopnik from The New Yorker says all too simply, "So why do we have English majors? Well, because many people like books."
But as Princeton students know, English is not reducible to a mere love of reading. The reason for studying humanities is not the same for everyone, and neither are our career paths.
No, English doesn't offer a set career path, although many a successful career has started with an A.B. in English. We decided to be English majors for other reasons, only one of which may be the love of literature.
For Dixon Li, a senior in the English department and African American Studies department, English was not the clear first choice.
"I came into Princeton conflicted (like most people!) about what I wanted to study," said Li. "On the one hand, I just wanted to read and write poems all day. On the other hand, I wanted to major in Public Policy and end up working on human rights legislation and advocacy for those displaced by the Israeli-Palestinian conflict."
Those interests, he discovered, were far from mutually exclusive. "A steady flow of classes on literature, philosophy, art, and cultural politics has since convinced me that an interest in social justice can, and historically has, kept good and necessary company with creativity," he said.
For Li, the humanities presented a passport not just to literature but also to ideas. "As an English major, I've gotten the chance to dabble in, think through, take pleasure in, appreciate, and disagree with a bevy ideas from all nooks and crannies of History and the world," he said.
Jenesis Fonseca, a senior in the English department and African American studies department, recognizes the chance to study the humanities as an opportunity.
"My journey as an artist and a scholar is intrinsically connected with the fact that my parents did not have access to a formal education," said Fonseca. "Early on, I learned that reading and writing are privileges."
For Fonseca, a co-founder and past president of Ellipses Slam Poetry Group, writing and sharing translate into a way to give back. "I feel like part of my responsibility in having these privileges is being able to research and make heard the voices and stories of people who don't have the same opportunities," she said. Her goal is to "keep writing and encourage others to write," she said. "I could see that happening through the practice of performing poetry and teaching workshops."
For recent alumna Christina Campodonico '13, an English degree is indeed empowering. When asked what she's going to do with an English major, Campodonico responds, "What can't I do with an English degree?'"
Since graduating last June, Campodonico has put her English degree to work. "In the few months since graduation I have already worked as a development intern for a film producer, taught dance classes at my neighborhood studio, written educational materials as a freelance writer, developed two blogs, and become an online tutor" she said.
Campodonico also points out that, despite what the Crimson staff may think, technology is not going to supplant the humanities any time soon. "Technology may change as developments in STEM fields gain advancement, but the transmission of knowledge, from art to science, will always be valued," she said. "The future of both the arts and sciences lies in how we can marry the two."
She mentioned Princeton history professor Emily Thompson's book about sound in New York City in the 1920s which came with an interactive website available to the public. "Because of her research a multitude of people, who don't have access to an incredible resource like Firestone, can still engage with the past," said Campodonico.
To scholars like Li, Fonseca, and Campodonico, English is about books—and so much more. Studying English remains a unique and valuable path toward understanding the world, delivering justice, and giving back.


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Horse Lovers! Join HRTV on a trip around across the globe, exploring how the horse fits into the lives, pastimes and competitive world of horse fans beyond US borders. Experience show jumping from the Emerald Isle, the newest European sport of Horseball (yes, basketball on horses), and the international PoloMasters series. Also, take HRTV's annual journey to the world's largest horse event, the Aachen World Horse Festival. 5 top FEI events are featured each year. Then, go "downunder" with HorseTalk TV covering how horses fit into the world of the Aussies! Coming soon, watch for a new series, Around the World on Horseback!
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Join friends of TVG2 in the social world and share updates, opinions and news!


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We are very happy to announce that our new private cabinas are finally rounding the corner! They have turned out even nicer than we expected. We will be taking reservations starting the 12th of January. The private cabinas will offer not only a private stay here at Luz but an experience that you will never forget. This is something truly special. The cabinas provide an opportunity to mix with the hostel vibes but retreat to a private getaway.
"I have been staying in the jungle view cabina for the past week. I can not even start to describe the ambiance. Yesterday I woke up to a howler monkey no more than five feet from the edge of the cabina! Canela and I enjoyed watching him peacefully sleep. The rest of the monkey crew later joined him and then took off towards the beach for the day. I have lived in Montezuma for two years and I have never had such a close experience with a howler monkey. Love this place. Truly magical!!" -Windi
Tags: accommodation, B&B, budget travel, Costa Rica, hostel, Luz en el Cielo, Montezuma, new accommodation, private cabinas, travel


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Jerome from Louisville, KY writes:
My DVD/CD drive stopped working suddenly, what could be the problem? I have a Gateway; Windows 7, 64bit computer.
If your DVD/CD drive has stopped spinning discs, the motor may be defective or burnt out. This isn't that big of a problem if you have traditional desktop computer, as replacement DVD drives are fairly inexpensive. If your computer is a laptop, however, you would want to contact the laptop manufacturer about the availability of replacement DVD drive or look on eBay for your particular model laptop and the keywords DVD drive. Keep in mind buying used or secondhand electronics carries risk, so make sure you deal with someone on eBay with good feedback and reasonable return/exchange policy.
Most desktop computers use either a SATA or IDE interface for the DVD drive. If you open your computer up (turn off the power first!) and look at the back of the CD/DVD drive you should see two cables. One cable will be a power adapter and the other will be either see an IDE cable or a SATA cable.
Once you know which connector you have, you can purchase a replacement DVD drive at most major electronics retailers or online pc part shops [1]. Check the specifications for the drive under the interface and match the type of cable you have, IDE for IDE and SATA for SATA I/II/II. An internal DVD/CD reader/writer should cost you roughly $22.95>$34.95. You can buy the OEM version, which is designed for PC builders, as you just need the replacement drive. You do not need software or consumer retail boxing.
Once you get the replacement drive it's usually as easy as removing the support screws on the side of the CD/DVD drive, disconnecting the power and interface cable and pulling the drive out. You may need to remove both side panels to get at two screws on each side. Some computer manufacturers have cases which have support clips or special methods of removing a drive, so you should check your manufacturers website for a service guide or manual which usually will describe in detail the process to replace the CD/DVD drive.
Once you insert the new drive, screw in the screws and reconnect the power and IDE or SATA cable your computer will automatically detect the drive next time you turn it on and it should start working. If you're not comfortable doing any of these steps yourself most computer shops offer a repair service which could replace the drive. Expect to pay at least $29.99 for this service and possibly more, depending on the retailer.


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Mathematics has two important facets—an abstract and logical system, and the ability to model and express real-life phenomena. Fisher's mathematics program focuses on you acquiring an appreciation and mastery of both.
As a math major, you will use logic and insight to analyze problems, develop solution strategies, implement those strategies, and interpret the results. Your teachers will encourage you to reflect on the entire process, to see how it might be improved and generalized.
Program Overview
The major in mathematics may lead to either the bachelor of arts or the bachelor of science degree. Both are composed of 13 core math courses; each degree path also is subject to completion of Fisher's College Core requirements.
The B.A. degree path in mathematics also includes your choice of three math electives. Only one math elective is required for the B.S. degree, but a total of 18-20 credits of additional courses are required under one of five options: actuarial mathematics, computer science, mathematics, natural science, or physics.
The B.A. culminates with an overarching capstone project in your senior year. A 400-level capstone project in the option of your choice is a B.S. requirement.
Life After Fisher
With a degree in mathematics from Fisher, you will be qualified to pursue a career in any of the many areas where math is applied. Some have become scientific programmers, statisticians, and actuaries. Many graduates of the program have distinguished themselves as mathematicians on the faculties of colleges and universities, among them:
- University of Pittsburgh
- University of Tennessee
- University of Wisconsin
- Rochester Institute of Technology
- Monroe Community College
As a graduate of the program, you also will be ready to undertake advanced studies in the field.


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why not just do fix-splash?
After doing this type of install, I always get a verbose boot even after applying the fix-splash800.
from bt4-final.iso
extract /capser/boot/grub/inirtd.gz
to /boot/
change this:Code:cd /boot/grub/ kate menu.lst
kernel - /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.34 root=UUID=blah-blah-blah ro vga=0x314
initrd - /boot/initrd.img-2.6.34
kernel - /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.34 root=UUID=blah-blah-blah ro quiet vga=0x314
initrd - /boot/initrd.gz
if you have a wide screen you can go with 0x317 instead of 0x314
Last edited by Eatme; 09-29-2010 at 04:04 PM.
Wiffy-Auto-Cracker - was the best thing that ever happen to me. :) Wo0oT :)
AWUSO36H_500mW_5dBi Antenna
why not just do fix-splash?
maybe install dragon and run the "splash -- fix"
Last edited by cseven; 09-29-2010 at 03:12 AM.
What was the solution? Was it the dragon, splash --fix method?


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Cleveland Indians "Day of Caring"
(Cleveland) - The Cleveland Indians hosted visitors from area nonprofits during their Day of Caring at Progressive Field.
Team President Mark Shapiro was among the front office personnel welcoming families to a fully catered Thanksgiving dinner at their Terrace Club.
Day of Caring offered meals to visitors from Our Lady of the Wayside, Shoes and Clothes for Kids, Boys and Girls Clubs, OhioGuidestone and Laura's Home.
Shapiro told Newsradio WTAM 1100 it was all part of the organization's continuing commitment to the Cleveland community.
Thanksgiving meals were prepared by Delaware North Companies and served by members of the Indians front office, including Paul Dolan, Mark Shapiro and others.
Children were delighted by the presence of Slider and his fellow mascots, plus families got to pose for portrait photos with the mascots and Tribe personnel.
Get breaking news sent to your mobile phone. Text "news" to 21095.
(Photos by Ken Robinson/WTAM)
(Copyright © 2013 by Clear Channel, all rights reserved.)


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Battle of Arras 2
The Film
Pour la vitesse
Chaque film de ce site est disponible pour visionnage en basse vitesse et en haute vitesse.
- Basse vitesse : recommandée si votre accès Internet se fait avec un modem de 56 kbps ou moins. Le visionnage en basse vitesse fournit une moins bonne qualité d'image et de son.
- Haute vitesse : recommandée avec service Internet haute vitesse (ADSL, modem câble) ou avec ordinateur d'institution. Le visionnage en haute vitesse fournit la meilleure qualité d'image et de son. Le visionnage en haute vitesse peut produire des images saccadées et des interruptions occasionnelles de son si la vitesse de votre connexion est insuffisante.
En cas d'hésitation, essayez d'abord de visionner en haute vitesse. Si cela ne fonctionne pas, essayez la basse vitesse.
Pour le format
Les films peuvent être disponibles pour visionnage en format Macromedia Flash et QuickTime. Tous offrent une qualité égale d'image et de son.
- Format Flash : permet de visionner le film directement dans la page Web, sans avoir à ouvrir une application externe. Nécessite le plugiciel Flash (offert gratuitement ici Macromedia Flash Player).
- Format QuickTime : nécessite l'application QuickTime, soit la version 7 ou plus récent (offert gratuitement ici QuickTime).
Sous-titrage pour malentendants (CC)
Consiste à inscrire à l'écran sous forme de sous-titres, la partie sonore d'un film, par exemple les dialogues, la narration, incluant rires, bruits, etc. Ainsi, les personnes vivant avec un handicap auditif peuvent lire ce qu'ils ne peuvent pas entendre. Le sous-titrage est offert pour quelques films. Pour y avoir accès, vous devez sélectionner QuickTime (sous Format) et Avec sous-titrage pour malentendants (sous Accessibilité).
Vidéodescription (DV)
Consiste à offrir une description orale des éléments visuels clés d'un film, de telle sorte que les personnes vivant avec un handicap visuel peuvent concevoir une imagerie mentale en rapport avec le déroulement des images à l'écran. La vidéodescription est offerte pour quelques films. Pour y avoir accès, vous devez sélectionner QuickTime (sous Format) et Avec vidéodescription (sous Accessibilité).
Running Time
04 min 54 s
Canadian War Records Office, Ministry of Information
The British advance toward the enemy's Hindenburg Line positions was slow, movement hampered by German demolitions and the terrible condition of the ground in a cold, wet winter. Troops moved by road when they could, and supplies were also brought forward.
The German air force in the spring of 1917 generally was outfighting the British and French air forces, its aircraft, such as the shot-down Albatross shown in this clip, superior in manoeuvrability and fire power.
Little in this British-shot film covers the Canadians' victory at Vimy Ridge, but the photographers did include some footage of artillery firing at the German trenches atop the ridge. The guns were likely British, a useful reminder that much of the artillery support that Easter Monday of 1917 was from the heavy and medium regiments of the Royal Artillery.
Pieces of History
Military Logistics of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914–1919
Michel Litalien
Canadian military logistics is a dimension of the history of the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) that is often overlooked. Yet just a few days after Canada's entry into the First World War, it was obvious that there was no way of ignoring it. When huge numbers of military and civilian volunteers showed up at Valcartier, near Quebec City, in August 1914, logistical support services, which had only recently been established, were soon put to the test. Clothing and equipping the members of the first contingent turned out to be a real headache. Manufacturers had to be found and contracts drawn up in a hurry for the production of uniforms, boots, belts, weapons, vehicles and so on. From a logistical standpoint, mobilizing the first contingent destined for Europe was a nightmare.
Throughout the Great War, the Canadian Expeditionary Force's logistical support system was an immense, complex operation. Of all the support services, the Canadian Army Service Corps (CASC) was the most diversified. Its main responsibilities were transporting combat troops, delivering equipment and materials, and providing the troops with fresh supplies. In addition to these essential tasks, the CASC also evacuated the wounded (ambulance drivers belonged to the corps), salvaged equipment that had been captured from the enemy or left behind on the battlefield and delivered mail. The CASC worked closely with the Canadian Ordnance Corps, the Canadian Army Medical Corps, and the Canadian Artillery Corps for the transportation of specialized ordnance.
The CASC operated from seaports located hundreds of kilometres from the battlefield, all the way to just behind the front lines. Its replenishment system could supply not only small groups of just a few men but also formations the size of an infantry battalion (approximately 1,000 men).
Resupplying front-line units was a multistep process. From ports and depots, supplies were first taken by railway to railheads. From there, CASC units were responsible for moving the supplies by truck or light railway to supply dumps. These operations took place in the third line of supply. Thanks to their small size, light railways could run and reach areas closer to the front lines more easily. It was also harder for enemy artillery to pinpoint them. The administrative area behind the front lines was crisscrossed by light rail lines that were built and maintained by Canadian railway troops.
From the supply dumps, the CASC's divisional train and ammunition supply column, both of which were horse-drawn, were responsible for bringing supplies closer to the front lines, to their respective divisions or individual units. This was the second line of supply.
Lastly, operations to supply front-line units constituted the first line of supply. These units had to come back to the rear to get their own supplies of gear, ammunition, weapons, technical and communications equipment, water, medication and food. These supply expeditions were carried out chiefly at night so that the soldiers could not be seen by the enemy. But assigning combat troops to this task meant that a battalion's defensive positions at the front would be short of manpower for a time and so vulnerable to enemy attack.
Toward the end of the war, however, a Canadian officer from Montreal proposed using the tumpline system — the method that Canada's aboriginal people and coureurs de bois had used to carry large loads on foot. Before the introduction of this system, infantryman had to carry supplies in their arms, thus limiting the quantity of materials due to their size and weight. The tumpline system, which involved the use of a head strap, allowed the soldiers to carry more weight and freed up their arms, thus giving them more freedom of movement. With this system, each soldier was able to transport a greater quantity of supplies and so fewer men were required for the job, leaving more troops to ensure the defence of the front lines.
Besides regularly providing drivers and vehicles to other units, the CASC also maintained and repaired its vehicles. It also had to make sure that the troops were fed, which meant that fresh and hard rations had to be allocated and distributed properly; its military cooks oversaw the operation of field bakeries and butcheries.
The CASC was not the only logistical support corps to play a key role in the CEF. The Canadian Ordnance Corps was responsible for procuring, storing and distributing uniforms, boots, equipment, weapons, ammunition and shells to combat troops. Specialized supply depots, located in the second line of supply, helped ensure more effective distribution.
The Canadian Ordnance Corps' other major role was to maintain equipment in the field. The repairmen in the specialized ordnance mobile workshops could get closer to the deployed units and repair their weapons, both light and heavy, as well as their equipment. If the mobile workshops were not able to do the repairs on site, the weapons and equipment were shipped to heavy or stationary workshops at the rear, where virtually anything could be reassembled or rebuilt. The small detachments of the Ordnance Corps worked closely with the various units of the Army Service Corps.
Despite the gradual mechanization of the war, horses remained a vital component of the CEF. The cavalry, the artillery and, of course, the Army Service Corps used huge numbers of horses right up to the end of the war. At one point, Canadians were using as many as 24,000 horses and mules in their overseas operations. Horses could often manage in places where motorized vehicles could make no headway! Inevitably, some horses suffered injuries or fell ill. The Canadian Veterinary Corps operated mobile sections to take care of horses; it also ran veterinary hospitals for horses, advanced remount depots and specialized basic provisions depots.
Other logistical support services also played a crucial role in enabling combat troops to get on with their job. The Canadian Postal Corps, for instance, helped maintain the morale of soldiers at the front, at the rear and also those convalescing in hospitals. Army chaplains, who constituted the smallest organized support group, provided religious services to Canadian soldiers of different faiths and offered moral support at difficult times. Lastly, despite the enemy's efforts to maintain a naval blockade by submarines, the Canadian Forestry Corps ensured that Great Britain, France and the Canadian Expeditionary Force obtained all the timber they needed to carry out their military operations.
Thousands of men served in these various organizations. The Army Service Corps, for example, counted over 17,000 officers and non-commissioned soldiers in its organization. Even if these units were not combat troops, many of them, including the Army Service Corps, played important roles in all military actions. One hundred and four members of the CASC were killed, and 363 were wounded.
Selected Bibliography
Brown, Ian Malcolm. British Logistics on the Western Front, 1914-1919. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 1998.
Canadian Army Service Corps, 2nd Divisional Train: Record of Service of Officers, 1914-1919. Brian Pontifex, comp. Toronto: Carswell, 1920.
Davies, W.J.K. Light Railways of the First World War: A History of Tactical Rail Communications on the British Fronts, 1914-18. Newton Abbot, UK: David & Charles, 1967.
French, Cecil. A History of the Canadian Army Veterinary Corps in the Great World War, 1914-1919. C.A.V. Barker and Ian K. Barker, eds. Guelph: Crest Books, 1999.
Jackson, H.M. The 127th Battalion, CEF; 2nd Battalion, Canadian Railway Troops. Montreal: Industrial Shops for the Deaf, 1957?.
Johnston, James Robert. Riding into War: The Memoir of a Horse Transport Driver, 1916-1919. Fredericton: Goose Lane Editions and The New Brunswick Military Heritage Project, 2004.
Love, David W. "A Call to Arms": The Organization and Administration of Canada's Military in World War One. Calgary: Bunker To Bunker Books, 1999.
Phelan, Frederick Ross. "Army Supplies in the Forward Area and the Tumpline System: A First World War Canadian Logistical Innovation." Canadian Military History 9, no 1 (Winter 2000): 31-45 [reprinted from the article published in the Canadian Defence Quarterly in October 1928].
To the Thunderer his Arms: The Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps. William F. Rannie, ed. Lincoln, ON: W.F. Rannie, 1984.
Warren, Arnold. Wait for the Waggon: The Story of the Royal Canadian Army Service Corps. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1961.
Artillery: The Great Killer
Tim Cook
Historian, Canadian War Museum
In 1914 and 1915, artillery proved it was the great killer. For those caught in the open, shrapnel and high explosive shells wreacked havoc. Thousands were left rotting on the battlefields. However, artillery guns were vulnerable to small arms fire, and they could be driven away from the front. But the guns were soon firing indirectly from hidden positions several kilometeres to the rear, still causing terrible damage. Soldiers were forced to find safety in trenches, digging beneath the ground to escape the murderous fire.
As trenches were strengthened with barbed wire, deep dugouts, and machine -guns, an enormous weight of fire was needed to smash the enemy defences and support the infantry. But there were not always enough shells in the early years to feed the guns. And so the infantry were killed in the tens of thousands as they attacked undamaged enemy trenches in frontal assaults. As the war lengthened, artillerymen received nearly unlimited supplies of shells through the enormous production of munitions factories. New tactics were also developed to improve the accuracy of the guns.
Artillery shells contained high explosives, shrapnel, and, later in the war, poison gas and smoke. Both the high explosive and shrapnel shells were timed to detonate in the air above a target. High explosive shells blasted holes in the trenches and the concussion alone could kill, as lungs collapsed under the force of the explosion. Shrapnel shells were equally deadly, consisting of more than 300 rounded metal balls that exploded downward in a cone-shaped rain of whirling metal. As well, the casing of the shell was designed to explode outward, creating jagged, uneven shards of steel that tore through flesh.
By 1916, commanders believed that massive artillery shoots, involving hundreds of thousands of shells, would annihilate the enemy defenders. This would allow the infantry to punch a hole through enemy lines and restore mobility on the Western Front.
However, it was often hard to hit, and then destroy, the narrow and well-fortified trenches. The problem also lay in the shell fuses. Earlier types were not sensitive enough to explode on contact, especially with shells tasked to clear barbed wire. As a result, many of the shells exploded in the ground, killing very few of the enemy, leaving the infantry to fight their way through defences-in-depth. By the end of 1916, newer, sensitive fuses that exploded on the slightest contact harnessed the destructive power of the artillery and, equally important to the infantry, cleared barbed wire from in front of enemy trenches.
Tactics again changed during the later phases of the bloody battles of the Somme in the last half of 1916. The gunners would never be able to destroy all of the German defences, and even one machine -gunner could kill hundreds of attacking infantry. Instead, the artillery sought to suppress enemy fire through a "creeping barrage," and give their own attacking infantry enough time to cross the killing zone of nNo Mman's Lland.
Gunners fired their shells to create a "creeping" wall of fire that slowly moved forward over the enemy lines at fixed intervals: 50 yards (46 m) every couple of minutes, less for muddy ground, more for open warfare. In effect, it was a screen of fire and explosives. As this moving wall of shrapnel and high explosives chewed up the ground in its path, the infantry were told to "lean into the barrage" and stay as close as possible. Although friendly fire was expected and occurred, the casualties would still be lighter than if the creeping barrage moved off and allowed German machine -gunners, waiting in the safety of deep dugouts, to get to the top of their trenches before the infantry crossed nNo Mman's lLand.
At the Battle of Vimy Ridge in April 1917, the gunners had perfected the creeping barrage. Yet enemy gunners still took a fearful toll as they laid down their own counter-barrages to catch the follow-on waves of infantry. The enemy guns had to be stopped, or slowed, but it was exceedingly difficult to identify, target, and destroy camouflaged guns several kilometeres away.
Accurate intelligence was essential, and new and refined forms of science aided the gunners. The Canadian Corps was lucky to have Brigadier-General Andrew McNaughton, commander of the counter-battery office for much of the war, who embraced new technology and tactics. A prewar professor at McGill University, he turned to science to save his soldiers lives.
The Canadian Counter Battery Office (CCBO), established in February 1917, gathered intelligence and processed information on the enemy to assist in knocking out his guns. Aerial reconnaissance from the Royal Flying Corps (later Royal Air Force) was of great assistance as airmen photographed the front from great heights. Later in the war, observation aircraft circled the battlefield, passing real-time information to the gunners through letter drops and primitive wireless radio.
As the CCBO developed after April 1917, this information-gathering and target-selection became more sophisticated, with new technology, like sound-ranging and flash-spotting, assisting gunners to find and destroy enemy targets.
Flash-spotting involved the coordination of observers. At least three posts were needed, usually spread out along several kilometeres. When an enemy gun position was spotted by the revealing flash as the shell left the barrel, the observers were telephoned by headquarters to turn their attention to that spot. After studying the flash of the gun, the observers would hit a key that was connected to a lamp at headquarters. From the observers' bearings, and by triangulating their estimates, enemy guns could be located with high precision.
Sound-ranging worked on a similar principle. Listeners sat two kilometeres behind the line with their microphones. Additional posts were manned well ahead of these positions. As long as there was not more than one shell per second being fired, on hearing the crash of an enemy gun, the forward listening post pressed a key that started an oscillograph, an instrument that recorded on film the sound of the shell in flight as it reached each microphone in turn. The time-intervals between the microphones allowed the CCBO to analyse the information and, if conditions were optimal, pinpoint enemy guns to within twenty-five 25 yards (23 m). All available counter-battery guns would be aimed on that spot to deliver a destructive shoot of 50-100 shells. Chemical shells were also used to kill or force the enemy gunners to wear debilitating respirators that severely affected the rate of fire.
In the last year of the war, artillery had perfected the creeping barrage and was steadily improving its counter-battery work. Further tactical refinement allowed gunners to fire more complicated barrages, like a box barrage. The box barrages set up a wall of fire and explosives around an enemy position —-- usually a trench —-- which effectively isolated it from reinforcements. It allowed assaulting Canadian infantrymen to capture and consolidate a position without fear of immediate counterattack.
By war's end, 43,914 gunners had served in the Canadian artillery, and 2,565 had lost their lives from disease, injury, and battlefield wounds. They had fired tens of millions of shells, reducing the landscape to a desolate wasteland, and an estimated 60% of all wounds were inflicted by shell fire. The First World War was indeed a gunner's war.
Selected Bibliography
Cook, Tim. No Place to Run: The Canadian Corps and Gas Warfare in the First World War. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1999.
McNaughton, A.G.L. "Counter-Battery Work." Canadian Defence Quarterly 3, 4 (July, 1926).
McNaughton, A.G.L. "The Development of Artillery in the Great War." Canadian Defence Quarterly 4, 2 (January, 1929).
Nicholson, G.W.L. The Gunners of Canada: The History of the Royal Regiment of the Canadian Artillery, Vol. 1: 1534-1919 Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1967.
Rawling, William. Surviving Trench Warfare: Technology and the Canadian Corps, 1914-1918. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.
Swettenham, John. McNaughton, Volume I. Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1968.
Vimy Ridge
Joyce Kennedy
By late March 1917, some battle-weary troops thought the war would never end. Many had once thought they'd be home by Christmas in 1914. But now the war was in its 32nd month, with no end in sight.
Worse yet, they seemed bogged down in a stalemate of sodden, static trench warfare. In spite of fierce fighting and grievous casualty lists, there had been no Allied breakthroughs, no stunning victories and no major advances. On the contrary, there had been devastating slaughter on the Somme and at Verdun the year before. And German U-boats were wreaking havoc on the seas, sinking tons of Allied shipping daily. Would it ever end?
In early April came a glimmer of hope. The United States was finally entering the war. Canadian trench raids, though costly, were finding critical intelligence regarding the status of German defences. And the British were planning a new offensive in the critical Arras sector of France. Canadian troops, as part of the British First Army, would have a major role in the "Battle of Arras."
To the Canadian Corps, under the command of British Lieutenant General Sir Julian Byng, fell the heavy responsibility of providing the defensive flank for the Third Army, and capturing what was reputed to be the strongest German defensive position in Northern France. It was "tactically one of the most important features of the entire Western Front."1 Its name was Vimy Ridge.
There was just one problem. It was thought to be impregnable. Many, on both sides of No Man's Land, believed the Ridge couldn't be taken. After all, the Germans had held it since early in the war (October 1914) and had repulsed both British and French attempts to re-capture it2.
The Germans well appreciated its value, and to this end had tightened up their defensive lines, reinforcing them with concrete gun emplacements, complete with barbed wire. They had also fortified their trenches and dugouts, knowing that well-entrenched troops, with machine guns and artillery, could repulse a numerically superior enemy. They called their massive defensive system the Siegfried Stellung, more popularly known as the Hindenberg Line. Vimy was its "anchor point" or keystone.
And so the scene was set.
Byng had called upon the increasingly impressive Canadian, Major General Arthur Currie, Commander of the 1st Canadian Division, to assist in the Vimy preparations. Both Byng and Currie, respectful of the price their troops would have to pay, were careful planners. Both knew the importance of sound preparation for such an endeavour. They would leave nothing to chance. (Currie even visited Verdun for insights.)
Massive preparations had begun in February. Old roads were repaired. New roads were built. More ammunition dumps were constructed. Light railway tracks were laid. Additional cable and telephone lines were installed. And Byng and Currie insisted that not just the officers but every man know his task and what to expect in the confusion of battle. Soldiers received detailed maps of the enemy territory. (About 40,000 maps were distributed.) They were to memorize the location of every trench, every mound, every fortification. Even a replica of the battle area was constructed behind the Canadian lines to familiarize soldiers with the terrain. It was revised daily as aerial photographs revealed changes in the German front lines. Training was relentless, thorough, disciplined.
And there were more arrows in Canada's quiver. The attacking troops would approach Vimy Ridge in stealth through 12 underground tunnels ("subways") constructed largely by the British with some Canadian work parties. While the tunnels could hardly be called sophisticated, some had electric light, running water and ventilation systems. Most important, they would conceal and protect the attacking troops till the last moment.
But the real key to victory on Vimy Ridge would rest with the artillery. As some liked to say, "the artillery conquers and the infantry occupies." And the artillery had several surprises in store for the Germans.
The preliminary bombardment, under Brigadier-General E.W.B. Morrison, had already begun (March 20-April 2). It was relentless, pulverizing German targets day and night. Using information from aerial observers, trench raids and prisoner interrogation, the artillery fired not only on trenches, machine gun emplacements and strong points, but ammunition dumps, roads and communication systems. And that was just for preliminaries.
The artillery had still more in store for the Germans. Lieutenant Colonel A.G.L. McNaughton, Counter-Battery Staff Officer, had studied the deleterious effect of gun barrel wear on bombing precision, and ensured that key guns were carefully calibrated for accurate firepower. Brigadier General Raymond Brutinel perfected "indirect" machine gun fire to disrupt German road traffic, incoming troops and supplies. By Easter Sunday, 1917, all was in readiness. Troops waited, taut with anticipation.
Overhead, fierce aerial battles had already begun. In the days prior to the Arras offensive, 28 British aircraft were shot down (to Germany's 15). Among those who still plied the skies were Canada's Billy Bishop (who won the Military Cross on April 7), and Germany's Baron Manfred von Richthofen.
At 5:30 on Easter Monday morning, April 9, the heavens reverberated with the sound of nearly a thousand guns and mortars. In driving sleet the first waves of more than 30,000 men of Canada's four divisions, all fighting side-by-side for the first time, stretched out over four miles in the clinging mud3. Immediately in front of them, in practised precision and split-second timing, the artillery spread a carpet of fire — a "creeping" (or "rolling") barrage4.
The rest is history.
Twelve hours later, most of the ridge — expect for Hill 145 and "The Pimple — had been taken. By dawn of April 12, Canada had captured all of Vimy Ridge. The Canadian Corps had accomplished in a few days what neither the British nor French could do in two years.
They had advanced some 4,000 metres, seized 54 guns, 104 trench mortars and 124 machine guns. They had taken more than 4,000 German prisoners5. Four valiant men had won the VC, but nearly 3,600 troops would never see Canadian shores again. More than 7,000 were wounded.
It cannot be said that the capture of Vimy Ridge changed the course of the war. It was, in fact, part of a larger campaign that failed. But it can be said that Canada won the first major offensive of the First World War. Some say the Vimy Ridge "was one of the notable feats of arms of the entire war."6 Some say that the real significance of Vimy Ridge came in 1918, when the German assault on Arras "would certainly have been successful had they still held Vimy Ridge."7 Some say the feat helped earn Canada its own place at the League of Nations.
And still many others say that it was on that blustery day in April 1917 that Canada truly "came of age" when its noble sons did the impossible on the sodden crest of Vimy Ridge.
1Nicholson, Official History, page 244
2The French had suffered heavy losses trying twice to capture Vimy Ridge in 1915, and the British lost ground there in 1916.
3Nicholson notes (Official History, page 252) that the Canadian Corps had a strength of approximately 170,000 men, all ranks, including British Units.
4The barrage had been introduced, with limited success, the year before on the Somme.
5Source; Nicholson, Official History, page 265
6Tucker, page 128
7Cruttwell, page 408
Other Materials
Wartime Letter from Captain Bellenden S. Hutcheson
This letter is transcribed from a rough draft found in an old trunk in 1989. Probable restorations of illegible characters are enclosed in brackets.
Dear Captain Gwynn;
Replying to your first series of questions, concerning the 76th Brigade of Royal Field Artillery:
The 76th Brigade was supporting the Canadian Infantry which was holding the line in front of Vimy. The brigade consisted of four batteries of 18 pounders (field guns) and one battery of 4.5 inch Howitzers. The cover of the guns, while poor was, I suppose, as good as that usually occupied by field guns in position only a few days, and the quarters of the gun that crews were in cellars near the guns, but the shells thrown at us were eight inch, and armour piercing. At least the artillerymen said that they were armour piercing, and after viewing the effects of their explosions I was in no position to argue with them. After several dugouts had been blown in, some of the uninjured personnel set to work digging out the injured while the bombardment was in progress and it was this rescue work which was carried out under scanty or no cover.
The bombardment lasted from 1 p.m. until 10 p.m., with a few periods of lull, and was apparently counter battery work on the part of the enemy. Our guns were not in action.
As you surmise, the gun crews had taken refuge in cellars, not anticipating a bombardment of such intensity with heavy stuff. Gas shells and high explosions were intermingled. My work consisted in dressing the wounded, checking hemorrhage, giving a hypo of morphine when necessary and seeing that the injured were evacuated to the rear. The gas used that day was the deadly sweetish smelling phosgene. It was my first experience with gas in warfare and I wore a mask part of the time and instructed the men to do so whenever there was a dangerous concentration. You ask about my own reaction. It was of course very disconcerting to endeavor to dress wounded while shells were showering debris about, and the possibility of being in the next few seconds in the same plight as the terribly wounded men I was dressing, occurred to me every now and then. The whole thing seemed rather unreal, particularly when it occurred to me, busy as I was, that the killing was being done deliberately and systematically. I felt particularly sorry for the young artillery men, (and many of them were about 19) who were being subjected to the ordeal. I remember one man who had a ghastly wound which would obviously prove fatal in a short time, pleading with me, amidst the turmoil of explosions, to shoot him. Every soldier who has seen action since knows that it requires the highest type of stamina and bravery for troops to lie in a trench and take a heavy shelling without being demoralized and panic stricken, therefore I shall always remember the orderly rescue work carried on by the officers and men of the artillery in the face of the concentrated shelling that occurred that afternoon.
You ask about the work of the artillery officers. They very bravely and ably directed the men in the work of rescue and tried to keep gun crews intact as nearly as possible, in order to fire at any time, should orders to do so, be received.
During the trench tours in front of Lens, I usually had a deserted gun pit or cellar communicating with the support trench as a dressing station. The actions about the G[um] Crossin and La Coulotte, though attended by heavy casualties, were more in the nature of raids or diverting attacks, than holding attacks, therefore, I did not accompany the attacking parties. During a trench tour I stuck close to the dressing station if the enemy was active, in order to look after the injured, if things were quiet I visited the different headquarters of the platoons and companies holding the line. Going into the line was sometimes the most disagreeable part of the tour, because of the darkness, danger of getting lost, the mud, and the shelling of the roads just behind the line. The Passchendaele Campaign was carried on in a sea of mud. I have never seen a drearier sight than the salient in front of Ypres -- churned up mud with mucky shell holes and never a tree as far as the eye could reach. It was necessary to march single file on duck walk because of the mud for a distance of five or six miles when going in for a tour. We were machine-gunned and bombed from the air and subjected to a terrific shelling on the way in and nothing like a real trench system was possible, the line being held by a series of posts in shell holes. My dressing station was located beside a concrete "pill box", an old German strong point. Captain Dunlap, medical officer of the 102nd Battalion, who was later killed, shared the dressing station with me. I had never met Dunlap before and when he appeared at our rendezvous, with four days growth of black beard on his face, a torn tunic and string like remnants of puttees, he looked so much like a stage hobo that I burst out laughing in his face. He was a fine chap and we became good friends.
The stretcher bearers had a very difficult time. The whole area was subjected to continuous shelling by the enemy. The pill box afforded shelter on one side for the dressing station and sheets of camouflage and canvas formed the roof. When no wounded were coming in Dunlap and I would crawl into the pill box for greater security. We kept no enlisted personnel with us as there was literally no place where they could stand without sinking to their knees in mud and the number of wounded men was not so great but that the two medical officers could do all that could be done. When we were relieved by the medical officer of the English unit that took over; Dunlap and I, with Captain A.A. Gray, adjutant of the 75th, started back towards Ypres, over the duckwalk. The different platoons of our battalion had trickled back as they were relieved. The two way duckwalk was, as usual, shelled heavily. We were passing the Argyle and Sutherland Highlanders coming when a shell got a direct hit among them about 200 feet ahead of us. Their dead and wounded, lying in grotesque attitudes, were being cleared away by their comrades with feverish haste as we dog trotted past the smoking shell hole. We did not stop because their own medical unit was on the job, they had plenty of help and each unit was supposed to take care of its own casualties.
Regarding the citation for the Military Cross: "The open ground" mentioned consisted of the wheat fields and other flat unwooded ground through which we passed between Beaucourt and Le Quesnel on the immediate left of the Amiens-Roye road. As we advanced we were frequently under direct observation by enemy balloons directing artillery fire. When one shell landed half a dozen others were pretty sure to land in a very short time within a radius of 50 yards or so of where the first one did, consequently when the first few caused casualties they had to be attended in a shower of debris caused by the explosion of succeeding shells.
It was necessary to pass through the streets of Le Quesnel several times during the barrage in order to find the wounded who were scattered throughout the town. I supervised their collection, during lulls in the shelling in a cellar I used as a dressing station. The platoons furnished stretcher bearers. My medical section, consisting of a sergeant, corporal and two privates were with me part of the time, or were in the dressing station when I was out, or they themselves were engaged in looking for wounded.
Excerpted and reproduced with permission from Veterans Affairs Canada website http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/general/
Teaching Materials
World War I Warfare, Part A
Grade Level: Secondary 9-12
Time Allowance: 45 minutes
Films: Battle of Arras 1, 2, 3 & 4 and Canadians Advanced East of Arras 1
Summary: Students study film clips to answer questions to gain an understanding of what the war was like for the soldiers who fought it. This is the first of three related lessons.
Your Task:
Watch Battle of Arras 1, 2, 3 & 4 and Canadians Advanced East of Arras 1 and answer the questions below based upon the evidence that you see in this film excerpt. Some evidence may contradict other evidence. The captions appearing on screen are underlined in the section below. The questions are in chronological order.
Battle of Arras 1
How the Germans in their retreat blew up…
1- What did the Germans blow up to harass the Canadian advance?
a) Woods b) Canadian trenches c) Main roads
2- What two methods of transport did we use in the advance?
a) Cars and bicycles b) Trains c) Helicopters, ships
3- Canadians blew up French houses to build:
a) Trenches b) Canal banks c) Roads
An advance cyclist patrol
4- This "welcoming" was most likely shown to Canadian audiences. Why?
a) To prove we were winning b) To show our soldiers victorious c) Both a & b
A British Tommy reading the news…
5- What is 'Tommy' slang for?
a) An airplane b) A soldier c) A citizen
6- Who is listening to the news?
a) Men b) Women c) Young children
7- Where were the men of this village?
a) Working b) In prison c) In the army
A merry group
8- What message is this scene conveying to Canadian viewers about the French?
a) They don't care if they are liberated b) They dislike Canadians c) Our soldiers are welcome
Building a bridge over the Somme
9- Much of the building in World War I was done by:
a) Machines b) Factories c) Human muscle power
Another bridge over the Somme
10- Besides soldiers, what else provided much of the power to build things?
a) Electric power b) Women c) Horses
A battalion of the North Hampshire regiment
11- On this evidence, was World War I mechanized at the front lines?
a) Yes b) No
Our engineers blowing obstructions
12- What was the Somme?
a) Town b) Bridge c) River
Fruit trees ruthlessly cut down
13- What did the Germans do to French agriculture?
a) Encouraged it b) Left it c) Destroyed much of it
14- How did actions such as this influence the peace talks?
a) No effect b) Helped them c) Made the French want compensation
German observation post
15- What does this clip tell us about German soldiers? They were:
a) Brave b) Cunning c) Cowardly
Incidents in the recaptured village / French president visits / Well constructed dugouts
16- If these are evidence of "comfort," what does that tell you about World War I?
a) It was easy b) It was safe c) It was difficult and harsh
A huge crater at the crossroads
17- Why would armies blow up crossroads?
a) Minimize disruption b) Maximize disruption c) It was an accident
18- On this evidence, was it easy to pursue the Germans?
a) Yes b) Don't know c) No
Battle of Arras 2
A major commanding a gun battery
20- Transport in World War I consisted of:
a) Horses b) Trucks c) Automobiles d) All of these
21- Roads at the front were:
a) Paved b) Muddy c) Blocked with barbed wire
Various ways of supplying
22- The mud in World War I was crossed at the front by:
a) Trains b) Men and horses c) Canals
One of the difficulties
23- Why was it difficult to supply the guns?
a) Distance b) Enemy fire c) Mud
24- An important disability in World War I was:
a) Obesity b) Blindness c) Trench foot
Assisting infantry
25- Soldiers went to the front line by:
a) Truck b) Horse and cart c) Both a & b
The Pack Train
26- Feeding and watering the horses was a major problem in World War I because:
a) There were many horses to feed b) The climate was poor for wheat c) The rail system was poor
A two-seater albatross
27- What did Germany use as its symbol during World War I?
a) A cross b) Swastika c) Star
The bombardment of Vimy Ridge
28- The bombardment caused the French landscape to become:
a) Desolate b) Fertile
Battle of Arras 3
Rifles are tested / The infantry moving up / More guns used in
29- Is it easy to see the German lines?
a) Yes b) No
Gunners who have been at the front
30- What did the soldiers do to relax at the front?
a) Smoked b) Swam c) Jogged
Trench mortars
31- "No man's land" between the Germans and Canadians contained:
a) Shell holes b) Barbed wire c) Both a & b
The enemy shell a recently captured village
32- This shows that the destruction in France was:
a) Slight b) Moderate c) Considerable
And still more 9.2 howitzwers
33- The location of Canadian guns near French villages brought about:
a) Damage to those villages by German guns b) Nothing
South Africans make a raid / and bring back 3 prisoners
34-Trench warfare was:
a) Mechanized b) Based on individual soldiers
35- The effect of World War I on French communications was:
a) Slight b) Considerable
36- Rebuilding French cities would be:
a) Easy and cheap b) Difficult and expensive
Battle of Arras 4
The Bombardment
37- The shellfire in World War I battles was:
a) Enormous b) Moderate c) Slight
The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) go over the top and raid enemy trenches
38- This evidence indicates that most soldiers in World War I died from:
a) Rifle fire b) Machine guns c) Shell fire
39- Approximately 25% of the Canadian dead were never found because:
a) They were blown up b) Nobody looked for them
Fixing scaling ladders / The Hussars
40- How did soldiers climb out of trenches with their heavy packs?
a) Stone steps b) Brick steps c) Wooden ladders
41- Could cavalry have survived in the trenches?
a) Yes b) No
An observation balloon / Emergency parachute / Our airmen
42- How does the observer relay information to the ground?
a) By radio b) Flag signals c) Telephone
50- How did Canadian soldiers use the information from the observer?
a) Located targets on a map b) Shelled German positions c) Both a & b
51- How, on this evidence, were shells moved?
a) Horses b) Light railway c) Boat
52- Were men careful with heavy explosive shells?
a) Yes b) No
53- Why were light railways used near the front?
a) Insufficient horses b) Trucks were not invented yet c) Railways were more efficient.
54- What evidence is there that World War I was not hi-tech?
a) Men moved heavy shells by hand b) Horses were used extensively c) Both a & b
Canadians Advanced East of Arras 1
Christmas Greetings from Canada
55- What evidence suggests World War I was hi-tech?
a) Field guns were complex b) Men built railways to the front c) Jet engines were used
d) Both a & b
World War I Warfare, Part B
Grade Level: Secondary 9-12
Time Allowance: 45 minutes
Film Excerpt: Battle of Arras 1, 2, 3, 4 and Canadians Advance East of Arras 1
Summary: Students draw on their answers to the questions in the lesson World War I Warfare, Part A to respond to statements about the war.
Your Task:
After watching the films and answering the questions in Part A, use your answers to qualify the statements below.
|The film evidence suggests (see questions)
|1. All the destruction in France was caused by the Germans.
|Q 3 suggests
|2. French peasants did not care who won the war.
|Q 4 and 8 suggest
|3. The French "faked" much of the damage in World War I to get compensation from Germany.
|Q 9, 13, 17, 36 suggest
|4. The Canadian army often fought in kilts; Canada's equipment was outdated for this war.
|Q 20 and 55 suggest
|5. World War I was a modern war fought using up-to-date methods.
|Q 43 suggests
|6. There were very few "unknown soldiers" in WWI because most were killed near their trenches by machine-gun fire.
|Q 4 and 39 suggest
|7. Men were well trained and there were few accidents in this war.
|Q 4 and 52 suggest
|8. After the end of the war, the Canadians and British did not want to impose heavy penalties on Germany, but the French did. This was unfair.
|Q 13, 32, 35 show that France, unlike Canada or Britain,…
|9. Soldiers who survived the war were not affected by it.
|Q 38 and 39 suggest
|10. The costs of the war were not as great as earlier wars.
|Q 9, 32, 35, 43 suggest
World War I Warfare, Part C
Grade Level: Secondary 9-12
Time Allowance: 45 minutes
Films: Battle of Arras 1, 2, 3 & 4 and Canadians Advance East of Arras 1
Summary: After doing Parts A and B, students draw conclusions about the nature of the war.
Your Task:
After answering the questions in World War I Warfare, Part A, and qualifying the statements in World War I Warfare, Part B, answer the questions below.
1 . What evidence suggests that this was a traditional war similar in nature to wars in the 18th century? What other evidence suggests that it was a "hi-tech" war that used advanced methods of mass killing?
2. Explain why France, much more than Canada or Britain, wanted to exact high compensation from Germany at the Treaty of Paris, 1919.
3. List the methods of transportation used in this war. What major changes would you suggest if you were advising the generals on how to prepare for World War II? Remember that the generals do not want to waste money.
4. Did marching in straight lines, on parade, help to prepare soldiers for World War I? What training would you suggest if you had to train Canadian soldiers in 1916 to fight this war?
5. Explain why the tank and the airplane made World War II very different from the trench warfare of World War I.
6. Canadian soldiers were disciplined during the war, but were restless when they found themselves stuck in Europe after the war. Why were Canadian soldiers far more restless than British and French soldiers after the war was over?
7. Canada did not declare war on Germany but entered World War I as a colony of Britain within the British Empire. Imagine that you are advising the Canadian delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. Do you think Canada should remain subordinate to Britain in the Empire? What changes would you suggest to the Canada-Britain relationship?
8. In World War I, Canadians acquired a formidable reputation as soldiers. How did that influence the way other countries regarded Canada after 1918?


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School districts in Davis and Washington Counties have virtually eliminated their summer programs. Other Utah school districts are putting off purchases of computers and equipment and have stopped teacher-training programs. Some may lose teacher or aides.
The federal budget slashing of sequestration along with Utah's shrinking share of the nation's poor means school districts will have less Title I money this year for teachers, aides and technology.
Generally, Utah districts will see cuts of 7 to 11 percent, said Karl Wilson, director of Title | and federal programs for the Utah Office of Education. The funding gives districts additional money to help low-income children succeed, based on the number of students receiving free or reduced price lunches.
The severity of the cuts depends on the district.
Because low-income children, in particular, often regress academically over the summer, "not having summer school is a big hit," said John Zurbuchen, director of federal/state programs at the Davis School District.
But Granite School District, which gets by far the most Title I money, kept enough in reserves to cushion a 7.3 percent cut and is expanding its program in an unprecedented way.
Granger High, which will start the school year in a new building, will be the first high school in Utah with a Title I classification. Designated by the district, it will receive $800,000.
"It was becoming a perfect storm," said Granger Principal Jerry Haslam. "All my feeder elementaries and one junior high are Title I. It didn't make a whole lot of sense to say, 'We give extra help all the way up to the high school student and then we're back to normal.'"
Coping with cuts • Utah will get $84.9 million in Title I funds for the coming school year, down from $93.2 million last year a 9 percent cut, according to July 1 projections from the U.S. Department of Education. Final figures won't be known until October.
Congress' mandated "sequestration" cuts in federal spending account for 5.2 percent of the cut. The rest stems from the fact that Utah has a smaller share than other states of students living in poverty, "one of the benefits of Utah not going as deep into the recession and bouncing back sooner," said Wilson at the state office.
Granite received $16.5 million in Title I money last year, leading the state. Next highest was Alpine, Utah's largest district with more than 71,000 students, which got about $8 million.
The $1 million less in Title I money will mean a reduction in new supplies and equipment, and a few aides may not have jobs this year, said Alpine district spokesman John Patten.
Alpine funds programs at 10 Utah County elementary schools and one junior high with its Title I money; the majority are in Orem. No programs will be cut, Patten said.
"It's put us back a few years, but it's not the end of the world," he said.
Washington County School District in southern Utah eliminated summer school at most of its 10 elementaries with Title I funding, and scaled it way back in three others.
It's not yet clear whether schools will lose any staffers, said Title I Director Kathy Peterson. But one technician who helped teachers use technology has already been cut and the elementaries postponed buying computers and software for their second-grade classrooms, she said.
Davis School District, which received nearly $7 million last year, is looking at a cut of about $800,000, and the effects are already evident. Besides cutting out nearly all summer school, Davis is likely to lose 10 to 15 teachers and aides who have been helping to reduce class sizes, Zurbuchen said.
It also cut out the two- or three-day training for teachers that helps them with technology and language instruction. The district has 16 elementaries and one junior high school that receive Title I funds.
Salt Lake City School District expects to lose roughly $1 million of the $7.1 million it got last year for Title I programs. But by moving district money around, securing new grants and, importantly, raising taxes, schools will not have to slash their Title I programs, said Laurie Lacy, Title I director for the district.
The Salt Lake City School Board has approved and plans an Aug. 6 truth-in-taxation hearing on a $3.6 million tax hike, some of which will offset cuts in Title I funding.
The district concentrates its Title I funding in schools with the most poor children, which means some programs come and go. That's what happened to Whittier Elementary, which was edged out for Title I funding this year by another school, Lacy said.
'The answer, at least for us.' • At Granger High, the new Title I money will allow Haslam to keep a counselor and seven extra teachers in the language arts, math and sciences.
Like other Utah schools, Granger has received federal school improvement grants funded through Title I, and he hired the staff using that money. But that grant is ending.
Granite watched Congress threaten sequestration last year and purposely kept more Title | money in reserve, said Rob Averett, the district's Title I director. Otherwise, it wouldn't be able to put the additional dollars into Granger.
"We would be cutting things if it were not for that reserve," Averett said.
In the three years Haslam has been at Granger, the high school has reversed its history of never making adequate yearly progress (AYP) under the No Child Left Behind Act, Haslam said.
Granger is beginning to attract students from outside its boundaries, Haslam said, and it is expecting a record number of students this fall, including a new incoming class of more than 700 ninth graders.
"Right now with our testing, we are a normal high school," Haslam said. "Getting more adults in the building is the answer, at least for us."
Twitter: @KristenMoulton


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'Swearing Toddler' Taken Into Protective Custody
(NEWSER) – A child featured swearing in a video gone viral this week is now in protective custody. The police union in Omaha, Nebraska, made national headlines when it posted the controversial video to its website showing what it called the "thug cycle." Now, the child featured in the video and three other children in that home are in the state's protective custody system after authorities found safety concerns in the home. Newsy reports:


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Indiana Code (CODE 16-41-6) requires that all pregnant women be tested for HIV testing as a component of routine prenatal care unless they refuse in writing. The Code is supported by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Guidelines which recommend that all women who are pregnant, or planning a pregnancy, be tested for HIV regardless of their risk factors or the HIV prevalence rates where they live. As the guidelines indicate, consent should not be a prerequisite for nor a barrier to testing. Women who do not want the HIV screening test can opt out with written refusal. This approach is critical to our public health initiative to prevent mother to baby HIV transmission.
Proper diagnosis and treatment can improve the health of the mother and dramatically reduce the transmission of HIV from mother to infant from 25-30% down to <2%.
Combined OB/Peds Grand Rounds video "Updated neonatal HIV guidelines"
Dr. Elaine Cox, MD
Public Health Service Task Force Recommendations for Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant HIV-Infected Women for Maternal Health and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV Transmission in the United States
Revised Recommendations for HIV Testing of Adults, Adolescents, and Pregnant Women in Health-Care Settings
Perinatally HIV-exposed infants worksheet
Algorithm for HIV Testing During Prenatal Care
Algorithm for Rapid HIV Screening Late in Pregnancy and/or Labor & Delivery
Tests for Diagnosis of HIV
Timing of HIV Testing
Interpreting and Giving Test Results
Late Presentation: Screening in Labor and Delivery
Signs and Symptoms of Acute HIV Infection
Documentation – Acceptance and Refusal
Mom Declines – Now What?
Testing Infants – If Mom Declines HIV Testing
Treatment of the HIV Infected Pregnant Woman during Pregnancy
Treatment of the HIV Infected Patient during Labor and Delivery
Treatment of the HIV Exposed Infant after Delivery
Communicable Disease Reporting – Pregnant Women and Exposed Infants
Project Partners
Clinician Resources
HIV Antibody/EIA/ELISA
Western Blot Assay (WB)
Rapid HIV Tests
To promote informed and timely therapeutic decisions, health-care providers should test women for HIV as early as possible during each pregnancy generally at initial presentation for prenatal care. For women who decline the test early in prenatal care, the opportunity for testing should be offered at each subsequent visit.
A second HIV test during the third trimester, preferably <36 weeks of gestation, can be cost-effective even in areas of low HIV prevalence and may be considered for all pregnant women. A second HIV test during the third trimester is recommended for women who meet one or more of the following criteria:
A thorough discussion of results must be done after each test. It should not be assumed that if a patient did not hear any results that she is negative. Results should be given in person by the provider.
If Result = Negative EIA:
If Result = Positive EIA and Indeterminate WB:
If Result = Positive EIA and Positive WB:
Women admitted for labor and delivery with unknown or undocumented HIV status should be assessed promptly for HIV infection using the algorithm titled "Rapid Test?" available on this site. This will allow for prompt intervention with prophylactic measures should the test be positive.
The use of Rapid HIV Screening devices is indicated in this situation. If a rapid test is positive in labor and delivery, guidelines recommend a routine HIV ELISA with Western Blot confirmation be sent on serum, that IV AZT (zidovudine, retrovir) is initiated immediately in the mother, and C-section be performed as the preferred mode of delivery in settings where membranes are not ruptured or ruptured for ≤4 hours. The newborn should receive oral AZT (zidovudine, retrovir) at minimum as soon as possible after delivery and therapy should be continued pending the results of the ELISA and confirmatory Western Blot. Additional medications may be needed. Please consult Pediatric ID.
As many as 90% of patients will experience viral symptoms associated with acute HIV infection within 1-4 weeks of exposure to HIV. Symptoms most strongly associated with acute HIV infection include: fever, arthralgia, myalgia, pharyngitis, weight loss >2.5 kg, rash, malaise, oral ulcers and night sweats. See Table 22, for a more comprehensive list of signs and symptoms. If acute HIV infection is suspected and symptoms and risk warrant diagnostic laboratory testing, obtain and HIV antibody test and HIV-PCR. If antibody negative, indeterminate or the Western Blot has 3 or fewer positive bands, but the PCR is positive, manage as acute HIV infection (HIV Medicine Association, 2007). Risk of intrauterine fetal transmission is critically high during acute HIV conversion during this time due to extremely high viral loads.
Source: NiuMT, Stein DS, Schnittman SM. Primary human immunodeficiency
virus type 1 infection: review of pathogenesis and early treatment intervention in
humans and animal retrovirus infections. J Infect Dis 1993;168:1490-501.
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Guidelines Ann Intern Med 2002; 137:381
HIV testing is routinely performed in all pregnant women after notification. A pregnant woman will receive an HIV test as part of the routine panel of prenatal tests unless she declines (opt-out screening).
Patients should provided the information/education about HIV prior to testing. Information may be presented verbally, using a brochure, a pamphlet, or video as long as they are culturally and linguistically appropriate. Information/Education provided should include the following:
For further information, please visit the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists HIV screening home page at http://www.acog.org/About_ACOG/ACOG_Departments/HIV/Perinatal_HIV_Screening_Resources
Patients may decline HIV testing for a variety of reasons including but not limited to lack of perceived risk, fear of the disease, concerns regarding partner violence, or potential stigma or discrimination. As a healthcare provider, you should help the patient to address these concerns and be certain that all the information regarding the potential life saving benefits of testing have been discussed.
Indiana law provides for testing of the newborn infant without parental consent when:
The test must be ordered at the earliest feasible time not exceeding forty-eight (48) hours after the birth of the infant.
Note that if a parent of the newborn infant objects in writing for reasons pertaining to religious beliefs, the newborn infant is exempt from the test. This should be clearly documented in the medical record.
Practitioners who provide prenatal care for HIV positive women must have knowledge of the associated care issues, support from ID specialists, access to appropriate medications, lab tests, and knowledgeable personnel within their hospital system.
During the actual delivery, certain issues must also be addressed.
Full treatment guidelines for HIV-positive women and HIV-exposed infants may be accessed at: AIDSInfo.nih.gov
Indiana law (IC 16-41-2-1) mandates the reporting of all cases of HIV and AIDS and all perinatal HIV exposures. All pregnant women who test positive for HIV must be reported. All infants born to an HIV-positive mother should be reported, even though their final HIV status is not known until later. All cases should be reported using the appropriate form:
Pediatric Form: http://www.in.gov/isdh/files/hiv_ped_caserpt.pdf
Adult Form: http://www.in.gov/isdh/files/case_report_adult-2007.pdf2007.pdf
Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease
The Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease at Riley Hospital for Children, a Clarian Health Partner, follows 90% of Indiana's HIV+ children. These include children seeking care for documented HIV infection or infants who were exposed at birth and whose HIV status is under active diagnostic investigation. Counseling is provided on site at each visit. Please visit the clinics website using the link above for more information or you can call the clinic at (317)944-7260.
Indiana University Women's Center of Excellence
In 1997, Indiana University was awarded support from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to become a National Center of Excellence (CoE) in Women's Health. The Centers are located in academic medical centers where they bring together the work of their schools and departments addressing women's health. The CoE at IU subsequently received support to be one of 11 national CoE Ambassadors for Change and to aspire toward the following goals:
Although federal funding for the program has ended, IU and the other CoE's retain their designation of National Centers of Excellence in Women's Health and depend upon other sources of support to continue their work. At IUSM, the Dean's Office and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology are supporting the CoE's ongoing mission through this transition.
Directed by Lee A. Learman, M.D., Ph.D., OB/GYN Chair, the IU CoE works with a collaborative and multidisciplinary group of women's health leaders, enhancing its impact in Indianapolis and statewide.
Indiana Perinatal Network
The mission of the Indiana Perinatal Network (IPN) is to lead Indiana to improve the health of all mothers and babies. They provide resources for mothers and families, offer the latest information to healthcare providers, and promote sound public policies. IPN has a proven ability to bring together diverse disciplines and organizations to reach consensus on complex issues affecting the health of Indiana's mothers and babies.
Indiana State Department of Health Division of HIV/STD
The Division of HIV/STD strives to promote health and enhance quality of life for Indiana residents. Emphasis is placed on prevention, intervention, and early treatment of HIV and other Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs). Visit the divisions website using the link above to learn about programs and services. You may also call 1-866-588-4948
Midwest AIDS Training + Education Center (MATEC) - Indiana
MATEC Indiana receives federal funds to provide HIV/AIDS training and support to health care professionals in Indiana. MATEC is connected with the top HIV clinicians and researchers in Indiana and offers health care professionals targeted training and direct access to expert information.
You can contact MATEC Indiana at 317-630-7441 or email@example.com
Marion County Public Health Department
Health and Hospital Corporation of Marion County is an Indiana municipal corporation and political subdivision of the State of Indiana. The corporation operates the Marion County Health Department and Wishard Health Services. The mission is to promote and protect the health of everyone in the community and provide health care to those who are underserved.The Health and Hospital Coporation is committed to promoting good health throughout the community.
National Clinicians Consultation Center (NCCC)
The NCCC offers access to three clinician consultation lines that are staffed by clinicians with HIV/AIDS expertise. Visit the NCCC website using the link above or call one of their consultation lines listed below:
National HIV Telephone Consultation Service
National Clinicians' Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Hotline
|Perinatal HIV Hotline
National Perinatal HIV Consultation and Referral Service
Center for Disease Control (CDC) – HIV Information
For more than 60 years, the CDC has been dedicated to protecting health and promoting quality of life through the prevention and control of disease, injury, and disability. We are committed to programs that reduce the health and economic consequences of the leading causes of death and disability, thereby ensuring a long, productive, healthy life for all people. Visit the CDC website http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ to get connected to their collection of HIV/AIDS information and resources.
HIV Medicine Association
Infectious Diseases Society of America created the HIV Medicine Association (HIVMA) in fall 2000 to provide an organizational home for medical professionals engaged in HIV medicine. Through its activities, HIVMA supports clinicians in overcoming the challenges inherent in providing high quality health care to patients living with HIV disease. The HIV Medicine Association is an organization of medical professionals who practice HIV medicine and represent the interests of patients through the promotion of quality in HIV care and advocacy for policies that ensure a comprehensive and humane response to the AIDS pandemic informed by science and social justice. http://www.hivma.org/.


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Vitamin B12 level
The vitamin B12 level is a test to tell how much vitamin B12 is in your blood.
How the Test is Performed
A blood sample is needed. For information on how this is done, see: Venipuncture
How to Prepare for the Test
You should not eat or drink for about 6 - 8 hours before the test.
Tell your health care provider about all medicines you are taking, including over-the-counter and herbal medication. Drugs that may affect test results include colchicine, neomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid, and phenytoin (Dilantin).
How the Test Will Feel
When the needle is inserted to draw blood, you may feel moderate pain, or only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing.
Why the Test is Performed
This test is most often done when other blood test tests suggest a condition called megaloblastic anemia. Pernicious anemia is a form of megaloblastic anemia caused by poor vitamin B12 absorption. This can occur when the stomach makes less of the substance the body needs to properly absorb vitamin B12.
Your doctor may also order a Vitamin B12 test if you have certain nervous system symptoms. Low levels of B12 can cause numbness or tingling in the arms and legs, weakness, and loss of balance.
Other conditions under which the test may be done:
Normal Results
Normal values are 200 - 900 pg/mL (picograms per milliliter).
Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about what your specific test results mean.
The examples above show the common measurements for results for these tests. Some laboratories use different measurements or may test different specimens.
What Abnormal Results Mean
Values of less than 200 pg/mL are a sign of a vitamin B12 deficiency. People with this deficiency are likely to have or develop symptoms. Older adults with vitamin B12 levels between 200 and 500 pg/mL may also have symptoms.
Causes of vitamin B12 deficiency include:
- Not enough vitamin B12 in diet (rare except with a strict vegetarian diet)
- Diseases that cause malabsorption (for example, celiac disease and Crohn's disease)
- Lack of intrinsic factor
- Above normal heat production (for example, with hyperthyroidism)
- Pregnancy
Increased vitamin B12 levels are uncommon. Usually excess vitamin B12 is removed in the urine.
Conditions that can increase B12 levels include:
- Liver disease (such as cirrhosis or hepatitis)
- Myeloproliferative disorders (for example, polycythemia vera and chronic myelocytic leukemia)
Rupture of some of the red blood cells (hemolysis) in the blood sample may affect test results.
There is very little risk involved with having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others.
Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include:
- Excessive bleeding
- Fainting or feeling light-headed
- Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)
- Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)
The health care provider will usually take blood or red blood-cell folate levels when testing for megaloblastic anemias of any kind.
The blood test for levels of vitamin B12 has become much more accurate within the past few years. Now, there are fewer false-normal results, because the test only measures biologically active B12.
A Schilling test can find the cause of a vitamin B12 deficiency.
Mason JB. Vitamins, trace minerals, and other micronutrients. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 225.
- Vitamins
- Anemia
- Cholesterol-lowering medications - bile acid sequestrants
- Anti-inflammatory medications - inhalant, systemic, and topical corticosteroids
- Atherosclerosis
- Antibiotic medications - cephalosporins
- Antibiotic medications - aminoglycosides
- Antibiotic medications - antituberculosis agents
- Antidiabetic medications - biguanides
- Antibiotic medications - sulfa drugs
Review Date: 2/8/2012
Reviewed By: Todd Gersten, MD, Hematology/Oncology, Palm Beach Cancer Institute, West Palm Beach, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director and Director of Didactic Curriculum, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington; David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc.


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Lanvin Fall 2014
Amid the insanely pressured world of fashion, there are only a handful of refusenik designers who have the mental and creative capacity to resist reducing their ideas to the prevailing norm of the single-note show. Glory and gratitide to Alber Elbaz on that count. His was an off-the-grid trip of variety and surprise—tough and romantic, glamorous and easy, witty and sexy, mad and practical. All he'll say about it is purely on the emotional level. "Fashion should be a factory of dreams. It's time to go back to intuition. We need to be touched."
Well, yes, we do. Watching Lanvin was one of those in-the-moment experiences that makes women go "ohh" and "ahh" as they speed-parse how to assimilate what they're seeing. If that sounds erotic, well, there was quite a bit of that going on, too. Fashion can be titillating when it gets to a fast-and-furious place where models are pacing along in black leather knee-length knife-pleated dresses or luxuriously fine olive leather trench-coats that come pretty close to looking like latex. Yet we are hardly in sex-shop cliché-land here—note the contradictory flat brogues. In a post-platform period, this was a collection that also nailed the new pleasure of being able to move in your clothes—and without resorting to a single effect involving masculine-feminine tailored androgyny.
The female power Elbaz describes comes in many forms. For him, it manifests in spiral-cut tweed with raw edges, and the fragility of the silk bias-dresses—all accessorized with hats trimmed with marabou feathers. It can also come in the form of fierce total-fur looks (including fur backpacks), or in dresses smothered in silken fringe which swing in movement. The variety of silhouettes spans long and fluid, mid-length and fluted, short and flared, and brief and mini. It runs from ultra-elaborate textures to the utterly plain, with the genius idea of minimal shift-dresses edged with glittery bugle-beaded fringe somewhere in between.
In other words, this was a sustained, no-holds-barred, virtuoso performance from a rare designer with multiple skills and the ability to conjure up many moods. Instead of holding back, he just let it flow. It was so far off the norm of the strictly edited show that it was almost downright rebellious—and that in itself was a joy to watch. Why should fashion be reduced to a mean, narrow, seasonal "statement"? Alber Elbaz does what he feels, and his emotional generosity simply communicates the idea that it's great to be a woman.