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The Royal Visit to the Battlefields of France, July 1917 - 3
The Film
Topical Film Company
Visit of King George V and Queen Mary to France 3-14 July 1917.
The King and Queen go their various ways, the King to St-Sixte Monastery (used as a Casualty Clearing Station) and on to an aerodrome and the Gas School at Helfaut. Haig meets with the King, the Queen, and President and Madame Poincaré at Abbeville. The Queen and Prince visit the Asiatic Petrol Company factories near Rouen.
Pieces of History
Army Nurses
Denyse Baillargeon
Associate Professor, History Department, Université de Montréal
A total of 3,141 nurses worked in the Canadian army, 2,504 of them overseas—over a third of all Canadian registered nurses. Some were posted to British or Canadian hospitals in England, but at least a thousand served in France and Belgium; some were even sent to the Mediterranean or Russia. Unlike nurses from the other allied countries, who were in auxiliary corps, Canadian nurses were full members of the Canadian Army Medical Corps and thus held military rank. Margaret Macdonald, appointed matron-in-chief at the start of the war, was also the first woman of the British Empire to hold the rank of major.
From the outset, the military authorities had planned to keep the nurses in stationary hospitals, 250-bed units with 16 nurses, and in the general hospitals farther from the front, which had between 500 and 1,000 beds served by a team of 72 nurses. In practice, however, it soon became apparent that these medical professionals were also needed in the most advanced posts, called casualty clearing stations, because the wounded soldiers taken there often required emergency surgery impossible to do without the help of nurses. Many nurses thus found themselves very close to the front lines, working in tents or huts with minimal hygiene.
Although farther from the theatre of operations, the stationary hospitals and general hospitals still did not have all the facilities that nurses were accustomed to. Established in big houses, ruined monasteries, unused schools or hastily built shelters, these hospitals were far from an ideal environment. The nurses had to tend patients while slogging through mud, surrounded by rats or, on the Mediterranean front, flies, while being careful to use as little water as possible.
The nurses' work followed the rhythm of the battles, each bringing a massive influx of wounded. Working around the stretchers lined up on the ground, the nurses had to take care of hundreds of soldiers brought in by train or ambulance. Bullets, bayonets, shells and shrapnel caused extremely serious wounds that bled profusely and often necessitated amputation, the only way to get rid of gangrene. Amputation was also the fate of men who suffered frostbite from their time in the muddy trenches, while on the Mediterranean front, dysentery laid many low. Gas, first used extensively in the First World War, attacked the eyes and lungs. The nurse placed the lung patient in an oxygen tent, but that did not always work as hoped. Nurses were just as powerless to help those suffering from psychological problems, termed shell shock, whose numbers grew as the war intensified. On the other hand, they were perfectly capable of taking care of soldiers with tuberculosis or other common ailments, like the flu. Due to the high mortality rate of the wounded, such cases actually made up the bulk of their work. Towards the end of the hostilities, when the Spanish flu started to spread, they were called upon to tend to soldiers with influenza.
Life at the front had its quieter moments, though, and nurses took advantage of them. Between two deliveries of casualties, they could do their jobs more calmly, befriending the soldiers they tended often over long weeks. They also gave themselves small treats. When not on duty, they could go to dances, receptions and concerts also attended by soldiers, officers or even civilians. They also took part in sports or games and went cycling near their hospitals. Nurses stationed in England took tea with members of the British and Canadian army or with nurses from other hospitals, and played golf and tennis. On leave, some even travelled to Scotland or the south of France.
Army nurses were the only women to go to the front during the First World War. Thirty-nine lost their lives, twenty-one in battles on the continent or at sea, and eighteen as a result of illness. Seven others died in Canada while serving in army hospitals. Over 500 of them were decorated, including matron Ethel Ridley, named Commander of the Order of the British Empire, and Vivien Tremaine, who was awarded the Royal Victorian Order for caring for King George V, who was hurt when he fell off his horse while reviewing Canadian troops. These military honours acknowledged their courage and the esteem in which they were held. This acknowledgment also extended beyond the military sphere, however, for the involvement of nurses in the war greatly contributed to making medical and hospital authorities more aware of the importance of their role. By the end of the First World War, nurses had gained a professional status that could never again be questioned.
Selected Bibliography
Allard, Genevičve, «Des anges blancs sur le front : l'expérience de guerre des infirmičres militaires canadiennes pendant la Premičre guerre mondiale», Bulletin d'histoire politique, 8, nos 2-3 (hivers-printemps 2000): 119-132.
---, «Les anges blancs sur le front. Les infirmičres militaires canadiennes durant la Premičre Guerre mondiale», [MA (Histoire), Université Laval], 1997.
Allemang, Margaret M. Canadian Nursing Sisters of World War 1, Oral History Program. Toronto: Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, 1977-1980.
Nicholson, G.W. L. Canada's Nursing Sisters. Toronto: A.M. Hakkert, 1975.
Strong-Boag, Veronica. "Making a Difference : The History of Canada's Nurses." Canadian Bulletin of Medical History/Bulletin canadien d'histoire de la médecine, 8, 2 (1991) : 231-248.
The First Air War
Hugh A. Halliday
Historian and author
During the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) experts noted that smokeless powder, rifled artillery, machine guns and barbed wire had turned battlefields into vast wastelands where armies hid from their opponent's shells. Cavalry—the traditional form of reconnaissance—could not manoeuvre . Ten years later, aircraft made stalemate even more certain. In August 1914 aerial reconnaissance enabled the Allies to counter-attack against German armies invading France. Thereafter, with few exceptions, aerial observers forecast an enemy's offensive and thus assured its failure (or success, at appalling cost).
The power of aerial observation went further. With armies driven into complex trench systems, artillery came to the fore as the deadliest weapon of the war. The great guns of the Western Front were the primary killing machines of what had become industrialized warfare—65 percent of all deaths and wounds were attributable to artillery fire, which delivered awesome weights of shell and shrapnel.
Days before his death by artillery fire, an American soldier wrote, "This is a cowering war—pygmy man huddles in little holes and caves, praying to escape the blows of the blind giant who pounds the ground with blind hammers." But the hammers were not blind. Their targets were mapped by men in aircraft and balloons, their fire was directed from aircraft and balloons. The aerial observer was the most important airman of the war; his role today has been assumed by others, including the aerial spy satellite.
The courage of these men defies imagination. Balloon observers ascended under gas bags filled with flammable hydrogen, vulnerable to fighter aircraft determined to shoot them down. The men in the balloons at least had parachutes, if time permitted them to escape. For most of the war, pilots and airplane crews had no such equipment; fire in the air was the most dreaded fate of all, and many men carried pistols to shoot themselves rather than suffer agonizing deaths. In June 1918 German aircrews were issued parachutes; even these failed to deploy about 25 percent of the time.
Given the importance of aerial reconnaissance and artillery direction, it is puzzling to find so much attention being devoted to fighter pilots, these "knights of the air." Fighter pilots and tactics evolved from 1915 onwards, but their task was always secondary to that of the observation crews. It was a fighter pilot's job to shoot down enemy observation aircraft and protect his own observation aircraft. Nevertheless, propagandists trying to divert attention from the awful slaughter on the ground fastened upon the fighter pilots as men engaged in single combat, man-to-man, with the high-scoring "ace" as the centrepiece of the narrative. Never mind that the fighter pilot's objective was (preferably) to surprise an opponent and shoot him in the back. Chivalry there might be—a decent burial for a fallen enemy, a toast with a captured foe—but in the heat of battle there could be only one rule: kill or be killed. At the heart of everything else, that was a fighter pilot's job description. It is a measure of the propagandist's success that, 90 years later, the public knows more about the First World War fighter pilots than the men they were actually protecting.
Airplanes were used for many other tasks—anti-submarine patrols, trench strafing, communications and bombing. Indeed, aircraft performed almost every task in the First World War that they would later execute in the Second World War. The one exception was the aerial delivery of soldiers. Even so, aircraft were used to place spies behind enemy lines and drop supplies to isolated troops. Nevertheless, in most roles the airplanes of 1914-1918 only hinted at what was to come. Only one submarine was sunk by aircraft during the First World War; at least 400 submarines on all sides were destroyed by aircraft during the Second World War. Aerial bombing between 1914 and 1918 inflicted only modest devastation (although its psychological impact was very great at the outset); the bombing campaigns of the Second World War were horrific both in physical impact and subsequent moral outrage.
Aircraft affected the conduct of the war, and war influenced the technological development of aircraft. For example, engines increased from an average of 80 horsepower (1914) to 350 horsepower (1918), while speeds of 110 km/h had risen to about 200 km/h. Yet if the war had not taken place, it is conceivable that commercial incentives might have produced similar results. The first four-engine airliner had flown in Russia in 1913. Might not development have taken place along civilian lines ? Five years later, France and Britain initiated civilian air transport services using modified bombers that carried fewer passengers than their Russian predecessors of 1913.
Whether or not it was due to war, a radical transformation occurred between 1914 and 1918 that involved the attitudes of aviators themselves. Even among the select circle of 1914 pilots, flying was considered hazardous,, and training methods reflected this. At the time, no aircraft had been designed specifically for training; throughout the war most training aircraft were machines like the RE.7 and Farman Shorthorn, which had been retired from front-line duties to rear echelon tasks. The Curtiss JN-4 broke this pattern.
The most radical change, however, involved the training syllabus itself. Early flying instruction covered the basics of flying but emphasized dangers to be avoided, particularly stalls and spins. By 1916, however, the dynamics of flight controls were more fully understood, and recovery from spins could be practised. New systems of instruction emphasized the theory of flight and explained exactly how manoeuvres could be executed, thus encouraging intelligent aerobatics. Instead of being regarded as a threatening mount, the airplane came to be seen as an even-tempered, reasonable machine. Previously, students had been taught what to avoid; the new methods instilled confidence. By the end of the war, pilots had become enthusiastic about the potential uses of aircraft and convinced of the fundamental safety of their machines. Confident prophets inspire confident converts.
Canada's role in these developments was insignificant in some ways, crucial in others. Before the war the government studiously ignored aviation, and only in 1918 did it take steps to form distinct Canadian air force units. On the other hand, it assisted the British flying services, which recruited in Canada and trained personnel in this country. Thousands of Canadians enlisted in the British flying services, either directly or by transferring from the Canadian Expeditionary Force. No one really knows just how many joined; the lowest estimate (13,160) seems too modest, but the highest guess (22,812) cannot be documented. It is generally believed that, as of 1918, about one-quarter of all members of the Royal Air Force were Canadians. The most famous were aces such as Raymond Collishaw and William Barker, but they included many other fascinating individuals. In 1915, Redford Mulock had been a trooper transferring from the cavalry to the Royal Naval Air Service. As of November 1918, he was a decorated colonel commanding heavy bombers that would have raided Berlin if the war had lasted only two weeks longer.
Selected Bibliography
Chajkowsky, William E. Royal Flying Corps; Borden to Texas to Beamsville. Cheltenham, ON: Boston Mills Press, 1979.
Costello, W. Brian. A Nursery of the Air Force. Carleton Place, ON: Forest Beauty Products, 1979.
Dodds, Ronald. The Brave Young Wings. Stittsville, ON: Canada's Wings, 1980.
Drew, George. Canada's Fighting Airmen. Toronto: Maclean Publishing, 1931.
Ellis, Frank H. Canada's Flying Heritage. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1954.
Fuller, G.A., J.A. Griffin and K.A. Molson. 125 Years of Canadian Aeronautics: A Chronology,1840-1965. Toronto: Canadian Aviation Historical Society, 1983.
Goodspeed, D. J. The Armed Forces of Canada,1867-1967. Ottawa: Canadian Forces Headquarters, 1967.
Greenhous, Brereton. The Making of Billy Bishop. Toronto: Dundern Group, 2002.
Greenhous, Brereton and Hugh A. Halliday. Canada's Air Forces,1914-1999. Montreal: Art Global, 1999.
Halliday , Hugh A. Not in the Face of the Enemy: Canadians Awarded the Air Force Cross and Air Force Medal,1918-1966. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 2000.
Jones, Neville. The Origins of Strategic Bombing. London: William Kimber, 1973.
Milberry, Larry. Aviation in Canada. Toronto: Canav Books, 1979.
---. Canada's Air Force at War and Peace. 3 vol. Toronto: Canav Books, 1999 to 2001.
Rimell, Raymond Laurence. Zeppelin! A Battle for Air Supremacy in World War I. Stittsville, ON: Canada's Wings, 1984.
Shores, Christopher, Norman Franks and Russell Guest. Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces, 1915-1920. Stoney Creek, ON: Fortress Publications, 1990.
Sullivan, Alan. Aviation in Canada,1917-1918. Toronto: Rous and Rous, 1919.
Wise, S.F. Canadian Airmen and the First World War. Ottawa: Department of National Defence, 1982.
The following Web site has a section "Honours and Awards" and a subsection dealing with Canadians in the British Flying Services during the First World War: http://www.airforce.ca/.
Military Logistics of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914–1919
Michel Litalien
Canadian military logistics is a dimension of the history of the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) that is often overlooked. Yet just a few days after Canada's entry into the First World War, it was obvious that there was no way of ignoring it. When huge numbers of military and civilian volunteers showed up at Valcartier, near Quebec City, in August 1914, logistical support services, which had only recently been established, were soon put to the test. Clothing and equipping the members of the first contingent turned out to be a real headache. Manufacturers had to be found and contracts drawn up in a hurry for the production of uniforms, boots, belts, weapons, vehicles and so on. From a logistical standpoint, mobilizing the first contingent destined for Europe was a nightmare.
Throughout the Great War, the Canadian Expeditionary Force's logistical support system was an immense, complex operation. Of all the support services, the Canadian Army Service Corps (CASC) was the most diversified. Its main responsibilities were transporting combat troops, delivering equipment and materials, and providing the troops with fresh supplies. In addition to these essential tasks, the CASC also evacuated the wounded (ambulance drivers belonged to the corps), salvaged equipment that had been captured from the enemy or left behind on the battlefield and delivered mail. The CASC worked closely with the Canadian Ordnance Corps, the Canadian Army Medical Corps, and the Canadian Artillery Corps for the transportation of specialized ordnance.
The CASC operated from seaports located hundreds of kilometres from the battlefield, all the way to just behind the front lines. Its replenishment system could supply not only small groups of just a few men but also formations the size of an infantry battalion (approximately 1,000 men).
Resupplying front-line units was a multistep process. From ports and depots, supplies were first taken by railway to railheads. From there, CASC units were responsible for moving the supplies by truck or light railway to supply dumps. These operations took place in the third line of supply. Thanks to their small size, light railways could run and reach areas closer to the front lines more easily. It was also harder for enemy artillery to pinpoint them. The administrative area behind the front lines was crisscrossed by light rail lines that were built and maintained by Canadian railway troops.
From the supply dumps, the CASC's divisional train and ammunition supply column, both of which were horse-drawn, were responsible for bringing supplies closer to the front lines, to their respective divisions or individual units. This was the second line of supply.
Lastly, operations to supply front-line units constituted the first line of supply. These units had to come back to the rear to get their own supplies of gear, ammunition, weapons, technical and communications equipment, water, medication and food. These supply expeditions were carried out chiefly at night so that the soldiers could not be seen by the enemy. But assigning combat troops to this task meant that a battalion's defensive positions at the front would be short of manpower for a time and so vulnerable to enemy attack.
Toward the end of the war, however, a Canadian officer from Montreal proposed using the tumpline system — the method that Canada's aboriginal people and coureurs de bois had used to carry large loads on foot. Before the introduction of this system, infantryman had to carry supplies in their arms, thus limiting the quantity of materials due to their size and weight. The tumpline system, which involved the use of a head strap, allowed the soldiers to carry more weight and freed up their arms, thus giving them more freedom of movement. With this system, each soldier was able to transport a greater quantity of supplies and so fewer men were required for the job, leaving more troops to ensure the defence of the front lines.
Besides regularly providing drivers and vehicles to other units, the CASC also maintained and repaired its vehicles. It also had to make sure that the troops were fed, which meant that fresh and hard rations had to be allocated and distributed properly; its military cooks oversaw the operation of field bakeries and butcheries.
The CASC was not the only logistical support corps to play a key role in the CEF. The Canadian Ordnance Corps was responsible for procuring, storing and distributing uniforms, boots, equipment, weapons, ammunition and shells to combat troops. Specialized supply depots, located in the second line of supply, helped ensure more effective distribution.
The Canadian Ordnance Corps' other major role was to maintain equipment in the field. The repairmen in the specialized ordnance mobile workshops could get closer to the deployed units and repair their weapons, both light and heavy, as well as their equipment. If the mobile workshops were not able to do the repairs on site, the weapons and equipment were shipped to heavy or stationary workshops at the rear, where virtually anything could be reassembled or rebuilt. The small detachments of the Ordnance Corps worked closely with the various units of the Army Service Corps.
Despite the gradual mechanization of the war, horses remained a vital component of the CEF. The cavalry, the artillery and, of course, the Army Service Corps used huge numbers of horses right up to the end of the war. At one point, Canadians were using as many as 24,000 horses and mules in their overseas operations. Horses could often manage in places where motorized vehicles could make no headway! Inevitably, some horses suffered injuries or fell ill. The Canadian Veterinary Corps operated mobile sections to take care of horses; it also ran veterinary hospitals for horses, advanced remount depots and specialized basic provisions depots.
Other logistical support services also played a crucial role in enabling combat troops to get on with their job. The Canadian Postal Corps, for instance, helped maintain the morale of soldiers at the front, at the rear and also those convalescing in hospitals. Army chaplains, who constituted the smallest organized support group, provided religious services to Canadian soldiers of different faiths and offered moral support at difficult times. Lastly, despite the enemy's efforts to maintain a naval blockade by submarines, the Canadian Forestry Corps ensured that Great Britain, France and the Canadian Expeditionary Force obtained all the timber they needed to carry out their military operations.
Thousands of men served in these various organizations. The Army Service Corps, for example, counted over 17,000 officers and non-commissioned soldiers in its organization. Even if these units were not combat troops, many of them, including the Army Service Corps, played important roles in all military actions. One hundred and four members of the CASC were killed, and 363 were wounded.
Selected Bibliography
Brown, Ian Malcolm. British Logistics on the Western Front, 1914-1919. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 1998.
Canadian Army Service Corps, 2nd Divisional Train: Record of Service of Officers, 1914-1919. Brian Pontifex, comp. Toronto: Carswell, 1920.
Davies, W.J.K. Light Railways of the First World War: A History of Tactical Rail Communications on the British Fronts, 1914-18. Newton Abbot, UK: David & Charles, 1967.
French, Cecil. A History of the Canadian Army Veterinary Corps in the Great World War, 1914-1919. C.A.V. Barker and Ian K. Barker, eds. Guelph: Crest Books, 1999.
Jackson, H.M. The 127th Battalion, CEF; 2nd Battalion, Canadian Railway Troops. Montreal: Industrial Shops for the Deaf, 1957?.
Johnston, James Robert. Riding into War: The Memoir of a Horse Transport Driver, 1916-1919. Fredericton: Goose Lane Editions and The New Brunswick Military Heritage Project, 2004.
Love, David W. "A Call to Arms": The Organization and Administration of Canada's Military in World War One. Calgary: Bunker To Bunker Books, 1999.
Phelan, Frederick Ross. "Army Supplies in the Forward Area and the Tumpline System: A First World War Canadian Logistical Innovation." Canadian Military History 9, no 1 (Winter 2000): 31-45 [reprinted from the article published in the Canadian Defence Quarterly in October 1928].
To the Thunderer his Arms: The Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps. William F. Rannie, ed. Lincoln, ON: W.F. Rannie, 1984.
Warren, Arnold. Wait for the Waggon: The Story of the Royal Canadian Army Service Corps. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1961.
Gas Warfare
Tim Cook
Historian, Canadian War Museum
Desperate to find a solution to the deadlock of the trenches on the Western Front, the Germans turned to poison gas despite its banning at the 1899 and 1907 Hague Conventions. Tear gas had proven useless in several battlefield experiments in 1914 and early 1915. But when lethal chlorine gas was unleashed on April 22, 1915, its first victims, French and Algerian troops, were sent reeling in panic. A second gas cloud attack on April 24 against the Canadian Division was not so successful. Gagging and choking, the Canadians continued to fire into the cloud, effectively stopping the German advancing troops behind it. Nonetheless, the first two chlorine attacks had been stunning, and they forced Entente scientists to frantically prepare their own chemical retaliation. They did so while their propagandists proclaimed loudly the barbarity of the Hun, who had sunk to new levels in using chemicals to poison men.
While the Germans had initial success with gas cloud attacks on the Western Front in 1915 and continued success against the poorly equipped Russian troops in the east throughout the war, these gas clouds were never dependable. The chlorine was transported in metal canisters, opened and sent across no man's land with the aid of a strong breeze. Too often, however, operations had to be postponed due to poor weather, leaving commanders and soldiers mistrusting chemical warfare.
The first British gas cloud attack occurred at Loos on September 25, 1915, and although it was effective in incapacitating German defenders, it was remembered primarily for having turned on British troops when the wind reversed, resulting in 2,000 casualties. Thus, while poison gas had initially been offered as a solution to the deadlock of the trenches, the rapid introduction of respirators and the unstable nature of the delivery system ensured that poison gas would not be a war-winning weapon.
Yet scientists continued to experiment with new and deadlier gases. With their advanced prewar chemical and dye industry, the Germans, under the leadership of future Noble Prize winner Fritz Haber, proved to be the leaders throughout the war. In December 1915, the Germans introduced phosgene gas, which was eight times more lethal than chlorine. Although the British had been forewarned and were thus able to equip their soldiers with proper respirators – a chemically treated bag that fit over the head and tucked into the battle jerkin – phosgene was another lethal addition to the battlefield. Invisible and nearly impossible to smell, phosgene (and later diphosgene) inhibited the transfer of water in the lungs. Victims could be gassed without even knowing it; within hours, a seemingly healthy man would begin to choke and vomit up fluid. It was a painful and grisly way to die.
During the 1916 Battle of Verdun, the French introduced chemical artillery shells filled with lethal gas and the Germans perfected their use. This increased reliability also meant that fireplans could include a combination of high explosive, shrapnel and gas bombardments. Poison gas supported a number of tactical missions: to harass soldiers, to strangle the supply of logistics and to blanket opposing artillery-men beneath a gas cloud, thereby forcing the wearing of respirators that inhibited the rate of fire.
To respond to these chemical advancements, respirators were continually improved, and by mid 1916, most armies had developed an effective gas mask for their troops. However, equipping terrified soldiers with a flimsy respirator did not end casualties or suppress the fear. Soldiers had to be taught how to get their respirators on quickly, how to identify gases, how to establish efficient warning systems, and how to fight while wearing them.
With respirators and better anti-gas discipline saving most soldiers from chemical attacks, the Germans again changed the nature of the gas war by introducing mustard gas in July 1917. Mustard gas burned the lungs like conventional chemical agents, but also the skin. Even low doses of the vapour were enough to cause suppurating blisters and temporary blindness. Here was a terror weapon that seemed to negate all that soldiers had been told up to this point in the war: with a respirator you would be safe.
Unlike chlorine and phosgene that dissipated within minutes or hours depending on the weather conditions, mustard gas remained active, lying dormant in the mud and water of the battlefield. Days or weeks later, a soldier passing through the area, especially after the sun had warmed the ground and released the still-potent vapour, could fall victim, going blind, suffering burns or developing hacking coughs and subsequent bronchial infections. This chemical plague was particularly insidious against soldiers as they huddled together for warmth in their dugouts.
By 1918, all armies were employing gas with greater frequency. The German March Offensive was unleashed behind a thunderous barrage of high explosives and chemicals. Employing their refined infiltration tactics of moving around areas of resistance, the German infantry pushed deep into Entente territory. In the process, gas bombardments, with heavy concentrations of mustard gas, were employed to protect vulnerable flanks. When the Entente armies responded with their own multi-army offensive in the last half of 1918, all of the operations relied heavily on poison gas to lower the frontsoldatens' morale, sow confusion in the enemy's rear areas and disrupt gunners with chemical counter-battery fire. The Germans, in turn, employed gas bombardments to slow the Entente advance and reduce the fighting efficiency of the attacking troops. If the war had extended into 1919, as many expected, poison gas would have been employed even more frequently, further rendering the Western Front a chemical wasteland.
Soldiers had to be trained to survive in the chemical environment of the Great War. For the poor Russian infantry, who received desultory instruction at best, they were gassed to death in the tens of thousands; for the brash, inexperienced Americans, a full one-fourth of all their battlefield casualties came from poison gas. Although it is notoriously difficult to gauge gas casualties, as they were often lumped in with other wounds, the German, French and British armies suffered approximately 200,000 gas casualties each, while Canada's forces had 11,572 recorded cases. However, the death-rate was very low: about 3% in comparison to the 25% from more conventional weapons.
The steady trickle of gas-induced casualties aside, the wearing of a respirator – even under ideal conditions – was always debilitating. Respirators did not allow enough oxygen into the lungs so that men became exhausted from even minor exercise. Poison gas became an essential weapon against soldiers in a war that was based on a policy of attrition. Furthermore, poison gas was terrifying: men could at least understand the effects of bullets and shells, no matter how terrible they were, but a chemical agent that poisoned the very air that soldiers breathed, that blinded eyes or burned genitalia, and that damaged the lungs, was seen collectively as beyond the pale of civilized warfare.
Most soldiers did survive the scars and inhalations of poison gas. But the Great War soldier, wearing his respirator while going in for the attack or while huddled in his trench under a chemical deluge, well understood the terror of gas warfare.
Selected Bibliography
Cook, Tim. No Place to Run: The Canadian Corps and Gas Warfare in the First World War. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1999.
Dancocks, Daniel G. Welcome to Flanders Fields. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1988.
Haber, Ludwig Fritz. The Poisonous Cloud. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.
Richter, Donald. Chemical Soldiers: British Gas Warfare in World War I. Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1992.
Palazzo, Albert. Seeking Victory on the Western Front: The British Army and Chemical Warfare in World War. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2000).
Artillery: The Great Killer
Tim Cook
Historian, Canadian War Museum
In 1914 and 1915, artillery proved it was the great killer. For those caught in the open, shrapnel and high explosive shells wreacked havoc. Thousands were left rotting on the battlefields. However, artillery guns were vulnerable to small arms fire, and they could be driven away from the front. But the guns were soon firing indirectly from hidden positions several kilometeres to the rear, still causing terrible damage. Soldiers were forced to find safety in trenches, digging beneath the ground to escape the murderous fire.
As trenches were strengthened with barbed wire, deep dugouts, and machine -guns, an enormous weight of fire was needed to smash the enemy defences and support the infantry. But there were not always enough shells in the early years to feed the guns. And so the infantry were killed in the tens of thousands as they attacked undamaged enemy trenches in frontal assaults. As the war lengthened, artillerymen received nearly unlimited supplies of shells through the enormous production of munitions factories. New tactics were also developed to improve the accuracy of the guns.
Artillery shells contained high explosives, shrapnel, and, later in the war, poison gas and smoke. Both the high explosive and shrapnel shells were timed to detonate in the air above a target. High explosive shells blasted holes in the trenches and the concussion alone could kill, as lungs collapsed under the force of the explosion. Shrapnel shells were equally deadly, consisting of more than 300 rounded metal balls that exploded downward in a cone-shaped rain of whirling metal. As well, the casing of the shell was designed to explode outward, creating jagged, uneven shards of steel that tore through flesh.
By 1916, commanders believed that massive artillery shoots, involving hundreds of thousands of shells, would annihilate the enemy defenders. This would allow the infantry to punch a hole through enemy lines and restore mobility on the Western Front.
However, it was often hard to hit, and then destroy, the narrow and well-fortified trenches. The problem also lay in the shell fuses. Earlier types were not sensitive enough to explode on contact, especially with shells tasked to clear barbed wire. As a result, many of the shells exploded in the ground, killing very few of the enemy, leaving the infantry to fight their way through defences-in-depth. By the end of 1916, newer, sensitive fuses that exploded on the slightest contact harnessed the destructive power of the artillery and, equally important to the infantry, cleared barbed wire from in front of enemy trenches.
Tactics again changed during the later phases of the bloody battles of the Somme in the last half of 1916. The gunners would never be able to destroy all of the German defences, and even one machine -gunner could kill hundreds of attacking infantry. Instead, the artillery sought to suppress enemy fire through a "creeping barrage," and give their own attacking infantry enough time to cross the killing zone of nNo Mman's Lland.
Gunners fired their shells to create a "creeping" wall of fire that slowly moved forward over the enemy lines at fixed intervals: 50 yards (46 m) every couple of minutes, less for muddy ground, more for open warfare. In effect, it was a screen of fire and explosives. As this moving wall of shrapnel and high explosives chewed up the ground in its path, the infantry were told to "lean into the barrage" and stay as close as possible. Although friendly fire was expected and occurred, the casualties would still be lighter than if the creeping barrage moved off and allowed German machine -gunners, waiting in the safety of deep dugouts, to get to the top of their trenches before the infantry crossed nNo Mman's lLand.
At the Battle of Vimy Ridge in April 1917, the gunners had perfected the creeping barrage. Yet enemy gunners still took a fearful toll as they laid down their own counter-barrages to catch the follow-on waves of infantry. The enemy guns had to be stopped, or slowed, but it was exceedingly difficult to identify, target, and destroy camouflaged guns several kilometeres away.
Accurate intelligence was essential, and new and refined forms of science aided the gunners. The Canadian Corps was lucky to have Brigadier-General Andrew McNaughton, commander of the counter-battery office for much of the war, who embraced new technology and tactics. A prewar professor at McGill University, he turned to science to save his soldiers lives.
The Canadian Counter Battery Office (CCBO), established in February 1917, gathered intelligence and processed information on the enemy to assist in knocking out his guns. Aerial reconnaissance from the Royal Flying Corps (later Royal Air Force) was of great assistance as airmen photographed the front from great heights. Later in the war, observation aircraft circled the battlefield, passing real-time information to the gunners through letter drops and primitive wireless radio.
As the CCBO developed after April 1917, this information-gathering and target-selection became more sophisticated, with new technology, like sound-ranging and flash-spotting, assisting gunners to find and destroy enemy targets.
Flash-spotting involved the coordination of observers. At least three posts were needed, usually spread out along several kilometeres. When an enemy gun position was spotted by the revealing flash as the shell left the barrel, the observers were telephoned by headquarters to turn their attention to that spot. After studying the flash of the gun, the observers would hit a key that was connected to a lamp at headquarters. From the observers' bearings, and by triangulating their estimates, enemy guns could be located with high precision.
Sound-ranging worked on a similar principle. Listeners sat two kilometeres behind the line with their microphones. Additional posts were manned well ahead of these positions. As long as there was not more than one shell per second being fired, on hearing the crash of an enemy gun, the forward listening post pressed a key that started an oscillograph, an instrument that recorded on film the sound of the shell in flight as it reached each microphone in turn. The time-intervals between the microphones allowed the CCBO to analyse the information and, if conditions were optimal, pinpoint enemy guns to within twenty-five 25 yards (23 m). All available counter-battery guns would be aimed on that spot to deliver a destructive shoot of 50-100 shells. Chemical shells were also used to kill or force the enemy gunners to wear debilitating respirators that severely affected the rate of fire.
In the last year of the war, artillery had perfected the creeping barrage and was steadily improving its counter-battery work. Further tactical refinement allowed gunners to fire more complicated barrages, like a box barrage. The box barrages set up a wall of fire and explosives around an enemy position —-- usually a trench —-- which effectively isolated it from reinforcements. It allowed assaulting Canadian infantrymen to capture and consolidate a position without fear of immediate counterattack.
By war's end, 43,914 gunners had served in the Canadian artillery, and 2,565 had lost their lives from disease, injury, and battlefield wounds. They had fired tens of millions of shells, reducing the landscape to a desolate wasteland, and an estimated 60% of all wounds were inflicted by shell fire. The First World War was indeed a gunner's war.
Selected Bibliography
Cook, Tim. No Place to Run: The Canadian Corps and Gas Warfare in the First World War. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1999.
McNaughton, A.G.L. "Counter-Battery Work." Canadian Defence Quarterly 3, 4 (July, 1926).
McNaughton, A.G.L. "The Development of Artillery in the Great War." Canadian Defence Quarterly 4, 2 (January, 1929).
Nicholson, G.W.L. The Gunners of Canada: The History of the Royal Regiment of the Canadian Artillery, Vol. 1: 1534-1919 Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1967.
Rawling, William. Surviving Trench Warfare: Technology and the Canadian Corps, 1914-1918. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.
Swettenham, John. McNaughton, Volume I. Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1968.


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More Bests: Publishers Weekly Top 10 of 2009
While we've been counting down our top 100 books of 2009 toward our top 10, Publishers Weekly went in the other direction: they are announcing their top 100 books next week, like we are, but earlier this week they revealed their top 10 choices. It's the first time they've narrowed their usual longer list of picks to 10 favorites, and while they weren't quite sporting enough to rank their 10, we like that their list will provide an even more direct comparison (or complement) to ours (as well as other upcoming top 10s, like the NYT's.) Here they are:
- The Age of Wonder, Richard Holmes
- Await Your Reply, Dan Chaon
- Big Machine, Victor Lavalle
- Cheever: A Life, Blake Bailey
- A Fiery Peace in a Cold War, Neil Sheehan
- In Other Rooms, Other Wonders, Daniyal Mueenuddin
- Jeff in Venice, Death in Varanasi, Geoff Dyer
- The Lost City of Z, David Grann
- Shop Class as Soulcraft, Matthew B. Crawford
- Stitches, David Small


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Preheat oven to 375°F. In a medium bowl, cream cheese, butter, Worcestershire sauce and hot red pepper sauce until smooth. In separate bowl, mix flour and seasonings together. Gradually add to cheese mixture. Mix until dough form smooth ball. Shape into small logs and fill Cookie Master. Using any desired shape press crackers onto ungreased cookie sheet. Bake 10-12 minutes or until lightly golden brown. Cool on rack 2 minutes. Remove from sheet and continue to cool on rack.
Makes about 8 dozen.


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There's something new and blue in the app stores called the Bunurong Marine National Park Field Guide. Jointly produced by Parks Victoria and the museum, the app is released to coincide with celebrations of the tenth anniversary of marine national parks in Victoria. Nearly 12% of the state's waters are protected in parks, sanctuaries and reserves that are managed by Parks Victoria, including Bunurong Marine National Park, which is located between Phillip Island and Wilsons Promontory.
Meuschenia flavolineata, Yellowstripe Leatherjacket, Shack Bay, Bunurong Marine National Park.
Image: Mark NormanSource: Museum Victoria
The Bunurong Marine National Park Field Guide is free to download and contains information on over 300 species of marine and coastal animals and plants, including stunning images, many of which were taken by Museum Victoria scientists whilst diving in the park. It also includes park information and activities that may interest visitors. Maps and a gallery of the location, marine life and habitats are provided.
Eagles Nest intertidal rock platform, Bunurong Marine National Park. Image: Mark NormanSource: Museum Victoria
Bunurong Marine National Park covers more than 2,000 hectares and extends along six kilometres of coastline. Above the water magnificent rock formations form the shore, while below, seaweed reefs are so dense that the experience is like swimming over the top of a rainforest canopy. The park is popular for rock pooling, while its extensive underwater rocky reefs, seaweed beds and seagrass meadows are excellent for diving and snorkelling. People exploring the nearby coastline will also benefit from the app. Many of the species occur at places like San Remo, Cape Paterson, Andersons Inlet, Waratah Bay and Wilsons Promontory.
Seaweed Habitat At Eagle's Nest, Bunurong Marine National Park.
Image: Mark NormanSource: Museum Victoria
If you're lucky, your park experience may be as surprising as mine during the making of the app. Off Shack Bay I was head-butted by a Bluethroat Wrasse. Surely only in a marine park could a fish be so cheeky as if to say "nick off, this is my turf!"
Notolabrus tetricus, Bluethroat Wrasse, Cape Paterson, Bunurong Marine National Park.
Image: Julian FinnSource: Museum Victoria
We've reached another milestone with this app as it available for both iOS devices (iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad mini, iPad) and for Android devices (phones and tablets). For those who have been waiting on Museum Victoria's Field Guide to Victorian Fauna app to be released for Android – that's our next project, so watch this space. And enjoy the Bunurong app in the meantime!
Bunurong Marine National Park Field Guide is built on Museum Victoria's open source Genera code for producing field guides. The app can be downloaded free from the iTunes App Store for iDevices and Google PlayTM Store for Android.
MV Bunurong app support page
Parks Victoria: Bunurong Marine National Park
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What's the big idea?
By Frenche Brewer, firstname.lastname@example.com, 803-777-3691
In the United Kingdom, an app for film tourism was downloaded 87,000 times last year. Seriously.
The application not only maps out the most famous film scenes in Britain, but it allows users to browse famous Hollywood and independent films locations, whether they're looking for Harry Potter's Hogwarts, Batman's Wayne Manor or Sherlock Holmes locations in London.
"It was incredible. These are tourists who wanted to see where the James Bond movie was filmed or where Robin Hood was filmed or where the Sherlock Holmes scene was shot. So you can download this app, and it will take you around the country," said Simon Hudson, director of the SmartState Center of Excellence in Tourism and Economic Development at the University of South Carolina.
Hudson is trying to spur that same spirit of tourism entrepreneurism in South Carolina, and particularly in the Midlands.
He wants young people, particularly students, to come up with an idea for a South Carolina tourism business, and will help them get started with free office space and the use of a telephone and a computer for two years. That space would be in the USC/Columbia Technology Incubator in Columbia.
"At first, my idea was to create a stand-alone incubator for tourism, but I was going to need more matching dollars. I was approached by the USC incubator, which is not just all about science and engineering technologies, and they have space," Hudson said.
When Hudson came on as center director, it was with the objective to conduct research that would generate jobs in South Carolina.
"I'm not a scientist creating a drug that's going to cure a rare disease that I can patent and make money from. So I've got to somehow link what I do to job creation and I thought the incubator idea would be one way of doing that," Hudson said.
Hudson's idea for a tourism incubator began to take form after he traveled the state and noticed there was void of what he calls "tourism product" – or attractions outside of Charleston and Myrtle Beach.
"I look at South Carolina and we're not really competitive with other parts of the U.S. and other parts of the world. We boast about beautiful beaches, and yes, that's why a lot of people come here, but I think we need to look at what we have that other parts of the world don't have, and that's the African-American culture, the Gullah culture. I certainly think we could leverage that," Hudson said.
Tourism and hospitality start-ups can expect to reap enormous benefits from the support they'll receive from this new venture. Completing the business incubation program increases the likelihood that a start-up company will stay in business longer. For example, 87 percent of incubator graduates stay in business for more than five years. Forty percent of those who don't will fail within the first five years. Hudson said the incubator program will be a valuable tool, not only for developing and promoting tourism, but for showing that the SmartState Center and USC are forerunners in developing the state's potential and future entrepreneurial success.
Bill Kirkland, entrepreneur in residence for the USC/Columbia Technology Incubator, forecasts great results from this partnership.
"With a strong history of success in technological innovation for the business ecosystem, we are excited about this new partnership and how our entrepreneurial programs can apply to the tourism industry," Kirkland said.
Hudson is certain there are some budding entrepreneurs just waiting for the opportunity to launch a business that capitalizes on the tourism dollars waiting to be snapped up, but who need a financial boost to get started. He's also certain that many of those potential entrepreneurs are students.
"In my class you only get one entrepreneur out of 15 who's got a brilliant plan. Why not help them if they've got that idea and a plan and they're really keen on the industry? Why not nurture them?"
To lure these potential business neophytes, Hudson has proposed a competition among the state's college students. The criteria are simple — start a company that has a potential to create high paying tourism jobs, perhaps one in technology.
So, where's the most popular tourism site in South Carolina? There could soon be an "app" for that.


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Snagit's image and video capture is powerful, but not complex. All-in-One Capture® grabs your entire desktop, a region, a window, or a scrolling window from any webpage or application—-all with a single hotkey or click. Snagit gives you a simple way to edit. Show a complex process, give detailed feedback, or share important information with the people who need it most. Download your free trial now!Advertisement
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The Inland Empire is expected to have nice, sunny weather the rest of the week.
Accuweather forecasters say today's high temperatures will be 70 degrees in San Bernardino, 69 in Redlands and 73 in Ontario.
The area will start warming up Wednesday, with high temperatures at 72 degrees in San Bernardino, 71 in Redlands and 74 in Ontario.
The Inland Empire could reach the low 80s by Friday.
Reach Melissa via email or call her at 909-386-3878.
Get the latest crime and public safety news on Twitter @IECrime.


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Oregon unemployment hits five year low
Oregon's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 6.9 percent in February, its first time below 7.0 percent in more than five years. The last time the state's rate was lower was in August 2008 when the rate was 6.7 percent.
Oregon's unemployment rate has been steadily trending down for more than four years as the economy has recovered from the Great Recession. Recent declines were coupled with moderate employment growth as indicated by the more than 2,000 jobs added in both January and February.
In February, seasonally adjusted nonfarm payroll employment rose by 2,900 following a revised gain of 2,100 in January. February marked the 8th consecutive monthly gain. The private sector has expanded even longer; the last private-sector job loss was 20 months ago.
Manufacturing added 1,000 jobs in February when a loss of 100 is the normal seasonal pattern. The components with the largest gains were food manufacturing (+400 jobs), computer and electronic product manufacturing (+200), and transportation equipment manufacturing (+200).
Food manufacturing continued its steady expansion of the past eight years, hitting a new February record of 25,300 jobs. Gains in recent years have accelerated in most component industries with particularly rapid expansions in these three: tortilla, confectionery, and seasoning and dressing.


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China women 2003 home game shirt in red.Features double layer player version Clima Cool shirt with screened on crest and logo.100% polyester.
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Michael Pecosh, M.Ed., NCC, LPC
Licensed Professional Counselor
20 Old Plank Rd. Suite 100, Washington, Pennsylvania 15301
Chances are, your child is somewhat resistant to the idea of meeting with a counselor. I specialize in over-coming that resistance through the use of humor, silliness, and age appropriate anecdotes. Some counselors will spend a lot of time playing with your child--I won't. I'll certainly make them laugh during the process, but therapy with me won't be about us just "hanging out" and playing a board game together. You can also know that I would never undermine your authority as the parent. I believe that parents are to be respected, and, yes, obeyed. In addition to working with your child, I can also show you some ways to get your child's behavior within acceptable parameters.


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Press Room
July 25th Bat Blitz at Fort Mountain State Park
CHATSWORTH, GA, July 13, 2010 ~~ The ninth annual Bat Blitz is set for July 25-29 at Fort Mountain State Park near Chatsworth. The event kicks off at 6:30 p.m. Sunday night with kids activities, bat displays, and researchers hoping to capture bats to show participants. Admission is free but there is a $5 parking fee.
The Bat Blitz provides an opportunity for researchers, management biologists and students from federal and state agencies, universities, and industry to exchange information and develop strategies for studying bat communities. It involves three nights of mist netting at 30-40 sites, acoustic sampling and other techniques to look at the species composition and prevalence of bats on state and federal lands within an hour of Fort Mountain.
"The bat blitz brings researchers together from around the eastern U.S. to sample a large area in a short period of time," said Trina Morris, a wildlife biologist with the Wildlife Resources Division, part of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources. "It provides a great opportunity to teach people about bats and survey techniques, and to learn more about the bats in the area."
Small insectivorous bats like the species found in Georgia can eat more than 1,000 mosquito-sized insects in an hour. Other species of bats around the world serve important roles as pollinators of crops such as bananas and mangoes.
Georgia is home to 16 bat species, all of which seek a sheltered roost during the day and emerge at night to eat flying insects such as moths, mosquitoes and beetles. Some species, such as the gray bat and Southeastern myotis, depend upon suitable caves for roosting. Others, such as big brown bats and evening bats, are more adaptable and use hollow trees and buildings. Red bats and Seminole bats conceal themselves in foliage.
All Georgia bats use echolocation, a biological sonar system, to find food and avoid obstacles while flying rapidly in the darkness.
The event is hosted by the DNR in partnership with the U.S. Forest Service and the Southeastern Bat Diversity Network. Park visitors who want to stay overnight should reserve campsites in advance. For more information, visit www.GeorgiaStateParks.org/fortmountain.
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Grid Integration
Provides advanced plant features that actively stabilize the electricity grid.
Plant Design & Engineering
Learning from over 1,000 iterations to maximize project value for our customers.
Project Development
We have converted more PPA's to energy than anyone else in the industry.
Project Finance
Providing access to capital while reducing the cost of solar electricity.
Advanced PV Modules
Delivering superior energy performance and reliability with 10GW installed worldwide.
Balance of Systems Technologies
Offering integrated mounting and plant control systems and other power electronics.
Mounting Systems
Custom-designed to integrate with First Solar modules and maximize project value.
Procurement & Construction Management
Delivering world-class execution with multiple gigawatts of experience.
Operations & Maintenance
Recycling Services
Providing module recycling services resulting in a responsible product lifecycle.


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**** man I'm not looking forward for the next Apple product that I will see for 6 months before it's even available to buy... I don't care! Sucks all the interest out of product before it's even released... I'm kind of tired of how news sites are about this Shlt. AND I LIKE APPLE STUFF! I don't want to try and figure out an entire movie before it's release and I don't want to know all the details about products that aren't available yet.
Reporting all rumors and leaks is critical. Waiting for "confirmation" defeats the purpose. I can judge rumors for myself only if I hear them. Only an idiot continues plugging their ears and saying "LA LA LA LA LAAAAA" after the iPad mini rumors ended up being spot-on.
iPad mini rumours spot on? Are we talking about recently or 5 years ago when they first started? Because I almost feel like iPad mini rumours created the iPad mini and not the other way around.
and seriously... "iPhone math"? Sorry I'm waiting on the "iPhone Trig"
Maybe I'm just ******** because I read the same thing on 4 different sites and it's really not a big deal. Next there are going to be assumption and mock ups... people really can't wait? It's a ******* tablet...


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Traditional Lozi Milk Jug
- Overview
Traditions found. These Traditional Milk Jugs are handmade by the Lozi people of western Zambia. Found on our world travels, no two are exactly alike, making them unique decorative objects for your home.
• Unpolished carved wood.
• No two pieces are exactly alike; size may vary.
• Approximately 7"diam. x 16"h.
• For decorative use only.
• Wipe clean.
• Made in Zambia.
- Details + Dimensions
Overall product dimensions: Approximately 7"diam. x 16"h.
Wipe clean. Not food safe. Do not fill with water.
- Shipping + Return Info
These items ship from our Distribution Center by UPS and arrive in your home within 4-5 business days of order receipt.
Shipping Rates
The shipping rate varies depending on your order total and shipping options. View Shipping Rates and Options
Next Day Delivery
For an extra charge of $17.50 per address, we can arrange for rush delivery to most destinations.
We happily accept returns on stocked items within the time frames listed below. Products designated as special order (SPO) cannot be cancled or returned. All items on our website and in-store are considered 'stocked' unless expressly identified as 'special order' instead. Prior purchases are not eligible for price adjustments. Please familiarize yourself with our returns policy before placing your order.
Stocked Items: If you are dissatisfied with your purchase of a stocked item, you must exchange or return it within the following time frames for a full refund of the merchandise cost (delivery fees are non-refundable). Outside these time frames, we will replace or refund your purchase against manufacturer's defects ONLY. Please note that we cannot accept returns on gift cards or items damaged through normal wear and tear. We also cannot accept returns of final-sale items, which are identified by a price ending in .99 or .97.
- Quick Ship upholstery items must be returned within 7 days of the order receipt date.
- All other stocked products must be returned within 30 days of the order receipt date.
Special Order Items (SPO): Because they're custom made to your specifications, special order items may not be canceled or returned and are exchangeable against manufacturer's defects ONLY. SPO includes special order upholstery items, monogrammed/personalized items, special order rugs, one-of-a kind rugs and any products being shipped directly from a third-party vendor. Any special order items will be flagged as 'special order' in your shopping cart. NEW JERSEY CUSTOMERS: Special-order upholstered furniture returns are subject to applicable state law and are non-returnable after 24 hours of delivery.
For further assistance please call our customer service department at 1.888.922.4119 or send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com


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Welcome to Showcase Honda in Phoenix, AZ is Arizona's Best Dealer for new Honda cars and Quality Used Cars. Showcase Honda is conveniently located just off the I-51, between North 16th Street and Noth 12th Sreet on Camelback Road. Showcase Honda proudly serves our neighbors all around the greater Phoenix Metro area. Scottsdale Honda shoppers, especially, make the right decision visiting our nearby Honda car showroom. Paradise Valley, Peoria, Glendale, Mesa and Tempe shoppers looking for smart, reliable and affordable cars make great deals when they visit Showcase.
We have an excellent selection of New Honda Cars, including: Honda Accord , Civic, CR-V, Fit, Pilot, Insight, Odyssey, Ridgeline, Accord Crosstour, Element and more! Showcase Honda in Phoenix, AZ is a Phoenix Honda Dealership that is proud to be the most esteemed Honda Dealership in the Camelback Autoplex. Showcase Honda prides itself on outstanding customer service, and we honor Dealership Staff Employees.
Showcase Honda in Phoenix has a large selection of New Honda Models as well as Quality Pre-owned Cars and Trucks. Showcase Honda has the full line of New 2011 Honda Models and as new Brand New 2011 Honda models arrive, we will have them immediately available to you. Showcase Honda also has an excellent selection of the newly designed and exciting Honda Accord Crosstour. New Honda vehicles are arriving daily. We have the full line of Honda cars, including the All-new Honda Accord Crosstour, and smart Honda FIT. Our flagship model remains the ever popular Honda Accord. The 2011 Honda Accord Coupe is among the elite in performance and style. The 2011 Honda Civic is sporty and smart offering great mpg at 26 mpg city and 34 mpg highway*. The Honda Civic Hybrid stands alone with unmatched combination of fun and economy. The all-new Honda FIT brings uncompromising eco-awareness and utility. Available in a V6, the new Accord is available 2-door and 4-door. Look forward to January of 2012, when Honda reveals the redesigned 2012 Civic at the Detroit Auto Show. The 2012 Civic is expected to hit showrooms soon! Contact any member of our sales staff at Showcase Honda to find out when we will have the All New 2012 Honda Civic. The all-new Civic features a sportier look and feel that Ford Focus and Chevy Cruze aren't offering in current models. If Phoenix area drivers are looking for an innovative, completely revamped version of the Honda Civic get ready - it's coming. You can research all the Honda models right here in our virtual Honda Showroom. Drivers interested in a sport utility vehicles can choose between the class leading Honda CR-V, the award-winning Pilot SUV, hip Honda Element and the all-new rugged and dependable Honda Ridgeline.
Used Honda Vehicles are among the most reliable and sought after vehicles in the Arizona used car market. Showcase Honda is proud to offer our customer a large selection of CERTIFIED Pre-owned Honda models, as well as a large selection of other quality Inspected Used Cars. Showcase Honda grows stronger every day with new customers. We are always striving to excel in Honda Sales and Honda Service and Honda Parts. We always have great money-saving Service Specials
Showcase Honda offers a variety of automotive services at one convenient location. Are you wondering how you are going to pay for your new vehicle purchase? Visit our finance department where our financial professionals will review the various car loan and lease options that are available on the vehicle you are interested in purchasing. By working with a variety of financial institutions we are the Honda dealer that will get you a low interest car loan in Phoenix. Fill out the Showcase Honda finance application and begin the car loan process from the comfort of your own home.
At Showcase Honda we want you to get the most miles out of your new or used car which is why we offer services to keep your vehicle in top condition. Our greater Phoenix Honda car repair center features some of the area's most skilled mechanics. Sign up for a service appointment online and our auto technicians will get your Honda repaired as quickly as possible. Showcase Honda also stocks a comprehensive inventory of Honda car parts so that you can repair or sup up you automobile. Our parts specialists are standing by to help locate the Honda component you need to get your vehicle back on the road.
We hope to have the opportunity to meet you soon at our greater Phoenix Honda dealership. Our helpful staff is always available to answer any question you may have about purchasing a new or used car, financing, repair or car parts. Browse our inventory and take a test drive of a new Honda Civic, Fit, Accord, CR-V, Odyssey, Element, or any other Honda, when you visit our Phoenix car dealership!


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Junior Mercurial Glide III FG retro/total orange/chilling red worn by Ronaldo.Upper: Teijin synthetic leather upper gives a great feel on the ball. Contoured speed last mirrors the shape of the foot.Midsole: Contoured sockliner with synthetic top cloth delivers low-profile cushioning for optimum comfort.Outsole: Full length lightweight TPU outsole offers explosive acceleration combined with terrific traction and grip. For use on firm, natural surfaces.Weight: 6.2 oz.
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Soccerplus first opened in 1994. We were one of the first soccer websites to hit the webView more
Address: 1640 E. Washington Blvd.
Pasadena, Ca 91104, USA
Phone: 1-800-945-7291
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July 25, 2017
Currently: 76° — Complete forecast
L.E. Baskow
WSOP player John Hennigan has a moment of frustration on his way to winning the Poker Players Championship final table of professional poker players at the Rio on Thursday, June 26, 2014.
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Building Map | Cardone
Building | Classrooms | Library
| Computer Lab | Chapel | Prayer
Chapel | Student Lounge | Great
Computer Lab
20 personal computers
3 laser printers
Electronic Resources (More
CD-ROM server that can be accessed from all computer
terminals in the Seminary. This server contains the Librarys main indexing
and resource tools on CD-ROM:
Religious and Theological Abstracts
Family Studies Database
Additional resources available for student use include:
Bible Windows on CD-ROM
Thesaurus Linguae Graecae on CD-ROM
Historical Pentecostal Archives
Complete collection of HRAF on microfiche for
cross-cultural and intercultural studies.
Direct institutional access to eHRAF (Electronic
Human Relations Area Files)
Direct institutional access to UMI Pro Quest
Digital Dissertations.
Internet access through MOREnet. This access
makes available several of the full-text databases of EBSCOhost which significantly
enhance the periodicals that the Library offers to students and faculty. EBSCOhost
ATLA Religion Database
APA (American Psychological Association)
Thursday, April 21, 2011 11:39 AM


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Big times and great deals on Forgotten Coast Real Estate are underway as locals and visitors alike begin gearing up for spring time from the shores of Mexico Beach to the rolling waves of St. George Island! Don't miss the "First Friday" in historic downtown Port St. Joe, as it's a great place to enjoy fine food and lots of fun with family and friends! This Saturday, March 3rd, St. George Island is playing host to the Regional Chili Cook-off and Auction, which is sanctioned by the International Chili Society and all proceeds benefiting the Island Volunteer Fire Department and First Responder Unit. Also on Saturday, there will be another edition of The Shells and Tales storytelling at the Cape San Blas Fire Station. As always, it will be a good time for all ages, with kids events in the daytime, then cheese, wine and grown-up stories after dark. So you can go from blazing chili to tropical evening events in one day here on Florida's Forgotten Coast!
A total of 8 homes and 2 vacant lots were sold this past week here in Florida's Forgotten Coast real estate market: 2 Carrabelle homes, 1 Cape San Blas town home, 1 Indian Pass home, 1 Mexico Beach town home, 1 Port St. Joe home and 1 Port St. Joe property (vacant lot), 1 St. George Island beach home, 1 Wewahitchka home, and 1 East Point property (vacant lot). Of these Forgotten Coast property sales, 5 transactions closed due to a Foreclosure/REO/BankOwned/Distressed/Short Sale situation and 5 buyers paid cash!
5 conventional financing loans were secured to purchase Forgotten Coast real estate from Mexico Beach to Carrabelle this past week! No wonder, as this is the perfect time to save that cash and take advantage of these historically low interest rates with the 30 year fixed at 4% and the 15 year fixed at 3.25%!
A favorite find was this one of a kind bank owned Indian Pass gulf front home located on over 75′ of pristine shoreline along The Gulf of Mexico. This fantastic 3 bedroom/3 and a half bath home features large rooms, gourmet kitchen, elevator, and an awesome view of the beach out the back door. At a purchase price of $649,000, this is definitely an Indian Pass rock bottom buy!
Another fabulous deal was a Cape San Blas Bank Owned beach home which sold for a mere $190,000.00 in the Cape San Blas gulf front community of The Club at Cape San Blas! This one was definitely a great buy, as this same home originally sold for $469,900 in 2005, has access to the gorgeous community pool, and is only steps to the white sands of The Gulf of Mexico!
Mexico Beach is the premier location and this next deal just may be "The Best Buy" on a Mexico beach gulf front home! This stunning bank owned Mexico Beach town home has over 2700 square feet of spacious living area over 3 floors, gorgeous views from every angle, and SOLD for an amazing price of $500,000!
A great deal from Carrabelle this week, is this one bedroom/two bath condo located on the riverfront at Pirates Landing on Timber Island. The original price of this property was $500,000 in 2007, but a smart cash buyer got this gem for only $95,500!
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Yes, that's right. Sam Presti was gracious enough to give me a few minutes to ask him a bunch of questions ranging from free agency, next year's expectations, what he does in his free time and whether he's decided on OU or OSU. It's all really great. At least his part of it is. (You can also listen to the interview in full if you so please. Also, I realize I said Earl Watson instead of Chucky Atkins in the first question, so no need to point that out. I was a little nervous, all right?)
Talk a little about bringing in Etan Thomas and trading away Damien Wilkins and Earl Watson Chucky Atkins.
We're really excited to have Etan. He's a guy we feel than can contribute to what we're trying to do as a basketball team. He brings a defensive mentality and physical nature to our and adds more depth to our frontline.
One thing I've noticed is that it seems the Thunder has all high-character guys. Is that something high on your priority list? Will you sacrifice a really good player if he has character issues?
We're looking for guys that we think are going to fit with our team. It's not necessarily for us to be judge and jury on other people, but we are looking for people that are going to contribute to the kind of environment on and off the floor that we strive to have. And we feel good about the type of guys that we have on our roster in terms of their fit together – on the court, also their fit off the court and their commitment to the organization. We're looking for guys that feel we can be successful in our system.
Does it factor in at all being in Oklahoma, a conservative state? Does that mean anything in looking for players or trying to find players the fanbase can relate to?
You know, one of the things I said when I first arrived in Oklahoma City about a year ago was that we felt like we as an organization had arrived in a wonderful place because the values that we're trying to build our team and our franchise with are consistent with the values you find in this state. Resiliency, work ethic, team and commitment to one another. Those are things that we as a basketball are focused on a daily basis and I also feel that those things are in the fabric of the community that we all live in.
You talk a lot about the process and the plan and you refer to the organization as a "program." Is there any specific reason for that?
I wish I could tell you that there's a real deep, philosophical, scientific reason as to why we refer to it like that. But I think certainly what we're trying to do is build a team and an organization that's sustainable and not necessarily just looking at our work from a year-to-year basis. Certainly we want to be successful every night we take the floor and that's the goal of our basketball team. But I also have a job to be looking not only at today, but also two, three, four, fives years down the line and balancing those things are important and developing a vision for the team and a direction. I think that kind of rolls into the concept of having a program and having a way of which we're going to try and see this thing through.
Is there any time whether it be this year or next where you have stop and say, "This isn't working"?
You're always evaluating a team and your process. We'll always be doing that. I feel like we should continue to take steps forward. We like the group that we have and think that is has the potential to continue to grow. Most importantly it has the potential to grow together. We've invested in a group of players that are like-minded in terms of their commitment to improving and developing, commitment to being consistent in Oklahoma City, committed to one another. We like that direction. But we have to stay focused on improving those things and staying committed to those things everyday and not necessarily worrying about where the outcome is before we can keep our focus on the daily improvement and the process of getting better.
Kevin Durant recently said the playoffs are a possibility. How are you managing all the building hype and expectation for this team?
Every team wants to make the playoffs. That's not different. For us, we've always said internally, we're going to focus on the things we think are important for us to be successful. Continuing to play winning basketball, team basketball. Staying committed to playing both ends of the floor. And bringing great commitment and energy to the floor every day, for each other and for our fans. If we can continue to focus on those things we think that good things will happen. In terms of expectations and things of that nature, those are things we can't control. It's flattering that people would say those things and feel that way about our team. I wouldn't place any limitations about our players but at the same time we have a lot of work to do. And we have a lot of areas that we need to improve. The only way that we'll ultimately be successful is if we maintain our focus in those areas and not let ourselves be distracted or brought off balance by focusing on things that are external.
You got such a reputation around the league for being a genius and whatnot. Do you read that or notice that type of stuff?
You know it's certainly humbling when people have nice things to say about you but by the same token we have jobs to do here. We can't allow ourselves to start looking at things like that. I think to me, I think when somebody has something positive to say about the organization I think it's really a credit to so many different people that work here. We have a great ownership group that is really supportive. We've got a great coaching staff. I have a great group of people that I work with every day that I truly enjoy being around. I really look at it as a group of people that understand that we have a lot of work ahead of us but are committed to the organization and we're just going to do our jobs every day. We hope that we're able to put a product on the floor that the fans and the people of Oklahoma City can get behind and relate to and continue to support for many, many years.
I know a couple franchises like in Houston with Daryl Morey have embraced advanced statistics? Do you employ anyone that keeps up with those type of specific stats?
I think if you look in the league now, I think the majority of teams are certainly retaining people that specialize in that area. I think some teams probably use them more than others. But I think everybody now is starting to look to any area to gain an advantage, just given the limitations of the salary cap and the other things that come into play when you're trying to put a roster together. I think everybody is looking for ways that they can improve their team. You mentioned Daryl Morey in Houston and I think those guys are obviously far ahead of the rest of the league in that area and continue to do great work. And we as a basketball team, we like information. We value different kinds of information. I don't think just based on one objective piece of information or subjective information. We're going to try and figure out a balance and apply the information that we think is most impactful for a positive outcome. We've looked at those areas, but still we're trying to balance everything.
The cap dropped this year and is set to drop even more next year. What are your thoughts on that and how does that affect a small market club like OKC?
I think every team certainly is affected when the cap or the tax go down. Every team is trying to manage their payroll in an effective way so they retain some level of mobility and flexibility. For us specifically, we've worked very hard to try and create flexibility for ourselves. Now that's not an easy road in today's NBA, but those are the realities of being in a league that has a salary cap. We're in a position where we feel like we have some flexibility to add and grow the basketball team, in addition to the internal and organic development of our players. But we're also going to be very diligent as we evaluate how we want to use that flexibility and not just look at it and feel that we have to engage in a spending spree right now.
I saw on your Wikipedia page you once took six charges in one game. Is that true?
Yes. I think my college coach would tell you that he didn't want me to do much else. And that particular night I happened to be in the right place a few different times. I knew my limitations as a player, as a Division III player and tried to find the best way that I could to help the team. A lot of times that meant not trying to do too much.
You don't strike me as a Twitter kind of guy. Would you ever consider using it?
Not really. To tell you that I know a whole lot about it wouldn't be accurate. I know that it's kind of caught fire, but it's just not something that I'd be interested, at least right now.
Do you have any final words for Daily Thunder readers and Thunder fans in general?
Absolutely. Our experience in Oklahoma has been incredibly overwhelming. Just given the support the passion from our fans, has been just tremendous. Our players and our staff are grateful that we get to represent the city and represent the state, both home and on the road. We're excited about the upcoming year and we feel that we've taken some positive steps this summer. I think having Scott Brooks leading our team on the floor is going to help us a great deal. He's someone that really coaches towards our values and his identity as a player. I think our fans will be excited to see the improvements that we've made. We're just thrilled to have the opportunity to grow our team and our organization in a place like Oklahoma City. They've made us feel so welcome and you really just have to be here for a short amount of time to understand that this is a special place and a special community.
Again, so much thanks to Sam Presti for talking to me and let me tell you people, he's awesome. Such a gracious, nice person. Which kind of sucks because the team could win four games over the next five years and I might not be able to bring myself to say anything bad about him. Not that they will or anything because as always, I Believe In Sam Presti.


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Ron from IL writes:
Why not just reinstall from the "D" drive for Vista or Win 7. The "D" drive has a copy of the system as it existed when it came from the factory – doesn't it?
I did not get any set up disks when I purchased my HP with Win 7 on it a year ago. I was told that the vendors now use the "D" in place of disks.
Hi, Ron. I agree… why not? It's probably the easiest way to do it, and the vendors who told you that computer manufacturers are now using a partition, called a "restore partition" on your hard drive to restore now rather than optical discs are correct. Probably the most important reason for this (from the manufacturer's point of view) is that it costs less to use a restore partition than it does to manufacture optical discs. The reason that it's good for us as computer users is because we frequently lose our restore discs. I can't speak for anyone else, but the only way that I've really been able to keep track of them is when HP produced a PC that had a storage area for them on the computer case itself.
Here's how you restore from a restore partition. Be sure to back your computer up before you do this. Odds are that you'll be able to do what's called a "non-destructive" restore that will allow you to keep all of your files intact, but it's always better to be safe than sorry.
You'll want to check and make sure that your computer includes a restore partition. All HPs and Dells manufactured within about the past five years or so include them, as do most other computers these days. You do this by clicking START and then COMPUTER. What you're looking for is labeled "restore" or "recovery".
Next, click START and then enter "recovery" into the search box. Click on RECOVERY MANAGER.
When you run the recovery manager, you'll see a screen that looks something like the following. This is an HP screen, so if your machine is a different manufacturer, it may look different, but the options should be virtually identical.
If one of the original programs that came with your computer has become corrupt, you use SOFTWARE PROGRAM REINSTALLATION. MICROSOFT SYSTEM RESTORE will close the recovery manager and launch Microsoft's system restore program to fix broken Windows. The final option here is REALLY the final option. SYSTEM RECOVERY is for when your system has become hopelessly corrupt and you need to start from scratch.
COMPUTER CHECKUP will check your system for errors and problems. If you're not sure what's wrong, this might be a good place to start.
RECOVERY MEDIA CREATION is for those who have a hard time leaving the 20th century and are just not comfortable unless they have a disc to lose. All kidding aside, this is a way to create external restore media, which should then be secured somewhere climate and moisture controlled where you won't lose or forget them, just in case something happens to your recovery partition. In other words, total hard drive failure or destruction. RECOVER REPORT is pretty self-explanatory. I'm not entirely sure why the REMOVE RESTORE PARTITION option exists. If you're that hard up for hard drive space, it might be time to invest in a larger hard drive.
I hope that this helps!
~Randal Schaffer


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Meerut Overview
You can reach Meerut from Chennai by road in about using a cab upon driving using a cab.
Meerut is one of the most imperative towns in the Northern part of India. The town, located in Western Uttar Pradesh boasts a rich and long history behind it. The city was included in Hastinapur Empire of Kaurvas that ruled the Vedic India and was the protagonists of Hindu Epic of Mahabharata. There are number of tourist attractions in Meerut. You can take a trip to the famous monuments of Meerut or visit the gorgeous gardens in Meerut that are counted among the famous Meerut tourist attractions. Monuments in Meerut are examples of great architecture and speak of the glorious past. If you are looking for car rental Meerut let us know and we will be happy to provide you with best budgeted deals for . Book cabs in Meerut


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Wetherbee, David Kenneth
An ornithologist by training, David Kenneth Wetherbee lived in the Franklin County town of New Salem for many years. Transforming his house, Hop Brook Farm, into a sort of commune, Wetherbee became a student of the history and natural history of New Salem, self-publishing and distributing works such as Heare Lyes Salim New Grant (1980) and Natural History West of Walden (1980) under the Hop Brook Community imprint.
Collection consists of Wetherbee's history of the early settlement of New Salem, Massachusetts, including transcripts of eighteenth century documents as well as his rough research notes on the demography and settlement of the town. These materials were used in preparation of Heare Lyes New Salim Grant.
- New Salem (Mass.)--History


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the left up char is funny hahaha u shud make a whole famlie of those arround a piece
anyways nice piece next time try go with black over the white lines on the 3d u that way u can give them great sharp edges
the left up char is funny hahaha u shud make a whole famlie of those arround a piece
anyways nice piece next time try go with black over the white lines on the 3d u that way u can give them great sharp edges
My claim for e-fame
see it now?
lmao, nice work. any money from it?
Ok guys bear with me its my 1st fill in with shitty paint,I messed up the k the most but CRITS please?(Sorry forgot to resize pics)
ewardsezehands-Thats sick crazy colors
yourtmom-kinda hard to read and im not feelin the yellow stripe other then dat sick
Fuck just realized i forgot to put the line in the E...Im tight lol
Last edited by ShaolinNy; 02-01-2009 at 03:04 PM.
PM if your from Shaolin!
yo sneak, keep your letters alomst aligned ya know, yours fan out, take the frown off the bottom of the E and make you a more defined =]
hah i like ur vest
and that barbershopthang
its nice when i live on my own
im gonna rape my house with fullcolours hehe
anyways good job doing a corner is quite hard
My claim for e-fame
edit: I took a second look, that a is complete garbage, scrap it and think of something new.
sneak-change your name cause that name is really played out by toys everywere also I dont care what these people will say to disagree, find someone in your area that paints thats really good and study there letters. Dont totally bite there letters but study them.
HYTE- freash
alright this week all thor and I have been doing is day bombing so today I hit up a dayspot/highwayspot/Bum shanty to piece.CRITS please
I know it looks rough on the top of the Y but Im not 8ft tall so give me a break
quick big legal
My claim for e-fame
Hoer, diggin the squid man. You have good letter versatility too.
Tight shit Tezer. Dig the R.
hoer- rad as usual
sneak- i think you might wanna work on your handstyle as well
could i get some crits on this? the face is mine too
n theres a giant black hole in the wall haha
yo pretty dope. like im too toy to help you lol
its clean, but im not diggin that arrow with the handy 2 much or the lines to show the letter beneath it.. or the fill in heh thats just my opinion, its painted very clean tho =]
Last edited by SafeWay; 02-02-2009 at 08:46 PM.