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Battle of Arras 11
The Film
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Running Time
12 min
British Topical Committee for War Films
British forces, chiefly 7th and 29th Divisions, on the first day of the Somme offensive, Western Front, 1 July 1916. This picture of the 'big battle' shows the Infantry marching to their final positions, the attack itself and consolidation of the next few days as the attacking troops are withdrawn for rest. The rest of the films show the casualties and damages caused by the artillery, and the consolidation of captured German positions at Fricourt and Mametz. The British soldiers come out of the line to rest, and they and their German prisoners retire to the rear.
The classic First World War film in every sense, widely used for stock shots even today. The only British official film to have a major impact on the perception of the war, both at the time and in historical terms. Also the only official film of the war with a claim to be regarded as great art in its own right. The unprecedented and unexpected public success of this film established cinema as a remainder of the war.
Pieces of History
Military Logistics of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914–1919
Michel Litalien
Canadian military logistics is a dimension of the history of the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) that is often overlooked. Yet just a few days after Canada's entry into the First World War, it was obvious that there was no way of ignoring it. When huge numbers of military and civilian volunteers showed up at Valcartier, near Quebec City, in August 1914, logistical support services, which had only recently been established, were soon put to the test. Clothing and equipping the members of the first contingent turned out to be a real headache. Manufacturers had to be found and contracts drawn up in a hurry for the production of uniforms, boots, belts, weapons, vehicles and so on. From a logistical standpoint, mobilizing the first contingent destined for Europe was a nightmare.
Throughout the Great War, the Canadian Expeditionary Force's logistical support system was an immense, complex operation. Of all the support services, the Canadian Army Service Corps (CASC) was the most diversified. Its main responsibilities were transporting combat troops, delivering equipment and materials, and providing the troops with fresh supplies. In addition to these essential tasks, the CASC also evacuated the wounded (ambulance drivers belonged to the corps), salvaged equipment that had been captured from the enemy or left behind on the battlefield and delivered mail. The CASC worked closely with the Canadian Ordnance Corps, the Canadian Army Medical Corps, and the Canadian Artillery Corps for the transportation of specialized ordnance.
The CASC operated from seaports located hundreds of kilometres from the battlefield, all the way to just behind the front lines. Its replenishment system could supply not only small groups of just a few men but also formations the size of an infantry battalion (approximately 1,000 men).
Resupplying front-line units was a multistep process. From ports and depots, supplies were first taken by railway to railheads. From there, CASC units were responsible for moving the supplies by truck or light railway to supply dumps. These operations took place in the third line of supply. Thanks to their small size, light railways could run and reach areas closer to the front lines more easily. It was also harder for enemy artillery to pinpoint them. The administrative area behind the front lines was crisscrossed by light rail lines that were built and maintained by Canadian railway troops.
From the supply dumps, the CASC's divisional train and ammunition supply column, both of which were horse-drawn, were responsible for bringing supplies closer to the front lines, to their respective divisions or individual units. This was the second line of supply.
Lastly, operations to supply front-line units constituted the first line of supply. These units had to come back to the rear to get their own supplies of gear, ammunition, weapons, technical and communications equipment, water, medication and food. These supply expeditions were carried out chiefly at night so that the soldiers could not be seen by the enemy. But assigning combat troops to this task meant that a battalion's defensive positions at the front would be short of manpower for a time and so vulnerable to enemy attack.
Toward the end of the war, however, a Canadian officer from Montreal proposed using the tumpline system — the method that Canada's aboriginal people and coureurs de bois had used to carry large loads on foot. Before the introduction of this system, infantryman had to carry supplies in their arms, thus limiting the quantity of materials due to their size and weight. The tumpline system, which involved the use of a head strap, allowed the soldiers to carry more weight and freed up their arms, thus giving them more freedom of movement. With this system, each soldier was able to transport a greater quantity of supplies and so fewer men were required for the job, leaving more troops to ensure the defence of the front lines.
Besides regularly providing drivers and vehicles to other units, the CASC also maintained and repaired its vehicles. It also had to make sure that the troops were fed, which meant that fresh and hard rations had to be allocated and distributed properly; its military cooks oversaw the operation of field bakeries and butcheries.
The CASC was not the only logistical support corps to play a key role in the CEF. The Canadian Ordnance Corps was responsible for procuring, storing and distributing uniforms, boots, equipment, weapons, ammunition and shells to combat troops. Specialized supply depots, located in the second line of supply, helped ensure more effective distribution.
The Canadian Ordnance Corps' other major role was to maintain equipment in the field. The repairmen in the specialized ordnance mobile workshops could get closer to the deployed units and repair their weapons, both light and heavy, as well as their equipment. If the mobile workshops were not able to do the repairs on site, the weapons and equipment were shipped to heavy or stationary workshops at the rear, where virtually anything could be reassembled or rebuilt. The small detachments of the Ordnance Corps worked closely with the various units of the Army Service Corps.
Despite the gradual mechanization of the war, horses remained a vital component of the CEF. The cavalry, the artillery and, of course, the Army Service Corps used huge numbers of horses right up to the end of the war. At one point, Canadians were using as many as 24,000 horses and mules in their overseas operations. Horses could often manage in places where motorized vehicles could make no headway! Inevitably, some horses suffered injuries or fell ill. The Canadian Veterinary Corps operated mobile sections to take care of horses; it also ran veterinary hospitals for horses, advanced remount depots and specialized basic provisions depots.
Other logistical support services also played a crucial role in enabling combat troops to get on with their job. The Canadian Postal Corps, for instance, helped maintain the morale of soldiers at the front, at the rear and also those convalescing in hospitals. Army chaplains, who constituted the smallest organized support group, provided religious services to Canadian soldiers of different faiths and offered moral support at difficult times. Lastly, despite the enemy's efforts to maintain a naval blockade by submarines, the Canadian Forestry Corps ensured that Great Britain, France and the Canadian Expeditionary Force obtained all the timber they needed to carry out their military operations.
Thousands of men served in these various organizations. The Army Service Corps, for example, counted over 17,000 officers and non-commissioned soldiers in its organization. Even if these units were not combat troops, many of them, including the Army Service Corps, played important roles in all military actions. One hundred and four members of the CASC were killed, and 363 were wounded.
Selected Bibliography
Brown, Ian Malcolm. British Logistics on the Western Front, 1914-1919. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 1998.
Canadian Army Service Corps, 2nd Divisional Train: Record of Service of Officers, 1914-1919. Brian Pontifex, comp. Toronto: Carswell, 1920.
Davies, W.J.K. Light Railways of the First World War: A History of Tactical Rail Communications on the British Fronts, 1914-18. Newton Abbot, UK: David & Charles, 1967.
French, Cecil. A History of the Canadian Army Veterinary Corps in the Great World War, 1914-1919. C.A.V. Barker and Ian K. Barker, eds. Guelph: Crest Books, 1999.
Jackson, H.M. The 127th Battalion, CEF; 2nd Battalion, Canadian Railway Troops. Montreal: Industrial Shops for the Deaf, 1957?.
Johnston, James Robert. Riding into War: The Memoir of a Horse Transport Driver, 1916-1919. Fredericton: Goose Lane Editions and The New Brunswick Military Heritage Project, 2004.
Love, David W. "A Call to Arms": The Organization and Administration of Canada's Military in World War One. Calgary: Bunker To Bunker Books, 1999.
Phelan, Frederick Ross. "Army Supplies in the Forward Area and the Tumpline System: A First World War Canadian Logistical Innovation." Canadian Military History 9, no 1 (Winter 2000): 31-45 [reprinted from the article published in the Canadian Defence Quarterly in October 1928].
To the Thunderer his Arms: The Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps. William F. Rannie, ed. Lincoln, ON: W.F. Rannie, 1984.
Warren, Arnold. Wait for the Waggon: The Story of the Royal Canadian Army Service Corps. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1961.
Engineers on the Western Front
Bill Rawling
Historian, Department of National Defence
The Western Front made huge demands in matériel, lumber being an excellent example. Wood was needed to revet trenches, support the roofs of dugouts, for plank or corduroy roads, and as sleepers for tramways and railways. These tasks became the responsibility of the military engineers, specialized forestry units being formed for the purpose. Lumberjacks, graders and other skilled men from within the lumber industry were recruited. They cut timber and ran their own sawmills to provide a finished product.
The first forestry companies in the war were formed in 1915, in France. More units were created in England to harvest the island's local resources. All of these were gathered into a corps in 1916 that eventually comprised 43 companies, and was of such a scale as to require its own hospital system. The men received more than the normal food rations, considering the fact that they were engaged in continuous hard labour.
Their work, in Britain and France, saved huge amounts in shipping costs, not to mention freeing up lumber supplies for such industrial endeavours as shoring up mines and building trawlers and other vessels. Nor did the forestry corps limit its work to cutting and preparing wood. Many of its units supported the Royal Air Force by clearing, draining, levelling and grading sites for aerodromes. By the time of the Armistice 11,750 men worked within its ranks, with another 6000 attached in various capacities.
Closer to the fighting there was a need for heavy-capacity means of transport to get the prodigious amounts of ammunition, food, water and other necessary matériel to the front line. One solution to such an intimidating logistical problem was the construction of tramways with specialized labour, with other specialists maintaining and operating the tractors and rolling stock. The result was a system of transport similar to that of a large North American city run by the Canadian Railway Troops. The troops worked on the Western Front and also in Palestine, the 1st Bridging Company serving there in the last part of the war. The system was, in fact, a merging of two networks, tramways closer to the front operating with gasoline-powered tractors while light railways a little farther behind used steam power, the whole being linked to France's broad gauge system, which had been built in the decades before the conflict.
In the end, the war became too mobile for railway troops to keep up, and when an Armistice was declared on November 11, 1918, the railways were some 30 kilometres behind the forward troops, in spite of the work of 25,000 railway construction engineers, two-thirds of them Canadian. Still, they had served their purpose in the almost four years of near-static warfare that characterized the Western Front from late 1914 to the summer of 1918.
It became clear in the early months of the First World War that operations above ground were distinctly hazardous, even suicidal, hence the trenches and dugouts in which soldiers took shelter. An obvious course was to begin operating underground, and within the Canadian Corps three specialized tunnelling companies were formed. Recruited in the main among miners and clay-kickers (the latter dug smaller tunnels to run gas and water mains under city streets), they began their work in 1915, and their role was multi-faceted. First, they used the galleries they excavated under enemy lines to listen in on his own work, the aim being to give fair warning if he began to threaten Canadian lines underground. Second, they might pack the galleries with explosives to destroy enemy defences; generally, however, such operations proved disappointing as German forces usually occupied the crater thus created before Canadian or British troops could reach it.
Tunnelling was particularly hazardous. Working underground can release toxic gas capable of disabling or killing, or one could find oneself tunnelling into an enemy gallery, leading to vicious little skirmishes fought with knives and digging tools. When fighting shifted from a mutual siege to more open warfare in 1918, tunnellers applied their skills to other work, disarming booby traps in dugouts and other underground facilities as the Allies advanced towards the German border. In fact, the only Canadian military engineer ever to be awarded the Victoria Cross was Captain C.N. Mitchell, a tunneller who in 1918 removed explosives from a bridge while under attack.
Field Engineering
The most versatile of the engineers operated on the front line. Originally organized in field companies of a hundred men or so, in 1918 they were reorganized into larger battalions and even brigades. Regardless of how they were administered, their tasks were widely varied. Just behind the front line they were responsible for building and maintaining roads, as well as providing water for humans and animals, the latter task requiring some of them at least to possess knowledge of how to locate and test the precious liquid. To give just two examples, part of the preparations for the assault on Vimy Ridge included laying over 40 miles (65 km) of four-inch (10 cm) pipe, with five pumping stations and a total storage capacity of 560,000 gallons. Following the successful advance at Amiens in August 1918, one of the deepest penetrations achieved on the Western Front, the Canadian Corps and its allies found itself in the midst of a plain scorched dry by the summer sun, but engineers needed only two days to locate sufficient water to keep forward troops satiated.
In the front lines proper, sappers, as they were called, dug trenches, or oversaw this work done by the infantry work parties, and prepared defensive positions with the copious use of barbed wire. On occasion, as for a trench raid, for example, they were called upon to destroy such wire, using long cylinders filled with explosive called ammonal tubes or bangalore torpedoes. When that front line advanced, as in 1918, bridging became a most crucial sapper task, as forward movement could not be maintained without ammunition, water, food, and the other necessities of making war, all of which needed to be transported forward on roads or railways, both of which needed bridges to get across rivers and other, similar obstacles. Small structures made of cork sufficed to get the infantry across, while prefabricated materials called Inglis bridges carried heavier loads.
At the time of the Armistice what could be called field engineers (as opposed to railway and forestry troops) could count 14,285 men within their ranks, with responsibilities only somewhat less diverse than their numbers.
Selected Bibliography
Kerry, A.J. and W.A. McDill. The History of the Corps of Royal Canadian Engineers, Volume I (1749-1939). Ottawa : Military Engineers Association of Canada, 1962.
Chaplin-Thomas, Charmion, Vic Johnson and Bill Rawling. Ubique! : Canadian Military Engineers : A Century of Service. Burnstown, ON: General Store Publishing House, 2003.
Canadian Small Arms of the First World War
Phil White
Historian, Canadian War Museum
Although the carnage of the First World War was unprecedented, there was nothing truly new about the small arms used during the fighting. The story behind these weapons and their terrible efficiency stem from the tremendous advances in science and technology made throughout the late 19th century.
By 1850, arms factories in Europe and the United States were making the most of advances in metallurgy and mass production, and were capable of manufacturing hundreds of rifles daily. Repeating rifles, which could fire several shots before being re-loaded, were used extensively during the American Civil War (1861-65), as were the first simple multi-barrelled machine guns. More powerful ammunition was available in the 1870s. The American inventor Hiram Maxim introduced the first true machine gun, capable of firing 450 rounds per minute, in 1884. The water-cooled barrel gave Maxim's machine gun the ability to fire for hours without stopping. By the turn of the century, most European and North American soldiers carried high-powered rifles that could fire 15 shots per minute at an effective range of 800 metres. The days of reloading a single-shot rifle, in the open, five or six times a minute, were long gone. The stage was set for the killing fields that were to come.
Two Rifles
Two late-19th-century inventions, the Lee-Enfield rifle and the Ross rifle, the first Canadian-made military rifle, are central to this story.
In the late 1870s, the British Army accepted Scottish-born Canadian James Paris Lee's rifle design for trials, ultimately resulting in the adoption of the Lee-Metford rifle, then later the Lee Enfield Mk 1 rifle. It was purchased by Canada and used in the South African War.
Sir Charles Ross designed his straight-pull bolt-action rifle and patented the design in 1897. The bolt mechanism, based on the Austrian Mannlicher rifle, also included Ross's own innovations. In theory, this type of bolt-action was very easy to use and could be reloaded very quickly. The more quickly a rifle can be re-loaded, the more firepower it provides. Its drawback was a complicated manufacturing process and its fragile loading mechanism. Ross revised his design, introducing it as the Model 1900, then later with an improved bolt mechanism in 1901, both of which were submitted to American trials as a potential service rifle.
After the South African War, Sir Fredrick Borden, Canada's Minister of Militia and Defence, lobbied unsuccessfully to have the Lee-Enfield rifle built by a British firm in Canada. When the British turned down Borden's request, the Canadian government turned to Ross and his rifle. After a series of modifications, Canada accepted the design, Ross built a factory at the Citadel in Quebec, and the rifle went into production. In 1904, the Royal North West Mounted Police received 1,000 rifles, the Department of Marine and Fisheries another 500. In the coming years, the rifle underwent continual modifications and developments to suit various requirements, including target shooting by the Canadian team at Bisley, where the Ross excelled. In August 1905, the militia received its first order of 1,000 Ross Mk 2 rifles. By 1911, the Mk 3 had been accepted and was being manufactured for the militia.
Britain tested the Ross rifle between 1900 and 1912, rejecting it because of problems with the design, including a propensity to jam.
The British Army continued to use the Lee-Enfield and in 1903, introduced the Short Magazine Lee-Enfield (S.M.L.E.) into service. The S.M.L.E., a shortened version of the Lee-Enfield Mk I, had been developed as a result of experience gained during the South African War. The design and construction were simple, if not crude, but also robust, functioning under less than ideal conditions.
Ross continued to develop and fine-tune his design, resulting in dozens of variations. Between 1903 and 1915, 419,130 Ross rifles were manufactured, with most going to Canadian troops, and some to Newfoundland and Britain.
The Canadian forces entered the First World War with the Ross rifle, Mk 2, Mk 3, and its subsequent variations. Almost immediately, its shortcomings became evident.
On March 10, 1915 the 1st Canadian Division went into battle at Neuve Chapelle, France. The Canadians were heavily engaged and, to the horror of the soldiers, their Ross rifles began to jam. The reasons for this were numerous: the ammunition provided was often inconsistent in size; muddy conditions allowed dirt to build up in the complicated loading mechanism, and the heat generated by rapid-firing caused the closely machined parts to expand and seize. A design flaw also made the bolt difficult to lock, if it had been assembled improperly, and some bolts were said to have blown back into the user's face. Canadian soldiers soon began discarding the Ross in favour of the British S.M.L.E. Mk 3*, when they could find them in the field. General E.A.H. Alderson, commander of the 1st Canadian Division, was forced to issue an order banning the use of the S.M.L.E by Canadian troops.
When the Canadians fought at the Second Battle of Ypres, in late April 1915, the Ross failed again. Outnumbered and facing the first gas attack of the war, the Canadians found their rifles jamming. Some reports had them "Clubbing furiously at their seized bolts with trenching tools and boot heels." By the end of the battle, hundreds had discarded their Ross rifles in favour of the trusted S.M.L.E.
By June 1915, British Field Marshal Sir John French ordered the Canadians under his command to be re-armed with the S.M.L.E. However, the 2nd and 3rd Canadian Divisions that soon arrived in Europe still carried the Ross.
In May 1916, a study into the Ross's problems confirmed the jamming and recommended modifications to the rifle's bolt-stops. Earlier tests had reported the Ross worked well with Canadian ammunition made at Dominion Arsenals in Quebec, but this ammunition was in short supply. New, poorly fitted stocks made from improperly seasoned birch were also causing problems as the wood warped and pressed against the metal frames. In light of the report, a few rifles were re-built with 26-inch barrels, trimmed stocks and larger bolt-stops. Although the rifles were reported to have worked "superbly," soldiers had lost all confidence in them. In mid July, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig re-armed Canadians with the S.M.L.E. and the Ross was officially withdrawn from front line service by the end of that year.
By this time Sir Charles Ross was running into other problems. Skilled labourers were finding better work in the United States, machinery ordered in 1914 had yet to arrive, and supplies were increasingly difficult to secure. Ross won a $22,500,000 contract to make one million rifles for Russia, but had to let it go to the United States due to inability to meet his deadline. A second order from Russia was cancelled after the Mk 3 was withdrawn from Canadian service. On March 28, 1917, the Canadian Government expropriated the Ross Rifle Company. Canada's first and only national rifle had failed as a battlefield weapon.
The Machine Gun
In 1912, the British Army adopted the water-cooled Vickers Mk 1machine gun, an improvement over the 1884 Maxim design, as its standard machine gun. The slightly lighter Vickers, like the Maxim, made use of an ammunition belt, and could fire 450 rounds per minute. Its water-cooled barrel could sustain this fire over very long periods of time, often for hours. Classified as a medium machine gun, the Vickers Mk 1 was used primarily on a tripod from defensive positions. It could be fired directly at a visible target, or indirectly, like artillery, at targets or positions at long range or behind obstacles.
In response to the need to provide quick-moving infantry with machine gun support, light machine guns appeared on the battlefield in 1914. The Lewis, the first light machine gun used by the British and Canadian forces, had been introduced into service with the Belgian army in 1913. It weighed about 18 kg and could be carried "over the top" like a rifle, to give advancing troops added firepower.
Due to a shortage of light machine guns, the British and Canadians also adopted the Hotchkiss machine gun in 1916. The Hotchkiss was based on the French medium machine gun the Mitrailleur Mle. 09, modified for use as a light machine gun. Although lighter than the Lewis, the Hotchkiss was more complicated and was used mainly by the cavalry. The Hotckhkiss remained in service for training and home guard use after the First World War and was not declared obsolete until 1946.
The decisions regarding when and how to deploy, or advance against small arms fire relate to the concept of the 'beaten zone' or 'killing zone' that existed between the lines, and the time-versus-lead equations; the idea that a storm of bullets and/or artillery shells poured into a given area made the task of 'advancing to contact' extremely difficult, if not impossible. This led to obvious challenges: crossing the zone more quickly (tanks) or by stealth (surprise attack, often without pre-shelling); better tactics to bypass resistance (storm troops, combined arms warfare); and heavier bombardments to keep enemy heads down, destroy obstacles, etc; and in the meantime, drove troops into the ground (trenches) to escape slaughter.
Close Combat
Most of the casualties during the war were inflicted by artillery or small arms fire coming from a distance. However, there was still some close and brutal fighting, often as part of larger operations, but particularly during trench raids.
All rifles were fitted with bayonets, which took the form of a long knife or spike that could be attached to the muzzle of the rifle, effectively forming a spear. By the First World War, British, and Canadian soldiers had been training to use bayonets for 200 years and were very efficient in its use. The bayonet also had an enormous psychological impact. Hundreds or thousands of enemy troops running towards you firing their rifles, screaming and brandishing long blades or spikes, was a terrifying and demoralizing sight. Despite the psychological advantage, many officers considered the bayonet perfectly useless, even in the 19th century. Firepower and broken terrain could keep cavalry at bay from c1860 onwards in most battles, thereby removing the bayonet's one real advantage – warding off cavalry. When fighting in the confined spaces of the trenches, the length of a bayonet fixed to the muzzle of a rifle could be a great disadvantage. To this end, many soldiers equipped themselves with other weapons, both standard and non-standard issue. These weapons were especially important for trench raids.
Usually conducted at night, trench raiding was extremely brutal, tending to resemble medieval warfare. Soldiers made use of pistols, grenades, clubs, axes, morning stars, knives and even sharpened shovels. As a defensive measure, body armour was brought back into use and worn openly by infantry for the first time since the 17th century.
Pistols were issued officially to officers and NCOs exclusively, but they were also occasionally picked up or traded by soldiers and used for close fighting.
At the beginning of the First World War, Sam Hughes, Minister of Militia and Defence, ordered 5,000 semi-automatic .45 ACP calibre Colt model 1911 (Government Model) pistols through one of his "Honorary Colonels," causing a short-lived political scandal. The pistols were issued to non-commissioned officers and made available to officers for purchase, along with some older Colt revolvers left over from the South African War. Canadian officers serving with the Royal Canadian Horse Artillery, or other units assigned to British formations, were issued with Webley revolvers of various marks.
With the forces rapid expansion, the military needed more pistols by mid 1915. Due to shortcomings found with the Colt Model 1911, the government purchased 1,500 Smith & Wesson .455 Hand Ejector Second Model revolvers on August 21, with later orders for 13,000 between 1915 and 1917. Revolvers were considered more reliable in harsh conditions.
Immediately after the ceasefire of November 11, 1918, many First World War small arms developments were shelved. Advances had been made in designing lighter, more efficient machine guns and submachine guns, but, in the debt-ridden postwar years the last thing most governments wanted to spend money on was small arms.
The Department of Militia and Defence was now faced with the disposal of the unwanted Ross rifles. Some 120,000 Mk 2 and Mk 3 rifles were taken overseas and turned over to the British, and 20,000 were sold to the United States for training. Of the rifles sent overseas, 9,334 were later returned to Canada. The Ross continued in use as a sniper rifle throughout the war, and well into the Second World War, making use of its initial design as a sporting and target rifle. Many Ross rifles were also re-issued during the Second World War for training and Home Guard use and eventually made their way into the hands of the armies of China, Chile, the Baltic states, Spain, New Zealand, Holland, India, Indonesia and the Soviet Union.
The S.M.L.E. remained in service well into the Second World War and was replaced in 1942 by the Lee-Enfield No. 4. James Paris Lee's basic rifle design is still in limited service with the Canadian Forces in the 21st century with the Canadian Rangers and Cadets.
The machine gun continues to be a vital part of the arsenals of all armies. The Vickers machine gun was used in the Second World War, the Korean War, and was not officially declared obsolete until the 1960s. The Lewis gun saw limited service in the Canadian Army during the Second World War, notably at Hong Kong.
The bayonet is stilled issued and used as a standard attachment to most military rifles worldwide.
The small arms designs that were rooted in the late 19th century and used during the First World War evolved very little throughout the first half of the 20th century. Although infantry tactics evolved considerably and the casualty figures of the First World War seem incomprehensible today, killing over open sights remains the foot soldier's basic role.
Selected Bibliography
Edgecombe, David W. Defending the Dominion, Canadian Military Rifles 1855-1955. Ottawa: Service Publications, 2003.
---. Small Arms of the World: A Basic Manual of Small Arms. 12th rev. ed. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1983.
Ezell, Edward C. Handguns of the World: Military Revolvers and Self-Loaders from 1870-1945. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1981.
Hogg, Ian V. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Firearms. London: New Burlington Books, 1978.
---. Military Small Arms of the 20th Century. 7th ed. Iola: Krause Publications, 2000.
Law, Clive M. Canadian Military Handguns, 1855-1985. Bloomfield, ON: Museum Restoration Services, 1994.
---. Without Warning: Canadian Sniper Equipment in the 20th Century. Ottawa: Service Publications, 2004.
Maze, Robert J. Howdah to High Power: A Century of British Breechloading Service Pistols (1867-1967). Tucson: Excalibur Publications, 2002.
Meek, John F. Over the Top: The Canadian Infantry in the First World War. Orangeville, ON: John F. Meek, 1971.
Morton, Desmond. A Military History of Canada. Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers, 1985
Nelson, Thomas B. The World's Submachine Guns. Cologne, Germany: International Small Arms Publishers, 1963.
Phillips, Roger. The Ross Rifle Story. Sydney, NS: John A. Chadwick, 1984.
Rawling, Bill. Surviving Trench Warfare: Technology and the Canadian Corps 1914-1918. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.
Saunders, Anthony. Weapons of the Trench War, 1914-1918. Phoenix Mill: Alan Sutton, 1999
Skennerton, Ian D. The British Service Lee, Lee-Metford and Lee-Enfield Rifles and Carbines 1880-1980. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1982.
---. The Lee-Enfield Story. Piqua: I.D.S.A. Books, 1993.
Artillery: The Great Killer
Tim Cook
Historian, Canadian War Museum
In 1914 and 1915, artillery proved it was the great killer. For those caught in the open, shrapnel and high explosive shells wreacked havoc. Thousands were left rotting on the battlefields. However, artillery guns were vulnerable to small arms fire, and they could be driven away from the front. But the guns were soon firing indirectly from hidden positions several kilometeres to the rear, still causing terrible damage. Soldiers were forced to find safety in trenches, digging beneath the ground to escape the murderous fire.
As trenches were strengthened with barbed wire, deep dugouts, and machine -guns, an enormous weight of fire was needed to smash the enemy defences and support the infantry. But there were not always enough shells in the early years to feed the guns. And so the infantry were killed in the tens of thousands as they attacked undamaged enemy trenches in frontal assaults. As the war lengthened, artillerymen received nearly unlimited supplies of shells through the enormous production of munitions factories. New tactics were also developed to improve the accuracy of the guns.
Artillery shells contained high explosives, shrapnel, and, later in the war, poison gas and smoke. Both the high explosive and shrapnel shells were timed to detonate in the air above a target. High explosive shells blasted holes in the trenches and the concussion alone could kill, as lungs collapsed under the force of the explosion. Shrapnel shells were equally deadly, consisting of more than 300 rounded metal balls that exploded downward in a cone-shaped rain of whirling metal. As well, the casing of the shell was designed to explode outward, creating jagged, uneven shards of steel that tore through flesh.
By 1916, commanders believed that massive artillery shoots, involving hundreds of thousands of shells, would annihilate the enemy defenders. This would allow the infantry to punch a hole through enemy lines and restore mobility on the Western Front.
However, it was often hard to hit, and then destroy, the narrow and well-fortified trenches. The problem also lay in the shell fuses. Earlier types were not sensitive enough to explode on contact, especially with shells tasked to clear barbed wire. As a result, many of the shells exploded in the ground, killing very few of the enemy, leaving the infantry to fight their way through defences-in-depth. By the end of 1916, newer, sensitive fuses that exploded on the slightest contact harnessed the destructive power of the artillery and, equally important to the infantry, cleared barbed wire from in front of enemy trenches.
Tactics again changed during the later phases of the bloody battles of the Somme in the last half of 1916. The gunners would never be able to destroy all of the German defences, and even one machine -gunner could kill hundreds of attacking infantry. Instead, the artillery sought to suppress enemy fire through a "creeping barrage," and give their own attacking infantry enough time to cross the killing zone of nNo Mman's Lland.
Gunners fired their shells to create a "creeping" wall of fire that slowly moved forward over the enemy lines at fixed intervals: 50 yards (46 m) every couple of minutes, less for muddy ground, more for open warfare. In effect, it was a screen of fire and explosives. As this moving wall of shrapnel and high explosives chewed up the ground in its path, the infantry were told to "lean into the barrage" and stay as close as possible. Although friendly fire was expected and occurred, the casualties would still be lighter than if the creeping barrage moved off and allowed German machine -gunners, waiting in the safety of deep dugouts, to get to the top of their trenches before the infantry crossed nNo Mman's lLand.
At the Battle of Vimy Ridge in April 1917, the gunners had perfected the creeping barrage. Yet enemy gunners still took a fearful toll as they laid down their own counter-barrages to catch the follow-on waves of infantry. The enemy guns had to be stopped, or slowed, but it was exceedingly difficult to identify, target, and destroy camouflaged guns several kilometeres away.
Accurate intelligence was essential, and new and refined forms of science aided the gunners. The Canadian Corps was lucky to have Brigadier-General Andrew McNaughton, commander of the counter-battery office for much of the war, who embraced new technology and tactics. A prewar professor at McGill University, he turned to science to save his soldiers lives.
The Canadian Counter Battery Office (CCBO), established in February 1917, gathered intelligence and processed information on the enemy to assist in knocking out his guns. Aerial reconnaissance from the Royal Flying Corps (later Royal Air Force) was of great assistance as airmen photographed the front from great heights. Later in the war, observation aircraft circled the battlefield, passing real-time information to the gunners through letter drops and primitive wireless radio.
As the CCBO developed after April 1917, this information-gathering and target-selection became more sophisticated, with new technology, like sound-ranging and flash-spotting, assisting gunners to find and destroy enemy targets.
Flash-spotting involved the coordination of observers. At least three posts were needed, usually spread out along several kilometeres. When an enemy gun position was spotted by the revealing flash as the shell left the barrel, the observers were telephoned by headquarters to turn their attention to that spot. After studying the flash of the gun, the observers would hit a key that was connected to a lamp at headquarters. From the observers' bearings, and by triangulating their estimates, enemy guns could be located with high precision.
Sound-ranging worked on a similar principle. Listeners sat two kilometeres behind the line with their microphones. Additional posts were manned well ahead of these positions. As long as there was not more than one shell per second being fired, on hearing the crash of an enemy gun, the forward listening post pressed a key that started an oscillograph, an instrument that recorded on film the sound of the shell in flight as it reached each microphone in turn. The time-intervals between the microphones allowed the CCBO to analyse the information and, if conditions were optimal, pinpoint enemy guns to within twenty-five 25 yards (23 m). All available counter-battery guns would be aimed on that spot to deliver a destructive shoot of 50-100 shells. Chemical shells were also used to kill or force the enemy gunners to wear debilitating respirators that severely affected the rate of fire.
In the last year of the war, artillery had perfected the creeping barrage and was steadily improving its counter-battery work. Further tactical refinement allowed gunners to fire more complicated barrages, like a box barrage. The box barrages set up a wall of fire and explosives around an enemy position —-- usually a trench —-- which effectively isolated it from reinforcements. It allowed assaulting Canadian infantrymen to capture and consolidate a position without fear of immediate counterattack.
By war's end, 43,914 gunners had served in the Canadian artillery, and 2,565 had lost their lives from disease, injury, and battlefield wounds. They had fired tens of millions of shells, reducing the landscape to a desolate wasteland, and an estimated 60% of all wounds were inflicted by shell fire. The First World War was indeed a gunner's war.
Selected Bibliography
Cook, Tim. No Place to Run: The Canadian Corps and Gas Warfare in the First World War. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1999.
McNaughton, A.G.L. "Counter-Battery Work." Canadian Defence Quarterly 3, 4 (July, 1926).
McNaughton, A.G.L. "The Development of Artillery in the Great War." Canadian Defence Quarterly 4, 2 (January, 1929).
Nicholson, G.W.L. The Gunners of Canada: The History of the Royal Regiment of the Canadian Artillery, Vol. 1: 1534-1919 Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1967.
Rawling, William. Surviving Trench Warfare: Technology and the Canadian Corps, 1914-1918. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.
Swettenham, John. McNaughton, Volume I. Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1968.
Other Materials
Canadians at the Somme
It was General Sir Douglas Haig's wish that the Canadians should have a chance to settle in before taking part in an offensive. A G.H.Q. directive on August 19 had announced the Commander-in-Chief's intention to deliver a strong attack about the middle of September using "fresh forces and all available resources". This was the role to which the Canadian Corps had been summoned. While the 2nd and 3rd Canadian Divisions prepared for the battle, the 1st Division held the whole of the Corps front - three thousand yards of battered trenches running westward along the Pozičres ridge from the boundary with the Fourth Army (just east of Pozičres) to a point 700 yards west of Mouquet Farm, a stronghold in the German Second Position based on a nest of deep dug-outs which six bitter Australian assaults had failed to capture. As we shall see, the Division's tour of duty was not as uneventful as Sir Douglas Haig had intended it should be.
The Australians' final attempt to capture Mouquet Farm was made on September 3 by their 13th Brigade, which had the 13th Battalion, of the relieving 3rd Canadian Brigade, temporarily under command. The attack, while failing to secure the farm, gained 300 yards of Fabeck Graben, a German trench running north-eastward towards Courcelette. In attempting to extend this holding two companies of the Canadian battalion suffered 322 casualties. The relief of the Australians was completed on the morning of the 5th, and for three more days the 3rd Canadian Brigade continued to hold under heavy fire and frequent counter- attack more than two thousand yards of line, including the captured portion of Fabeck Graben. The brigade's 970 casualties in this period gave it good reason to remember its first tour of duty at the Somme. Early on September 8, during a relief by the 2nd Brigade, the Germans regained the now almost obliterated section of Fabeck Graben.
Next day the Canadians slightly improved their positions, when the 2nd Canadian Battalion captured a portion of a German trench about 500 yards long south of the Cambrai road. In gaining and retaining its objective (and thereby earning the congratulations of the Commander-in-Chief) the battalion owed much to the valour of one of its junior N.C.Os.-Corporal Leo Clarke. While clearing a continuation of the newly-captured trench during the construction of a permanent block on the battalion flank, most of the members of his small bombing party were killed or wounded and their supply of grenades was exhausted. Clarke was building a temporary barricade when an enemy party of twenty, led by two officers, counter-attacked down the trench. Coolly the corporal fought them off. Twice he emptied into the Germans his own revolver, and then two abandoned enemy rifles. He shot and killed an officer who had bayoneted him in the legs and he is credited with having killed or wounded at least sixteen enemy before the rest turned in flight. Then he shot down four more of the fleeing Germans, and captured a fifth - the sole enemy survivor. His courageous action brought Corporal Clarke the first of two Victoria Crosses to be won by his battalion. He was killed five weeks later, before the award was announced.
Adapted and used with permission from Nicholson, G. W. L., Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914-1919. Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1964, p.148-149.


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MAIN STORY: UCLA introduces new Bruins basketball coach Steve Alford
Gallery: UCLA's new men's basketball coach Steve Alford introduced
Steve Alford certainly sounded the part of the man who will lead UCLA back to the Promised Land.
He talked it and embraced it and owned it Tuesday just about as smoothly as he once sank long-range jumpers as an Indiana high school and college basketball legend.
The demands of taking over one of the storied programs in college basketball?
Alford said he's spent the better part of his 48 years preparing for this moment, first as a Hoosier prep and college star - where basketball slots somewhere between breathing and eating - and the past 22 years honing his coaching skills at stops like Division III Manchester, Southwest Missouri State, the University of Iowa and New Mexico.
"Not many kids played in front of 10,000 fans like I did in high school," said Alford, who also put up with Indiana basketball coach Bobby Knight for four years, and that certainly counts for something.
An understanding of the John Wooden legacy he's been entrusted with?
Alford was born 27 miles away from Wooden's Indiana high school, and when Alford was in elementary school he worked a deal with the bus driver to drop him off each afternoon at Glen Curtis Memorial gym, where his father's Martinsville High basketball team practiced and played.
It's the same gym Wooden played in as a prep star.
Even back then you didn't have to explain to Alford the significance of John Wooden or, for that matter, any Indiana kid lacing up a pair of basketball sneakers.
It just happens naturally, Wooden's Indiana roots and the Midwest grace and practicality he used to turn UCLA into a college basketball power a source of tremendous pride in the Hoosier state.
"From a very early age, there was an awareness," Alford said.
On Tuesday, Alford's first day at UCLA, Wooden's imprint lingered so prominently Alford couldn't help breathe it in.
"All you have to do is walk around this campus and see Coach Wooden's mark on everything, and I think that's what made him so special," Alford said.
"That's probably what I didn't know as a youngster, but as I grew and developed in the profession, I saw how his handprint wasn't just on winning basketball games. When you walk across this campus, it's in the academic world. It's in being friendly and being nice to people. You see his touch on everything."
The pressure of following in Wooden's footsteps, which are as large now as they've ever been with the Bruins lingering on the edges of college basketball and frustrated fans long not just for dominance again but prolonged relevance.
Alford not only embraces the challenge, he'll wrap his arms around every resource Wooden left behind at UCLA in hopes of tapping into his brilliance.
"As I walk into this building every day, there probably won't be a day that goes by that I don't go look in the Wooden Way and continue to study the Pyramid of Success," Alford said.
So, yes, when it comes to sound bites, Alford was swishing one 3-pointer after another Tuesday upon being introduced as the new UCLA basketball coach at Pauley Pavilion.
But then, when was the last time someone flunked their introductory press conference?
Ben Howland, the man Alford replaces, said some of the same things when he took over 10 years ago.
So did Steve Lavin and Jim Harrick, who preceded Howland, and before them Larry Farmer and Walt Hazzard and Larry Brown and every other coach who's followed Wooden over the years.
Every one of them said the right things initially. Most of them enjoyed some semblance of success.
But none of them came close to building the long-term success Bruins fans crave.
As a result, all but two were eventually shown the door.
As for Gene Bartow and Brown, they simply left for other jobs.
Now comes Alford and his Indiana pedigree and nearly a quarter-century of preparation for this moment, compiling a 463-235 record over 22 coaching seasons, including 385-206 at the Division I level and seven trips to the NCAA Tournament.
"This is the next step," he said. "It's a challenge I've been patiently waiting for."
Alford's teams have been borderline dominant during the regular season, with his Lobos winning five regular-season conference titles in six seasons, including the last two, and his Iowa teams cracking the 20-win plateau three times in eight years.
But he's yet to translate regular-season success into postseason success, his 5-7 record in the NCAA Tournament, including the Lobos' shocking loss to Harvard in the first round this year, a cause for skepticism among UCLA fans hoping for a more tournament-tested coach.
On the other hand, none of the more successful coaches in the country showed much interest in coming to UCLA, with Virginia Commonwealth's Shaka Smart and Butler's Brad Stevens turning away overtures from the Bruins.
So Alford's the man, for better or worse.
Is he the right coach for the job?
He certainly sounded it Tuesday.
But then they all do at their first press conferences.

subset: commoncrawl


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The College
History and Heritage
Moravian is an independent liberal arts college founded by and affiliated with the Moravian Church in America, a branch of a historic Protestant denomination dating from 1457 and emphasizing progressive liberal education from its beginning.
In 1732, settlers from Germany and Moravia (now a province of the Czech Republic) began coming to the New World. On Christmas Eve 1741, they founded the community of Bethlehem in Pennsylvania. Their concern for education led to the founding in 1742 of two schools, one for boys and one for girls. By 1759, the boys' school developed into Nazareth Hall Academy, which became instrumental in the founding of Moravian Theological Seminary in 1807. In 1858, the Seminary was reorganized as Moravian College and Theological Seminary and in 1863 was chartered as a men's college. The girls' school became known as Bethlehem Female Seminary in 1749 and was opened to students from outside the Moravian community in 1785, when it became a boarding school. In 1863, it was chartered as Moravian Seminary for Young Ladies and reorganized in 1913 as Moravian Seminary and College for Women.
In 1954, after nearly 200 years of parallel development, Moravian College and Theological Seminary and Moravian Seminary and College for Women merged to form a modern undergraduate coeducational institution, Moravian College. Moravian Theological Seminary, a graduate professional school of theology, remains a part of the corporate institution, offering a separate academic program but sharing the campus and its facilities with the undergraduate college.
With this rich heritage of education, Moravian today is recognized as America's sixth oldest college, after Harvard University (1636), the College of William and Mary (1693), St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland (1696), Yale University (1701), and the University of Pennsylvania (1740).
The early Moravians gave to the world a pioneer educator, John Amos Comenius, whose achievements and international recognition have caused him to be known as the "father of modern education." The statue of Comenius on the College campus, given to the College by Charles University of Prague in 1960 and rededicated by President Vaclav Havel of Czechoslovakia in 1991, is a symbol of Moravian's unique and diverse educational heritage.
One of the few American educational institutions in their third century of service, Moravian has a strong sense of identity and purpose firmly rooted in a long and rich tradition. That tradition is maintained today.
Accreditation and Compliance Statements
Moravian College is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and approved for professional preparation by the American Chemical Society, the Department of Education of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the National Association of Schools of Music. The prelicensure nursing program is approved by the Pennsylvania State Board of Nursing. The baccalaureate degree in nursing and master's degree in nursing programs at Moravian College are accredited by Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (http:// www.aacn.nche.edu/ccne-accreditation). Moravian Theological Seminary is accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada. Undergraduate majors in accounting, management, and economics, and the MBA and MSHRM degrees are accredited by The Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP).Middle States Commission on Higher Education
3624 Market Street, 2nd Floor West, Philadelphia, PA 19104
Telephone: (267) 284–5000
website: http://www.msche.org/
E-mail: email@example.com Spanish: españolinfo@msche.org
Pennsylvania Department of Education
333 Market Street
Harrisburg, PA 17126-0333
Main Information Number: 717-783-6788
TTY Number: 717-783-8445
Committee on Professional Training
American Chemical Society
1155 Sixteenth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20036
Phone: (202) 872-4589
National Association of Schools of Music
11250 Roger Bacon Drive, Suite 21
Reston, VA 20190
Phone: (703) 437-0700
e-mail: email@example.com
American Association of Colleges of Nursing
Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education
One Dupont Circle, NW Suite 530
Washington DC 20036
Phone: (202) 462-6930
Fax: (202) 785-8320
The Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP)
11520 West 119th Street
Overland Park, KS 66213 USA
Telephone: (913) 339-9356
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Moravian's academic catalog contains the most accurate information available at the time of publication. Because the catalog is now published in an online format, it is updated regularly throughout the year, as appropriate. Moravian College reserves the right to change without notice statements in this catalog concerning, but not limited to, curricula, fees, rules, policies, scholarships and tuitions.
Emergency Procedures
Moravian College has adopted an Emergency Preparedness Plan that provides contingency procedures for Moravian College administrators, staff, faculty and students in the event of a campus emergency. For more information, please see the Campus Safety website. The College also has implemented an Emergency Notification System that allows the College to send immediate, time-sensitive voice and text notifications to students, faculty and staff in the event of a campus emergency. Students, faculty and staff can update their emergency contact information via the College's AMOS web portal.
Federal Compliance Statements
Program Integrity Statement
Beginning July 1, 2011, the U.S. Department of Education regulations to improve the integrity of programs authorized under Title IV of the Higher Education Act (HEA), as amended (the "Program Integrity Rule"), take effect. The Program Integrity Rule requires, among other things, that each college or university authorized to offer postsecondary education in one or more States ensure access to a complaint process that will permit student consumers to address the following:
- Alleged violations of State consumer protection laws that include but are not limited to fraud and false advertising;
- Alleged violations of State laws or rules relating to the licensure of postsecondary institutions; and
- Complaints relating to the quality of education or other State or accreditation requirements.
Moravian College, as an institution authorized to provide postsecondary education in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is committed to full compliance with the Program Integrity Rule, and provides the following confirmation to all current and/or prospective students:
Campus Crime. Moravian College abides by the Student Right-to-Know, the Campus Security Act of 1990 and the Higher Education Act Reauthorization of 2008. The College makes information concerning campus crime statistics available in printed form and electronically to the campus community each year. This information is also available to prospective students upon request.
Financial Information. The College's annual financial report is available for review by prospective students, alumni and the public upon request at the Treasurer's Office. It can also be found online at www.moravian.edu under the Community and Visitors section, in the Resources – Financial Reporting and Information for Bond Holders.
Nondiscrimination Statement. Moravian College is a welcoming community that embraces and values the diversity of all members of the campus community. We acknowledge the uniqueness of all individuals, and we seek to cultivate an environment that respects, affirms, and defends the dignity of each member of the community. Moravian College complies with all federal and state laws regarding nondiscrimination in recruitment, admission, and employment of students, faculty, and staff. Inquiries concerning this policy may be directed to Mr. Mark Reed, vice president for finance and administration, Moravian College, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18018 (610 861-1360).
Retention. For the past five years, the fall-to-fall retention rate from first-year to second-year students has averaged 81%. The six-year degree completion rate for the last five graduating classes has ranged from71% to 76% with an average of 75%.
Students with Disabilities. Moravian College is committed to complying with Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 by providing access to campus facilities and reasonable accommodations in programs, services and classroom activities. Students with disabilities who require accommodation should contact the Office of Academic and Disability Support to initiate services.
Complaint Process
Moravian College seeks to resolve all student concerns in a timely and effective manner. To that end, this complaint process serves as an ongoing means for students to discuss concerns or register formal complaints that pertain to alleged violations of State consumer protection laws that include but are not limited to fraud and false advertising; alleged violations of State laws or rules relating to the licensure of postsecondary institutions; and complaints relating to the quality of education or other State or accreditation requirements.
Moravian College takes student complaints very seriously and works with students to resolve formal complaints in a timely manner. If you have concerns related to academic programs, accreditation, academic advising, or academic records, please contact the Office of the Provost at (610) 861-1348 or firstname.lastname@example.com. If you have concerns related to student and campus life, or residence life, please contact the Office of Student Affairs at (610) 861-1503 or firstname.lastname@example.com. If you have concerns related to admissions eligibility or financial aid, please contact the Office of Admissions and Financial Aid at (610) 861-1320 or firstname.lastname@example.com. For concerns regarding programs, policies, or procedures at Moravian Theological Seminary, please contact (610) 861-1516 or email@example.com. If you have concerns related to programs, policies, and procedures offered in the Comenius Center for Continuing, Professional, and Graduate Studies, please contact (610) 861-1400. If you are not certain where to direct your concern, contact the Office of the Provost, and someone there will redirect you appropriately.
It is expected that students will fully utilize any/all of the College's administrative procedures to address concerns and/or complaints in as timely a manner as possible. On occasion, however, a student may believe that these administrative procedures have not adequately addressed concerns identified under the Program Integrity Rule. In those select cases, the following independent procedures are provided:
- The Division of Higher and Career Education of the Pennsylvania Department of Education is prepared to receive and review complaints against any college, university, or seminary certified to operate in Pennsylvania, if the complainant has already followed the institution's published grievance policy in an attempt to resolve the dispute, and did not receive a satisfactory resolution. For a full description of the requirements to file such a complaint, please see http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/
- A variety of other State agencies, State Boards, and national accrediting bodies which are involved in the evaluation and approval of institutional programs, or in the granting of professional certification or licensure, may also be contacted. Those agencies are listed above, under "Accreditations."
If you are currently enrolled, or anticipate enrollment, in an educational program that requires State agency or board authorization and/or licensure and do not see it listed here, please contact the Office of the Provost at: (610) 861-1348.
The College is a member of the American Council on Education, the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities, the Pennsylvania Association of Colleges and Universities, and the Association of Independent Colleges and Universities of Pennsylvania.
Moravian College is one of the six institutions that constitute the Lehigh Valley Association of Independent Colleges (LVAIC). The other members of the consortium are Cedar Crest College, DeSales University, Lafayette College, Lehigh University, and Muhlenberg College. Under the leadership of a board of directors and an executive director, LVAIC's mission is to broaden educational opportunities for students, offer professional development for faculty and staff, achieve greater economy and efficiency of operation, establish a structure for regional planning, and provide a vehicle for relating to the community. Collaboration permits smaller colleges and universities to retain the many advantages that flow from humanly scaled institutions while providing many services and opportunities often associated with larger but less personal schools. LVAIC administers a cross-registration policy that makes it possible for students, faculty, and staff to take courses at other member institutions at no additional tuition charge. It coordinates a women's studies program and a continuing studies program in the humanities. LVAIC promotes reciprocity in student admission to many campus events and programs, sponsors a consortial professors program that enables faculty to teach at other member schools, and offers summer foreign study in language and culture at five locations. The consortium operates an interlibrary loan service and shared administrative services and purchasing initiatives. More than 35 groups and committees with representatives from the member institutions meet with LVAIC staff on a regular basis to share in consortial planning and programming.


text:
I was strictly speaking for the the time period that Gack (I think) pointed out and for strikouts only. Not avg/obp/slg that you posted. I don't expect the Reds to finish the season dead last there, but I don't think they should ever be there to begin with.nate Re: The first 12 games of 2012 were worse...
I'm sorry but this is simply wrong. Period.
And he's a good example of why. Teams don't hit appreciably better with RISP. For example, the entirety of the NL in 2012:
Thanks for the table though. It was enlightening to see where all the teams stood. Does that include playoffs?


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Test Drive: James R. Healey
Friday, March 4, 2 p.m.
USA TODAY's James R. Healey writes the Test Drive column, posted every Friday at: cars.usatoday.com. He has covered cars and the auto industry for USA TODAY since January 1988. He test drives about 100 cars and trucks a year. Talk live with Jim about his auto reviews and get his opinion on cars and trucks.


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Very nice.. Though I'm not sure if a lot are actually using BURPSUITE..
It is one of the most useful tools in my toolbox..
Being a non-coder myself. I would appreciate the time throttling tutorial..
For someone who has been a hacker for most of his life, there are few things more satisfying than finding a well-crafted and powerful tool with which to automate the task.
Such is Burp Suite, a fast and well-documented app from Portswigger.net. Written in Java, the GUI is pure pleasure to use. You will need the Sun 1.6 development package, including "javac" and "java" binaries, to be properly installed first. If you don't have Java and you are serious about pen-testing, then you should get this anyway. Once the Sun package has been downloaded & installed on your (hopefully) Linux box, Burp Suite 1.2 can be downloaded directly from Portswigger at
and installed in its own folder. The command ./suite.bat will bring up the gui.
For the purposes of this tutorial, I will use only the Burp Intruder functionality. However, note that there are many other uses for this slick application, including a sophisticated spider, and a proxy which will intercept all HTTP requests to allow manipulation of the data.
To begin, we fire up Burp Suite & click on the "Intruder" tab, and then select the "target" sub-tab. Here I have defined:
host: login.yahoo.com
port: 80
"use SSL": do NOT check
(Note that the specification of the Yahoo Mail server does not in any way suggest that I am endorsing the usage of Yahoo servers as targets. I merely chose it to illustrate the steps one must follow in order to configure Burp Suite for pentesting any target. Burp Suite was never used by the author in an actual attack on the Yahoo servers, nor does he condone its use for such purposes by anyone else.)
Next, click the Positions tab which is the gut of Burp Suite. Here, the contents of the request are inserted. The attack type should be "sniper" and the first section, in the white textfield, should be the headers:
POST /config/login? HTTP/1.1
Host: login.yahoo.com
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:220.127.116.11) Gecko/2009020911
Ubuntu/8.04 (hardy) Firefox/3.0.6
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate
Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Keep-Alive: 300
Connection: keep-alive
Referer: https://login.yahoo.com/config/login_verify2?&.src=ym
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
(Note: These headers can be trapped by aborting a post from the Yahoo log-in script at https://login.yahoo.com/config/login_verify2?&.src=ym Once the post is aborted, the headers can be viewed by examining any one of several available tools, and then copied & pasted into Intruder using Ctrl-V.)
Following the headers, and still under the positions tab, we must leave a blank line as this is how the http protocol differentiates the request header from the body. The form fields can be gleaned from viewing the Yahoo log-in source code but I am including them here also:
.u=ei8kcsuh4r3uch&.v=0&.challenge=iBybdEs0ZTlf_gmb _khbIWMIn67j&.emailCode=
&email@example.com=$p asswd$&.persistent=y&.save=Sign+In
The most relevant fields here are the email address, which is assigned to the "login" field, (thaihoney28.yahoo.com in the above example), and the "passwd" field which denotes the login password and which I have enclosed in dollar signs. Burp Intruder will actually use a special symbol, and not dollar signs, when you click on the Add "$" button on the right side of the panel. You can put anything you want between these symbols because Intruder will systematically replace everything therein with the payloads and once it starts sending the requests.
The payloads tab is thus used to specify our password list. These can be defined a number of ways but the easiest is to select preset list and then clicking the load button and specifying an ascii password list with conventional CR/LF separators.
The salient feature of the options tab is to delineate the server responses which will be grepped by Intruder and displayed in the output box. In the case of Yahoo, if the password is no good, you will receive both "error" and "not found" strings in the response body for the first few dozen attempts. After about 10 to 30 failed attempts, Yahoo gets suspicious and requires ye olde image verification characters. These can be identified by adding "in the image below" to the grep/match listbox. But there's not much you can do about these ultimately, at least not as far as I know.
If, however, the password is guessed correctly, then Intruder will display a 302 status code (http redirect) which redirects to the target's mailbox. The grep function (grep tab) can be used to identify specific strings from the login page or the results view can be sorted by clicking on the status colum header so as to display 302's on top, thus identifying a successful login. (There are probably other ways to signal a hit but the most effective way that I have found of of acting on positive outcomes is to modify Portswigger's java source code, as explained in the next paragraph.)
Now, the caveats. Portswigger has time-throttled the Java class file in the demo version and the submissions are intolerably slow. Don't expect to crack any Yahoo email boxes using it. So you have a choice here: (1) Buy into Portswigger for a couple of hundred pounds, (chump change for a hacker, right? he he) or (2) Buy "The Web Application Hackers Handbook" and get Java source code which can be modified to circumvent the time throttling, as well as custom notification of successful hits. If there is enough interest in this article, I will consider writing another article explaining how to do this.
While not successful ultimately against the big boys like Yahoo, Burp Suite is one fine tool in the pentester's toolbox and will succeed with many other targets. Many kudos to its author(s).
All ideas about all this are welcomed.
Your humble servant, Whistler.
Very nice.. Though I'm not sure if a lot are actually using BURPSUITE..
It is one of the most useful tools in my toolbox..
Being a non-coder myself. I would appreciate the time throttling tutorial..
THe burpsuite was in bt3 and is also included in bt4. Its a very valuable tool.
I'd splurge on the pro version if you can afford it as the built-in active/passive scanner is amazing.
Just my 0.02p
"The goal of every man should be to continue living even after he can no longer draw breath."
Really nice and informative post.
Any chance you are still considering writing the time-throttling tutorial?
It would be greatly appreciated by this newbie!


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Future Perfect
Catherine Middleton, HRH The Duchess of Cambridge
Breathtaking in Sarah Burton for Alexander McQueen. Sheer perfection. Simple elegance, dramatic but not ostentatious, chic. The symbol of a modern monarchy.
Rating: 5 carriages
Prince Albert II of Monaco and Miss Charlene Wittstock
Coatdresses were the uniform for a lot of the visiting royal guests, and so were the cool, pale tones. This one on Moncao's future princess is quiet, simple, and easy. Nice shoes. Decent hat.
Rating: 3 carriages
Modern Jewelry's New Cutting Edge


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Simple one really, what's occupying your ipods/ears at the moment?
I've rekindled my love for anything Peter Doherty and The Libertines, Babyshambles, Carl Barat etc.
I've also obtained a load of ska and punk stuff like The Special, Sex Pistols, The Clash, Laurel Aitken and Toots and The Maytals.
What you listening to?


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Music Nov 19, 2013
Japan's juke scene gears up to go foot to foot with Chicago
by Arni Kristjansson
I am at Battle Train Tokyo, the first official footwork dance tournament in Japan. It's being held at Kata, a gallery in the capital's Ebisu district. Sixteen dancers have signed up in the hope of becoming Japan's footwork champion, which comes with a ¥50,000 ...


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Thailand • Hong Kong • Germany
Research at Thayer School is advancing innovation in three focus areas:
Engineering at Dartmouth is non-departmental and most projects crosscut traditional engineering disciplines to address critical human needs. Projects are searchable by focus area and by discipline.
Optics and Photonics News, Optical Society of America
May 1, 2010
By Yvonne Carts-Powell
Jifeng Liu in "The beginning of truly integrated lasers?"
© 2017 Trustees of Dartmouth College.All rights reserved.


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Today is Tuesday, July 2, the 183rd day of 2013. There are 182 days left in the year.
Today's highlight:
On July 2, 1963, President John F. Kennedy met Pope Paul VI at the Vatican, the first meeting between a Catholic U.S. chief executive and the head of the Roman Catholic Church.
On this date:
In 1776, the Continental Congress passed a resolution saying that "these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States."
In 1812, Connecticut Gov. Roger Griswold declared his state's militia would not serve in the war against Britain, reflecting New Englanders' opposition to the conflict.
In 1881, President James A. Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau at the Washington railroad station; Garfield died the following September. (Guiteau was hanged in June 1882.)
In 1926, the United States Army Air Corps was created.
In 1937, aviator Amelia Earhart and navigator Fred Noonan disappeared over the Pacific Ocean while attempting to make the first round-the-world flight along the equator.
In 1943, Bing Crosby and the Ken Darby Singers recorded "Sunday, Monday or Always" for Decca Records.
In 1961, author Ernest Hemingway shot himself to death at his home in Ketchum, Idaho.
In 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed into law a sweeping civil rights bill passed by Congress.
In 1973, actress Betty Grable, 56, died in Santa Monica, Calif.
In 1982, Larry Walters of San Pedro, Calif., used a lawn chair equipped with 45 helium-filled weather balloons to rise to an altitude of 16,000 feet; he landed eight miles away in Long Beach.
In 1997, actor James Stewart died in Beverly Hills, Calif., at age 89.
In 2002, American adventurer Steve Fossett became the first person to fly a balloon solo around the world as he returned to western Australia.
Ten years ago: Palestinian police marched into Bethlehem, taking control of the ancient West Bank city after Israel withdrew under a U.S.-backed peace plan. Vancouver, B.C., was awarded the 2010 Winter Olympics.
Five years ago: Colombian military spies tricked leftist rebels into freeing 15 hostages: Ex-presidential candidate Ingrid Betancourt, three U.S. military contractors, and 11 Colombian policemen and soldiers. Police in Randolph, Vt., unearthed the body of 12-year-old Brooke Bennett from a makeshift grave, ending a weeklong search. (The girl's uncle, Michael Jacques, has pleaded not guilty to rape and murder.)
One year ago: Jim Yong Kim began his new job as president of the World Bank, promising to immediately focus on helping poor countries navigate a fragile global economy. The U.S. Justice Department said British drugmaker GlaxoSmithKline would pay $3 billion in fines for criminal and civil violations involving 10 drugs taken by millions of people.
Associated Press


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Thursday, November 15, 2007
Women's Soccer 2007 Season in Review
Brevard, N.C.
– The Brevard College women's soccer team showed their youth and lack of depth at times, but continued to improve and make huge strides throughout the 2007 season, finishing with four victories on the year.
Like every other varsity team at Brevard College, the women's soccer team faced a tough schedule with the majority of the opponents being NCAA Division II members, including the eight South Atlantic Conference teams in which BC faced because of the fact that the Tornados are in their last season as provisionary members of the SAC.
Head Coach Liz Stojetz's young squad, which did not have a single senior on the roster, battled hard throughout the 2007 season, dealing with a number of injuries as many players showed their heart and determination playing injured for most of the season.
The Tornados increased their win total from last season by one win, picking up four wins and what proved to be a very challenging 2007 season. Of the four wins by BC, two came on the road while the other two came at home. The Tornados started off on the right track, defeating Lees-McRae College, 2-1, in the first game of the season. BC would then pick up their next win only a week later, as they shutout Warren Wilson College for the 1-0 victory. Coach Stojetz's squad went on to pick up a win at North Greenville, a thrilling 1-0 overtime victory on the road. Brevard's last win was a 2-1 victory over Converse College in Spartanburg, S.C.
The Tornados had a balanced offensive attack, as eight different players scored at least one goal on the season for BC. Junior Carrilea Potter (Sylva, N.C.) and freshman Cherie Haseltin (Marietta, Ga.) led the Tornados with three goals apiece on the year. Sophomore Kelly Harris (Hendersonville, N.C.) led the team in assists with three for the season.
Sophomore goalkeeper Sydney Douglas (Houston, TX.) played in between the posts in 19 games for the Tornados, as she collected 141 saves for the season, while recording three shutouts on the year.
With all the players set to return for the 2008 season, the Tornados will look to build on 2007, which had a lot of positive and exciting points throughout the year. Head Coach Stojetz and Brevard College will look to use their experience to help stabilize their foundation for a women's soccer program that shows a lot of potential for the future of the Tornados.


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Performances, Special Events, Concerts
Matthew Aucoin -- Orpheus
Orchestral Performance
Members $10, nonmembers $15
Saturday, June 7, 2014 from 8pm - 9:30pm
Reservations are closed. Limited number of tickets may be available at the door
Location: East India Marine Hall
Join the Encounters Ensemble and PEM Composer-in-Residence Matthew Aucoin as they explore the myth of Orpheus - on Earth and in the underworld as he searches for his beloved Eurydice. The ancient Greek tale has inspired multiple musical and poetic interpretations, from tragic to comic. At PEM, enjoy selections from C.W. Gluck's opera Orfeo ed Euridice (1762) as well as Orphically inspired music and poetry. The evening also features the premiere of The Orphic Moment, Aucoin's new piece for countertenor (Anthony Roth Costanzo, acclaimed for his work with New York's Metropolitan Opera), solo violin (Rachel Lee Priday) and chamber ensemble.
Featuring a mix of imaginative staging, original contemporary composition and sophisticated performance, the enemble explores the boundaries of classical music.
Listen to a sample of Bach from Aucoin's concert at PEM in spring 2013.
Read what Aucoin says inspired his new piece for violin and countertenor and listen as PEM staffers take a musical journey into the myth of Orpheus and the rise of Met Opera star Anthony Roth Constanzo.
Photo by John Andrews/Social Palates.


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And The 'X Factor' winner is...
Meet the new winner of "The X Factor"!
The season 3 champ was crowned on Thursday's results show.
Early on it was revealed that finalist Carlito Olivero placed third, leaving Alex & Sierra andJeff Gutt still in contention for the top prize.
And the winner is…
Alex & Sierrra!
The couple, scoring a $1 million Sony recording contract, wiped tears from their eyes as they emotionally sang "Say Something" once more.
Check out video of the winning moment below!.
This marks the second win for mentor Simon Cowell, after coming out on top withMelanie Amaro in the inaugural season.
What do you think of the results?
The Winner is revealed ~ The X Factor USA 2013 by HumanSlinky
Photo Credit Getty Images


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'Tallinder practiced but isn't sure he's ready to return during Buffalo's two-game road trip, which concludes at the New York Islanders on Saturday. "It doesn't feel great but it doesn't feel bad," Tallinder said. "We'll see how it feels tomorrow, but it was a step forward today."'
Sabres' Hecht ready to return; Tallinder questionable
January 25, 2007 Submitted by
Via: AP


text:
LAKEWOOD - Children visiting the Department of Children and Family Services used to have to wait in a room with broken furniture and equipment.
Now, thanks to a $10,000 prize from Ikea, the Lakewood office of the DCFS has undergone a significant upgrade - complete with a flat-screen TV, new Blue Ray DVD player and DVDs and a Wii video console and games.
Officials celebrated the unveiling of the waiting room Thursday.
"It's really exciting that something so good came out of an application," said Tracy Souder, a former DCFS intern who submitted the Ikea application.
"It's great to know the kids have a safe and fun place they can go when they are going through such a difficult time. It went from such a dismal place to a beautiful, colorful room that kids can enjoy."
Last December, Ikea's Carson store issued its Life Improvement Challenge to win $10,000 in Ikea products and supplies for a design makeover.
Roberta Thomas, a supervising children's social worker at the Lakewood office, rallied her social work interns from Cal State Long Beach to gather the needed votes to redesign the room.
The interns' campaign generated 2,800 votes - and the $10,000 prize. The DCFS application was chosen from hundreds submitted to Ikea to win the award.
"This award from Ikea was the result of incredible teamwork and collaboration with DCFS staff from all offices voting, as well as friends and family," Thomas said. "Our Cal State Long Beach interns have maintained the children's room for over seven years, and this award is due, in large part, to their efforts over the years to find resources for the children."
A lack of funds made it impossible to purchase new equipment and furniture for the room, so interns cleaned and maintained the room for more than seven years.
The goal of the upgrade is for children to feel safe in an environment with people they've only known a short time, said Jamie Estrada, a supervising children's social worker at the Lakewood office.
"Prior to the Ikea donation ... the children's room was inadequate, so it was really hard for staff to feel comfortable to have the children in there," he said.
Among the items donated were new built-in cabinets, a new sink, flat-screen TV, new Blue Ray DVD player and DVDs, a Wii video console and games, rugs, couches, tables, cribs, a baby changing table and toys worth $15,000.
"It means a lot that we could be able to help, substantially, organizations in our community," said Jessica Azerrad, local marketing specialist at Ikea Carson. "Everybody at this location got together and were happy to help for a worthy cause. It means so much to us to be able to help someone like this."
email@example.com, 562-714-2141, twitter.com/PamelaHaleBurns


text: OverviewBack to top Ultimate Nutrition - Platinum Series Muscle Juice Revolution 2600 Strawberry - 11.1 lbs. Item# :114561UPC# :099071002372 Brand:Ultimate Nutrition Size/Form:11.10 lbs. Ship Weight:11.90 Servings:19 Dosage:4 Scoop(s) Flavor:Strawberry Ultimate Nutrition - Platinum Series Muscle Juice Revolution 2600 Strawberry - 11.1 lbs. (5.04 kg) Ultimate Nutrition Muscle Juice Revolution 2600 is the ULTIMATE weight gainer on the market. Ultimate Nutrition's Muscle Juice Revolution 2600 features 56 grams of protein in the exclusive Octo-PRO Protein blend that combines 8 key proteins. Ultimate Nutrition's Muscle Juice Revolution 2600 contains 170 grams of time release carbohydrates to aid in carbohydrate digestion time to minimize bloating. In addition to the precursors to glutamine present in Ultimate Nutrition's Muscle Juice Revolution 2600 protein, each serving of 1000 mg of glutamine includes the breakthrough L-alanyl-L-glutamine. Ultimate Nutrition's Muscle Juice Revolution 2600 is a powerful dipeptide that may protect against muscle degradation and provide fuel for exercise to help you go the distance. Take 2 servings of Ultimate Nutrition's Muscle Juice Revolution 2600 a day as directed with milk and you will receive 2600 more calories and 148 more grams of protein to help you exceed your weight gaining goals. A protein blend like Ultimate Nutrition's Muscle Juice Revolution 2600 consisting of multiple sources of protein is superior to any single-protein source for sustained time release nutritional support. Whey proteins such as hydrolysate isolate and concentrate give your body a surge of amino acids immediately after you consume them. These proteins are great for lean muscle growth. This is when the mid-release proteins take over. Egg protein is considered the perfect source of protein because it is complete in essential amino acids, branch chain amino acids, and glutamic acid. It is completely and easily absorbed by the body. Proteins, such as micellar casein, calcium caseinate, and milk protein concentrate take much longer to digest. They are considered to be the extended release proteins which give the body more time to fully digest and absorb their nutrients.Ultimate Nutrition's Muscle Juice Revolution 2600 formula also offers an exciting new addition to the carbohydrate world: Karbo-lyn. This product was invented for the sole purpose of carbohydrate loading. It was designed for elite athletes looking for a fast, easy, and high performance way to load the muscle with accessible muscle glycogen. This high- tech carbohydrate passes through the stomach very quickly; 80% faster than dextrose or sugar. It acts like a pump, pulling water and nutrients along with it. Glutamine is the ultimate anti-catabolic that prevents muscle wasting and lessens the degree of muscle damage and soreness. It helps the body to secrete its own growth hormone which trigger's the release of IGF-1 (Insulin Growth Factor 1). This helps increase lean body mass. Glutamine also neutralizes lactic acid burn in your muscles by releasing plasma bicarbonate, allowing you to work out longer and stronger. It increases nitrogen balance to help you stay in a positive balance for optimal muscle growth. About Ultimate NutritionUltimate Nutrition was founded in 1979 by Victor H. Rubino. At the time Victor was one of the top amateur power lifters in the United States. Driven by a goal to become the best, Victor knew that supplements were the key to improving his performance through increased strength and faster recovery. Not satisfied with the current supplements that were available to him the 1970's and being a biochemist himself, Victor decided to launch his own company Ultimate Nutrition. Victor's goal was to create high quality, thoroughly researched products at an affordable price for everyone. In the late 1970's and early 1980's Ultimate Nutrition was among the first companies to have Amino Acid tablets, protein powders, carbohydrate powders, and various types of Fat Burners. By the late 1980's and early 1990's Ultimate Nutrition launched several legendary products such as Sports Energizer, an electrolyte fueled ready to drink beverage that came in 10 flavors and in a glass bottle. By the mid 1990's Ultimate Nutrition again was on the cutting edge as Ultimate Nutrition was one of the first companies to come out with Whey Protein powder in a bottle. Today, Ultimate Nutrition continues to excel with a wide range of products including Iso Mass Xtreme Gainer, ProStar Whey, Muscle Juice 2544, GlutaPure, Protein Isolate, Iso Sensation 93, Amino 2000, Ultra Ripped, Horse Power, and now Hyper Start. Hyper Start is a revolutionary condensed pre-workout supplement designed to increase energy, endurance, and stamina, resulting in increased strength and muscle building gains. Sadly, Victor Rubino passed away in March 2003 at 48 years young. However, Ultimate Nutrition is still owned and operated by the Rubino family to this day. Ultimate Nutrition's commitment to Victor's vision remains the same, to create high quality, highly researched products at an affordable price for everyone.


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UIT Help Center
- Chat Live Chat
- Email email@example.com
- Submit a help form
- Call 713-743-1411
- Visit the Tech Commons
Policies and Guidelines
Wireless Access PolicyPurpose
To insure that wireless network access is secure.Scope
All University of Houston wireless network devices.Guidelines
- The wireless router or access point administration interface must be secure. The default password must be changed to be compliant with the UH Strong Password standard. Guest access or accounts should be disabled.
- The SSID should be changed to conform to the location of the access point. Use the official building abbreviation followed by an underscore, then the room number of the access point. For example PGH_207 would be Phillip G. Hoffman room 207.
- At least 128 bit encryption must be enabled on the access point. If possible, utilize WPA encryption instead of WEP.
- Wireless administration should be disabled. Access points should only be administered via a wired connection.
- All UH wireless access point devices must be registered and authorized with IT. IT regularly performs building-to-building assessments to detect unauthorized wireless access point devices.
- Confidential and sensitive personal information is prohibited from being transmitted over UH wireless network devices unless an encryption method such as Virtual Private Network (VPN) is utilized.
- Utilize non-overlapping channels. For example, if two access points are near each other, fix one to broadcast on channel 6 and one to broadcast on channel 11.
- Plan for access points to have no more than 25 users each.
- Force 30-minute or 60-minute re-authentication for all users.
- Continuously monitor the network performance for changes in performance, and report any anomalies immediately to the UH help desk.


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'"Without that, I don't know that we would've had the same level of confidence," Regier said inside HSBC Arena about Enroth's late-season performance. "But he came in and played the way he played, had the record he had with Ryan being injured. (It) really gave him and gave us a lot of confidence in him."'
Sabres ink Enroth to two-year deal
July 22, 2011 Submitted by
Via: Niagara Gazette


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The fecal fat test measures the amount of fat in the stool, which helps estimate the percentage of dietary fat that the body does not absorb.
How the Test is Performed
Adults and children:
There are many ways to collect the samples. You can catch the stool on plastic wrap that is loosely placed over the toilet bowl and held in place by the toilet seat. Then put the sample in a clean container. One test kit supplies a special toilet tissue that you use to collect the sample, then put the sample in a clean container.
Infants and young children:
For children wearing diapers, you can line the diaper with plastic wrap. If the plastic wrap is positioned properly, you can prevent mixing of urine and stool. Preventing such mixing can give a better sample.
Collect all stool that is released over a 24-hour period (or sometimes 3 days) in special containers. Label the containers with name, time, and date, and send them to the laboratory.
How to Prepare for the Test
Eat a normal diet containing about 100 grams of fat per day for 3 days before starting the test. The health care provider may ask you to stop using substances that can affect test results, such as drugs or food additives.
How the Test Will Feel
The test involves only normal bowel movements. There is no discomfort.
Why the Test is Performed
This test evaluates fat absorption to tell how well the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and intestines are working.
Fat malabsorption can cause a change in your stools called steatorrhea. To absorb fat normally, the body needs bile from the gallbladder (or liver if the gallbladder has been removed), enzymes from the pancreas, and normal intestines.
Normal Results
Less than 7 grams of fat per 24 hours.
What Abnormal Results Mean
Decreased fat absorption may be caused by:
- Biliary cancer
- Biliary stricture
- Celiac disease
- Chronic pancreatitis
- Crohn's disease
- Cystic fibrosis
- Gallstones (cholelithiasis)
- Pancreatic cancer
- Pancreatitis
- Radiation enteritis
- Short bowel syndrome (e.g., from surgery or an inherited problem)
- Sprue
- Whipple's disease
There are no risks.
Factors that interfere with the test are:
- Enemas
- Laxatives
- Mineral oil
Hogenauer C, Hammer HF. Maldigestion and malabsorption. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Sleisenger MH, eds. Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: SaundersElsevier; 2010:chap 101.
Semrad CE, Powell DW. Approach to the patient with diarrhea and malabsorption. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2011:chap 142.
Review Date: 9/2/2012
Reviewed By: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc.