text:
Ballentyne, N.C. - The Tornados women's golf team finished up the Dana Rader Intercollegiate Tournament on Tuesday afternoon as all three individuals improved on their first round scores to complete a successful tournament.
Alisiya Klochkova improved 12 strokes on her first round total, recording an 80 in the second round to finish with a two-round score of 172 to finish tied for 22nd overall in the tournament.
Ashley Allen also improved on her first round score, reducing her total by 36 strokes, while Rebecca Schoonover also lowered her score as Brevard completed their first action of the 2011 spring season.
The Tornados take to the links next on Monday, March 14th, at nearby Glen Cannon Country Club as they take on Montreat College in a two-day event.


text:
I never thought I'd fall for a person like him. ...
My Brother's Best Friend | Calum Hood
- by arcticcliffords
- Rating:
- Published: 22 Nov 2015
- Updated: 3 Aug 2016
- Status: Complete
One call could change a lot of this. A single call could mean you have a baby in your family, or it could mean you lost a family member, or it could mean your going to miss an upcoming football game or UFC fight. But in this case, my one call... basically changed my entire life. I now know who I'm in love with... but I also know he's the one who will shatter my heart in millions of pieces.
Join MovellasFind out what all the buzz is about. Join now to start sharing your creativity and passion
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Optimisation fuel is used to control the amount of work the optimiser does.
Every optimisation step consumes a certain amount of fuel and stops when it runs out of fuel. This can be used e.g. to debug optimiser bugs: Run the optimiser with varying amount of fuel to find out the exact number of steps where a bug is introduced in the output.
data OptFuelState Source
type FuelConsumer a = OptimizationFuel -> (a, OptimizationFuel)Source
class Monad m => FuelUsingMonad m whereSource
fuelGet :: m OptimizationFuelSource
fuelSet :: OptimizationFuel -> m ()Source
lastFuelPass :: m StringSource
setFuelPass :: String -> m ()Source
fuelExhausted :: FuelUsingMonad m => m BoolSource
fuelDec1 :: FuelUsingMonad m => m ()Source
tryWithFuel :: FuelUsingMonad m => a -> m (Maybe a)Source
runFuelIO :: OptFuelState -> FuelUniqSM a -> IO aSource
runInfiniteFuelIO :: OptFuelState -> FuelUniqSM a -> IO aSource
fuelConsumingPass :: String -> FuelConsumer a -> FuelUniqSM aSource
data FuelUniqSM a Source
liftUniq :: UniqSM x -> FuelUniqSM xSource


text:
Minnesota Geocaching Association
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Travel Bug Beffudlement
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Joined: 21 Aug 2005
Posts: 7
Posted: Sun Nov 13, 2005 12:19 pm
Post subject: Travel Bug Beffudlement
On a recent visit to my local Caribou Coffee Shop I spotted a Caribou Coffee Card in the form of a key ring and immediately thought; "Great Travel Bug!". I funded the card and sent it on it's mission "to spread friendship across the land". That bug was picked up yesterday and dropped today - without the carrier upholding the TB's mission. Do people not look at the TB description/mission? Is my behaviour so far outside of that expected so as to be completely unexpected?!?!?! I'm not going to give up on this idea . . . . just yet.
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Joined: 13 Feb 2005
Posts: 222
Posted: Sun Nov 13, 2005 1:11 pm
Post subject:
Different cachers react to TBs differently. Some always follow the mission if they can, some never do, some pick up the TB planning to follow the mission, but then they don't get around to it and they finally just move the bug along. Other cachers like to rack up numbers and will pick up a bug from one place and drop it somewhere else as quickly as they can.
The world of TBs is pretty random, and your bugs are at the mercy of a bundle of factors. Put them out, watch what happens. I'm always hopeful that I'll get an interesting, funny, or enlightening log when my bugs move, and every once in awhile I do. It's worth the wait.
Your TB is an interesting idea, but it's not entirely clear from the TB description that the card is active. Maybe the finder didn't realize what he had. For what it's worth, I've I get my hands on this TB, I'll be at the nearest Carabou in no time.
Rubbertoes (a.k.a. Coffee Mug)
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Joined: 18 Nov 2004
Posts: 194
Posted: Sun Nov 13, 2005 1:20 pm
Post subject:
Matilda444 wrote:
it's mission "to spread friendship across the land". That bug was picked up yesterday and dropped today - without the carrier upholding the TB's mission. Do people not look at the TB description/mission?
I think what probably happens most of the time is:
people load a bunch of caches in the GPSr and go out not really knowing what they will find....I was guilty of this myself before I started using my Palm with the cache info on it.
Or...people loaded a bunch of geocaches in for an area they were heading and only got to some of them....at a later date they were nearby and noticed the waypoint nearby on their GPSr so they just "winged it".......I was also guilty of this before using the Palm and actually wasted a lot of time searching for 3 different caches that I later found out had been disabled.
Or... sometimes..it may just be a case of someone fairly new to the sport that hasn't grasped the concept of the Travel Bug yet
I think that probably most of us that have travel bugs out there have had a similar experience or worse......PEOPLE JUST STEAL THEM AND DON'T LOG THEM
NOTE: this should probably be moved to the Travel Bugs thread
Everyone has a photographic memory..some, like me, just don't have any film.
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Past MnGCA Board
Joined: 30 Nov 2003
Posts: 1846
Posted: Sun Nov 13, 2005 2:02 pm
Post subject:
Unless the mission is written on the TB I don't necessarily know what it is until after I get home. On a long day of caching I may pick several TBs write their numbers down, and drop them the same day in a different cache. Other times, I may hold them for a week or two until drop them. So don't fret. Someone will read it and use it right.
Airborne All the Way!
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Moe the Sleaze
Joined: 10 Jan 2003
Posts: 1159
Posted: Sun Nov 13, 2005 4:41 pm
Post subject:
I think this is a very clever and generous idea for a travel bug! However, as a non-coffee drinker, I would also probably just move it on to another cache without using it.
"Hi, I'm Moe, or as the women know me - Hey! You in the bushes."
-Moe, The Simpsons
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Marsha and Silent Bob
Past MnGCA President
Joined: 02 Sep 2003
Posts: 6261
Posted: Sun Nov 13, 2005 5:15 pm
Post subject:
Now if it was for a free 20 oz Diet Cherry Vanilla Dr. Pepper he might have other ideas
Sad state of affairs.
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Moe the Sleaze
Joined: 10 Jan 2003
Posts: 1159
Posted: Sun Nov 13, 2005 7:15 pm
Post subject:
Marsha and Silent Bob wrote:
Now if it was for a free 20 oz Diet Cherry Vanilla Dr. Pepper he might have other ideas
Or Guinness!
"Hi, I'm Moe, or as the women know me - Hey! You in the bushes."
-Moe, The Simpsons
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Past MnGCA Board
Joined: 30 Jun 2005
Posts: 1790
Posted: Sun Nov 13, 2005 10:46 pm
Post subject:
I'm like a lot of you, I don't know what the mission is until I get home, I don't go to a cache looking for a TB, and I don't look to see if a TB is in the cache before I go. I suggest putting the mission on a laminated card attached to the chain that the TB is on.
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ice tres
Joined: 16 Aug 2005
Posts: 97
Posted: Mon Nov 14, 2005 2:41 pm
Post subject:
Just be happy it was picked up
and dropped in another cache
within a day -- I wouldn't worry about anything else.
Our enemies are innovative and resourceful, and so are we. They never stop thinking about new ways to harm our country and our people, and neither do we." -President Bush
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Past MnGCA Board
Joined: 26 Nov 2002
Posts: 1270
Posted: Mon Nov 14, 2005 2:51 pm
Post subject:
Topic moved to Travel Bugs forum.
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Joined: 02 Nov 2004
Posts: 576
Posted: Fri Nov 18, 2005 8:10 pm
Post subject:
Moe the Sleaze wrote:
Marsha and Silent Bob wrote:
Now if it was for a free 20 oz Diet Cherry Vanilla Dr. Pepper he might have other ideas
Or Guinness!
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King Boreas
Joined: 16 Dec 2002
Posts: 2463
Posted: Mon Dec 26, 2005 8:24 am
Post subject:
I have the travel bug, and I drink coffee. Now if I can just catch up to that Caribou to order a cup.
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Past MnGCA Board
Joined: 17 Oct 2003
Posts: 443
Posted: Sun Jan 22, 2006 8:27 pm
Post subject:
I can garentee (sp) that if I find it, it will be used and I will be happy.
Save the earth.
It's the only planet with chocolate.
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text:
Livtel x Disney Licensed Finding Dory 5000 mAh PowerBank with LED indicators and Reversible Micro-USB cable (Dory Destiny / Pipe Pals)
Tags / Destiny / Disney / Frozen / Hamee / Livtel x / Multicolor / Official Disney / Power Banks
- HIGH CAPACITY: 5000 mAh for charging your smart devices multiple times
- DUAL USB PORTS: 2 USB ports to charge smartphonesÊ
- BATTERY INDICATION: Four LED lights for battery level indication (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%)
- CIRCUIT SAFETY: Incorporated with a unique port-level protection system that shuts down in the event of over voltage, over current, over heating or short circuits to prevent any damage to your devices. This product is BIS certified.
- AMAZING DESIGNS: These powerbanks have special high quality printing on the surface.
- HIGH QUALITY: Our Printing technology results in high resolution designs that are permanently embedded, ensuring no peeling, chipping or wearing off, ever!
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License


text:
rumour Google negotiating $ 1 billion purchase of WhatsApp
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Man's Best Friend
March 26th, 2013
On Tuesday, March 26 @ 7 pm, Lynne Gartenhaus from C4H, Companions for Heroes, will give a presentation on how soldiers and first responders can heal through the unconditional love of dogs and other pets. C4H was founded by a soldier, Dave Sharpe, deployed in 2001 with the U.S. Air Force Security Forces. After a life threatening confrontation with a Taliban sympathizer plus additional incidents, his ordeal with PTSD began. His violence, anxiety and other symptoms went undiagnosed for eight years. When he was introduced to a rescued pit bull puppy, his healing began. Time Magazine featured a story about C4H.
C4H's purpose is not only to help soldiers, but police officers, firefighters, and other first responders recover from the effects of PTSD and similar disorders. Sharpe's hope is that C4H will aid them in their recovery while at the same time saving our nation's shelter and rescued animals. Join us at the Elkton Central Library to hear more and to meet a service dog in training.
Tags: c4h, Cecil County, companions for heroes, PTSD, service dogs


text:
5 items found in this collection
Foot washing, Holiness Temple #11, Camilla, Ga., 1983
Minister just prior to baptizing, First A.B. Church of Camilla, Ga., 1983 Aug.
Indoor baptism, First A.B. Church, Camilla, Ga., 1983 Aug.
Sunday morning church service. Camilla, Ga., 1984 Jan.
The Old Preacher At The First African Baptist Church Of Camilla Baptizing The Children
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Featured Promotion
Find out about exclusive discounts, rates and offers from M/I designed to build
your confidence and your savings.
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View our selection of ready-to-move-into quality homes, available in all stages
of completion - from framed to finished.
Upcoming Events
Find out when and where the latest open houses, new model homes and promotional
events are happening.


text:
Bookmark this site
BRUSSELS, Belgium -- The European Vending Association will conduct its General Meeting here on Dec. 13 and 14, and has scheduled a workshop for Dec. 14. The workshop's topic is "A European Strategy for Vending," continuing the discussion begun at EVA's "Image of Vending" workshop in 2010.
The association reports that there has been a growing demand for the EVA to lead a communication campaign promoting the image of vending as a value channel, and to take action to promote the growth of the industry. EVA now has completed a market study for 2010 and 2011, which provides sufficient market and consumer information to define a strategic plan for vending in the coming years.
"We will discuss how vending can be promoted to the end consumer, government agencies and stakeholders, by centralizing the message and making better use of the resources available at the EVA," an official explained. "In short, with all the knowledge and the technologies at hand, how do we move from Vending 2012 to Vending 2020?"
The Annual General Meeting will be held at the Thon Hotel Bristol Stephanie, with a reception and dinner on the evening of the 13th at Chalet Robison. Registration will open early in September.
The European Vending Association, established in 1994, represents the continent's vending industry before the supragovernmental bodies and institutions of the European Union. Its members include 20 national associations and more than 70 companies active in all industry segments.


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Louis Dog Pet Products
Louis Dog Pet Products
Shop our dog boutique for high end pet designer LouisDog clothes and accessories. Since 2001 LouisDog has been synonymous with cute, fun, trendy unique line of pet clothes, eco-friendly dog beds and much more. Especially popular with dog lovers are their designer beds which allow owners to pamper their pets. If you have a new female in your life youll want to pamper your puppy with a bed designed for a princess. If your pet likes to dress in style then look through the many stylish Louisdog clothes we have in stock and are ready to ship.
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Games for CYOE/CYOF and Star Wars Twilight will be held here.
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Come join, we have cookies!
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Love to roleplay? Wanna be part of the roleplaying scene? Then join The Roleplay Zone! All ideas for roleplays are accepted! The Roleplay Zone: For the Roleplayer in Everyone!
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text:
Bob Dylan Receives France's Legion of Honour Award
Bob Dylan has been awarded France's highest decoration, the Legion of Honour, for his contributions to culture and art as a musician and poet. Currently on tour in Europe, Dylan attended a brief ceremony in Paris where France's Minister of Culture and Communication, Aurélie Filippetti, presented him with the distinction. Dylan commented that he was "proud and grateful" for the honor, though had little else to say before his departure. Dylan was previously denied the award for past political stances and personal actions deemed unsuitable for the Legion of Honour.
(Bob Dylan wearing his Legion of Honor award with Aurélie Filippetti, France's Minister of Culture and Communication)
AV Blog Entry Type:


text:
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« 30th International Monte Carlo Circus Festival - 2006 | Enthronement of H.S.H Prince Albert II - July 12, 2005 »
Our communities encompass many different hobbies and interests, but each one is built on friendly, intelligent membership.
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Our Automotive communities encompass many different makes and models. From U.S. domestics to European Saloons.
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But store up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where moths and vermin do not destroy, and where thieves do not break in and steal. Matt. 6: 20 The graveyard at Christian Bend First Baptist Church was littered with plastic flowers. It was as if the dead were sponsoring a yard sale for florists. If the [Read More…]
An Encounter Beyond the Grave
June 5, 2013 by Leave a Comment


text:
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A completely drama-free place to chat about Bearville and Fantage. Join today for fun, games, fashion, friends, graphics, and so much more!
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Free forum : The 1st Forum for Professionals in the Tonsorial Arts
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text:
700-year-old poop found, still reeks
(NEWSER) – One of the biggest urban archaeological digs Denmark has ever seen has uncovered a lowly part of history. "We are talking about 700-year-old latrines. And yes, they still smell bad," an archaeologist explains. The team stumbled on what appears to be a 14th-century communal toilet area in the medieval town of Odense, unearthing a number of medieval barrels filled with human waste. And in case you were wondering, the poop the barrels contained was in "excellent condition," reports Discovery News, with the Copenhagen Post explaining that its "putrid odor" hadn't diminished over the centuries.
Read the full story on Newser.com


text:
Bringing Lessons in Low-carbon Innovation to Rio+20
Opportunities for low-carbon innovation are growing, driven by policy changes, market shifts, and continued growth in energy demand, particularly in developing countries. This Sunday in Rio de Janeiro, ahead of the UN's "Rio+20" Conference on Sustainable Development, C2ES will have a chance to share what it's learned about low-carbon innovation with partners from around the world.
With the Global Environment Facility (GEF), we will convene a panel of companies (Johnson Controls, DuPont), small-business innovators (from the Cleantech Open), and government and business representatives (from UNIDO and ABDI) to share stories and lessons from the front lines of clean-tech entrepreneurship. The event, to be held at the U.S. Center pavilion, will examine the keys to successful low-carbon innovation, and the benefits for climate mitigation and adaptation, energy security, resource efficiency, and job creation.
Evaluating Corporate Influence on the Climate Debate
Last week, the Union of Concerned Scientists released a new report, A Climate of Corporate Control: How Corporations Have Influenced the U.S. Dialogue on Climate Science and Policy. It's an important topic, as we know there are professional merchants of doubt whose sole purpose is to exaggerate scientific uncertainty on environmental issues where in fact the science is quite clear. As the report points out, we have seen this time and again with topics such as tobacco, leaded gasoline, SO2, asbestos, DDT, and now climate change.
Here's how the authors describe their aim: "…Ultimately, we seek a dialogue around climate science and policy that prioritizes peer-reviewed scientific information over the agendas of specialized interest groups." That's a goal we at C2ES certainly share. And toward that end, we'd encourage a somewhat more nuanced and realistic perspective on how companies behave and why. Let me explain.
Report Highlights Climate Change Risks to Key Gulf Coast Industries
Press Release
June 6, 2012
Contact: Rebecca Matulka, 703-516-4146, firstname.lastname@example.com
Report Highlights Climate Change Risks to Key Gulf Coast Industries
Recommends Steps to Reduce Impacts on Region's Energy and Fishing Sectors
Climate change is already having major impacts on the Gulf Coast region and action is needed to protect its vital industries from the likely impacts of continued warming, according to a new report from the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES).
The report, Impacts and Adaptation Options in the Gulf Coast, examines the risks that climate change poses to the region's energy and fishing industries, and to its residents and local governments. It concludes that climate impacts are already being felt across these sectors, and outlines measures that can be taken to adapt to the growing risks, reducing the region's vulnerability and the costs associated with future impacts.
The convergence of several geographical characteristics—an unusually flat terrain both offshore and inland, ongoing land subsidence, dwindling wetlands, and fewer barrier islands than along other coasts—make the Gulf Coast region especially vulnerable to climate change. Among the impacts and risks cited in the report:
- Over the past century, both air and water temperatures have been on the rise across the region;
- Rising ocean temperatures heighten hurricane intensity, and recent years have seen a number of large, damaging hurricanes;
- In some Gulf Coast locations, local sea level is increasing at over ten times the global rate, increasing the risk of severe flooding; and
- Saltwater intrusion from rising sea levels damages wetlands, an important line of coastal defense against storm surge and spawning grounds for commercially valuable fish and shellfish.
"Nowhere else in the U.S. do we see the same convergence of critical energy infrastructure and high vulnerability to climate change," said C2ES President Eileen Claussen. "These risks are not borne by the Gulf Coast alone. A major energy supply disruption, for instance, would be felt nationwide. We must respond on two fronts: We have to work harder to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions causing climate change. And we must take steps, in the Gulf Coast and elsewhere, to prepare for the impacts that can't be avoided."
The report's lead author is Hal Needham, a researcher at Louisiana State University's Southern Climate Impacts Planning Program (SCIPP) and an expert on hurricane storm surges in the Gulf Coast. The co-authors are David Brown, an assistant professor in LSU's Department of Geography and Anthropology, and Lynne Carter, associate director of SCIPP.
In their analysis of the Gulf Coast's energy industry, which comprises about 90 percent of the region's industrial assets, the authors found significant risks from hurricanes, sea level rise, rising temperatures and drought. The report noted the considerable damage the energy industry sustained from recent hurricanes in 2004, 2005 and 2008. Thirty percent of the nation's refineries are located in Texas and Louisiana, and Louisiana Offshore Oil Port in Port Fourchon is the country's only deep-water oil import facility. At its current elevation, Louisiana Highway 1, the only access to the port, is projected to be flooded 300 days a year by 2050.
For the region's other major industry, fishing, the report details major infrastructure risks, especially relating to coastal docking and fish processing. Fish and shellfish populations are also vulnerable to climate impacts, with a combination of warmer water, ocean acidification, and excessive runoff from the Mississippi River combining to increase the risk of large-scale changes in the Gulf ecosystem.
The authors emphasize that advance planning can reduce the region's vulnerability and the costs incurred from future climate impacts.
For the energy sector, adaptation strategies include learning from recent hurricanes to more rigorously assess vulnerabilities; strengthening design standards for drilling platforms and other infrastructure; and undertaking projects such as the planned raising of sections of Highway 1 to Port Fourchon. To reduce vulnerability in the fishing industry, options include strengthening docking facilities and other infrastructure subject to storm surges, and limiting fertilizer use upstream on the Mississippi River to reduce the incidence of hypoxia (oxygen-starved waters) in the Gulf.
"Climate change is already taking a toll on the Gulf Coast, but if we act now to become more resilient, we can reduce the risks, save billions in future costs, and preserve a way of life," said Needham. "The Gulf Coast is one of the first regions to feel the impacts of climate change. It only makes sense to be a first mover on climate adaptation as well."
About C2ES
The Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES) is an independent non-profit, non-partisan organization promoting strong policy and action to address the twin challenges of energy and climate change. Launched in November 2011, C2ES is the successor to the Pew Center on Global Climate Change, long recognized in the United States and abroad as an influential and pragmatic voice on climate issues. C2ES is led by Eileen Claussen, who previously led the Pew Center and is the former U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs.
Impacts and Adaptation Options in the Gulf Coast
Impacts and Adaptation Options in the Gulf Coast
June 2012
by Hal Needman, David Brown, and Lynne Carter
Download the full report (PDF)
The central and western U.S. Gulf Coast is increasingly vulnerable to a range of potential hazards associated with climate change. Hurricanes are high-profile hazards that threaten this region with strong winds, heavy rain, storm surge and high waves. Sea-level rise is a longer-term hazard that threatens to exacerbate storm surges, and increases the rate of coastal erosion and wetland loss. Loss of wetlands threatens to damage the fragile coastal ecosystem and accelerates the rate of coastal erosion.
These hazards threaten to inflict economic and ecological losses in this region, as well as loss of life during destructive hurricanes. In addition, they impact vital economic sectors, such as the energy and fishing industries, which are foundational to the local and regional economy. Impacts to these sectors are also realized on a national scale; Gulf oil and gas is used throughout the country to heat homes, power cars, and generate a variety of products, such as rubber and plastics, while seafood from the region is shipped to restaurants across the country.
This report reviews observed and projected changes for each of these hazards, as well as potential impacts and adaptation options. Information about the scale and relative importance of the energy and fishing industries is also provided, as well as insight into potential vulnerabilities of these industries to climate change. This report also identifies some adaptation options for those industries.
Climate Change's Impact on International Arctic Security
This blog post is cross-posted on the Center for New American Security's National Security blog.
Today we released a new report today titled Climate Change & National Security: The Arctic as a Bellwether. The lead author of the report is Dr. Rob Huebert, Associate Director of the Centre for Military and Strategic Studies at the University of Calgary.
Official military doctrine in the United States now holds that "climate change, energy security, and economic stability are inextricably linked." Nowhere is this linkage more clearly illustrated than in the Arctic, and that's why we think the region is a bellwether for how climate change may reshape global geopolitics in the post-Cold War era.
As the planet has warmed over the past few decades, temperatures in the Arctic have been increasing at about twice the global rate. And the Arctic sea ice cover has been shrinking much faster than scientists anticipated. The five smallest sea ice covers ever recorded have all occurred in the past five summers. As a result, the Northwest Passage through the Canadian Archipelago has opened up every summer since 2007, and the Northeast Passage along Russia's coastline has opened up every summer since 2008.
New Analysis Finds Climate Change Is Driving New Security Concerns In The Arctic
Press Release
May 1, 2012
Contact: Rebecca Matulka, 202-701-5032, email@example.com
New Analysis Finds Climate Change Is Driving New Security Concerns In The Arctic
Report Calls for Stronger Multilateral Mechanisms to Avert Potential Conflicts
Arctic melting driven by climate change is reshaping the geopolitics of the far North, and as governments respond with steps such as rebuilding their military capabilities, multilateral mechanisms must be strengthened to head off potential conflicts, according to a new analysis released today by the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES).
The report, Climate Change and International Security: The Arctic as a Bellwether, examines a recent spate of Arctic-related announcements and actions by circumpolar states, including the United States, Canada, Russia and several European countries. The emerging security issues in the Arctic, it concludes, could foreshadow climate change's broader influence on geopolitics globally in the post-Cold War era.
Temperatures are rising in the Arctic at about twice the global rate, and the decline in summer sea ice over the past decade is outpacing scientists' projections. The rapid melting is driving increased interest in new and expanded shipping routes, oil and gas exploration, and Arctic fisheries. In the five years since Russia planted its flag at the North Pole, Arctic states have issued a string of major policy announcements and begun reassessing and rebuilding their military capabilities in the region.
"The repositioning we see in the Arctic clearly demonstrates that climate change presents not only huge environmental and economic challenges, but national security challenges as well," said C2ES President Eileen Claussen, formerly Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs and Senior Director for Global Environmental Affairs at the National Security Council. "These emerging Arctic issues are unfortunately just a preview of the kinds of security challenges we'll see more of as the world warms."
The analysis was led by political scientist Rob Huebert, associate director of the Center for Military and Strategic Studies at the University of Calgary. Huebert's coauthors were Heather Exner-Pirot of the University of Saskatchewan, Adam Lajeunesse of the University of Calgary, and Jay Gulledge, senior scientist and director of the science and impacts program at C2ES. Heubert is presenting the report today at the Arctic Forum portion of the American Geophysical Union's Science Policy Conference 2012.
In their analysis of countries' announcements and actions since 2008, the report's authors found that while all support the goal of maintaining cooperative relations in the region, several have also made clear that they intend to defend their national interests there if necessary.
In policy statements, as well as multilateral actions and agreements, the Arctic countries have demonstrated a sincere desire for the region to be developed cooperatively and peacefully, the report says. For example, in the 2008 Ilulissat Declaration, the five coastal Arctic states—Canada, Denmark, Norway, Russia, and the United States—agreed to settle any territorial disputes under accepted principles of international law as they seek to extend their claims to Arctic territory.
On the other hand, the authors note, some countries are rebuilding military forces far beyond "constabulary" needs, such as policing waterways, and others are drawing up plans to. For example, Russia plans to build several new nuclear-powered submarines for fast attack or nuclear missile launch missions, and the Norwegian Air Force has announced plans to acquire 48 F-35 Joint Strike Fighters. "Consequently," the report says, "if political cooperation in the region should sour, most of the Arctic nations will have forces that are prepared to compete in a hostile environment."
One potential source of tensions is access to shipping routes through the Northwest Passage, through the Canadian archipelago, and the Northeast Passage, along Russia's coast. While the United States views freedom of the seas for navigation as a core interest in the Arctic, Canada and Russia, each with vastly more Arctic coastline than the United States, put stronger emphasis on territorial sovereignty.
To keep relations from veering toward conflict, the report calls for countries to move quickly to strengthen existing multilateral mechanisms. As a first step, it recommends that the Arctic Council, which includes all of the Arctic states, reconsider its existing prohibition on discussing military security issues. Otherwise, it warns, smaller groupings may emerge, and countries left out may feel threatened.
As another example, the report cites support by the Department of Defense for U.S. ratification of the Law of the Sea treaty, which provides a framework for resolving issues such as the delimitation of the continental shelf in the Arctic.
"The Arctic is a true bellwether on climate-related security issues," said lead author Huebert. "Arctic states should act quickly to reinforce multilateral mechanisms before resource competition and core national interests take center stage. And other countries should watch closely to learn from our successes or failures in managing this new breed of security challenge."
About C2ES
The Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES) is an independent non-profit, non-partisan organization promoting strong policy and action to address the twin challenges of energy and climate change. Launched in November 2011, C2ES is the successor to the Pew Center on Global Climate Change, long recognized in the United States and abroad as an influential and pragmatic voice on climate issues. C2ES is led by Eileen Claussen, who previously led the Pew Center and is the former U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs.
April 2012 Newsletter
Post-Durban and Pre-Election: The Climate Outlook
Remarks of Elliot Diringer, Executive Vice President of the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions
Deputy Minister's Speaker Series-Environment Canada
Ottawa, Canada
April 19, 2012
Watch a video of Mr. Diringer's remarks
I've been asked to talk today about the international picture – about where the U.N. climate negotiations might be headed after Durban. And I promise I will eventually work my way toward that topic.
But I'd like to start with some reflections on a few recent events in Washington–events that I think in many ways sum up where we stand in our struggle with climate change.
This past weekend, some of you might know, Washington celebrated its annual Cherry Blossom Festival. This was a special year – the festival's 100th anniversary. Tens of thousands of people from around the world joined in the festivities. There was only one problem: no cherry blossoms. They'd already come and gone – early – in fact, it was just about the earliest bloom in the century since the festival began. Washington was not the only place that experienced summer in March. Some 15,000 temperature records fell across the eastern half of the U.S. In parts of Canada, temperatures were higher in March than the previously recorded highs for April.
Now we all know that you can't really attribute any single event – like a blossom-less Cherry Blossom Festival–to global warming. But even among TV weathercasters, who are generally skeptical of climate change, its emerging influence is getting hard to ignore. Here's what Stu Ostro, chief meteorologist at The Weather Channel, had to say about the record heat: "While natural factors are contributing to this warm spell, given the nature of it and its context with other extreme weather events and patterns in recent years, there is a high probability that global warming is having an influence…"
My point is this: the impacts of climate change are being felt now–and, on our present course, they are certain to intensify. At some levels, this reality is beginning to sink in. As the Arctic sea ice begins to melt away, Canada, the United States, Russia and other Arctic states are very actively considering the implications for shipping, for resource development, and for security. Some are strengthening their military capabilities in the region. But in too many places–including here and in Washington–the growing risks of climate change are not yet real enough with the public, or with our political leaders, to drive the changes needed to avert the worst of them.
Twenty years after the first Rio summit–which launched the international climate effort–we are barely making a dent in the problem. Global leaders agreed in Copenhagen on a goal of limiting warming to 2 degrees Celsius. To meet that goal, according to most scenarios, global greenhouse gas emissions must peak by 2015. That's three years away. Instead, global emissions are projected to grow 17 percent by 2020, and 37 percent by 2035. Under that scenario, we could see average global temperatures rise 3 to 4 degrees by 2100.
So let me come back to Washington, and a second recent event: the latest step by the Obama administration to regulate greenhouse gases. The recession has significantly moderated U.S. emissions. They dropped 9 percent from 2007 to 2009. They're now rising again, but fairly slowly. In fact, current projections don't show emissions returning to 2005 levels until after 2035. But they would still likely be significantly higher in 2020 than the target pledged by the U.S. in Copenhagen.
Three years ago, you may recall, the goal was comprehensive legislation, including an economy-wide cap-and-trade program. A bill did pass the House, which was at the time controlled by the Democrats, but the effort fizzled in the Senate. The Republicans took control of the House in the next election–and a number of moderate Democrats who'd supported the bill were tossed out. Prospects for any major climate legislation in the near future are now generally put at nil.
So the only option open to the Administration is to regulate greenhouse gases under the federal Clean Air Act–and at the moment, it is proceeding cautiously. When it came to reducing emissions from cars and light trucks, the Administration was able to capitalize on a particular set of circumstances to deliver a genuine breakthrough. The automakers were already being pushed by California to lower emissions, and having just been rescued from bankruptcy by Washington, were more obliging than usual. The resulting rules – one already in place, the other pending–will increase the fuel economy of the average new vehicle from 30 miles a gallon today to 50 miles a gallon by 2025, avoiding some 3 billion metric tons of greenhouse emissions.
Now the Administration is turning its attention to stationary sources–starting with power plants. Last month, the Environmental Protection Agency proposed a rule to limit greenhouse gases from new power plants. Under the proposed rule, they could not exceed the level emitted by a natural gas combined cycle plant – the most efficient now available. Any new coal-fired plants would have to use carbon capture-and-storage, which could be phased in over time. The reality, though, is that with the natural gas boom there is virtually no talk of building new coal plants. So the rule would more or less lock in the direction things are projected to be heading anyway. The bigger question is what happens at existing power plants, which account for 40 percent of U.S. emissions. On that–or any other steps to control stationary sources – we're unlikely to hear anything at all out of EPA until after the November election.
This is, of course, a presidential election year, which helps explain the context for a third recent event in Washington–one that no doubt more of you will have heard about. I'm talking about the President's denial of a permit for the Keystone pipeline.
Those of you very familiar with the manmade geography of North America know that Keystone would be but one more addition to a vast network of pipelines linking our two countries. Insofar as it would continue our dependence on high-carbon fuels–something that's true of countless other investment decisions being made around the globe–Keystone is indeed worrisome. But given the global nature of the oil market, building or blocking Keystone is unlikely to have any significant impact on the price of gas, the U.S. job market, or greenhouse gas emissions. With or without Keystone, as long as oil prices remain high, the Canadian oil sands will continue to be developed, and that oil will reach market. If the real problem is, as I believe, our dependence on oil, then the real answers are reducing consumption and developing alternatives. Blocking Keystone does neither.
Yet with this being an election year; with the economy still struggling; with gasoline prices at record highs; with Keystone advocates promising jobs, cheaper gas and energy security; and with climate advocates rallying outside the White House, it's easy to see how Keystone has emerged as a symbolic flashpoint. The upshot for now is that a southern section of the pipeline, fully within the U.S., is proceeding, and the President has left the door open for a revised proposal for the upper, transboundary portion.
The political theatrics of the Keystone episode–with the president trying to punt the issue past the election, and Republicans in Congress forcing him to make a decision now, and the President managing to punt it anyway–underscore a troubling aspect of the climate and energy debate in the U.S.: like so many others, it has become increasingly partisan.
Which leads me to a fourth telling event recently in Washington: A group called Republicans for Environmental Protection took "Republican" out of its name. The group is now called ConservAmerica, a switch that its leaders say is aimed at better highlighting the conservative roots of conservation. Indeed, as far back as Teddy Roosevelt, some of America's greatest environmental achievements have come with Republicans in power. But Republican moderates are today a disappearing breed. Senator Olympia Snowe of Maine, one of the last remaining, announced her retirement recently. Looking back over her 33 years in Congress, she lamented that "an atmosphere of polarization and 'my may or the highway' ideologies has become pervasive in campaigns and in our governing institutions."
Even outside the hyper-partisan atmosphere of Washington, there is a clear partisan divide. Sixty-five percent of Democrats believe global warming is mainly caused by human activities, while among Republicans, it's only 36 percent. Most Americans generally support an all-of-the-above approach to energy. But here, too, there are clear partisan differences: while roughly 85 percent of Democrats favor more government money for wind and solar, as well as mandatory CO2 controls, 85 percent of Republicans favor opening more federal land to oil drilling.
So that is how things look right now. I imagine many of you are wondering how they might look after the election. And I'll get there. But for now, I'd like to put Washington aside for a moment and turn, as promised, to the international picture.
I think years from now, it is quite possible that we will look back at the UN climate conference last December in Durban as a critical turning point. The deal that was finally eked out there at 3 in the morning, 30 hours after the conference was supposed to end, delivers little in the way of concrete action. But it does open up some possibilities. I'd say it is a deal delicately poised between two eras in the evolving international climate regime–between the fading age of Kyoto, and a new phase beyond Kyoto, with developed and developing countries presumably on a more equal footing. What that phase might look like is at this stage very difficult to say.
Since the very start of the climate negotiations, there has been a tension between two different approaches: a top-down model with binding targets and timetables; and a bottom up approach called pledge-and-review, with countries undertaking voluntary efforts, and subject to some form of international review. Twenty years later, we've yet to choose between them. Right now, we are in fact pursuing both.
We've tried the top-down model, of course, in the form of the Kyoto Protocol. The theory there was that binding international commitments would drive domestic action. One might point to Canada as a clear exception in this case–or, perhaps, as proof that the whole theory is wrong. I, for one, think the truth likely lies somewhere in between. We're all familiar with the Kyoto critique: that it covers a small and shrinking share of global emissions, while leaving emerging economies like China and India free to emit all they want. Canada is the only country to have actually withdrawn from the protocol, but others like Russia and Japan have made abundantly clear for some time that they want nothing to do with it after 2012.
Now interestingly, even as Kyoto has been sputtering along, other things have been happening in the international regime. The 2009 Copenhagen summit, declared by many a failure because it didn't produce a binding agreement, did in fact produce an important political agreement, one calling for both developed and developing countries to pledge climate targets or actions for 2020. The Copenhagen Accord also called for a new climate fund for developing countries, and stronger transparency measures so parties could better keep tabs on one another. In another wee-hour episode, this one perhaps best forgotten, formal adoption of the accord was blocked in the final moments by a handful of parties. But a year later in Cancun, parties adopted all of its major elements and began implementing them. They were, in essence, creating a parallel framework that looks very much like pledge and review.
The upside is that so far, more than 80 countries have made explicit pledges for 2020. This includes, for the first time, all of the major economies, both developed and developing. The downside is that taken together these pledges fall far short of what's needed to put us on track for the 2-degree target adopted in Copenhagen, and again in Cancun.
For all its failings, the Kyoto Protocol retains enormous symbolism around the globe as the first and only binding commitments to fight climate change. And going into Durban, many developing countries were adamant that if there was to be any deal there, Kyoto's survival had to be part of it. While Canada and others were saying count us out, Europe said it might well be willing to take a new Kyoto target, but on one condition: that parties launch a new round of negotiations toward a binding comprehensive agreement.
That became the crux of the Durban deal: Europe and a handful of others agreed to take new Kyoto targets, keeping the protocol alive, if only barely. Parties took a number of steps to further flesh out the framework emerging from Copenhagen and Cancun. And they adopted the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, launching new talks aimed at a new agreement in 2015.
What kind of agreement? If you look to the Durban Platform for guidance, you won't find much. Here is the critical passage: parties "launch a process to develop a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to all parties." There are two central issues embedded here, and on both, these words leave considerable ambiguity.
The first issue is the agreement's legal character–will it be legally binding? A protocol would meet that test. So, presumably would "another legal instrument." But the third option contained in the text–"an agreed outcome with legal force"–is a completely novel formulation. An artful one, to be sure, but one easily open to interpretation. And the interpretations already being suggested by some parties sound less than binding, at least as it's been conventionally understood.
The second issue is the balance of responsibility between developed and developing countries, a perennial concern. Back at the start, in the Rio convention, the parties spoke to this issue by laying down the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities." A country's responsibility varies according to its contribution to the problem, and its capacity to address it. Kyoto applied this principle in an especially stark and especially rigid manner: binding targets for developed countries, no new commitments for developing countries, and no clear path for ever moving beyond that. One thing that can be said of the Durban Platform is that it sweeps away this strict notion of differentiation, and with good reason. China has overtaken the United States at the world's largest greenhouse gas emitter, and collectively, developing countries now account for nearly 60 percent of annual emissions.
But beyond discarding the strict binary differentiation of Kyoto, Durban offers scant guidance. While it doesn't directly invoke the phrase "common but differentiated responsibilities," it does so implicitly by placing the new agreement "under the Convention." It would be a mistake to think for a minute that developing countries have in any way abandoned this core principle. And while Durban says the new agreement will be "applicable to all parties," the same actually could be said of Kyoto, so it's hard to read that as ensuring full symmetry.
On another issue–the form of commitments to be taken–Durban is utterly silent. The Copenhagen and Cancun agreements were clear that developed country pledges were to be economy-wide emission targets, while developing countries were free to pledge in any form they chose. Is that the presumption for next time? Can't say.
So on the one hand, by knocking down the so-called firewall between developed and developing countries erected by the Kyoto Protocol, and by establishing a strong preference at least for a binding outcome, the Durban Platform opens up, for the first time, the possibility of a balanced, binding agreement. On the other hand, it tells us virtually nothing about what that agreement should look like.
Let's look again at the two models we've already created. One option might be to keep the Kyoto approach of binding emission targets, but this time set targets for the major developing countries too. Realistically, I see very little chance of getting there by 2015. Another option is to keep building up the framework coming out of Copenhagen and Cancun. It's proven to be a very inclusive framework, while allowing differentiation between developed and developing countries in the form of their commitments.
But how would we move it beyond pure pledge and review? Can we make it a system that actually encourages countries to elevate their efforts by giving them confidence that others are doing their fair share? Can we agree on what a fair share of effort is? Will countries be ready to legally bind themselves? And with Canada providing proof that binding is not always binding, we really do have to ask ourselves, what is it we even mean by binding?
As we start looking for answers, I think this is a good moment to reconsider what it is we are actually looking to the international climate regime to accomplish. Experience has shown us that in the case of many countries, including many of the largest emitters, we cannot realistically expect the international regime to drive the domestic effort. But I believe it can serve to facilitate and to encourage; and as the place where emerging national efforts are stitched together, hopefully in ways that that build confidence and a sense of reciprocity that, over time, delivers a stronger collective effort.
If that is one's vision of the international effort, then what follows is that the real work to be done right now is not in the international negotiations, but rather, at home. So let me return to Washington, and our election, and the outlook beyond.
One could very reasonably suggest that a re-elected President Obama would be more favorably inclined to strong climate action than would a President Romney. But the reality is that how quickly we are able to ramp up the U.S. effort depends a lot more on factors other than who occupies the White House. First and foremost is the state of the economy, and while there are hopeful signs, we're not out of the woods yet. The next most important factor is probably the level of public awareness and concern, and that may be very closely linked to the weather. In a recent survey, a large majority of Americans said they believe global warming is making the weather more extreme. As the impacts become more pronounced, so may public support for action.
And regardless of who's in the White House, it matters a lot who is in Congress. Right now the situation is so fluid that you couldn't rule out the possibility of either the Democrats or the Republicans taking both houses. I think it is fair to say that whatever the outcome of the election, stronger action, whether in Congress or through EPA, will remain an uphill fight.
Given that outlook, we see two priorities. The first is to continue laying the ground for a comprehensive policy solution by working with all parties to explore the options, and by helping to strengthen public awareness and concern. The second is to find ways to make concrete progress now, piece by piece, by looking for opportunities where different interests converge, and are prepared to compromise around practical solutions. To cite just one example, we recently pulled together a group from industry, government, labor and the environmental community that worked out joint recommendations to expand enhanced oil recovery using CO2 captured from power plants and industrial facilities. It's a plan that would reduce CO2 emissions while boosting domestic oil production. We need to find more opportunities like this, get people together, and prove that progress is possible.
I'd like to end where I began, by noting that climate change is no longer remote–it is here and now. I understand that just as Washington's festival goers missed out on the cherry blossoms, the world's largest ice skating rink barely made an appearance this winter. Up north, the permafrost is melting, the sea ice is shrinking, and the ancient ways of the Inuit are in danger. We can see the signs, and we have begun to take some steps. But the truth is that neither the U.S. nor Canada is yet coming to grips with the climate realities and climate risks that we face. We are not out of time, but it is running short. There are serious choices upon us. Let us hope we choose well.
Climate Change & International Security: The Arctic as a Bellwether
Climate Change & International Security: The Arctic as a Bellwether
May 2012
by Rob Huebert, Heather Exner-Pirot, Adam Lajeunesse, and Jay Gulledge
Executive Summary
In its most recent assessment of global climate change, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences concluded, "A strong body of scientific evidence shows that climate change is occurring, is caused largely by human activities, and poses significant risks for a broad range of human and natural systems." Impacts and rates of change are greatest in the Arctic, where temperatures have been increasing at about twice the global rate over the past four decades. The rapid decline in summer sea ice cover in the past decade has outpaced scientific projections and is drawing international attention to emerging commercial development and transport opportunities previously blocked by the frozen sea. The Arctic is therefore a bellwether for how climate change may reshape geopolitics in the post–Cold War era.
The trend toward seasonally open waters is driving increased interest and investment in oil and gas exploration, shipping, and fishing in the Arctic. The recent economic recession has not affected these developments significantly, as they were always intended to be middle- to long-term developments following the progression of sea ice retreat. Indeed, high oil prices and advances in technology continue to support the drive toward offshore drilling in Arctic waters. The global economy, which has begun to show signs of recovery, is likely to rebound long before oil and gas exploration and shipping could be scaled up in the Arctic. China, India and the rest of the developing world's growing middle classes will need oil and gas and other resources, and the world's shipping routes are already so congested that the development of northern shipping routes is not a question of if, but when.
In response to these changes, many of the Arctic states have begun to re-examine their military capabilities to operate in the Arctic region. Some have started to rebuild their military forces, while most of the other states are drawing up plans to begin the rebuilding process. Multilateral organizations and non-Arctic states are also looking for new roles in the Arctic. All of these actors are attempting to come to terms with the meaning of Arctic security, a concept that was relatively simple during the icy decades of the Cold War. Recent national policy developments arising from the effects of climate change on the Arctic commons demonstrate that climate change is indeed a national and international security interest in the traditional strategic sense.
As the emerging Arctic security environment is in a very early stage of development, whether it will ultimately be predominantly cooperative or predominantly competitive remains an open question. Although the Arctic states invariably emphasize their desire to maintain a cooperative environment, several have stated that they will defend their national interests in the region if necessary. To gauge the geopolitical winds in the Arctic, this study catalogs and analyzes dozens of major policy statements and actions by the Arctic states, other states with Arctic interests, and multilateral organizations between 2008 and 2012.
As a framework for interpreting the totality of these statements and actions, we compare geopolitical developments to date with three future security scenarios posited by the Arctic Council in its Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 Report. We adopt these scenarios as testable hypotheses for the purposes of this study:
- Hypothesis 1: There is no emerging security environment and the circumpolar states have no new interests that would increase competition or conflict in the region. If this hypothesis is correct, a close examination of the actions of the circumpolar world should reveal no significant new foreign and defense policies and defense procurement decisions in relation to the Arctic.
- Hypothesis 2: While showing renewed interest in the Arctic, the interested states are committed to developing and strengthening multilateral instruments of cooperation. New military capabilities are directed towards building local constabulary capacity and largely eschew escalation of war-fighting capability.
- Hypothesis 3: Increasing accessibility to Arctic resources because of climate change, along with a growing and increasingly modern military presence of strategic rivals in the region, becomes a recipe for competition and potential conflict. Under this hypothesis, the circumpolar states should be actively examining their core interests in the region, expressing concern over what other states are planning or doing in the region, and developing more assertive northern defense postures, including rebuilding their northern war-fighting capabilities. It is also expected that the various actors would be commencing the process of developing new defensive relationships and either strengthening old alliances or building new ones.
We assess which of these hypotheses most closely resembles the behavior of the key actors as revealed in their statements and actions. On the basis of the prevailing scenario(s), we consider the potential for instability and conflict in the Arctic and offer recommendations on how the states should proceed to ensure the region develops in a cooperative and peaceful manner.
Main Findings
Finding 1: Unprecedented national attention to Arctic policy.
A confluence of major policy announcements between 2008–2012 have followed Russia planting its flag at the North Pole in August 2007, the same week that Canada announced significant new Arctic military investments. Since then, major Arctic policy announcements have been made by Canada, Denmark, Norway, Russia, the United States, the European Union, the Nordic countries (Nordic Supportive Defence Structures, NORDSUP) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). It is unprecedented to have numerous, major policy announcements—not just for the Arctic but for international affairs in general—from so many major players in such a short timeframe.
Finding 2: Emphasis on environmental security.
By 2005 all Arctic governments and many others had come to officially accept that climate change was melting the Arctic ice cover, which meant that the Arctic was becoming more accessible to both the Arctic states and to the international community. This new accessibility raised two main concerns for the Arctic states. First was the need to maintain environmental security. In this context, environmental security can be understood as avoiding or mitigating acts leading to environmental damage or deterioration that could violate the interests of states and their populations, in particular their northern and northern indigenous peoples. The need to maintain the region's environmental integrity in the face of increased economic activity was a prevalent theme in much of the Canadian, American, and Russian documentation. The second concern was the need for a constabulary capacity to monitor who arrives in each state's waters and what they are doing there. Most of the Arctic states said they had inadequate means to police the area. Much of the proposed Arctic security policy has been justified as improving the states' abilities to meet these new environmental and constabulary needs.
Finding 3: Desire for cooperation but resolve to protect national interests.
In most of their statements, the states have reiterated their commitment to collegiality and the principles of international law to ensure that an accessible Arctic is developed in a peaceful and cooperative manner. On the other hand, many of the Arctic states' actions and statements make it clear that they intend to develop the military capacity to protect their national interests in the region. This approach implies that while diplomacy and cooperation are preferred, the Arctic nations will reserve the right to use unilateral force to defend their interests if necessary.
Finding 4: Remilitarization of the Arctic.
While the two previous findings suggest that the Arctic states are focused on building a cooperative security environment in the region, there is a third, apparently contradictory trend toward modernizing their military forces in the Arctic. Some have already begun rebuilding their Arctic military capabilities, and most of the others are drawing up plans to do so. Consequently, if political cooperation in the region should sour, most of the Arctic nations will have forces that are prepared to compete in a hostile environment.
Finding 5: Non-Arctic states and organizations seek roles in the Arctic.
The EU and NATO have been examining the issues of governance and security in the Arctic. NATO's initial focus appears to be on improving coordination of security-related issues, such as search and rescue. Given the importance of the region to NATO members such as Canada, Norway and the United States, it seems likely that NATO will remain engaged in the region. The EU's interest is framed in the context of ensuring that new governance mechanisms are designed to include the interests of all European states. The EU has also issued policy statements that place a strong emphasis on protecting the environment. Separate from the EU, France has announced that it plans to provide its military with some Arctic capabilities. Although it has not expressed geopolitical interest in the Arctic, China plans to increase its scientific research activities in the region and has added a strategic studies department to its Polar Research Institute.
Finding 6: Underlying causes of policy developments.
The principal cause of renewed national interest in the Arctic is the increasing accessibility of Arctic waters resulting from global warming and new maritime technologies. Accessibility leads to the potential for new sea routes or the expansion of old ones, an important issue for both Russia and Canada. Western nations have focused on augmenting scientific research, environmental protection, sustainable development, and a constabulary and military presence. The United States stake in the Arctic is comparatively small, and historically it has tended to act with minimal interest in the region compared with the other Arctic states. Russia has invested tens of billions of dollars in Arctic oil projects, and its recent policy statements and actions suggest that it will act assertively to safeguard its oil wealth and position in the Arctic. Although oil and gas are less central to the core interests of the rest of the circumpolar powers, the importance of Arctic oil will grow for all nations as oil prices continue to rise and the desire for energy security grows.
Conclusions & Recommendations
Taken as a whole, the Arctic policy statements and actions taken since 2008 clearly disprove Hypothesis 1. There can be no doubt that there is renewed national and international interest in the Arctic along both economic and strategic lines. However, distinguishing between Hypothesis 2 and Hypothesis 3 is more difficult, as many of the statements and actions of the polar states indicate both a sincere desire for peaceful cooperation and serious preparations for strong military capabilities to defend core national interests in the region.
While Hypothesis 2 is the preferred outcome of all Arctic states, significant national investments in establishing a modern military capability in the north signals that core national interests are the top priority of most of them. Under these circumstances, competition and conflict (i.e. Hypothesis 3) could become the Arctic reality if cooperative mechanisms cannot keep pace with developments or otherwise prove inadequate to settle international disputes in the region. Continued monitoring of national and international developments in the Arctic will help clarify whether conditions are tipping more toward cooperation or more toward competition. A living component of this study will continue to track these developments over time and can be accessed via the Web at http://cmss.ucalgary.ca/arcticsecurity.
Maintaining security and peace in the Arctic will require adapting policies and institutions to the emerging environment there. First, the Arctic states need to strengthen existing multilateral institutions and agreements, especially those related to security. The U.S. Department of Defense, for example, wisely advocates the accession of the United States to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which provides an important framework by which to resolve disputes over, for example, the delimitation of the continental shelf in the Arctic. States also need to develop practical bilateral and multilateral agreements whereby their new Arctic capabilities can work together. Where practices develop to allow cooperation, that cooperation is easier to maintain should relations become strained due to factors developing outside of the Arctic. An early example of such practices is the development of a search and rescue treaty, the first legally binding agreement to come out of the Arctic Council, which was signed by member states in May 2011. Joining these multilateral regimes, however, is not enough; Arctic states must renew a commitment to comply with existing obligations and implement their commitments as well.
Second, the Arctic states will need to acknowledge and deal with the renewal of military strength in the Arctic. This need runs counter to the tendency of states to publicly downplay the potential for military conflict in the Arctic in order to emphasize their legitimate desire for cooperation. The Arctic Council should reconsider its existing prohibition on discussing military security issues. Failure to do so may encourage the development of alternative forums such as the "Arctic Five" group of states (Canada, Denmark, Norway, Russia and the United States) that met at Ilulissat, Greenland in May 2008 and Quebec, Canada in March 2010. The challenges facing the Arctic are multi-dimensional and require both bilateral solutions, such as the Russian-Norwegian maritime border agreement, as well as a unified international response. A sectoral response to the multitude of issues that are increasingly developing in the region threatens to create a piecemeal, ad hoc governance system that may act to prevent the level of coordination needed to resolve future disputes.
The widely held notion that climate change will occur gradually over the 21st century, allowing ample time for society to adapt, is belied by the unprecedented pace of both climate change and policy developments in the Arctic today. Such rapid changes will challenge governments' abilities to anticipate and diplomatically resolve international disputes within the region. The lesson to the rest of the world might be to anticipate changes and adapt and/or react as soon as possible, using new and existing diplomatic tools, before core national interests take center stage and promote competition and possibly conflict. With global warming, time is of the essence, not only for mitigation, but for adaptation at both the community level and the international level.
March 2012 Newsletter
Click here to view our March 2012 newsletter.
Learn about new EPA power plant rules, an action plan to get more electric vehicles on the road, recommendations from the National Enhanced Oil Recovery Intiative to boost domestic oil production while cutting CO2 emissions from power plants, and more in C2ES's March 2012 newsletter.


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Welcome to
New Orleans, Louisiana
Discover all of the Bed and Breakfast Inns of New Orleans!
Lodging as individual as you are - at 50 inns across the city!
Presented by the Bed & Breakfast Inns of the
Professional Innkeepers Association of New Orleans.
Two Hundred Rooms. No Two Alike.


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Tornados cruise by the Eagles, 76-59February 17, 2010
Carlisle scores 23 in Brevard victory
Jefferson City, Tenn. - Four Tornados scored in double figures led by Sam Carlisle's 23 points as Brevard used a 13-0 run in the first half in cruising to the 76-59 win over South Atlantic Conference opponent Carson-Newman in Holt Fieldhouse.
Brevard (17-7, 9-4 SAC) led by as many as 28 points in the game as Carlisle led the way in the middle, connecting on 11 of 15 shots from the floor, missing out on the double-double with nine rebounds. Josh Roper added 18 points to go with five rebounds and three assists, and Jonathan Whitson added 13 points on five of seven shooting as the Tornados connected on 53.4 percent (31-58) of their field goal attempts in the game. Drew Schauss added 10 points in the first half during the Tornados run, connecting on pair of three-pointers to lead the team in the game from behind the arc.
Carson-Newman (9-15, 4-9 SAC) was led by Darron Maxtion as the forward recorded 13 points and six rebounds in the contest. Jordan Dixon added 13 points, with nine coming in the second half in an attempt to lead the comeback, while Erwin Staten connected on a pair of three-pointers on his way to 11 points.
The Tornados opened the game scoring the first six points of the contest on their way to building an 11-4 lead after a jumper by Whitson in the paint at the 14:37 mark. Carson-Newman brought the game back within four as Maxtion broke out in front of the pack to throw down a dunk to put the score at 13-9 with 13:29 remaining, but the Tornados responded with a 13-0 run capped by three layups by Carlisle as Brevard went up 26-9 with 8:45 left in the first half before a jumper by Sharp ended the run.
Schauss connected on a three-pointer at the 2:43 mark to give the Tornados their largest lead at 23 points at 39-16, but Carson-Newman closed out the half by scoring the last five points as the teams went into the locker rooms with Brevard on top, 39-21.
Carson-Newman threatened to come back several times in the second half, but the Tornados built a 28-point lead on Roper's layup off the fast break to put the score at 74-46 with 4:13 remaining as Brevard cruised to the 76-59 victory.
The Tornados are back in action on Saturday, February 20th, as Brevard finishes up the road portion of their 2009-2010 South Atlantic Conference schedule by traveling to Greeneville, Tenn. to take on the Pioneers of Tusculum College. Tipoff for the game between the Tornados and Pioneers in Pioneer Arena is set for 4 p.m.


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Expect the Irish boys to make a real push now.
Expect the Irish boys to make a real push now.
Step up Cathal Pendred.
It'll have to be Cathal's shot, also I can see Conner getting a huge fight if this weekend goes well.
Valley of Kings - Coming Soon
If Conor keeps winning in the meantime I don't see why he won't get a pretty big'ish name but he has to keep winning.
Cathal needs to put 1-2 more wins together against guys of Che Mills status, shame he couldn't fight Daley.
If they put this on over Paddy's day weekend (15-16 March) it'll be a huge piss up.
Norman park vs connor mcgregor in roi would be huge
Norman Parke wins by grappling clinic.
Oh, Ireland? I thought it was Roi Do Janeuro at first. Methinks the Irish chap from the next TUF series might feature on this.
Tea Drinker for Life, but preaching tolerance for the Children of Coffee.
Parke is fighting at LW and McGregor at FW. The fight won't happen. I know people have gone up and down before but cant see the UFC putting it on (and yes I am aware that Conor was CW LW champ!). The UFC don't have much Irish talent on their roster so why would they waste it and put them together, makes no sense at all. I can see a few more being signed up though soon. Like said before maybe Hoolahan and Pendred if Paddy does well in the house and if Pendred gets some more wins.
If you didn't see it with your own eyes, or hear it with your own ears, don't invent it with your small mind and share it with your big mouth!


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This month's giveaway is from none other than Moderncat Studio, and one lucky kitty is going to be in heaven on his or her new Ultimate Wave Lounge! This huge cardboard scratcher has a wavy texture that kitties love to nap on, plus the extra durable, dense cardboard can withstand endless scratching. Plus, the winner will get to choose which mod fabric pattern best matches their decor.
To enter the monthly giveaway, make sure you're signed-up to receive Moderncat updates via email. If you're already getting the updates but you'd like an EXTRA chance to win this month, please visit the Moderncat Studio Etsy shop to see the Wave Lounge fabric options, then come back here and leave a comment on this post telling us which fabric you'd choose, or if there's a different color and/or pattern you'd like to see, please let us know! Complete details on the monthly giveaway here. The winner will be chosen in a random drawing on August 31, 2011 and contacted via email. This giveaway includes free shipping to US addresses only. Readers outside the US are welcome to enter if they are willing to pay the extra shipping charges.


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Lotus Sport UK qualified second in the GT4 class in Kent, but failed to make the finish, Sailesh Bolisetti retiring with damaged front suspension. The Evora was 3/10ths off the lead Ginetta in qualifying, with Phil Glew setting the lap for Lotus, but with better long range pace the team was confident it could dominate the race. However, starting driver Bolisetti struggled to match the pace of his rivals and slipped back. An off-track excusion led to the front wishbones being snapped and, after nine laps, it was game over for the Indian.
Gary Ayles, team principal: "A disappointing day because we could have won that race by a country mile. The car is great, we're right on top of it, it's a proper bit of kit. So we need to look into why Sailesh wasn't able to extract the maximum on race day. Now we have a long break, as our next race at Snetterton – Lotus's home track – isn't until the first weekend of August. It can't come soon enough."


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Prayer Police, on 08 August 2011 - 09:15 PM, said:
Some kid had a ROH sign right behind the commentary booth.
I'll be at ROH this Saturday at 6:30pm but will try to be there earlier.
Definitely a good way to end Raw. That Rock promo on Cena is hilarious "You look like a red transvestite Wonder Woman!" No ROH for me solely due to Wizard World, but I'm going to have to start watching more of that soon. I will be watching Summerslam at Chicago City Limits on Sunday though. I'm thinking it's pretty obvious HHH is going to screw over CM Punk this Sunday.
Also, R-Truth is easily one of the funniest guys in the WWE right now. "Ain't nobody friends with spiders!"
This post has been edited by STVO: 08 August 2011 - 10:00 PM


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Terry Chapman, MSW, LICSW
Independent Clinical Social Worker
118 Adams Street, Suite 203, Fairmont, West Virginia 26555
Do you feel like you and your partner keep repeating the same painful patterns over and over? I can help you identify your patterns and create your own unique solutions to enhance your relationship. As long as both partners are engaged in the work there is hope.


text: Mischa Barton is about to lose the home where she has lived for just about a decade. You don't just walk away from someplace after living there that long unless you are having severe financial issues. Her $20K a month mortgage is becoming too much to pay which is not shocking considering she only makes a couple of movies a year and gets paid less than $150K per movie. Actually, she gets a paid a little less than that. Seems like a lot of money, and it is, but not when you are facing that kind of monthly bill. Plus that does not take into account agent commissions, publicity, management, taxes and losing a ton of money on the stores she decided to open to sell clothes. That was a ridiculous move because she opened them in London but lives in Los Angeles. Yes, I know she grew up a bit in London, but why open your first store a 12 hour flight from where you live? The modeling gigs she used to have to supplement her income are gone. Also gone is her common sense. She has tried to sell her home for a massive profit because she probably took out a bunch of home equity loans when the market was high and needs to sell it for a profit to pay the money back. When your house is on the market for years, it is probably a good idea to lower the asking price.


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Well first it's a Metasploit issue and this is a Backtrack forum.
should solve everything.Code:apt-get purge framework3 apt-get install framework3
hi.. i got this when on process to upgrade from r1 to r2.Code:Setting up backtrack-firefox-profile (0.1-bt6) ... Setting up framework3 (3.5-10845-bt0) ... Error validating server certificate for 'https://metasploit.com:443': - The certificate is not issued by a trusted authority. Use the fingerprint to validate the certificate manually! Certificate information: - Hostname: metasploit.com - Valid: from Tue, 16 Mar 2010 12:09:59 GMT until Mon, 01 Apr 2013 22:02:24 GMT - Issuer: 07969287, http://certificates.godaddy.com/repository, GoDaddy.com, Inc., Scottsdale, Arizona, US - Fingerprint: da:16:ad:cb:4c:6f:7d:cf:b7:7e:5e:e5:f9:a7:a1:8b:3a:a2:6a:92 (R)eject, accept (t)emporarily or accept (p)ermanently? p svn: OPTIONS of 'https://metasploit.com/svn/framework3/trunk': Could not read status line: connection was closed by server (https://metasploit.com) Processing triggers for libc-bin ... ldconfig deferred processing now taking place Processing triggers for python-support ... Processing triggers for menu ... root@MASOKISME:~# apt-get dist-upgrade Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Calculating upgrade... Done 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. root@MASOKISME:~#
i was doing "apt-get dist-upgrade". i already do "apt-get update" before it..
what is the problem about ? thanks
Well first it's a Metasploit issue and this is a Backtrack forum.
should solve everything.Code:apt-get purge framework3 apt-get install framework3
Back|track giving machine guns to monkeys since 2007 !
Do not read the Wiki, most your questions will not be answered there !
Do not take a look at the: Forum Rules !
yes.. it solve the problem0
thanks you very much.... it solve the problem


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Results 1 to 12 of 23
Thread: FA Possibilities Thread
01-17-2007, 05:37 PM #1Pro Bowl Poster
- Join Date
- Aug 2006
- Location
- Columbia, Maryland
- Posts
- 1,179
FA Possibilities Thread
While I don't expect us to be significantly involved in the FA market this offseason, it still wouldn't hurt to discuss some FA possibilities amongst us fans. We could also provide some info (scouting reports) on possible FAs.
We already talked about Eric Steinbach, but what about this guy (courtesy KFFL):
Chargers | Dielman could be set to leave
Wed, 17 Jan 2007 07:09:20 -0800
Kevin Acee, of the San Diego Union-Tribune, reports San Diego Chargers OG Kris Dielman could leave as a free agent this offseason. Contract talks between Dielman and the team broke off in November, and Dielman figures to receive many lucrative offers once he become a free agent in March.It's a new season! It's a new day!
01-17-2007, 06:14 PM #2Regular 1st Stringer
- Join Date
- Aug 2006
- Posts
- 947
Re: FA Possibilities Thread
this is a great place to check out and play around with:
QB: all backupy
UFA:Garcia, Huard
RFA: schaub
RB: Old guys, or RFAs...
UFA: Ahman Green Chris Brown
RFA: Michael Turner
WR: #3 guys is about it
UFA: Drew Bennett, Kevin Curtis, Kelley Washington
TE: TE crop is good...but we don't need one, we've got 3 solid guys.
UFA: Eric Johnson, Daniel Graham, Jerramy Stevens
UFA: Steinbach, Mike Gandy, Todd Steussie
RFA: Max Starks
UFA: Freeney, Vonnie Holliday, Justin Smith
UFA: Lance Briggs, London Fletcher
UFA: Asante Samuel, Nate Clements, Deon Grant, Nick Harper
OK, looking down the list...not too many interesting things going on.
Steinbach jumps out as someone we could use long term that is a serious upgrade as well.
WRs it's a matter of Mason returning and/or draft. Probably won't sign one of those #3 WRs.
RBs, there just isn't anything, turner's not worth a 1st unless there is some negotiation, but even so, draft may prove better if you can get Lynch or a healthy Bush.
For defense, Briggs, AD, Samuel are going to go for top top dollar...doubt we grab someone on D through free agency.
At any rate, looking like Steinbach could be a real option. Gandy, if he can play RT, might be a way to replace Pashos if we have problems there.
Re: FA Possibilities Thread
QB: Someone will take one last stab at Huard and Garcia for starting roles I reckon, especially with Brohm electing to go back introducing a cavernous gap between Quinn and Russel to the #3 QB whoever that turns out to be.
If someone gives up what Atlanta wants for Schaub they should be openly taunted and ridiculed.
TB: Brown and Green are split carry type guys. Can see the Jets or Giants giving up a bit to get Burner Turner potentially.
WR: Bennett and Curtis are above #3 type. Bennett could be a very good pickup for someone and Curtis will either go back to St Louis to succeed Bruce as the #2 to Holt or Martz will force Millen's hand to bring him to Detroit.
G: Steinbach is a real possibility and I've heard from a Bungle fan or two that he is not a priority guy to re-sign in Cincy apparently, definately someone to look into.
T: Pass on all of those other than solid backup types, I'll take Pashos and Terry as our tackles next year if Ogden does indeed retire.
CB: Samuel and Clements will attract big big big bucks. Will be interesting to see whether the Pats actually pay Samuel. They didn't pay Law but then he was getting on, Samuel is young and is really a very very good CB, reads plays well and has excellent closing speed. Clements is apparently the Redskins #1 off-season target so he'll be attracting silly money.
01-17-2007, 06:34 PM #4Regular 1st Stringer
- Join Date
- Aug 2006
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- 947
Re: FA Possibilities Thread
I guess i should have said they'd be #3ish for our team, but yes, Curtis and Bennett better than that.
Going to be an interesting year with some teams having lots to burn.
Briggs, AD, Samuel, Clements are going to get crazy offers from teams like the 49ers with tons of money to spare that need leaders on D
Redskins want clements? ....that's funny. Danny-boy's got to buy someone I guess.
Re: FA Possibilities Thread
Re: FA Possibilities Thread
What about a possible run at Freeney if we lose AD? He had a down year so he could probably be had for cheaper then everyone originally thought. Move Suggs back to LB and you have a great front 7. Maybe even better than what it was with AD.
Re: FA Possibilities Thread
01-17-2007, 06:59 PM #8Regular 1st Stringer
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- 302
Re: FA Possibilities Thread
I want Michael "the Burner" Turner I don't care if he costs us a 1st.
He averaged 6.3 yards a carry this year
Jamal averaged 3.6 yards a carry
Turner=Height: 5-10, Weight: 237
Jamal=Height: 5-11 Weight: 245
Re: FA Possibilities Thread
And he had 80 carries in a backup role. I like Turner, but lets not twist stats to prove a point.
Re: FA Possibilities ThreadTalk's cheap - lets go play. - #19, Johnny Unitas
Follow me on Twitter @ravenssalarycap
Re: FA Possibilities Thread
Given how tight it already appears the cap will be, I'm not sure they could afford that kind of deal.
Assuming the Ravens trust their eye for talent - and they should - I would expect that they would draft a RB to replace Jamal. Think about it, if they use that 1st round pick to do so, their new RB will come a lot - a lot - cheaper over the next 5 years than if they traded the pick for Turner and then signing him to a long-term deal.Talk's cheap - lets go play. - #19, Johnny Unitas
Follow me on Twitter @ravenssalarycap


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Typically found under the complete name "USB 2.0 802.11b / g 54Mbps Wireless Network Adapter" and usually sells for less than $10USD everywhere you find it, this generic-as-it-gets adapter is based on the Ralink RT2070 chip (though it looks like RT2070t is etched on top of the chip). It's detected under BT5R2 and 5R3 as "Ralink RT2870/3070" and uses the rt2800usb driver.
Packet injection and AP work without any problem.