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We have to shoot fixed blade broad heads in Oregon. I want to go with the Shuttle T-Lock (100 grain) or the G5 Montecs (100 grain). For both deer and elk, which of these two broad heads would you recommend?
We have to shoot fixed blade broad heads in Oregon. I want to go with the Shuttle T-Lock (100 grain) or the G5 Montecs (100 grain). For both deer and elk, which of these two broad heads would you recommend?
I hear great things about the g5, maybe buy a pack of each and shoot em and see if you can tell a difference in them as far as accuracy although you might have to tune your bow and also maybe depth in target.
My go to fixed blade is the thunderhead 100gr. Just because I have a buttload of em.
Between those two......the Shuttle T's. Much stronger head, IMO.
B&C / P&Y Official Measurer
I have shot shuttle T's for years, they fly really well, I think there may be other fixed blades that beat them in penetration tests, but to me if you put it in the right spot, the job will get done.
The blade angle on the shuttle-t is way to steep. On dense bone (ie the shoulder blade) the steep angle causes them to put on the brakes and lock up. A more gradual angle like the montec has a much better chance at passing through dense bone. Remember, all broadheads will perform on the perfect shot, its the superior heads that will shine on the marginal shot to.
"For its in these mountains that I long to be, where I can hear God whisper down the creek and through the trees. Just one sunset and I know you'd think the same. Watch your worries fade 'neath a rocky mountain rain."
Obsession Bows Pro-staff. "Fuel the Obsession"
Shuttle for sure, G5's are good, I like how the shuttles fly, seem to steer a little less with the design, and no broadhead is punching threw a mature elks shoulder blade.
I shoot the G5 Strikers last year was my first year using them and i really like them i shot a spike and the arrow went all the way through and the elk ran only thirty yards and dropped. But use whatever you are comfortable with.
DR: I've also shot Thunderhead 100s for as long as I can remember, and have a bunch of parts too, but I am finally thinking of making a change.
Everyone: I like the simple one piece design of the G5s and the simplicity to resharpen, but I have heard many complaints on how sharp these heads can get, particularly on the stainless head. I'm guessing that also has a lot to do with the steep angle the blade is sharpened at.
I have heard excellent reviews on the Shuttle T-Lock, especially with the new sharper blades, and am leaning that way.
I'm looking for a fixed blade broad head that is say in the top 10% for aerodynamics, and say in the top 30% for penetration. I definitely lean to a forgiving broad head to set-up and shoot. Is there another obvious option I should be considering?
Last edited by Umpqua Hunter; 08-13-2012 at 02:36 PM.
Whatever you go with, pick a spot and best of luck to you. It's getting close!
I shot G5 Montecs one year and never shot them again. I could never get the blades as sharp as I would have liked them, even with there sharpening stone, and following the directions. I am a die hard Magnus Stinger fan, but was out of broadheads and needed to buy some, so I decided to change and give the Slick Trick Magnums a try. They fly really well out of the package, and I like the blade sharpness, even after shooting into my target 20 times the replaceable blades are sharper than what the G5 was out of the package. Good luck to you in your search, I know picking a broadhead can be one of the toughest things out there.
Shoot STR8


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I've got three Muay Thai fighters I'd like to match up if anybody has a show on soon.
Scott Kirkham - 'C' Class - 80Kg (Record- 1 fight. 1 loss) - (Male)
James Young - 'N' Class - 80Kg (No record - first fight) - (Male)
Jamie Farr - 'N' Class - 59Kg (No Record - first fight) - (Male)
If anybody knows of any events/shows coming up soon, or if anybody is promoting an event please contact me to discuss matching up my fighters.
Contact me (Rob Griffiths) here. or at: email@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


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As a BSU student you have access to the services offered by Career Services throughout your educational career. We offer assessment services to aid you in choosing a career and major that are right for you, we'll help when you're ready to look for an internship, we offer resources as you prepare your resume and begin your job search, and we're your resource for job listings and employment opportunities.
We offer opportunities for you to connect directly with employers throughout the year with On Campus Recruiting and Career Fairs. We also have Career Fairs listed throughout the state. You'll also find a calendar of on-campus workshops.
Tools to help you narrow down your options and zero in on the career and major that is best suited for you.
We offer a host of resources to aid you in writing your resume and cover letter. They are your personal marketing tool and your foot in the door in helping you line up an interview with a potential employer.
Information on establishing and maintaining your credential file for use when applying for jobs and internships. Credential files include references, letters of recommendation, and copies of your transcript.
Prepare for and locate an internship that will be best suited to advance your career goals. We have tools to help you prepare for searching for an internship, and a database of employers who have provided internships to BSU students.
Tools to help you prepare for and execute your job search, from resume writing to job listings. BSUCareers is our online resume and job posting service. We also have detailed Job Seeking Handbooks available for download with even more detailed information.
Connect2Careers is Bemidji State University's online job listing and resume referral system exclusively for BSU students and alumni and employers interested in hiring them. It is recommended that all BSU students register with and utilize this system.
3 minute job preparation videos on a wide range of topics that will help you prepare for and land the job you want.
Online presentations of our on-campus workshops for viewing anytime.


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Kirkland, Washington
Nancy Dick is dean of Applied Design Programs at Lake Washington Technical College in Kirkland, Washington. From 1998 to 2008, she taught in the college's Multimedia Design & Production program, which leads to an Associate of Applied Science (A.A.S.) degree and currently has 300 students enrolled. The program has a distinctly technical focus with a strong emphasis on Adobe software; students come from all over the Puget Sound region because of the program's reputation for quality technical instruction. The college is now transitioning to a four-year institution with its first Bachelor of Technology in Applied Design (BTAD) degree. This is also the first bachelor's degree offered by a public technical college in the state of Washington. Dick was selected to spearhead this effort.
Her career started in typesetting before the dawn of desktop publishing, and typography remains a first love. After 20 years in technical, academic, and advertising print publishing she went to Lake Washington, where she taught design-related courses ranging from theoretical to technical. She also oversaw major curriculum changes from concept to state approval. Since 2002 she's been an Adobe Certified Instructor, with certifications in Adobe® InDesign, Illustrator®, and Acrobat® software. She served as a subject matter expert for Adobe Photoshop® CS3 during development of the Adobe Certified Associate program.
Her interest in the future of design technology and employment outcomes for her students led her to complete a Master of Communication in Digital Media (MCDM) degree at the University of Washington in 2008. She holds a B.S. in Mass Communications/Journalism from City University and an A.A.S. in Computer Graphics from Lake Washington Technical College.
Dick also has extensive experience in eLearning and teaches faculty development courses on the subject for her campus. She has also presented at conferences on the topic for Washington's State Board for Community and Technical Colleges (SBCTC). Her graduate work focused on how to assist the faculty's transition to computer-mediation instruction while achieving their pedagogical outcomes.


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Jonathan Bate argues in the TLS that Swinburne was a master metrician as well as a pioneer in changing sexual attitudes.
For Swinburne, there are physical signs that a God made everything else, and that is that.
While Swinburne is by far the greater poet, Murray is by far the more important of the two from the ethnological point of view.
Swinburne had the utmost contempt for the narrowness of his outlook.
Mr. Swinburne might perhaps make the list nine, but he would certainly include Victor Hugo himself.
To match them you would have to go to the poets—to Shakespeare—to Swinburne.
Mr. Swinburne is at the head of the new school, and he is a notorious heretic.
Don't you think this is a great ambition, to read Swinburne well?
Had Swinburne been admitted earlier to the talk, he would not have taken his proper quantity of roast mutton.
I'll try to be satisfied for the time with Swinburne and Shelley.


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This past weekend on Twitter I noted that Judd Nelson had just attached himself to a new movie. It marked a milestone for Judd because it will be his 100th acting credit. That is a big deal and I thought it worthy in of itself to Tweet, but it occurred to me as I was typing my 140 characters that something was missing. I asked followers to see if they could name even ten of Judd Nelson's movies. Sure, you can look it up, but can you name 10 movies or combination of television and movie credits? I can't. The thing is, all of us know the name Judd Nelson. If I say the name to you, chances are your first response is going to be Breakfast Club. It would be mine, even though it is not the Judd movie I have seen the most. I actually have seen Making The Grade more frequently but I blame that on no cable and a dearth of videotapes from which to choose one weekend when I was younger. Making The Grade got extensive play. It was his first movie and off the top of my head I think Breakfast Club was his third. It is really unusual for someone to be a name everyone knows and can for sure name a big role but no others. It is even more surprising when you realize he has 99 other titles from which to choose.
Part of the problem was his fast rising star and I think in the past decade his lack of notable work is the result of him being a true pain to work with because he thinks he is Judd Nelson of Breakfast Club fame and not Judd Nelson, actor who has a bunch of roles nobody remembers.


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Results 1 to 1 of 1
Thread: H Mole
2nd April 2012 10:36 AM #1
- Join Date
- Jan 2012
- Posts
- 54
H Mole
H mole is also known as hydatidiform mole. It is a form of a gestational trophoblastic disease. It is a condition wherein there is a rare mass that forms inside the uterus at the beginning of a pregnancy. This is due to the overproduction of the tissue that is supposed to develop into the placenta. The tissues then develop into a mass.
There are two types:
Partial molar pregnancy - there is an abnormal placenta and some fetal development
Complete molar pregnancy - there is an abnormal placenta but no fetus
Both forms are due to problems during fertilization. A diet low in protein, animal fat, and vitamin A may play a role.
Signs & symptoms:
- abnormal growth of the uterus
- vaginal bleeding during the first 3 mos of pregnancy
- symptoms of hyperthyroidism
- loose stools
- rapid heart rate
- restlessness
- skin warmer and more moist than usual
- unexplained weight loss
- symptoms similar to preeclampsia that occur in the 1st trimester
Having this kind of condition is difficult and life threatening. Any one of you who experienced/ is experiencing this?


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Using Your BackTrack System with a Non Privileged User
Now, given that BackTrack is designed to run as root a number of the programs you see in the menu or see mentioned in tutorials will not work when run using your new user account. For these programs, you will need to use su, sudo or kdesu to escalate your privilege so that the programs can run properly. Now Im not going to go into the details of how to use su, sudo and kdesu - you can check the man pages or one of the many tutorials available on the Internet to discover this. I will, however, briefly discuss how to know WHEN to use them, that is, how you can determine when root privilege is required.
What Do I Need to Run As root?
So how do you know when root privilege is required? Well, anything to do with administration of the system requires root privilege, and this includes tasks such as loading kernel modules, modifying system wide settings or network configuration etc. Other programs will mention in their documentation that root privilege is required, or they will straight out tell you when you try to start them that they need to run as root. Any errors mentioning privilege or permission are also a good sign that root may be required. Also, if a program just isn't giving you the results you expect, you can try running it as root as part of a troubleshooting process. Lack of root privilege may not always be the reason why the program isn't doing what you want, but it's worth ruling out as a possibility.
Editing Menu Entries to Run Programs as root
One more thing I will briefly cover off on is how to edit the menu entries of programs that require root privilege so that they run properly using your unprivileged user. Now I rarely use the menu, preferring instead to just start most things from the command line. Here I can use su, sudo or kdesu as appropriate to start up any programs or perform any tasks that require elevated privilege. For things I do like to run from the menu however, I edit the menu entry by right clicking on it, selecting "Edit Item" from the context menu, and clicking on the "Run as different user" tick box in the KDE menu Editor entry for that menu item, and then typing in root as the Username. Now when that menu item is selected you should be prompted for your password when it starts, and it will execute with root privilege. There will be some programs for which this method does not work, for these programs you will need to find an alternate means of running them.


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water and windproof thanks to the high technology laminated-plus membrane, garment construction and taped seams. Water-repellent thanks to a durablefinish. High transpiration properties of the hydrophilic membrane. Soft and noiseless thanks to the use of microfiber and to the special membrane manufacturing technology. Easy care.
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• a perfect fit
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stretch fabrics are highly resistant and extremely flexible:uni-directional horizontal stretch for 2-way products, and bidirectionalhorizontal and vertical stretch for 4-way products.


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Jake Owen Raps 'Fresh Prince of Bel-Air' at the 2014 iHeartRadio Country Festival
Listen to Jake Owen on iHeartRadio
During his iHeartRadio Country Festival performance of "Barefoot Blue Jean Night" Jake Owen switched things up a bit when he rapped the lyrics to the "Fresh Prince of Bel Air" theme song!! The crowd went crazy over his impromptu freestyle.
He also grabbed a fan's phone for a quick selfie. Talk about multi-tasking!
Photo Credit ToddOwyoung for iHeartRadio
Check out the rest of his performance pics below!


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|Home > Guides > Core Developers Guide > Interceptors > Servlet Config Interceptor
An interceptor which sets action properties based on the interfaces an action implements. For example, if the action implements ParameterAware then the action context's parameter map will be set on it.
This interceptor is designed to set all properties an action needs if it's aware of servlet parameters, the servlet context, the session, etc. Interfaces that it supports are:
There are no known extension points for this interceptor.


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I'm a PC . . . running GNU/Linux
I don't know if the same ad agency which made the obtuse Jerry and Bill ads is responsible for the current "I'm a PC" ad — frankly, I don't really care — however the latter commercials are remarkably better than the former.
And, naturally because it's advertising — and not only that, but advertising for Microsoft, which arguably can be considered redundant in the deception department) — it's misleading. Shocking, I know, but still.
We could blame Apple for fostering the misconception that PCs equal Microsoft. After all they started this whole nonsense with their "I'm a Mac" ad pitting a cool guy, or so goes the perception, in comparison against a drone-like PC user. So the groundwork that PC equals Microsoft has been laid long ago.
However, the fact remains that PCs do NOT equal Microsoft. PC no longer really equals Intel, despite years of dominance by that processor.
Joe Panettieri reminds Microsoft that they are not necessarily "PC" with their PC ad in his blog at Works with U. Despite the fact I think Joe gives too much credit to Microsoft for making the personal computer available to all — items that are hashed out in the comments on his blog, so I won't go into detail here — it makes the original point that — and I can't stress this enough — (ahem) PCs DO NOT EQUAL WINDOWS!
Like Joe, I'm a PC. A GNU/Linux PC. I'm also a Mac, a GNU/Linux Mac if you must know.
(Fedora ambassador Larry Cafiero runs HeliOS Solutions West in Felton, California, and is an associate member of the Free Software Foundation.)


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"Resistance is coming after you, and it manifests itself in many ways. It can come as urgent and yet not important, it can come as a "feel good" habit to take you off your game. You must know that everyday and many times a day, Resistance will come knocking. Resist Resistance and it will flee. Your best work is in THIS hour and in THIS day. Conquer resistance by working daily with God's destiny plan for your life."Have you identified Resistance in your life and the ways it manifests?Are you … [Read more...]
Resistance is Coming After You! by Robert Ricciardelli
Worth Keeping by Dudley Hall
Let not steadfast love and faithfulness forsake you; bind them around your neck; write them on the tablet of your heart. Proverbs 3:3 (ESV)As we continue living under the guidance of a Father, we see that it is worth any cost to keep the treasure he defines as valuable close to us. This is illustrated in Proverbs as wearing it around the neck as an identifying pendant and having it imprinted in the tablet of the heart. This two-fold treasure is to be displayed and internalized if we are … [Read more...]
Striving Versus Rest by John Meyer
Sitting on the side of my bed trying to remember where I left my flip flops so I could travel down the stairs to find the bathroom in the dark, was such a difficult moment for me one early summer morning. I couldn't tell you exactly why, except for the fact my season of transition weighed heavily on what I've been letting go of. For too long I have lived a life where I had no problem trying to make something happen. Whenever a need or a want would arise, there I was putting the cart before the ho … [Read more...]
Gentleness is the Evidence of Presence by Robert Ricciardelli
"It is difficult to find gentleness in a world enthralled by power, prestige, and productivity, and it is of no consequence when people get disregarded on the ladder of success. Gentleness presents the evidence of the presence of God within us. Gentle is the one who is attentive to the strengths and weaknesses of others, and knows that true growth requires nurture and not force. May we be lead with the gentleness of Spirit."Have you ever been knocked down a few rungs on the ladder of … [Read more...]
Stewarding Our Thought Life by Robert Ricciardelli
"Thoughts are an amazing commodity that we must consciously steward. Our thoughts should be our choosing through the proper filters of empowering beliefs and principles. By aligning our thoughts with principles of the Divine, we grow further towards the likeness of God. The discipline of choosing life giving thoughts while disregarding and disempowering negativity, brings an outflow of transformational change and abundance."Are you aware of your thought life and how it has the power to control … [Read more...]
What it Means to Be an Authentic Leader by Robert Ricciardelli
"The hierarchical controls of titled, and entitled leaders of various systems have marginalized people throughout history. There are authorities, assignments, and gifts that God gives to serve others, but His Kingdom is never self-serving and always beckoning its citizens to lay down their lives for others. Ambassadors for God are empowered to lead through the foundation of God's love and strength, filtered by humility. —Robert RicciardelliMany people have written on what it means to be a lea … [Read more...]


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The TODAY host opened up in a new tell-all interview.
Reports state he participated in a criminal sexual act with an underage girl.
One of the singer's final music projects
This post contains minor scene spoilers.
She will take over from the current Doctor in the Christmas special.
Hits you right in the breakup feels.
If The Fault in Our Stars and Fast and Furious 8 procreated, that offspring would be Baby Driver.
"I called my doctor and said, 'I think I'm dying!'
After months of near-inseparable togetherness with Blac Chyna, Rob Kardashian has pulled a 180, deleting all evidence of his girlfriend from Instagram.
The dawning of another year is the perfect time to start working on a new you. Need some inspiration? Just look to these badass celebs who have changed their life through health and fitness.
Uh oh. Looks like Diane Kruger might need the 101 on the subtleties of infidelity.
The Fix brings you Season 7 secrets from Comic-Con San Diego.
Chester Bennington performed at his good friend Chris Cornell's funeral in May.


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Australia's selectors gambled on two all-rounders on Saturday but both failed with the bat in a miserable total of 237 on day one of the second Test against India.
Australia reached 9-237 late in the day and skipper Michael Clarke made the surprising decision to declare but India reached five runs without loss at stumps after surviving three overs.
Clarke as usual led the way with the bat, scoring 91 from No.5 and sharing a record stand of 145 for the fifth wicket with Matthew Wade (62).
However Australia's top order offered little and all-rounders Moises Henriques and Glenn Maxwell scored five and 13 respectively in a lower-order collapse of 5-28.
"It would have been nice to get a few more runs going down the order today," Wade said.
"But Moises played out of his skin in the last Test match (with two half-centuries on debut) and it was Maxie's first game.
"It was disappointing in the last session, how we fell away."
With only No.10 James Pattinson and No.11 Xavier Doherty left, Clarke had hit out on 91 and was bowled by spinner Ravindra Jadeja (3-33), falling nine runs shy of his 24th hundred and 10th in 23 Tests as captain.
Wade, wearing a black eye, batted bravely in a three-hour knock that came just a day after fracturing his cheekbone in a training accident.
Their 145-run stand is a fifth-wicket record for Australia in Tests in India.
Australia's top order fell cheaply on a pitch showing early signs of variable bounce.
Paceman Bhuvneshwar Kumar (3-53) dismissed David Warner (six), Ed Cowan (four) and Shane Watson (23) while Phil Hughes (19) was caught behind to spinner Ravi Ashwin.
Clarke and Wade went to lunch at 4-83 and added 104 without loss in the middle session.
Wade threw his head back in disgust after slicing a wide ball from spinner Harbhajan Singh to point at 5-208 after tea.
Clarke hit nine fours and one six from 186 deliveries and was in fine touch following his century in the first Test in Chennai which India won by eight wickets.
Wade said he was unsure if 237 was an acceptable day-one total.
"These wickets are so different to what we're used to playing on," he said.
"If we bowl well enough tomorrow, we can definitely restrict India to under 230."
Australia made two selection changes, recalling left-arm spinner Doherty and including Maxwell at the expense of fellow offspinner Nathan Lyon and left-arm quick Mitchell Starc.


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(1/28/2009) NEW HAVEN- Effective at 12:00 am on Thursday, January, 29, 2009, an on-street parking ban is imposed in new haven as follows:
1. No parking on major streets posted as snow emergency routes citywide
2. No parking on streets downtown (all streets within the area bounded by Howe Street, Tower Parkway, Grove Street, State Street and North Frontage Road)
3. No parking within 25 feet of any intersection citywide and no parking in front of any bus stop citywide
Cars parking in violation of the parking ban may be ticketed and/or towed.
The Parking Ban is scheduled to expire at 6:00 am on Thursday, January 29, 2009. Please listen to your local news stations, check the city web site at www.cityofnewhaven.com or call 946-7669 (SNOW) for updated information. If appropriate, the ban may be lifted earlier than the scheduled expiration time.
Please note: Parking garages and off-street parking lots downtown are still open during snow emergencies. Residents are encouraged to use these facilities as an alternative to parking on the street.
In residential areas, residents are encouraged NOT to park on the odd numbered side of the street (numbers ending in 1,3,5,7,9) so that snow plows can clear the street to the curb.
Mayor John DeStefano, Jr. urges the public�s cooperation in complying with the parking ban in order to assist the City�s plowing operations.
Throughout this weather emergency, the City of New Haven will utilize the 3N Emergency Notification System to communicate parking ban information and any related service changes to residents. As the system currently stands, all land-line phone numbers currently listed in the White Pages in New Haven participate in the program and receive phone calls during weather and other emergencies. However, residents whose phone numbers are unlisted and those who have chosen to place their phone numbers on the national Do Not Call List, do not receive these calls. Residents are all strongly encouraged to opt-in and add their phone numbers to the City�s notification system so that they do not miss-out urgent information. Residents can opt-in by visiting: http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/EmergencyInfo/optin.asp
Contact Name: Jessica Mayorga
Contact Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Contact Phone: 203-946-7660


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(visited by Olli-Pekka Savela and Olli Suutela)
14-Jun-2001 -- Thursday June 14, 2001: Visit at 13:00am
The major road we drove followed almost precisely latitude 63. One of the secondary confluences, 63N 23E was pretty close along the way, but we decided not to try it since it has been visited already and we had a tight schedule to keep - 6 more confluences to go!
In Finland, roads are good and the road network wide-spread so we found ourselves again close from the confluence with a mere 500m hike to go.
After parking the car at the nearby farm, we talked awhile with the farmer, who didn't seem to understand all this business with GPS's, degrees, latitudes and longitudes. City folks with their strange hobbies!
On our way to the spot, after passing under a major powerline, we bumped into something one doesn't expect to see in middle of the forest, far from the closest road: an old Opel Kadett.
Without doing any closer inspection, it seemed to be in amazingly good condition for being a wreck, like the picture #6 shows.
The confluence itself was situated very close to a forest road, on quite damp swamplike ground.


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Darwinism Refuted
Molecular Biology and the Origin of Life
In previous sections of this book, we have shown how the fossil record invalidates the theory of evolution. In point of fact, there was no need for us to relate any of that, because the theory of evolution collapses long before one gets to any claims about the evidence of fossils. The subject that renders the theory meaningless from the very outset is the question of how life first appeared on earth.
When it addresses this question, evolutionary theory claims that life started with a cell that formed by chance. According to this scenario, four billion years ago various chemical compounds underwent a reaction in the primordial atmosphere on the earth in which the effects of thunderbolts and atmospheric pressure led to the formation of the first living cell.
The first thing that must be said is that the claim that nonliving materials can come together to form life is an unscientific one that has not been verified by any experiment or observation. Life is only generated from life. Each living cell is formed by the replication of another cell. No one in the world has ever succeeded in forming a living cell by bringing inanimate materials together, not even in the most advanced laboratories.
The theory of evolution claims that a living cell—which cannot be produced even when all the power of the human intellect, knowledge and technology are brought to bear—nevertheless managed to form by chance under primordial conditions on the earth. In the following pages, we will examine why this claim is contrary to the most basic principles of science and reason.
An Example of the Logic of "Chance"
If one believes that a living cell can come into existence by chance, then there is nothing to prevent one from believing a similar story that we will relate below. It is the story of a town.
One day, a lump of clay, pressed between the rocks in a barren land, becomes wet after it rains. The wet clay dries and hardens when the sun rises, and takes on a stiff, resistant form. Afterwards, these rocks, which also served as a mould, are somehow smashed into pieces, and then a neat, well shaped, and strong brick appears. This brick waits under the same natural conditions for years for a similar brick to be formed. This goes on until hundreds and thousands of the same bricks have been formed in the same place. However, by chance, none of the bricks that were previously formed are damaged. Although exposed to storms, rain, wind, scorching sun, and freezing cold for thousands of years, the bricks do not crack, break up, or get dragged away, but wait there in the same place with the same determination for other bricks to form.
When the number of bricks is adequate, they erect a building by being arranged sideways and on top of each other, having been randomly dragged along by the effects of natural conditions such as winds, storms, or tornadoes. Meanwhile, materials such as cement or soil mixtures form under "natural conditions," with perfect timing, and creep between the bricks to clamp them to each other. While all this is happening, iron ore under the ground is shaped under "natural conditions" and lays the foundations of a building that is to be formed with these bricks. At the end of this process, a complete building rises with all its materials, carpentry, and installations intact.
In Darwin's time, it was thought that the cell had a very simple structure. Darwin's ardent supporter Ernst Haeckel suggested that the above mud pulled up from the bottom of the sea could produce life by itself.
Of course, a building does not only consist of foundations, bricks, and cement. How, then, are the other missing materials to be obtained? The answer is simple: all kinds of materials that are needed for the construction of the building exist in the earth on which it is erected. Silicon for the glass, copper for the electric cables, iron for the columns, beams, water pipes, etc. all exist under the ground in abundant quantities. It takes only the skill of "natural conditions" to shape and place these materials inside the building. All the installations, carpentry, and accessories are placed among the bricks with the help of the blowing wind, rain, and earthquakes. Everything has gone so well that the bricks are arranged so as to leave the necessary window spaces as if they knew that something called glass would be formed later on by natural conditions. Moreover, they have not forgotten to leave some space to allow the installation of water, electricity and heating systems, which are also later to be formed by chance. Everything has gone so well that "coincidences" and "natural conditions" produce a perfect design.
One who manages to sustain his belief in this story so far should have no trouble surmising how the town's other buildings, plants, highways, sidewalks, substructures, communications, and transportation systems came about. If he possesses technical knowledge and is fairly conversant with the subject, he can even write an extremely "scientific" book of a few volumes stating his theories about "the evolutionary process of a sewage system and its uniformity with the present structures." He may well be honored with academic awards for his clever studies, and may consider himself a genius, shedding light on the nature of humanity.
The theory of evolution, which claims that life came into existence by chance, is no less absurd than our story, for, with all its operational systems, and systems of communication, transportation and management, a cell is no less complex than a city. In his book Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, the molecular biologist Michael Denton discusses the complex structure of the cell:
The Complex Structure and Systems in the Cell
Fred Hoyle
The complex structure of the living cell was unknown in Darwin's day and at the time, ascribing life to "coincidences and natural conditions" was thought by evolutionists to be convincing enough. Darwin had proposed that the first cell could easily have formed "in some warm little pond."239 One of Darwin's supporters, the German biologist Ernst Haeckel, examined under the microscope a mixture of mud removed from the sea bed by a research ship and claimed that this was a nonliving substance that turned into a living one. This so-called "mud that comes to life," known as Bathybius haeckelii ("Haeckel's mud from the depths"), is an indication of just how simple a thing life was thought to be by the founders of the theory of evolution.
The technology of the twentieth century has delved into the tiniest particles of life, and has revealed that the cell is one of the most complex systems mankind has ever confronted. Today we know that the cell contains power stations producing the energy to be used by the cell, factories manufacturing the enzymes and hormones essential for life, a databank where all the necessary information about all products to be produced is recorded, complex transportation systems and pipelines for carrying raw materials and products from one place to another, advanced laboratories and refineries for breaking down external raw materials into their useable parts, and specialized cell membrane proteins to control the incoming and outgoing materials. And these constitute only a small part of this amazingly complex system.
W. H. Thorpe, an evolutionist scientist, acknowledges that "The most elementary type of cell constitutes a 'mechanism' unimaginably more complex than any machine yet thought up, let alone constructed, by man."240
A cell is so complex that even the high level of technology attained today cannot produce one. No effort to create an artificial cell has ever met with success. Indeed, all attempts to do so have been abandoned.
The theory of evolution claims that this system—which mankind, with all the intelligence, knowledge and technology at its disposal, cannot succeed in reproducing—came into existence "by chance" under the conditions of the primordial earth. Actually, the probability of forming a cell by chance is about the same as that of producing a perfect copy of a book following an explosion in a printing house.
The English mathematician and astronomer Sir Fred Hoyle made a similar comparison in an interview published in Nature magazine on November 12, 1981. Although an evolutionist himself, Hoyle stated that the probability that higher life forms might have emerged in this way is comparable to the probability that a tornado sweeping through a junk-yard might assemble a Boeing 747 from the materials therein.241 This means that it is not possible for the cell to have come into being by chance, and therefore it must definitely have been "created."
One of the basic reasons why the theory of evolution cannot explain how the cell came into existence is the "irreducible complexity" in it. A living cell maintains itself with the harmonious co-operation of many organelles. If only one of these organelles fails to function, the cell cannot remain alive. The cell does not have the opportunity to wait for unconscious mechanisms like natural selection or mutation to permit it to develop. Thus, the first cell on earth was necessarily a complete cell possessing all the required organelles and functions, and this definitely means that this cell had to have been created.
The Problem of the Origin of Proteins
The complex 3-D structure of the protein cytochrome-C. The slightest difference in the order of the amino acids, represented by little balls, will render the protein nonfunctional.
So much for the cell, but evolution fails even to account for the building-blocks of a cell. The formation, under natural conditions, of just one single protein out of the thousands of complex protein molecules making up the cell is impossible.
Proteins are giant molecules consisting of smaller units called amino acids that are arranged in a particular sequence in certain quantities and structures. These units constitute the building blocks of a living protein. The simplest protein is composed of 50 amino acids, but there are some that contain thousands.
The absence, addition, or replacement of a single amino acid in the structure of a protein causes the protein to become a useless molecular heap. Every amino acid has to be in the right place and in the right order. The theory of evolution, which claims that life emerged as a result of chance, is quite helpless in the face of this order, since it is too wondrous to be explained by coincidence. Prof. Fred Hoyle comments as follows:
Indeed, such a theory (that life was assembled by an intelligence) is so obvious that one wonders why it is not widely accepted as being self-evident. The reasons are psychological rather than scientific.242
The reason Hoyle used the term "psychological" is the self-conditioning of evolutionists not to accept that life was created. The rejection of Allah's existence is their main goal. For this reason alone, they go on defending irrational theories which they at the same time acknowledge to be impossible.
Left-handed Proteins
Let us now examine in detail why the evolutionist scenario regarding the formation of proteins is impossible.
Even the correct sequence of the right amino acids is still not enough for the formation of a functional protein molecule. In addition to these requirements, each of the 20 different types of amino acids present in the composition of proteins must be left-handed. There are two different types of amino acids—as of all organic molecules—called "left-handed" and "right-handed." The difference between them is the mirror-symmetry between their three dimensional structures, which is similar to that of a person's right and left hands.
Amino acids of either of these two types can easily bond with one another. But one astonishing fact that has been revealed by research is that all the proteins in plants and animals on this planet, from the simplest organism to the most complex, are made up of left-handed amino acids. If even a single right-handed amino acid gets attached to the structure of a protein, the protein is rendered useless. In a series of experiments, surprisingly, bacteria that were exposed to right-handed amino acids immediately destroyed them. In some cases, they produced usable left-handed amino acids from the fractured components.
L - Left-handed amino acid
Let us for an instant suppose that life came about by chance as evolutionists claim it did. In this case, the right- and left-handed amino acids that were generated by chance should be present in roughly equal proportions in nature. Therefore, all living things should have both right- and left-handed amino acids in their constitution, because chemically it is possible for amino acids of both types to combine with each other. However, as we know, in the real world the proteins existing in all living organisms are made up only of left-handed amino acids.
The question of how proteins can pick out only the left-handed ones from among all amino acids, and how not even a single right-handed amino acid gets involved in the life process, is a problem that still baffles evolutionists. Such a specific and conscious selection constitutes one of the greatest impasses facing the theory of evolution.
Moreover, this characteristic of proteins makes the problem facing evolutionists with respect to "chance" even worse. In order for a "meaningful" protein to be generated, it is not enough for the amino acids to be present in a particular number and sequence, and to be combined together in the right three-dimensional design. Additionally, all these amino acids have to be left-handed: not even one of them can be right-handed. Yet there is no natural selection mechanism which can identify that a right-handed amino acid has been added to the sequence and recognize that it must therefore be removed from the chain. This situation once more eliminates for good the possibility of coincidence and chance.
The Britannica Science Encyclopaedia, which is an outspoken defender of evolution, states that the amino acids of all living organisms on earth, and the building blocks of complex polymers such as proteins, have the same left-handed asymmetry. It adds that this is tantamount to tossing a coin a million times and always getting heads. The same encyclopaedia states that it is impossible to understand why molecules become left-handed or right-handed, and that this choice is fascinatingly related to the origin of life on earth.243
If a coin always turns up heads when tossed a million times, is it more logical to attribute that to chance, or else to accept that there is conscious intervention going on? The answer should be obvious. However, obvious though it may be, evolutionists still take refuge in coincidence, simply because they do not want to accept the existence of conscious intervention.
A situation similar to the left-handedness of amino acids also exists with respect to nucleotides, the smallest units of the nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. In contrast to proteins, in which only left-handed amino acids are chosen, in the case of the nucleic acids, the preferred forms of their nucleotide components are always right-handed. This is another fact that can never be explained by chance.
The Indispensability of the Peptide Link
The difficulties the theory of evolution is unable to overcome with regard to the development of a single protein are not limited to those we have recounted so far. It is not enough for amino acids to be arranged in the correct numbers, sequences, and required three-dimensional structures. The formation of a protein also requires that amino acid molecules with more than one arm be linked to each other only in certain ways. Such a bond is called a "peptide bond." Amino acids can make different bonds with each other; but proteins are made up of those—and only those—amino acids which are joined by peptide bonds.
A comparison will clarify this point. Suppose that all the parts of a car were complete and correctly assembled, with the sole exception that one of the wheels was fastened in place not with the usual nuts and bolts, but with a piece of wire, in such a way that its hub faced the ground. It would be impossible for such a car to move even the shortest distance, no matter how complex its technology or how powerful its engine. At first glance, everything would seem to be in the right place, but the faulty attachment of even one wheel would make the entire car useless. In the same way, in a protein molecule the joining of even one amino acid to another with a bond other than a peptide bond would make the entire molecule useless.
Research has shown that amino acids combining at random combine with a peptide bond only 50 percent of the time, and that the rest of the time different bonds that are not present in proteins emerge. To function properly, each amino acid making up a protein must be joined to others only with a peptide bond, in the same way that it likewise must be chosen only from among left-handed forms.
A Protein Cannot Form Even if All the Necessary Conditions Were Present
Since some people are unable to take a broad view of these matters, but approach them from a superficial viewpoint and assume protein formation to be a simple chemical reaction, they may make unrealistic deductions such as "amino acids combine by way of reaction and then form proteins." However, accidental chemical reactions taking place in a nonliving structure can only bring about simple compounds. The number of these is predetermined and limited. For a somewhat more complex chemical material, huge factories, chemical plants, and laboratories have to be involved. Medicines and many other chemical materials that we use in our daily life are made in just this way. Proteins have much more complex structures than these chemicals produced by industry. Therefore, it is impossible for proteins, each of which is a wonder of creation and engineering, in which every part takes its place in a fixed order, to originate as a result of haphazard chemical reactions.
To summarize the subject of proteins;
• Around 100 special proteins are needed for a single protein to form.
• Protein cannot form if even one of these enzymes (proteins) required for protein synthesis is missing.
• It is not enough for these 100 enzymes to be present at the same time; they must all also be present in a special region inside the cell (a specific region inside the nucleus).
• DNA manufactures the enzymes necessary for protein to form. Proteins are also needed for DNA replication. There is no possibility of one appearing before the other. Both have to be present at the same time.
• A ribosome that serves as a factory for protein formation must also exist. But the ribosome is itself made up of proteins. Therefore, proteins are needed for ribosomes to exist, and ribosomes are needed for proteins.
• It is impossible for one to form before the other. Proteins, DNA, the ribosome, the cell nucleus, mitochondria that produce energy and all the other organelles in the cell must all exist at one and the same time.
• The enzymes essential for protein to form have to be sent to the region where manufacture will be carried out by the cell. Even if enzymes are present, so long as they are not given tasks to perform by the cell they will do nothing for that protein.
• There have to be a specific temperature and pH value in order for enzymes to be able to carry out reactions. Enzymes do not initiate reactions if they are not at the right temperature and pH level.
• Therefore, it is impossible for a protein to emerge so long as all the organelles of the cell do not co-exist together.
• Even if we place all the components necessary for protein in some muddy water, these components can never combine together to constitute proteins. The existence of the cell is a prerequisite for that to happen.
• Amino acids do not normally react with one another. Helper enzymes to carry out a reaction have to be ready and present inside the cell. But they do naturally enter into reactions with various substances, such as sugar. Therefore, even if all the requisite amino acids are placed into muddy water they can still never combine spontaneously with other amino acids. The cell is again essential for that to happen.
• Under natural conditions, even if a protein is left inside muddy water, that protein will immediately be broken down, under the effect of various environmental factors, or else will combine with other acids, amino acids or chemical substances and lose all its properties and turn into another substance that serves no purpose.
• In addition to all this, it will be useful to reiterate the essential conditions for a protein:
a. There must be peptide bonds between amino acids
b. All amino acids must be left-handed
c. Only 20 amino acids must be used
d. Amino acids have to be in a specific sequence
e. The protein that forms has to have a specific 3-D shape.
Let us for a minute put aside all the impossibilities we have described so far, and suppose that a useful protein molecule still evolved spontaneously "by accident." Even so, the theory of evolution again has no answers, because in order for this protein to survive, it would need to be isolated from its natural habitat and be protected under very special conditions. Otherwise, it would either disintegrate from exposure to natural conditions on earth, or else join with other acids, amino acids, or chemical compounds, thereby losing its particular properties and turning into a totally different and useless substance.
What we have been discussing so far is the impossibility of just one protein's coming about by chance. However, in the human body alone there are some 100,000 proteins functioning. Furthermore, there are about 1.5 million species named, and another 10 million are believed to exist. Although many similar proteins are used in many life forms, it is estimated that there must be 100 million or more types of protein in the plant and animal worlds. And the millions of species which have already become extinct are not included in this calculation. In other words, hundreds of millions of protein codes have existed in the world. If one considers that not even one protein can be explained by chance, it is clear what the existence of hundreds of millions of different proteins must mean.
Bearing this truth in mind, it can clearly be understood that "coincidences" cannot account for the origin of living things.
The Evolutionary Argument about the Origin of Life
1. Amino Acids
Protein Synthesis:
The ribosome reads the messenger RNA, and arranges the amino acids according to the information it receives there. In the illustrations, the consecutive order of the [ val, cys, and ala amino acids ], established by the ribosome and transfer RNA, can be seen. All proteins in nature are produced by this complex process. No protein comes about by "accident."
Above all, there is one important point to take into consideration: If any one step in the evolutionary process is proven to be impossible, this is sufficient to prove that the whole theory is totally false and invalid. For instance, by proving that the haphazard formation of proteins is impossible, all other claims regarding the subsequent steps of evolution are also refuted. After this, it becomes meaningless to take some human and ape skulls and engage in speculation about them.
How living organisms came into existence out of nonliving matter was an issue that evolutionists did not even want to mention for a long time. However, this question, which had constantly been avoided, eventually had to be addressed, and attempts were made to settle it with a series of experiments in the second quarter of the twentieth century.
The main question was: How could the first living cell have appeared in the primordial atmosphere on the earth? In other words, what kind of explanation could evolutionists offer?
The first person to take the matter in hand was the Russian biologist Alexander I. Oparin, the founder of the concept of "chemical evolution." Despite all his theoretical studies, Oparin was unable to produce any results to shed light on the origin of life. He says the following in his book The Origin of Life, published in 1936:
Unfortunately, however, the problem of the origin of the cell is perhaps the most obscure point in the whole study of the evolution of organisms.244
Since Oparin, evolutionists have performed countless experiments, conducted research, and made observations to prove that a cell could have been formed by chance. However, every such attempt only made the complex structure of the cell clearer, and thus refuted the evolutionists' hypotheses even more. Professor Klaus Dose, the president of the Institute of Biochemistry at the University of Johannes Gutenberg, states:
More than 30 years of experimentation on the origin of life in the fields of chemical and molecular evolution have led to a better perception of the immensity of the problem of the origin of life on earth rather than to its solution. At present all discussions on principal theories and experiments in the field either end in stalemate or in a confession of ignorance.245
In his book The End of Science, the evolutionary science writer John Horgan says of the origin of life, "This is by far the weakest strut of the chassis of modern biology."246
The following statement by the geochemist Jeffrey Bada, from the San Diego-based Scripps Institute, makes the helplessness of evolutionists clear:
Today, as we leave the twentieth century, we still face the biggest unsolved problem that we had when we entered the twentieth century: How did life originate on Earth? 247
Let us now look at the details of the theory of evolution's "biggest unsolved problem". The first subject we have to consider is the famous Miller experiment.
Miller's Experiment
Stanley Miller with his experimental apparatus.
The most generally respected study on the origin of life is the Miller experiment conducted by the American researcher Stanley Miller in 1953. (The experiment is also known as the "Urey-Miller experiment" because of the contribution of Miller's instructor at the University of Chicago, Harold Urey.) This experiment is the only "evidence" evolutionists have with which to allegedly prove the "chemical evolution thesis"; they advance it as the first stage of the supposed evolutionary process leading to life. Although nearly half a century has passed, and great technological advances have been made, nobody has made any further progress. In spite of this, Miller's experiment is still taught in textbooks as the evolutionary explanation of the earliest generation of living things. That is because, aware of the fact that such studies do not support, but rather actually refute, their thesis, evolutionist researchers deliberately avoid embarking on such experiments.
Stanley Miller's aim was to demonstrate by means of an experiment that amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, could have come into existence "by chance" on the lifeless earth billions of years ago. In his experiment, Miller used a gas mixture that he assumed to have existed on the primordial earth (but which later proved unrealistic), composed of ammonia, methane, hydrogen, and water vapor. Since these gases would not react with each other under natural conditions, he added energy to the mixture to start a reaction among them. Supposing that this energy could have come from lightning in the primordial atmosphere, he used an electric current for this purpose.
Miller heated this gas mixture at 100°C for a week and added the electrical current. At the end of the week, Miller analyzed the chemicals which had formed at the bottom of the jar, and observed that three out of the 20 amino acids which constitute the basic elements of proteins had been synthesized.
This experiment aroused great excitement among evolutionists, and was promoted as an outstanding success. Moreover, in a state of intoxicated euphoria, various publications carried headlines such as "Miller creates life." However, what Miller had managed to synthesize was only a few inanimate molecules.
Encouraged by this experiment, evolutionists immediately produced new scenarios. Stages following the development of amino acids were hurriedly hypothesized. Supposedly, amino acids had later united in the correct sequences by accident to form proteins. Some of these proteins which emerged by chance formed themselves into cell membrane–like structures which "somehow" came into existence and formed a primitive cell. These cells then supposedly came together over time to form multicellular living organisms.
However, Miller's experiment has since proven to be false in many respects.
Four Facts That Invalidate Miller's Experiment
The artificial atmosphere created by Miller in his experiment actually bore not the slightest resemblance to the primitive atmosphere on earth.
Miller's experiment sought to prove that amino acids could form on their own in primordial earth-like conditions, but it contains inconsistencies in a number of areas:
1- By using a mechanism called a "cold trap," Miller isolated the amino acids from the environment as soon as they were formed. Had he not done so, the conditions in the environment in which the amino acids were formed would immediately have destroyed these molecules.
Doubtless, this kind of conscious isolation mechanism did not exist on the primordial earth. Without such a mechanism, even if one amino acid were obtained, it would immediately have been destroyed. The chemist Richard Bliss expresses this contradiction by observing that "Actually, without this trap, the chemical products, would have been destroyed by the energy source."248 And, sure enough, in his previous experiments, Miller had been unable to make even one single amino acid using the same materials without the cold trap mechanism.
2- The primordial atmosphere that Miller attempted to simulate in his experiment was not realistic. In the 1980s, scientists agreed that nitrogen and carbon dioxide should have been used in this artificial environment instead of methane and ammonia.
So why did Miller insist on these gases? The answer is simple: without ammonia, it was impossible to synthesize any amino acid. Kevin Mc Kean talks about this in an article published in Discover magazine:
Miller and Urey imitated the ancient atmosphere on the Earth with a mixture of methane and ammonia. ...However in the latest studies, it has been understood that the Earth was very hot at those times, and that it was composed of melted nickel and iron. Therefore, the chemical atmosphere of that time should have been formed mostly of nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapour (H2O). However these are not as appropriate as methane and ammonia for the production of organic molecules.249
The American scientists J. P. Ferris and C. T. Chen repeated Miller's experiment with an atmospheric environment that contained carbon dioxide, hydrogen, nitrogen, and water vapor, and were unable to obtain even a single amino acid molecule. 250
3- Another important point that invalidates Miller's experiment is that there was enough oxygen to destroy all the amino acids in the atmosphere at the time when they were thought to have been formed. This fact, overlooked by Miller, is revealed by the traces of oxidized iron found in rocks that are estimated to be 3.5 billion years old.251
Today, Miller too accepts that his 1953 experiment was very far from explaining the origin of life.
There are other findings showing that the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere at that time was much higher than originally claimed by evolutionists. Studies also show that the amount of ultraviolet radiation to which the earth was then exposed was 10,000 times more than evolutionists' estimates. This intense radiation would unavoidably have freed oxygen by decomposing the water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
This situation completely negates Miller's experiment, in which oxygen was completely neglected. If oxygen had been used in the experiment, methane would have decomposed into carbon dioxide and water, and ammonia into nitrogen and water. On the other hand, in an environment where there was no oxygen, there would be no ozone layer either; therefore, the amino acids would have immediately been destroyed, since they would have been exposed to the most intense ultraviolet rays without the protection of the ozone layer. In other words, with or without oxygen in the primordial world, the result would have been a deadly environment for the amino acids.
4- At the end of Miller's experiment, many organic acids had also been formed with characteristics detrimental to the structure and function of living things. If the amino acids had not been isolated, and had been left in the same environment with these chemicals, their destruction or transformation into different compounds through chemical reactions would have been unavoidable.
Moreover, Miller's experiment also produced right-handed amino acids.252 The existence of these amino acids refuted the theory even within its own terms, because right-handed amino acids cannot function in the composition of living organisms. To conclude, the circumstances in which amino acids were formed in Miller's experiment were not suitable for life. In truth, this medium took the form of an acidic mixture destroying and oxidizing the useful molecules obtained.
All these facts point to one firm truth: Miller's experiment cannot claim to have proved that living things formed by chance under primordial earth–like conditions. The whole experiment is nothing more than a deliberate and controlled laboratory experiment to synthesize amino acids. The amount and types of the gases used in the experiment were ideally determined to allow amino acids to originate. The amount of energy supplied to the system was neither too much nor too little, but arranged precisely to enable the necessary reactions to occur. The experimental apparatus was isolated, so that it would not allow the leaking of any harmful, destructive, or any other kind of elements to hinder the formation of amino acids. No elements, minerals or compounds that were likely to have been present on the primordial earth, but which would have changed the course of the reactions, were included in the experiment. Oxygen, which would have prevented the formation of amino acids because of oxidation, is only one of these destructive elements. Even under such ideal laboratory conditions, it was impossible for the amino acids produced to survive and avoid destruction without the "cold trap" mechanism.
In fact, by his experiment, Miller destroyed evolution's claim that "life emerged as the result of unconscious coincidences." That is because, if the experiment proves anything, it is that amino acids can only be produced in a controlled laboratory environment where all the conditions are specifically designed by conscious intervention.
Today, Miller's experiment is totally disregarded even by evolutionist scientists. In the February 1998 issue of the famous evolutionist science journal Earth, the following statements appear in an article titled "Life's Crucible":
Geologist now think that the primordial atmosphere consisted mainly of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, gases that are less reactive than those used in the 1953 experiment. And even if Miller's atmosphere could have existed, how do you get simple molecules such as amino acids to go through the necessary chemical changes that will convert them into more complicated compounds, or polymers, such as proteins? Miller himself throws up his hands at that part of the puzzle. "It's a problem," he sighs with exasperation. "How do you make polymers? That's not so easy."253
As seen, today even Miller himself has accepted that his experiment does not lead to an explanation of the origin of life. In the March 1998 issue of National Geographic, in an article titled "The Emergence of Life on Earth," the following comments appear:
Many scientists now suspect that the early atmosphere was different to what Miller first supposed. They think it consisted of carbon dioxide and nitrogen rather than hydrogen, methane, and ammonia.
That's bad news for chemists. When they try sparking carbon dioxide and nitrogen, they get a paltry amount of organic molecules - the equivalent of dissolving a drop of food colouring in a swimming pool of water. Scientists find it hard to imagine life emerging from such a diluted soup.254
In brief, neither Miller's experiment, nor any other similar one that has been attempted, can answer the question of how life emerged on earth. All of the research that has been done shows that it is impossible for life to emerge by chance, and thus confirms that life is created. The reason evolutionists do not accept this obvious reality is their blind adherence to prejudices that are totally unscientific. Interestingly enough, Harold Urey, who organized the Miller experiment with his student Stanley Miller, made the following confession on this subject:
All of us who study the origin of life find that the more we look into it, the more we feel it is too complex to have evolved anywhere. We all believe as an article of faith that life evolved from dead matter on this planet. It is just that its complexity is so great, it is hard for us to imagine that it did.255
The Primordial Atmosphere and Proteins
Evolutionist sources use the Miller experiment, despite all of its inconsistencies, to try to gloss over the question of the origin of amino acids. By giving the impression that the issue has long since been resolved by that invalid experiment, they try to paper over the cracks in the theory of evolution.
However, to explain the second stage of the origin of life, evolutionists faced an even greater problem than that of the formation of amino acids—namely, the origin of proteins, the building blocks of life, which are composed of hundreds of different amino acids bonding with each other in a particular order.
Claiming that proteins were formed by chance under natural conditions is even more unrealistic and unreasonable than claiming that amino acids were formed by chance. In the preceding pages we have already seen the impossibility of the haphazard formation of proteins. Now, we will further examine the impossibility of proteins being produced chemically under primordial earth conditions.
The Problem of Protein Synthesis in Water
As we saw before, when combining to form proteins, amino acids form a special bond with one another called the peptide bond. A water molecule is released during the formation of this peptide bond.
This fact definitely refutes the evolutionist explanation that primordial life originated in water, because, according to the "Le Châtelier principle" in chemistry, it is not possible for a reaction that releases water (a condensation reaction) to take place in a hydrous environment. The probability of this kind of a reaction happening in a hydrate environment is said to "have the least probability of occurring" of all chemical reactions.
Hence the ocean, which is claimed to be where life began and amino acids originated, is definitely not an appropriate setting for amino acids to form proteins.256 On the other hand, it would be irrational for evolutionists to change their minds and claim that life originated on land, because the only environment where amino acids could have been protected from ultraviolet radiation is in the oceans and seas. On land, they would be destroyed by ultraviolet rays. The Le Châtelier principle, on the other hand, disproves the claim of the formation of life in the sea. This is another dilemma confronting evolution.
Fox's Experiment
Challenged by the abovementioned dilemma, evolutionists began to invent unrealistic scenarios based on this "water problem" that so definitively refuted their theories. Sydney Fox was one of the best known of these researchers. Fox advanced the following theory to solve the problem. According to him, the first amino acids must have been transported to some cliffs near a volcano right after their formation in the primordial ocean. The water contained in this mixture that included the amino acids must have evaporated when the temperature increased above boiling point on the cliffs. The amino acids which were "dried out" in this way, could then have combined to form proteins.
However this "complicated" way out was not accepted by many people in the field, because the amino acids could not have endured such high temperatures. Research confirmed that amino acids are immediately destroyed at very high temperatures.
But Fox did not give up. He combined purified amino acids in the laboratory, "under very special conditions," by heating them in a dry environment. The amino acids combined, but still no proteins were obtained. What he actually ended up with was simple and disordered loops of amino acids, arbitrarily combined with each other, and these loops were far from resembling any living protein. Furthermore, if Fox had kept the amino acids at a steady temperature, then these useless loops would also have disintegrated.
Another point that nullified the experiment was that Fox did not use the useless end products obtained in Miller's experiment; rather, he used pure amino acids from living organisms. This experiment, however, which was intended to be a continuation of Miller's experiment, should have started out from the results obtained by Miller. Yet neither Fox, nor any other researcher, used the useless amino acids Miller produced.
Fox's experiment was not even welcomed in evolutionist circles, because it was clear that the meaningless amino acid chains that he obtained (which he termed "proteinoids") could not have formed under natural conditions. Moreover, proteins, the basic units of life, still could not be produced. The problem of the origin of proteins remained unsolved. In an article in the popular science magazine, Chemical Engineering News, which appeared in the 1970s, Fox's experiment was mentioned as follows:
Sydney Fox and the other researchers managed to unite the amino acids in the shape of "proteinoids" by using very special heating techniques under conditions which in fact did not exist at all in the primordial stages of Earth. Also, they are not at all similar to the very regular proteins present in living things. They are nothing but useless, irregular chemical stains. It was explained that even if such molecules had formed in the early ages, they would definitely be destroyed.257
Indeed, the proteinoids Fox obtained were totally different from real proteins, both in structure and function. The difference between proteins and these proteinoids was as huge as the difference between a piece of high-tech equipment and a heap of unprocessed iron.
Furthermore, it was impossible for these irregular amino acid chains to have survived in the primordial atmosphere. Harmful and destructive physical and chemical effects caused by heavy exposure to ultraviolet light and other unstable natural conditions would have caused these proteinoids to disintegrate. Because of the Le Châtelier principle, it was also impossible for the amino acids to combine underwater, where ultraviolet rays would not reach them. In view of this, the idea that the proteinoids were the basis of life eventually lost support among scientists.
Fox's "Proteinoids"
Sydney Fox, who was influenced by Miller's scenario, formed the above molecules, which he called "proteinoids," by joining amino acids together. However, these chains of nonfunctioning amino acids had no resemblance to the real proteins that make up the bodies of living things. Actually, all these efforts showed not only that life did not come about by chance, but also that it could not be reproduced in laboratory conditions.
The Origin of the DNA Molecule
Our examinations so far have shown that the theory of evolution is in a serious quandary at the molecular level. Evolutionists have shed no light on the formation of amino acids at all. The formation of proteins, on the other hand, is another mystery all its own.
Yet the problems are not even limited just to amino acids and proteins: These are only the beginning. Beyond them, the extremely complex structure of the cell leads evolutionists to yet another impasse. The reason for this is that the cell is not just a heap of amino-acid-structured proteins, but rather one of the most complex systems man has ever encountered.
While the theory of evolution was having such trouble providing a coherent explanation for the existence of the molecules that are the basis of the cell structure, developments in the science of genetics and the discovery of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) produced brand-new problems for the theory. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick launched a new age in biology with their work on the structure of DNA.
The molecule known as DNA, which is found in the nucleus of each of the 100 trillion cells in our bodies, contains the complete blueprint for the construction of the human body. The information regarding all the characteristics of a person, from physical appearance to the structure of the inner organs, is recorded in DNA within the sequence of four special bases that make up the giant molecule. These bases are known as A, T, G, and C, according to the initial letters of their names. All the structural differences among people depend on variations in the sequences of these letters. In addition to features such as height, and eye, hair and skin colors, the DNA in a single cell also contains the design of the 206 bones, the 600 muscles, the 100 billion nerve cells (neurons), 1.000 trillion connections between the neurons of the brain, 97,000 kilometers of veins, and the 100 trillion cells of the human body. If we were to write down the information coded in DNA, then we would have to compile a giant library consisting of 900 volumes of 500 pages each. But the information this enormous library would hold is encoded inside the DNA molecules in the cell nucleus, which is far smaller than the 1/100th-of-a-millimeter-long cell itself.
When Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA, they revealed that life was much more complicated than had previously been thought.
DNA cannot be Explained by Coincidences
At this point, there is an important detail that deserves attention. An error in the sequence of the nucleotides making up a gene would render that gene completely useless. When it is considered that there are some 30,000 genes in the human body, it becomes clearer how impossible it is for the millions of nucleotides making up these genes to have been formed, in the right sequence, by chance.
The impossibility of the formation of RNA and DNA by a coincidental accumulation of nucleotides is expressed by the French scientist Paul Auger in this way:
For many years, Francis Crick believed in the theory of molecular evolution, but eventually even he had to admit to himself that such a complex molecule could not have emerged spontaneously by chance, as the result of an evolutionary process:
The Turkish evolutionist Professor Ali Demirsoy was forced to make the following confession on the issue:
DNA codes of the beta-globin gene. These codes make up one of the parts of the haemoglobin that carry oxygen in the blood. The important thing is that if there is an error in just one of these codes, the protein that is produced will be totally useless.
A very interesting paradox emerges at this point: While DNA can only replicate with the help of special proteins (enzymes), the synthesis of these proteins can only be realized by the information encoded in DNA. As they both depend on each other, they have to exist at the same time for replication. Science writer John Horgan explains the dilemma in this way:
This situation once again undermines the scenario that life could have come about by accident. Homer Jacobson, Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, comments:
The quotation above was written two years after the discovery of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick. But despite all the developments in science, this problem for evolutionists remains unsolved. This is why German biochemist Douglas R. Hofstadter says:
Stanley Miller and Francis Crick's close associate from the University of San Diego, California, the highly reputed evolutionist Dr. Leslie Orgel says in an article published in 1994:
Alongside all of this, it is chemically impossible for nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA, which possess a definite string of information, to have emerged by chance, or for even one of the nucleotides which compose them to have come about by accident and to have survived and maintained its unadulterated state under the conditions of the primordial world. Even the famous journal Scientific American, which follows an evolutionist line, has been obliged to confess the doubts of evolutionists on this subject:
As revealed by what has been discussed so far, since it is impossible for life to have emerged by chemical means, life was created by All Powerful Allah. This "chemical evolution" that evolutionists have been talking about since the beginning of the last century never happened, and is nothing but a myth.
But most evolutionists believe in this and similar totally unscientific fairy tales as if they were true, because accepting that living things were created means accepting Almighty Allah's existence—and they have conditioned themselves not to accept this truth. One famous biologist from Australia, Michael Denton, discusses the subject in his book Evolution: A Theory in Crisis:
The extraordinary information concealed in DNA is clear proof that life did not emerge by chance, but was deliberately created. No natural process can account for the origin of DNA.
The Invalidity of the RNA World
The discovery in the 1970s that the gases originally existing in the primitive atmosphere of the earth would have rendered amino acid synthesis impossible was a serious blow to the theory of molecular evolution. Evolutionists then had to face the fact that the "primitive atmosphere experiments" by Stanley Miller, Sydney Fox, Cyril Ponnamperuma and others were invalid. For this reason, in the 1980s the evolutionists tried again. As a result, the "RNA World" hypothesis was advanced. This scenario proposed that, not proteins, but rather the RNA molecules that contained the information for proteins, were formed first.
According to this scenario, advanced by Harvard chemist Walter Gilbert in 1986, inspired by the discovery about "ribozymes" by Thomas Cech, billions of years ago an RNA molecule capable of replicating itself formed somehow by accident. Then this RNA molecule started to produce proteins, having been activated by external influences. Thereafter, it became necessary to store this information in a second molecule, and somehow the DNA molecule emerged to do that.
Made up as it is of a chain of impossibilities in each and every stage, this scarcely credible scenario, far from providing any explanation of the origin of life, only magnified the problem, and raised many unanswerable questions:
1. Since it is impossible to accept the coincidental formation of even one of the nucleotides making up RNA, how can it be possible for these imaginary nucleotides to form RNA by coming together in a particular sequence? Evolutionist John Horgan admits the impossibility of the chance formation of RNA;
As researchers continue to examine the RNA-World concept closely, more problems emerge. How did RNA initially arise? RNA and its components are difficult to synthesize in a laboratory under the best of conditions, much less under really plausible ones.267
2. Even if we suppose that it formed by chance, how could this RNA, consisting of just a nucleotide chain, have "decided" to self-replicate, and with what kind of mechanism could it have carried out this self-replicating process? Where did it find the nucleotides it used while self-replicating? Even evolutionist microbiologists Gerald Joyce and Leslie Orgel express the desperate nature of the situtation in their book In the RNA World:
This discussion… has, in a sense, focused on a straw man: the myth of a self-replicating RNA molecule that arose de novo from a soup of random polynucleotides. Not only is such a notion unrealistic in light of our current understanding of prebiotic chemistry, but it would strain the credulity of even an optimist's view of RNA's catalytic potential.268
3. Even if we suppose that there was self-replicating RNA in the primordial world, that numerous amino acids of every type ready to be used by RNA were available, and that all of these impossibilities somehow took place, the situation still does not lead to the formation of even one single protein. For RNA only includes information concerning the structure of proteins. Amino acids, on the other hand, are raw materials. Nevertheless, there is no mechanism for the production of proteins. To consider the existence of RNA sufficient for protein production is as nonsensical as expecting a car to assemble itself by simply throwing the blueprint onto a heap of parts piled up on top of each other. A blueprint cannot produce a car all by itself without a factory and workers to assemble the parts according to the instructions contained in the blueprint; in the same way, the blueprint contained in RNA cannot produce proteins by itself without the cooperation of other cellular components which follow the instructions contained in the RNA.
Proteins are produced in the ribosome factory with the help of many enzymes, and as a result of extremely complex processes within the cell. The ribosome is a complex cell organelle made up of proteins. This leads, therefore, to another unreasonable supposition—that ribosomes, too, should have come into existence by chance at the same time. Even Nobel Prize winner Jacques Monod, who was one of the most fanatical defenders of evolution—and atheism—explained that protein synthesis can by no means be considered to depend merely on the information in the nucleic acids:
The code is meaningless unless translated. The modern cell's translating machinery consists of at least 50 macromolecular components, which are themselves coded in DNA: the code cannot be translated otherwise than by products of translation themselves. It is the modern expression of omne vivum ex ovo. When and how did this circle become closed? It is exceedingly difficult to imagine.269
How could an RNA chain in the primordial world have taken such a decision, and what methods could it have employed to make protein production happen by doing the work of 50 specialized particles on its own? Evolutionists have no answer to these questions. One article in the preeminent scientific journal Nature makes it clear that the concept of "self-replicating RNA" is a complete product of fantasy, and that actually this kind of RNA has not been produced in any experiment:
Dr. Leslie Orgel uses the term "scenario" for the possibility of "the origination of life through the RNA World." Orgel described what kind of features this RNA would have had to have and how impossible these would have been in his article "The Origin of Life," published in Scientific American in October 1994:
As should by now be clear, to expect these two complex and extremely essential processes from a molecule such as RNA is againt scientific thought. Concrete scientific facts, on the other hand, makes it explicit that the RNA World hypothesis, which is a new model proposed for the chance formation of life, is an equally implausible fable.
John Horgan, in his book The End of Science, reports that Stanley Miller viewed the theories subsequently put forward regarding the origin of life as quite meaningless (It will be recalled that Miller was the originator of the famous Miller Experiment, which was later revealed to be invalid.):
This statement, by a pioneer of the struggle to find an evolutionary explanation for the origin of life, clearly reflects the despair felt by evolutionist scientists over the cul-de-sac they find themselves in.
Order Cannot Be Explained by Coincidence
So far, we have examined how impossible the accidental formation of life is. Let us again ignore these impossibilities for just a moment. Let us suppose that millions of years ago a cell was formed which had acquired everything necessary for life, and that it duly "came to life." Evolution again collapses at this point. For even if this cell had existed for a while, it would eventually have died and after its death, nothing would have remained, and everything would have reverted to where it had started. This is because this first living cell, lacking any genetic information, would not have been able to reproduce and start a new generation. Life would have ended with its death.
The genetic system does not only consist of DNA. The following things must also exist in the same environment: enzymes to read the code on the DNA, messenger RNA to be produced after reading these codes, a ribosome to which messenger RNA will attach according to this code, transfer RNA to transfer the amino acids to the ribosome for use in production, and extremely complex enzymes to carry out numerous intermediary processes. Such an environment cannot exist anywhere apart from a totally isolated and completely controlled environment such as the cell, where all the essential raw materials and energy resources exist.
As a result, organic matter can self-reproduce only if it exists as a fully developed cell, with all its organelles. This means that the first cell on earth was formed "all of a sudden," together with its extraordinarily complex structure.
So, if a complex structure came into existence all of a sudden, what does this mean?
Let us ask this question with an example. Let us liken the cell to a high-tech car in terms of its complexity. (In fact, the cell is a much more complex and developed system than a car.) Now let us ask the following question: What would you think if you went out hiking in the depths of a thick forest and ran across a brand-new car among the trees? Would you imagine that various elements in the forest had come together by chance over millions of years and produced such a vehicle? All the parts in the car are made of products such as iron, copper, and rubber—the raw ingredients for which are all found on the earth—but would this fact lead you to think that these materials had synthesized "by chance" and then come together and manufactured such a car?
There is no doubt that anyone with a sound mind would realize that the car was the product of an intelligent design, and wonder what it was doing there in the middle of the forest. The sudden emergence of a complex structure in a complete form, quite out of the blue, shows that this is the work of an intelligent design.
Believing that pure chance can produce perfect structures goes well beyond the bounds of reason. Yet every "explanation" put forward by the theory of evolution regarding the origin of life is like that. One outspoken authority on this issue is the famous French zoologist Pierre-Paul Grassé. Grassé is an evolutionist, yet he acknowledges that Darwinist theory is unable to explain life and makes a point about the logic of "coincidence," which is the backbone of Darwinism:
All living things in the world, all of which are clear examples of the intelligent planning we have just been discussing, are at the same time living evidence that coincidence can have no role to play in their existence. Each of its component parts—never mind a whole living creature—contains structures and systems so complex that they cannot be the work of coincidence. We need go no further than our own bodies to find examples of this.
One example of this is our eyes. The human eye sees by the working together of some 40 separate parts. If one of these is not present, the eye will be useless. Each of these 40 parts possesses complex structures within itself. The retina at the back of the eye, for instance, is made up of 11 layers. Each layer has a different function. The chemical processes that go on inside the retina are so complex that they can only be explained with pages full of formulae and diagrams.
The theory of evolution is unable to account for the emergence of even such a flawless and complex structure as a single eye by means of "accident," let alone life itself, or mankind.
So, what do these extraordinary features in living things prove to us about the origin of life? As we made clear in the opening part of this book, only two different accounts can be given regarding the origin of life. One is the fallacious evolutionary explanation, the other the evident "fact of creation." As explained throughout the book, the evolution claim is impossible, and scientific discoveries prove the truth of creation. This truth may surprise some scientists, who from the nineteenth century to the present have seen the concept of "creation" as unscientific, but science can only progress by overcoming shocks of this kind and accepting the truth. Chandra Wickramasinghe describes the reality he faced as a scientist who had been told throughout his life that life had emerged as a result of chance coincidences:
238 Michael Denton, Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, Burnett Books, London, 1985, pp. 328, 342.
239 Charles Darwin, Life and Letter of Charles Darwin, vol. II, From Charles Darwin to J. Do Hooker, March 29, 1863
240 W. R. Bird, The Origin of Species Revisited, Thomas Nelson Co., Nashville, 1991, pp. 298-99.
241 "Hoyle on Evolution," Nature, vol. 294, November 12, 1981, p. 105.
242 Fred Hoyle, Chandra Wickramasinghe, Evolution from Space, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1984, p. 130. (emphasis added)
243 Fabbri Britannica Bilim Ansiklopedisi (Fabbri Britannica Science Encyclopaedia), vol. 2, no. 22, p. 519.
244 Alexander I. Oparin, Origin of Life, Dover Publications, New York, 1936, 1953 (reprint), p. 196.
245 Klaus Dose, "The Origin of Life: More Questions Than Answers," Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, vol. 13, no. 4, 1988, p. 348. (emphasis added)
246 Horgan, John, The End of Science, M. A. Addison-Wesley, 1996, p. 138. (emphasis added)
247 Jeffrey Bada, Earth, "Life's Crucible," February 1998, p. 40. (emphasis added)
248 Richard B. Bliss, Gary E. Parker, Duane T. Gish, Origin of Life, C.L.P. Publications, 3rd ed., California, 1990, pp. 14-15.
249 Kevin Mc Kean, Bilim ve Teknik (Science and Technology), no. 189, p. 7.
250 J. P. Ferris, C. T. Chen, "Photochemistry of Methane, Nitrogen, and Water Mixture As a Model for the Atmosphere of the Primitive Earth," Journal of American Chemical Society, vol. 97:11, 1975, p. 2964.
251 "New Evidence on Evolution of Early Atmosphere and Life," Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol. 63, November 1982, pp. 1328-1330.
252 Richard B. Bliss & Gary E. Parker, Duane T. Gish, Origin of Life, C.L.P. Publications, 3rd ed., California, 1990, p. 16.
253 "Life's Crucible," Earth, February 1998, p. 34. (emphasis added)
254 "The Rise of Life on Earth," National Geographic, March 1998, p. 68. (emphasis added)
255 W. R. Bird, The Origin of Species Revisited, Thomas Nelson Co., Nashville, 1991, p. 325.(emphasis added)
256 Richard Dickerson, "Chemical Evolution," Scientific American, vol. 239:3, 1978, p. 75. Chemist Richard Dickerson explains the reason for this in this way: "If polymeric chains of proteins and nucleic acids are to be forged out of their precursor monomers, a molecule of water must be removed at each link in the chain. It is therefore hard to see how polymerization could have proceeded in the aqueous environment of the primitive ocean, since the presence of water favors depolymerization rather than polymerization."
257 S. W. Fox, K. Harada, G. Kramptiz, G. Mueller, "Chemical Origin of Cells," Chemical Engineering News, June 22, 1970, p. 80.
258 Paul Auger, De La Physique Theorique a la Biologie, 1970, p. 118.
259 Francis Crick, Life Itself: It's Origin and Nature, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1981, p. 88. (emphasis added)
260 Ali Demirsoy, Kalitim ve Evrim (Inheritance and Evolution), Meteksan Publishing Co., Ankara, 1984, p. 39.
261 John Horgan, "In the Beginning," Scientific American, vol. 264, February 1991, p. 119. (emphasis added)
262 Homer Jacobson, "Information, Reproduction and the Origin of Life," American Scientist, January 1955, p. 121.
263 Douglas R. Hofstadter, Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, Vintage Books, New York, 1980, p. 548. (emphasis added)
264 Leslie E. Orgel, "The Origin of Life on Earth," Scientific American, vol. 271, October 1994, p. 78. (emphasis added)
265 Cairns-Smith, Alexander G., "The First Organisms," Scientific American, 252: 90, June 1985. (emphasis added)
266 Michael Denton, Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, London: Burnett Books, 1985, p. 351.
267 John Horgan, "In the Beginning," Scientific American, vol. 264, February 1991, p. 119.
268 G. F. Joyce, L. E. Orgel, "Prospects for Understanding the Origin of the RNA World," In the RNA World, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, 1993, p. 13.
269 Jacques Monod, Chance and Necessity, New York, 1971, p. 143. (emphasis added)
270 Dover, Gabby L., Looping the Evolutionary loop, review of the origin of life from the birth of life to the origin of language, Nature, 1999, vol. 399, p. 218. (emphasis added)
271 Leslie E. Orgel, "The Origin of Life on the Earth," Scientific American, October 1994, vol. 271, p. 78.
272 Horgan, John, The End of Science, M. A. Addison-Wesley, 1996, p. 139.
273 Pierre-P Grassé, Evolution of Living Organisms, Academic Press, New York, 1977, p. 103. (emphasis added)
274 Chandra Wickramasinghe, Interview in London Daily Express, August 14, 1981.