text:
Figure. Final quadrivariate model of liability to major depressive disorder (MDD), trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Standardized parameter estimates are shown. A1 to A3 denote genetic factors; E1 to E4, nonshared environmental factors.
Sartor CE, Grant JD, Lynskey MT, McCutcheon VV, Waldron M, Statham DJ, Bucholz KK, Madden PAF, Heath AC, Martin NG, Nelson EC. Common Heritable Contributions to Low-Risk Trauma, High-Risk Trauma, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Major Depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(3):293-299. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1385
© 2017
Author Affiliations: Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Dr Sartor); Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (Drs Sartor, Grant, Lynskey, McCutcheon, Waldron, Bucholz, Madden, Heath, and Nelson); School of Education, Indiana University, Bloomington (Dr Waldron); Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia (Dr Statham); and Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (Dr Martin).
Context Understanding the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and major depressive disorder (MDD) is critical to developing etiologic models of these conditions and their co-occurrence.
Objectives To quantify heritable influences on low-risk trauma, high-risk trauma, PTSD, and MDD and to estimate the degree of overlap between genetic and environmental sources of variance in these 4 phenotypes.
Design Adult twins and their siblings were ascertained from a large population-based sample of female and male twin pairs on the basis of screening items for childhood sexual abuse and physical abuse obtained in a previous assessment of this cohort.
Setting Structured psychiatric telephone interviews.
Participants Total sample size of 2591: 996 female and 536 male twins; 625 female and 434 male nontwin siblings.
Main Outcome Measure Lifetime low- and high-risk trauma exposure, PTSD, and MDD.
Results In the best-fitting genetic model, 47% of the variance in low-risk trauma exposure and 60% of the variance in high-risk trauma exposure was attributable to additive genetic factors. Heritable influences accounted for 46% of the variance in PTSD and 27% of the variance in MDD. An extremely high degree of genetic overlap was observed between high-risk trauma exposure and both PTSD (r = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.78-0.99) and MDD (r = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.77-0.98). Complete correlation of genetic factors contributing to PTSD and to MDD (r = 1.00) was observed.
Conclusions The evidence suggests that almost all the heritable influences on high-risk trauma exposure, PTSD, and MDD, can be traced to the same sources; that is, genetic risk is not disorder specific. Individuals with a positive family history of either PTSD or MDD are at elevated risk for both disorders and should be closely monitored after a traumatic experience for symptoms of PTSD and MDD.
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), unlike other psychiatric disorders, by definition involves exposure to a precipitating event. Most individuals experience 1 or more traumatic events during their lifetime1- 3; a sizeable minority develop PTSD. Approximately 12% of women and 6% of men in the US population meet DSM-IV lifetime criteria.1,4,5 Significant risk for major depressive disorder (MDD) following a traumatic event has also been consistently demonstrated.6- 9 Not surprisingly, MDD frequently co-occurs with PTSD.10- 12 High rates of comorbidity have been found in a variety of populations. In an earlier study13 of young adult women by our group, 71% of PTSD-positive women met MDD criteria. Fu et al14 reported a 7-fold increase in the odds of developing PTSD for male veterans with preexisting MDD. Kessler et al4 found a 4-fold increase in the risk of MDD in individuals with PTSD in a nationally representative sample.
The high rates of co-occurrence of PTSD and MDD may be due in part to shared genetic liability. The contribution of genetic factors to both disorders is well established. Heritability estimates of MDD are typically 35% to 40%.15- 17 In the case of PTSD, heritability in males is approximately 30%.18- 21 Far fewer studies have examined genetic influences in females, but the evidence suggests that heritability is even higher in women.22 Although the relative contribution of genetic factors to each of these 2 disorders is modest, at least in men, a high degree of overlap exists between heritable factors that influence PTSD and those that influence MDD. In studies based on the Vietnam Era Twin Registry sample, Fu et al14 concluded that the common sources of risk for the 2 disorders were almost entirely genetic. Koenen et al20 reported that 58% of the genetic variance in PTSD could be attributed to heritable influences shared with MDD.
The present study expands on existing genetically informative research on the comorbidity of PTSD and MDD in 2 ways. First, we quantified genetic contributions to trauma exposure and their overlap with genetic contributions to PTSD and MDD. Heritable factors have been reported to have a role in exposure to certain types of traumatic events, such as combat23 and assaultive trauma,9 likely acting through heritable personality traits (eg, antisociality and openness to new experiences24,25) that influence the probability of experiencing traumatic events. There is also some evidence for common genetic sources of risk for trauma exposure and development of PTSD.22 Second, we differentiated low-risk from high-risk trauma empirically based on association with PTSD in the sample. Previous studies have found assaultive trauma to be associated with greater risk for PTSD1,2,5,26,27 and MDD9 compared with nonassaultive trauma, with evidence of genetic influences on trauma exposure limited to assaultive traumatic events.24
The present investigation uses families ascertained from a large population-based sample of twins on the basis of screening items for childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and physical abuse (CPA) obtained in a previous assessment of this cohort. The genetically informative nature of the twin and sibling sample allows us to examine genetic and environmental influences on trauma exposure, MDD, and PTSD in women and men in whom a broad range of traumatic events are represented. In addition, supplementary analyses of data on trauma exposure and MDD from the full population-based twin sample are included to demonstrate that these findings do not arise from ascertainment bias. The goal of this undertaking was to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to the risk for experiencing traumatic events and the possible psychiatric sequelae of such exposures.
The Childhood Trauma Study's methods have been described in detail elsewhere28; a summary is provided herein. The composition and assessment of the volunteer twin panel from which families were drawn is briefly described, as data for supplemental analyses were derived from this twin panel.
The Childhood Trauma Study sample includes twins from a large Australian National Health and Medical Research Council volunteer twin panel (cohort II, born between 1964 and 1971), their siblings, and their parents. The twins were initially registered with the panel by their parents between 1980 and 1982 in response to approaches through either school systems or mass media. From 1996 to 2000, a total of 6265 twins (2765 pairs and 735 singletons) completed a semistructured psychiatric diagnostic telephone assessment29 that included questions on childhood maltreatment that were used to ascertain families for the Childhood Trauma Study. The design initially involved interviewing all available twins, full siblings, and parents from 500 high-risk families and 500 control families. The inclusion criteria for high-risk families were endorsement by 1 or both twins of a screening question on childhood sexual abuse (5 questions) or childhood physical abuse (4 questions), permission to contact family members, a surviving parent, and at least 1 additional potentially available sibling (2 were required if only a single twin had participated in the cohort II assessment). The inclusion criteria for control families were identical other than the requirement that no interviewed twin had endorsed either form of abuse. A random-number generator program was used to select high-risk and control families frequency matched on the basis of age, sex, zygosity, and family structure. All high-risk families in which a male twin reported a history of CSA were preferentially recruited because of the lower prevalence of CSA in males.
Screening calls made to twins queried their willingness to consider participating and determined the number of surviving parents and siblings. If families met the inclusion criteria, study personnel requested permission to contact family members and update contact information. A summary of twin recruitment is provided in eTable 1. Overall, recruitment was deemed reasonable given that the mean (SD) interval between interviews in cohort II and the present study is 7.2 (1.4) years. Verbal consent was obtained from each participant before starting the interview. Data collection began in 2003 and continued through 2008. Funding limitations necessitated scaling back enrollment; a decision was made to prioritize recruitment of high-risk family twins and reduce the number of targeted control families. Interviews were completed by 3434 respondents from 524 high-risk families and 373 control families. As an additional safeguard, respondents were required to provide written consent after the interview allowing use of the data obtained. Data from respondents who either returned consents requesting that their data not be used for analysis (n = 17) or did not return their consents (n = 10) were neither analyzed nor reported. Study procedures were approved by the ethics committees of the Queensland Institute of Medical Research and the Washington University School of Medicine. Parental data (n = 813) are not included from the present study because of concerns that the advanced age of most parents (mean [SD] age: 66.7 [5.7] years) might be a source of bias (eg, secular trends, recall, or censoring). Respondents for whom data were missing for either MDD (n = 12) or trauma exposure (n = 23) (but not both [n = 3]) were included in the analyses. The present study thus focuses on the 1532 twin (996 female, 536 male) and 1059 sibling (625 female, 434 male) respondents for whom trauma, PTSD, and/or MDD data are available. Respondents were almost all white and of European ancestry, but a wide range of educational backgrounds consistent with socioeconomic class diversity was represented in the sample (see eTable 2). Most respondents were married. The mean (SD) age at interview was 37.2 (2.3) years for twins and 40.6 (6.3) years for siblings. The mean (SD) number of twin and sibling participants per family was 2.9 (1.2). The breakdown of twins by zygosity and sex was as follows: 400 monozygotic (MZ) females (including 176 complete pairs), 177 MZ males (76 pairs), 367 dizygotic (DZ) females (157 pairs), 165 DZ males (66 pairs), and 423 DZ opposite-sex twins (169 pairs). Twins include 899 from high-risk families and 633 from control families.
The Childhood Trauma Study's computer-assisted diagnostic interview was completed via telephone. Interviewers completed an extensive training process supervised by an experienced clinical psychologist. Data reported herein on lifetime MDD were obtained using a modified section of the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA), for which reliability30 and validity31 are well established. The assessment of lifetime DSM-IV PTSD was modified from the National Comorbidity Survey4 interview, which itself was derived from the Revised Diagnostic Interview Schedule.32 The National Comorbidity Survey assessment, for which excellent psychometric properties have been reported,4 first asks respondents whether they had ever experienced a series of traumatic events (Table 1). To protect confidentiality, respondents looked at a numbered list of brief event descriptions contained in a booklet of materials mailed in advance of the interview. Each event was then queried by number (eg,"Did event number 1 ever happen to you?"). Respondents were then asked which event was most disturbing, and the assessment of lifetime PTSD focused on the identified event. Additional demographic information and DSM-IV diagnostic data were also obtained using interview sections modified from the SSAGA. To decrease respondent burden, sections of the interview (including the depression section) that were unchanged from a recent assessment were not readministered to twins or siblings interviewed in partially overlapping genetic studies (2001-2005) that focused on nicotine and alcohol.33,34 For the present study, the diagnosis of MDD was obtained from the Childhood Trauma Study for 2042 individuals; the previous assessment provided this diagnosis for the remaining 537 participants. The assessment used to obtain cohort II data, reported herein as supplementary results, included a similar SSAGA-based MDD section and the National Comorbidity Survey–derived traumatic event list without the items assessing the diagnostic criteria for PTSD.
The binary lifetime DSM-IV diagnosis of MDD was derived from the respondent's most recent assessment. The binary lifetime PTSD diagnosis was obtained from the Childhood Trauma Study interview. Individuals who did not report any lifetime trauma exposure were coded as missing for PTSD since the diagnosis of PTSD is contingent on prior trauma exposure. (See the article by Heath et al35 for the applicability of this approach to structural equation modeling with contingent phenotypes.) Because the nature of traumatic events experienced (eg, seasonal flooding vs a devastating tsunami), and how some events are perceived, can vary considerably between populations, traumatic events were classified empirically for the present study as either low or high risk based on the relative risk of PTSD associated with each specific event when nominated by respondents as most disturbing. Respondents were not categorized exclusively into low- vs high-risk trauma exposure groups; a given respondent could endorse both event types. The availability of these measures (other than the diagnosis of PTSD) in cohort II data enabled the same classification of low- and high-risk traumatic events to be applied in supplemental analyses examining the relationships of these variables and a diagnosis of MDD in a more general population–representative sample.
Descriptive and regression analyses were performed using a commercially available software program (SAS System for Windows, version 9.2). For regression analyses, robust variance estimators were used to adjust 95% CIs for the presence of multiple members of individual families. Preliminary insight into the most likely quantitative genetic model was obtained by examining the twin-pair and sib-pair correlations calculated separately for MZ twins, DZ twins, twin-sib pairs, and sib-sib pairs. Based on the tetrachoric correlations (eTable 3), a model with additive genetic (A), shared environmental (C), and nonshared environmental (E) influences was selected for the present analyses. All quantitative genetic analyses were conducted using a statistical package Mx.36 In the present analyses, we included up to 3 full siblings in addition to the twins (4 full siblings when data were available from only 1 twin). In families in which the number of available nontwin siblings exceeded these values, siblings closest in age to the twins were preferentially included.
The primary model tested was a quadrivariate Cholesky that assessed the nature and magnitude of influences on MDD, low-risk trauma exposure, high-risk trauma exposure, and PTSD. The Cholesky decomposition (see Neale and Cardon37) partitions the variance in the second variable, low-risk trauma exposure, into portions overlapping with the first variable, MDD (in eFigure 1, additive genetic and nonshared environmental paths to low-risk trauma from A1 and E1, respectively), and those specific to low-risk trauma exposure (in eFigure 1, additive genetic and nonshared environmental paths to low-risk trauma from A2 and E2, respectively). The third variable, high-risk trauma exposure, is then divided into portions overlapping with variable 1, those overlapping with variable 2, those specific to variable 3, etc. Given the well-established genetic contribution to MDD liability15- 17 and reports of subsequently occurring trauma exposure associated with affective disorders,38- 40 we included MDD as the first term in the model to enable its sharing of additive genetic variance with trauma exposure and PTSD to be easily calculated. The sample's complex family structure (ie, containing variable numbers of same-sex and opposite-sex twins and siblings), coupled with the presence of fewer comparisons informative for calculating parameter estimates for PTSD (due to coding individuals not exposed to trauma as missing), limited the ability to calculate separate parameter estimates for women and men. We instead controlled for possible sex differences by including sex as a covariate in all the models. Models were fitted to raw data, allowing for maximal use of data and providing−2 times the log-likelihood as an index of fit. After the saturated model was tested, paths with very small loadings (<0.10) were removed. The difference between the log-likelihood of the saturated and reduced models can be interpreted as aχ2 with the degrees of freedom equal to the difference in the number of parameters estimated. Paths that were not significant were dropped from the model. The significance of paths with larger loadings was confirmed with calculation of CIs. A saturated trivariate Cholesky (ie, MDD, low-risk trauma, and high-risk trauma) was created for supplementary analyses of cohort II twin data (see eTables 5 and 6 and eFigure 2), and pathways were then dropped as described previously herein to determine the most parsimonious model.
The prevalence of self-reported exposure to traumatic events is given in Table 1. Some enrichment for childhood trauma (see eTable 4 for comparison), consistent with the sample's ascertainment based on twins' report of CSA or CPA, is evident, as is enrichment for psychiatric disorders (see eTable 2).The risk of PTSD associated with nomination of each specific event as the most disturbing (Table 2) exhibits a fairly consistent pattern in which higher risk is observed for assaultive and severe childhood trauma. One surprising exception is the relatively modest PTSD risk observed for combat exposure, the least prevalent event for both men and women.
The prevalence of MDD in individuals exposed to low-risk traumatic events was significantly greater than that in individuals who reported no trauma exposure (36.8% vs 24.4%,χ21 = 38.4, P < .001). The MDD prevalence in individuals exposed to high-risk trauma was more than double that in those without trauma exposure, with nearly half meeting the criteria for the disorder (49.4% vs 24.3%,χ21 = 120.9, P < .001). The comorbidity of PTSD and MDD was also high: 67.9% of individuals who met criteria for PTSD also met MDD criteria compared with only 32.6% of those who had been exposed to trauma (either low or high risk) but did not develop PTSD (χ21 = 125.9, P < .001).
Within-individual cross-trait tetrachoric correlations for the 4 phenotypes are reported in Table 3. All correlations involving low-risk trauma were of modest magnitude; the somewhat counterintuitive negative correlation (r = −0.19) observed with PTSD can be attributed to classifying non–trauma-exposed individuals as missing for the disorder. In contrast, the correlations between high-risk trauma and PTSD and between high-risk trauma and MDD were 0.65 and 0.38, respectively.
A full quadrivariate ACE Cholesky triangular decomposition was fitted to twin and sibling data. A full AE Cholesky (eFigure 1) was also fitted with no significant change observed in overall fit (χ210 = 0, P > .99). Additional models were fitted with a single pathway dropped in each instance and change in model fit determined to be nonsignificant. The best-fitting quadrivariate Cholesky was calculated in this manner. A nonsignificant change in fit was observed when this model was compared with the full AE Cholesky (χ28 = 11.61, P = .17). The final model is shown with standardized path coefficients in the Figure (95% CIs available on request) and is summarized with standardized variance components in Table 4.
In the final model, 47% of the variance in low-risk trauma exposure and 60% of the variance in high-risk trauma exposure was attributable to additive genetic factors. Heritable influences accounted for 46% of the variance in PTSD and 27% of the variance in MDD. Nonshared environmental influences accounted for the remaining variance in all 4 phenotypes. There was no evidence of significant shared environmental contributions to PTSD, MDD, or either high-or low-risk trauma exposure. Additive genetic and nonshared environmental correlations among the 4 phenotypes are reported in Table 5. Moderate to high genetic correlations were observed between low-risk trauma exposure and high-risk trauma exposure (r = 0.50), PTSD (r = 0.57), and MDD (r = 0.57). An extremely high degree of genetic overlap was observed with high-risk trauma exposure and both MDD (r = 0.89) and PTSD (r = 0.89). Complete correlation of genetic factors contributing to MDD and to PTSD (r = 1.0) was observed.
The present study furthers our understanding of the links among trauma, MDD, and PTSD. These findings provide additional evidence of the substantial contribution of genetic factors to liability for MDD and PTSD and the overlap in heritable influences on the 2 disorders; in this study, all the genetic influences on PTSD are attributable to heritable factors shared with MDD. We extended this line of investigation by incorporating trauma phenotypes into genetic models of PTSD and MDD and differentiating low- from high-risk trauma, which allowed us to uncover distinctions by trauma severity in genetic overlap with PTSD and MDD. The heritability estimate for high-risk trauma is only slightly higher than that for low-risk trauma; however, these results indicate that inherited vulnerabilities to MDD and PTSD are shared to a much greater extent with heritable influences on high- than low-risk trauma exposures.
The estimated heritability of MDD in the present sample is 27%, somewhat below the 35% to 40% reported in the literature.15- 17 The present heritability estimate of 46% for PTSD falls between the 30% estimate reported for the Vietnam Era Twin Registry sample (the all-male sample examined in most twin studies of PTSD) and the estimate of 71% reported for an all-female sample in earlier work by our group.22 The high degree of genetic overlap between MDD and PTSD observed in the present study is also consistent with previous studies based on the Vietnam Era Twin Registry sample.14,20
The finding that a significant proportion of the variance in high- and low-risk trauma can be traced to heritable sources is somewhat consistent with the study by Stein et al.24 They used a sample of 406 twin pairs to estimate the relative contributions of genetic factors to different trauma types, assaultive vs nonassaultive traumas, which, except for combat exposure, closely map onto the present high- and low-risk trauma categories. The present heritability estimates are considerably larger than the comparable values from the study by Stein et al24: high risk (60%) vs assaultive (20%) and low risk (47%) vs nonassaultive (0%). Substantial methodological differences may have contributed to the discrepancy in heritability estimates. Their sample was composed solely of twin pairs and opposite-sex pairs were excluded from their calculations of heritability estimates for trauma exposure. The intrapair correlations they reported, which include all pairs, suggest that higher heritability estimates would have been obtained if opposite-sex pairs were retained (approximated by twice the difference in MZ-DZ correlation as 30% for assaultive and 28% for nonassaultive trauma). The inclusion of data from both twins and siblings with control for sex could have contributed to the higher estimates in the present study (see the"Limitations" subsection). Their analyses used quantitative factor scores derived from ordinal scores for each trauma type, ranging from 0 (never occurred) to 3 (occurred at each age range assessed). The present analyses used separate binary composite measures for any lifetime occurrence of high- and low-risk trauma exposure that were derived from binary scores representing the presence or absence of each assessed trauma type. Although the present sample is several-fold larger, sample size is a limitation shared by both studies.
Differences could also be attributable to bias secondary to ascertainment of the sample on the basis of twins' self-report of CSA or CPA. To address this possibility, we examined whether similar relationships between MDD and low- and high-risk trauma are found in the full community-ascertained cohort II sample (PTSD was not assessed) (see eTables 5 and 6 and eFigure 2). We found a somewhat higher estimated heritability of MDD (37%) and a slightly lower value for low-risk trauma (40%). The value for high-risk trauma was nearly identical (61%) to the value estimated in the main sample. A slightly lower genetic correlation for MDD and high-risk trauma was observed (0.72), whereas the genetic correlation for the 2 trauma types (0.56) was similar to that found in the main sample (0.52). Overall, the results of these supplementary analyses suggest that ascertainment bias had very limited effect on these findings. Thus, these findings provide evidence that low-risk trauma exposure is moderately heritable and that there is considerable overlap in genetic factors that influence high- and low-risk trauma exposure.
Although influenced by some of the same heritable factors, low-risk trauma exposures differed substantially from high-risk trauma exposures in the degree of genetic overlap with MDD and PTSD. The genetic correlation of low-risk trauma with MDD and PTSD was 0.50 compared with 0.89 for high-risk trauma. Together with the finding that all the genetic variance in PTSD was attributable to heritable factors common to PTSD and MDD, the evidence suggests that nearly all the genetic influences on PTSD, MDD, and high-risk trauma exposure can be traced to the same sources. Identification of these sources is beyond the scope of the present study, but the limited research in this area suggests that heritable traits associated with depression and PTSD, such as neuroticism3,41,42 and propensity to externalizing behaviors,14,43,44 are likely possibilities.
The results of the present study have important implications for the prevention of trauma-related psychopathology. These findings indicate that PTSD and MDD are different manifestations of common inherited vulnerabilities. Because genetic risk is not disorder specific, a family history of either disorder puts individuals at elevated risk for PTSD, MDD, or both. Those with a positive family history should be closely monitored following trauma exposure for signs of either disorder. It is important to remember, however, that although more susceptible to trauma-related psychopathology, those with high genetic liability are by no means destined to develop either PTSD or MDD, both of which are influenced to a greater extent by environment than by genes.
Certain limitations should be kept in mind when interpreting findings from the present study. First, although the categorization of low- vs high-risk traumas closely parallels the assaultive vs nonassaultive distinctions used in the larger trauma literature, the finding that combat exposure did not confer high risk for PTSD is inconsistent with studies conducted with US samples. This inconsistency is likely due to differences in military experiences between these US samples and that of the present study (whose age precluded participation in Vietnam and for whom assessment largely preceded recent conflicts [ie, Afghanistan and Iraq]). It does make an important point that research using broad categories of traumatic events must be interpreted with consideration of the distribution of exposure severity represented and, perhaps, the population-specific perception of individual events. It is possible that the sample-specific empirical categorization of trauma risk may have contributed to the magnitude of the overall association observed between high-risk trauma and PTSD. Second, the design included oversampling of families in which twins reported childhood maltreatment. Thus, to the extent that the relationship between trauma and MDD in this high-risk group differs from that in the general population, generalizability of these findings may be limited. However, results of the analyses we conducted with the community-based full cohort II sample suggest that any ascertainment bias likely had a very limited impact. Third, the ordering of variables had some effect on the heritability estimates obtained from the final reduced model. Estimates of heritability robust to the order of the first 3 variables, derived from the saturated AE model (shown in eFigure 1), are 36% for MDD, 46% for low-risk trauma, and 58% for high-risk trauma. Thus, the heritability for MDD calculated from the reduced model may have been slightly reduced. Fourth, given the aim of characterizing heritability and overlapping genetic influences on trauma exposure, MDD, and PTSD, twins make up a large proportion of the sample. Although they compose a small minority of the general population and they differ from singletons with respect to certain health outcomes in childhood, these differences are not significant beyond age 5 years45,46 and are, therefore, unlikely to influence the outcomes of interest in this study. Fifth, although the DZ twin, sib-twin, and sib-sib correlations are similar, the models include an assumption of their overall equality. A reduction in resemblance for these phenotypes in nontwin siblings, vs that of DZ twin pairs, would reduce the estimate for comparison with MZ twin pairs and, consequently, inflate estimates of genetic effects. Sixth, given that PTSD and MDD have partially overlapping symptoms, diagnostic imprecision could have contributed to the estimates of shared vulnerability that we obtained. Seventh, the approach of coding individuals with no history of trauma exposure as missing for PTSD, consistent with DSM-IV Criterion A, clearly affected the findings. The alternative, coding them as not meeting criteria for the disorder, would have added solely to those cells containing individuals without PTSD and each type of trauma exposure, thus increasing the magnitude of correlations between each trauma type and PTSD and the respective estimates of their total shared variance. The present approach reduced the number of comparisons informative for calculating parameter estimates for PTSD and, thus, limited our ability to examine alternative models (eg, obtaining separate estimates for women and men). Eighth, given the sample's complex family structure and sample size constraints, we used models that controlled for the main effect of sex. By doing so, we may have failed to detect underlying genotype× sex interactions.
There are a variety of possible directions for further investigation of common mechanisms underlying susceptibility to trauma exposure, MDD, and PTSD. First, given the relative lack of research on shared heritable influences on these phenotypes, replication in other community-based samples is necessary. Additional research is also needed to identify the heritable traits or behaviors that contribute to the heritability of trauma exposure. Given that personality traits, such as neuroticism and antisociality, have been reported16,25 to influence the likelihood of selecting environments in which risk of stressful events is higher, this line of research should include testing for mediating of genetic effects by these and related traits (eg, openness to experiences). In addition, the possibility that similar relationships to those observed herein exist among other disorders known to co-occur with PTSD and MDD and to begin or worsen following traumatic events (eg, substance use disorders) merits exploration. It is critical as well that we work toward identifying the specific genes and gene× environment interactions that contribute to the manifestation of PTSD and MDD following trauma exposure. These findings strongly suggest the importance of incorporating examination of genetic risks contributing to trauma exposure into such investigations.
Correspondence: Carolyn E. Sartor, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave (151D), West Haven, CT 06516 (email@example.com).
Submitted for Publication: April 14, 2011; final revision received August 26, 2011; accepted September 26, 2011.
Author Contributions: Dr Nelson had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Funding/Support: This work was primarily supported by grants AA013446 (Dr Nelson), AA011998_5978 (Dr Nelson), AA017921 (Dr Sartor), AA12640 (Dr Bucholz), AA10249 (Dr Heath), AA011998 (Dr Heath), and AA018146 (Dr McCutcheon) from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and by grants DA14363 (Dr Bucholz), DA023696 (Dr Waldron), and DA012854 (Dr Madden) from the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Role of the Sponsor: The funding sources had no role in the design and conduct of the study; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data; or in the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.


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The College of the Ozarks' Teacher Education program is accredited by the Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. Therefore, students who complete their elementary or secondary education program at College of the Ozarks and pass all state-required exams and background checks are recommended for certification in the State of Missouri.
The Education Office at College of the Ozarks will prepare and submit certification paperwork to the Department of Elementary and Secondary Education (DESE) on the student's behalf. Students are responsible for obtaining their own criminal background check through the vendor designated by DESE. Teaching certificates are processed electronically, and a program graduate may monitor the progress of his/her certification by accessing "DESE Web Applications" on the DESE website at www.dese.mo.gov.
If program graduates desire certification in another state, they are counseled to apply for reciprocity certification utilizing their Missouri teaching certificate. Each state sets its own requirements that individuals must meet for certification. Therefore, it is recommended that program graduates research the Department of Education websites for the state(s) in which they would like to obtain certification. In many cases, the state will issue a one-year provisional certificate, which allows the program graduate to obtain a teaching position while completing any additional requirements of the state such as a state history course, different assessments, etc.
As part of the certification process by the Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education (DESE), a criminal background check is required to be completed on each student completing the teacher education program. Our students are required to obtain their background check prior to student teaching. The background checks are valid for 12 months. The service of performing background checks is currently contracted out to an independent firm, which has offices throughout the state of Missouri. Specific procedures for procuring a background check may be found at: www.machs.mo.gov.

subset: commoncrawl


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GSA Supports DoD War on Breast Cancer
January 2, 1997
Contact: Bill Bearden
Internet: firstname.lastname@example.com
Did you know statistics show that one out of every nine women in America will develop breast cancer? And that every three minutes another woman in America is diagnosed with breast cancer?
The Department of Defense Telemedicine Test Bed is providing the leadership needed to address this critical need in women's health care.
In partnership with the Public Health Service's Office on Women's Health and the National Cancer Institute, DoD developed the concept of a Mobile Breast Cancer Center (MBCC) and asked the General Services Administration's Federal Systems Integration and Management Center (FEDSIM) for support to make the MBCC a reality.
GSA's FEDSIM recently awarded a task order to the team of Signal Corporation and Mobile Medical International Corporation to integrate promising state-of-the-art technologies from the leading national academic, Government, and industrial laboratories into a Mobile Breast Cancer Center.
The MBCC offers a new line of defense in women's battle against breast cancer. This mobile unit is designed to bring new technologies in breast diagnosis, therapeutics, and clinical trials to under served and remote populations. Additionally, the MBCC will significantly advance technology transfer between the medical community and other Governmental agencies.
The MBCC will provide a comprehensive system for early diagnosis, patient education, counseling, and follow-up. In addition, the MBCC allows the integration of on-line multi-disciplinary academic expert clinical teleconsultation with local treatment providers. This mobile center will employ digital mammography, computer aided diagnosis, teleradiology, telepathology, and remote medical consultation. The Center will utilize extensive external communications capabilities including satellite links to provide connectivity between the Center and other medical facilities.
In a collaborative effort, the Department of Defense and Health and Human Services sponsored a breast cancer awareness and prevention program at the District of Columbia General Hospital. The program featured a mock up version of the MBCC and highlighted its role in breast cancer diagnosis and research. Prominent speakers included Stephen C. Joseph, M.D., M.P.H. - Assistant Secretary of Defense (Health Affairs), Sheila E. Widnall, Ph.D. - Secretary of the United States Air Force, Susan Blumenthal, M.D., P.A. M.P.A. - Assistant Surgeon General, and the Honorable Patrick Leahy - U.S. Senator, Vermont.
GSA's FEDSIM will provide technical oversight for integration of workstations, fiber optic Local Area Networks (LANs), and satellite links into the MBCC. FEDSIM will conduct periodic project status reviews as well as technical interchange meetings among Signal Corporation, Mobile Medical International Corporation, and the Army Medical Department to ensure the MBCC meets the Army's requirements. In addition, FEDSIM will provide contract and project management skills to assure that this high profile project remains on schedule, within budget, and becomes a resounding success.
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funneh lolz
Im actually in part of this, not skating though. I was watching him lolzzz
And i just found out im in manny santiagos part too haha. Im stackin' that e-fame from starring in all their backgrounds.
You were at 0:35 for the second vid.
0:25 you're one of those guys there
and that 360 flip to grind at the end there gave me a little chill. twas a beaut
Last edited by Phat 2; 02-19-2012 at 06:01 PM.
ť̫ͣ̓ȍ̳̣̖ͤ̃͟õ͔̲̥͞͡ļ̶̳̭ͮ̔͡s̨̗̖̜̯͎͉͔̍̎͋̕͢ ͖͖̼̩ͤͤ̿̏̽̂̆͢͜o̞̘̘͚ͫ̓ͮf̸̟͙̀̄̑ͤ̃͌͛̒͝ ͖̯̮̺͉̊͠d̢̢̲̤̥̯ͦ̿̎̚e̯̭̦̎̐̊̕͜s̴̛͚͍͉̱̱̝̬͙̒͆ͫͧ͋́̀̀tͩ̃ ̯̱̗̮̙͕̂ͫř̳̬̳͓̭ͦͨ͂̏ͯͦǖ̙̦̪̺̬̣ͦ̀̍͛̌c̞̫̟͉̻̍͐̆́̊̋̉̄́ ̖͈t̡̯̳̮̮̙̖̟͐̆͒͒ḯ̵̥̮̯ͦͣͤͫͥͭǫ̱̩̗͛ͭ͊̑ͫ͞ͅṇ̯̘͈̑̓ͯ́͆͜ ̝͕̠̩
i can catch over 100 fill ins with this
or about 30 top to bottom wholecars
Lol you have too much time on your hands man. Hahahah that shit is funny.
i was first what you dont know is tthat this pic was taken in 1955 and i kept refilling it and its still running today
why were the sticky threads' names changed?
You're just finding that out now? ^ lol he's had at least 10 accounts. Why not just give an IP ban?
switching IP's is a piece of cake, you don't need to be a genius to figure it out.
I could care less though, it really is no thing banning him, takes less than 3-4 clicks. but he just creates a new account... so I'm like whatever. I'll just ban him everytime he comes close to 100 credits to fuck with him
whoop! it's about time. just noticed :P
Last edited by Phat 2; 02-20-2012 at 05:44 PM.
phat do they pay u or give u free shit for being a mod or u jusdt do it for the fun of it?


text:
INTERVIEW: Sunnery James & Ryan Marciano at TomorrowWorld
Sunnery James & Maricano have played at any dance music festival you can think of. After coming up with the anthem for Dance Valley, and also playing a set in New York City's famed Central Park, they hit the main stage at the very first TomorrowWorld.
We caught up with Sunnery and Ryan after their set on the main stage at TomorrowWorld, where they talked about their new track with Nicky Romero "S.O.T.U.," their definition of underground, what's in their rider, and more. Find out what he had to say:
How was performing on the main stage of TomorrowWorld?
Mind-blowing. Today they blew [us] away with all those books and stuff on stage, and the crowd was amazing. Awesome! The first moment we started, the energy level was 100, and one hour is way too short. It's really nice, yeah.
How does this compare to Tomorrowland for you guys?
Actually we [were] a bit [skeptical] about it. To be honest, is it going to be the same thing? It's TomorrowWorld, it's gotta be different. The whole area, it's the same thing, the same vibe. I can't say if it's better or not, it's the same experience. I think they did a really good job, to give the same atmosphere as in
How was working with Nicky Romero on "S.O.T.U.?" How did you guys get together?
We know each other from
You guys asked your fans on Facebook what their definition of the Underground was. What is your definition of the Underground?
Our definition of underground is our underground. Everybody has his own underground. And for us it's, let me go back to our roots where it all started. Maybe just it's even commercial but for us it's underground because it was just our feeling, our beginning of getting into dance music. So Earth, Wind & Fire was something underground for me particularly. Because it was something what triggered me to get into dance music and more up-tempo music. And that's the definition from me. Underground. For everyone it's different.
And you guys just played Size In The Park in New York City's Central Park? How did it go?
And also a big honor for you guys, you wrote the anthem for Dance Valley "Triton." Yeah how was that? It's called "Triton"
Yeah, it's a well-known festival,
We saw the picture on your Facebook of Ryan eating sushi while on stage. Is that in your rider?
No, no, no, we're not like that at all. We just have some drinks that's it, and nothing special. But we were in a rush. We went straight from the airport to the venue, and we were like, "I'm hungry, I'm hungry!" And they were like okay, we'll bring you sushi to the booth. We're easy going. We're not like crazy riders. But [there was] only one problem ... there were no chopsticks! (Laughs)
What is in your rider?
Whiskey, vodka, Twix, Pringles.
So what's next for you guys what are you working on?
We're working on two tracks coming out, probably on Spinnin'. One of the two maybe is going to go on Refune or Musical Freedom. We were just talking to the guys, so there's so many options. So, then we're working on collabs with Sander van Doorn, and Steve Angello still. The track is almost ready with Steve Angello. We still need to find a way to get it out though, we've been working three years on the track. (Laughs) With Fedde (Le Grand), we're going to do something. Just working hard on our own things and projects. There's a podcast coming out, a radio show. So we're quite busy with a lot of new stuff. During Amsterdam Dance Event, we're hosting our own room. And it's going to be good. We have Steve Angello, Fedde Le Grand, it's pretty nice line-up. Sexy By Nature, we did a whole season in
Photo Credit Katherine Tyler for iHeartRadio


text:
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TALLAHASSEE — To help maintain more consistent rates for Progress Energy Florida customers in the coming years, Florida's Public Service Commission on Wednesday approved Progress Energy's multi-year Settlement Agreement with the Office of Public Counsel and other intervenors.
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Well that is not true, its not that they hate curly hair or their skin, They dont know how to take care of it. and they try all the fancy pancy stuff they show in commercials - which ofcourse doesnt work for them. Its the media that is giving the wrong education.
Wow! I just LOVE this thread! I myself am from Bangladesh, a small country near India.(If you're not familiar.) My skin is actually medium tan, and a little bit of what Bengalis call "Fair and lovely." I really hate it when people do that. And it's not just the women either, it's also the men!Just because someone is a certain skin color, that doesn't define their beauty.
Also, I've had hair haters!I know that's normal and all, but my hair was quite frizzy that day. An Auntie(one of my mom's aquaintences) asked me what was "wrong with my hair" I replied firmly that this is my natural texture. Her excuse was to tie my wavy bangs away from my face.Even though I know it's normal, I still remember what that woman said to me.
I know it's normal to have hair haters, but the South Asian community (most of it) doesn't know what frizz is. Ever notice how lighter skin tends to glow a bit more easily? Yeah, I guess that's one of the less historic reasons why light skin is considered better in out community. They don't understand that the real why to get glowy skin is to eat right, exercise, etc. I think it's because of this that SOME Desis (South Asian) don't like their skin tone. Which is very sad, cuz' I've also noticed the same thing in the African-American community also.


text:
Could you post the commands and the output when trying to connect via cli?
When I try to connect to my router wirelessly via wicd I get unable to get ip. I have an atheros ar980 wireless internal card. I've tried setting a static ip and had no luck. I've also tried connecting via the command prompt and still hasn't worked. I've tried a few other things from other forums ive checked out too but still couldn't connect. My password is correct I've tried the different wep options and it makes no difference still the same result. I'm guessing it's some sort of driver issue however im far from an expert when it comes to these things so if there is some sort of commands I need to type to get it to work or install a specific package. And if there is a package or driver needed is there a place I can download it now from my other os being windows and then retrieve it on backtrack somehow. My router is set to mixed.
Any help would be greatly appreciated. My wifi works fine when testing penetration on my own system in bt but it just won't connect via the manager.
Could you post the commands and the output when trying to connect via cli?
Great minds have purposes, others have wishes
what version of backtrack 5 are you using? make sure you use the latest version
try manually putting in your network settings for the wireless router... i have had to do this on occasion. Are you using a Virtual Machine (VM) like VirtuBox?
Need to be more specific as to what commands are you using. Is your card being seen by the kernel?..Need more info to help you.
Don't know if this posted the first time because my settings changed to Italian;
Try recompiling the ath9k driver
Did you tried ,setting up a static ip address for your wireless ssid?
That can be easily done through wicd, by making a profile etc....!


text:
NBA All-Star Weekend: No rest for Damian Lillard
In addition to competing in the BBVA Rising Stars Challenge (also known as the Rookie-Sophomore Game) Friday night of All-Star Weekend and his first All-Star Game Sunday night, Trail Blazers point guard Damian Lillard will defend his Taco Bell Skills Challenge title, compete in the Foot Locker Three-Point Contest and finish up his Saturday night in New Orleans by being one of the six participants in the Sprite Slam Dunk contest.
"I think, because I'm capable of doing them all and I was probably going to be shooting and doing Skills, once I got invited to the All-Star Game it was obviously an opportunity to have somebody do all of them," said Lillard. "It wasn't something that I reached out for and I don't think the NBA kind of wanted me to do it from the jump either. I just think that, with me being in the All-Star Game and being a second-year player, so I have to play in the Rookie/Sophomore Game and winning Skills and wanting to shoot, it only makes sense to do them all."
Lillard will be the first player in NBA All-Star history to compete in five events, which is one of the motivating factors in his decision.
"That was a big part of it," said Lillard. "Because that's obviously an opportunity for me to put my name on All-Star Weekend and be the first person to do something like that. Especially on that Saturday night. Because that's a big part of it. The dunk contest, the Three-Point Shootout, Skills, just the fact that I could be all over that, that was a big thing for me."Click here and enter to win tickets to an upcoming Blazers' home game!


text:
'Southern Exposure' to conclude series April 16
The University of South Carolina's School of Music will host the Los Angeles Piano Quartet April 16 for the conclusion of the "Southern Exposure New Music Series."
The concert begins at 7:30 p.m. in the School of Music recital hall and is free and open to the public.
That same day, Pulitzer Prize winning composer Steven Stucky, whose music will be performed during the concert, will give a free public lecture from 2:30 – 4p.m. in Room 210 of the School of Music. Stucky won the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for his "Second Concerto for Orchestra" and has written commissioned works for many major American orchestras and ensembles. The Quartet, Yehonatan Berick (violin); Katherine Murdoch (viola); Steven Doane (cello); and Xak Bjerken (piano), will perform music by other composers, as well.
Hailed by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch for its "artistic perfection," the Los Angeles Piano Quartet made its debut in 1977 and soon earned recognition as America's premier piano quartet. The group makes frequent appearances on Minnesota Public Radio's "St. Paul Sunday" and New York's "Live from WNCN."
For more information on the Los Angeles Piano Quartet, contact John Fitz Rogers at 803-576-5753.
"Southern Exposure New Music Series"
- What: Final concert of the season
- Who: Los Angeles Piano Quartet
- When: April 16, 7:30 p.m.
- Where: School of Music recital hall


text:
We are still (depressingly) bad.
My heart goes out to those who attended this game, which had no redeeming qualities.
"Since I've been with the Reds in 1989, we've never had a farm system this loaded," Bowden said. "If we were the New York Yankees and had unlimited dollars, we could have traded for Colon, (Jeff) Weaver, Rolen, (Cliff) Floyd, (Kenny) Rogers and Finley and gotten them all -- and still held onto our top five prospects. That's an amazing statement."
Ludwick fouls out to 1st. Reds lose 8-3.
Season on the line in about 17 hours.
We're 20 hours away from hailing Latos as a hero and putting these last two days behind us.
What if this wasn't a rhetorical question?
All models are wrong. Some of them are useful.
Just got home. My daughter's school had their homecoming game parade and with my wife working I was "forced" to attend. I'm so bummed. But, on the plus side, we've still got another game, it's at home and we've got Latos going who's been nails lately. I still like our chances.
Am I the only one who hopes to never see Arredondo pitch another inning for the Reds? IMO he's Volquez as a reliever. Loads of potential, but no concept on how to harness it. I'd take Ondrusek over him in a heartbeat.
I might just be grouchy right now but I'm kinda annoyed with the national media's view of today's game as "Lincecum working his magic again". I mean, lets just gloss over the 8 runs they scored and give the headline to the 4.1 IP 1 ER Lincecum. Whatever moves copy I suppose.
I must confess, I left after the 8th inning since my wife & I had tickets to the Cincinnati Shakespeare Company last night. I had originally said I'd walk up after the game and stay in the lobby until the intermission, but with it being about 7:10 and the game seeming hopeless, I thought I'd take in the whole show. It was Romeo & Juliet, a fine production, and it gave me the chance to experience lots of pathos to see two events that didn't turn out well. There might have been more bloodletting at the Reds game, by the way.
Plus, I got a pretty good brisk walk in from GABP up to Race & Garfield Place, asking the guy at the desk if I could leave my backpack with him.
As for my angst for today's game, maybe I'll hope for a Midsummer Nights Dream!
[I will say, I was really hoping to turn my cell phone back on after the play and see a 9-8 comeback victory]
In the same way that a baseball season never really begins, it never really ends either. - Lonnie Wheeler, "Bleachers, A Summer in Wrigley Field"
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text:
In the News
Original journalism from the Center's OpenSecrets Blog
Money and Votes Aligned in Congress's Last Debate Over Bank Regulation
September 23, 2008 | The last time Congress seriously debated how to regulate the financial industry, the result was legislation that allowed the nation's largest banks to get even larger and take risks that had been prohibited since the Great Depression. A look back at that debate, which was over the 1999 Financial Services Modernization Act, reveals that campaign contributions may have influenced the votes of politicians who, a decade later, are now grappling with the implosion of the giant banks they helped to foster.
Feel free to distribute or cite this material, but please credit the Center for Responsive Politics. For permission to reprint for commercial uses, such as textbooks, contact the Center.


text: At this point in his life, what exactly does Suge Knight do? Gone are the days when he was the president of a record company and used to have people beaten when they didn't do what he wanted. He has spent time in jail and his greatest claim to fame seems to be that he is always in the wrong place at the wrong time. See Tupac. Suge Knight is probably the only human being who has managed to get shot at not one, but two, pre-VMA parties. Back in 2005 Knight was shot at a party prior to the Video Music Awards and last night managed to achieve the feat yet again. He was at a party hosted by Chris Brown who is known for having quiet parties where people sit around an play Clue while sipping fine fair trade coffees. Apparently security decided that since Chris Brown was hosting a party, no metal detectors were needed because, who would ever cause trouble at a gathering of people with Chris Brown at the center? Suge is in ICU and is expected to make a full recovery and promises to find a body part that has not been shot in time for next year's awards. Two other people were shot, one of whom is in critical condition.


text:
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Atletica Morelia of Michuacan 2006-07 official home shirt in red/yellow hoops.Features embroidered team badge and logo.Sublimated sponsors in front,back and on the sleeves.100% polyester.
Note:All of our Products are official,brand new with its original tags.
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text:
#24 Stone Necklace by Shiri Mor
Welcome! You are browsing as a guestWould you like to see 4 projects made from this pattern and much more? create a free account What am I missing?
© Vogue Knitting
© Shiri Mor
#24 Stone Necklace
This pattern is available from store.vogueknitting.com for $6.00.
"Using a flat-back drilled gemstone (agate) as a base for her textured pendants, Shiri Mor crocheted four distinct motifs in Bernat's "Handicrafter Crochet Thread,' then nestled the stone disks snugly inside before working the final few stitches."
For more information, see: https://store.vogueknitting.com/p-2386-stone-necklac...


text:
Toshiba has announced two additions to its 5,400-rpm line of 2.5-inch HDDs.
In the standard 9.5mm high, two-platter design, the MK7559GSXP HDD features an areal density of 839.1M bit/mm2 and capacity at 750GB, making it ideal for mobile applications. Sample shipments of the drives will start from April, 2010.
Toshiba also introduced a new three-platter 12.5mm-high platform - the MK1059GSM - with 1TB of storage. This capacity point was predominantly supported by larger form factor 3.5-inch HDDs until the introduction of high-end 2.5-inch solutions, providing low-power, space-saving opportunities to system manufacturers looking to differentiate or update their products.
The new offerings expand Toshiba's mobile HDD product line into the highest-capacity segment of the 2.5-inch HDD market, and represent the company's first mobile HDD platforms developed with the combined engineering resources from the integration of Fujitsu's HDD business, which Toshiba acquired last fall.
- Wireless broadband developments in Southeast Asia markets
As of 2013, the 10 ASEAN nations had a total of over 700 million mobile subscriptions, with the CAGR from 2003-2013 reaching 24%. This Digitimes Research Special Report analyzes the various mobile broadband markets in ASEAN and looks at the respective trends in 4G LTE development for those markets.
- 2015 global tablet demand forecast
This Digitimes Research Special Report provides a 2015 forecast for the global tablet market and analyzes the strategies of key market players such as Google, Apple, Intel, and Microsoft.
- 2015 China smartphone panel trend forecast
This Digitimes Research Special Report analyzes the strategies of key China-based major panel makers BOE, Tianma and IVO for attacking the different market segments through technology and pricing, and their relationship to local vendors Huawei, Lenovo, ZTE, Xiaomi and Coolpad.


text:
October 6, 2005
Hurricane Katrina:Local Volunteer Opportunitiesin New York City
Help provide assistance to Hurricane Katrina evacuees as they register for services and adjust to NYC. New York Cares is calling for New Yorkers to volunteer to help provide services at the Office of Emergency Management's (OEM) newly opened Disaster Assistance Service Center (DASC) for victims of Hurricane Katrina who have relocated to New York City. New York Cares is the lead agency for coordinating unaffiliated volunteers in New York City during emergencies.
DASC volunteers will provide assistance to evacuees relocating to NYC as they adjust to the city. Positions include intake specialists, greeters, runners, technical support and 'community buddies'. Training will be provided for all volunteers. Please note, you must be 18 years or older to volunteer with New York Cares. DASC is located at 80 Centre St. at the corner of Worth and Centre Streets in lower Manhattan.
Visit http://www.nycares.org/2_0/2_2_hurricane_katrina.lasso to sign up for a position and to pick a specific date and time. As further needs arise for recovery volunteers, OEM will forward these requests to New York Cares. Please continue to visit the link above to stay informed about local Katrina based volunteer opportunities.
Families of September 11 (FOS11) provides this information in acknowledgement of the many members who have contacted our office in search of ways to assist others. Visit our website for more volunteer opportunities.


text:
The remote looks very nice.
2 points, do.
- The bulky, square look doesn't appeal to me. I don't like bricks, no matter how small they are.
- I have a trauma with "keys on one side, keyboard on the other side" kind of thing. I can thank Nokia for that one.
I see so few keys on the "remote" side. From the top of my head, I need a few 'special' keys mapped on the remote side: Context Menu, Subtitle toggle, Audio Toggle, Screenshot, etc
The thing is most people forget that XBMC users are located around the world. I for one, am located either in Portugal or Angola. And I need keys to change subtitles or Audio for instance.
The same problem arises with Boxee remote: to few keys for users located elsewhere that use subtitles and/or different audio tracks...
Just my 2 cents.
XBMC gets dedicated remote - Motorola Nyxboard
Is a huge ABBA fan
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2011-04-05 23:37 Post: #31
f**k..... started editing without sudo | M.K.
Always read the online manual (wiki), FAQ (wiki) and search the forum before posting.
Do not e-mail Team Kodi members directly asking for support. Read/follow the forum rules (wiki).
Please read the pages on troubleshooting (wiki) and bug reporting (wiki) before reporting issues.
(This post was last modified: 2011-04-05 23:38 by h.udo.)
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Posting Freak
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2011-04-06 01:16 Post: #32
Great that the next version wool work with atv2.
Is the next version going to have backlite keys also? Is that on the roadmap?
ATV1 with crystalbuntu (12.2 frodo) as main theater. Theater remote URC MX-810, droidx with xbmc remote, or transformer tf101 with YATSE. 3 x ATV2 (V12.2 frodo).
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2011-04-06 01:30 Post: #33
This came out of no where, at first I thought that it was just a remote designed for XBMC, but the Engadget article seems to suggest that XBMC is behind it in one way or another:
Quote:The folks behind the Xbox Media Center tell us they actually talked Motorola out of bundling the remote with set-top-boxes in favor of their nefarious plan, which means you'll be able to buy an IR and RF remote that natively supports XBMC for a penny under $60 this June.
All I need to know is... Backlight? If not, you just lost a potential customer.
More Renders:
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Team-XBMC Developer
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2011-04-06 01:53 Post: #34
Malard has asked Engadget to update their article to remove some of the ambiguity, but just to be clear:
Essentially it's a project that Malard has personally taken on (Pulse-Eight is his company). As a team we've known about it for a while, but to be clear it is not a "Team XBMC" venture (we're a non-profit).
Either way, it should prove to be a good remote for those XBMC users who want the flexibility of a keyboard while still having a remote control for more common navigation etc.
There's another thread here: http://forum.xbmc.org/showthread.php?tid=80968&page=4
Always read the XBMC online-manual, FAQ and search the forum before posting.
Do not e-mail XBMC-Team members directly asking for support. Read/follow the forum rules.
For troubleshooting and bug reporting please make sure you read this first.
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2011-04-06 02:15 Post: #35
It's not pretty,and looks a little like something that my first VCR came with, only smaller. But seriously, if it isn't going to have backlit, or atleast glow in the dark buttons on the main side, then my wife will not approve no matter how cheap it is.
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2011-04-06 02:17 Post: #36
Unfortunately with no back light, it doesn't make it any better than the Boxee remote, which looks much better and $20 cheaper.
I'll probably still pick one up just to support you, but for me, the ultimate remote/htpc keyboard combo would be to combine the Logitech Harmony One on one side, with the keyboard side of this thing on the flip side. Then allow multiple dongles to be installed on the various devices that support HID keyboards (HTPC, Boxee Boxx, TiVo, etc).
That way when I choose an activity, both the media controls and the keyboard can work with it, reducing all my remotes down to one.
Living Room: ASUS Chromebox / OpeneElec 5 / Kodi 14.2
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Home Office: Amazon FireTV Stick / Kodi 14.2
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Posting Freak
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2011-04-06 04:03 Post: #37
I am really happy about XBMC expanding like this.
Sorry but I need to ask... I read its RF and IR. So what IR receiver does it use? The little USB dongle is just for RF right?
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Team Kodi Admin
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2011-04-06 04:24 Post: #38
The little dongle is for RF, correct.
There's supposed to be an IR sender in the remote, to control your TV with, exactly how this works hasn't been revealed yet afaik.
Always read the XBMC online-manual, FAQ and search the forum before posting.
Do not e-mail XBMC-Team members directly asking for support. Read/follow the forum rules.
For troubleshooting and bug reporting please make sure you read this first.
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Senior Member
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2011-04-06 04:28 Post: #39
Anyone caught this post on Techreport ?
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2011-04-06 04:45 Post: #40
I've been waiting for this remote for over a decade. Thank you.
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Posting Freak
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2011-04-06 05:07 Post: #41
mobious Wrote:Why is it not backlit And also lack of F keys in the keyboard area seems quite disappointing.
That would be nice and a rechargeable version with that docking station shown.
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2011-04-06 05:34 Post: #42
I see that it has a PC and a TV mode. How configurable are the modes?
My XBMC box is meant to be left on (it gathers media in the background), and I'd much rather control the volume on my TV than the software volume on the XBMC box.
I have one of the euro oldschool MCE remotes that handles everything that I need with the exception of switching my TV's inputs - that's the only reason that my TV's remote isn't in a drawer.
How close should I be able to get to emulating this?
Will the remote's firmware be upgradable in the case that further configurability features might be added in the future?
Subtitles - Serious Business
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Posting Freak
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2011-04-06 06:01 Post: #43
pike Wrote:The little dongle is for RF, correct.
OK makes sense... So that means for the people with universal IR remotes we can't get rid of the MCE IR then.
Kind of would be nice if we can get away from using the MCE stuff.
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Junior Member
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2011-04-06 07:46 Post: #44
Backlit or I won't buy. How expensive can a couple led's be? Make it $70 then to offset the costs...
She's not much to look at.
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Location: Chichester, UK
2011-04-06 12:27 Post: #45
Looks great, preordered from the UK
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Figure 108 - Gross Government Investments in Transportation Infrastructure and Rolling Stock: 1990-2000
Figure 108 - Gross Government Investments in Transportation Infrastructure and Rolling Stock: 1990-2000
Excel | CSV | Table Version
NOTES: Investment in transportation infrastructure includes the purchase or construction value of transportation facilities and structures. Data on state and local transportation investment are not available separately. For rail infrastructure, only state and local investment from 1993 to 2000 are included. Government investment in pipeline infrastructure and federal investment spending on railroads are not covered due to lack of data. Investment in rolling stock consists of government outlays for motor vehicles only. Government spending on other rolling stocks (e.g., aircrafts, vessels, and boats) and other machinery and equipment used by federal, state, and local DOTs are not counted in the estimates due to lack of data. All dollar amounts are expressed in chained 1996 dollars, unless otherwise specified. Current dollar amounts (which are available in appendix B of this report) were adjusted to eliminate the effects of inflation over time.
SOURCES: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, "Transportation Investment-Concepts, Data and Analysis," draft, compiled based on data from U.S. Department of Commerce (USDOC), Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), "Fixed Assets and Consumer Durables," and personal communications with BEA; and USDOC, U.S. Census Bureau, "Value of Construction Put in Place Statistics," Detailed Construction Expenditure Tables, available at http://www.census. gov, as of February 2003.


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NEW Bruno Mars "Gorilla" Video [WATCH]
Bruno Mars released a new music video for his hit song Gorilla and boy is it steamy! Slumdog Millionaire star Freida Pinto appears in this dramatic video as a prostitute who has fallen in love. Of course Bruno Mars makes his usual appearance sporting his signature fedora and serenading his audience…but only between takes of him and Pinto engulfed in hot make out sessions. Gorilla is Mars's fourth single from his newest album, "Unorthodox Jukebox" and he is currently in the middle his Moonshine Jungle Tour. Check out the music video for Gorilla!


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Preheat oven to 375°F.
Cream butter and sugar, add egg and mix. Add remaining ingredients and mix until smooth.
Refrigerate dough 2 hours.
Roll out dough 1/8 in. thick on lightly floured surface, dip cutters into flour before each use.
Place on ungreased cookie sheet. Bake 12-15 minutes or until lightly browned.
Place on cooling rack for 5 minutes, remove from sheet and cool.
Makes 2-3 dozen.


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Seattle • Smooth and confident, Utah has just played its best half in three games.
With 20 minutes remaining at Alaska Airlines Arena, the Utes lead Washington 33-25, angling for an upset bid of a Huskies team that's unbeaten in the Pac-12 Conference.
Jason Washburn leads the way with 14 points and six rebounds. Freshman forward Jordan Loveridge has nine, but frosh point guard Brandon Taylor has scored eight points and handed out two assists.
He has built on the strong game he had against Washington State on Wednesday night. With more playing time as a result, he has run the offense and created for others with his passing and shooting.
C.J. Wilcox, the Pleasant Grove native and Pac-12 scoring leader, has yet to score.
Twitter: @tjonessltrib


text: Mets Trade R.A. Dickey To Blue Jays ESPNNewYork.com's Adam Rubin discusses R.A. Dickey's trade to the Blue Jays. Cy Young winner R.A. Dickey has reached an agreement with the Toronto Blue Jays on a two-year, $25 million extension, pending a physical, that will allow Toronto and the New York Mets to complete their trade, sources tell ESPN's Buster Olney. http://espn.go.com/new-york/mlb/sto...tract-extension-toronto-blue-jays-sources-say


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Date: 05/27/2014
Views: 2499
Lady Sinec Regendered (back). Sinec was short on possessions, but what she did carry with her packed a lot of punch! Of primary note was her Robe of Scintillating Colors which literally became the centerpiece of large battle strategies for the group. She would stand in the middle with the rest of the party arranged around her in a circle facing out. With the Robe, she kept enough monsters dazzled while the others chopped away at those still putting up a fight.


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The Doberman Pinscher is a striking, large dog traditionally associated with guarding and police work, but more recently have been bred as family companions. They are alert, active, intelligent dogs with a high degree of loyalty. Easy care coat.
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Christina Aguilera teases fans with Twitter photo
Listen to Christina Aguilera on iHeartRadio
Christina Aguilera is keeping fans guessing about her new music. As a Christmas gift to her Twitter followers, the pop star posted a photo of herself recording in what looks like a home studio.
She's seen dressed casually, belting into a mic surrounded by Christmas decorations.
Working on something special... Happy Holidays to all!! XoXtina pic.twitter.com/sgomDn48O6
— Christina Aguilera (@xtina) December 24, 2013
The photo has fans wondering if they can look forward to a new album. The latest from Christina is her collaboration with A Great Big World called "Say Something," which recently broke into the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100.
She's also free from her busy schedule on NBC's "The Voice" now that a new winner has been named. Christina closed the season out with a bang, making a surprise appearance during Lady Gaga's performance of "Do What U Want."


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Find out why and how some animals sleep through this time of
year while others brave the challenging conditions of the season.
Dress for a hike to spot any of the ones that choose not to
Learn more about local wildlife and how they live through
hands-on activities and some outdoor time to develop our skills.
Dress for a hike.
Celebrates the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation 150
years ago by Abraham Lincoln with a combination of narration,
dramatizations, music and interaction between the cast and the
audience. The theme is the role that multi-racial
unity played in abolishing the slave-labor system in this country.
Local fishing experts reveal the tips and tricks of ice fishing
through free instruction and live demonstrations. Kids enjoy games
and activities or roasting marshmallows and a live DJ plays music
and announce prizes. Food and hot beverages available to
Enjoy an evening of camping with the whole family on the turf at
Falcon Park Recreation Center. Games, crafts, movie, and more.
Enjoy the story of Tintin and Captain Haddock on the big screen
at Cutting Hall Performing Arts Center in Palatine.
Join the American Indian Center and Latvian Folk Art Museum for
winter games and storytelling. Meet at Trickster Gallery.
Several lovely family customs are associated with Epiphany, the
day that the Christmas crèche is finally completed, as the figures
of the three wise men at last arrive at the crib. A time-honored
custom, especially in France, is the baking of a cake with a bean
or trinket hidden inside. The person whose cake contains the bean
is made king or queen of the feast. Come enjoy this French
Tradition at the French Market. Receive a complimentary piece of
cake to see if you become the lucky king or queen for the day.
Model trains will wind their way through a miniature village set
in a field of poinsettias. The village is made entirely of natural
materials and features a variety of Chicago-style homes and famous
buildings such as the neighborhood bungalow, Chicago Theatre and
Chicago Water Tower Place. Nov. 26-Jan. 8.
See a toy so amazing, so unbelievable, it has the power to
transform into anything you want it to be. Enter a world where
imagination rules, and ordinary becomes extraordinary.


text: (NEWSER) – The Empire State Building's owners feel strongly about the landmark's reputation as a "safe and secure family friendly tourist attraction"—so much so that it's suing a photographer who temporarily made it a little too R-rated. On Aug. 9, Allen Henson had a model strip off her top on the observation deck and then snapped photos of her on his cell phone. It was also taken at a time when the typically crowded observation deck was indeed packed with tourists and their kids, claim the owners, who Reutersreports are suing Henson for $1 million.


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This Tony-winning rags-to-riches story is just too good to be true!
While the spirit of their big brother Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. was being inhabited by actor Matt Cavenaugh down the street in Grey Gardens, there were a couple of other Kennedys in attendance on Broadway the evening of January 13, when younger siblings Jean and Senator Edward Kennedy, along with his wife Victoria Reggie Kennedy, took in the Saturday night performance of the Tony Award-winning Best Musical Jersey Boys. Backstage at the August Wilson Theatre after the show, we caught a glimpse of Ted with the guys.
Photos by Henry McGee/Broadway.com>


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Foster Named To NABC All-District 8 Second Team
Foster Named To NABC All-District 8 Second Team
March 12, 2014
MANHATTAN, Kan. – Freshman Marcus Foster continued to add to his list of accomplishments on Wednesday, as he was named to the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC) All-District 8 Second Team.
Foster, one of just three true freshmen named to the first or second team by the NABC, will joined on the second team by Oklahoma State's Marcus Smart, West Virginia's Juwan Staten, Oklahoma's Ryan Spangler, Texas' Jonathan Holmes and Kansas' Perry Ellis III. The first team consisted of Iowa State's Melvin Ejim and DeAndre Kane, Kansas' Andrew Wiggins and Joel Embiid and Oklahoma's Buddy Hield.
Foster was recently named to the Phillips 66 All-Big 12 Second Team and to the All-Newcomer Team, while he was also a second team all-conference selection by The Associated Press. He joined Michael Beasley as the only true freshmen in school history earn recognition to the All-Big 12 First, Second or Third Teams and the first rookie guard.
Foster paces the Wildcats in scoring (15.4 ppg.), 20-point games (seven), double-digit scoring games (25), field goals (162), 3-point field goals (75), free throws (78), free throw percentage (72.9) and starts (31). He has scored in double figures in 25 games, including 14 times in Big 12 play, and has led the Wildcats in scoring on a team-best 15 occasions. Six of his seven 20-point games came in Big 12 play, including a season-best 34-point effort in a win over No. 15/18 Texas on Feb. 8. He is just the fifth true freshmen in school history to post a 30-point game and the first Wildcat since Jacob Pullen scored 38 points in 2011.
Foster has twice been named the CBSSports.com/USBWA Wayman Tisdale National Freshman of the Week (Jan. 7 and Feb. 11) and Phillips 66 Big 12 Newcomer of the Week (Jan. 6 and Jan. 10).
Foster already ranks in the freshman Top 10 in 10 categories in school history, including first in 3-point field goals, second in 3-point field goal percentage, fifth in minutes, sixth in scoring, field goals, field goals attempted and free throws, seventh in assists and ninth in free throw percentage. His 31 starts are second only to Beasley's 33 in 2007-08.
For the season, Foster is averaging 15.4 points on 41.8 percent shooting (162-of-388), including 39.7 percent (75-of-189), with 3.3 rebounds, 2.4 assists and 0.6 steals in 29.2 minutes per game. In Big 12 play, he averaged 16.6 points on 44 percent shooting (103-of-234), including 43.2 percent (48-of-111), with 3.2 rebounds and 2.9 assists in 29.3 minutes per game.
Kansas State (20-11), which has posted its school-record eighth consecutive 20-win season, will face No. 4 seed Iowa State (23-7) in the quarterfinals of the Phillips 66 Big 12 Championship on Thursday at 11:30 a.m. CT on ESPN2.


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Tornados recognize the Cycling team in ceremony this afternoonOctober 29, 2010
Brevard, N.C. - The Brevard College Athletic Department recognized the BC Cycling team this afternoon outside of Myers Dining Hall, in a ceremony to recognize their back-to-back Fall Mountain Bike Team National Championship.
BC Athletic Director Kim Pate, Brevard College President Drew Van Horn, Coach Thad Walker and Tristan Cowie all took turns on the microphone at the ceremony, acknowledging the crowd and the support the college had provided the team throughout the years.
The BC Athletic Department also unveiled the Cycling Championship banner with the addition of the 2010 championship to the banner, and also added a plaque that features all of the team and individual national championships.
The Tornados Cycling team will continue their 2010-2011 season by participating in the road season in the spring.


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|index by Group
|index by Distribution
|index by Vendor
|index by creation date
|index by Name
|Name: foomatic-filters
|Distribution: openSUSE 11.4
|Version: 4.0.6
|Vendor: openSUSE
|Release: 6.1
|Build date: Sat Feb 19 07:17:53 2011
|Group: Hardware/Printing
|Build host: build16
|Size: 342004
|Source RPM: foomatic-filters-4.0.6-6.1.src.rpm
|Packager: http://bugs.opensuse.org
|Url: http://www.openprinting.org/
|Summary: The universal print filter foomatic-rip
The print filter "foomatic-rip" is used by print spoolers (in particular by CUPS) to convert PostScript print job data into the printer's native format as described by a printer/driver-specific Foomatic PPD file. Authors: -------- Till Kamppeter <email@example.com> Lars Uebernickel <firstname.lastname@example.com>
* Wed Feb 09 2011 email@example.com - Replaced the not needed strict RPM "Requires: a2ps" by "Recommends: a2ps". * Thu Dec 16 2010 firstname.lastname@example.com - Version upgrade to foomatic-filters-4.0.6. foomatic-rip has several potential crashes fixed. See the ChangeLog file for details. - fix_no-return-in-nonvoid-function.patch is obsolete because it is fixed in the sources, see http://bugs.linux-foundation.org/show_bug.cgi?id=348 * Thu Apr 08 2010 email@example.com - Work with upstream compliant CUPS 1.4 on all platforms which means to have a fixed "/usr/lib/cups/" directory on all platforms (see Novell/Suse Bugzilla bnc#575544). * Fri May 29 2009 email@example.com - Makeshift fix build on x86_64. The upstream bug report is http://bugs.linux-foundation.org/show_bug.cgi?id=349 * Wed May 27 2009 firstname.lastname@example.com - Updated to the latest bzr version of the current stable version 4.0.1 which was released on 13-May-2009 00:20 from http://www.openprinting.org/download/foomatic/ See the ChangeLog file for details. * Wed Sep 10 2008 firstname.lastname@example.com - update to latest bzr version: * fix: Make foomatic-rip also working with PPD file names which contain brackets or other special characters * Tue Mar 18 2008 firstname.lastname@example.com - update to latest bzr version: * feature: kill all subprocesses on job termination via TERM signal * Wed Jan 16 2008 firstname.lastname@example.com - update to latest bzr version: * Allow the parameters of the \"*Foomatic...\" lines which formerly had to be given without quotes also to be given with double quotes. * Assorted fixes of bugs found during LSB test suite development * Fixed wrong handling of CUPS duplex option \"sides\", and bug when having more than one option with page overrides. * Let Ghostscript always use buffered input. * Thu Aug 02 2007 firstname.lastname@example.com - update to latest bzr version: * Added support for suppressing page accounting on a per-driver basis. * Performance improvement * Fixed bug of custom page sizes not read from the PostScript code when the size values are in more than one line * Let data structure get written to debug log also if foomatic-rip exits with an error (only in debug mode) * Replaced sysread() and syswrite() by read() and print() * Fixed problem of too high memory consumption when binary output data of GhostScript is read line-wise * Replaced "linuxprinting.org" by "openprinting.org" or "OpenPrinting". * Wed Oct 18 2006 email@example.com - update to new upstream version: contains "fix of bashism"
/etc/foomatic /etc/foomatic/filter.conf /etc/foomatic/filter.conf.sample /usr/bin/foomatic-rip /usr/lib/cups /usr/lib/cups/backend /usr/lib/cups/backend/beh /usr/lib/cups/filter /usr/lib/cups/filter/foomatic-rip /usr/share/doc/packages/foomatic-filters /usr/share/doc/packages/foomatic-filters/COPYING /usr/share/doc/packages/foomatic-filters/ChangeLog /usr/share/doc/packages/foomatic-filters/README /usr/share/doc/packages/foomatic-filters/TODO /usr/share/doc/packages/foomatic-filters/USAGE /usr/share/man/man1/foomatic-rip.1.gz
Generated by rpm2html 1.8.1
Fabrice Bellet, Mon Jul 10 03:26:05 2017


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University has immeasurable impact
Carolina's seven major academic initiatives will be celebrated during the week of each home football game this season. The first -- in the week leading up to the Carolina vs. Florida Atlantic game Sept. 19 -- is the University's Impact on the State.
Whether it's measured by contribution to the economy, educational reach, or outreach and service to South Carolina citizens, the impact of the University of South Carolina on the Palmetto State is practically incalculable.
Facts and figures can quantify the University's $4 billion contribution to the state's economy, its support of nearly 50,000 jobs, and the more than half of the University's alumni who reside in state and enjoy higher earnings and an improved quality of life as a result of their Carolina education.
The University has the state covered -- literally. Each year hundreds of students begin their Carolina education at one of the University's four regional campuses: USC Lancaster, USC Salkehatchie, USC Sumter, and USC Union. Three senior campuses offer undergraduate and graduate studies: USC Aiken, USC Beaufort, and USC Upstate.
Carolina annually awards nearly 40 percent of all baccalaureate and graduates degrees conferred at public institutions in South Carolina. More than 5,500 K-12 teachers in South Carolina classrooms earned their degrees at Carolina, and nursing programs at the Columbia, Aiken, and Upstate campuses have awarded more than 3,200 nursing degrees in the past decade. More than 5,300 licensed pharmacists in South Carolina earned their degrees at the University, and nearly 75 percent of all alumni from the University's School of Medicine who practice in the Palmetto State are in primary care or needed specialties.
The University of South Carolina's impact is also measured by hundreds of community outreach programs such as Cocky's Reading Express, which encourages young people to read; the School of Law's volunteer income tax assistance program for low-income, elderly, and non-English speaking residents; and partnerships between the School of Medicine and other institutions and agencies that provide clinical services such as the Alzheimer's Day Care Center and the Child Abuse Recovery Center.
But the University's educational impact reaches farther still. There is the Center for Public Health Preparedness at the Arnold School of Public Health, which conducts vital training exercises for law enforcement and other first-responder agencies to better prepare for natural disasters and other emergencies; the Poison Control Center, which provides round-the-clock, life-saving information for treatment of poisonings; and the expertise and professional development provided to business leaders and entrepreneurs through Carolina's businessLink at the Darla Moore School of Business, whose resources have supported more than $207 million in investments in South Carolina.
Then there is the undivided attention, joy, anticipation, and excitement of millions when Carolina squares off against Clemson on a certain Saturday afternoon in the fall; the impact of life-long friendships among far-flung alumni who first met at the University; or the pride that comes with the mention of the University of South Carolina anywhere in the world.


text:
Ships by Truck
Convenience Store Sink, 1-bowl, with 11.5" L&RH db., 20"Wx12" L-R bowl dimensions, 10" D fabricated bowl, 7" H splash, s/s gussets, legs & adjustable white metal feet, 16/304 bowl, 16/430 body, "Aero Safety Edge", Space Saver const, fully welded guss
- Aero's sinks and other stainless steel products are commonly used in industries including restaurants & food service, hospitals, and fabrication. There are also many useful applications for Aero equipment in the home or garage.
Are you familiar with this product? Be the first to review this item!


text:
- 2005 Kanonkop Estate Kadette - South Africa, Coastal Region, Stellenbosch (5/28/2009)
Blind taste: 14% abv; 18,10€; Pinotage, Cab Sauv, Merlot but of unspecified proportions. The scent is rather full-on and ripe with some lactic, yogurt aromas, but it seemed like a young Bordeaux blend. Some pleasant lift, ripe, dark fruit, but it is savoury. Full bodied, good tannins, quite low acidity, but still refreshing and quite moreish. My guess: an adequate but not great Bordeaux Cru Bourgeois 2005.
I have previously enjoyed other Kanonkops (even their Pinotage!!!!), so perhaps this wasn't such a surprise.


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Printable View
I will resist calling your comment gay and apologize for offending anyone with my previous rant. Let me rephrase what I said earlier... surfing is on the verge of becoming queer. Not queer in a gay way but queer as Merriam Webster dictionary defines it.... becoming questionable. I liked it better before when surfing was queer in a different way. No not gay... just it was an activity that differed from the usual or the norm (kind of like being queer but a lot less gay). If surfing goes back to being queer in that sense I think all of us would be a lot more gay in the Middle-English happy sense.Quote:
and this place where you surf everyday...it is called h.o.m.o.phobianesia, correct?
Cresto you beat em to it with your post about ****phobia..........Stranded no need to try to make yourself look better or less ****phobic with the use of the different dictionary meaning of words.......you lost that argument when you said "Matthew Mckindagay"
I'm offended by your offensensitivity.
Gruvi's Real name was gerard butler. I wonder if that was gruvi. And he was on this forum trying to study surfers for the movie. I give gruvi props for trying haha


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Skip Left Navigation
County Home
Public Works Home
Order 2009-0009-DWQ Construction General Permit
California Water Code
Caltrans Construction Compliance Evaluation Plan
Caltrans Stormwater Home Page
Caltrans Construction Site BMP Fact Sheets
Caltrans Monitoring Manual
Caltrans Site BMP Details & Drawings
Site BMP Symbols
Caltrans Stormwater Training
CASQA BMP Handbook
Requirements for NPDES
of Fish & Game BIOS Viewer
Educational Outreach
Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act
Regulations for Construction Activities
Storm drain
Stormwater Guidance Document
Stormwater Ordinance
Stormwater Pollution....and the solutions
SWPPP Certification
On September 2, 2009, the California
Construction General Permit was adopted. The permit was actually
implemented July 1, 2010. One of the requirements associated with
the new permit is the development of qualified individuals to develop
SWPPPs (QSD) and conduct inspections (QSP).
Qualified SWPPP Developer:
The discharger shall ensure that SWPPPs are written,
amended and certified by a Qualified SWPPP Developer (QSD).
A QSD shall have one of the following registrations or
certifications, and appropriate experience, as required for:
**Effective two years after the adoption date
of this General Permit, a QSD shall have attended a State Water
Board-sponsored or approved QSD training course and pass the State
Sponsored QSD exam.
Qualified SWPPP Practitioner:
The discharger shall ensure that all BMPs required by
this General Permit are implemented by a Qualified SWPPP Practitioner (QSP).
A QSP is a person responsible for non-storm water and storm water visual
observations, sampling and analysis.
A QSP shall be either a QSD or have
one of the following certifications:
A certified erosion, sediment and storm water
inspector (CESSWI) registered through Enviro Cert International, Inc.;
A certified inspector of sediment and erosion
control (CISEC) registered through Certified Inspector of Sediment and
Erosion Control, Inc.
**Effective two years after the adoption date
(September 2, 2009) of this General Permit, a QSP shall have attended a
State Water Board-sponsored or approved QSP training course and pass the
State Sponsored QSP exam.
State and Regional Water Boards proctor the
exam to become a QSP/QSD.
The Exam will be given in 2 parts:
QSP portion is ~80 questions (maximum
2 hours allowed). You must pass the 2-hour QSP Exam portion with a score
of 70% or better.
QSD portion is an additional ~45
questions (additional 1 hour allowed). You must take both parts
and pass each Exam with a score of 70% or better.
There is no cost to take the exam, but seats
do fill up quickly. For a schedule of upcoming exams, please click
EnviroCert International, Inc. for Certification Programs.
Go to the following site for more information
on the 2009-0009-DWQ Construction General Permit:
State Water Resources Control Board
California Coastal Clean-up Day
Yuba County's 17th Annual Coastal Cleanup Event
will be Saturday, September
16, 2017
Last years California Coastal Cleanup Day was
held on Saturday, September 17, 2016
and Yuba County hosted
their 16th annual Coastal Cleanup
Event on the Yuba River.
Why are we participating in the Coastal
Cleanup Day when we are not located on the coast?
California Coastal
Cleanup Day Link:
Every year several organizations come
together to participate in and support this worthy cause.
This year we had
This year we had
We would like to
personally thank the following businesses for their generous donations:
SaveMart – Starbucks -
Recology and Mid Valley Ice (Glacier
It really takes a group
effort and without the continued commitment and assistance from all,
this event would not have the continued and cumulative success we have
had to clean up trash in our environment and prevent waste from being
washed into our rivers and oceans.
Thanks to all for the
continued support and environmental stewardship!
For more information please contact
Kathy Gregg via e-mail
email@example.com or at (530)749-5426.
Thank you to everyone!
2016 Coastal Cleanup
Approximately 160
volunteers cleaned up 31,540 lbs. of trash and recyclables along the
Yuba River. That brings the total amount of trash we have removed
to date from the banks of the Yuba and Feather Rivers to approximately
254,652 pounds!
Want to get involved in a Citizens Watch
Want to report illegal dumping?
Kathy Gregg with the Yuba County Public
Works Department at (530)749-5426
or email at:
Management Program:
The Yuba County Storm Water Management Plan
(SWMP) is being initiated by Yuba County and the City of Marysville to
fulfill requirements of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) Phase II requirements for Small Municipal Separate Storm
Sewer Systems (Small MS4s). The Yuba County SWMP provides a plan
for the affected agencies within the County to follow Best Management
Practices (BMPs), measurable goals, and timetables for the
implementation of the Six Minimum Control Measures required by the
United States Environmental Protection Agency, and the State Water
Resource Control Board.
County Strom Drain System:
"County storm drain system" means those
public man-made facilities within the unincorporated area of the County
which are owned, operated, maintained or controlled by the County by
which stormwater may be conveyed to natural surface waters, including,
but not limited to, any roads with drainage systems, municipal streets,
catch basins, water basins, detention basins, constructed wetland,
artificial channels, aqueducts, curbs, gutters, ditches, sumps, pumping
stations, storm drain inlets, and storm drains.
Illicit Discharge:
An illicit discharge is the release or
placement of any material into the County storm drain system, or any
natural waters which is not expressly authorized by the County,
including, but not limited to, stormwater, wastewater, pollutants, solid
material, liquids, hazardous waste, raw materials, debris, litter or any
other substance.
Report a Discharge
When to make a report?
* When you notice unusual odors in or near the storm drain.
* When you find dumped waste in or near the storm drain.
* When the drainage system has unusually large flows during dry periods.
* When you see someone illegally dumping anything into the storm drain.
Note: If you are reporting an emergency situation that could
result in imminent or substantial danger to the health and safety of
persons, call 911.
To report any of the above mentioned items please contact:
Kathy Gregg at (530) 749-5426 or e-mail
information to
CDSA General Comments/Contact
©2007 County of Yuba, CA