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Magazine Article - Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
The Future of Power
1967th Stated Meeting, held on February 16, 2011, at the House of the Academy
Introduction by Jack Landman Goldsmith
It is a cliché to say that a speaker needs no introduction, but in Joe Nye's case the cliché happens to be true. Joe is University Distinguished Service Professor at Harvard; a longtime former dean at the Kennedy School; a former top offcial in the U.S. State Department, Defense Department, and in the intelligence community; and the author of at least a dozen books on international politics and related topics. His new book, The Future of Power, is one of his best. Sober but not terribly pessimistic—or at least not as pessemistic as manymany—it reflects on the arc of American power in all its guises. Like all of Joe's work—and this is what makes it so powerful—it is serious about theory and ideas but at the same time is informed by deep practical knowledge of how international politics works and how government works.
One of the most important themes in his new book is that power diffusion is potentially a greater threat to American power than power transition; that is, the threat from nonstate actors may be greater and more serious than the threat from, say, China. This comes through most powerfully in his discussion of cyber power. If you have read in newspapers all the scary stories about cyber attacks, cyber war, and cyber exploitation and you are wondering about their significance, you will find no better analysis than in this book. The extent to which Joe's book anticipates and helps us understand what is going on right now in the Middle East, on WikiLeaks, and so on is amazing. The book frames the developments we are reading about in our morning papers and puts them in a larger theoretical framework.
A little less than two years ago, a group of us at MIT and Harvard were working together on the problem of cybersecurity under the guise of a grant called Minerva. We were desperate to get Joe involved in the project. He asked me, "Should I really do this? I'm not sure I understand the technology." I didn't know Joe well at the time, and I said, "Yes, you should. The technology's not that hard to understand; you don't need to understand it too deeply to understand the problems." Well, to my surprise, he did get involved, and he has been leading a series of lunches with a group of people from around Cambridge twice a month on the problem of cybersecurity, and it has been one of the best intellectual experiences I have had since I have been at Harvard. The meetings are great because of how many different people are around the table but also because Joe has been a great discussion leader. Because of his efforts to learn about the topic, he is now an expert on cyber power. By leading us, pushing us, helping us stay organized, and by being generous with his time and intellect in order to help others improve their work, he has also been an exemplar of what an intellectual and an academic should be. His generosity of mind and spirit makes him a rare thing at Harvard and in the academy generally; it is also what makes his work so wonderful.
What is power, and why does it matter? I define power as the ability to affect others to get the things you want. You can do that in three ways: you can use coercion, sticks; you can use payments, carrots; or you can use attraction and persuasion, soft power. In the twenty-first century, the ability to combine these as smart power will be one of the main challenges not just for the United States but for any actor in international politics. Today we are seeing two big shifts in how power is used in international politics and world affairs. These shifts, which are the result of the information revolution and globalization, are power transition among states and power diffusion from states to nonstate actors.
The power transition occurring in this century is sometimes called the rise of Asia, but it is more accurately called the recovery of Asia. In 1800, more than half of the world's population was in Asia and more than half of the world's product was in Asia. One hundred years later, more than half of the population was still in Asia, but only about 20 percent of world product was. Now, in the twenty-first century, we are getting back to proportions that are historically more normal. The shift began in the twentieth century with Japan after World War II, moved on to Korea, and then to the socalled smaller East Asian states. Now it is in China, and it is about to be in India. In the days of Teddy Roosevelt, the American view was that power would migrate around the globe from east to west; that is, from Europe to the United States. That view was realized, only the migrating didn't end here. Power continues to migrate westward. In the twenty-first century, we are going to see more of the world's economic activity centered in Asia.
The other great power shift, power diffusion, is the movement of power from governments, whether East or West, to nongovernmental actors or nonstate actors. Nongovernmental actors have always played important roles, but their development and the growth of their influence has become much more rapid and much more widespread as a result of the information revolution. Information revolution is just a fancy term for the extraordinary decrease in the costs of computing and communications. From 1970 to 2000, the cost of computing decreased a thousand-fold. If the price of an automobile had decreased as rapidly as the price of computing power, you could buy a car today for five dollars. One consequence of the information revolution has thus been a significant lowering of the barriers to entry to the stage of world politics. Consider the ability to communicate simultaneously to all points of the globe. In 1970, if you wanted to be in Cambridge and communicate with Johannesburg, Beijing, Moscow, and London all at the same time, you could do so; it was technically possible but very, very expensive. Today, anybody can do so for the price of entry to an Internet café or, if you use Skype at home, for free. Consider also something that was a deep secret and cost billions of dollars when I was serving in the State Department in the 1970s: the ability to take a picture of any place on earth with one meter resolution. At the time only the United States and the Soviets had this capability. Today, anybody can view such images by using Google Earth, a free program. This is an extraordinary lowering of the barriers to entry. And with such changes you get a different kind of politics. Sometimes people say these changes portend the decline or even the end of the nation-state, but that is not the right way to think about what is happening. The state and governments remain the most powerful actors in international politics, but they are no longer alone on the stage, and sharing the stage with many new actors makes for a different type of politics. As we try to think our way through this, we have to realize that we haven't quite caught up with this diffusion of power, and while we know a lot about power transition through history, we don't know anything about such rapid power diffusion.
The recent events in Egypt, Tunisia, and the rest of the Middle East are illuminating in that sense. The conventional wisdom among those who looked at the Middle East used to be that you had a choice either of supporting the autocrat or being stuck with the religious extremists. The extraordinary diffusion of information created in Egypt and other Middle Eastern countries reveals a strong middle that we weren't fully aware of. What is more, new technologies allow this new middle to coordinate in ways unseen before Twitter, Facebook, and so forth, and this could lead to a very different politics of the Middle East. This introduces a new complexity to our government's dealings with the region. With Egypt we watched the Obama administration try to deal with the hard power elements, with issues such as military assistance to the government, peace with Israel, the balancing of Iranian power, and so forth—issues that can't just be ignored and that thus force us to deal with governments. But at the same time, the Obama administration had to deal with civil society, with what was going on in Tahrir Square,with a new generation. If we think of stability as dealing only with existing institutions and the government and don't think about the future, we are missing dynamic stability. We will fall behind the curve. To deal with a government and with a civil society requires an extraordinary ability to use both hard and soft power—on the one hand, to use the threat of reduced or eliminated military assistance to encourage the Egyptian army not to shoot people; on the other hand, to craft a narrative that will attract young people of the new generation. The Obama administration had to walk a policy tightrope and, although it wobbled a bit along the way, by and large it crossed the chasm—likely the first of many that will characterize this new and different type of politics—successfully.
We forget how new cyber is. Yes, the Internet may be forty-or-so years old, but the Web is only about twenty years old, and the millions of people who were on the Web in the 1990s has today grown to 1.7 billion people. This is an extraordinary pace of change, and it means the entry into the game of a lot of actors who previously were not able to play. Recall that wonderful New Yorker cartoon with the caption, "On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog." Well, if you are attacked and something happens to your systems, you don't know who the attacker is—probably it isn't a dog, but you don't know whether it is a hacker, a criminal group, a terrorist group, or another government, and if a government, a large or small government. People can now send electrons across borders to do things that you previously had to do by sending bombers or spies who could be caught or defended against. Stuxnet, the worm that essentially disabled Iran's uranium centrifuges—an attack probably mounted by a government or governments, though we don't know for certain–illustrates the type of attack that could also be mounted against us.
The United States may be ahead of other countries in its offensive capabilities in cyber, but because it depends so much on cyber, it is also more vulnerable. What, then, should our policy be? When it comes to thinking about cyber, we are at about the same place people were in 1950 when thinking about the nuclear revolution. We know it is something new and big and that it is transformative, but we haven't thought out what offense means, what defense means. What is deterrence in such a world? What is strategy? How do we fit the pieces together? Can we establish rules of the road? Can we find an analogue in arms control, or is that an unlikely model for something that is apparently unverifiable? The first efforts at arms control didn't bear fruit until twenty years after the first nuclear explosion and came about largely to deal with third parties (the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty) or because of concerns with environmental fallout (the Limited Test Ban Treaty). Not until the 1970s, some thirty years after the technology emerged, were the first bilateral arms control agreements signed, and not until the 1980s did leaders of the two superpower nations proclaim that nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought. Forty years were needed to develop a powerful basic normative agreement. In cyber, we are still around 1950. What this means is that we can no longer treat cyber and the other aspects of power diffusion as something to be left to the technocrats or the intelligence specialists.
We have to develop a broader awareness in the public and in the policy community to be able to think clearly about how we trade off different values and develop sensible strategies for cyber.
In learning to deal with the problems, many of them unprecedented, raised by power diffusion, we will need a much better account of what power is. We still tend to think of power in old-fashioned ways, as hard power, discounting soft power. We often use definitions like the one Robert Dahl, the distinguished Yale political scientist, proposed in the late 1950s: "Power is the ability to get others to do what they otherwise wouldn't do." That is a good definition for one part of power, but it doesn't encompass all of power; it misses the ability to set the agendas, which determine how others see issues. And it misses the ability to establish the preferences of others, to affect minds, so that you might not have to twist arms when push comes to shove.
Our way of thinking about the great powers is also old-fashioned. The British historian A.J.P. Taylor wrote in his wonderful book The Struggle for Mastery in Europe that "The mark of a great power is the ability to prevail in war." Well, the ability to prevail in war remains important in the twenty- first century, but in an information age it is not just whose army wins; it is whose story wins, and if you don't understand the importance of that narrative in shaping preferences and setting agendas, then you are going to have a foreign policy that relies on only one part of the spectrum of power, that uses only some of the tools in the toolbox. Sometimes this seems to be understood better in countries other than the United States. In 2007, Hu Jintao told the Seventeenth Party Congress of the Communist Party of China that China had to invest more in its soft power. That is a smart strategy. If your economic and military hard power is increasing, you are going to scare others, and they will form coalitions against you. But if you can accompany your hard power with soft power so you look attractive and friendly, you are less likely to create these counter vailing coalitions. After Hu Jintao urged China to invest more in soft power, the nation followed up with billions of dollars of expenditures—not only things like the Beijing Olympics and the Shanghai Expo but Confucius Institutes around the world.
In the United States, however, where we are sometimes good at soft power—all the way back to John Winthrop and the "City upon a Hill"—we don't discuss it in our public discourse. I once talked to a congresswoman, a friend of mine, who said, "You know, you're absolutely right about the importance of soft power, but I can't get up on a political platform and say the word soft, because I will not be elected." In practical terms this leads to situations like the one in which Hillary Clinton, the secretary of state, and Bob Gates, the secretary of defense (who does talk about soft power) agreed to transfer an aid program from the Defense Department to the State Department so that these tools of soft and hard power could be more effectively integrated. But after the program was transferred from Defense to State, Congress cut the budget in half—but not because anything had changed in the program. Rather, the cut is a reflection of a political culture and discourse in the United States that makes developing a balanced strategy difficult. Clinton talked about smart power during her confirmation hearings for secretary of state, about the need to balance hard and soft power and, as she put it, to "use all the tools in the toolbox." But how little that discussion enters our broader political discourse is remarkable. To stand on a stump and get money for defense is still a lot easier than to get money for exchange programs or aid programs in the State Department. But if we are going to succeed in this world of diffusion of power, we are going to have to think much more subtly about what is involved in power, and we will need a public that is educated to understand and engage in this broader discussion of our policies.
Unfortunately, one of the narratives currently being used to help us try to understand the power transition that I called the recovery of Asia is the narrative of American decline. We are told that countries have life cycles, America is past its peak, we are now in decline, and that is the narrative of the twenty-first century. I think using such narratives is a big mistake because countries don't have natural life cycles, so the organic metaphor of natural decline is misleading when applied to countries. Yes, the 2008 financial crisis was a disaster, much of it made in America, but I suspect the idea that this shows the beginning of American decline—as President Medvedev of Russia has suggested—will be proven wrong as the economy recovers. In the eighteenth century, after Britain had lost its American colonies, Horace Walpole lamented, "We shall be reduced to a miserable little island; and from a mighty empire sink into as insigni ficant a country as Denmark or Sardinia." Of course, he missed the point that Britain was on the verge of its second century of ascendancy because of the Industrial Revolution. Rome went on for some 300 years after the apogee of its power, and when it finally did collapse, it collapsed not before another country but because of internal decay and the onslaught of barbarians. We don't know where America is in the trajectory of its history. Thus, the metaphor of organic decline misleads us into conflating relative and absolute decline when we ought to think of these two separately.
Absolute decline is not what we are seeing in America. The severe problems we face— including the budget deficit and the issues of secondary education—do not prove absolute decline. These are problems that, in principle, have solutions. That doesn't mean we will necessarily achieve a solution, but we shouldn't pretend that no solutions are possible. The Bowles and Simpson commission shows that solutions to, for example, the deficit problem are possible. That possibility doesn't mean we will have the will to put solutions into effect; just that it is not a situation where you can't imagine solutions. Throughout American history people have expressed concern that the country is in decay, but if you compare American society today to that of the McCarthy period or the 1920s or the beginning of the century, we have a healthier society today. We have always complained about immigration, and yet immigration is what we are. We are a nation of immigrants, and fortunately we will be inefficient enough that we won't be able to stop the flow of newcomers.
Once when I was talking with former Singaporean Prime Minster Lee Kuan Yew about his projections of what would happen in the contest between the United States and China in the twenty-first century, he said, "You know, the Americans have a unique advantage. The Chinese can draw from the talents of 1.3 billion people; the Americans can draw upon the talents of 7 billion people. And what's more, when the Americans take these talented people, they recombine them with diversity to create a new and creative generation, which the Chinese can't do because of ethnic Han nationalism." To the extent the United States maintains that openness, worries about American society being in absolute decay are probably overstated. The World Economic Forum's latest Global Competitiveness Report places the United States fourth on its competitiveness index behind Switzerland, Sweden, and Singapore. China is ranked twenty-seventh. We are still the innovation leaders in areas like nanotechnology and biotechnology, and American universities and higher education lead the world. The United States has its share of problems at the moment, but the picture they paint is not of absolute decay. Yes, we are going through a miserable trough of extreme partisanship in our political debate, but we have seen worse periods. The 1930s was one. Even among the founding fathers we can find examples of extreme partisanship—look at the relations between Adams and Jefferson and Hamilton. This type of political debate comes from deep in our roots as a people and does not lead me to believe we are in absolute decline.
Our present mood is one of declinism, and it is a mood we have felt before. After Sputnik we thought the Russians were ten feet tall. In the 1980s, it was the Japanese. Now, after the 2008 financial crisis, the Chinese are ten feet tall. You can find polls showing that a majority of people think the Chinese economy is now larger than the American economy. We will outgrow this. These cycles of declinism tell us more about the American psyche than about reality.
China will decrease the gap between its power and that of the United States, but I don't think it is likely to surpass the United States in the next few decades. On one measure, size of economy, the Chinese probably will pass the United States sometime in the 2020s, and that stands to reason. With 1.3 billion people and a growth rate of 10 percent, China is bound to get bigger. But having similarly sized economies does not mean having economies equal in composition. Per capita income is a better measure of the sophistication or composition of an economy, and China is not likely to equal the United States in per capita income until close to the middle of the century, if then. The other mistake people make is to look only at one-dimensional projections of power. Most people, when they talk about China passing the United States, are looking only at growth in gross domestic product (GDP) and the size of the economy. They neglect military power and soft power. In military power, however, the Americans are well ahead of the Chinese, and the Chinese are unlikely to catch up in the ability to project military power globally for several decades. China is investing billions of dollars to increase its soft power, but it is limited by the characteristics of its domestic political society. An authoritarian system has a hard time generating soft power because much of soft power is generated by civil society, not by governments. American soft power comes from Hollywood and Harvard and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and from many, many others. The Chinese have been unwilling to unleash their civil society. I was once asked by a Chinese student at Beijing University, "How can we increase our soft power?" I said, "By relaxing your censorship. Look at India. Bollywood makes more movies than Hollywood, but if you compared India's directors, actors, and actresses to those in China, you wouldn't say India's film professionals are more talented—but they do have fewer censors." I think that was the right advice to give my Chinese interlocutor, even if it was totally useless as advice!
You can see the difficulties China will have in generating soft power in the problems it has faced in the last year. After all its efforts to invest in soft power with the Olympics and the Shanghai Expo, China locks up Liu Xiaobo and prevents him from going to the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony, essentially shooting itself in the foot. The Chinese are unlikely to equal the Americans in soft power until you see a transformation of the political system in China, and I don't think that is likely to come quickly. Recent polls taken by the Chicago Council on Global Affairs show that, even after the disastrous first part of this past decade for American soft power, the United States is still ahead of China and the other Asian countries when it comes to measuring or judging soft power.
Finally, when considering whether China will pass the United States in overall power, you have to take into account the geopolitical circumstances in Asia. Asia is not monolithic. Bill Emmott, in his fine book Rivals, points out that Japan, India, Vietnam, and others have quite different views of the rise of Chinese power than China does, which makes them natural allies for the United States. The situation is analogous to Canada and Mexico inviting China to come in to North America to balance American power. Fortunately, because of our soft power, that is not a problem with our neighbors, but China does have that problem. The argument that China is bound because of its GDP growth to pass the United States seems to me a rather simplistic, unidimensional view of power.
Why does all of this matter? Certainly, power is not about being able to brag we are number one. We are not the Green Bay Packers of world politics. Instead it matters because power is not good or bad per se. Power is a lot like calories in a diet—too little and you expire; too much and you become obese. Understanding the different dimensions of power and the right strategy for using it is what we need to look at. Understanding our own power, its strengths and its limits, and having others understand it, is particularly important if we are to manage one of the great questions of power transition, the rise of China. Thucydides said that the Peloponnesian War, which tore apart the Greek city-state system, was caused by the rise of the power of Athens and the fear it created in Sparta. Many people have said World War I, which tore the European state system apart, was caused by the rise in the power of Germany and the fear this created in Britain. Some analysts today say this story will be repeated in the twenty-first century as the rise in the power of China creates fear in the United States. But that is bad history. By 1900, Germany had already surpassed Britain economically. If my analysis is correct and China will not surpass the United States for another decade, or even two or three decades, then we have time to deal with this change. We have time to manage the rise of China without succumbing to the second part of the Thucydidean trap: overreaction because of fear. But we face a concurrent problem, the danger of Chinese belief in American decline. Such belief could lead to Chinese hubris, which would make it even more difficult for us to then make compromises and accommodate China because every time we made a compromise it would be read in Beijing as proof of American decline. Managing well our relationship with China over the next decade or so is going to be extremely difficult, but we can succeed if we design our policies intelligently.
We need not repeat the mistakes that led to the great disaster of World War I. But avoiding a similar outcome will take a much more sophisticated understanding of the present power transition than the current commonplace narrative of American decline.
Power in world politics today resembles a three-dimensional chess game. On the top board of military power among states, the world is unipolar, and the United States is likely to remain the dominant power for another decade or two. On the middle board of economic relations among states, the world is multipolar and has been for two decades. In this domain, Europe can act as an entity, and when it does, its economy is larger than that of the United States. On the bottom board of transnational relations, things that cross borders outside the control of the government, whether terrorists or international cyber crime syndicates or whether impersonal forces like pandemics or global climate change, power is distributed chaotically; the traditional terminology of unipolarity and multipolarity makes no sense here. Dealing with the challenges that emerge from the bottom board of transnational relations requires cooperation, and that is where our soft power comes in. With many of these transnational issues, which pose serious challenges to us, power with others is as important as power over others. Therefore, we have to think of positive- sum and zero-sum games simultaneously. To deal with this world of power transition and power diffusion, we need to think more clearly about how we treat power. We have to understand that the rise of the rest is not necessarily a sign of American decline. We have to keep our wits about us if we are not to succumb to the fear that Thucydides warns against. When we deal with power diffusion issues, we have to think about how we can use the full set of tools in our toolbox, the soft-power instruments as well as the hard-power instruments. As Anne-Marie Slaughter of Princeton put it, the unique capacity of the United States to maintain alliances, to create networks, and to use institutions puts us in a good position to be the most powerful state. If we think in terms of the ability to coordinate collective action to deal with the diffusion of power rather than thinking in the old traditional terms of military hegemony, which I believe is an obsolete conception of power, then we might well get through these next decades of the twenty-first century in reasonable shape. But in dealing with power transition and power diffusion in the twenty- first century, we are going to have to learn as a people to think and talk about power in different ways and to become a truly smart power.
Where do corporations fit in the category of nonstate actors, and can a company become more relevant, more powerful than the nation? For example, Facebook has two hundred million more users than the American population and was the tool that brought down Mubarak; Google took on China in a way that the American government could not. Also, if China is astute enough to realize the need for soft power and to succeed in the way it did with the Olympics, what is it so scared of when it comes to the Nobel Peace Prize or Falun Gong?
Multinational corporations have long been important nonstate actors—this goes back centuries—and many multinational corporations have annual revenues that are larger than the GDP of many countries. What companies don't have are the resources of force. They also don't have the resources of legitimacy that governments in many cases still have. So the idea that companies are taking over the world is a bit simple. Yes, Google and Twitter helped to find ways—for example, with speak-to-tweet—that allowed protestors to get past the Internet cutoff in Egypt, but it is also worth remembering that when Google and China squared off a year ago, the Chinese government did better. We should not overestimate, but companies, and information companies in particular, are becoming more important. Let's just not overstate the decline of governments as a result.
During recent trips to China, I asked Chinese there why the government felt it had to lock up Liu Xiaobo and make the fuss it did about his Nobel Peace Prize, actions that I believe were counterproductive for the government. I said, "You know, I don't think you're quite that fragile. You could afford to lighten up." But they don't see it quite that way. They see a situation where, as the joke goes, it's a market-Leninist system. With the Chinese Communist Party now, you have a political control apparatus in which nobody believes in communism. So legitimacy comes from high rates of economic growth and ethnic Han nationalism. The Chinese themselves report that more than 100,000 riots, demonstrations, and incidents occurred in the past year. The possibility that these more-or-less isolated local incidents could become something more if they were connected through the Internet greatly worries Chinese authorities.
One issue I think needs more discussion is internal affairs, which has been the cause of decline of many great powers. I was horrified by the campaigns preceding our recent midterm elections, by what they revealed about American ignorance of and lack of interest in the outside world, by the concentration on ludicrously parochial issues, and by the unwillingness to take seriously some of the challenges that will undoubtedly develop. The basic industrial situation in America reminds me of what it was in France in 1950. The unwillingness of a large part of the American population, judging from the political scene, to take seriously the state of our infrastructure and instead to look at the future exclusively in terms of what needs to be cut is likely to be a bigger contributor to our national decline than competition from other nations. Tocqueville predicted that in democracies people would think only about their private affairs and thus would let the government take over everything, which is largely what happened in France. What I find in the United States is that people think primarily about their private affairs and have little sense of community, and therefore nobody speaks for the community. It is not that the government has taken over, though; the poor government is handicapped by a constitution that was designed to make the use of power impossible. As long as this little problem remains unaddressed, I think we will be in trouble.
I can't disagree with your characterization of current politics, and I agree that the American government was designed so that King George couldn't rule over us and neither could anybody else, but that also gives us a sense of historical perspective. Our polity was designed to be inefficient; the emphasis was on preserving greater liberty rather than on greater efficiency. We have had a couple hundred years of this. We have been through worse periods in the past than we are in now; for example, the middle of the nineteenth century, when we broke apart into a civil war; or the 1930s; or the 1950s, with McCarthyism. We have had some quite bad periods in our politics. We are in an unfortunate period now, but I don't think it is one in which we won't overcome the obstacles we face. I suspect that the budget deficit probably will not be solved in the next two years (instead we will see a lot of posturing), but I wouldn't be surprised if a political consensus develops after the 2012 election to implement with greater seriousness some of the things that are important for our long-term financial health. That won't be sufficient, but it is a base from which to start, and it does go to your point about community. As I read Bob Putnam, we haven't lost that community; it is not necessarily centered on the government, but if you look at volunteers and the quality of community life in the United States, we still compare relatively well. Trying to assess the question of internal decay independently and from within our immediate historical circumstances is always hard. We can't step back as well as we need to. But as I look back at history, the fact that we have made it through worse times with our deliberately inefficient governmental system makes me think we might be able to make it through again.
What about Europe? It has the tools for smart power. What is its future?
I tend to be relatively optimistic on Europe, which is not fashionable now. One is supposed to be pessimistic. But Europe's accomplishments over the past four or five decades are incredible; it has created a Kantian island of peace in the international system; it showed that France and Germany need not go to war again, that the prospect of such a war could even become unthinkable. The Europeans have created not a single European nation but a different relation among European peoples, what Bob Keohane and I once called a "complex interdependence." This is tremendously healthy. Will it last? Some people say the euro is going to collapse and bring down Europe. I was at the Munich Security Conference in early February 2011, and I was struck by the strength of the political commitment Angela Merkel expressed in defense of the euro even though she is facing domestic problems about who pays Greek bills and so forth. Examples like that make me more optimistic about Europe than the current conventional wisdom. When Europe acts as an entity, it is the world's largest economy; it still has enormous capacity.
Some thinkers, Richard Rosecrance and others, have written about the rise of the virtual state. Do you address this issue in your book as you discuss power diffusion?
I don't quite know what it means to be a virtual state. The chapter in my book where I address cyber power doesn't use the term virtual state; instead I talk about a state that has to adapt to the fact that it is fully penetrable by electrons crossing its borders and has made itself vulnerable in this way by its dependency on cyber. Perhaps that fits the definition of a virtual state. But the state also retains powerful traditional capacities. The Internet doesn't reside in a cloud; it relies on physical servers and cables that are located within the sovereign jurisdiction of nation-states, and governments have traditional hard power options like economic sanctions and police powers with which to handle Internet service providers and other actors that are within their jurisdiction. But that isn't virtual power; it is very traditional.
If a book called The Future of Power were to have come out of China or India, what would the conclusion of that book have been?
One of my Indian friends says that by 2050 the world will have three powers: India, China, and the United States. His comment to me was, "We may not like the United States, we may have trouble with the United States at times, but when it comes to living with China, we would rather be with the United States." That is the picture the book would have painted had he written it. In population terms, he is right too. India will be the largest country, China will be second, and the United States will be third. The United States will be the only rich country maintaining its current demographic position.
If the book had been written in China, it would probably talk about American decline. Many, but not all, Chinese scholars are now writing about American decline and tend to believe that it is true. When I was in Beijing in January 2011, I spoke with an important Chinese academic who said that what worried him was the debate inside China about how to write that book. He agreed with me that the Americans will remain ahead, but his great worry was that the people who write the book in China will write the opposite of my book and that this will lead to disastrous policies. He argues—and I think he has a case—that since the start of the recent financial recession, China has been more assertive in its foreign policy. One of the reactions to its new assertiveness has been worsened relations with India, Vietnam, South Korea, and Japan, not to mention the United States.
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Suno Spring 2013
If Suno's spring show is a sign of anything, the revealed midriff is sticking around for another season. Seeing the way Max Osterweis and Erin Beatty have done it—with cropped top/skirt combos and one beautifully tailored cutout tank dress—that's just fine. For one, it can be a very flattering look on a woman, and for another, the two 2011/2012 Fashion Fund finalists don't claim to be trying to introduce anything completely groundbreaking at the moment. Yes, the offering has a look that's unmistakably theirs, honed over the past few seasons. But, as Beatty puts it, "there's nothing like a collection you just want to put on. Ultimately, that's the biggest achievement."
Achieve it they did, with pieces inspired by Irving Penn's images of Issey Miyake's creations (Suno's graphic tunics over matching wide-leg trousers). Osterweis and Beatty were equally fascinated, they say, with Laura Ingalls Wilder and the prairie. So there were also calico-esque prints and the occasional ruffle to create volume that feels fresh—done best on a washed denim skirt. A touch of the folkloric, somewhat of a signature for the label, was present in blue-and-white embroidery inspired by Polish handiwork. Stripes, ever present in recent collections, played a major role in the mixing and matching. And, lest we forget that Suno began as a line made out of vintage Kenyan textiles, there was a dress in a quirky cell phone print re-created and revived for this season. Aside from that, Osterweis and Beatty were definitely not just phoning it in.

subset: commoncrawl


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In case you missed it last week, we announced the availability of Adobe Reader and Acrobat X (10.1.1), 9.4.6 and 8.3.1.
Steve Gottwals, Group Product Manager for Adobe Reader, wrote the following about the releases.
EchoSign for Adobe Reader
With Adobe Reader X (10.1.1), you can now click on the EchoSign link directly in Reader and you'll be taken straight to the EchoSign page where you can start signing, sending and tracking your PDF documents. The entire signature process from the request for signature to the distribution and execution of the form or agreement is done online. The EchoSign signature service provides a secure subscription-based service to individuals, SMBs and enterprise customers. It enables real-time visibility into the signature process and automatically storing and managing all signed documents. We expect it will make electronic signatures the common way for people to sign documents.
Adobe Reader X(10.1.1) UI Enhancement
As we add new services, like EchoSign mentioned above, you will notice that the Reader UI has enhanced tools panes as well. Instead of "Comment" and "Share", we have now re-organized them to hold "Tools" and "Comments". These enhancements not only allow for better expansion in the future, they also provide a better user experience when accessing Reader's advanced capabilities as tested with our end-users.
Adobe Reader and Acrobat Version 8 End of Support
As a reminder to the previous blog post: Adobe Reader and Acrobat Version 8 End of Support, Adobe provides five years of product support from the general availability date of Adobe Reader and Adobe Acrobat (Windows and Macintosh – Note: Adobe only supports the most recent major version of Adobe Reader for Linux Version 9.x). In line with that policy, support for Adobe Reader 8.x and Adobe Acrobat 8.x will end on November 3, 2011.
For more information regarding the security details in these releases, please see Security Bulletin APSB11-24. For detailed Release Notes, please see the Release Notes Library.


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Welcome | Issues Update | Upcoming Events | Resources | Contact Us | Donate
Families of September 11 is now operating as the For Action Initiative. The web pages on this site are available for informational purposes only. Please visit us at www.foractioninitiative.org.
Spring is the season of renewal and change. And in the spirit of change, we would like to announce some new developments. We have launched a new format of our Children of September 11 (COS11) newsletter. This is the first time we are using an electronic format for the COS11 newsletter. Following the same format as our monthly e-newsletter, we hope to provide useful information to caregivers of children who have been affected by trauma in a more timely and efficient manner. Click here to read the Spring 2008 issue. We would also like to remind you that the Chat Program is coming to an end. There will be 2 more chat sessions and during these last sessions, we will determine the best way for participants to stay in touch.
Earlier this month, the Health Department announced a new NYC 9/11 Benefit Program. To ensure that all needs are met, the Health Department will reimburse out-of-pocket costs for mental health or substance –use treatment through a claims process similiar to any insurance benefit. New York City residents and city workers in surrounding areas can find out if they are eligible by calling 311 or visiting www.nyc.gov/9-11mentalhealth. Read the program fact sheet here.
Issues Update
Ground Zero Update
Message about the Family Viewing Room at the World Trade Center Site
This new location is only available for about two months. During that time, a few family members and the PA will explore a new location. Again, the PA is very committed to supplying this on-site space as long as possible. If you have any questions, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com.
Update from the National September 11 Memorial and Museum
WTC Health Update
Families of September 11 encourages all those who feel their health was affected by the terror attacks of 9/11 to visit our website Health Resources page to keep abreast of new developments. The Health Resources page contains up to date information on the latest news articles, medical reports, and treatment resources related to 9/11 health issues.
The National September 11 Memorial and Museum Invites Families to Assist in Honoring Those Lost on 9/11 By Helping Create an Oral History of the Victims
New York State Museum Announces World Trade Center Exhibit in France
State Farm Seeks Inspirational Men and Women for Annual Embrace Life Awards
Upcoming Events
FOS11 Calendar
Register Now for the Final Two Chat Sessions – May 13th and June 11th 8PM EST
We have learned valuable lessons from these chats and we will use these final sessions to say goodbye. However, every ending tends to open the door for another opportunity. During these last sessions, we will determine the best way for chat participants to keep in touch and stay connected each other through other ways. We hope that you will join us in these final chats. The next chat will be on Tuesday, May 13th, 7:45 PM EST and the Chat will start at 8:00 PM promptly. Click on the link below to enroll in the next session https://www.familiesofseptember11.org/chat2/membership_form.asp?chatID=51308 You can also enroll in the June chat by clicking here. For directions using the actual screens you will see when you enroll, click here.
Boston Logan International Airport 9/11 Memorial – Exhibition of Six Design Finalists
Tribute Center Events
Collecting September 11
Tribute Center Daily Walking Tours
Feel the Music! First Responders and Veterans Day
American Red Cross – Prepare NY Workshops
Safer World
New York City AWARE
World Cares Center – Disaster Volunteering Training Series
Tuesday's Champions
Walk-in Legal Clinics Offered by WTC Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program at Mount Sinai
WTC Centers of Excellence
LifeNet (NYC)
For information about nationally available mental health support outside of New York State, click here.
FOS11 offers a wrist band, in hope for a better future. Click here to learn more.
Contact Us


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Academic Regulations
Repeating a Course
A repeated course is one in which the student received a passing grade (D– or better) but decides to retake the course with the hope of improving the grade. In this case, the student may receive credit for the course only once (exception: music performance and ensembles). Both grades factor into the overall quality-point average, but only the higher grade counts in the student's major (if applicable). There is no limit on the number of times a student may repeat a course, but under no circumstances will the credit be awarded more than once toward graduation. Students who have passed Writing 100 may not enroll in it again as a repeated course. Students may not repeat any physical education course in which they have already earned a P grade. A student may retake any course in which the student has received a failing or NC (no credit) grade. Credit is earned only once.


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On the Shelf
Cryptozoology in Texas, and Other NewsBy Dan Piepenbring
- Gabriel García Márquez was in the hospital last week, but now he's out and on the mend, albeit in "delicate" condition. We wish him a speedy recovery.
- Poor Comic Sans, the common man's font, the bane of designers and typographers everywhere, has gotten a facelift: say hello to Comic Neue.
- A news station in Texas has, with its "reporting," stoked the flames of the legend of the chupacabra. "Jackie and Bubba believed they'd stumbled upon a Latin American vampire beast that guzzles the blood of livestock. They decided to take it as a pet."
- Are English departments in jeopardy? Some professors think so. "Literary studies is being 'devalued and dismissed' as a result of English departments' being 'reconceived as being primarily in the business of teaching expository writing.' Furthermore, he wrote, there's an insidious rush 'to make literary studies an outpost of "digital scholarship."'"
- A new photo exhibit by John Goodman (no, not that John Goodman): "Together at last. Boxers and ballerinas. Those two great seemingly Yin-Yang forces of the physical—the soft, fluid Terpsichore and the aggressive Herakles …"


text: I know I am prob gonna take some crap for this, but does anyone know anything about these? thought about getting a Beater and I saw this. Most beaches in DE don't allow surfing when guards are on, also a lot of shore break. I am thinking maybe stick with the Beater


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- Home
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BRONSON — Jackie Strickland was enjoying gently rocking in the chair.
"A buddy of mine got me started 10 years ago," he said.
"I do all the work myself. It's all hands on by me."
"I log my own wood, mill it and cure it out," he says. That's an investment of a year's time from cutting to rocking.
Strickland obtains his wood by taking down trees for property owners. He will cut the tree and haul the wood, he says, but the owners must haul the brush left by the job.
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Brevard, N.C. - On Monday, July 28th at 2 pm in the Francis Pavilion of The Porter Center for the Performing Arts, Brevard College will make a historic announcement about its athletic programs' membership status.
In 2007, Brevard College received provisional National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II membership status and was invited as a provisional member of the South Atlantic Conference in February 2007. The athletics programs competed in a full South Atlantic Conference schedule during the 2007-08 academic year, yet were not eligible for championship competition as a provisional member. On Monday, Commissioner Patrick Britz of the South Atlantic Conference will be in attendance as the announcement is made.
Brevard College, founded in 1853, was a member of the NAIA for seven years and applied for membership in the NCAA in the spring 2006. Gaining full membership in the NCAA usually takes around four years, but Brevard is expected to complete this process in half the time. The college supports 18 intercollegiate athletic sports, recently adding, football, cycling and women's golf to the mix.
The press conference will include comments from Brevard College President Drew Van Horn, new South Atlantic Conference Commissioner Britz, BC Athletics Director Kim Pate, Head Coaches Mike Jones and Paul Hamilton and student-athlete Jessica Guadagno. Refreshments will be served after the conference.
The Brevard community and media are invited and encouraged to attend this event.


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A former employee of a major toy company drew on his experience to create an alternative for Jewish children with "elf envy."
When his son asked for "The Elf on the Shelf" — the famed Christmas toy that is said to keep an eye on children and report back to Santa Claus regarding their behavior — entrepreneur Neal Hoffman says he felt an admitted pang of "elf envy."
"I said to myself that I wished there was a toy and book that was an alternative, that was rooted in Jewish traditions," Hoffman recalls.
Hoffman, at the time an employee of the Hasbro toy and game company, would go on to create a new toy to ensure that those celebrating Chanukah wouldn't experience the same "elf envy."
With roots tracing back to the 1970s, "The Elf on the Shelf" has sold nearly 2.5 million units. The elf has now met its Jewish match through Hoffman's The Mensch on a Bench, a toy and book set based on the story of the character "Moshe the Mensch." Available for the first time this Chanukah, the set costs $36 (plus shipping and handling).
Using the popular crowd-funding website Kickstarter to raise money (in Jewish-appropriate denominations of $18), Hoffman brought his dream of a Jewish judge of childhood behavior to life. The book that comes with Moshe explains that this savvy tzaddik was in the Temple with the Maccabees when they defeated the Greeks in the second century BCE. As the age-old story goes, there was only sufficient oil for one night, but it lasted for eight. How? Moshe volunteered to sit on a bench all night and keep an eye on it. Thousands of years later, Moshe is still on a bench and still watching over Chanukah, much like "The Elf on the Shelf" watches over Christmas.
Hoffman, a Massachusetts native who now lives in Cincinnati, Ohio, explains that as a father of two in an interfaith household, he was familiar with "The Elf on the Shelf" from his nieces and nephews. When his son asked for one, he says he initially laughed off his idea for a Chanukah-themed alternative to the toy, but the idea kept coming back until he could resist it no longer.
While Hoffman sees "The Elf on the Shelf" as a symbol of the commercialism of a holiday, he suggests that "Moshe the Mensch" is a keeper of the eternal traditions of Judaism.
"The Elf is more secular and not as religious, just pure fun," he says.
Moshe may not be an "answer" to the elf, but it is an appropriate alternative for Jewish children that allows them to create their own Chanukah tradition, Hoffman says.
Hoffman used his years of experience at Habsro — where he worked (and played) with the legendary likes of G.I. Joe and the Transformers — to his advantage for creating "The Mensch on a Bench." Yet the experience was different than anything he had done before, he says.
"This was the first time I had to take an idea and figure out everything, including the design, engineering, packaging, marketing, fundraising, web development and timeline management," Hoffman recalls. "It really made me appreciate the caliber of people I had worked with in the past."
While he didn't have Hasbro colleagues working with him, Hoffman was far from alone. He quickly found fans on Facebook and backers on Kickstarter, and says his biggest support came from his family. The passion for "Moshe the Mensch" was immediately contagious, he says.
In an effort to explain Moshe to the masses, Hoffman hurried to come up with a believable backstory, and created the book to accompany the toy.
"The book is inspired by the story of Chanukah," Hoffman says. "It tells about how the Maccabees came back to the Temple and were tired from the war and needed to sleep. With only one night of oil, they were worried it would go out overnight and leave them in the dark. One man volunteered to watch over the lights: Moshe the Mensch."
To give Moshe and his story more staying power and appeal, the book also includes activities for each of the eight nights of the holiday. Hoffman hopes to bring the book not only to his local library, but also to the Jewish literacy nonprofit PJ Library, which to date has delivered more than 3 million books to youths. He also says sequels are possible.
"There are still a lot of words that rhyme with 'mensch' that we can work with," Hoffman says.
In the meantime, Hoffman is looking forward to opening his own Moshe on the first night of Chanukah, coming up this year on Nov. 27.
"I think we have a fun idea that Jewish families can rally around and use to make Chanukah more fun," Hoffman says. "Over the next couple years, Jewish families will decide if this is a great idea and something they want, or if the Mensch will become a rare collectors item."


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Auto Meter 1588 Golden Oldies Air-Core Speedometer Gauge, 3-1/8 Inch
Click image to enlarge
Please note the following about this product:
- Ground Shipping Only - Can't Ship Air.
Reviews (0)
What's in the Box
InfoTickets are no fun. Calibrating a speedometer isn't a great deal of fun either. Auto Meter's Electronic Programmable Speedometer makes short work of both, providing an easy to install and easy to calibrate solution that will help keep your speed exactly where it needs to be. Compatible with most factory speed senders, you'll wonder why you ever struggled with a speedometer before. Calibration is as simple as a two mile drive, or for even easier operation, Auto Meter's GPS Speedometer Sender is a simple plug and play solution for any application.
- Includes bulb and socket assembly with red and green bulb covers


text:
The drivers are already installed in BT4, it is a "plug and play" device.
Hello everyone. I just got my new ALFA Networks AWUS036H.
And I'd like to use it on usb, with backtrack 4 in a virtual machine.
Can someone please tel me how can I activate'it on the virtual machine and install the drivers ?
Do I need to deactivate the bridge with the physical machine ?
Thank you very much for your help and I hope I posted in the right place.
The drivers are already installed in BT4, it is a "plug and play" device.
I got 99 problems but the bits ain't one...
um what virtual client do you have?
Wielder of the spoon of doom
Summercon, Toorcon, Defcon, Bsides, Derbycon, Shmoocon oh my
Come hang out with hackers on twitter @gunrunr556
I had issues with the 036h in a vm client, primarily that injection was slow and kept coming back with weird errors that needed the adapter to be restarted.
you will need to plug it in and enable usb device sharing with the client then dmesg | tail and find the phys adapter (mine jumped around).
if you ifconfig -a you should see it listed somewhere.
i installed bt4 to a hdd and havent had the same issues since.
It should be plug and play. Also like ecks90 said do a HDD install I have mine on an Asus netbook in dual boot with windows and I have never had any problems with the Alfa
pureh@te said: Our goal is to be a fearsome pentest distro not a windows replacement OS where we are trying to convert the world to Linux.


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Results 1 to 5 of 5
Thread: Camping with Kids
5th April 2012 10:41 AM #1
- Join Date
- Jan 2012
- Posts
- 139
Camping with Kids
When I was a child my family and I went camping every summer. I have some of my very best childhood memories from those trips. I also felt more free and connected with nature than I ever have in my life. As I got older I really didn't have the desire to go camping anymore. My husband and I would go for a night or two here and there but not very often. Once we had the boys we decided that we would wait until they were older to take them. They will be 5 soon and I think we are at the point where we will all have a great time and really enjoy ourselves -- plus, I know the boys will LOVE it.
Since I am very out of practice and have never gone camping with kids I am very interested in the advice of all of you who have taken your children camping. We will be tent camping. What are some of your best tips? What are some of your favorite and easy meals to take and prepare? What are some of the activites your children enjoy most? Any info will be greatly appreciated!!!
Thanks Ladies
6th April 2012 02:02 AM #2
Hi Christie,
Your post made me smile as my friend has recently asked us to go camping this Summer with her family. However, I am not sure I am brave enough to do this with a 1 year old whilst being pregnant!
That's great that you have such happy childhood memories of camping. I guess it is a special thing to do together as a family. I'm sure your boys will have a great time.
Here are some of my (camping experienced) friend's tips on camping with little ones (I can take no credit for these!):
-make sure you have plenty of torches (with batteries!). A head torch is also useful when your hands are full.
-consider the facilities of the campsite you want to book e.g. how many toilets and showers
-take an extra big tent (e.g. a 5 or 6 man tent if you are 4 people) - you will probably have lots of extra clothes and games etc for your kids
-airbeds are a comfortable and convenient way to sleep
-take plenty of mosquito/bug repellent
I'll be interested to read everyone else's tips!
7th April 2012 09:51 AM #3
- Join Date
- Jan 2012
- Posts
- 139
LJ -- I don't blame you for not wanting to venture out camping just yet. It's taking me 5 years to work up the nerve to take my boys Thanks so much for that helpful information. We do need a bigger tent for sure! The one we have is supposed to be a four person tent BUT we could really only fit the queen sized air mattress, my husband and I and our dog -- no way we'll be able to squeeze the boys in there too.
1st September 2013 04:40 AM #4
- Join Date
- Sep 2013
- Posts
- 9
I really support these kind of activities for child because just studying is not a proper life for children they need to enjoy the life see new things taste new things and do these kind of thrilling things to taste the nature this will help them to grow better and live well, i'm just going with my kids on camping next week, i'm packing my tents for camping. My kids really enjoy going to these new places.
Bartending School
Last edited by ElizaSeyler; 25th November 2013 at 04:19 PM.
2nd September 2013 06:54 AM #5
Thank you for sharing this Eliza.
Your words reminded me of this quote I recently read:
'Children learn best through their everyday experiences with the people they love and trust, and when the learning is fun. And the best place for these experiences is outdoors, in the natural world.'
Center for Families, Communities, Schools and Children's Learning.


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About the Student Success Center
Located in Clarkson's Educational Resources Center, the Student Success Center provides first-year student advising, disability services, tutoring services, and new student and family outreach programs.
Our Mission
The mission of the Student Success Center is to provide structured and effective services, opportunities and experiences in a proactive and supportive environment. Using a collaborative approach within and across the campus community, the SSC offers all students access to academic counseling and advisement, as well as tutoring and disability services.
We believe in the ability of all well-equipped students to persist and achieve at Clarkson University. The SSC is the centralized location for students to access support and services to ensure a successful academic career.
Our Vision:
Our vision at the SSC is to be recognized within the Clarkson University community as a vital and visible asset delivering services through a dedicated and professional staff in an atmosphere which fosters personal growth and celebrates success.
Contact us for more information about how we can help you.


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Limp Bizkit Announce U.S. Tour, New Song
Listen to Limp Bizkit Radio on iHeartRadio
Limp Bizkit doesn't have a new album to support just yet, but that isn't stopping the band from hitting the road.
Fred Durst and company have announced plans to embark on a U.S. trek this fall starting September 13th at the Aftershock Festival in Sacramento, California. Machine Gun Kelly is also on board to open most of the shows.
In the meantime, Limp Bizkit is giving fans a new song called "Endless Slaughter." The track will be available to download at LimpBizkit.com this Friday. It's the latest sample from their album Stampede of the Disco Elephants, which still hasn't received an official release date.
Limp Bizkit tour dates:
9/13 -- Sacramento, Calif. -- Discovery Park (Aftershock Festival; no Machine Gun Kelly)
9/15 -- Los Angeles, Calif. -- The Wiltern
9/16 -- Las Vegas, Nev. -- House Of Blues
9/19 -- Dallas, Texas -- South Side Ballroom
9/20 -- San Antonio, Texas -- Aztec Theatre
9/21 -- Oklahoma City, Okla. -- Diamond Ballroom
9/23 -- Sioux Falls, S.D. -- The District (no Machine Gun Kelly)
9/24 -- Fargo, N.D. -- The Venue (no Machine Gun Kelly)
9/26 -- Kansas City, Mo, -- Power Plant Live! (no Machine Gun Kelly) (free show)
9/27 -- Maplewood, Minn. -- Myth
09/28 -- Chicago, Ill. -- Aragon Ballroom (no Machine Gun Kelly)
09/30 -- St. Louis, Mo. -- The Pageant
10/01 -- Indianapolis, Ind. -- Egyptian Room at Old National Centre
10/03 -- Detroit, Mich. -- The Fillmore Detroit
10/04 -- Louisville, Ky. - Champions Park (Louder Than Life Festival)
10/06 -- Huntington, N.Y. -- The Paramount
10/07 -- Upper Darby, Pa. -- Tower Theatre
10/08 -- New York, N.Y. -- Best Buy Theater
10/10 -- Boston, Mass. -- House Of Blues (no Machine Gun Kelly)
10/11 -- Wallingford, Ct. -- The Dome @ Oakdale Theatre
10/12 -- Silver Spring, Md. -- The Fillmore
Photo: Getty Images


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hiya guys.
just a quick question. does implementing ccmp make my network harder to hack than using tkip?
please forgive me if i sound stupid by asking that.
There is a TKIP vulnerability that CCMP (AES) wouldn't have, but I agree that a good password would suffice.
thank you guys. i really appreciate your help.
So just wanna say thanks for all the hard work moderating posts from morons like him that no doubt we normal users hardly have to read.
Not that this completely relates to the OP's question but slightly on topic... complex passwords together with non-standard and hidden SSID's together with Tx power set to bare minimum should see the evil hackers move past your network and on to someone with lesser security.
Also if your router supports it, set it to only beacon once a second - that should deter anyone trying to Brute-force the SSID.
Just a few ideas... and as we all know the SSID will get broadcast when an authorised client connects.


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Tornados to Host Catawba in Regionally Televised Homecoming GameOctober 24, 2013
BREVARD, N.C.-The Brevard College football team (2-5, 1-3 South Atlantic Conference) will host the Catawba College Indians (3-4, 1-3 South Atlantic Conference) for the 2013 Homecoming football game at Brevard Memorial Stadium on Saturday evening. Kickoff is set for 5 p.m., and the game will be televised regionally by WMYA 40.
The Tornados are looking to bounce back from a 43-24 loss to SAC foe Wingate University on Saturday afternoon. The Indians, losers of three straight games, are looking to rebound from a 34-31 loss to UNC Pembroke in nonconference action last week.
The BC option attack is headed by Kelvin Jeter and Jordan Ollis, who have combined for 946 yards on the ground through seven games this season. The Tornados are currently third in the SAC in rushing offense with 1,909 yards on the ground this season.
The Tornados offense is also bolstered by slot receiver Andre Overholt, who is averaging 11.6 yards per carry and 20.8 yard per reception in 2013.
The Tornados defense will look to slow down former ACC Rookie of the Year Danny O'Brien (Maryland, 2010), who is second in the league in passing yards (1,729) and completion percentage (68.6).
Brevard defensive back Jacob McCleery has intercepted a pass in three straight games, including an interception returned for a touchdown in BC's win over Mars Hill on October 12th. The sophomore is tied for the conference lead with three interceptions this season.
The Tornados front seven features three of the league's top 15 tacklers, paced by linebacker Michael Gruber's 84 tackles (2nd). Fellow BC linebacker Muscatello ranks 11th, trailed closely by defensive lineman Landon Allen (13th).
The Indians hold a 5-1 advantage in six meeting between the programs. The Tornados lone win came as BC edged Catawba 7-6 in Brevard's 2009 Homecoming game. The Tornados are 2-3 in Homecoming games since joining the South Atlantic Conference as full members in 2008.
The Indians edged BC with a go-ahead touchdown in the 4th quarter on their way to a 19-13 victory last November. The Tornados game-winning drive fell short when the Tornados failed to score on 4th-and-goal in the game's final seconds.
The live broadcast will be the first-ever televised football game for Brevard College, and will feature Jason Patterson and James Thurn in the booth along with sideline reporter Tiffany Ervin.


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You give a SuperCertificate® REWARD which contains a unique number.
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SuperCertificate® REWARD – Offering More Options – Our premier reward is available in multiple designs! We also offering 30 occasion message options per standard design.
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text:
Advanced Sketch Battle - 7 Deadly Sins Theme
Winner: Morph - sloth
2nd: Dust610 - lust
3rd: Wrek10 - lust
Advanced Sketch Battle - 7 Deadly Sins Theme
Winner: Morph - sloth
2nd: Dust610 - lust
3rd: Wrek10 - lust
Handstyle Battle - Android
Winner: Still Tippin
2nd: Owt-kast
Tip Top Toy - Ja
Winner: Yarharhar
2nd: Da Woof
3rd: illFX
Handstyle - Krink
Winner: pound
2nd: TIE
Advanced Sketch - Theme: For richer or poorer
Winner: theKid
2nd: ThisOne
3rd: Ase
Tip Top Toy - Your Own name
Winner: Tricksforkids
2nd: Sumoe
3rd: illFX
Winner: Truth
2nd: Koper
Winner: Knowme
2nd: extirpate
Tip Top Toy - Can2
Winner: Ase
2nd: Namesake
3rd: Random1
Painted Handstyle Battle
Winner: Knowme
Paint Battle
Winner: Criz
2nd: Koper
3rd: Sykorok
Pro Sketch Battle
Winner: Imagine That
2nd: tanca
3rd: Ase
Sketch Battle - Any Letter
1st - Neza
2nd: inkbits
3rd: M3T-nine-T-4
Halloween Team Battle
Winner: HARE2, FEZAT. MORPH -
2nd: RES, INKO, THIS -
3rd: ASE, AMOR, BARDone -
Pro Sketch Battle - Voltron
Winner: TheKid
2nd: inkbits
Street Art Battle
Winner: Dream Creation
2nd: Vondrak
3rd: UK MCR!
Handstyle Battle: Origami
Winner: C3ZR ONE
2nd: KayOne
Handstyle - Street Styles
Winner: C3ZR One -
2nd: Dekor
Advanced sketch battle: Peeta
Winner: TheKid
2nd: inkbits
3rd: M2T-nine-T4
Throwie battle - Ghetto
Winner: TheKid
2nd: Morph
3rd: 1nonlybaze


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Oakley Daisy Chain™ puts a cool twist on the classic teardrop silhouette. The ultra lightweight C-5™ frame links to the stems via a woven icon that's unmistakably Oakley. With Daisy Chain, you're always ready to take off in style.
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Oakley Daisy Chain Sunglasses - Rose Gold Frame / VR50 Brown Gradient Lens - Product Code oo4062-01


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EL Salvador 2008 home away short royal blue.ES screened in a circle and logo embroidered on the short.100% polyester.
Soccerplus first opened in 1994. We were one of the first soccer websites to hit the webView more
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text: OverviewBack to top Creative BioScience - 30 Day Diet - 60 Vegetarian Capsules Item# :117314UPC# :816907010147 Brand:Creative BioScience Size/Form:60 Vegetarian Capsules Ship Weight:0.25 Servings:30 Dosage:2 Capsule(s) Click here to read a PDF brochure on this product Creative BioScience - 30 Day Diet - 60 Vegetarian Capsules Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet is a rapid weight loss aid to help you shed a few pounds before your interview, family wedding, reunion, or vacation. Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet is designed to help you lose one pound per day. Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet is compatible with other diets. Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet contains clinically supported ingredients to overcome common diet derailers of hunger and fatigue. These potent nutraceutical ingredients include Lychee Fruit Extract, Raspberry Ketones, Green Tea Extract, PureWay-C, and the ever-popular African Mango (Irvingia gabonensis). Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet uses no fillers, starches or sugars that can cause diet stalling or even weight gain. 30 Day Diet includes African Mango Extract for appetite suppression, Raspberry Ketones to break up stored fats, and Green Tea Extract for its antioxidant properties as well as for energy. This product also includes Vitamins C, B6 and B12. This product is perfect to take by day if you're taking 30 Night Diet by night. Creative BioScience is perfect for the active, habitual snacker or antioxidant seeker. You've got a special event coming up in a few weeks, and you have to look your very best. That holiday party, cousin's wedding, or family reunion really makes you want to shrink the jiggle in your middle so you can squeeze easily into smaller, sleeker clothes. You've already got your eye on a perky new outfit. And why not? You're going to run into people you haven't seen for awhile, and you want to wow! them all. After all, Photoshop can only fool most of the people most of the time. It's time to make a real reduction, and this is the perfect opportunity to go for it and get it done. You're at the right place--we've got the closest thing to a diet miracle out there: Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet. At Creative Bioscience they know different dieters have different goals, and maybe you aren't lookingto lose 87 lbs. If you've only just started to "pinch an inch" instead of "grab a slab", you probably don'twant to commit to a long-term weight loss program, and that's just fine. Buy Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet capsules forweight loss, and start seeing results right away. For serious dieters, this is a good time to be alive. Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet World's largest and most recognized brand Made in the USA in FDA inspected and GMP approved facility Not a seasonal item, enjoy year-round profits This is a lifestyle product that also comes with a diet plan Frequently Asked Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet Questions How does 30 Day Diet work?It's pretty simple. You just take 2 capsules a half hour before breakfast with a glass of water, the capsules go to work, and you do your thing and live your life. Drink plenty of water, get fresh air, move around, and make clever food choices from the Allowed Foods List or follow your current eating plan. You can do this! Let us help. Sure, there are older diets you could go back to. But, you know that insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting a different result. Don't starve yourself, don't be miserable. There's a better way: use innovation and modern technology to melt away those last few pounds of stubborn fat. It's that easy. Why was Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet created?Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet is the solution. Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet is designed to help dieters lose one pound per day, work with protocol or every diet on the market, and overcome common diet derailers. Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet is manufactured from FDA inspected and GMP approved facilities, with clinically supported key ingredients to promote weight loss, suppress appetite, block fat, mobilize fat, and increase energy. Some of these potent clinically supported weight loss ingredients in Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet include Oligonol, Razberi-K (Raspberry Ketone), Green Tea Extract, PureWay-C, and the very popular African Mango (Irvingia gabonensis). Moreover, Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet contains no sugar, starches, or fillers that contribute to potential diet failure. Creative BioScience 20 Day Diet is the answer to dieting speed bumps to help dieters get back on track. Will Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet work with most diet plans?Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet offers an eating protocol, and is also designed to help dieters reach their goals no matter which diet they currently follow. Every diet has its downfalls, plateaus, and cheating methods. Granted, we are all human, and are not going to follow each diet plan to the exactness that it requires for optimal weight loss. Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet is created to help you when you are frustrated or just need help on any diet plan. It also helps you to maintain your desired weight when you have reached your weight loss goal. If you are trying other diets but still not seeing the weight loss results you want, Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet exists to fill the gap. Not all diets are suited to every dieter, and yours may not be good enough for you. You have followed the menus, meal plans, and exercise regimens required by other diets, but your weight loss goal is not working as you hoped, or as it did in the beginning. You need extra help.If you are looking for a boost to put you back on track, Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet is your answer. Who is right for Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet?This is a rapid weight loss solution for someone looking to lose a few pounds to fit into a favorite outfit, or prepare for an important social event. Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet works for any dieter, on any diet, who needs extra help to complete her or his weight loss program. The weight loss period can be extended as needed. This dynamic fat fighting formulation also helps to maintain your ideal weight once you reach it. Before beginning any diet you should consult with your health care provider. Will I feel hungry when I take Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet?The ingredients in Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet are carefully chosen to deliver you ample energy to live your active, healthy lifestyle. The lychee extract component, Oligonol, is especially effective at suppressing your appetite and providing the strength and vitality you need. Creative BioScience 30 Day Diet is here to help you get past your cravings and hunger to reach your ideal weight. Recommended 1500 calories per day Recommended 3 meals per day: 250 calories for breakfast, 550 calories for lunch, and 200 calories in two snacks. 2 snacks per day Eat from traditional 4 food groups What Diet Fits Your Lifestyle? 1200 CalorieThis diet is a good choice for anyone who exercises at an intense level, or who has a physically demanding job. The 1200 calorie plan will give you great results, and really help you to make healthy lifestyle changes. The weight loss is not as rapid as with the other plans, but the diet plan is more reasonable to someone who may have difficulty committing to a very low calorie diet. This is also a great choice for anyone who wants to continue their current exercise regimen and build muscle at the same time they are burning excess fat. Some examples of physical activities that may be appropriate on this level are: hiking, walking uphill, basketball, climbing, football, soccer, construction work and other types of physical labor. 800 CalorieThis plan is great for anyone looking to lose weight quickly, and be able to perform moderate exercise at the same time. Vegetarians also have great success with this plan, as they are able to add vegetable or dairy protein to their diet, which helps their nutritional needs to be met. Some examples of the physical activities that may be appropriate on this plan include: walking for exercise, gardening, cycling, dancing, tennis, jogging, skiing, moderate housework and office work on your feet. 500 calorieThis is the original diet plan prescribed by Dr. Simeons. This plan is great for anyone who is trying to lose a significant amount of weight in a short period of time. You will need to commit to a very strict diet, but you will see astonishing changes in your body as a result. Because you are consuming a low amount of calories from food, should you choose to exercise you will need to keep your activity level quite mild to avoid over exerting yourself, or feeling light headed or weak. Some examples of physical activity level appropriate for this plan include: leisurely walks, golf, sailing, table tennis, child care, desk work, electrical trades, restraint trades and light house work. Diet Remorse No one regrets losing weight and having to buy little black dresses or skinny jeans to fit their sleek new body. But people do regret wasted time and money invested in diets that don't even work, and especially cheating on a diet that does work. Why must we sabotage ourselves instead of taking the quickest, most reliable route to health and happiness? That is the question. Diet remorse is a common issue for serious, health-minded people everywhere who really would like to design a new body and feel better about their health and appearance. hCG dieters also face the problem of poor eating choices and the regret that follows, but there is hope. Not everyone succeeds all the time on a diet. Remorse always follows diet cheating, and often the dieter is tempted to throw their hands in the air after a lapse and bag the whole weight loss program-and enjoy every bite of the tasty food they are then free to eat! The best thing to do after a lapse in self control or judgment during the hCG diet is keep on with the protocol, and make a plan to deal with sneaky cravings in the future. Food urges can be quite tempting, and after indulging we always wish we hadn't eaten those extra calories. Then follows guilt garnished with a bit of despair, threatening the success of the whole diet. Your diet is more likely to be successful if you enlist outside help such as a friend also doing the diet, and if you keep a faithful record of what you eat in a food journal. Consider keeping healthier food out in the open so that you can munch on it instead of rich food that will hurt your diet. And don't forget to drink water! It's important. You're doing a good thing here, and when you succeed you will not have diet remorse, but diet satisfaction. Count on it. About Creative Bioscience Creative Bioscience combines research, innovation, and technology to offer safe and effective diet support products. Their focus is safety, satisfaction and quality assurance. Their products are manufactured in FDA inspected and GMP approved facilities in the United States. Each of their proprietary formulations have been researched and tested to provide the safest and most effective diet support possible. They insist on delivering optimal services, products and prices that are affordable for everyone. They are happy to assist everyone regardless of where you may have purchased your diet support products. Creative Bioscience will continue to provide free and unlimited live support to thousands of people worldwide. Their well-trained, USA based diet support specialists are standing by ready and willing to assist anyone during your diet. More About Creative Bioscience At Creative Bioscience they know weight loss. Thet get it: you're a busy person who just wants to shed a few pounds as soon as possible. Whether you're looking to lose a little or a lot, they've got an affordable, effective diet supplement to tip the scales in your favor. Creative BioSciences started as a manufacturer of premium hCG drops, helping hundreds of thousands of dieters lose weight rapidly with Dr. Simeons' Protocol - and keep it off. Since those early days, their portfolio has grown in response to customer feedback to include such heavy hitters as Raspberry Ketones, African Mango, Green Coffee Bean, Day & Night Diets, Energy and Appetite Control, and more without losing their core dieters favorite hCG Drops products. When scientists and celebrities give rave reviews of an amazing new weight loss wonder in the media, odds are they already offer that ingredient. You don't have to feel deprived, starved, and tired to trim a few inches and get back in your skinny jeans. Diet smart with Creative Bioscience weight loss aids, and get there faster. Improving your health and appearance is a great goal, and it's easier than you might think when you get help from Mother Nature. With each purchase you get easy instructions, diet charts, and free, unlimited diet support from their team of trained diet specialists (not just hCG drops questions, but ANY question about ANY diet.) Got a question? Ask an expert! When you reach your goal, we reach theirs.


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Contains information about title and source of a journal
Prognostic implications of bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophilia in patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and AIDS.
The American review of respiratory disease [0003-0805] Kaner, R J yr:1989 vol:139 iss:6 pg:1322 -1324
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You are a fan of capcop fish ? Come to discover the best forums capcop fish on the internet and share your experience with a community fan of capcop fish . You can also build a forum capcop fish and create your online discussion.
Central Virginia Aquarium Support is a discussion and help group for aquarium hobbyists, newcomer to advanced!
Fishy fish fish!
jellystabs, fishy, #fish, fish!
Koi Online's Forum - All about Koi SA. KoiForum. . KoiForum
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Ipswich Fish & Game Association member forum
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Coming Never
This forum is designed to accommodate investigations into gang activity related to popular sport fish.
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Freshwater & saltwater forum. Information on reef, & cichlid keeping. Information on fish keeping.
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Private Forum for Marco Island Sportfishing Club members to exchange ideas and communicate
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Free forum : This is a site for ALL home fish keepers. If you've a 1 gallon beta tank to 1, 000's of gallons of fish under your care, you'll find someone sharing your passion and interest
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Free forum : An Oregon based pet forum for people interested in aquatics, small mammals, herps and invertabrates.
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fishing forum : FISHING FORUMS, FISHING FORUM, FISHING FORUM, FISHING FORUM, FISHING FORUM, MATCH FISHING, CARP FISHING, MATCH FISHING, MATCH FISHING, MATCH FISHING, MATCH FISHING, MATCH FISHING, MATCH FISHING
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Free forum : ETAK is a group of people that share the same interest in Reef, Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish, Planted, Pond..keeping
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southern western Australian fish site
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Discussion of African Cichlids
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This private forum is solely for the use of the 2 most important people in the world....on the wrong sides of the world
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Originally Posted on ILLUME Magazine.Zaki Hasan has been a geek all his life, though he's never felt comfortable admitting it until now. From a childhood steeped in Superman comics and STAR TREK reruns to his current role as a professor of communication & media studies, Zaki has spent much of the last two decades analyzing and evaluating the role of popular culture in shaping and defining our cultural, societal, and spiritual discourse. It's this realm of ideas that's central to GEEK … [Read more...]
Zaki Hasan: The Grandmaster of Geekdom
December 8, 2011 by Leave a Comment


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USC to show off spring trends in Fashion Week
The University of South Carolina Fashion Board, in conjunction with the College of Hospitality, Retail and Sport Management, will present USC Fashion Week, Columbia's premier fashion event, April 11-14.
The week's events integrate the community, local retail stores, businesses and talent from across the state.
The four-day event gives students real-life experience in the fashion industry to jumpstart their careers in the field.
The week's events:
Monday, April 11, 11 a.m. - 2 p.m., Russell House patio — Kick-off event.
Tuesday, April 12, 8 a.m. – 2 p.m., Greene Street in front of Russell House and the Darla Moore School of Business patio. -- Bagel breakfast, bake sale and clothing drive benefiting SisterCare, a local organization that gives aid to battered women and children.
Wednesday, April 13, 7 p.m., Public Health Research Building auditorium -- Fashion Symposium, featuring Jess James, creator of Style Swap, a fashion-accesory exchange at which attendees bring an item of clothing and accessory to the event and exchange them for other items.
Thursday, April 14, 6 p.m. - doors open, 7 p.m. - fashion show, 701 Whaley St. -- 2011 USC Fashion Week Fashion Show.
Tickets to the fashion show are $7 in advance and $10 at the event. Beginning at 6 p.m. and during intermission, attendees may browse booths and purchase merchandise from retailers not included in the show.
USC Fashion Week features items from retail stores Bohemian, LaRoque, Brittons, M Boutique, Van Jean, DeLibel Boutique, Handpicked, Just The Thing and designer Laura McCall.
The USC Fashion Board is an organization of students from all majors and backgrounds with a common interest in fashion. The board meets weekly to discuss fashion through history and fashion show reviews and to hear guest speakers from every facet of the industry. The board also plans community outreach projects and events to promote local retail businesses.
For more information on USC Fashion Week, contact Melody Burdette, Fashion Board vice president for promotions, at 404-406-2050.


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Bridgeport pot farmer's crop seized
July 14, 2014
A Bridgeport pot farmer who said he was cultivating for co-op marijuana stores in Mammoth Lakes and Los Angeles was arrested last week, and his crop seized.
Jeffrey Greene, 50, told agents of the Mono County Narcotics Enforcement Team that he was growing the marijuana legally as part of a corporation. He said his medical marijuana card gave him the right to grow the 225 mature and young plants found at his Bridgeport home.
Greene also had 20 pounds of processed marijuana, according to Mono County Sheriff's Spokeswoman Jennifer Hansen.
The plants were growing both inside and outside of Greene's home.
His home was searched as part of a continuing investigation by the drug team and the Mono County Sheriff's Office.
According to Hansen, Greene's medical marijuana card was expired and he had no legal documentation that he was growing for the co-op stores.
Greene and his helper, Justis Daniels, 43, of Big Sur, Calif., were taken into custody. They have since been released.
Both men face charges of possession of marijuana for sale and unauthorized cultivation and harvesting of the drug.
Daniels also faces charges of possession of assault weapons, and a short-barreled rifle.
All charges are pending with the Mono County District Attorney's Office.


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around 15 minutes for me
Printable View
around 15 minutes for me
A block, I live sound side...Can't beat living at the beach and going to UNCW (5 mins away) even though the waves suck.
about 1:30 drive. thanks to some great forecasters (thanks swellinfo) I can usually move around my work schedule if need be to make it down for waves. I feel one good ride always justifies the trip.
Drive time to the beach house is 4.5 hours (x 3 times a month off season). Walking time from beach house is 30 seconds. I can only do what I do in DC so I make the best of it.
Waves could be waist high wind slop in 40 degree water and I am paddling out. Grinning.
hop on 264 E and I am right on 21st st va beach in 5 mins. I love living where I am.
1.5-6 hours depending on where I'm headed. I would love to live closer to the ocean but the realities of work/life are prohibitive.
15-20min in the morning. no complaints
1.5 hrs, looking to make it 15 minutes soon!
2.5 hours from both DE and OC/Assateague these days. Lived a short bike ride with my longboard tucked under my arm from local spots in Carpinteria, CA for a while (and about 5 minutes by car from Rincon). Mom moved from Carp to Santa Barbara, so it's not too tough to find surf when I head home, but that doesn't happen often enough...
I better not read a post from you guys talking about locals only or bennies...


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Bees : Colony Collapse
Bees : Colony Collapse
Bees : Colony Collapse
VOICE: The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization reports that 90% of all food consumed worldwide originates from 100 main crop species, 71 of which depend on bees for pollination.
But bee colonies across the globe are collapsing due to pesticides, climate change, pollution, habitat degradation, and genetically modified crops.
In speaking of the impact of such a loss, Kevin Hackett of the US Department of Agriculture said, "This is the biggest general threat to our food supply."
Fiona Johnson (Vegan) – Head, Tierra Verde International, UK (F):
There are a thousand solitary bee species which are on the verge of extinction or extinct already. Basically, it's pretty dire. I mean, these bees are so crucial to global food production.
VOICE: The most widely eaten fruits, vegetables, and nuts are pollinated by the vital bees.
Fiona Johnson:
You can see this beautiful vegetable patch, and it's all pollinated by bees. And this is what we will have to live without if we don't do something about it.
It's reported that there are several causes for the bee's decline, like genetically modified crops, chemical pesticides, and other spray substances for plants. Climate change also affects the environmentally sensitive and fragile bees.
Protect the bees that so willingly protect our food supply.
Be Veg
Green 2 Save the Planet!
Maila detta till en Vän


text: Anyone looking for a 9'6" in EXCELLENT condition? This board is EPS and has been ridden 4 times. I have pics available and will let it go for $325!!!!!! Don't miss out on this longboard, the only reason I'm selling it is because my wife recently counted my quiver collection, and well needless to say she was pissed. If I sell one of my sticks I can stop sleeping on the sofa! I'm often in the Belmar area, so delivery shouldn't be an issue. PRICE REDUCTION....$275!!!


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TQL Named One of the Top Job Creators by Inc. Magazine
CINCINATTI — Total Quality Logistics, the nation's second largest freight brokerage, was named to Inc. Magazine's inaugural list of the top 100 privately-held businesses that are adding jobs and rebuilding the economy. TQL was ranked 15th on the magazine's "Hire Power Awards" list. TQL created 787 jobs between 2008 and 2011.
"This is exciting to be recognized as a leading job creator," said Executive Vice President Kerry Byrne. "Transportation and logistics is a huge and growing industry. We are well positioned for continued growth and are committed to providing excellent career opportunities to the best candidates."
TQL is actively recruiting and hiring for its nationwide offices, particularly in Cincinnati, Chicago, and Tampa, Fla. The company is looking for entry-level sales professionals who can help the company secure new accounts and manage their customers' transportation needs. TQL provides extensive classroom and on-the-job logistics training to prepare new hires for the rigor of the role. Interested candidates should visit the company's web site at www.tqljobs.com.