text:
Jon Corzine
|Jon Corzine
|54th Governor of New Jersey
|In office
January 17, 2006 – January 19, 2010
|Preceded by
|Richard Codey
|Succeeded by
|Chris Christie
|United States Senator
from New Jersey
|In office
January 3, 2001 – January 17, 2006
|Preceded by
|Frank Lautenberg
|Succeeded by
|Robert Menendez
|Personal details
|Jon Stevens Corzine
January 1, 1947
Taylorville, Illinois, U.S.
|Political party
|Joanne Dougherty (m. 1969; div. 2003)
Sharon Elghanayan (m. 2010)
|Hoboken, New Jersey
|Alma mater
|University of Illinois (BA)
University of Chicago (MBA)
|Investment Banker
|Military service
|United States
|United States Marine Corps
|Years of service
Jon Stevens Corzine (born January 1, 1947) is an American financial executive and former politician. A Democrat, he was a United States Senator from New Jersey from 2001 to 2006 and was the 54th Governor of New Jersey from 2006 to 2010. He also worked as CEO of Goldman Sachs[2] during the 1990s and was CEO of MF Global from 2010 to 2011. He was charged by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) in connection with MF's bankruptcy in 2011.
Corzine began his career in banking and finance. In the early and mid-1970s, he worked for Midwestern banks (Continental Illinois National Bank in Chicago, Illinois and BancOhio National Bank in Columbus, Ohio) during and after his Master of Business Administration (MBA) studies at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. In 1975 he moved to New Jersey to work for Goldman Sachs. He became Chairman and CEO of Goldman Sachs and the leading advocate in the firm's decision to go public. In 1999, having lost a power struggle with Henry M. Paulson, Corzine left the firm. After his departure from Goldman Sachs, he earned what has been estimated to be $400 million during the 1999 initial public offering of the company.[3]
Corzine served five years of a six-year U.S. Senate term representing New Jersey before being elected governor in 2005. He was defeated for re-election in 2009 by Republican Chris Christie. In March 2010, Corzine was named chairman and CEO of MF Global Inc., a financial services firm specializing in futures brokerage. The company filed for bankruptcy protection in October 2011[4] and Corzine resigned on November 4, 2011.[5][6]
- 1 Early years, education, and early business career
- 2 Goldman Sachs
- 3 U.S. Senate
- 4 Campaigns for governor
- 5 Governor of New Jersey
- 6 Post-gubernatorial career
- 7 Electoral history
- 8 Personal life
- 9 See also
- 10 Notes and references
- 11 External links
Early years, education, and early business career[edit]
Corzine was born in central Illinois, the son of Nancy June (née Hedrick) and Roy Allen Corzine. He is of Italian descent from paternal side.[7] He grew up on a small family farm in Willey Station, Illinois, and near Taylorville. After completing high school at Taylorville High School,[8] where he had been the football quarterback and basketball captain,[9] he attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, and graduated in 1969, earning Phi Beta Kappa honors. While in college, he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps Reserve and served from 1969 until 1975, attaining the rank of sergeant. In 1970 he enrolled in the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, from which he received a Master of Business Administration degree in 1973.[10][11]
His first business experience was in the bond department of Continental Illinois National Bank, where he worked days while attending the Booth School of Business MBA program at night.[9][12] He then moved to BancOhio National Bank, a regional bank in Columbus, Ohio, that was acquired in 1984 by National City Bank. Corzine worked at BancOhio until 1975 when he moved his family to New Jersey and was hired as a bond trader for Goldman Sachs.
Goldman Sachs[edit]
Over the years, he worked his way up to Chairman and CEO of the company in 1994 and successfully converted the investment firm from a private partnership to a publicly traded corporation. Corzine also chaired a presidential commission for Bill Clinton and served on the U.S. Treasury Department's borrowing committee.[13] As a Goldman Sachs senior partner, he was summoned to help develop a rescue package for the hedge fund Long Term Capital Management when the leveraged fund's collapse in the fall of 1998 threatened contagion across the U.S. financial system.[14] According to U.S. News & World Report, Corzine did not get along with co-CEO Henry Paulson,[15] who came from the other major area of the bank, investment banking.[16] When Corzine decided to help the bailout, Paulson seized control of the firm.[17] As co-chairman of the firm, he oversaw its expansion into Asia.[18] When Goldman Sachs went public after Corzine's departure,[15] Corzine made $400 million.[3]
Corzine has participated in meetings of the Bilderberg Group, a network of leaders in the fields of politics, business, and banking, from 1995–1997, 1999, 2003 and 2004.[19] He is a former member of the group's Steering Committee.[20]
Corzine is a member of Kappa Beta Phi.[21]
U.S. Senate[edit]
2000 election[edit]
After being forced from Goldman Sachs in January 1999, Corzine campaigned for a New Jersey Senate seat after Frank Lautenberg announced his retirement. Despite initially trailing behind his opponent in the Democratic primary by 30 percentage points,[22] Corzine won the nomination and was subsequently elected to the Senate by a four-percent margin over his Republican opponent, four-term United States Congressman Bob Franks, in the November 2000 election and was sworn into the Senate in January 2001.
He spent more than $62 million of his own money on his campaign, the most expensive Senate campaign in U.S. history – over $33 million of this was spent on the primary election alone, where he defeated former Governor James Florio 58–42%.[3][23][24] Franks had been a last-minute choice because New Jersey Governor Christine Todd Whitman had been expected to run for the Senate.[25] The record $62 million amount surpassed Michael Huffington, who spent nearly $28 million in an unsuccessful 1994 Senate race.[26]
During the campaign, Corzine refused to release his income tax return records. He claimed an interest in doing so, but he cited a confidentiality agreement with Goldman Sachs. Skeptics argued that Corzine should have followed the example of his predecessor Robert Rubin, who converted his equity stake into debt upon leaving Goldman.[27]
Corzine campaigned for state government programs including universal health care, universal gun registration, mandatory public preschool, and more taxpayer funding for college education.[3][28] He pushed affirmative action and same-sex marriage.[22] David Brooks opined that Corzine was so liberal that his election, although the fact that his predecessor was also a Democrat, helped push the Senate to the left.[29]
During Corzine's campaign for the United States Senate, he made some controversial off-color statements. When introduced to a man with an Italian name who said he was in the construction business, Corzine quipped: "Oh, you make cement shoes!" according to Emanuel Alfano, chairman of the Italian-American One Voice Committee. Alfano reported that when introduced to a lawyer named David Stein, Corzine said: "He's not Italian, is he? Oh, I guess he's your Jewish lawyer who is here to get the rest of you out of jail."[30] Corzine denied mentioning religion, but did not deny the quip about Italians, stating that some of his own ancestors were probably Italian,[31] or maybe French.[7]
Also in 2000, Corzine denied having made payments to African-American ministers, although the foundation controlled by Jon and Joanne Corzine had paid one influential black church $25,000.[32] Rev. Reginald T. Jackson, director of the Black Ministers Council, had campaigned against a form of racial profiling whereby police officers stop minority drivers and had gotten New Jersey state police superintendent, Carl A. Williams, fired. Corzine had donated to Jackson prior to getting what appears to be a reciprocal endorsement.[33]
Corzine entered Congress in a class of ten new senators, eight of whom were Democrats. According to U.S. News & World Report, Corzine, Hillary Clinton and Jean Carnahan were the more notable new Senators in 2000.[34] During his five-year senatorial career, he was present at 1503 of 1673 votes, co-sponsored 1014 bills, sponsored 145 bills (only 11 of which made it out of committee), and had one sponsored bill enacted.[35]
He co-authored the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. In the aftermath of Enron, he co-sponsored (with Barbara Boxer) legislation, which was later propounded by Ted Kennedy,[36] that reforms the 401(k) plan to minimize the risk of investment portfolios.[37][38][39] The plan was opposed by President George W. Bush and faced strong opposition in Congress.[40][41] Restrictions on retirement account allocations were in direct opposition to the contemporaneous movement towards self-directed individual retirement accounts for Social Security.[42]
Corzine was a sponsor of the Start Healthy, Stay Healthy Act. He supported providing a two-year tax break to victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks and help grant citizenship to victims who were legal resident aliens. He supported gun control laws, outlawing racial profiling, and subsidies for Amtrak. He was the chief sponsor, along with U.S. Senator Sam Brownback, of the Darfur Accountability Act.[43][44] He voted against the Iraq War Resolution. Corzine was the prime sponsor, along with fellow New Jersey U.S. Senator Frank Lautenberg, of a federal version of John's Law, in memory of Navy Ensign John R. Elliott (a native of New Jersey), a U.S. Naval Academy graduate who was killed by a drunk driver. The legislation provides federal highway safety grant incentives to encourage states to impound the cars of DUI suspects. He was an early contributing blogger at The Huffington Post.[45]
In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks, Corzine and Peter Fitzgerald attempted to mold a more disciplined bailout of the airline industry, but even the redesigned plan was not entirely satisfactory to Corzine.[46] Corzine opposed the reduction in low-income student eligibility for Pell Grant funding caused by changes in the "expected family contribution".[47][48]
Corzine tried and failed to introduce legislation for chemical plant regulation six weeks after the September 11, 2001 attacks. Subsequent efforts by then-Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency and former New Jersey Governor Christine Todd Whitman in 2002 were also squelched.[49] Along with Hillary Clinton, he was one of the few senators who attempted to pressure the Bush administration to clamp down on regulation of the chemical and nuclear-power industries.[50] His efforts helped make New Jersey one of the stricter states in the nation in terms of chemical plant regulation.[51]
In 2001, Corzine coauthored (with Bob Graham) a tax-cut proposal aimed at lowering the marginal tax bracket from 15% to 10% on the first $19,000 of taxable income.[52] In 2002, he proposed a tax cut that exempted the first $10,000 of income from the $765 of Social Security taxes for both employers and employees.[53] Corzine also proposed making dividend payments tax deductible to companies as a form of economic stimulus.[54]
While in the Senate, he chaired the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee from 2003–2005.[55] In this role he was influential in convincing certain potential candidates to not run in order to avoid costly primaries in three key states during the 2004 United States Senate elections.[56] He also played a role in the selection of Senator John Edwards as a running mate for Senator John Kerry.[57] In 2002, Corzine called for the resignation of United States Securities and Exchange Commission Chairman Harvey Pitt.[58]
Committee assignments[edit]
In the Senate, Corzine was a member of the Committees on Banking, Intelligence, the Budget, Foreign Relations, Environment, and Energy and Natural Resources.
Campaigns for governor[edit]
Corzine and his opponent, Republican Doug Forrester, spent $73 million on their gubernatorial campaigns by the week before Election day. This included $38 million by Corzine and $19 million by Forrester for the general election. The primaries accounted for the difference.[59] Since Corzine had spent over $62 million on his 2000 United States Senate elections,[60] the combined expenditures for Corzine's run for the Senate and governorship exceeded $100 million. The main campaign issues were property taxes and the Bush administration. New Jersey had averaged $5,500 in 2004 property taxes, and Corzine tried to link his opponent to Bush.[61]
The campaign for the post of Governor of New Jersey was successful with 54% of the vote. Forrester, a businessman and a former Mayor of West Windsor Township, in Mercer County, won 43%. Corzine received 1,224,493 votes to Forrester's 985,235. A total of 80,277 votes, or 3%, were scattered among other candidates. Corzine won 13 of New Jersey's 21 counties: Atlantic, Bergen, Burlington, Camden, Cumberland, Essex, Gloucester, Hudson, Mercer, Middlesex, Passaic, Salem, and Union. Corzine won the three most populous counties (Bergen, Essex, and Middlesex), five of the top six, and seven of the top nine.[62]
Corzine ran for re-election in the 2009 New Jersey gubernatorial election.[63] Early on, Rasmussen Reports indicated that Republican challenger Chris Christie led Corzine 47% to 38%.[64] Later polls showed Corzine closing the gap, and in some cases, ahead.[65] In the end, Corzine lost the race to Christie by a margin of 48.5% to 44.9%, with 5.8% of the vote going to independent candidate Chris Daggett.[66]
Governor of New Jersey[edit]
Corzine officially declined his $175,000 salary in 2006.[67]
After taking office in January 2006, Corzine's approval numbers were very low. Many polls seemed to indicate that much of this negative polling was a result of the 2006 New Jersey State Government shutdown. An April 26, 2006, polls from Quinnipiac University Polling Institute showed Corzine at a 15% approval with a 72% disapproval.[68] A February 28, 2007, poll from Quinnipiac University showed Corzine at 50% approval with 34% disapproval.[69] When Corzine released a controversial plan to monetize the New Jersey Turnpike and the Garden State Parkway, his approval rating fell to 30% in January 2008.[citation needed]
In conjunction with this fall in approval rating, an initiative to recall the Governor was started for the first and only time ever in New Jersey history. The recall effort failed after gathering less than the required 1.2 million signatures.[70]
Corzine had long insisted that state employees must bear part of the cost of their health benefits after retirement. As of July 1, 2007, in agreements with the Communications Workers of America, the American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees, and the International Federation of Professional and Technical Engineers, active State employees in those unions (as well as certain other non-union employees) are now required to contribute 1.5% of their salary to offset health care costs. State and local employees' contributions to the two largest pension systems increased by 10%, from 5% to 5.5% of their annual salaries and increased the retirement benefit age for new public employees, from 55 to 60 years.[71] In 2008, Corzine approved a law that increased the retirement age from 60 to 62, required that government workers and teachers earn $7,500 per year to qualify for a pension, eliminated Lincoln's Birthday as a state worker holiday, allowed the state to offer incentives not to take health insurance and required municipal employees work 20 hours per week to get health benefits.[citation needed]
As part of his attempt to balance the budget, Corzine decreased funding to most programs and localities including state universities and colleges. The first of these decreases came with the 2007 budget. Rutgers University and other New Jersey state universities have raised tuition, cut hundreds of sections of classes, and several sports teams.[72] With the latest decrease in funding for 2009, most state institutions have less funding than they had a decade ago. Despite the $15 million in cuts, Rutgers went ahead with previous agreed upon raises of $15 million to their executive faculty. This resulted in Rutgers making $30 million in cuts.[73]
Corzine has been the only New Jersey governor in recent memory to make any headway in addressing the crisis of municipal funding. While not directly touching the third rail of New Jersey governance – property taxes – Corzine's reform of the school funding formula (passed and signed in January 2008) resulted in significant relief to many New Jersey towns with outsize school costs but limited tax base.[74] The plan survived a legal challenge and was declared constitutional by the New Jersey Supreme Court on May 28, 2009.[75]
Corzine championed expanding government health and education programs. He planned to require every resident to enroll in a health plan and have taxpayers help pick up the tab for all the welfare low- and middle-income residents. In June 2008, state legislators voted for the first phase of that program mandating health care coverage and Corzine signed it into law in July.[citation needed]
Corzine spent some $200,000 of public funds on advertisements to promote a referendum on the 2007 New Jersey ballot to borrow $450 million to fund stem cell research. The referendum faced strong opposition and was rejected despite the fact that $270 million had previously been approved to build stem cell research centers.[76]
Corzine, a death penalty opponent,[77][78] as governor supported and presided over abolition of capital punishment in New Jersey and replacing it with life imprisonment. After the legislature passed and he signed it into law, New Jersey became the first state to legislatively eliminate capital punishment since 1965.[79] Although the bill was not passed until late in 2007, New Jersey had not executed any criminals since 1963. Because the penalty was never used and often reversed upon appeal, it was viewed as a form of extended suffering for victims' families by some supporters of its abolition.[80] Before the enactment of the new law, he commuted the death sentences of all death row inmates to life in prison.[81] Corzine also has supported early New Jersey efforts at gun control.[82]
Corzine was one of several United States Governors – including Martin O'Malley of Maryland, Mike Beebe of Arkansas, and Eliot Spitzer of New York – who were early supporters of Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign.[83] He raised $1 million for her campaign.[84] He, Bill Clinton, Eliot Spitzer, Chuck Schumer, and Charlie Rangel co-hosted Clinton's October 25, 2007 60th-birthday party.[85] He remained a committed Clinton superdelegate late into the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primary season.[86] In the event the Democratic National Committee would have decided to recontest the Michigan and Florida primaries, Corzine and Ed Rendell were prepared to spearhead Clinton's fundraising in for those races.[87] Towards the end of the primary season in April 2008, Corzine made it clear that although he was a Clinton supporter, his superdelegate vote would be determined by the popular vote.[88] After her win in the April 22, 2008 Pennsylvania Democratic primary and a calculation of popular votes that excluded caucuses and included the controversial Michigan and Florida Democratic primaries, Corzine reaffirmed his support for her.[89] Once Barack Obama became the presumptive nominee, Corzine became a prominent spokesperson for Obama's agenda.[90]
Corzine was among a group of big (in terms of population) state governors, such as Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, who moved his state Republican and Democratic primaries to February 5, 2008, the date of Super Tuesday, 2008.[91][92] He was also among a group of prominent Democratic politicians (that included Ted Kennedy and Barack Obama) who received political contributions from Norman Hsu that he ended up donating to charity.[93]
In November 2008, in response to the ongoing economic downturn, Corzine proposed an economic recovery package consisting of additional massive spending, accelerated capital improvement spending and reforms and cuts to the corporate income tax.[94][95] As of December 2008 many elements of the plan had been approved by the Democrats in the NJ Legislature.[96] On January 2, 2009, Corzine joined the governors of four other states in urging the federal government to provide $1 trillion in aid to the country's 50 state governments to help pay for education, welfare and infrastructure as states struggle with steep budget deficits amid a deepening recession.[97]
Government shutdown[edit]
Corzine, in attempting to pass the 2007 fiscal year budget, clashed with a few fellow state Democrats in the New Jersey General Assembly, particularly over the proposed increase of the state's sales tax from 6% to 7%. Corzine said that he would not accept a budget that did not include the sales tax increase. After the legislature failed to pass Corzine's budget by the midnight deadline of July 1, 2006, he signed an executive order[98] that immediately closed down all non-essential state government services, such as road construction projects. Legislators failed to resolve the situation by July 4 and casinos, among other governmentally-regulated industries, closed their doors at 8:00 am on July 5.[99] Corzine called the shutdown "deplorable," though he refused to negotiate with legislators and accept alternate plans that did not increase the sales tax. It is estimated that the state lost several hundred millions of dollars of revenue every day the casinos remained closed, because of the budget impasse.[100]
After six days of state government shutdown, Corzine and Assembly Democrats agreed to raise the state sales tax to 7% with half of the 1% increase going to the state budget and the other half going to property tax relief. On July 8, 2006, the $30 billion state budget, with the sales tax agreement, passed both houses and Governor Corzine signed the budget into law ending the budget impasse.[101]
Toll hike plan[edit]
Initially, Corzine opposed privatization of the New Jersey Turnpike.[102] On January 8, 2008, to address ongoing structural budget issues, Governor Corzine proposed a four-part proposal including an overall reduction in spending, a constitutional amendment to require more voter approval for state borrowing, an executive order prohibiting the use of one-time revenues to balance the budget and a controversial plan to raise some $38 billion by leasing the Garden State Parkway, the New Jersey Turnpike, and other toll roads for at least 75 years to a new public benefit corporation that could sell bonds secured by future tolls, which it would be allowed to raise by 50% plus inflation every four years beginning in 2010.[103][104] Corzine vowed to get that plan through the state legislature by March, but held off for nearly a month before releasing the details.[105] Upon learning how the plan would work, New Jersey native residents railed against it, comparing it to using one credit card to pay off another, pointing out that it would create hardship for commuters and noting that it would actually increase the state's $32 billion debt.[106][107][108]
Carla Katz[edit]
Corzine, who was running for the United State Senate in the spring of 1999, met Carla Katz, the then married president of Local 1034 of the Communications Workers of America (CWA), in the same apartment building where he resided in Hoboken; the CWA represents the largest number of state workers in New Jersey. As Katz later recalled, Corzine offered her a job on his Senate campaign, but she declined the offer.[109] Corzine and the still married Katz were soon dating, and they began appearing in public as a couple in early 2002, shortly after Corzine's unofficial separation from his wife, Joanne. (The Corzines divorced the following year.) For more than two years Corzine was romantically involved and living with Katz. She lived with him at his apartment building in Hoboken from April 2002 until August 2004.[110]
After Corzine's breakup with Katz, their lawyers negotiated a financial payout in November 2004. According to press accounts, the settlement for Katz exceeded $6 million, including cash (in part used to buy her $1.1 million condominium in Hoboken), a college trust fund to educate her children, a 2005 Volvo sport utility vehicle,[110] and Corzine forgave a $470,000 loan he had made to Katz in 2002 to buy out her ex-husband's share of their home in Alexandria Township.[110][111] Katz enrolled in Seton Hall University School of Law on a full scholarship in 2004. Corzine later acknowledged he had given $15,000 to Katz's brother-in-law, Rocco Riccio, a former state employee who was forced to resign after being accused of examining income tax returns for political purposes. At the time, Katz was president of the CWA Local 1034,[112] which bargains on behalf of many state employees.[113]
In the summer of 2005, when Corzine was running in the New Jersey gubernatorial election, news first emerged of his relationship with Katz and the money she had received. Corzine was elected governor despite the scandal. In the fall of 2006, during an impasse in contract negotiations between the Corzine administration and the state's seven major state employee unions (including the CWA), Katz contacted the governor by phone and e-mail to lobby for a renewal of the negotiations. Their relationship and the financial settlement Katz received after their breakup led to allegations of many potential conflicts of interest in labor negotiations while Corzine was governor. A state ethics panel, acting on a complaint from Bogota mayor Steve Lonegan, ruled in May 2007 that Katz's contact with Corzine during negotiations did not violate the governor's code of conduct.[110]
Separately, New Jersey Republican State Committee Chairman Tom Wilson filed a lawsuit to release all e-mail correspondence between Corzine and Katz during the contract negotiations. On May 30, 2008, New Jersey Superior Court Judge Paul Innes ruled that at least 745 pages of e-mail records should be made public, but Corzine's lawyers immediately appealed the decision to the New Jersey Supreme Court.[114]
Corzine won his case on appeal. On March 18, 2009, the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled it would not hear arguments in the case, effectively ending the legal battle to make his e-mails with Katz public.[115] Corzine spent approximately $127,000 of taxpayer funds to keep the e-mails secret. Nonetheless, on August 1, 2010, The Star-Ledger published 123 of the Corzine-Katz e-mails, revealing the extent of their personal contact during negotiations over a new state government workers contract in early 2007.[116]
Corzine continued to serve in the U.S. Senate while running for governor, which ensured that he could resign from the Senate and appoint a Democrat as his successor if he won and allowed him to retain his Senate seat if he lost. Speculation was that he would appoint a Democrat from one of the congressional districts in New Jersey, perhaps Congressmen Rob Andrews, Rush Holt, or Frank Pallone. He appointed Governor Richard Codey although on November 23, 2005, he announced that he was not interested in pursuing the seat. On December 9, 2005, Corzine named his friend, who lived and lives in the same apartment building, U.S. Rep. Robert Menendez, a Democrat, to succeed him.[117]
One of Corzine's first nominations was that of Zulima Farber as New Jersey Attorney General. She served for approximately seven months until an ethics investigation concluded that she had acted improperly by going to the location where local police in Fairview, New Jersey had stopped her boyfriend, Hamlet Gore, for driving with a suspended license and an expired vehicle registration.[118] Corzine said he did not ask for Farber's resignation.[118][119]
On February 9, 2006, after many scandals regarding financial mishandling at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Corzine nominated Robert Del Tufo, the former Attorney General of New Jersey and U.S. Attorney, as chairman of the board of trustees. Corzine also nominated Oliver Quinn, Prudential Financial's vice president and chief ethics officer, as vice chairman of the board.[120]
Corzine's commissioner of the Department of Environmental Protection and Chief of Staff, Lisa P. Jackson was nominated as the administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. She was confirmed by the Senate on January 22, 2009.[121]
Motorcade accident[edit]
On April 12, 2007, Corzine and 25-year-old aide Samantha Gordon were injured in an automobile accident on the Garden State Parkway near Galloway Township while traveling from the New Jersey Conference of Mayors in Atlantic City to Drumthwacket, his residence in Princeton, to meet with radio personality Don Imus and the Rutgers University women's basketball team.[122]
The New Jersey State Police determined that Corzine's SUV, driven by a state trooper, was traveling in excess of 90 miles per hour (140 km/h) with its emergency lights flashing when the collision occurred.[123] A pickup truck drifted onto the shoulder and swerved back onto the lane, and another pickup truck swerved to avoid the truck and hit the Governor's SUV, causing the SUV to hit the guardrail. The State Police reviewed roadside camera recordings and E-ZPass records to track down the driver of the truck; he was not charged with any violation.[124][125]
Corzine and the trooper were flown by helicopter to Cooper University Hospital in Camden, a Level I trauma center. The aide was taken by ambulance to Atlantic City Medical Center. Neither the NJ State Trooper nor the aide was seriously injured, but Corzine suffered broken bones, including an open fracture of the left femur, 11 broken ribs, a broken sternum, a broken collarbone, a fractured lower vertebra, and a facial cut that required plastic surgery.[126] The Governor was not wearing a seat belt. Friends had long said that they had rarely seen him wear one.[127] When asked why the state trooper who was driving would not have asked Corzine to put on his seat belt, a staffer said the governor was "not always amenable to suggestion".[128] The Superintendent of State Police has also noted that the trooper could be charged if the crash was preventable.
By April 23, 2007, Corzine's doctors had upgraded him from critical to stable condition.[129] He was sedated and unable to speak because of a breathing tube in his throat, and as such, was unable to perform his duties as governor. In accordance with the New Jersey State Constitution, New Jersey Senate President Richard Codey assumed the position of acting governor for the short period from April 12 until May 7, 2007. In 2005, voters had approved an amendment to the state constitution to provide for a lieutenant governor who would succeed the governor in the event of a vacancy or assume gubernatorial duties in the event of incapacitation, but that position would not be filled until 2010.[130]
Corzine left the hospital on April 30, 2007.[131] He returned to Drumthwacket, where he recuperated and used a videoconferencing center (installed at his expense) to communicate with legislators.[132] He issued an apology, paid a $46 ticket for not wearing a seat belt,[133] and he appeared in a public service announcement advocating seat belts which opened with the words "I'm New Jersey Governor Jon Corzine, and I should be dead."[134]
It was reported that Corzine would pay his own medical bills rather than bill taxpayers.[135]
Public opinion[edit]
During the first months of his administration, Corzine experienced favorable approval ratings. According to a March 2006 Fairleigh Dickinson PublicMind Poll, 47% of New Jersey voters approved of the job Corzine was doing, while 16% disapproved.[136] Peter Woolley, director of the PublicMind, noted, "the numbers are pretty good for a New Jersey governor heading full tilt into an unprecedented budget crisis".[136] Much of the good will that was indicated by the March poll was quickly diminished, and in April 2006, a PublicMind poll showed that Corzine's approval rating had eroded to 39% while his disapproval rating increased to 36%.[137] By July 2006, the Governor's ratings recovered to some extent from the April decline and in September of the same year it was clear that Corzine's approvals had not suffered from the summer conflict over the budget and the sales tax hike; 51% of New Jersey voters approved of the governor's handling of his job while 31% disapproved.[138] His PublicMind poll ratings remained relatively stable and healthy through the rest of 2006 and 2007 with his average approvals at 54% and his average disapprovals at 29%.[139]
In January 2008, prior to the State of the State address Corzine was at 48% approving 32% disapproving, according to the PublicMind poll.[140] But another FDU PublicMind poll taken in late January, after the State of the State address, showed that governor's ratings were slipping; 41% of voters approved of the job Corzine was doing while 39% reported that they disapproved.[141] The decline was largely in response to the governor's plan to raise tolls on the New Jersey Turnpike and the Garden State Parkway.[142] February 2008 was not any kinder, as a PublicMind poll indicated that his numbers continued to slip with disapprovals catching up to approvals with 42% of voters approving and 43% of voters disapproving.[143] Woolley remarked on the decline saying, "Considering the beating he has taken on his toll plan, it's remarkable that his numbers are not a good deal worse."[143] The governor's approval ratings showed no recovery through September 2008 with his approvals and disapprovals averaging 42% and 43% respectively.[139] Coincident with the presidential campaign, Corzine's approval ratings saw some improvement.[139]
In January 2009 he stood at 46% approving and 40% disapproving. Woolley asserted that the governor was faring relatively well in public opinion considering "the enormous and growing pressure on the state budget and on the governor to protect various constituencies".[144] Come March 2009, the PublicMind Poll found that, "Gov. Jon Corzine's standing with the New Jersey public is suffering along with the economy," and as a result his approvals began to slip with 40% of voters approving and 43% disapproving.[145] His approvals continued to decline in April as he contended with the budget and the financial crisis with 40% approving and 49% disapproving.[146] At the end of his term, in January 2010, Corzine's approvals landed at their lowest point during the administration with 33% approving and 58% disapproving.[147]
Post-gubernatorial career[edit]
MF Global[edit]
Corzine was appointed CEO and Chairman of MF Global, a multinational futures broker and bond dealer, in March 2010.[148]
MF Global's stock price declined two-thirds in the final week of October 2011 and its credit rating was reduced making its debt high-yield debt following huge quarterly losses.[149][150] On October 31, 2011, trading was halted on shares of MF Global prior to the market opening, and soon thereafter MF Global announced that it had declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Shortly afterwards, federal regulators began an investigation into hundreds of millions of dollars in missing customer funds.[151] Corzine resigned as CEO on November 4, 2011, after having retained the services of defense attorney Andrew J. Levander.[152] It was reported that Corzine declined a severance package worth $12.1 million.[153] MF Global's collapse was one of the ten biggest bankruptcies in U.S. history.[154]
Corzine was subpoenaed to appear before a House committee on December 8, 2011, to answer questions regarding 1.2 billion dollars of missing money from MF Global client accounts. He testified before the committee, "I simply do not know where the money is, or why the accounts have not been reconciled to date", and that given the number of money transfers in the final days of trading at MF Global, he didn't know specifics of the movement of the funds. He also denied authorizing any misuse of customer funds.[155] In March 2012, Bloomberg reported on a memo produced by congressional investigators that quoted an internal company e-mail relating to a $175 million transfer which was a subject of their investigation. Initial media reports suggested impropriety on Mr. Corzine's part, but this was later disproved. According to the New York Times, the employee responsible for the transfer e-mailed Mr. Corzine stating the transfer was a "House Wire", meaning it came from the firm's own account. The instructions Mr. Corzine had given were to deal with several overdrafts at JPMorgan Chase, but never related to any specific accounts or specific transfers made. A spokesperson for Mr. Corzine responded that Corzine "never directed Ms. O'Brien or anyone else regarding which account should be used to cure the overdrafts, and he never directed that customer funds should be used for that purpose. Nor was he informed that customer funds had been used for that purpose." In fact, as the New York Times reported, Mr. Corzine had been given specific assurances that the transfer in question was proper, and that no customer funds had been used. Subsequent court filings also attest to this fact. On November 5, 2013 The New York Times reported that MF Global customers would likely recover 100 percent of their funds. A spokesman for Mr. Corzine said "Mr. Corzine is very pleased that all customers will receive a full recovery. This is a great outcome, which has been anticipated for many months." Customers have since received distributions making them whole.[156][157][158]
In June 2013, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) filed civil charges against Corzine for using funds from MF's customer accounts for corporate purposes. "Corzine is charged with one count of failure to segregate and misuse of customer funds and one count of failure to supervise diligently", a news report said. The commission drew on extensive taped Corzine phone conversations in filing the complaint. Corzine's attorney Levander issued a statement contesting the charges when they were filed.[159]
In 2013, Corzine, and managers including Bradley Abelow and Henri Steenkamp, appealed a court ruling relating to repayments to customers of the bankrupt brokerage. A spokesman for Mr. Corzine made clear that the appeal was not an attempt to delay payments to customers, but due to a disagreement regarding how those claims would be handled by the trustee after they were paid. Mr. Corzine fully supported customers receiving 100 percent of their money and had no desire for this to be delayed. There was nothing preventing the trustee from making full distributions immediately and litigating the appeal after the fact. Ultimately all customers were paid in full.[160][161]
On January 5, 2017, Corzine and the CFTC agreed to a settlement order requiring Corzine to pay a $5 million penalty for his role in MF Global's collapse. Corzine also agreed to be permanently barred from working for a futures commission merchant or registering with the CFTC in any capacity.[162][163]
J.C. Flowers[edit]
As of 2010[update] Corzine served as a partner at J.C. Flowers & Co., the private equity firm founded by a personal friend, J. Christopher Flowers. Flowers owned a 10 percent stake in MF Global[16] and is also a former Goldman Sachs partner.
Electoral history[edit]
|Jon Corzine
|Bob Franks
|Jon Corzine
|Doug Forrester
|Chris Christie
|Jon Corzine
|Chris Daggett
|Republican gain from Democratic
Personal life[edit]
Corzine married his high school sweetheart,[164] Joanne Dougherty, in 1969 at the age of 22,[8] and their 33-year marriage produced three children – Jennifer, Josh, and Jeffrey. The couple separated in 2002 and were divorced in November 2003. Jeffrey Corzine, Jon's younger son committed suicide on March 13, 2014 in Mexico, age 31.[165]
Corzine had lived with his wife in Summit, New Jersey.[166] After their separation, Corzine moved to a condominium apartment in Hoboken.[167]
In April 2010, The Huffington Post announced the engagement of Corzine and psychotherapist Sharon Elghanayan (née Levine), whom he had been dating since 2004.[168] On November 23, 2010, Corzine married Elghanayan in a ceremony presided over by Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court Stuart Rabner, according to an announcement in The New York Times.[169]
See also[edit]
Notes and references[edit]
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- ^ "Corzine will pay all medical bills, aide says". The Star-Ledger. April 27, 2007. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
- ^ a b "President Tanks; Governor has Good Will Heading into Budget System" (Press release). Fairleigh Dickinson University PublicMind Poll. March 8, 2006.
- ^ "2006 Survey of Budget Proposals" (Press release). Fairleigh Dickinson University PublicMind Poll. April 4, 2006.
- ^ "Corzine Shakes Off Sales Tax" (Press release). Fairleigh Dickinson University PublicMind Poll. August 31, 2006.
- ^ a b c "Key Questions: Corzine Summary". Fairleigh Dickinson University PublicMind Poll.
- ^ "Public Hasn't Taken a Toll on Corzine – yet." (Press release). Fairleigh Dickinson University PublicMind Poll. January 7, 2008.
- ^ "Governor's Toll Proposal a Drag" (Press release). Fairleigh Dickinson University PublicMind Poll. January 30, 2008.
- ^ "Toll Plan Puts Public Opinion on Wrong Track" (Press release). Fairleigh Dickinson University PublicMind Poll. January 7, 2008.
- ^ a b "Voters Say Cut Spending" (Press release). Fairleigh Dickinson University PublicMind Poll. February 25, 2008.
- ^ "For the Moment Advantage Corzine" (Press release). Fairleigh Dickinson University PublicMind Poll. January 9, 2009.
- ^ "Corzine, Like Economy, Lags in New Jersey" (Press release). Fairleigh Dickinson University PublicMind Poll. March 4, 2009.
- ^ "Budget Battles Corzine, Still Behind Christie> (Press release). Fairleigh Dickinson University PublicMind Poll. April 7, 2009.
- ^ "Corzine Leaves and Era of Bad Feeling" (Press release). Fairleigh Dickinson University PublicMind Poll. January 12, 2010.
- ^ "MF Global Appoints Jon S. Corzine Chairman and Chief Executive Officer" (Press release). MF Global. March 23, 2010.
- ^ Touryalai, Halah (October 29, 2011). "Will MF Global Be Saved This Weekend?". Forbes. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
- ^ Spicer, Jonathan; Bansal, Paritosh (October 30, 2011). "MF Global seeks sale, hires restructuring advisers". Reuters. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
- ^ Protess, Ben; De La Merced, Michael J.; Craig, Susanne (October 31, 2011). "Regulators Investigating MF Global for Missing Money". The New York Times.
- ^ Lattman, Peter (November 4, 2011). "Corzine Is Said to Hire Criminal Lawyer". The New York Times. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
- ^ Wagner, Daniel (November 3, 2011). "CEO Corzine steps down at MF Global, rejects $12 million severance". Asbury Park Press. Retrieved November 3, 2011.[dead link]
- ^ Foley, Stephen (November 18, 2011). "What price the new democracy? Goldman Sachs conquers Europe". The Independent. London. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
- ^ Gordon, Marcy (December 8, 2011). "Corzine: 'I simply do not know' where MF Global money is". USA Today. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
- ^ https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/e-mail-to-corzine-said-transfer-was-not-customer-money/
- ^ Mattingly, Phil; Brush, Silla (December 8, 2011). "MF's Corzine Ordered Funds Moved to JP Morgan, Memo Says". Bloomberg. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
- ^ https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/mf-global-customers-will-recover-all-they-lost/?_r=0
- ^ Patel, Sital S., and Ronald D. Orol, "Corzine knowingly directed customer fund use in MF Global's final days, complaint says", MarketWatch, June 27, 2013. Link to the CFTC complaint. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
- ^ https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/04/03/mf-global-customers-to-be-paid-back-in-full/
- ^ Kary, Tiffany (2013-11-20). "Corzine Appeals Ruling Allowing Full MF Global Repayment". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2013-12-09.
- ^ http://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/pr7508-17
- ^ Stempel, Jonathan (2017-01-05). "Corzine settles with CFTC over MF Global collapse, to pay $5 million". Reuters. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
- ^ Carlson, Margaret (June 19, 2000). "Now Comes Venture-Capital Politics". Time. Time Inc. Retrieved July 17, 2008.
- ^ "Jon Corzine's Son, 31, Commits Suicide In Mexico After Years Fighting Depression". Latino Fox News.com. March 14, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
- ^ Westfeldt, Amy. "NJ Sen. Candidates Go to Same Church", Associated Press, July 27, 2000, Retrieved April 23, 2007. "Corzine, who lives in Summit, has been at Christ Church, an interdenominational mix of Baptist and United Church of Christ, for more than 20 years ..."
- ^ Kocieniewski, Davis; McGeehan, Patrick (November 2, 2005). "Corzine's Mix: Bold Ambitions, Rough Edges". The New York Times. Retrieved July 29, 2008.
- ^ Weiner, David (April 16, 2010). "Jon Corzine Engaged To Sharon Elghanayan". The Huffington Post. Retrieved April 30, 2011.
- ^ "Sharon Elghanayan, Jon Corzine". The New York Times. November 26, 2010. Retrieved April 30, 2011.
- Ingle, Bob (2008). The Soprano State. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-36894-1.
- "Democrats score big". (November 10, 2005). New Straits Times, p. 29.
- Newmarker, Chris (November 5, 2005). "N.J. Governor's Race Hits New Lows". Associated Press.
- "Corzine for a Bruising" May 10, 2006 The Brian Lehrer Show
Further reading[edit]
- Koppenheffer, Matt; Reeves, John; McCluskey, Molly; Beyers, Tim; Dumortier, Tim (2012). The Astonishing Collapse of MF Global. Better World Books (Mishawaka, IN). ISBN 978-1-892547-03-3.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jon Corzine.
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: Jon Corzine
- Corzine for Governor official campaign website
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
- Profile at SourceWatch
- The Deal He Made, Craig Horowitz, New York Magazine, July 10, 2005
|U.S. Senate
|Preceded by
Frank Lautenberg
|U.S. Senator (Class 1) from New Jersey
January 3, 2001 – January 17, 2006
Served alongside: Robert Torricelli, Frank Lautenberg
|Succeeded by
Robert Menendez
|Political offices
|Preceded by
Richard Codey
|Governor of New Jersey
|Succeeded by
Chris Christie
|Party political offices
|Preceded by
Frank Lautenberg
|Democratic Nominee for the U.S. Senate (Class 1) from New Jersey
|Succeeded by
Bob Menendez
|Preceded by
Patty Murray
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|Succeeded by
Charles Schumer
New York
|Preceded by
Jim McGreevey
|Democratic Nominee for Governor of New Jersey
2005, 2009
|Succeeded by
Barbara Buono
|Business positions
|Preceded by
Stephen Friedman
|Chairman of Goldman Sachs
|Succeeded by
Henry Paulson
|Chief Executive Officer of Goldman Sachs
|Preceded by
Alison Carnwath
|Chairman of MF Global
March 2010 – November 2011
|Succeeded by
Position abolished
|Preceded by
Bernard W. Dan
|Chief Executive Officer of MF Global
March 2010 – November 2011
- 1947 births
- Living people
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Joined: 16 Jan 2008
Posts: 7948
Posted: Thu Aug 16, 2012 4:21 am
Post subject: Where does your username come from?
4:15 in the morning, and I can't sleep to save my life. So, ive been browsing the forums and came across this kind of thread in the San Diego Chargers forum that
So, its pretty simple and straightforward:
Where did you get your username from...?
What does your username mean?
(I think there may have been a thread like this before wayy back in the day, but with new members who haven't been here on FF for many many years like a few of us have, it would be nice to get some chatter/conversations going while this Atlanta Forum is pretty much dead, but just wait until week 1)
I'm known here as
because of pretty much one reason, I am a big fan of Coors beer. I also personally like my usernames to be relatively short, and without numbers. Numbers in usernames for me personally are just to jumbled together and can sometimes look sloppy/simply too much. That's just me though.. Back in the day when I used to play a ton of video games online, I switched my name to coors once, and haven't looked back since. The username that I would normally choose for a forum is not allowed here at FF, because it contains a part of my last name. It's pretty much my real life nickname that all my friends call me. Coors, however has done just fine for me though
Last edited by coors on Thu Aug 16, 2012 4:29 am; edited 1 time in total
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Joined: 01 Feb 2012
Posts: 1130
Posted: Thu Aug 16, 2012 4:26 am
Post subject:
Well i chose grimeykidd because i loved to krump. Which is a dance style. And a style within krump is called grimey. And i put the kid part because im fairly young im still in high school right now. So basically i envy you guys on your opinions of tje falcons
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Joined: 09 Nov 2008
Posts: 849
Location: South Florida
Posted: Thu Aug 16, 2012 7:06 am
Post subject:
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Joined: 29 Sep 2009
Posts: 5176
Location: Chandler, AZ
Posted: Thu Aug 16, 2012 9:59 am
Post subject:
| My nickname.
is cool
| Just something one of my friends came up with randomly while I was trying to make my XBL GT. A large majority of people get this preconceived notion that I think highly of myself when in fact it's the opposite. This username was something I created about 6-7 years ago when I was 14 years old. I strongly dislike this name but I only keep it for the memories. I was living the life of a kid with no worries and for some stupid reason I find my self stuck with an unknown attachment to that name.
I think if I ever change my XBL GT, I might change my username on here as well.
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Joined: 06 Mar 2007
Posts: 5217
Location: CT
Posted: Thu Aug 16, 2012 10:32 am
Post subject:
Well, I joined when I was in highschool, March of my freshman year. I used to play Madden, and would always play as the Falcons. I needed a name for this site, and came upon Hotlanta, because in Madden it was on the walls surrounding the Falcons playing field and me, being 14 years old then, thought it was clever and it has stuck with me. Now I'm a freaking junior in college. Geeez, time flies!
P.s. the 12 back then originally stood for Michel Jenkins cause he was one of my favorite receivers BECAUSE he was young, had potential, but never really became what I thought he would. Now it doesnt stand for anything.
NFL: Atlanta Falcons
MLB: New York Yankees
NBA: New York Knicks
NCAA: UConn
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Joined: 06 Jan 2011
Posts: 15826
Location: Marietta, GA
Posted: Thu Aug 16, 2012 10:33 am
Post subject:
Adam- name
9- favorite #
Put it together and you get a very creative name lol.
Last edited by adam9 on Thu Aug 16, 2012 11:42 am; edited 1 time in total
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Joined: 15 Jan 2012
Posts: 641
Location: Birmingham, AL
Posted: Thu Aug 16, 2012 11:30 am
Post subject:
I actually race BMX (which is an olympic sport btw) and at one of the national races, I was in the lead and the announcer called me Willthethrill and it just sorta stuck.
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Joined: 25 Feb 2007
Posts: 934
Location: Ellijay, GA
Posted: Thu Aug 16, 2012 1:03 pm
Post subject:
Well I am from Gilmer County here in the great state of Georgia. It is about 1 hour north of Atlanta up here in the mountains. Take were I'm from and add our favorite team and there you have it, gilmerfalcon.
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Joined: 05 Apr 2005
Posts: 30321
Location: Marietta, GA
Posted: Thu Aug 16, 2012 1:18 pm
Post subject:
My first and last name and my birthday.
S - Scott
Car - Carasik
9 - born on september 9
88 - born in 1988.
pretty simple.
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Joined: 10 Jun 2008
Posts: 9322
Location: South America
Posted: Thu Aug 16, 2012 4:29 pm
Post subject:
scar988 wrote:
My first and last name and my birthday.
S - Scott
Car - Carasik
9 - born on september 9
88 - born in 1988.
pretty simple.
Cool, I was born Sep 9 as well.
My nickname should be Patron, which is another way of saying chief in Spanish. But I wrote it wrongly and was too lazy to create another account and I ended up liking the word.
Plus, I imagine native English speakers saying Patro and I laugh alone.
Soy del barrio de La Boca
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Joined: 19 Dec 2008
Posts: 2841
Posted: Thu Aug 16, 2012 7:33 pm
Post subject:
Lentz = Last name
33 = Old football number (Would change it to 7 if i could figure out how)
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Joined: 18 Aug 2008
Posts: 720
Location: Sunny Coast
Posted: Thu Aug 16, 2012 8:12 pm
Post subject:
haha well what do i say my surfing mate called me a maggot one day cause i dropped in on him and it stuck man do i get some weird looks
Jgoldiscool is da man ^^^
2012 Adopt a Falcon: Matt Ryan
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Joined: 23 Jun 2011
Posts: 1949
Posted: Fri Aug 17, 2012 12:17 am
Post subject:
Patro14 wrote:
scar988 wrote:
My first and last name and my birthday.
S - Scott
Car - Carasik
9 - born on september 9
88 - born in 1988.
pretty simple.
Cool, I was born Sep 9 as well.
My nickname should be Patron, which is another way of saying chief in Spanish. But I wrote it wrongly and was too lazy to create another account and I ended up liking the word.
Plus, I imagine native English speakers saying Patro and I laugh alone.
Hahaha that is pretty funny.
JonnyQuest is one of the many nicknames I have, so I just made it my username.
Falcons. O's. Wizards. Caps.
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Joined: 04 Mar 2007
Posts: 15482
Location: 755 Hank Aaron Drive
Posted: Fri Aug 17, 2012 10:59 am
Post subject:
I got this nickname for when I set up my first e-mail address at like 11, and was too lazy to think of a new name until it was too late. But it's basically a tribute to my favorite player ever, Chipper Jones.
Former Falcons Mod
"John Wayne and Rio Lobo are coming up next, just as soon as Jeffrey Leonard hits into a 6-4-3." (CRACK!) "Six...four...three!" -- Skip Caray
2015 Adopt-A-Falcon: QB Matt Ryan
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Joined: 03 Dec 2010
Posts: 11790
Posted: Fri Aug 17, 2012 2:30 pm
Post subject:
The Nike swoosh, an iconic logo that represents so much: innovation, passion, dedication, etc. Plus, I love to say swoosh.
thesickness89 ^
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Visit, rest and talk with your family. For your comfort and convenience, we have family lounges only steps away from your child's room. Keep in mind that the lounges are small, so each family does need to limit the number of visitors in the lounge. Quiet hours are from 11 p.m. to 7 a.m.
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Delfosse, V., Dendele, B., Huet, T., Grimaldi, M., Boulahtouf, A., Gerbal-Chaloin, S., Beucher, B., Roecklin, D., Muller, C., Rahmani, R., Cavaillès, V., Daujat-Chavanieu, M., Vivat, V., Pascussi, J-M., Balaguer, P. and Bourguet, W.
Notes: Humans are exposed to a cocktail of low-dose chemicals in the environment, through diet, and through medication. However, most studies looking at compound toxicity, look at these compounds in isolation, not as they might be encountered in the environment—in mixtures. The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a xenoreceptor that has been identified by the US Environmental Protection Agency as a major target of environmental and dietary chemicals, and many studies have highlighted the role of nuclear receptors like PXR in transducing the deleterious effects of endocrine disrupting compounds in the environment. The authors of this study used compound screening and functional analysis to demonstrate that the combined use of an environmentally persistent organochlorine pesticide and the active component of contraceptive pills (17α-ethinylestradiol) produces synergistic effects on PXR and expression of its target gene, the cytochrome P450 gene, CYP34A. Gene expression of CYP3A4 was measured using a luciferase reporter created in a pGL3-basic backbone. Activity of the CYP3A4 protein was measured in primary human hepatocytes using the P450-Glo™ CYP3A4 Assay with Luciferin-IPA, and cell number was normalized using the CellTiter-Glo® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay. (4579)
Expand Full Notes »
pGL3-Basic Vector
CellTiter-Glo® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay
P450-Glo™ CYP3A4 Assay with Luciferin-IPA
Expand Products »
Moeller, T.A., Shukla, S.J. and Xia, M.
Notes: Here the authors describe development of an HTS cell viability assay protocol for use with cultured cyropreserved human primary hepatocytes. Cryopreserved hepatocytes for culturing were prepared as suspensions and dispensed at 2,000 or 4,000 cells/5µl/well in collagen I-coated 1,536-well plates. Cells were allowed to attach and then 23nl of each test compound was added in a dilution series from 2.8nM to 92µM, and cells incubated for 24 or 40 hours. Five microliters of CellTiter-Glo® Reagent was added and cells were incubated 30 minutes before reading the luminescent output. IC50 values for 12 compounds were determined; a summary of the protocol is provided in Table 1 of the paper. Cultured cryopreserved hepatocytes were assayed for function using the P450-Glo® CYP3A4 assay with the Luciferin-IPA substrate. (4182)
CellTiter-Fluor™ Cell Viability Assay
Tang, Y., Scheef, E.A., Wang, S., Sorenson, C.M., Marcus, C.B., Jefcoate, C.R. and Sheibani, N.
Notes: The authors tested if CYP1B1 removed cellular oxygenation products that induce oxidative stress and promote the release of antiangiogenic factors. The P450-Glo™ CYP1B1 Assay was used to determine CYP1B1 activity. The presence of glutathione was assessed using either 104 retinal endothelial cells or 50µl of mouse retinal extracts dispensed into each well of a 96-well plate with the GSH-Glo™ Glutathione Assay. (4010)
GSH-Glo™ Glutathione Assay
P450-Glo™ CYP1B1 Assay
Cali, J.J., Niles, A., Valley, M.P., O'Brien, M.A., Riss, T.L., and Shultz, J.
Notes: The authors of this review article highlight the use of bioluminescence as a readout for high-throughput ADME/Tox assays. They discuss three strategies for designing bioluminescent assays, using either luciferase, ATP or luciferin substrates as the limiting reagents for a luciferase-catalyzed reaction. Reporter gene assays limit the production of luciferase by tying it to a promoter or DNA regulatory region of interest. Such assays can be used to study genes that are regulated by drugs and other xenobiotics. Bioluminescent assays in which ATP is the limiting reagent of the luciferase reaction can be designed to monitor cell viability or the activity kinases. Bioluminescent assays in which the substrate is limiting can be designed so that the activity of a particular enzyme results in the production of a luciferin substrate that can, in turn, be acted upon by luciferase. (3926)
Apo-ONE® Homogeneous Caspase-3/7 Assay
Apo-ONE® Homogeneous Caspase-3/7 Buffer
Beta-Glo® Assay System
Calpain-Glo™ Protease Assay
Caspase-Glo® 2 Assay
Caspase-Glo® 3/7 Assay
Caspase-Glo® 6 Assay
Caspase-Glo® 8 Assay
Caspase-Glo® 9 Assay
GloResponse™ CRE-luc2P HEK293 Cell Line
GloResponse™ NFAT-RE-luc2P HEK293 Cell Line
Kinase-Glo® Luminescent Kinase Assay
Kinase-Glo® Max Luminescent Kinase Assay
Kinase-Glo® Plus Luminescent Kinase Assay
Luciferase Assay Reagent
Luciferase Assay System
MAO-Glo™ Assay
MultiTox-Glo Multiplex Cytotoxicity Assay
P450-Glo™ CYP1A1 Assay
P450-Glo™ CYP1A2 Assay
P450-Glo™ CYP1A2 Screening System
P450-Glo™ CYP2C19 Assay
P450-Glo™ CYP2C8 Assay
P450-Glo™ CYP2C9 Assay
P450-Glo™ CYP2D6 Assay
P450-Glo™ CYP3A4 Assay
P450-Glo™ CYP3A4 Assay (Luciferin-PFBE)Cell-Based/Biochemical Assay
P450-Glo™ CYP3A4 Assay (Luciferin-PPXE)DMSO-Tolerant Assay
P450-Glo™ CYP3A7 Assay
Proteasome-Glo™ 3-Substrate System
Proteasome-Glo™ Caspase-Like Assay
Proteasome-Glo™ Chymotrypsin-Like Assay
Proteasome-Glo™ Chymotrypsin-Like Cell-Based Assay
Proteasome-Glo™ Trypsin-Like Assay
Fan, F. and Wood, K.V.
Notes: The authors of this paper review bioluminescent assay technologies, discussing HTS reporter, cell-based and luciferase biosensor assays. They divide luminescent assays into three basic categories: assays that measure ATP concentration (cell viability and kinase assays), assays that measure changes in luciferase levels (reporter assays, GPCR assays), and assays that measure changes in luciferin levels (protease [including caspase], P450 and MAO assays). (3737)
BacTiter-Glo™ Microbial Cell Viability Assay
Bright-Glo™ Luciferase Assay System
cAMP-Glo™ Assay
Dual-Glo® Luciferase Assay System
Dual-Luciferase® Reporter 1000 Assay System
Dual-Luciferase® Reporter Assay System
Dual-Luciferase® Reporter Assay System 10-Pack
P450-Glo™ CYP2C19 Screening System
P450-Glo™ CYP2C9 Screening System
P450-Glo™ CYP2D6 Screening System
P450-Glo™ CYP3A4 Screening System
P450-Glo™ CYP3A4 Screening System (Luciferin-PPXE)DMSO-Tolerant Assay
Renilla Luciferase Assay System
Tsuchiya, Y., Nakajima, M., Takagi, S., Taniya, T., and Yokoi, T.
Notes: These authors identified a region complementary to the microRNA miR-27b in the 3´ UTR of the cytochrome p450 CYP1B1 mRNA, and showed that miR-27b was involved in regulation of CYP1B1 expression. The 3´ UTR containing the miRNA target site was cloned downstream of the luciferase gene in the pGL3 Promoter Vector and cotransfected into the miR-27b-positive breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and into miR-27b-negative Jurkat cells. Luciferase expression levels from the reporter vector containing the CYP1B1 3´ UTR sequence were reduced in miR-27b-positive cells, but not in the Jurkat cell controls. Delivery of an antisense oligoribonucleotide directed against miR-27b to MCF-7 cells containing the reporter construct resulted in restoration of luciferase activity. The effects of inhibition of miR-27b on protein levels and enzymatic activity of CYP1B1 were then investigated in MCF-7 cells. CYP1B1 protein levels and enzymatic activity increased significantly in cells transfected with the antisense oligo; the enzymatic activity was measured using a p450-Glo™ Assay. The coding region and 3´ UTR of the CYP1B1 gene were also PCR-amplified, subcloned the into the pTargeT™ Mammalian Expression Vector, and transfected into HEK293 cells. The effect of overexpression of miR-27b on protein levels and enzymatic activity of CYP1B1 was then evaluated in these cells. (3622)
pGL3-Promoter Vector
pTargeT™ Mammalian Expression Vector System
Yueh, M.F., Kawahara, M. and Raucy, J.
Notes: A CYP3A4 response element consisting of proximal and distal enhancer sequences with the CYP3A4 promoter was cloned into a pGL3 vector and used in transfection studies with HepG2 cells. The effects of either or both enhancer motifs on luciferase expression were studied in relation to various xenochemical treatments. The researchers also used the P450-Glo™ CYP3A4 Assay to analyze increases in CYP3A4 activities in a stably transfected cell line (DPX-2) and on primary hepatocytes. For these assays, the researchers incubated cells in 96-well or 24-well plates with or without CYP3A4 inhibitors and the P450-Glo™ CYP3A4 substrate. Following a 3 hour incubation, the P450-Glo™ Detection Reagent was added and the luminescence was recorded. In these studies cells were also pretreated with various chemicals including 10µM rifampicin, 1000µM phenobarbital, 100µM dexamethasone, 50µg/ml kava, 50µM methoxychlor, 50µM troglitazone, 100µM omeprazole, 100µM 2-acetylaminofluorene, and 25 µM chrysin. (3221)
Zhang, W., Chen, M., West, D.B. and Purchio, A.F.
Notes: The authors of this paper present proof-of-concept experiments showing that drug metabolism enzyme activity can be measured in whole animals (in vivo) in real time. Using a mouse that expresses a luciferase transgene at constitutively high levels in the liver, the authors evaluated CYP3A4 and CYP3A7 activity using a CYP3A P450 substrate (proluciferin substrate) that is converted into a luciferase substrate by CYP34 activity. The luciferase substrate produced by the P450 activity is then used by luciferase in a reaction that produces light. An increase in luminescence correlates with an increase in enzyme activity in this assay. The authors conclude that optical imaging of reporter mice will provide a new method for looking at drug actions in whole animals, with the caveat that the solubility of the proluciferin substrate is optimized and toxicity is minimized. (3996)
Rodriguez-Melendez, R., Griffin, J.B. and Zempleni, J.
Notes: Microsomal extracts from Jurkat cells were assayed for cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) using the P450-Glo™ CYP1B1 Assay. CYP1B1 activity increased when Jurkat cell cultures were supplemented with 10nM biotin. (3132)


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From what I've seen this year:
Owain Parry - very convincing at Shock n Awe. unbeaten as an AMA and now 2-0
Scott Hunt - undefeated in 7 outings i think, open trials finalist...3-0 pro. tough fight in november against Phil Else. Could be 5-0 and ranked by end of year if he wins his next 2.
Another nod to Alan Philpott