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Pivot User TrainingRegister for training or view a webinar at your convenience.
Introduction to Pivot
The Office of the Vice Provost for Research at IU Bloomington and the IUPUI Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research are pleased to announce the availability of Pivot (formerly COS), a comprehensive, editorially maintained database of funding opportunities combined with a unique database of 3 million pre-populated scholar profiles. Pivot's proprietary algorithm compiles pre-populated researcher profiles unique to Indiana University and matches them to current funding opportunities in the expansive COS Pivot database. This allows users to search for a funding opportunity and instantly view matching faculty from inside or outside IU.
- REGISTER to use Pivot. Create a profile to take full advantage of Pivot.
- EXPLORE Profiles. Pivot provides profiles of millions of faculty and other scholars worldwide. Pivot will match profiles with suggested funding opportunities and with potential collaborators at IU and at other institutions.
- SEARCH Funding Opportunities. The Quick Search is an easy way to search across all available funding opportunities. Searching for funding across all fields provides broad search results. The Advanced Search constructs a targeted, field-specific search using search boxes, browsing windows, and pick lists. (See below for more on using Pivot to find funding.)
- TRACK opportunities and SAVE searches. Track individual funding opportunities by adding them to a list of either active or tracked funding opportunities. Save search queries to quickly review newly added or updated opportunities by re-running the saved search, or use it as a starting point to create a similar search. Manage saved searches or tracked and active funding opportunities on the Pivot homepage.
- RECEIVE Funding Alerts. Choose to receive an email alert for a saved search query, and Pivot will automatically provide a weekly funding alert that identifies any newly added or updated opportunities. Or, choose to receive only one email each week compiling all new results for each search and individual opportunity.
- SHARE searches and opportunities. Share individual funding opportunities as well as saved search queries with colleagues. See shared opportunities on the personalized Pivot homepage.
CONTACT your Pivot Campus Liaison.
- IU Bloomington: Donna Carter, firstname.lastname@example.com
- IUPUI: Etta Ward, firstname.lastname@example.com; Alicia Gahimer, firstname.lastname@example.com
- IU East: Mary Blakefield, email@example.com
- IPFW: Pat Farrell, firstname.lastname@example.com
- IUK: Candy Thompson, email@example.com
- IUN: TJ Stoops, email@example.com
- IUSB: Erika Zynda, firstname.lastname@example.com
- IUS: Diane Wille, firstname.lastname@example.com
More on Finding Funding through Pivot
Simple and Advanced searches can be used to locate grant sources that match criteria such as keywords, level of expertise, citizenship, research location, or type of funding. Searching by sponsor searches the entire sponsor list or allows you to browse the sponsor list alphabetically. If search results are too broad, search results can be refined. The Advanced Search constructs a targeted, field-specific search using search boxes, browsing windows, and pick lists. Enter information in only the fields to be searched. Adding information to more fields will result in narrower search results. Fields available are described in detail in Field Descriptions.
Tips on searching:
- To search for all words starting with a specific set of letters, use an asterisk. Example: Geo* for all words starting with "geo," such as geology, geography, etc.
- Searching for funding across all fields provides broad search results. Boolean operators AND, OR, and NOT can be used within the text search box. Example: pediatric AND cancer. Quotations can also be used for exact phrase searching. Example: "apple juice" for the phrase apple juice.
- To list the funding opportunity search results by "Deadline" or by "Amount," click on the column name.
- Faceted search – use the categories on the left menu to see only the results in that category. For example, click "Federal, U.S." for only opportunities in your results from federal sponsors.
- Unspecified deadlines are past programs that do not have current application deadlines.


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Washington : Government Printing Office
|Chap. 422
|Ft. Simcoe, Wash. Indian land lease. 60 Stat. 962.
|Sec. 2
Page 704
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That, notwithstanding the Act entitled "An Act to authorize the leasing of Indian lands situated within the State of Washington for business and other purposes", approved August 9, 1946 (25 U. S. C., secs. 403b and 403c), or any other provision of law, the Yakima Tribe acting through its tribal council may lease to the State of Washington that land more particularly described in section 4 for the purpose of developing, maintaining, and preserving Fort Simcoe (Moot-Mool) for historical and for park purposes.
The lease entered into under authority of the first section of this Act—
(1) shall be null and void and the Yakima Tribe shall have the right of immediate possession if the State of Washington ever
Page 705
ceases to maintain Fort Simcoe (Mool-Mool) for historical and for park purposes;
(2) shall be entered into for a period of ninety-nine years;
(3) shall not contain any provision permitting the exploitation of any natural resource;
(4) shall specifically reserve to the Yakima Tribe all mineral and other subsurface rights in such lands which such tribe possesses on the date of enactment of this Act; and
(5) shall be entered into under such rules and regulations, and contain such other provisions, as the Secretary of the Interior shall prescribe.
The existing agreement between the Yakima Tribe and the State of Washington may be amended to comply with this Act.
The land on the Yakima Indian Reservation, Washington, which may be leased pursuant to this Act, is more particularly described as follows:
The east half of the northeast quarter of section 20, and the west half of the northwest quarter of section 21, and the west half of the east half of the northwest quarter of section 21, all in township 10 north, range 16 east, Wilhamette meridian, containing two hundred acres more or less.
(b) Such additional tribal lands of the Yakima Tribe as adjoin the land described in subsection (a) may, pursuant to all of the terms and conditions of this Act, be leased by such tribe, acting through its tribal council, to the State of Washington.
Approved, July 28, 1955.

subset: commoncrawl


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Tag Archives: sociology
Environmental Justice — new journal
"Mary Ann Liebert brings out premier issue of Environmental Justice – 15 May 2008
Publisher Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., US, has announced the launch of a new journal – Environmental Justice. Dr. Sylvia Hood Washington of the University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health serves as Editor-in-Chief of the journal, the premier issue of which is available for free online at www.liebertpub.com/env.
A quarterly publication, Environmental Justice seeks to be the central forum for the research, debate, and discussion of the equitable treatment and involvement of all people, especially minority and low-income populations, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. The journal aims to provide an intellectual forum that presents a balanced and objective assessment of environmental inequalities locally, nationally, and globally.
Environmental Justice explores the adverse and disparate environmental burden impacting marginalized populations and draws upon the expertise and perspectives of all parties involved in environmental justice struggles: communities, industry, academia, government, and nonprofit organisations. Legal challenges and lawsuits to ensure prevention of harmful policies, projects, and developments are within its purview. Also, the journal covers issues of compliance and enforcement, activism, and corrective actions."
Source: Knowledgespeak Newsletter


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Programme Description
As part of their academic training, postgraduate students are expected to participate in the teaching of undergraduates in the following ways:
• Facilitating workshops, seminars, and tutorial sessions
• Assisting problem-based learning discussion groups
• Participating in invigilating and grading examinations
• Demonstration/supervision of laboratory practical work
• Assisting lecturers in the preparation of teaching material
Postgraduate students are also encouraged to participate in Kulliyyah research projects as co-researchers, research assistants (RA), or research officers (RO), use Kulliyyah research facilities as approved by the Kulliyyah, and write and publish research reports as approved by the Kulliyyah. In 2007, the postgraduate students launched their society known as Postgraduate Students Society Kuantan Campus (PGSS Kuantan Campus) which comprise of students from all the Kulliyyah in the Kuantan Campus.
Entry Requirements
Refer to this page for more information on our programme requirements.


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Flight twenty-nine over the Bible from 30,000 Feet will take us over the entire book of Proverbs. Known for the wisdom it contains, Proverbs reveals to us how to deal with every day situations; be it love and lust, life and death, friends and enemies, and what our God loves and hates. On this flight, Pastor Skip will point out some of the most noted chapters and verses of one of the most read books of the Old Testament. The key chapters to review are Proverbs 1-2, 5, 14, 22, and 31.
DESTINATION: Proverbs 1-31
The Book of Proverbs is part of the "wisdom literature," with Job & Ecclesiastes. It is one of the most read books of the Old Testament. It is also one of the most practical, as it deals with widsom as we need it in our everyday lives. Proverbs contains more than 900 wise sayings by King Solomon and other authors. Throughout Proverbs we can find clusters of wisdom presented as the lessons of a teacher to his students pitting virtue against vice. Examples are wisdom and folly, justice and vengeance, poverty and wealth, friends and neighbors, love and lust, life and death, pride and humility, what God loves and what He hates.
Solomon's Proverbs completed
Chapters 25-29 collected by Hezekiah
The Book of Proverbs is more than just good advice or tips. It is God's words of wisdom that we need in order to live righteously. These Proverbs are universal principles that apply to all people for all times, because they speak of the character of God and the nature of man -- neither of which has changed.
Proverbs is the greatest "How to" book ever written, and those who have the good sense to take Solomon's lessons to heart will quickly discover godliness, prosperity, and contentment are theirs for the asking.
Proverbs can be divided into three parts.


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Did Karrueche Tran end her relationship with Chris Brown over texts?
Listen to Chris Brown on iHeartRadio
Details are emerging about the downfall of Chris Brown's relationship with Karrueche Tran.
Sources tell TMZ.com that Karrueche pulled the plug on their romance after recently visiting the singer while he was in court-ordered rehab. During the visit, Karrueche reportedly discovered that Chris had received inappropriate messages from other women.
The break up apparently came before Chris violated the rehab facility's rules by supposedly holding hands with a woman at the center. After breaking other rules he was kicked out of rehab last week and quickly arrested.
Chris will remain behind bars until his April 23rd probation hearing, where a Los Angeles judge will make a ruling based on the result of his Washington D.C. trial for misdemeanor assault. That trial begins on April 17th. If he's convicted in the nation's capital, the Los Angeles judge could jail him for up to four years for violating his probation in the 2009 Rihanna assault case.
Photo Credit Getty Images


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The Princeton chapter of Engineers Without Borders (EWB) returned to Huamanzaña, Peru, last summer for their final visit to help the community.
Archive – March 2011
Emily Carter, founding director of the Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment at Princeton, talks about why she decided to devote the rest of her career to energy research. Laying out her strategic vision for the Andlinger Center, Carter says that Princeton's track record for interdisciplinary work puts it in a unique position to solve the complex energy problems that society faces.
Princeton researchers have invented an extremely sensitive sensor that opens up new ways to detect a wide range of substances, from tell-tale signs of cancer to hidden explosives.
Three engineering alumni are among the 68 new national members and nine foreign associates elected to the National Academy of Engineering (NAE).
The realization that wind turbines and freight trains have a lot in common changed the trajectory of Warren Powell's career. After decades of work making the transportation industry more competitive and environmentally friendly, Powell has turned his attention to the energy industry. "It's all about resource allocation, whether you need to assign trains better or need to decide how many wind turbines to keep running."
The University created a new certificate program that explores the links between information technology and society. The Program in Information Technology and Society began enrollment this year and already has attracted students in majors ranging from computer science and electrical engineering to history and politics.
A new Princeton engineering class focuses on the study of the relations of buildings, space, time and societal dynamics.


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I grew up 25 miles east of the World Trade Center, which we called the Twin Towers. My father didn't much like them. He preferred the stately Empire State Building to their squarish contribution to the New York City skyline. My dad was born in Manhattan. He was four in 1929, when they began construction on the Empire State Building, and six when they completed it in 1931. He lived in Manhattan until the Depression pushed him out to a small, fifth floor apartment in Queens, where he slept in a t … [Read more...]
Order, Chaos and a Night Sky
September 11, 2013 by Leave a Comment


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Their acts are "alterable" by the Board of Overseers, to whom they are responsible.
Our dinner-hour is four: but alterable without inconvenience to earlier or later.
Must we regard this emotional endowment of woman as permanent or alterable?
The provisions with respect to this second order fall within the class of enactments which are alterable by the Irish Legislature.
But all the other laws of Scotland shall remain in force; but alterable by the parliament of Great Britain.
The manner of it is very alterable; the matter and fact of it is not alterable by any power under the sky.
So if Truth is an alterable and shifting concept, must not morality likewise be variable?
The very fourth commandment, however it was a perpetual law as to the proportion of time, yet was alterable as to the seventh day.
This proves, that the very men who had made that constitution, understood that it would be alterable by the General Assembly.
Affecting this Act, except in so far as it is declared to be alterable by the Irish Legislature.


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Allergies, asthma, and pollenAllergic rhinitis - pollen
Things that make allergies or asthma worse are called triggers. It is important to know your triggers because avoiding them is your first step toward feeling better.
Pollen is a trigger for many people who have allergies and asthma. The types of pollens that are triggers vary from person to person and from region to region. Some plants that trigger hay fever and asthma are:
- Some trees
- Some grasses
- Ragweed
Watch the Weather and the Season
The amount of pollen in the air can affect whether you, or your child, have hay fever and asthma symptoms.
- On hot, dry, windy days more pollen is in the air.
- On cool, rainy days most pollen is washed to the ground.
During pollen season, people with hay fever do better if they stay indoors in air-conditioned buildings, if possible.
- Most trees produce pollen in the spring.
- Grasses usually produce pollen during the late spring and summer.
- Ragweed and other late-blooming plants produce pollen during late summer and early fall.
When Pollen Levels are High
When pollen levels are high:
- Stay indoors and keep doors and windows closed. Use an air conditioner if you have one.
- Save outside activities for late afternoon or after a heavy rain. Avoid the outdoors between 5 a.m. and 10 a.m.
- Do not dry clothes outdoors. Pollen will stick to them.
- Have someone who does not have asthma cut the grass, or wear a face mask if you must do it.
Keep grass cut short, or replace your grass with a ground cover. Choose a ground cover that does not produce much pollen, such as Irish moss, bunch grass, or dichondra.
If you buy trees for your yard, look for types that will not make your allergies worse. Some of these are:
- Crape myrtle, dogwood, fig, fir, palm, pear, plum, redbud, and redwood trees
- Female cultivars of ash, box elder, cottonwood, maple, palm, poplar or willow trees
Wallace DV, Dykewicz MS, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Khan DA, et al. The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: an updated practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008 Aug:122(2).
Review Date: 5/16/2012
Reviewed By: Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc.


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Well try get your networking running first and foremost.
/etc/init.d/wicd start
Then open Wicd Manager and Select Properties for the connection. Then fill in the necessary stuff including IP address if no DHCP is present and ensure you run
echo "dns server ip" > /etc/resolv.conf
With that you have a valid IP and DNS server configured. You can therefore connect no hassles.


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Your shopping cart is empty!
Nike Mercurial Vapor V FG Max orange/silver.Used by Players C. Ronaldo, Pato and Robinho. Upper: Soft, supple Teijin microfiber adjusts to the shape of your foot. A contoured speed last mirrors the foot shape. Covered lacing increases ball contact area. Flywire technology in the arch areas provides great support without adding weight. Inner chassis creates instant acceleration. Contoured sockliner with EVA inserts. Outsole: Direct-injected heel studs for weight reduction. For use on firm ground. Weight: 8.4 oz. Made in Bosnia & Herzegovina.
|Shoe Size
Soccerplus first opened in 1994. We were one of the first soccer websites to hit the webView more
Address: 1640 E. Washington Blvd.
Pasadena, Ca 91104, USA
Phone: 1-800-945-7291
Get Direct


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Hi i have encountered a strange problem with BT5R3 KDE 32 where the desktop icons disappear and the backtrack menu no longer appears at the bottom of the screen but at the top instead. This happened not long after i first installed backtrack but it fixed itself or i fixed it i can't remember but it has happened again and it isn't going away.
Has anyone had this problem before and know what causes it / how to fix it?


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Muscle Car Drifting, now with 2.4GHz Tech and Waterproof Protection!
The updated RTR Sprint 2 Drift is a fun, easy to drive and simple to maintain street car, featuring a completely pre-assembled drift car chassis for amazing fun and loads of action! We've packed in all the latest features like 2.4GHz control and complete waterproof protection! The RTR Sprint 2 Drift is fitted with the latest Chevrolet Camaro bodyshell for awesome muscle car good looks! Drifting is the ultimate expression of motorsports individuality and mayhem while staying on all four wheels - with the RTR Sprint 2 Drift, you get a super-easy and very cool entry into get into the wild and crazy world of RC drifting! This Drift version of our Sprint 2 sport adds licensed Falken Azenis RT-615 drift tyres, specially designed scale drift tyres, pre-mounted on licensed replicas of the famous Rays Volk TE37 wheels in bronze. The chassis is factory assembled right out of the box, making the Sprint 2 Drift the quick and easy way to practice your drifting skills. The RTR Sprint 2 Drift is a complete drift machine that looks and drifts just like the real thing!
The updated RTR Sprint 2 Drift is now fully waterproof and ready to tackle wet conditions like rain and snow. The 2.4GHz receiver is in an enclosed receiver box and the SF-10W waterproof steering servo and SC-15WP waterproof electronic speed controller complete the package, allowing you to enjoy the action on the road no matter what the weather is like!
All HPI kits are fitted with a comfortable and feature-packed HPI 2.4GHz radio system for supreme control and confidence! The radio features a pistol-grip design with steering wheel, trigger-style throttle, braking and reverse, servo reversing, steering and throttle trim adjustments and steering dual rate. It's also extremely lightweight due to it requiring only four AA batteries. You won't have to worry about radio crystals or what channel other RC racers are using with the latest FHSS (Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum) 2.4GHz technology - the radio does all that work for you! The radio prevents frequency conflicts automatically and changes channels if there is any interference. Finally, if you ever lose radio signal or battery power, an electronic failsafe will bring it to a safe and controlled stop. You'll have professional-level control in one easy RTR package!
Note: Shown with optional wheels and tyres
The RTR Sprint 2 Drift features a matte black 2010 Chevrolet® Camaro® body with shiny chrome and gold decals. The body comes completely trimmed, decaled and mounted for the ultimate in ease. The intricate paint design features an action sports inspired layout for concours quality appearance, and you can always customize your car with any of the clear or pre-painted polycarbonate body shells from the huge assortment of HPI bodies and other manufacturers as well! For great looks, the RTR Sprint 2 Drift is topped off with a set of officially licensed bronze Rays/Volk TE37 wheels with pre-mounted Falken Azenis RT-615 drift tyres.
The RTR Sprint 2 Drift chassis is 4WD for consistent drift action on a wide variety of surfaces, easy to drive, and has all of the features you need to adjust for a perfect drift set-up: camber, toe-in, ride height, Ackerman, and a wide variety of available shock oils and shock springs! With a big foam front bumper, reinforced molded nylon chassis, upper deck and shock towers, you'll see that the RTR Sprint 2 Drift can easily take the abuse of drift driving. The full ball bearing, dual belt, 4 wheel drive transmission is very efficient and capable of handling high power modified electric motors down to 10 turns.
The design of the Sprint 2 chassis with its controlled flexibility gives the car great handling. A belt driven 4 wheel drive system guarantees smooth power transfer and excellent traction on all surfaces. Plus, the race proven suspension with real oil filled shock absorbers offer lots of racing features you wouldn't expect from a beginners car: adjustable camber and toe-in links, extra long upper links with new multiple mounting positions, adjustable Ackerman settings, adjustable droop, different caster and toe in blocks included in the kit... to name but a few. All features are listed below in great detail.
Just like all HPI cars and trucks, you get a full, in-depth instruction manual with step-by-step instructions that allow you to easily disassemble and reassemble your car for maintenance and easy servicing. The manual also includes a handy parts list and full-scale drawings of the parts and hardware.
From the authentic drift looks to full adjustability of the suspension geometry, the RTR Sprint 2 Drift is the complete package. 2.4GHz radio, full ball bearings, waterproof electronics, silicone oil-filled shocks - it's all there on the RTR Sprint 2 Drift, precision built from the factory. Top it off with your choice of a 2010 Camaro or Nissan 350Z body and your RTR Sprint 2 Drift is ready to drift!
- Officially licensed 2010 Chevrolet Camaro body with matte black paint for super cool looks
- 2.4 GHz radio system for crystal-free, comfortable control
- Waterproof SP-15WP electronic speed control with LiPo safety cut-off
- Waterproof SF-10W steering servo
- Enclosed receiver box
- Orange anodized aluminium chassis parts
- Officially licensed Rays/Volk TE37 bronze wheels. 6mm offset rear wheels fill out the fenders and give the wheels the wide look seen on full-size drift cars
- Officially licensed Falken Azenis RT-615 drift tyres for realistic drift appearance
- Foam bumper protects the car from potentially damaging impacts
- Adjustable rear body posts allow you to mount a variety of different bodies without trimming or replacing the posts
- Adjustable turnbuckles to fine tune your suspension
- Complete set of ball bearings for a smooth and efficient drivetrain
- Oil-filled coil-over shock absorbers with specially chosen springs for drifting
- 2 degree and 3 degree rear hubs for additional tuning choices
- Durable injected moulded nylon main chassis
- Front and rear shock towers with optimized shock absorber and camber link positions for ideal suspension geometry
- Optional low profile front shock tower is included in the kit which allows the use of the full range of HPI 190mm or 200mm wide bodies
- Droop screws allow you to "race tune" your suspension settings
- Precise bellcrank steering
#106149 RTR SPRINT 2 DRIFT w/ 2.4GHz Radio System
1/10th Scale Pre-Assembled 4WD Drift Car with 2.4GHz Radio System and Painted 2010 Chevrolet Camaro Body
SPECIFICATIONS: Length: 431mm (17") Height: 127mm (5") Width: 200mm (7.9") Wheelbase: 254mm (10")
|Includes: 4 AA batteries, 7.2v 2000 mAh NiMH battery with standard plug and battery charger.
Where to Buy Dealer Locator Online Reseller
Specification may be subject to change


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Category Benefits
Car EssentialsBulbs, Blades, Batteries & Oil Close
Sometimes finding the right part for your car can be almost impossible if you don't know what you're looking for.
That's why we've made it quick and easy for you. Simply type in your vehicle reg and in moments you can get exactly what you're after.View Bulbs
Help & Advice
Motoring ServicesMotoring Services Close
We know that finding the right car parts and replacing them yourself can be a bit daunting. That's why we offer a range of services from recharging air conditioning to replacing batteries at our stores, as well as advice if you need it.
Take a look at our motoring services video for more information.
0 Products found for this categoryIn Car Styling at Halfords
Keep your car tidy or add your own personal touch with our wide range of interior car accessories.
A car bin is probably one of the handiest accessories you can buy for your car. These handy contraptions simply strap to the rear of the driver or passenger seat and provide the perfect place to stow your empty crisp packets and drink cans.
If you have little ones, then a car tidy is a handy way of storing all of their things such as books, toys, blankets and baby wipes. You also may want to consider a child view mirror that lets you keep an eye on your little monkey!
Whether you're looking for a steering wheel cover, a jazzy new gear knob or a car boot tidy, we have loads of products to help you organise, tidy, and brighten up your car.


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Note: This message is displayed if (1) your browser is not standards-compliant or (2) you have you disabled CSS. Read our Policies for more information.
Exotic animal and plant pests are invading Indiana and multiplying, causing economic and visual damage. Fight back by learning the signs, reporting sightings and taking precautions.
DNR is looking for sighting information for select species. If you think you have seen an invasive species, report it: If possible, get a picture.


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"I just wanted you to know that when the two pieces of flannel I recently ordered arrived, I was thrilled with the quality and everything else about them!"
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A best seller for vintage and reproduction projects. Rustic hand dyed textures on premium 44 inch wide cotton. Regularly $8.99 per yard
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Copyright - Hancock's of Paducah. All Rights Reserved.


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Andrea McCarthy is the Recruiter for Americans for Prosperity Foundation, an organization committed to educating citizens about economic policy and mobilizing those citizens as advocates in the public policy process. Andrea is responsible for coordinating every step of the acquisition process at AFPF including candidate selection, interviewing, and advising on job offers.
Before taking her current post, Andrea was the Director of Employment Placement Services at the Leadership Institute. She worked to connect talented conservatives with work in conservative public policy using new media tools and the Leadership Institute's broad conservative network.
Andrea also served as LI's Director of Recruitment. She was responsible for recruiting students for all LI trainings, developing marketing strategies for the Institute, and strengthening its position as a leader in political technology training.
Andrea joined LI as a Recruitment Coordinator in 2006.
Originally from western New York, Andrea is an alumnus of Cedarville University, where she majored in History and Political Science.


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Instead, he seems to have asked his Chinese counterparts simply not to "enforce" the new ADIZ rules.
In one society, the law would be used to enforce monogamy, while in another it might be used to enforce polygamy.
Unlike Obama 1.0, however, Obama 2.0 is strong enough to enforce the difference.
But in China, those who are supposed to enforce the law are all too often above the law.
It may not be popular, but the administration is right to enforce those laws.
There was no sea officer who could enforce orders; the men were mutinous.
The living had duties to the ghosts, and the ghosts had rights; they also had power to enforce their rights.
The multitude of Reformers made the edicts impossible, so long as no foreign troops were there to enforce them.
Our law does not enforce every promise which a man may make.
An act to enforce the right of citizens of the United States to vote in the several States, and for other purposes.


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Insights into the food industry. Reviews, interviews, resources and consulting with a focus on the specialty chocolate & cocoa/cacao segment.
Ritual Chocolate three-roll mill refiner
Antonella Tromba
I obtained a Master's Degree in Food Science and Technology at the University of Molise (Italy) in 2006. After passing the qualification exam as a Food Technologist in 2007, I moved between the Tuscan provinces of Florence and Siena in 2008 and garnered my first professional experience working with a large Italian company that manufactures ice-cream and frozen bakery products. I have since then returned to my native region, where I got training as a professional taster of bakery products. Now I focus my passion and expertise on good chocolate, since I consider it a staple like bread. My passion for digital communication and marketing led me to create and manage Foodensity, besides expanding the scope of my freelance activity as a consultant in the confectionery industry. I would define myself both an epicurean and a health-conscious consumer: for me equally important are not only the gustatory satisfaction of a food, but also the purity of the ingredients and the uniqueness of the recipes adopted by the manufacturer. Besides the quality of a product, I am always eager to know more regarding the impact of a food business in sustainability.
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Often lumped in with a new computer's laundry list of green features, among such phrases as "Energy Star compliance," "ROHS compliance," and "power-saving technology," is the term "modularity." From a sustainability standpoint, it's an intriguing word, suggesting not only a high level of recyclability -- which is good for the environment -- but also the promise of upgradeability, which can be tantalizing to both friends of the earth and friends of the dollar.
Vendors have made strides in terms of designing machines to be easier to dismantle so that components can be reused and individual materials (different types of plastics and metals, for example) can be sorted and properly recycled. To a lesser degree, however, vendors are improving on the upgradeability front: designing machines in such a way that individual components can be easily swapped out and replaced, ideally without a costly, time-consuming visit from a technician.
[ Consider netbooks as a low-power alternative to traditional PCs. | Keep up on green IT trends with InfoWorld's Sustainable IT blog and Green Tech newsletter. ]
Notably, the latter type of modularity isn't a particularly new noting, according to Paul Prince, director of core architecture and technologies at Dell: "It's been true for the last 15 years. People have said, 'Modularity will solve all these problems.' But when you look at what you can actually reuse and what you give up to reuse it, it ends up not always making sense. It's not going to take over the world. The idea of reuse where possible is a great thing."
Tool-less upgrades
One modularity feature that is common among servers but just arriving in desktop machines is tool-less design. As the name suggests, the PCs -- such as HP's Z Series workstations and Lenovo's ThinkStations -- are designed in such a way that an admin or end-user can open up the chassis with their bare hands and swap in new memory, storage, power supplies, motherboards, and other components. New pieces simply slide into place.
Easing the process, the interior of the systems are free of wires, while small levers and clips help a user determine what goes where. "If, by chance, you had to upgrade from a standard power supply to an 800W power supply because you were adding more graphics, you could do it in thirty seconds," said Terry Pilsner, director of R&D for Workstations at HP.
Notably, processors aren't as easily swappable as other parts, according to Pilsner. If you need to bring in a new CPU, it has to be in the same family as the one you're taking out. "Next-generation processor chip sets require the redesign of PCs from the ground up. The same is true of workstations," he said.
Thus, when Intel or AMD come out with a new set of chips that your end-users simply must have, a full hardware refresh is generally necessary.
Still, the level of modularity and easy upgradeability of tool-less design fits under the sustainability umbrella for a couple of reasons. First, it extends the lifecycle of the machines: Companies can easily upgrade systems they already own to address changing end-user needs, rather than opting for the easier -- yet more wasteful -- route of buying new gear. Second, it means the systems are far easier to dismantle and recycle at the end of their lifecycle, which helps reduce the global problem of e-waste.
Notably, HP's laptop workstations don't quite have that level of easy modularity. "Notebooks are inherently much more complex," explained Pilsner. "You have to bolt things down."
Components such as hard drives and memory can still be swapped by a user, though a screwdriver would be necessary. Changing a CPU or graphics card, however, would require an HP technician.
Additionally, I've only seen this type of tool-less design available in workstations -- at least for machines available in the United States. Ideally, this sort of modularity will become the norm in standard desktop machines as well -- if vendors are willing to take the dent in their computer sales.
Technology outpaces modularity
When it comes to waste among end-user systems -- specifically laptops -- docking stations are another culprit. Unfortunately, a USB-esque, one-size-fits-all docking station doesn't exist that would allow you to plug in any machine from any vendor. Further, when moving from one model to another model by a specific vendor, a new docking station might be necessary, which translates to added expense and hardware waste.
Fortunately, some vendors have been addressing this issue. While Dell was rolling out yearly upgrades to its D Series of Latitudes, for example, customers were able to reuse the docking stations -- along with the existing components such as battery modules and plug-in CD modules -- they already owned, according to Paul Prince, director of core architecture and technologies at Dell.
When the company moved to the E Series, however, "it was time to break compatibility," Prince says. "We were leaving too many capabilities on the table."
Changes included a smaller docking station connector and an upgraded design for some of the CD and DVD modules. Like the D Series, the E Series has evolved, and the built-in compatibility and modularity remain.
Similarly, HP's Pilsner says that HP's notebook docking stations are designed for longevity, though the company found it necessary to revise its docking station after sticking with its previous model for five years.
It may be some time before a company can hang on to the same fleet of machines for several years, performing quick and easy hardware upgrades, component by component, as user needs change. That would surely be a more sustainable alternative to shipping dozens or hundreds of computers off for recycling every couple of years to make room for the arrival of new machines.
This story, "Advances in modularity enable on-the-fly PC upgrades," was originally published at InfoWorld.com. Follow the latest developments in green IT and read more of Ted Samson's Sustainable IT blog at InfoWorld.com.


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$18 Regular
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Wiltshire horn Sheep for sale in West Midlands
Handsome Registered Jacob Ram
Handsome 2yr old Proven Registered Jacob Ram sired by Border Romany. Great length and good bone, ...
£ 300
For sale Charollais tup
For sale Charollais two shear tup, have had some really good lambs from him, NOW SOLD, also a few ...
£ 250
Pedigree Jacob ewe lambs for sale
Pedigree Jacob ewe lambs from large, commercial run prize winning flock, up to date with ...
£ 90
1 Pedigree Badger Face Welsh Mountain Breeding Ram
Well marked Torddu Badger Face Shearling Ram, Pedigree registered with the Badger Face Welsh ...
£ 190
Jacob Shearling Ewes, nice starter flock
We have seven Jacob shearling ewes available. A real nice bunch, well grown and all registered. ...
£ 130
Shetland sheep, various ages and colours
Pure Shetland sheep for sale. Excellent confirmation, body condition and feet. Quality wool, hardy ...
Badger Face Sheep
2017 Badger face ram lambs for sale all pedigree and can be registered Born march/April All ...
Proven Dorset Down Ram For Hire
Dorset Down Ram For Hire. Ideal for crossing as terminal sire. Good nature, easy to handle, halter ...
£ 50
Active ram .
Two year old Hampshire down ram for sale. he is raring to go.
£ 150
Rams for sale
Two Hampshire down Rams for sale. seven months old.
£ 50


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JACKSONVILLE, Fla.—James Wiesemeyer, senior vice president, Informa Economics, Washington, D.C., calls himself an optimist at heart, but he always has some concerns when it comes to how the federal government isn't functioning in a reasonable manner with negotiations and compromise among the political parties.
Wiesemeyer went through a laundry list of what to look out for in the coming four years and longer during his keynote presentation to members of the National Alliance of Independent Crop Consultants at their annual meeting on Jan. 24 in Jacksonville, Fla.
The takeaways from his presentation were predictions and questions as he summed them up in bullet points plus comments. The following are points and quotes from Wiesemeyer.
- Will Obama, or Republicans, overreach?
- Most second terms are not robust in accomplishments.
- Most second terms are not robust with accomplishments when you look back in history.
- Watch for use of executive orders if partisan discord returns.
- Watch the use of executive orders by Obama if he can't get much through Congress. He has used executive orders more than any president that I've covered in my lifetime.
- Foreign policy issues usually prevail in a Presidents' second term.
- Foreign policy issues usually prevail in a president's second term—think North Korea, think Iran, think Iraq and Afghanistan, etc.
- Major U.S. tax reform coming…big impacts for businesses/farmers.
- Major tax reform is coming but its not going to be any time too soon. There are more lawyers per square inch in Washington, D.C., and lobbyists; so this will take some time.
- Changing U.S., world energy sector to have major implications.
- The changing U.S. energy sector is already having major implications, and I think it will aid agriculture in the long run. And you are going to see the use of natural gas in farm equipment in the years ahead; it should be there now, but is coming, trust me.
- U.S. immigration reform is coming.
- U.S. crop insurance will come under focus—means testing ahead?
- Rise of middle classes in developing countries will bolster world agriculture.
He also provided "what ifs" that he said hopefully will not come true—or at least not most of them—but could cause major shifts in the U.S. agriculture economy and world economy plus push the government into reaction mode. A couple of the what ifs are completely on the heads of congressional members. What if:
- Washington doesn't deal with debt, spending?
- Europe's economy goes into severe recession?
- The U.S. economy grows more than expected (impact on the dollar and trade and higher interest rates causing a major increase in the interest on the U.S. debt)?
- U.S., Eastern Europe has another drought (livestock production move outside the U.S.)?
- China imports corn to a significantly large degree (feeding many more hogs than the U.S.)?
- U.S. corn yields exceed trend-line levels (farmers want to grow corn)?
- There is a major Israel-Iran skirmish/war?
- Means testing comes to crop insurance benefits (urban congressional members questioning "shallow-loss safety net.")?
Yet another list of nine factors impacting U.S., global food and agricultural markets over the next decade are simple descriptions of what Wiesemeyer says needs to be considered. He doesn't speculate, in general, about the degree of change, but they all have future impact.
- Global growth and rise of "middle class" in developing countries.
- Value of the U.S. dollar.
- Worldwide biofuel production.
- Role of trade and trade liberalization.
- Energy and agricultural import prices.
- Biotech and other yield/precision developments.
- Additional crop land into production—Brazil, Ukraine, Africa.


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In Robby Gordon Sampson's short life, he has faced and won more challenges than the average six-year-old.
Robby has tetralogy of fallot, a combination of four heart defects present at birth. After his birth on February 14, 2004; the doctor discovered Robby had a heart murmur. Robby's pediatrician then ordered additional testing, and three tests in about five hours led to the diagnosis of tetralogy of fallot.
"When I was first told that Robby had tetralogy of fallot, I was afraid, but I knew we had to push forward," said Valerie Guse, Robby's mother. "Kids are kids, and they're resilient. They can handle things that adults can't."
Robby needed 24-hour attention at home. His condition altered his feeding and nursing schedule. He also had to be in a clean and smoke-free environment, so they spent most of their time at home.
"His life was being run by a machine and nurses, which you can't control, it's an emotional struggle," Valerie said. "But there's highs when you're done."
He had his first surgery at four months and 12 pounds. The operation closed his atrial septal defect, corrected his aorta and replaced his pulmonary valve with a valve from a pig's heart. Robby began crawling two weeks after the surgery, and he started to walk at eight months.
When Robby was three doctors found that his pulmonary valve was constricted so he needed another heart surgery. Though Robby has had two heart surgeries, Valerie has kept him in school and active. Robby especially enjoys playing baseball and soccer.
"We have never treated him different," Valerie said. "We never hold him back."
Robby has also fit in at school and with his peers. "I didn't know at first," Arlene Schindeldecker, Robby's kindergarten teacher, said about Robby's condition.
He will play games with his classmates and participate in the class activities. Occasionally, he slows down. Valerie keeps Arlene informed on what to watch for and how Robby is doing.
"It's been great having Robby," Arlene said.
The student body also showed their support for Robby when they participated in a Jump Rope for Heart fundraising event for the American Heart Association. Valerie gave the students a Power Point presentation about Robby's condition.
"A lot of kids came up to Robby," Arlene said. "The older ones were touched."
Several of Robby's classmate said he was brave for dealing with his heart problem.
When asked what it means to have a healthy heart, Robby's friend Noah responded, "to have your heart all working."
Valerie has helped her son learn about his condition, and Robby is able to talk about it. She said it's an opportunity for him to learn about science.
"I have a whole in my heart," Robby said. When asked how the doctors helped his heart, he said, "he put tape on it."
Valerie and Robby have participated in the Heart Association's Start! Heart Walk since Robby was one. "It's good for Robby to see others like him," Valerie said.
She encourages other parents with the same challenge to persevere through the ups and down and to seek support in the process.
Robby will need his pulmonary valve replaced every two to four years. "Until then, we will continue to help him pursue and goals, dreams and aspirations he may have," Valerie said.
More Survivor Stories


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News Posts
Next Month Take a Peek into the Museum's Rare Book Collection
by AMNH on
Celebrate the role illustration has played in scientific discovery with Natural Histories: 400 Years of Scientific Illustrations from the Museum's Library, a new exhibition opening at the Museum on Saturday, October 19.
It Starts with a Simple Sketch
by AMNH on
The new Hayden Planetarium Space Show Dark Universe, which premieres at the Museum on November 2, will take viewers on a journey to the edges of the observable universe and back to Earth to Bell Laboratories and Mount Wilson Observatory where groundbreaking cosmic discoveries have been made. But long before the Space Show is ready for the dome, most scenes begin with a simple sketch.
Google Glass with Aki Watanabe: Packing for Mongolia
by AMNH on
Aki Watanabe, a student in the comparative biology doctoral program at the Museum's Richard Gilder Graduate School, was recently chosen as a beta-tester for Google Glass. In this video, Watanabe shows what he's packing for a fossil-hunting expedition to Mongolia.
One Month to Butterfly Bliss
by AMNH on
Need a butterfly fix? The Museum's annual Butterfly Conservatory: Tropical Butterflies Alive in Winter is opening in just one month, on Saturday, October 12.
Introducing Our New Space Show: Dark Universe
by AMNH on
This new Hayden Planetarium Space Show will bend your mind! Dark Universe opens Saturday, November 2.


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Christine McVie rejoins Fleetwood Mac for next tour
Listen to Fleetwood Mac on iHeartRadio
Christine McVie says she's definitely back on board with Fleetwood Mac for their next tour. It's been 16 years since McVie left the band and the trek will mark the first time since then that the group has toured with all five of its key members in place.
On NBC's "Today" show Thursday, McVie revealed her fear of flying as reason why she stopped touring with the group all those years ago. She did rejoin her bandmates last fall in London to sing their classic hit "Don't Stop," in a moment band member Mick Fleetwood described as very moving for all of them.
Just a month after the onstage reunion, the band announced bass guitarist John McVie had cancer. He told Carson Daly on "Today" that he's getting better, undergoing chemo and is "out and about."
Fleetwood Mac's "On With The Show" tour will kick off September 30th in Minneapolis. The outing will include 34 shows in 33 cities across North America. Tickets will go on sale to the general public on April 7th. American Express Card Members will have purchase access a week earlier, starting next Monday, March 31st.
Here are the dates for Fleetwood Mac's "On With The Show" tour:
Tuesday, Sept. 30 - Minneapolis, MN - Target Center
Thursday, Oct. 02 - Chicago, IL - United Center
Monday, Oct. 06 - New York, NY - Madison Square Garden
Friday, Oct. 10 - Boston, MA - TD Garden
Saturday, Oct. 11 - Newark, NJ - Prudential Center
Tuesday, Oct. 14 - Pittsburgh, PA - Consol Energy Center
Wednesday, Oct. 15 - Philadelphia, PA - Wells Fargo Center
Saturday, Oct. 18 - Toronto, ON - Air Canada Centre
Sunday, Oct. 19 - Columbus, OH - Nationwide Arena
Tuesday, Oct. 21 - Indianapolis, IN - Bankers Life Fieldhouse
Wednesday, Oct. 22 - Detroit, MI - The Palace of Auburn Hills
Sunday, Oct. 26 - Ottawa, ON - Canadian Tire Centre
Friday, Oct. 31 - Washington, DC - Verizon Center
Saturday, Nov. 01 - Hartford, CT - XL Center
Monday, Nov. 10 - Winnipeg, MB - MTS Centre
Wednesday, Nov. 12 - Saskatoon, SK - Credit Union Centre
Friday, Nov. 14 - Calgary, AB - Scotiabank Saddledome
Saturday, Nov. 15 - Edmonton, AB - Rexall Place
Tuesday, Nov. 18 - Vancouver, BC - Rogers Arena
Thursday, Nov. 20 - Tacoma, WA - Tacoma Dome
Saturday, Nov. 22 - Portland, OR - Moda Center
Monday, Nov. 24 - Sacramento, CA - Sleep Train Arena
Tuesday, Nov. 25 - San Jose, CA - SAP Center at San Jose
Friday, Nov. 28 - Los Angeles, CA - The Forum
Saturday, Nov. 29 - Los Angeles, CA - The Forum
Tuesday, Dec. 02 - San Diego, CA - Viejas Arena at San Diego State University
Wednesday, Dec. 03 - Oakland, CA - Oracle Arena
Wednesday, Dec. 10 - Phoenix, AZ - US Airways Center
Friday, Dec. 12 - Denver, CO - Pepsi Center
Sunday, Dec. 14 - Dallas, TX - American Airlines Center
Monday, Dec. 15 - Houston, TX - Toyota Center
Wednesday, Dec. 17 - Atlanta, GA - Philips Arena
Friday, Dec. 19 - Ft. Lauderdale, FL - BB&T Center
Saturday, Dec. 20 - Tampa, FL - Tampa Bay Times Forum
Photo Credit Getty Images


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Farm bill clears the way for hemp production
Hemp advocates rejoiced at President Barack Obama's signature on the new farm bill Friday, which includes an amendment allowing states that have legalized hemp farming to begin growing this useful crop for research purposes.
"This is the first time in American history that industrial hemp has been legally defined by our federal government as distinct from drug varieties of Cannabis," said Eric Steenstra, the president of advocacy group Vote Hemp, in a press release.
"The market opportunities for hemp are incredibly promising — ranging from textiles and health foods to home construction and even automobile manufacturing," he said. "This is not just a boon to U.S. farmers, this is a boon to U.S. manufacturing industries as well."


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when i was in OBX last week, rodanthe had some insanely large jellies floating around...crystal clear water, and you could see them like 5 ft below you; pretty creepy
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when i was in OBX last week, rodanthe had some insanely large jellies floating around...crystal clear water, and you could see them like 5 ft below you; pretty creepy
yeah i was in obx and this was the first week of june and they were all over... thankfully ( i guess ) no swell to miss at that time
it was probly about two weeks ago when i saw the biggest f***er ive ever seen in my life in ocmd. it kinda look like a man o war cuz it had a couple of colors and a huge top thing. luckily the water was clear because as soon as i saw it i left. but that thing looked like it would hurt like a ***** to get stung by
I love all fish
I love all things, too... but it's love/hate when it comes to jellyfish.
On another note... has anyone ever tried frying one up?
Are you talking about "red" jellies?......Cause the clear ones do nothing. There only good to toss at your friends in the water. Haha i saw a guy eating them...biting them in half with his teeth once. But, if there "red" stay away...I still have a scar on my arm from a "red" jelly. Sometimes you just need to tough it out with a long sleeve power top. I haven't seen any "red" one's up this way yet. But, seen some clear ones floating around in the inlet.
Ewwwww. This past weekend there were about 4 zillion baby jellies on the shore and I was like oh no - it's going to be one of those types of years.
Darn jellies. There is some type of repellant stuff you can wear, but the sting of da jelly is an occupational hazard. :p
Do you think pantyhose is thick enough to stop the sting?
Smells jellyfishy to me.


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Did I not ask correctly or not provide enough information? I'm not sure what else to add.
Hello all, looking for a little help here. I've searched and Google I can find similar questions but no advise to help. (I'm not trying to waste space. If I've missed this post then please direct me to the correct post. I didn't have any luck finding a post to fix this)
I have: Windows 7 Ultimate
Intel(R) Core(TM) i5cpu m480 @2.67GHz
DELL Inspiron Laptop
I am trying to Dual Boot next to my windows 7.
I burnt the BT5R3-GNOME-64 to ISO disk. (the install from the same disk worked on my instructors laptop so the disk is good)
I get to where I am to type (startx).
I see a message that says (Information Disabled due to load higher than 4.0)
After I STARTX the screen goes black and no response.
I did get it installed in my Vmware 5 and seems to work fine.
Did I not ask correctly or not provide enough information? I'm not sure what else to add.
There are at least 10 threads on the "Blank screen" subject, you might want to start searching and reading.
and the list goes on.
Back|track giving machine guns to monkeys since 2007 !
Do not read the Wiki, most your questions will not be answered there !
Do not take a look at the: Forum Rules !


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Canadians Moving to Germany
The Film
Running Time
07 min 56 s
Canadian War Records Office, Ministry of Information
This footage documents the arrival in Bonn of British cavalry units on December 12, 1918, and the arrival the next day of the 2nd Canadian Division. Events are not depicted in their actual sequence. A segment filmed along a country road showing Currie taking the salute from passing troops — some on horseback and others pushing bicycles — was probably shot in the Bonn area during the same period. This is followed by scenes shot at the Canadian Corps Headquarters, where Field-Marshal Sir Douglas Haig is paying a formal visit. In a separate segment, a travelling shot shows a line of mounted Canadian staff officers.
December 13 was the date set by the Allies for crossing the Rhine — an event with even greater significance than crossing the German border. In the days leading up to this day, Canadian troops had been concentrating on the riverbanks opposite the cities of Cologne and Bonn. On December 12, the 1st British Cavalry Brigade, which had come under Currie's command on December 1, along with some Canadian artillery units, crossed the Rhine at Bonn, securing the area for the arrival of Canadian troops. The scenes showing Currie mounted on his horse Brock, with the bridge in the distance, were filmed on this day. Currie is backed by his staff and an escort from the Canadian Light Horse, wearing Stetson hats, and he is shown taking the salute from the British cavalry as they come off the bridge. Currie would spend that night in the suite of the Kaiser's youngest sister at the Palais Schaumberg — although the princess herself was not present!
The following day, under pouring rain, the men of the 2nd Canadian Division, commandeered by Major-General Sir H.E. "Harry" Burstall, entered the city. The parade of troops was 18 km (eleven miles) long and took over five hours to cross the bridge. Some scenes from this momentous event are documented here — in the sections that show Currie standing on a dais to the left of the bridge. Although the clip does not depict the parade in its actual sequence, we know that troops marched in order of seniority. The only Highland unit in the 2nd Division was the 25th Battalion from Nova Scotia, and they can be identified from their kilts. At the same time, about 32 km (20 miles) to the north, a similar event was taking place in Cologne, where citizens lined the streets to witness the arrival of the 1st Canadian Division as they too crossed the river to take control of that city.
Note the presence of a small Canadian Red Ensign on the dais — one of the first instances of its use by the Canadian Army in the field, and a sign of the greater sense of Canadian nationhood that had emerged over the course of the First World War. The Union Jack, the flag normally used by Canadians during the war, can also be seen, to the left of the frame.
In the scene filmed along the country road, Currie is inspecting men from the Corps Artillery. These units of heavy artillery came under the direct control of the Canadian Corps headquarters and were moved wherever the Corps commander determined they were needed most.
Pieces of History
The Commanders
Patrick H. Brennan
Military Historian
When the Canadian Expeditionary Force began to take shape in the autumn of 1914, the majority of its future commanding officers had been pursuing their business and professional careers only weeks earlier. Even those with some pre-war militia experience were still amateur warriors who would have to learn how to command soldiers while actually fighting a war. Combat would prove a cruel and unforgiving teacher, and the mistakes they made learning how to command would cost men's lives.
Arthur Currie: the first Canadian to command the Canadian Corps
Arthur Currie began the war in command of a brigade of 4000 men. He had earned his appointment on the recommendation of Garnet Hughes, a fellow British Columbia militia officer who happened to be the son of Canada's Minister of Militia and Defence, the erratic, meddling and militarily incompetent Sir Sam Hughes. During the early stages of the war, Hughes personally selected almost every senior officer in the army, and far too many of them were friends and political cronies who proved unfit for their commands and ultimately had to be replaced. Nothing in Currie's background as a school teacher and realtor with a smattering of militia experience made him stand out. Yet he turned out to be a fast learner and superb leader whose military skills quickly blossomed. By 1916 he was recognized as the best of the senior Canadian officers. A year later, he was the obvious choice to be the first Canadian to command the Corps, a responsibility he carried out with distinction through the rest of the war.
As the Canadians desperately struggled to overcome their inexperience, they were fortunate to have the guidance of some very capable British officers such as Lieutenant-General Julian Byng and his chief staff officer, Major-General Percy Radcliffe. First-rate professional soldiers, they identified the most promising Canadian commanders, mentored them, and, when they proved their worth, promoted them to more responsible commands. Consequently, by 1917 the Canadian Corps had assembled a pool of very capable, battle-experienced Canadian commanding officers.
Two of the brigade commanders, Brigadier-Generals James MacBrien and Victor Odlum, were typical of this group. MacBrien was a professional soldier, one of only a handful of such Canadian commanders. After initially serving as a staff officer, Byng gave MacBrien command of the 12th Infantry Brigade in September 1916, just before this untested unit received their first taste of combat.
After serving in the South African War, Odlum had returned to Vancouver where he'd built up a prosperous financial and insurance business. He saw action with the 7th Battalion at Second Ypres, the Canadians' first battle, taking over command of the battalion when Lt. Col. McHarg was killed. Byng promoted him to the command of the 11th Brigade in July 1916 and like MacBrien, he led his brigade until the Armistice. MacBrien's style was studious and reserved, and his forte was training and planning. In contrast, Odlum was a dashing, fearless battlefield commander who had the wounds to prove it. Although they displayed two very different styles of command, both were effective.
Unlike earlier wars, the sheer scale of World War I battles and the breakdown of communications during the fighting actually made it impossible for generals to control the attacks they launched. What they could do, however, was utilize the weeks before an assault to prepare for every possible battlefield contingency – in other words, to emphasize thorough planning and training.
From amateurs to an elite force
By the end of 1916, the British Empire forces were adopting new, more effective fighting tactics. This was particularly true in the Canadian Corps, where Byng, Radcliffe and Currie had inaugurated a highly efficient system of "organized learning." The officers and soldiers doing the fighting now compiled "after battle" reports outlining in detail what had succeeded and what had failed. Whether it was tactics or weaponry, the Corps' commanders placed a premium on figuring out better ways to fight, emphasizing to every officer and soldier how vital absorbing the lessons of the "battlefield classroom" was to the survival and success of them all. Henceforward, something of value learned by one battalion would be speedily adopted by the rest simply by making it part of everyone's training. Lessons now learned in an organized way were applied in an organized way, too. More than any other factor, mastering this "learning curve" was responsible for transforming the Canadian Corps from an enthusiastic mob of amateurs into an elite attack force, the "shock troops" of the British Empire. Officers, and especially senior commanders, had played an indispensable role.
Battalion commanders
One group of commanders shared the dual responsibility of preparing their soldiers and then leading them in battle—the commanding officers of the Corps' 48 infantry battalions. Of the 200-odd men who commanded a Canadian battalion, 22 were killed in action and many more were wounded. Along with the junior officers under them, they were in charge of most of the soldiers' actual training. They also had the critical responsibility of maintaining the health, morale and unit pride of their men, and often organized sports, concerts and other entertainments with this end in mind.
Battalion commanders were the most senior officers their men actually knew and saw regularly, and who shared their daily risks and grim living conditions at the front. As a result, the men looked to them for inspiration and confidence, and a brave and skilful battalion commander could keep his men going under the most appalling conditions. Lieutenant-Colonel Cyrus Peck was one such officer. He'd enlisted in the 16th Battalion in 1914, fought with it at Second Ypres and commanded it from November 1916 until the end of the war. Although the stocky, walrus-moustached Peck was hardly the most military-looking of commanding officers, he was fearless, and none of his soldiers doubted who ran their unit. During the storming of the Drocourt-Quéant Line on September 2, 1918, such leadership won Peck the Victoria Cross. When stiff German resistance blocked his battalion's advance, he exposed himself to heavy artillery and machine-gun fire in order to reconnoitre enemy positions, then re-organized what was left of his men and led them to capture and hold their objective.
Armies are hierarchical organizations, and the quality of command plays an enormous role in their ultimate success. Even the bravest and best-equipped troops will fail in battle if they are asked to execute a flawed plan, or if the officers directing them in the heat of combat make poor decisions. As the war progressed, the best commanders worked their way to the top of the Canadian Corps. Consequently, planning was sound, and Canadian soldiers were prepared for battle using the most effective tactics learned from earlier combat experiences. Once the battle began, brave and skilled leadership by battalion commanders and the junior officers who followed their lead contributed mightily to the chance for victory. By the last two years of the war, the quality of commander in the Canadian Corps was outstanding, as an unbroken string of victories attests.
Selected Bibliography
Brennan, Patrick. "From Amateur to Professional: The Experience of Brigadier General William Antrobus Griesbach." in Canada and the Great War, Briton Busch, ed. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003 : 78-92.
---. "A Still Untold Story of the Canadian Corps: Byng's and Currie's Commanders." Canadian Military History 11, 2 (Spring 2002): 5-16.
Brennan, Patrick and Thomas Leppard. "How the Lessons Were Learned: Senior Commanders and the Moulding of the Canadian Corps after the Somme" in Canada and War: 1000-2000, Yves Tremblay, ed. Ottawa: Canadian War Museum, 2001.
Dancocks, Daniel. Sir Arthur Currie: A Biography. Toronto: Methuen, 1985.
Hyatt, A.M.J. General Sir Arthur Currie: A Military Biography. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987.
McCulloch, Ian. "'Batty Mac': Portrait of a Brigade Commander of the Great War, 1915-1917." Canadian Military History 7, 4 (Autumn 1998): 11-28.
Swettenham, John. McNaughton, Vol. I: 1887-1939. Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1968.
Tremblay, Yves. "Brutinel: A Unique Kind of Leadership." in Warrior Chiefs. Bernd Horn and Stephen Harris, eds. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2001.
Canada's Mounted Troops
Major Michael R. McNorgan
Instructor, Royal Military College, Kingston
At the beginning of the First World War, horsed cavalry was still an army's principal mobile arm. However, after the onset of static trench warfare on the Western Front in late 1914 – with thick barbed wire barriers and large numbers of machine guns protecting defensive works – the battlefield utility of cavalry was greatly diminished. Cavalry was nonetheless retained in large numbers because of the perennial hope of breaking through the enemy's line and rolling up his defences from the rear. Thus, for virtually every major offensive operation during the war, cavalry divisions were kept in reserve.
Canada contributed two distinct groups of cavalry during the War – the Canadian Cavalry Brigade and an independent cavalry regiment known as the Canadian Light Horse.
Canadian Cavalry Brigade
This Canadian Cavalry Brigade was formed in England in the autumn of 1915, consisting of permanent force units, the Royal Canadian Dragoons and Lord Strathcona's Horse, along with the Royal Canadian Horse Artillery. In early 1916, The Fort Garry Horse, a militia regiment from Winnipeg, was added, along with a Cavalry Brigade Machine Gun Squadron equipped with Vickers machine guns. The Canadian Cavalry Brigade served as part of a British cavalry division for the remainder of the war. Its first mounted action was at the Somme in the summer of 1916. When cavalry units were not needed as reserves for an offensive operation, they were often employed dismounted to occupy quiet sectors of the front.
The Brigade again saw mounted action in March 1917 when tasked to pursue an unexpected German withdrawal to a new defensive position called the Hindenburg Line. During this pursuit, Lieutenant Harvey of Lord Strathcona's Horse earned the brigade's first Victoria Cross for valour during the liberation of a French village. By the time of the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917 – best known as the first major tank offensive of the war – the Canadian cavalry was judged to be among the best brigades in the British Cavalry Corps, and it was tasked to serve in the lead of a large cavalry exploitation force. During this operation, a single Canadian squadron was the only cavalry to penetrate German lines, and Lieutenant Strachan of The Fort Garry Horse was awarded the Victoria Cross for gallantry.
The Brigade served with great distinction during the German's March 1918 offensive toward Amiens, riding from place to place assisting in slowing the relentless enemy advance. Its final action in this operation took place at Moreuil Wood, where Lieutenant Flowerdew of Lord Strathcona's Horse won a posthumous Victoria Cross for leading a gallant cavalry charge against German machine guns. After the war, Marshal Foch, the Allied supreme commander, credited the Canadians with halting the German offensive at Moreuil and preventing the separation of the French and British armies. Later in that final year of the war, the Canadian Cavalry Brigade was in action during the great Canadian Corps victory over the Germans at Amiens in August, and it played an important part in following up the German retreat in the last two months of the war.
Canadian Light Horse
Until May 1916, three of the four infantry divisions of the Canadian Corps maintained their own independent cavalry squadron of some 150 all ranks . These squadrons – from the 19th Alberta Dragoons, the 1st Hussars and the 16th Light Horse – were then amalgamated into an ad hoc regiment that reported directly to Canadian Corps Headquarters. In early 1917, this unit was named the Canadian Light Horse.
The Canadian Light Horse first saw action as a mounted unit in the consolidation of the ground captured in the attack on Vimy Ridge in April 1917. The CLH played a major role in the fighting at Iwuy on October 10, 1918, where the last ever swords-drawn charge by Canadian cavalry took place. During the pursuit of the Germans in the final month of the war, CLH squadrons were always well out in front as a scouting force, ensuring that the Canadian divisions would not be surprised by German lay-back patrols. When the war ended for the Canadians in Mons Belgium on November 11, 1918, the Canadian Light Horse was already well beyond the city.
Modern armoured fighting vehicles – tanks and armoured cars – owe their development in part to the stalemate created on the Western Front by the deadly combination of machine guns and thick belts of barbed wire protecting trench lines, along with massive artillery bombardments that could be brought down with great accuracy on an attacking force. The problem of how an attacking force could be strengthened to overcome well-defended trenches had been studied by British scientists since late 1914. They came up with the idea of a 'land ship' – a tracked vehicle protected by armour plate, large enough that it could carry guns or machine guns, drive over belts of barbed wire, and crossover trenches. This highly secret vehicle was given the code name 'tank'.
Tanks were first introduced in limited numbers during the battle of the Somme in mid-September 1916, and the Canadian Corps was given seven (these models were called the Mark I) for its attack on the village of Courcellette. But these early versions were mechanical nightmares; almost all broke down before they got anywhere close to the German lines. Still, scientists kept improving their tank designs. Finally, in November 1917, tanks were used in large numbers in a successful offensive at Cambrai: the era of mechanized warfare had been born. Tanks then played major roles in the Battle of Amiens in August 1918, in the breaking of the Hindenburg Line in September, and in the pursuit of the retreating Germans in October and November 1918.
Early in 1918 many thought the war might well last into 1919, and the Canadian Army agreed to raise tank units. The 1st Canadian Tank Battalion was recruited from university students, and in June 1918 it was sent to England to begin training at the British Tank School. Despite the general aversion to volunteering at this stage in the war, a 2nd Battalion was also quickly raised. The 1st Tank Battalion had just completed its training and was preparing to leave for the front when the Armistice was declared on November 11, 1918. Thus, while no Canadian tank unit saw action in the war, many Canadians did serve in British tank battalions, and in a number of instances displayed their nationalism by painting maple leafs prominently on their vehicles.
In 1914, Canada created the world's first armoured unit. The driving force behind this achievement was Raymond Brutinel, a wealthy engineer originally from France, who had the idea that lightly armoured vehicles designed to carry machine guns would be especially useful. He offered to raise the funds for the vehicles, a suggestion which was readily accepted by the government. Brutinel designed the vehicles, had them built, purchased the machine guns, and recruited the soldiers, all within two months. His new unit was given the name 'Automobile Machine Gun Brigade No. 1'. In the next few months three other mobile machine gun units were raised, all paid for by private subscription – the Eaton Battery, the Borden Battery and the Yukon Battery. All four units found their way to France where, in 1915, they were amalgamated under Brutinel's command as the Canadian Motor Machine Gun Brigade.
Brutinel's Motors came into their own in the last year of the war, when the stalemate of trench warfare had been broken. This highly mobile force played an especially important role in stemming the onslaught of the Germans' March 1918 offensive, and a second similar brigade was formed. The Motors were a valuable part of a composite formation of cavalry, armoured cars and cyclists, termed 'The Independent Force', during the Battle of Amiens in August 1918. Between September and November this force led the Canadian Corps from one victory to another during the pursuit to Valenciennes and finally to Mons on November 11, when the war ended.
At the beginning of the war, each Canadian division had its own company of cyclists – troops equipped with sturdy bicycles whose tasks included field security and aspects of military intelligence. In the static conditions on the Western Front, they were not very useful, so they tended to be used as guards or labourers. In May 1916 the four companies were amalgamated as The Canadian Corps Cyclist Battalion. In 1918, the battalion was included in Brigadier-General Brutinel's 'Independent Force', and there they served valiantly at Amiens and in the Pursuit to Mons as a form of mounted infantry – riding to the scene of action, dismounting and then fighting as infantry.
Selected Bibliography
Ellis, W.D., ed. Saga of the Cyclists in the Great War 1914-1918. Toronto: Canadian Corps Cyclist Battalion Association, 1965.
Lynch, Alex. Dad, the Motors and the Fifth Army Show: The German Offensive, March 1918. Kingston, ON: Lawrence Publications, 1978.
---. The Glory of Their Times : 1st Canadian Motor Machine Gun Brigade, March 1918. Kingston, ON: Lawrence Publications, 2001.
Marteinson, John and Michael R. McNorgan. The Royal Canadian Armoured Corps: An Illustrated History. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 2000.
Mitchell, G.D., Brian Reid and W. Simcock. RCHA - Right of the Line : An Anecdotal History of the Royal Canadian Horse Artillery from 1871. Ottawa: RCHA History Committee, 1986.
Wallace, J.F. Dragons of Steel: Canadian Armour in Two World Wars. Burnstown, ON: General Store Publishing, 1995.
Williams, S.H. Stand to Your Horses : Through the First World War, 1914-1918 with the Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians). Winnipeg: Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) Regimental Society, 1999 (1961).
Other Materials
Sir Arthur William Currie
Currie participated in all major actions of the Canadian forces, including Passchaendale, during the war but is best known for his planning and leadership during the last 100 days, beginning August 8 and lasting until 11 November 1918, perhaps the most successful of all Allied offensives during the war. Criticism of this campaign by Sir Sam Hughes in Parliament resulted in postwar controversy and a libel action in 1928 which completely vindicated Currie.
Fighting off bankruptcy, Currie diverted $11 000 of his regiment's money to cover his personal debts. The affair came to the attention of Prime Minister Borden, who refused to consider court-martialling Canada's best soldier. British wartime Prime Minister Lloyd George called Currie a "brilliant military commander," and might have appointed him commander of all British forces had the war continued.
Currie served as inspector general of the militia forces in Canada 23 August 1919 to 30 July 1920, and in 1920 became principal and vice-chancellor of McGill, a position he held until his death. Without benefit of post-secondary education himself, he was extraordinarily successful as a university administrator at a time of particular importance in McGill's development.
Suggested Reading
Dancocks, D.G. Legacy of Valour: The Canadians at Passchendaele. Edmonton: Hurtig, 1986.
Hyatt, A.M.J. General Sir Arthur Currie: A Military Biography. Toronto: University of Toronto Press in collaboration with Canadian War Museum, Canadian Museum of Civilization, National Museums of Canada, 1987.
Urquhart, H.M. Arthur Currie: The Biography of a Great Canadian. Toronto: J.M. Dent & Sons, 1950.
Author A.M.J. HYATT
Reproduced with permission from The Canadian Encyclopaedia, Historica Foundation of Canada
The March to the Rhine
On Sunday, November 17 1918, a day of thanksgiving, representatives of Canadian units attended special services in the Mons churches. In honour of the liberating troops the city's carillon played "O Canada". At nine o'clock on the following morning, leading units of the 1st and 2nd Canadian Divisions crossed the outpost lines and commenced the march to the Rhine. Each division proceeded in three brigade columns, on separate routes. Those of the 1st Division on the left, had Cologne as the destination; the 2nd Division on the right headed towards Bonn. A cavalry screen advanced one day's march ahead of the leading infantry, and each column provided its own close protection, in which it was assisted by cavalry and cyclists attached from Corps Troops. The whole 250-mile march was conducted under operational conditions, and all military precautions were taken against surprise. To ensure a smooth take- over from the enemy the country had been divided into zones. The Germans had orders to deposit war material at selected places in each zone and to withdraw from the area the day before the Allies entered it. Before the 3rd and 4th Divisions could set out, however, supply difficulties necessitated a change in the general plan for the advance. The almost complete destruction of all railways and roads in the old battle areas made it impossible to maintain two armies on the move and at the same time provide for the Belgian civilian population. Accordingly the Second Army now went forward alone. The Canadian occupation force was reduced to the 1st and 2nd Divisions, together with Corps Headquarters and some Corps Troops already on the march.
Meanwhile, the marching divisions made frequent halts to permit the Germans to evacuate zones as planned. They encountered no enemy troops but saw much evidence of their passing. The wreckage of a great fighting machine was everywhere at hand. In accordance with the terms of the Armistice the Germans had assembled, usually in or near the villages and towns, huge parks of guns and dumps of munitions and other war equipment. Miles upon miles of laden barges had been left tied up on the canals, and the roadways were littered with helmets, discarded army clothing, and even weapons. The march through Belgium was in general a triumphal progress, particularly for the leading battalions. The in habitants of the various communities through which the Canadians passed where Germans had been in occupation were warm in their welcome and
expressed their gratitude in many ways. In other places the populace was more restrained, for no soldiers of any nationality were wanted. In marked contrast was the cool reception afforded the Canadians after they had crossed the German border. Here the only spectators in view were children with close cropped heads who stared curiously from the roadside. Their elders remained discreetly out of sight, peering through half closed doors or shuttered windows at the marching columns.
The day set for crossing the Rhine by the Allies was December 13. The occasion was considered to be of greater significance than the crossing of the German frontier, and for several preceding days the Canadians were concentrated on the left bank opposite Cologne and Bonn, as far forward as possible. In these positions all units busied themselves with traditional "spit and polish" to ensure that with brass gleaming and equipment and clothing in the best possible condition all ranks would present a faultless appearance on the important day. On the 12th the British 1st Cavalry Brigade, which had come under General Currie's command on December 1, crossed at Bonn to establish control posts within the bridgehead.
The morning of the 13th dawned dark and wet, and a steady rain poured down throughout the day. The 1st Division crossed the Rhine by South Bridge at Cologne, marching past the G.O.C. Second Army, General Sir Herbert Plumer, while crowds of Germans lining the streets of the city silently watched the steel-helmeted Canadians swing by in full battle order. At the bridge at Bonn, General Currie, "after a very comfortable night in His Majesty's bed", witnessed the crossing and took the salute of the 2nd Division, which marched past in an impressive column that extended for eighteen miles. Here the civilian spectators were fewer in numbers, and equally undemonstrative. What was a memorable day for the Canadians could only be one of humiliation for the people whose armies they had helped to vanquish.
Adapted and used with permission from Nicholson, G. W. L., Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914-1919. Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1964, p.497-500.
Letter from Sager to his family, Nov. 17, 1918
Nov. 17/18
Dear Mother & Father,
This is Sunday night. Am writing upstairs in our billet. Our section has the upper story of a house. I believe our gov't pays the people one cent per man per day for billets.
Your welcome letter of Oct 21 has just come. Will commence a reply altho I may not get it mailed for a few days. I am O.K. and feeling fine. My feet are perfect and I reckon I will be in at the finish no matter how far the march.
Are you interested in Geography? If so, you might measure the distance from the Old British Line before the armistice was signed through Belgium and Germany to the banks of the Rhine.
Then add one half to allow for the crookedness of the roads.
Your letter was written on Oct 20 and 21 at the very time when we were advancing at the rate of ten or twelve kilometres a day. Our Battery won unusual praise from the Colonel of the Infantry Batt'n with which we were operating especially for advancing to a windmill at a certain place setting up guns, and putting an enemy field gun battery out of action (as was later ascertained).
I write this because you spoke of Father coming back from the P.O. with the news of rapid advance still continuing.
The people of this house are very nice. They have two very pretty little curly headed children about Howard's or Eva's age. One of them is singing La Marseillaise now to the plaudits of the troops.
Our host invites us down to the kitchen at night and serves us out coffee. He won't take no for an answer.
He then brings out his accordion and plays all the national airs including "Aprčs la guerre finis Soldat Anglais parti", [sic] etc.
We rested here yesterday and today. Tomorrow we commence our march to the Rhine again. It is going to be some great experience alright – this next four or five weeks. It will be something to talk about for years to come.
I imagine we won't be away more than four or five months after the peace settlement. They won't keep the Canadians here any longer than possible, but of course it will take a few months to demobilize.
I'll bet there was rejoicing in Canada last Monday when the news of hostilities ending reached you. I can't really comprehend the fact yet, that the war has really ended.
One of the boys just coming back from Blighty on leave said there was some celebrations there. He brought back a newspaper so I have been enjoying reading the news.
Eddie and I had heard about Jim Norwick but we hated to believe it was true that he was killed. Poor Jim went thro some mighty hot times over here. I have met many officers but I have yet to meet the officer that could compare with Jim or one that was better liked. I met a lot who knew him or were in his platoon at some time.
Thanks always for sending the envelopes & paper in your letters. Envelopes especially often come in handy, especially during the next few wks of moving.
Well, I must roll in.
Tomorrow we rise early for "we are on our way to Germany".
Where are the pessimists who said the Canadians wd never wind up the watch on the Rhine.
Bon nuit [sic], good night. Elmer.
Box arrived from Women's Patriotic League of Ancaster. It is trčs bon.


text:
By Terry Kovel Herald Columnist
Honey has a history going back to 2100 B.C. It is mentioned in some Babylonian writings. It was used for sweetening food, for medicine, for religious ceremonies and even as a form of money.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, a special serving dish and usually a special serving fork or spoon were devoted to each type of food, so it's not surprising to find special antique honey pots.
The wealthy used silver serving pieces, and honey pots might be shaped like bee skeps or have a sculpted or engraved bee as decoration. Skeps were made of woven straw and were portable.
If a skep was not destroyed to get honey out, another swarm of bees could inhabit a skep the next season. Old skeps sell today for about $50 to $100 as decorations. It is illegal to raise bees with a skep today.
Beekeepers must be able to open hives today so mite medicine can be applied. Old and new honey pots can be found made of glass and pottery.
If you plan to use a sterling- or silver-plated pot, it must have a glass liner. Honey encourages silver tarnish, and tarnish destroys some of honey's nutrients.
Q: I have an original program from the Candlestick Park Dedication Dinner held at the Garden Court of the Sheraton-Palace Hotel in San Francisco on April 11, 1960. It's autographed by a few baseball players and by some of the people who spoke at the dedication, including Vice President Richard Nixon, Major League Baseball Commissioner Ford Frick, Giants owner Horace Stoneham and Giants manager Bill Rigney. What is it worth?
A: The San Francisco Giants played at Seals Stadium for two seasons before Candlestick Park opened in 1960. The team played there for 40 years, until its new ballpark on San Francisco Bay (now called AT&T Park) opened in 2000.
Your program would interest collectors of baseball memorabilia, but the Nixon signature means it also might appeal to people who want political collectibles.
If you want to sell, contact an auction that specializes in sports collectibles. The program could sell for $100, but it might also bring $500 or more, depending on the program's condition and the fame of everyone who autographed it.
Q: I still have my Alice Marble wooden tennis racket my parents gave me when I was about 10 years old. It was made by Wilson and reads "Court Queen" on the handle. Is this of any value, or is it just a piece of tennis history?
A: Tennis player Alice Marble (1913-1990) was ranked No. 1 in the world in 1939. She broke world records when she won the singles, doubles and mixed doubles titles at both Wimbledon and the U.S. Open that year.
During World War II, she was a spy for the United States and was wounded when trying to get some Nazi financial information.
Wilson made more than one model of Alice Marble tennis rackets. The Court Queen model was introduced in about 1938.
Old wooden rackets aren't particularly valuable today. Rackets like yours sell for less than $40. They are hung on the wall as decoration, not used to play tennis.
Q: We have a set of toy American Indians that consists of 11 figures, including the chief, an Indian on horseback with bow and arrow, another Indian with a gun, a female figure and others. They were in my husband's family for years. The box they're in reads, "Elastolin, Made in Germany." I would appreciate any information you can give me.
A: Elastolin is a trademark used by toy manufacturer O.&M. Hauser of Stuttgart, Germany. The company was founded in 1904 by Otto and Max Hausser. In 1912 Hauser began making miniature military figures out of a mixture of sawdust and glue.
The figures were hand-painted and marked "Elastolin." Figures representing soldiers from many wars, medieval characters, cowboys and Indians and other figures, including animals, were made in several sizes.
Figures representing members of Nazi organizations and their leaders were made in the 1930s. The figures of Hitler, Goring, Goebbels and other Nazi leaders had movable right arms that could be raised in the Nazi salute. No figures were made between 1943 and 1945, when German industries concentrated on the war effort.
Hard plastic figures were made beginning in 1955, and soft plastic figures beginning in 1970. Production ceased in 1983.
Your American Indian figures are sought by collectors. Depending on complexity and condition, the figures sell online for $10 to $100.
Q: I inherited 13 Bessie Pease Gutmann prints when my cousin died. They are all framed and look very old. Some are named and several are not. I would like to know how to find out what they're worth.
A: Bessie Pease Gutmann (1876-1960) was an American artist who did illustrations for advertisements, books, magazines, postcards and calendars. She is best known for her prints of babies and young children.
She stopped working in 1947. Her prints have been mass-produced. Original prints were done on matte paper and include the print number and the name and city of the publisher, "Gutmann and Gutmann, New York, N.Y."
Titles on early prints were written in block letters. Later, prints had titles in script. Original prints can be worth a few hundred dollars, while copies sell for as little as $10 to $15 each.
Write to Terry Kovel, (The Herald), King Features Syndicate, 300 W. 57th St., New York, NY 10019.
© 2013, Cowles Syndicate Inc.
On the block
Current prices are recorded from antiques shows, flea markets, sales and auctions throughout the United States. Prices vary in different locations because of local economic conditions.
Postal telegraph badge, "All America Cables," globe, blue-and-white cloisonne, triangular, 2 1/8 x 1 7/8 inches, $45.
Wallace Nutting print, "The Quilting Party," signed, framed, 10 x 12 inches, $50.
Yellow Kid paperweight, metal, figural, "Say, ain't I a heavyweight," R.F. Outcault, 7 x 3 inches, $130.
Walking stick cane, antler handle, black trim, nickel silver cap, c. 1885, 36 inches, $185.
Barber shop sign, globe, hand lettered, white, 16 1/2 inches, $210.
Edwardian chair, domed slatted back, medallion, feathers, down-swept arms, square legs, c. 1900, 36 inches, $430.
Pier table, mahogany, cove-molded frieze, scrolls, columns, serpentine shelf, c. 1835, 37 x 39 inches, $985.
Reverse-painted lamp, autumn landscape shade, metal base, Moe Bridges, c. 1920, 24 x 18 inches, $1,180.
Lalique Verone vase, flared sides, frosted birds, scrolls, ring foot, 1980s, 7 1/2 x 11 inches, $1,230.
Tea caddy, George III, fruitwood, pear shape, c. 1810, 6 1/4 inches, $2,360.