text:
Great Two Room Apartment in 30/6 Olei Tzion St. "Old Jaffa"
Size60 m²
Floor No.(with elevator)
- Kitchen
- Washer/dryer
- Family/child friendly
- Air conditioning
- Disabled access
- Elevator in building
- Internet/WiFi
Accommodation summary
|Olei Zion, 68131 Tel Aviv, Israel
|Property type
|Property ID
|Acceptance rate
|< 50%
|Response time
|A few hours
|Calendar updated
• Two room holiday apartment on the 2nd floor, with an elevator, in a unique and authentic boutique building.
• Master bedroom with a hand pick furniture.
• A lovely bathroom with a shower.
• A beautiful and well design living room area with a dining table and a sofa bed for two.
• Well-equipped and modern kitchen with dishes, kitchenware and cooking utensils.
• Wireless internet connection.
• 42'' inch LCD cable T.V in the living room.
• Washing machine.
• Clean Towels and fresh Linen.
• The apartment is suitable for up to 4 guests.
• The holiday rental apartment is located at a fantastic location on at the beginning of the famous Flea market on Jaffa, on Olei-Tzion St.
• It is a 5 minute to the beach and to the beautiful "Old Jaffa" area.
• It is also a 10 minute walk from the Visitors Center of Jaffa and from Jaffa's renovated port.
• There is a supermarket on the ground floor of the building and you can find coffee shops, restaurants, Art galleries and other special shops all within a 2 minute walking distance.
House ruleselectricity is charged seperatly- 5$ per night for stays up to two weeks, and meter readings for longer stays.
|Price for > 2 guests
|$ 16 US per guest/night extra
|Check-in after
|Check-in before
|On arrangement
|Check-out before
|Cancellation Policy
Reviews of this property
- very close to Flea Market Area and old Jaffa
- many nice restaurants an coffee shops nearby
- enough space for 2 Person
- huge TV with a lot of channels
- rooms could be cleaner
- very noisy environment
- dishes unclean
- A bottle opener and a can opener is missing
Reviews for this host's other properties
Great place in a familiar neightbourhood. Clean and well organized
The communication with the host was simply great
We had a wonderful time in Tel Aviv - Our apartment had the best location, it was very close to one of the nicest beaches in Tel Aviv and in walking distance to many nice bars and restaurants. Everything was new and clean and also very well organized. Ori was the perfect host. We will definitely come back soon!
Beautiful apartment - spacious, very clean. Very well equipped kitchen - plenty of dishes, pots, pans. In the kitchen, there is even a toaster.
The beach is about 20 minutes walk. huge shopping center is very close. The center has a children's playground.
Agency staff are punctual. They reply to the letters quickly, are ready to answer any questions. We were handed a map of the city and told everything that was interested for us.
the apartment has the only defect - two bedrooms are quite noisy because of their windows facing the busy street.
Good Apartment, good located
nice cozy apartment.
A small flat on the sink leaking and therefore unusable.
bel appartement confortable.
Un petit bemol concernant le lavabo qui fuyait et donc inutilisable.
we have booked a studio apartment but then got upgraded to a one bedroom apartment. The apartment was very dirty; the teasmade was old and rusty; the bathroom shower, toilet and sink where not cleaned at all; the fugues in bathroom old and mouldy; so not very luxury at all. The personal for cleaning was a men who really did not know his job. I highly recommend you to take your own cleaning rag because there is no one in the appartment. Also the frig was dirty and in some of the pots there were water in it but the pots where in the drawer. How is that possible? We were there in Sept. 2013. Maybe they've renovated the bathroom fugues and took a new cleaning personal. If not, I don't recommend this appartment. Let me see if I can upload some of the photos for this appartment.
Kind regards from Switzerland,
Bojan and Katarina.
Nice appartment, very good location near the beach.
We had some problems with the door, very professional help from the team.
Large room, huge terrace overlooking the skyline of Tel Aviv. Too bad that in the well-equipped kitchenette not even salt was available. So we always had to go eat.
Großes Zimmer, riesengroße Terrasse mit Blick auf die Skyline von Tel Aviv. Schade, dass es in der gut ausgestatteten Küchenzeile noch nicht mal Salz zur Verfügung stand. So mussten wir immer Essen gehen.
- Quality assured accommodation
- Every host is verified by telephone
- Secure payment via SSL encryption


text:
Frankie Ballard Opens Up About His New Bride
Frankie Ballad can't stop gushing about his bride Christina, who he married last weekend in Texas.
He tells People, "Chrissy is my partner. She fills in all the gaps in my personality and loves me in a way that makes my spirit dance. I now have the strength of 10 men, but at the same time, I'm humbled by such a pure gift from God."
Frankie married Chrissy at Star Hill Ranch near Austin, Texas, where she grew up. He says, "All of her grandparents are there, so we wanted to keep it close to home making sure they could boogie down with us."
Chrissy owns a boot and accessory company in Nashville.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Energy Principle 7. The quality of life of individuals and societies is affected by energy choices.
Jump down to: Teaching with this principle | Find activities
Teaching this principle is supported by six key concepts:
7.1 Economic security is impacted by energy choices. Individuals and society continually make energy choices that have economic consequences. These consequences come in the form of monetary cost in general and in the form of price fluctuation and instability specifically.
Department of Energy Videos
7.3 Environmental quality is impacted by energy choices. Energy choices made by humans have environmental consequences. The quality of life of humans and other organisms on Earth can be significantly affected by these consequences.
7.4 Increasing demand for and limited supplies of fossil fuels affects quality of life. Fossil fuels provide the vast majority of the world's energy. Fossil fuel supplies are limited. If society has not transitioned to sources of energy that are renewable before depleting Earth's fossil fuel supplies, it will find itself in a situation where energy demand far exceeds energy supply. This situation will have many social and economic consequences.
7.5 Access to energy resources affects quality of life. Access to energy resources, or lack thereof, affects human health, access to education, socioeconomic status, gender equality, global partnerships, and the environment.
7.6 Some populations are more vulnerable to impacts of energy choices than others. Energy decisions have economic, social, and environmental consequences. Poor, marginalized, or underdeveloped populations can most benefit from positive consequences and are the most susceptible to negative consequences.
What does this principle mean?
This principle makes direct connections between energy use and quality of life. This goes in both directions, as energy has both positive and negative impacts on societies. Access to abundant, affordable, secure, safe and clean energy is beneficial for humans. But energy extraction, transportation and use can have negative consequences to the health, environment and economics of a society. Moreover, relying on imported energy can create vulnerabilities to a nation's security. The impacts of energy decisions are not equal for all people. Poor or marginalized societies are more likely to suffer negative consequences of energy decisions because they have a reduced capacity for adaptation and they may lack negotiating power compared to wealthy nations. However, vulnerable populations can also benefit greatly from improvements in energy accessibility, safety or affordability.
This principle also addresses the fundamental problem that the world is strongly dependent on energy from finite supplies of fossil fuels. As demand increases and supply becomes scarce, the problem becomes more acute, with potentially severe economic and social consequences. A large-scale transition away from fossil energy poses a great challenge for society.
Why is this principle important?
This principle is important in that it expands student thinking beyond their personal experiences with energy and illustrates ways in which energy can impact the economics, security, environment, and health of societies. Because energy supplies are traded globally and the effects of energy use have worldwide consequences, it is important for students to consider the expansive reach of these issues. Students, particularly younger students, may not have considered how their own experiences with energy are vastly different from students their own age in different countries. Thus, this principle encourages broader, multicultural thinking. A broad-view approach is particularly helpful when considering negotiations and cooperation between nations as we attempt to solve challenges related to energy supply and energy use.
What makes this principle challenging to teach?
These concepts are abstract for many students and will encourage them to think outside of their concrete frame of reference. Students will need to be exposed to ideas, values and scenarios from other cultures in order to appreciate how energy choices differ around the world.
Similar to Energy Principle 6, teaching this principle may result in students confronting the impacts of American energy choices on the rest of the world. This is particularly poignant as developing economies strive to achieve a quality of life that is more similar to ours, which is resulting in sharply increasing consumption of energy in developing nations (International Energy Outlook 2014). Thus it is important for educators to try to broaden students' worldviews while also preventing feelings of guilt or helplessness.
Strategies for teaching this principle
In order to comprehend this principle, it is important for students to gain a sense of how energy use affects quality of life for other societies. Activities to teach this principle can be structured to build on the personal approach used in Energy Principle 6 and extend this to gain perspective for how energy choices influence life both at home and around the world. Compared to many children across the globe, American students enjoy a high standard of living and use more energy per capita than most nations. Many Americans are also removed from the immediate effects of energy extraction, transportation and waste disposal. Case studies, videos and personal accounts from those whose lives are challenged by energy use can be personal ways for students to connect with a perspective from another culture.
Middle school students can examine 'a day in the life' scenarios for children their own age in different cultures. How much energy do children use in Canada, Kenya and Japan? What differences in culture and lifestyle contribute to different energy use patterns? How do climate, transportation, food and standard of living affect energy consumption? And how does the availability of energy affect the quality of life?
High school students are more likely to have traveled to other cultures or met people from around the world, so it will be somewhat easier for them to appreciate how energy might affect quality of life. Exchange students can offer insights to energy use in their home countries. High school students can also take field trips to local energy installations to visit a power plant, hydroelectric dam or a mine. Observing the effects of energy development firsthand can help students appreciate that energy development has direct effects on the landscape.
College students can consider energy in context to geology, geography, population dynamics, economics, societal needs and human health. The topic of energy and quality of life can be explored in many types of courses. College students can work with data sets about energy resources, use, and prices around the globe. A case study approach will allow students to consider many facets of energy in a particular culture.
Example activities for a range of grade levels
The following activities introduce students to energy use and the impacts of energy use in different parts of the world.
Samoa Under Threat examines the effects of global warming on the Pacific island of Samoa with testimonials from an expert in both western science knowledge and traditional ecological knowledge. (middle school through college)
Energy and the Poor - Black Carbon in Developing Nations allows students to explore impacts using of wood, dung, and charcoal for fuel, all which generate black carbon, in developing countries. (high school through college levels)
Concepts within this principle overlap with carbon emissions negotiations and impacts of climate change. Classroom activities used to demonstrate stakeholders' concerns during international negotiations can illustrate the ties between energy use and quality of life. For example, what nations are poised to suffer acute consequences of climate change? If nations were required to dramatically reduce the use of fossil fuels, what impacts would that have on their way of life? These are complex economic, social and political issues, but students can learn about them via role playing and simulations with a multinational focus.
Ecological Footprint – This activity extends the usual approach of calculating one's ecological footprint by comparing students' ecological footprints to individuals in other parts of the world and to a family member when they were the student's age. (middle school and high school)
Who Will Take the Heat? This activity engages students in a role play to negotiate an agreement between the United States and China about climate change policies. Students use given background material or can do their own additional research to present their assigned stakeholder's position in a simulated negotiation. (high school)
Stabilization Wedges Game This is a team-based activity that teaches students about the scale of the greenhouse gas problem and the technologies that already exist which can dramatically reduce carbon emissions. Students select carbon-cutting strategies to construct a carbon mitigation profile, filling in the wedges of a climate stabilization triangle. (designed for high school, but adaptable to other grade levels)
World Climate: A Computer-Simulation-Based Role-Playing Exercise This simulation provides scenarios for exploring the principles of climate dynamics from a multi-disciplinary perspective. Inter-connections among climate issues, public stakeholders and the governance spheres are investigated through creative simulations designed to support learners' understanding of international climate change negotiations. (high school and college level)
Find Teaching Activities
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International Energy Outlook 2014, from the US Energy Information Administration.
See all activities for teaching this principle
Search by grade level:
Find middle school activities for this principle
Find high school activities for this principle
Find lower-level college activities for this principle
Find upper-level college activities for this principle
International Energy Outlook 2014, from the US Energy Information Administration.


text:
Ariana Grande Dishes on Justin Bieber Duet & Meeting Jennifer Lopez
Photo: Getty Images
By Kathleen Perricone
Ariana Grande had a big Thursday night at the iHeartRadio Music Awards … and this morning, Ryan announced that she has just been added to Wango Tango.
The "Problem" singer called in to On Air with Ryan Seacrest to chat about the big news, being starstruck by Jennifer Lopez at the iHeartRadio awards, and working with none other than Justin Bieber on her upcoming album.
As for meeting J.Lo when she bumped into Ryan at the Shrine Auditorium on Thursday night, Ariana gushes, "She was so beautiful!"
Also at the awards, the 20-year-old won the Young Influencer trophy, which was given to her by Hilary Duff. "I was pretty excited to meet her. I mean, Lizzie McGuire was my childhood!"
But there were no nerves when Ariana hit the stage to perform "Problem" … because her eyes are so bad, she couldn't actually see the crowd!
"If I had been able to see faces, I would have been really, really nervous," she joked. "But it worked out for the better because I couldn't actually see anything."
Of course, Ryan had to ask about that photo her manager Scooter Braun posted on Instagram of Ariana and Justin together in the studio.
So does that mean they're working on a song together?
"Yeah, I am," she reveals. "I'm excited about it … I'm just very excited. Justin wrote it and he brought the idea to me. And I was really excited to hear it and I'm excited to work with him. I've wanted to work with him for a while. And I know it's something our fan have been begging for for years now."
Will it be on her upcoming album or his? "I'm hoping it ends up on my album, which will be out late summer."
Until then, download "Problem" on iTunes and for more information on Wango Tango, which is May 10 at the StubHub Center in Carson, California, go here!


text:
Abudantina Jacket
- Preorder Policy
Preorder Policy and Delayed Shipping Item Dates.
Pre Order means that the product is not currently in stock and you must place your order as per normal if you'd like to secure your size before the item sells out.
The benefit of purchasing Pre Order items is that you will secure your size without risking the item becoming sold out shortly after we list it online.
Demand can be very high on certain items & frequently they can sell out completely via Pre Order before they physically arrive in stock.
Preorders for classic styles i.e. old stock is usually 5-7 weeks wait (production time).
Please note that delays may occur and dates are not guaranteed.
For special occasion dresses we recommend ordering 2 months in advance to avoid disappointment and delays.
Antidote is not held liable for any delays that may occur if you wish to preorder an item.
You will proceed through the check out as usual & make full payment when making a Pre Order.
Normally, we do not accept cancellation of Pre Orders and they are final sale as they are ordered in specially for you (classic designs). In an event where the occasion dress is not required, a store credit will be issued instead not a refund. So please take extra care when placing your order.
Please note if you preorder a item with other non preorder items this will delay your entire order. Please place your preorder item separate to avoid any delays on non preorder items.
If you would like to cancel a preorder we will refund in a form of a store credit.
- Returns
Returns and Exchanges are so damn easy here at Antidote. If you don't like your item(s) for any reason (it didn't fit, imperfection or it just clashes with your personality), simply send it back to us within 14 days. Once we get your returned goods, we'll send you a confirmation email along with a store credit code. You can use this code to get a different size, color or whatever your heart desire at antidote.la! Please note your code expires 3 months from date of issuance.
+ Returns must be in original condition (this means unworn, unwashed & free from tanning or make-up stains with original tags & packaging).
+ Swimsuits and intimates and cosmetics are final sale and can not be returned, cuz that's just gross.
+ Exchanges can be done using your store credit. Once you get your code, just place a new order at antidote.la.
+ Shipping fees will not be credited unless your are returning something due to our fault.
+ All Returned Items returned will be given store credit for the purchase price.
+ All Sale & Clearance Items are FINAL SALE - No Exceptions.
+ Processing returns takes a few days , so please be a little patient with us.Return address:
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- Model Stats
Brittany Ward is a US size 2-4 | Small
Height: 5'10
Bust: 32" / Waist: 25.5" / Hips: 34"
Astrological sign: Pisces
Can't live without: My Family.
Tell us a secret: I love to dance.
- Ask us a question
–Ivory With Color And Gold Thread Through Fabric
–Biker Jacket Inspired Look
–Visible Front Gold Zip
–Front Pockets With Gold Visible Zips
–Ribbed Elbow Detail Made Of Stretch Fabric
Composition: 70% Polyester, 30% Wool | Elbow Detail: 100% Stretch Cotton
Care: Cold gentle hand wash only.
The model is 5'9/175cm tall & wears a size S.


text:
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I am a 'down to earth' gardener with perpetually dirty fingernails. I own a whole wardrobe of well worn and comfortable gardening duds and I am a sucker for gardening gadgets galore! I love to blog about the gardening world, it's fads and trends and have personally killed most plants at least once. I am a gardening designer by profession but there is no rhyme or reason to my own garden. If I want a plant, I buy and stick it somewhere just because I 'need' it!
Gardening is my passion and I find it leads you to other interests, such as cooking, entertaining, decorating, and flower arranging. So, stay tuned!
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Great post, love the Monardas! It's true, bees and hummingbirds love it. Your poster is fantastic, by the way.
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text:
Pillow suffocation
From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia
edit What it is
OMFG I've got to yell about my issues with this article in rage filled vandalism rather than contributing to making the article better in question!!!
Pillow Suffocation is when you take a pillow, and essentially shove it in another person's face, such that they risk suffocation, while yelling "PILLOW SUFFOCATION!!!". This is an assassination technique that has been passed down for generations. However it can only truly be performed by yelling "PILLOW SUFFOCATION!!!" at the top of your lungs, whilst pillow suffocating your victim. This added aspect to the technique was implemented by the FBI, so that anyone nearby would hear that such a silent act was being performed, and would know to rescue whoever was being pillow suffocated. It was designed specifically to reduce serial killings mostly involving pillow-related suffocations.
edit Continuing History
Decades later, when the FBI had let its guard down on this issue, some of the largest mafia gangs in America (that I completely forgot the names of) began employing midgets to perform the silent and deadly assasinations. The theory behind this was that midget's lungs were too damn small for anyone to actually hear them yelling "PILLOW SUFFOCATION!!!" at the top of their lungs. In any case, it was also scientifically proven that dwarfs were too loud when yelling at the top of their lungs. Such highly useful information could be utilized in future studies. One of the mafias back then, when questioned on why they'd virtually crapped all over their city, responded with "Hey, we made the scientific discovery on further differentiation between dwarfs and midjets, man!" The journalist in question was then so taken aback with such a powerful arguing statement that he could only thank the crime leader for his time and leave.
edit Variations on Dwarfs and Midgets
Other differentiations between dwarfs and midjets include the fact that a dwarf is capable of aiding a midjet by reaching the first shelf in the store aisle for them. Indeed, each has it's advantages. Further studies obviously need to be made, however.
edit Other Occurences
Other reports of pillow suffocation have many-a-time occurred in babies. This inspires theories on whether or not many babies are suicidal. Many marketers feel forced to arguably agree that this might just be the leading cause in the development of anti-depressants for babies. http://www.infoniac.com/health-fitness/doctors-prescribe-antidepressants-babies.html


text:
RHA is the governing body of the nine residence halls and five university owned apartments on campus.
RHA serves as the voice of the resident student population. Elected RHA representatives serve as liaisons between their halls or apartments and the association by addressing the needs of the residents through programming, initiating change, and building community among the residence halls.
To secure the interests of residence hall and university owned apartment residents at all levels of university governance, to establish fellowship, and provide for the educational, spiritual, cultural, social, and communicative needs among residence halls and university owned apartments.
For the most recent copy of the RHA constitution, please click here.
For the most recent report of the RHA budget, please click here.


text:
High-Res 300dpi Image © Thomas M. Cooley Law School 2010
Cooley Law School is the largest law school in the nation. Founded in 1972, the private, non-profit law school operates J.D. programs across Michigan in Lansing, Auburn Hills, Grand Rapids and Ann Arbor.Today, Cooley Law School has nearly 14,000 graduates across the nation and worldwide and also offers joint degree and master of laws programs. Cooley offers enrollment three times a year; in January, May and September.
An independent, private, non-profit educational institution affiliated with Western Michigan University. The Law School, as an independent institution, is solely responsible for its academic program. Accredited by the American Bar Association and the Higher Learning Commission. The Law School has campuses across Michigan in Lansing, Auburn Hills, Grand Rapids and in Tampa Bay, Florida.
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text: To get from Saronno a Floridia by train you can catch one of the 9 trains that everyday travel between Saronno and Targia, the closest station to the city. The first train to Targia leaves from Saronno at 07:05 and the last train departs at 22:15. If you choose a local train the trip lasts on average 00:04 hours. On Wanderio you can compare all schedules, fares and railway companies to Targia and book the best itinerary starting from Saronno.


text:
Battle of Arras 4
The Film
Running Time
09 min 09 s
Canadian War Records Office, Ministry of Information
This clip shows cavalry moving forward in the advance to the Hindenburg Line. Trench warfare was not very suitable for horsed soldiers, and for much of the Great War the cavalry awaited opportunities for action that almost never came.
What is most striking here is the footage of a British observation balloon being filled with gas and ascending. Allied aircraft can be seen passing nearby. We can see the observer in the balloon passing messages to the ground by telephone and the almost certainly staged sequence by which his information was passed to signallers and then to a gun crew. Balloons were legitimate targets for enemy aircraft and the observers' only defence was to be winched down to the ground as quickly as possible. Too often, they did not make it to safety.
Pieces of History
The First Air War
Hugh A. Halliday
Historian and author
During the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) experts noted that smokeless powder, rifled artillery, machine guns and barbed wire had turned battlefields into vast wastelands where armies hid from their opponent's shells. Cavalry—the traditional form of reconnaissance—could not manoeuvre . Ten years later, aircraft made stalemate even more certain. In August 1914 aerial reconnaissance enabled the Allies to counter-attack against German armies invading France. Thereafter, with few exceptions, aerial observers forecast an enemy's offensive and thus assured its failure (or success, at appalling cost).
The power of aerial observation went further. With armies driven into complex trench systems, artillery came to the fore as the deadliest weapon of the war. The great guns of the Western Front were the primary killing machines of what had become industrialized warfare—65 percent of all deaths and wounds were attributable to artillery fire, which delivered awesome weights of shell and shrapnel.
Days before his death by artillery fire, an American soldier wrote, "This is a cowering war—pygmy man huddles in little holes and caves, praying to escape the blows of the blind giant who pounds the ground with blind hammers." But the hammers were not blind. Their targets were mapped by men in aircraft and balloons, their fire was directed from aircraft and balloons. The aerial observer was the most important airman of the war; his role today has been assumed by others, including the aerial spy satellite.
The courage of these men defies imagination. Balloon observers ascended under gas bags filled with flammable hydrogen, vulnerable to fighter aircraft determined to shoot them down. The men in the balloons at least had parachutes, if time permitted them to escape. For most of the war, pilots and airplane crews had no such equipment; fire in the air was the most dreaded fate of all, and many men carried pistols to shoot themselves rather than suffer agonizing deaths. In June 1918 German aircrews were issued parachutes; even these failed to deploy about 25 percent of the time.
Given the importance of aerial reconnaissance and artillery direction, it is puzzling to find so much attention being devoted to fighter pilots, these "knights of the air." Fighter pilots and tactics evolved from 1915 onwards, but their task was always secondary to that of the observation crews. It was a fighter pilot's job to shoot down enemy observation aircraft and protect his own observation aircraft. Nevertheless, propagandists trying to divert attention from the awful slaughter on the ground fastened upon the fighter pilots as men engaged in single combat, man-to-man, with the high-scoring "ace" as the centrepiece of the narrative. Never mind that the fighter pilot's objective was (preferably) to surprise an opponent and shoot him in the back. Chivalry there might be—a decent burial for a fallen enemy, a toast with a captured foe—but in the heat of battle there could be only one rule: kill or be killed. At the heart of everything else, that was a fighter pilot's job description. It is a measure of the propagandist's success that, 90 years later, the public knows more about the First World War fighter pilots than the men they were actually protecting.
Airplanes were used for many other tasks—anti-submarine patrols, trench strafing, communications and bombing. Indeed, aircraft performed almost every task in the First World War that they would later execute in the Second World War. The one exception was the aerial delivery of soldiers. Even so, aircraft were used to place spies behind enemy lines and drop supplies to isolated troops. Nevertheless, in most roles the airplanes of 1914-1918 only hinted at what was to come. Only one submarine was sunk by aircraft during the First World War; at least 400 submarines on all sides were destroyed by aircraft during the Second World War. Aerial bombing between 1914 and 1918 inflicted only modest devastation (although its psychological impact was very great at the outset); the bombing campaigns of the Second World War were horrific both in physical impact and subsequent moral outrage.
Aircraft affected the conduct of the war, and war influenced the technological development of aircraft. For example, engines increased from an average of 80 horsepower (1914) to 350 horsepower (1918), while speeds of 110 km/h had risen to about 200 km/h. Yet if the war had not taken place, it is conceivable that commercial incentives might have produced similar results. The first four-engine airliner had flown in Russia in 1913. Might not development have taken place along civilian lines ? Five years later, France and Britain initiated civilian air transport services using modified bombers that carried fewer passengers than their Russian predecessors of 1913.
Whether or not it was due to war, a radical transformation occurred between 1914 and 1918 that involved the attitudes of aviators themselves. Even among the select circle of 1914 pilots, flying was considered hazardous,, and training methods reflected this. At the time, no aircraft had been designed specifically for training; throughout the war most training aircraft were machines like the RE.7 and Farman Shorthorn, which had been retired from front-line duties to rear echelon tasks. The Curtiss JN-4 broke this pattern.
The most radical change, however, involved the training syllabus itself. Early flying instruction covered the basics of flying but emphasized dangers to be avoided, particularly stalls and spins. By 1916, however, the dynamics of flight controls were more fully understood, and recovery from spins could be practised. New systems of instruction emphasized the theory of flight and explained exactly how manoeuvres could be executed, thus encouraging intelligent aerobatics. Instead of being regarded as a threatening mount, the airplane came to be seen as an even-tempered, reasonable machine. Previously, students had been taught what to avoid; the new methods instilled confidence. By the end of the war, pilots had become enthusiastic about the potential uses of aircraft and convinced of the fundamental safety of their machines. Confident prophets inspire confident converts.
Canada's role in these developments was insignificant in some ways, crucial in others. Before the war the government studiously ignored aviation, and only in 1918 did it take steps to form distinct Canadian air force units. On the other hand, it assisted the British flying services, which recruited in Canada and trained personnel in this country. Thousands of Canadians enlisted in the British flying services, either directly or by transferring from the Canadian Expeditionary Force. No one really knows just how many joined; the lowest estimate (13,160) seems too modest, but the highest guess (22,812) cannot be documented. It is generally believed that, as of 1918, about one-quarter of all members of the Royal Air Force were Canadians. The most famous were aces such as Raymond Collishaw and William Barker, but they included many other fascinating individuals. In 1915, Redford Mulock had been a trooper transferring from the cavalry to the Royal Naval Air Service. As of November 1918, he was a decorated colonel commanding heavy bombers that would have raided Berlin if the war had lasted only two weeks longer.
Selected Bibliography
Chajkowsky, William E. Royal Flying Corps; Borden to Texas to Beamsville. Cheltenham, ON: Boston Mills Press, 1979.
Costello, W. Brian. A Nursery of the Air Force. Carleton Place, ON: Forest Beauty Products, 1979.
Dodds, Ronald. The Brave Young Wings. Stittsville, ON: Canada's Wings, 1980.
Drew, George. Canada's Fighting Airmen. Toronto: Maclean Publishing, 1931.
Ellis, Frank H. Canada's Flying Heritage. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1954.
Fuller, G.A., J.A. Griffin and K.A. Molson. 125 Years of Canadian Aeronautics: A Chronology,1840-1965. Toronto: Canadian Aviation Historical Society, 1983.
Goodspeed, D. J. The Armed Forces of Canada,1867-1967. Ottawa: Canadian Forces Headquarters, 1967.
Greenhous, Brereton. The Making of Billy Bishop. Toronto: Dundern Group, 2002.
Greenhous, Brereton and Hugh A. Halliday. Canada's Air Forces,1914-1999. Montreal: Art Global, 1999.
Halliday , Hugh A. Not in the Face of the Enemy: Canadians Awarded the Air Force Cross and Air Force Medal,1918-1966. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 2000.
Jones, Neville. The Origins of Strategic Bombing. London: William Kimber, 1973.
Milberry, Larry. Aviation in Canada. Toronto: Canav Books, 1979.
---. Canada's Air Force at War and Peace. 3 vol. Toronto: Canav Books, 1999 to 2001.
Rimell, Raymond Laurence. Zeppelin! A Battle for Air Supremacy in World War I. Stittsville, ON: Canada's Wings, 1984.
Shores, Christopher, Norman Franks and Russell Guest. Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces, 1915-1920. Stoney Creek, ON: Fortress Publications, 1990.
Sullivan, Alan. Aviation in Canada,1917-1918. Toronto: Rous and Rous, 1919.
Wise, S.F. Canadian Airmen and the First World War. Ottawa: Department of National Defence, 1982.
The following Web site has a section "Honours and Awards" and a subsection dealing with Canadians in the British Flying Services during the First World War: http://www.airforce.ca/.
Battlefield Communications
Bill Rawling
Historian, Department of National Defence
Battlefield communications were a mix of old and new. The Western Front benefited from the most technologically advanced artillery, where the guns could call on wireless-equipped aircraft to correct fall of shot. The communications technology available to the infantry was far less advanced, however; in late 1914 and early 1915, the Canadians in England who would be responsible for sending and receiving messages from the front were trained on flag drill and lamps.
The Telephone
The telephone, the most convenient means of communication then available, was the responsibility of brigade and division signallers, who, although farther back from the front line, faced an almost impossible task. When laid on the ground, wire was easily destroyed by shelling, and the Germans did not lack for artillery. Stringing it up on poles increased its endurance only slightly, so the only recourse left to signallers was to bury it. Finding labour for such a task when infantry units, who normally provided work parties, were busy digging their own trenches and dugouts was not easy, and a wire shortage made matters worse.
By July 1916, cable laying was somewhat faster, but only because an entire battalion worked on the project at any given time, and soldiers digging trenches for telephone lines were subjected to shelling and machine gun fire as they worked through the night. Wireless telegraphy, which as its name implies did away with wire, was in the early years of the war available only in small numbers, reflecting limited manufacturing resources. Heavy reliance on the telephone, then, could not be avoided, though something had to be done about wires and cables that were continually being cut by artillery and the movements of one's own vehicles. A possible solution was soon forthcoming—laddering—a technique of laying parallel cables about 60 yards apart connected by lateral lines. To shut down communications, artillery would have to cut both main cables between cross-pieces.
Reliance on runners
Still, keeping in touch with the troops who were fighting their way into enemy trenches was an almost insoluble problem. After an attack on November 17, 1916, the 5th Brigade reported that its battalions had kept in touch with the front line with visual signals, but such ease of communication was uncommon, and even the formation in question mentioned that it also relied on runners. Forward of battalion headquarters the most common means of sending information was to have men hand-carry messages through shelling and, occasionally, machine gun fire. After two months of fighting on the Somme in the fall of 1916, commanders simply assumed that runners would be the only way to get messages across no man's land and planned accordingly.
Contact patrols
An added possibility was contact patrols—aircraft that were supposed to advise commanders of what they could see by dropping messages or using wireless telegraphy, but the system was still experimental in 1916. The 78th Battalion suggested that, for troops in an advance, "Communication to contact airplanes is best maintained by flares," but such techniques required perfect timing to ensure the signals were lit while the aircraft was in position to see them. Such synchronization was difficult to achieve when men were fighting for their lives.
Rather than solve the problem of communications on the battlefield, each new development was simply added to existing methods. At Vimy Ridge in April 1917, the Canadian Corps sought to maintain communications by exploiting every means available: runners, flags, pigeons and telephones. A little later, on August 15, the Canadian Corps assaulted and captured Hill 70, and here wireless played an important role, as the Canadians relied on their gunners to break up the inevitable German counterattacks. Signallers could send back quick corrections to an artillery exchange, which then passed on the information to the guns by telephone.
Until the end of the war, forward of brigade headquarters (which kept in touch with its flanks and higher formations with telephone or wireless), the most common and effective means of communication remained the runner, who carried written messages through enemy and friendly fire to keep commanders appraised of the situation so they could allocate reserves or artillery support accordingly.
Near the end of the war
In 1918, the war entered a more mobile phase. Headquarters had to move often in spite of their heavy reliance on the telephone, pushing signallers almost to the breaking point to keep messages moving. The tendency to multiply methods of communication, as at Vimy Ridge, continued. Telephones, visual signalling, pigeons, message-carrying rockets, wireless, runners and contact patrols were all available in the final battles of the war.
In the Canadian Corps' last set-piece attack at Valenciennes on November 1 and 2, there was no time to lay cable, and all messages from brigade to higher headquarters were sent through wireless stations. Communications between aircraft and troops on the ground, however, had not improved. Infantry devised a new system for signalling contact patrols: troops waved a white cloth with a metal disk sewn on the inside flap of the gas mask when they were called; and though the Royal Air Force found the devices very useful in determining the infantry's position, air-ground communications in the last Hundred Days were essentially the same as those of 1917, and remained so until the Armistice was declared on November11.
The First World War did see the development of aircraft, submarines and tanks as weapons of warfare, tactics underwent drastic changes as fire and movement replaced wave attacks, and scientific gunnery proved ever more capable of supporting infantry battalions as they struggled to survive in one of the most hostile environments our species has yet devised. However, in the realm of communications, the revolutionary developments of previous decades—especially the telephone and wireless telegraph—were only partially applied to the information problems of the modern battlefield. In fact, the runner remained an important link between the front line and headquarters until the very last days of the conflict.
Selected Bibliography
Moir, John S., ed. History of the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals, 1903-1961. Ottawa: Royal Canadian Corps of Signals, Corps Committee, 1962.
Rawling, Bill. Surviving Trench Warfare : Technology and the Canadian Corps, 1914-1918. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.
Artillery: The Great Killer
Tim Cook
Historian, Canadian War Museum
In 1914 and 1915, artillery proved it was the great killer. For those caught in the open, shrapnel and high explosive shells wreacked havoc. Thousands were left rotting on the battlefields. However, artillery guns were vulnerable to small arms fire, and they could be driven away from the front. But the guns were soon firing indirectly from hidden positions several kilometeres to the rear, still causing terrible damage. Soldiers were forced to find safety in trenches, digging beneath the ground to escape the murderous fire.
As trenches were strengthened with barbed wire, deep dugouts, and machine -guns, an enormous weight of fire was needed to smash the enemy defences and support the infantry. But there were not always enough shells in the early years to feed the guns. And so the infantry were killed in the tens of thousands as they attacked undamaged enemy trenches in frontal assaults. As the war lengthened, artillerymen received nearly unlimited supplies of shells through the enormous production of munitions factories. New tactics were also developed to improve the accuracy of the guns.
Artillery shells contained high explosives, shrapnel, and, later in the war, poison gas and smoke. Both the high explosive and shrapnel shells were timed to detonate in the air above a target. High explosive shells blasted holes in the trenches and the concussion alone could kill, as lungs collapsed under the force of the explosion. Shrapnel shells were equally deadly, consisting of more than 300 rounded metal balls that exploded downward in a cone-shaped rain of whirling metal. As well, the casing of the shell was designed to explode outward, creating jagged, uneven shards of steel that tore through flesh.
By 1916, commanders believed that massive artillery shoots, involving hundreds of thousands of shells, would annihilate the enemy defenders. This would allow the infantry to punch a hole through enemy lines and restore mobility on the Western Front.
However, it was often hard to hit, and then destroy, the narrow and well-fortified trenches. The problem also lay in the shell fuses. Earlier types were not sensitive enough to explode on contact, especially with shells tasked to clear barbed wire. As a result, many of the shells exploded in the ground, killing very few of the enemy, leaving the infantry to fight their way through defences-in-depth. By the end of 1916, newer, sensitive fuses that exploded on the slightest contact harnessed the destructive power of the artillery and, equally important to the infantry, cleared barbed wire from in front of enemy trenches.
Tactics again changed during the later phases of the bloody battles of the Somme in the last half of 1916. The gunners would never be able to destroy all of the German defences, and even one machine -gunner could kill hundreds of attacking infantry. Instead, the artillery sought to suppress enemy fire through a "creeping barrage," and give their own attacking infantry enough time to cross the killing zone of nNo Mman's Lland.
Gunners fired their shells to create a "creeping" wall of fire that slowly moved forward over the enemy lines at fixed intervals: 50 yards (46 m) every couple of minutes, less for muddy ground, more for open warfare. In effect, it was a screen of fire and explosives. As this moving wall of shrapnel and high explosives chewed up the ground in its path, the infantry were told to "lean into the barrage" and stay as close as possible. Although friendly fire was expected and occurred, the casualties would still be lighter than if the creeping barrage moved off and allowed German machine -gunners, waiting in the safety of deep dugouts, to get to the top of their trenches before the infantry crossed nNo Mman's lLand.
At the Battle of Vimy Ridge in April 1917, the gunners had perfected the creeping barrage. Yet enemy gunners still took a fearful toll as they laid down their own counter-barrages to catch the follow-on waves of infantry. The enemy guns had to be stopped, or slowed, but it was exceedingly difficult to identify, target, and destroy camouflaged guns several kilometeres away.
Accurate intelligence was essential, and new and refined forms of science aided the gunners. The Canadian Corps was lucky to have Brigadier-General Andrew McNaughton, commander of the counter-battery office for much of the war, who embraced new technology and tactics. A prewar professor at McGill University, he turned to science to save his soldiers lives.
The Canadian Counter Battery Office (CCBO), established in February 1917, gathered intelligence and processed information on the enemy to assist in knocking out his guns. Aerial reconnaissance from the Royal Flying Corps (later Royal Air Force) was of great assistance as airmen photographed the front from great heights. Later in the war, observation aircraft circled the battlefield, passing real-time information to the gunners through letter drops and primitive wireless radio.
As the CCBO developed after April 1917, this information-gathering and target-selection became more sophisticated, with new technology, like sound-ranging and flash-spotting, assisting gunners to find and destroy enemy targets.
Flash-spotting involved the coordination of observers. At least three posts were needed, usually spread out along several kilometeres. When an enemy gun position was spotted by the revealing flash as the shell left the barrel, the observers were telephoned by headquarters to turn their attention to that spot. After studying the flash of the gun, the observers would hit a key that was connected to a lamp at headquarters. From the observers' bearings, and by triangulating their estimates, enemy guns could be located with high precision.
Sound-ranging worked on a similar principle. Listeners sat two kilometeres behind the line with their microphones. Additional posts were manned well ahead of these positions. As long as there was not more than one shell per second being fired, on hearing the crash of an enemy gun, the forward listening post pressed a key that started an oscillograph, an instrument that recorded on film the sound of the shell in flight as it reached each microphone in turn. The time-intervals between the microphones allowed the CCBO to analyse the information and, if conditions were optimal, pinpoint enemy guns to within twenty-five 25 yards (23 m). All available counter-battery guns would be aimed on that spot to deliver a destructive shoot of 50-100 shells. Chemical shells were also used to kill or force the enemy gunners to wear debilitating respirators that severely affected the rate of fire.
In the last year of the war, artillery had perfected the creeping barrage and was steadily improving its counter-battery work. Further tactical refinement allowed gunners to fire more complicated barrages, like a box barrage. The box barrages set up a wall of fire and explosives around an enemy position —-- usually a trench —-- which effectively isolated it from reinforcements. It allowed assaulting Canadian infantrymen to capture and consolidate a position without fear of immediate counterattack.
By war's end, 43,914 gunners had served in the Canadian artillery, and 2,565 had lost their lives from disease, injury, and battlefield wounds. They had fired tens of millions of shells, reducing the landscape to a desolate wasteland, and an estimated 60% of all wounds were inflicted by shell fire. The First World War was indeed a gunner's war.
Selected Bibliography
Cook, Tim. No Place to Run: The Canadian Corps and Gas Warfare in the First World War. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1999.
McNaughton, A.G.L. "Counter-Battery Work." Canadian Defence Quarterly 3, 4 (July, 1926).
McNaughton, A.G.L. "The Development of Artillery in the Great War." Canadian Defence Quarterly 4, 2 (January, 1929).
Nicholson, G.W.L. The Gunners of Canada: The History of the Royal Regiment of the Canadian Artillery, Vol. 1: 1534-1919 Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1967.
Rawling, William. Surviving Trench Warfare: Technology and the Canadian Corps, 1914-1918. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.
Swettenham, John. McNaughton, Volume I. Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1968.
Other Materials
Wartime Letter from Captain Bellenden S. Hutcheson
This letter is transcribed from a rough draft found in an old trunk in 1989. Probable restorations of illegible characters are enclosed in brackets.
Dear Captain Gwynn;
Replying to your first series of questions, concerning the 76th Brigade of Royal Field Artillery:
The 76th Brigade was supporting the Canadian Infantry which was holding the line in front of Vimy. The brigade consisted of four batteries of 18 pounders (field guns) and one battery of 4.5 inch Howitzers. The cover of the guns, while poor was, I suppose, as good as that usually occupied by field guns in position only a few days, and the quarters of the gun that crews were in cellars near the guns, but the shells thrown at us were eight inch, and armour piercing. At least the artillerymen said that they were armour piercing, and after viewing the effects of their explosions I was in no position to argue with them. After several dugouts had been blown in, some of the uninjured personnel set to work digging out the injured while the bombardment was in progress and it was this rescue work which was carried out under scanty or no cover.
The bombardment lasted from 1 p.m. until 10 p.m., with a few periods of lull, and was apparently counter battery work on the part of the enemy. Our guns were not in action.
As you surmise, the gun crews had taken refuge in cellars, not anticipating a bombardment of such intensity with heavy stuff. Gas shells and high explosions were intermingled. My work consisted in dressing the wounded, checking hemorrhage, giving a hypo of morphine when necessary and seeing that the injured were evacuated to the rear. The gas used that day was the deadly sweetish smelling phosgene. It was my first experience with gas in warfare and I wore a mask part of the time and instructed the men to do so whenever there was a dangerous concentration. You ask about my own reaction. It was of course very disconcerting to endeavor to dress wounded while shells were showering debris about, and the possibility of being in the next few seconds in the same plight as the terribly wounded men I was dressing, occurred to me every now and then. The whole thing seemed rather unreal, particularly when it occurred to me, busy as I was, that the killing was being done deliberately and systematically. I felt particularly sorry for the young artillery men, (and many of them were about 19) who were being subjected to the ordeal. I remember one man who had a ghastly wound which would obviously prove fatal in a short time, pleading with me, amidst the turmoil of explosions, to shoot him. Every soldier who has seen action since knows that it requires the highest type of stamina and bravery for troops to lie in a trench and take a heavy shelling without being demoralized and panic stricken, therefore I shall always remember the orderly rescue work carried on by the officers and men of the artillery in the face of the concentrated shelling that occurred that afternoon.
You ask about the work of the artillery officers. They very bravely and ably directed the men in the work of rescue and tried to keep gun crews intact as nearly as possible, in order to fire at any time, should orders to do so, be received.
During the trench tours in front of Lens, I usually had a deserted gun pit or cellar communicating with the support trench as a dressing station. The actions about the G[um] Crossin and La Coulotte, though attended by heavy casualties, were more in the nature of raids or diverting attacks, than holding attacks, therefore, I did not accompany the attacking parties. During a trench tour I stuck close to the dressing station if the enemy was active, in order to look after the injured, if things were quiet I visited the different headquarters of the platoons and companies holding the line. Going into the line was sometimes the most disagreeable part of the tour, because of the darkness, danger of getting lost, the mud, and the shelling of the roads just behind the line. The Passchendaele Campaign was carried on in a sea of mud. I have never seen a drearier sight than the salient in front of Ypres -- churned up mud with mucky shell holes and never a tree as far as the eye could reach. It was necessary to march single file on duck walk because of the mud for a distance of five or six miles when going in for a tour. We were machine-gunned and bombed from the air and subjected to a terrific shelling on the way in and nothing like a real trench system was possible, the line being held by a series of posts in shell holes. My dressing station was located beside a concrete "pill box", an old German strong point. Captain Dunlap, medical officer of the 102nd Battalion, who was later killed, shared the dressing station with me. I had never met Dunlap before and when he appeared at our rendezvous, with four days growth of black beard on his face, a torn tunic and string like remnants of puttees, he looked so much like a stage hobo that I burst out laughing in his face. He was a fine chap and we became good friends.
The stretcher bearers had a very difficult time. The whole area was subjected to continuous shelling by the enemy. The pill box afforded shelter on one side for the dressing station and sheets of camouflage and canvas formed the roof. When no wounded were coming in Dunlap and I would crawl into the pill box for greater security. We kept no enlisted personnel with us as there was literally no place where they could stand without sinking to their knees in mud and the number of wounded men was not so great but that the two medical officers could do all that could be done. When we were relieved by the medical officer of the English unit that took over; Dunlap and I, with Captain A.A. Gray, adjutant of the 75th, started back towards Ypres, over the duckwalk. The different platoons of our battalion had trickled back as they were relieved. The two way duckwalk was, as usual, shelled heavily. We were passing the Argyle and Sutherland Highlanders coming when a shell got a direct hit among them about 200 feet ahead of us. Their dead and wounded, lying in grotesque attitudes, were being cleared away by their comrades with feverish haste as we dog trotted past the smoking shell hole. We did not stop because their own medical unit was on the job, they had plenty of help and each unit was supposed to take care of its own casualties.
Regarding the citation for the Military Cross: "The open ground" mentioned consisted of the wheat fields and other flat unwooded ground through which we passed between Beaucourt and Le Quesnel on the immediate left of the Amiens-Roye road. As we advanced we were frequently under direct observation by enemy balloons directing artillery fire. When one shell landed half a dozen others were pretty sure to land in a very short time within a radius of 50 yards or so of where the first one did, consequently when the first few caused casualties they had to be attended in a shower of debris caused by the explosion of succeeding shells.
It was necessary to pass through the streets of Le Quesnel several times during the barrage in order to find the wounded who were scattered throughout the town. I supervised their collection, during lulls in the shelling in a cellar I used as a dressing station. The platoons furnished stretcher bearers. My medical section, consisting of a sergeant, corporal and two privates were with me part of the time, or were in the dressing station when I was out, or they themselves were engaged in looking for wounded.
Excerpted and reproduced with permission from Veterans Affairs Canada website http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/general/
Teaching Materials
World War I Warfare, Part A
Grade Level: Secondary 9-12
Time Allowance: 45 minutes
Films: Battle of Arras 1, 2, 3 & 4 and Canadians Advanced East of Arras 1
Summary: Students study film clips to answer questions to gain an understanding of what the war was like for the soldiers who fought it. This is the first of three related lessons.
Your Task:
Watch Battle of Arras 1, 2, 3 & 4 and Canadians Advanced East of Arras 1 and answer the questions below based upon the evidence that you see in this film excerpt. Some evidence may contradict other evidence. The captions appearing on screen are underlined in the section below. The questions are in chronological order.
Battle of Arras 1
How the Germans in their retreat blew up…
1- What did the Germans blow up to harass the Canadian advance?
a) Woods b) Canadian trenches c) Main roads
2- What two methods of transport did we use in the advance?
a) Cars and bicycles b) Trains c) Helicopters, ships
3- Canadians blew up French houses to build:
a) Trenches b) Canal banks c) Roads
An advance cyclist patrol
4- This "welcoming" was most likely shown to Canadian audiences. Why?
a) To prove we were winning b) To show our soldiers victorious c) Both a & b
A British Tommy reading the news…
5- What is 'Tommy' slang for?
a) An airplane b) A soldier c) A citizen
6- Who is listening to the news?
a) Men b) Women c) Young children
7- Where were the men of this village?
a) Working b) In prison c) In the army
A merry group
8- What message is this scene conveying to Canadian viewers about the French?
a) They don't care if they are liberated b) They dislike Canadians c) Our soldiers are welcome
Building a bridge over the Somme
9- Much of the building in World War I was done by:
a) Machines b) Factories c) Human muscle power
Another bridge over the Somme
10- Besides soldiers, what else provided much of the power to build things?
a) Electric power b) Women c) Horses
A battalion of the North Hampshire regiment
11- On this evidence, was World War I mechanized at the front lines?
a) Yes b) No
Our engineers blowing obstructions
12- What was the Somme?
a) Town b) Bridge c) River
Fruit trees ruthlessly cut down
13- What did the Germans do to French agriculture?
a) Encouraged it b) Left it c) Destroyed much of it
14- How did actions such as this influence the peace talks?
a) No effect b) Helped them c) Made the French want compensation
German observation post
15- What does this clip tell us about German soldiers? They were:
a) Brave b) Cunning c) Cowardly
Incidents in the recaptured village / French president visits / Well constructed dugouts
16- If these are evidence of "comfort," what does that tell you about World War I?
a) It was easy b) It was safe c) It was difficult and harsh
A huge crater at the crossroads
17- Why would armies blow up crossroads?
a) Minimize disruption b) Maximize disruption c) It was an accident
18- On this evidence, was it easy to pursue the Germans?
a) Yes b) Don't know c) No
Battle of Arras 2
A major commanding a gun battery
20- Transport in World War I consisted of:
a) Horses b) Trucks c) Automobiles d) All of these
21- Roads at the front were:
a) Paved b) Muddy c) Blocked with barbed wire
Various ways of supplying
22- The mud in World War I was crossed at the front by:
a) Trains b) Men and horses c) Canals
One of the difficulties
23- Why was it difficult to supply the guns?
a) Distance b) Enemy fire c) Mud
24- An important disability in World War I was:
a) Obesity b) Blindness c) Trench foot
Assisting infantry
25- Soldiers went to the front line by:
a) Truck b) Horse and cart c) Both a & b
The Pack Train
26- Feeding and watering the horses was a major problem in World War I because:
a) There were many horses to feed b) The climate was poor for wheat c) The rail system was poor
A two-seater albatross
27- What did Germany use as its symbol during World War I?
a) A cross b) Swastika c) Star
The bombardment of Vimy Ridge
28- The bombardment caused the French landscape to become:
a) Desolate b) Fertile
Battle of Arras 3
Rifles are tested / The infantry moving up / More guns used in
29- Is it easy to see the German lines?
a) Yes b) No
Gunners who have been at the front
30- What did the soldiers do to relax at the front?
a) Smoked b) Swam c) Jogged
Trench mortars
31- "No man's land" between the Germans and Canadians contained:
a) Shell holes b) Barbed wire c) Both a & b
The enemy shell a recently captured village
32- This shows that the destruction in France was:
a) Slight b) Moderate c) Considerable
And still more 9.2 howitzwers
33- The location of Canadian guns near French villages brought about:
a) Damage to those villages by German guns b) Nothing
South Africans make a raid / and bring back 3 prisoners
34-Trench warfare was:
a) Mechanized b) Based on individual soldiers
35- The effect of World War I on French communications was:
a) Slight b) Considerable
36- Rebuilding French cities would be:
a) Easy and cheap b) Difficult and expensive
Battle of Arras 4
The Bombardment
37- The shellfire in World War I battles was:
a) Enormous b) Moderate c) Slight
The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) go over the top and raid enemy trenches
38- This evidence indicates that most soldiers in World War I died from:
a) Rifle fire b) Machine guns c) Shell fire
39- Approximately 25% of the Canadian dead were never found because:
a) They were blown up b) Nobody looked for them
Fixing scaling ladders / The Hussars
40- How did soldiers climb out of trenches with their heavy packs?
a) Stone steps b) Brick steps c) Wooden ladders
41- Could cavalry have survived in the trenches?
a) Yes b) No
An observation balloon / Emergency parachute / Our airmen
42- How does the observer relay information to the ground?
a) By radio b) Flag signals c) Telephone
50- How did Canadian soldiers use the information from the observer?
a) Located targets on a map b) Shelled German positions c) Both a & b
51- How, on this evidence, were shells moved?
a) Horses b) Light railway c) Boat
52- Were men careful with heavy explosive shells?
a) Yes b) No
53- Why were light railways used near the front?
a) Insufficient horses b) Trucks were not invented yet c) Railways were more efficient.
54- What evidence is there that World War I was not hi-tech?
a) Men moved heavy shells by hand b) Horses were used extensively c) Both a & b
Canadians Advanced East of Arras 1
Christmas Greetings from Canada
55- What evidence suggests World War I was hi-tech?
a) Field guns were complex b) Men built railways to the front c) Jet engines were used
d) Both a & b
World War I Warfare, Part B
Grade Level: Secondary 9-12
Time Allowance: 45 minutes
Film Excerpt: Battle of Arras 1, 2, 3, 4 and Canadians Advance East of Arras 1
Summary: Students draw on their answers to the questions in the lesson World War I Warfare, Part A to respond to statements about the war.
Your Task:
After watching the films and answering the questions in Part A, use your answers to qualify the statements below.
|The film evidence suggests (see questions)
|1. All the destruction in France was caused by the Germans.
|Q 3 suggests
|2. French peasants did not care who won the war.
|Q 4 and 8 suggest
|3. The French "faked" much of the damage in World War I to get compensation from Germany.
|Q 9, 13, 17, 36 suggest
|4. The Canadian army often fought in kilts; Canada's equipment was outdated for this war.
|Q 20 and 55 suggest
|5. World War I was a modern war fought using up-to-date methods.
|Q 43 suggests
|6. There were very few "unknown soldiers" in WWI because most were killed near their trenches by machine-gun fire.
|Q 4 and 39 suggest
|7. Men were well trained and there were few accidents in this war.
|Q 4 and 52 suggest
|8. After the end of the war, the Canadians and British did not want to impose heavy penalties on Germany, but the French did. This was unfair.
|Q 13, 32, 35 show that France, unlike Canada or Britain,…
|9. Soldiers who survived the war were not affected by it.
|Q 38 and 39 suggest
|10. The costs of the war were not as great as earlier wars.
|Q 9, 32, 35, 43 suggest
World War I Warfare, Part C
Grade Level: Secondary 9-12
Time Allowance: 45 minutes
Films: Battle of Arras 1, 2, 3 & 4 and Canadians Advance East of Arras 1
Summary: After doing Parts A and B, students draw conclusions about the nature of the war.
Your Task:
After answering the questions in World War I Warfare, Part A, and qualifying the statements in World War I Warfare, Part B, answer the questions below.
1 . What evidence suggests that this was a traditional war similar in nature to wars in the 18th century? What other evidence suggests that it was a "hi-tech" war that used advanced methods of mass killing?
2. Explain why France, much more than Canada or Britain, wanted to exact high compensation from Germany at the Treaty of Paris, 1919.
3. List the methods of transportation used in this war. What major changes would you suggest if you were advising the generals on how to prepare for World War II? Remember that the generals do not want to waste money.
4. Did marching in straight lines, on parade, help to prepare soldiers for World War I? What training would you suggest if you had to train Canadian soldiers in 1916 to fight this war?
5. Explain why the tank and the airplane made World War II very different from the trench warfare of World War I.
6. Canadian soldiers were disciplined during the war, but were restless when they found themselves stuck in Europe after the war. Why were Canadian soldiers far more restless than British and French soldiers after the war was over?
7. Canada did not declare war on Germany but entered World War I as a colony of Britain within the British Empire. Imagine that you are advising the Canadian delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. Do you think Canada should remain subordinate to Britain in the Empire? What changes would you suggest to the Canada-Britain relationship?
8. In World War I, Canadians acquired a formidable reputation as soldiers. How did that influence the way other countries regarded Canada after 1918?


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Social Science
This major will provide you with a wide-ranging multi-disciplinary perspective because it includes six-credit hour introductions to government, history, geography, economics, and sociology. You then complete a 24- credit hour concentration in government or history. You can pursue this major while seeking a North Carolina teacher licensure, and it is especially popular with those who have a strong interest in political science or history and anticipate teaching that subject. We do recommend, however, that most teacher licensure candidates pursue the stronger history discipline major or, as an alternative, the social science major with a history concentration. This major is also popular with students who wish to minor in another field in a separate department or school.
The Campbell Approach
One key benefit of our program is the variety and number of courses and concentrations from which you can choose. More than 50% of our courses are 300-400 level — generally taught by professors with a Ph.D. — and class size averages just 20 students. Moreover, a significant number of courses are crosslisted as both government and history, enabling you to more easily minor in this area. You can enhance your classroom experiences with field trips and an impressive array of clubs and organizations that promote student interaction and leadership. These include the College Republicans, College Democrats, North Carolina Student Legislature, Mock Trial Team, and Pi Gamma Mu (social sciences honor society) and Phi Alpha Theta (history honor society). In addition, all teaching licensure candidates perform student teaching. For example if you're in the Social Science History Teaching concentration, you'll student teach for two-thirds of the final semester of your senior year at a location close to the University.


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Discover a selection of top forums gladiators shooter on the internet. Come to share your passion on forums gladiators shooter and meet other fans of gladiators shooter. Then, why don't you create your own forum of gladiators shooter ?
A place for gamers to talk about games and stuff.
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Soldiers of Honor is a gaming clan for the first-person shooter Battlefield 1942. We are a competitive clan of mature gamers and are looking for recruits to join our team!
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Soldiers of Carnage is a gaming clan for the first-person shooter Battlefield 1942. We are a new clan looking for some recruits to join us!
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Gaming Community or Warfare Gamers
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a Freelancer comunity
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Edrenium is a top down space shooter with RPG and strategy elements currently in development for PC, Mac, and Linux
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home of the gladiators
#gladiators, general, discussion
Forum for Riveter Industries, developer of games such as Witness Protection, Malus Containment, etc.
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[1st_SFOD-D] America's Army: Proving Grounds elite gaming team.
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Gladiators Clan Forum. Our encounter place. GDT - clan
empires, aoe3, gameranger, clan, #gladiators, hamachi


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I`ve been working with flyweights for about 3 years now on Shock n Awe and lately some of the fighters I have been matching have told me they would actually be able to fight at U115lbs.
So far it`s only a couple which is why I`ve not matched anyone at that weight.
I`m just wondering if there are any flyweights competing that would fight at the weight?
My email is email@example.com if you think you can fight at that weight let me know as I may be able to help you out.
Shock n Awe is the home of the midget scraps FACT, we don`t even match fight`s any heavier than Middleweight on the show but if there were a decent number of possible competitors I`d look at getting some fights hooked up.


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Recent building, any comfort, to agree to 3 keys clévacances beach in 2007 n°85MS2391 unless 10 minutes on foot by drill or the cycle track. New furniture equipped in April, 2007, tranquilizes, not of opposite. Bed 2 persons in 160 Possibility of ...
(Text automatically translated) Recent construction, away from roads in a private road close to the beaches and woods, quiet and sunny, tastefully decorated, comfortable, spacious closets, large pantry, electric towel rail, garden terrace south si...
(Text automatically translated) Well located close to small shops home ... Comfortable, neat, Discount length Large terrace 14.3 m2 north side and landscaped yard fenced for the safety of small, south side decoration: room, bedroom and living room...
(Text automatically translated) Comfortable house, ideally located, sunny, tastefully decorated bedrooms with large closets, terrace of 20 m2, near the beach and shops. You can park the car outside the house. Bicycle storage in the Annex.
(Text automatically translated) Fully fenced, ideally located, very quiet, comfortable, tastefully decorated, fully renovated, close to: beach, forest, marina. Possibility to rent bicycles.
Recent independent house on enclosed garden, 400m beach access. Quiet neighborhood shops nearby including large living room of 60m2 with equipped kitchen, 3 bedrooms with beds of 140 and 1 bed of 90, 1 bathroom, 1 shower room, toilet, garage
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Choose a rental from the world's best selection.
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More space, more privacy, no compromises.


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Alabama football will have several quarterbacks moving in on campus this week as early enrollees, but the oldest one has the most intriguing story.
27-year-old Jai Miller, formerly of Selma (Ala.) High School class of 2003 quarterback, will enroll at Alabama and begin classes on Wednesday, BamaMag.com has confirmed.
The 6-foot-4, 220-pounder will walk-on to the football team along with three-star class of 2013 signal caller Luke Del Rio. They join current scholarship signees Cooper Bateman and Parker McLeod as quarterbacks beginning their 'Bama careers this month.
Miller was drafted by the Florida Marlins in 2003, and he stuck with baseball despite signing with Stanford as a three-star quarterback that same year. Miller went on to play in the minor leagues for some time before entertaining the idea of coming home to play college football, where he will have four years of eligibility beginning in 2013.


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Theresa - from Cuyahoga Falls, OH
It depends on what kind of cake you are baking and what kind of icing you are using. For example, if you have baked a cake with cream filling or have made a homemade icing like stabilized whipped cream or cream cheese, the cake must be refrigerated. Most cakes however, can sit out at room temperature for 2-3 days. For example, traditional buttercream iced cakes.


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SAINT LEO, Fla.
- SaintLeoLions.com will be implementing CoverItLive for Wednesday's men's and women's basketball games between Saint Leo and Lynn. (Chat window below)
The CoverItLive blog is designed to provide live, up-to-date analysis and thoughts of select away events to help fans of the Green and Gold interact with scoring table personnel in ways a traditional radio or television broadcast cannot provide. It is also a great chance for fans, parents and students, to interact as the game is in progress and will have a decisively Saint Leo tone.
All participants in the CoverItLive blog are encouraged to ask moderated questions and support the Lions in a respectful manner..
In addition, Twitter and Facebook updates will be available throughout the contest, along with live stats and video courtesy of the host Lynn University Fighting Knights. All multimedia links (except for CoverItLive) can be found on the men's and women's basketball schedule page at http://www.saintleolions.com/sports/mbkb/2011-12/schedule or http://www.saintleolions.com/sports/wbkb/2011-12/schedule.
. SaintLeoLions.com will be going live with the blog at 5:15 p.m.
Basketball @ Lynn


text: This will blow your mind! As the Web Guy in charge of eight radio station websites, I see a TON of funny, stupid, raunchy, silly and disgusting things on the Internet. This is the place I will share all of it with you. You're welcome. Contact Call 504-260-0995 Email email@example.com Social


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Happy Birthday Mike Persil.
only jokes
it's London84's birthday today, yay. having been sent numerous pictures over the years I can confirm that she is the most attractive poster on CW.
Happy Birthday to you.
A short report on what you have planned would be a nice touch. no more than 250 words should be enough.


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OK Ladies, for this month's game thread, we thought it might be fun to do a game called WORD CHAIN. Here's how it works:
The object of this game is to post one word, and the next player posts a word that is somehow connected to the first word. For instance, the first person might post the word "cat." The next person might choose the word "fish." The third person could post the word "scale." The game keeps going until nobody can come up with a new word for the chain, then the last person has to come up with a new one to start a new chain. The only "rules" are that the words that are used must be in English and should not be vulgar.
However, in an effort to get this game moving, we also thought it might be fun to issue a mini-challenge along with it. Let's try to kill this thread by the 21st. That gives us just over 10 days. Please only post words for the game (we can chat on the other threads). Ready?


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after some messing around i have most if not all of the hardware on my laptop working. i am using the usb iso.
its a lenovo 3000 N100 with built in (mini pci express?) ipw3945 wireless and built in broadcom bluetooth.
onboard audio 82801G works from boot
intel 945GM onboard graffix works from boot
touchpad works from boot but is unstable if run from cd.iso or hdd install
realtek 10/100 ethernet works fine from boot
IPW3945 - sometimes works sometimes doesnt but for the most part it does.
i have most success when i do the following from clean boot:
modprobe -r iwl3945
modprobe ipwraw
giving rtap0 for listening and wifi0 for injection.
(see this thread for more information hxxp://forum.remote-exploit.org/showthread.php?t=10155&highlight=ipwraw-ng&page=3)
bluetooth is fine from boot once you start it with hciconfig
i have managed to get my Targus AMB0301EU bluetooth laser mouse to work with the following commands:
hciconfig hci0 up
place mouse in discoverable mode
hidd --search
i also use a Netgear USB wireless dongle that is detected as realtek 8225 front end and works a treat for injection while i capture with the ipw3945. i cant remember what the netgear is because i modified it a year ago and killed the stickers.
the laptop also has Ricoh R5C822 SD/SDIO/MMC/MS/MSPro built in
i activated it in BT3 beta by issuing the following:
modprobe mmc_block


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Quote:We do this sort of exercise in sanchin; see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWUVQelGbfQ.I've been able to resist standing pushing by even the strongest/heaviest guys in the gym (provided they don't lean in with a significantly larger body mass).Furthermore I've found it really doesn't matter what stance I'm in - I have the same results in shiko (horse stance). Sanchin is the best for training "grounding" however - hence its use and purpose in tma.How does it work? It has something to do with efficient posture and lowering your centre of gravity. It is not, of itself, a "combat technique", nor is it just a cheap "parlour trick". Rather it is evidence of good, basic "grounding" (ie. the ability to regulate your own balance). Good grounding is a prerequisite for applying "softer"/"internal-type" techniques (ie. those that focus on the efficient transfer of momentum rather than on power).I haven't examined it in terms of strict physics but I can see where I would start. Seems like a lot of work though.It is one of the "internal" things I do which I could, if I chose, pass off as some kind of "chi" because it has people scratching their heads. The biomechanics are not obvious. The fact that I have bent my knees to a particular point and no further, aligned my back and hips in a particular way, performed a subtle "shime" with my hips (see http://dandjurdjevic.blogspot.com/2008/09/whole-lotta-shakin-addendum.html) goes unnoticed to the untrained eye.As I say - this pushing concept is not to be applied literally. Good grounding is just a bare prerequisite to "internal" methodology.
Quote:http://www.fightingarts.com/ubbthreads/s...page=0&vc=1Victor Smith had us do something with the placement of our arms (in guard position) that made it very difficult for us to be pushed back/over. I couldn't figure out what it was, but it did work in a demo scenario. The difference in placement between working and not working was very small.
Artifacts from the Ryukyu Kingdom missing since WWII.
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Book presents photo tour of the Trans-Allegany Lunatic Asylum. A must if you're going to take a ghost tour!


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I've come to the conclusion that the ending of Tron: Legacy is like watching Star Wars when the crew of the Millenium Falcon swat away TIE Fighters after the Death Star escape... then the story ends there. No Battle of Yavin.
Wouldn't it have been cooler if both Clu 2 and Rinzler had made it to the portal, allowing for an epic martial arts conflict between Rinzler, and Sam and Quorra? I just feel that a high-energy climactic fight could have made a much better coda to the Solar Sailer journey than just the Light Jet dogfight alone. Something to ramp the action up to an explosive finish at the end. WarBlade 23:16, December 28, 2010 (UTC)


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« back to Travel Guides & Tourist Information
This World Travel Guide provides comprehensive travel information and articles about Tunisia. In the menu on the left you will find guides sorted by theme. The menu on the right side provides the table of contents for Tunisia: overview, adresses, facts, public holidays, health, accommodation, doing business, communications, getting there, getting around, travel advice and a lot more. You can also create a miniguide that you can print.


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The apparent decline of the Emperor Gum Moth (EGM), Opodiphthera eucalypti, around Victoria has been a hot topic of debate amongst entomologists and other EGM fans in the last few years.
A newly-emerged male Emperor Gum Moth.Image: Patrick HonanSource: Patrick Honan
The decline is anecdotal and as yet there is no hard evidence, but theories abound. Many people contact us noting that they don't see EGM caterpillars anymore, as they did when climbing trees as a kid. Which prompts a question in return: "When did you last climb a tree?"
Male Emperor Gum Moths have enormous feathery antennae used to detect the presence of females.Image: Patrick HonanSource: Museum Victoria
Another possibility is the demise of the introduced Peppercorn Tree (Schinus molle) in Victoria. Originally from the Peruvian Andes, Peppercorns were planted in every Victorian primary school and many parks from the 1880s to the early 1900s. EGM caterpillars, although feeding naturally on eucalypts, will also consume Silver Birch (Betula pendula) and Liquidambar (Liquidambar styraciflua), as well as Peppercorns. Victorians who went to primary school up until the 1970s would be very familiar with EGM caterpillars feeding on Peppercorns, but the trees have gradually died out or been removed until now there are very few left. Peppercorns are now considered an environmental weed.
State school children planting peppercorn trees in Carlton Gardens, just outside the now Melbourne Museum, on Arbor day, 1905.Source: Reproduced from Carlton in DPCD report by Lovell Chen
The colour of adult Emperor Gum Moths varies considerably throughout their range.Image: Patrick HonanSource: Patrick Honan
Another strong possibility is the intrinsic variation in insect populations. Many species undergo booms and busts, appearing in vast numbers one year then apparently disappearing for several years afterwards, sometimes for a decade or more. These fluctuations are usually climate related, with each species requiring an exact combination of factors (such as a mild winter and a wet summer) in a particular order to afford them a boom year. Perhaps the last couple of decades have not produced the right combination for EGMs, and they're just waiting for their number to come up.
The dreaded European Wasp. Workers tear EGM caterpillars off trees and cut them into small pieces before transporting them back to the nest.Image: Patrick HonanSource: Patrick Honan
One of the most popular theories is attack by European Wasps (Vespula germanica) on EGM caterpillars. Caterpillars are a favoured prey of European Wasps, and they can do enormous damage when present in large numbers. However, somewhat ironically, after reaching plague proportions in the 1980s and 90s, wasp populations have dropped dramatically in the last 15 years or so, again for no discernible reason other than a possible combination of environmental factors.
An Emperor Gum Moth caterpillar feeding on Eucalyptus species.Image: Patrick HonanSource: Patrick Honan
In the end, any decline of EGMs probably comes down to habitat loss. The number of host gum trees has steadily reduced in urban areas in particular, but also in suburban areas and even rural towns. If fewer trees are available, there will naturally be fewer caterpillars. So if you're missing these iconic caterpillars, the best strategy is to plant a gum tree.
Young EGM caterpillars look very different to older caterpillars, but their presence is a possible sign of a healthy local environment.Image: Patrick HonanSource: Patrick Honan
But these theories are, at this stage, pure speculation. EGMs are still around, if you know where to look. A Museum Victoria Bioscan at Wilson's Promontory in 2011 attracted hundreds of EGM adults (as well as the closely related Helena Gum Moth, Opodiphthera helena) to light traps at night. And just last month, a dozen EGM caterpillars were on display in the Forest Gallery at Melbourne Museum. Plans are underway to assess the extent of the EGM decline in Victoria, so stay tuned for further developments.
Further reading:
Coupar, P. & Coupar, M., 1992, Flying Colours – Common Caterpillars, Butterflies and Moths of South-Eastern Australia, NSW University Press, 119pp.
Common, I.F.B., 1990, Moths of Australia, Melbourne University Press, 535pp.
Zborowski, P. & Edwards, T., 2007, A Guide to Australian Moths, CSIRO Publishing, 214pp.
Hi Pen - There are two types of insect larvae that bear the common name of Spitfires, but neither includes Emperor Gum caterpillars.
The insects most popularly known as Spitfires are Sawfly larvae, which form black masses on the branches of gum trees during winter. These develop into stout, wasp-like adults that are rarely seen. Sawfly larvae vomit a brown liquid when disturbed, but are otherwise harmless.
Cupmoth caterpillars are also known as Spitfires. These are small, colourful caterpillars with rosettes of stinging spines at each corner. They feed on gum leaves, sometimes occurring in large numbers during summer, and develop into drab brown moths.
Hi Juan,
Dr Angus Martin first observed this behaviour in The Victorian Naturalist in 1995, making the point that there are no leaf curling spiders in Europe, so this is a strategy developed by wasps after reaching Australia. They enter the shelter, cut the spider's legs off and carry the body back to the nest to feed the larvae. We have no idea what impact this has on spider populations as no further research has been carried out, but we can assume that in summers where wasp populations are high, the impact would be significant.
Martin, A., 1995, The Wasp and the Spider, The Victorian Naturalist, 112(4), p.117.
There are many reasons for species decline, particularly in urban areas - loss of habitat, competition from introduced species, excessive predators, lack of suitable food, chemicals, and so on. Where the conditions are suitable, Emperor Gum Moths are still common but these localities are much fewer than in previous years, most notably due to the loss of the introduced Peppercorns (Schinus molle) from around Victoria. More research is certainly needed into the changing populations of this and other native animal species.
Hi Christopher, Emperor Gum Moths (Opodiphthera eucalypti), like most moth caterpillars, are heavily parasitised by parasitic wasps and flies. Adult parasites lay their eggs on the caterpillars and the eggs hatch into larvae which feed on the caterpillars from the inside. The caterpillar continues to develop and eventually forms a cocoon, and it's only then that the parasites themselves pupate inside the EGM and emerge as adult wasps and flies. EGM caterpillars can often be seen with small white dots just behind the head – the eggs of the parasites. European Wasps (Vespula germanica) are a social species and do not parasite caterpillars, although they do prey on them and can apparently take a heavy toll.
The parasitic wasps and flies usually emerge from the EGM cocoon rather than beside it, and it's usually difficult to detect them without opening up the cocoon. The situation you describe may be something different entirely – it may help if you can send photos.
EGM populations vary greatly from year to year, sometimes feeding on their native host plants and sometimes on the introduced ones (such as Peppercorn Trees, Schinus molle). In one year they may be abundant in any particular location and then may be absent for many years, becoming abundant in other areas. The presence of parasites may have something to do with this, but environmental and many other factors probably also play a role.
Hi Dave, good question, as noted in the article above there are a number of possibilities as to why Emperor Gum Moth populations may be declining in some areas. We couldn't find any direct studies of the introduced Common or Indian Myna predating on the Emperor Gum Moth. The Birds in Backyards website says 'Common Mynas are accomplished scavengers, feeding on almost anything, including insects, fruits and vegetables, scraps, pets' food and even fledgling sparrows.' If this pest species can feed on fledgling sparrows I can't see that an Emperor Gum Moth would pose much of a problem.
We love receiving comments, but can't always respond.
Updates on what's happening at Melbourne Museum, the Immigration Museum, Scienceworks, the Royal Exhibition Building, and beyond.
Hi there Arno,
We also sailed from Bremerhafen, left in October 59, fremantle, Melbourne to Bonagila. Alfred and Edelgard Dostal and 3 Children Bernhard, Lotha...
To read the latest tweets from @museumsvictoria
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BRIDGET MADIGAN. Can anyone provide more information on Bridget from Kilrush. She arrived on the Pemberton in 1849 and worked in Little Collins St for 3 years. ...


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Undead Monica Murphy and Bill Wasik, Wired The rabies virus remains a medical mystery.
The critters resemble the gopher from Caddyshack… if it had rabies.
On a special episode of The Tyra Banks Show, Tyra dabbles in some dark comedy by pretending to have rabies.
Remember when everyone was shrieking at each other like wild banshees with rabies on those early seasons of The Real World?
His greatest practical triumph was undoubtedly with regard to hydrophobia, or, as it is more properly called, rabies.
Therefore he followed with rabies the method that he had followed with anthrax.
Tom Blair's teeth ground each other like those of a dog with rabies.
A guinea-pig inoculated in the eye 26th May was seized with rabies 10th September.
To-day men of science are trying to conquer the horrors of cancer and smallpox, and rabies and consumption.
The form that rabies take in rabbits may fairly be called painless.
1590s, from Latin rabies "madness, rage, fury," related to rabere "be mad, rave" (see rage (v.)). Sense of "extremely fatal infectious disease causing madness in dogs" was a secondary meaning in Latin. Known hydrophobia in humans.
rabies ra·bies (rā'bēz)
An infectious, highly fatal viral disease of warm blooded animals that attacks the central nervous system; symptoms include excitement, aggressiveness, and dementia, followed by paralysis and death.
A usually fatal infectious disease of warm-blooded animals caused by a virus of the genus Lyssavirus that causes inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. It is transmitted by the bite of an infected animal, such as a dog or bat and can be prevented in humans by a vaccine. See Note at hydrophobia.
An acute disease, caused by a virus, which attacks the central nervous system and results in paralysis and death if not treated promptly. Rabies is transmitted to humans by the bite of an animal infected with the disease.


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Bookmark this site
DENVER -- Mother Parkers Tea & Coffee Inc. has entered into an agreement to invest up to $8.25 million in Marley Coffee.
Under the terms of the agreement, Mother Parkers will acquire 7,333,529 units at $0.3409 per unit (each consisting of one share of common stock and one warrant to purchase one share of common stock) for $2.5 million, which represents an approximately 7% interest in Marley Coffee.
Denver-based Marley Coffee may receive up to an additional $3.75 million upon the exercise of warrants. In addition, Mother Parkers will provide $2 million in marketing funds over the next two years to promote the Marley brand in the United States and Canada.
Ontario-based Mother Parkers produces Marley Coffee in its RealCup capsules, which are designed for use with K-Cup-compatible brewers. Mother Parkers is also Marley's Canadian foodservice provider and brings its coffee to market in key retail accounts across Canada.
Marley Coffee chairman and founder Rohan Marley said most of the cash infusion from Mother Parkers will go toward reinforcing the company's brand and increasing product turn.
Mother Parkers will also receive a seat on the to-be-formed board of advisors of Marley Coffee to help shape the company's growth.
Rohan Marley will become the lead ambassador for WaterWise, Mother Parkers' environmental sustainability project, which seeks to improve the living conditions and water filtration systems in the Sidamo area of Ethiopia, a coffee growing region from which Marley Coffee sources its coffee beans.