text:
From Windows to MEPIS
From MEPIS Documentation Wiki
This document is based on From Windows to MEPIS: A Windows user's guide to MEPIS by Alan D. Moore, accessed April 23, 2007. The MEPIS community is grateful to the author for permission to transform his work into a Wiki document. Citations of this Wiki document should read: "MEPIS Wiki Contributors. 'From Windows to MEPIS,' http://www.mepis.org/docs/index.php/Windows_MEPIS, based on the From Windows to MEPIS: A Windows Users Guide to MEPIS by Alan D. Moore. Accessed (supply date)."
Welcome to the land of MEPIS and Linux! Like many new Linux users, you probably have a good bit of experience using Microsoft Windows, and you're not sure what to expect from this new operating system.
In years past, the learning curve for Linux was steep, with a user culture populated mostly by hobbyists, programmers, and self-styled "hackers"; as a result, it gained a certain reputation as being only good for servers, or requiring advanced computer knowledge just to do simple things.
Times have changed, however, and these days desktop-oriented Linux distributions such as MEPIS provide a friendly environment that smooths out the transition and provides a desktop that even new computer users can operate. In the words of MEPIS creator Warren Woodford, MEPIS was designed to be "easy to try, easy to install, and easy to use."
Even so, without some grounding in the fundamentals of Linux, especially in the areas where it differs from Windows, many newcomers quickly become frustrated and give up on Linux before they really get a chance to use it. With that in mind, this orientation was written to help Windows users migrate smoothly to MEPIS by highlighting the major differences you will encounter.
The right frame of mind
A different tool requires a different approach
Suppose you are a carpenter, and a pretty good one at that. Despite your experience, though, you've only ever used a hammer and nails to fasten boards together. You're pretty good with a hammer and nails, so that it only takes you one or two hammer blows to drive a nail perfectly. Now suppose that someone tells you about woodscrews, and how much better they are for holding boards together. So you decide to try them out: You get some woodscrews and a power screwdriver. You set the woodscrew against the board and start whacking its head with the screwdriver in an attempt to nail it into the board. As most of us know, this approach isn't going to put the woodscrew very far into the board, and you're likely to break your screwdriver in the process.
Screws and nails are used to accomplish the same basic task: attaching two pieces of wood together. However, they differ greatly in design, and therefore in method of operation. If you try to treat a screw like a nail, or a screwdriver like a hammer, the results will be unsatisfactory and unfruitful. The same could be said of Linux and Windows; both are designed to accomplish similar tasks, but because they are designed differently, they each require a different method of operation.
When you try out Linux, you cannot expect to work with it the same way that you worked with Windows and get good results. Some of your skills with Windows will transfer to Linux, but many will not. If you try to operate a Linux system exactly like you operated Windows (especially if you are an advanced user), chances are your efforts will end in frustration and possibly a broken system; and if you judge Linux solely on how much it is or isn't like Windows, you are likely to be disappointed. The best approach is to put aside your assumptions, follow the recommended practices, and try to get a handle on how the system is designed to be used.
Some practical advice
Enough with the analogies, here are some practical points:
- Try it on a decent computer: Linux has earned a reputation for working well on older hardware, and many people have used it to give a "second life" to an older computer running an unsupported legacy OS. Even so, it isn't going to work miracles; if your hardware is defective, broken, or extremely old, MEPIS will likely perform poorly and leave you unimpressed. The MEPIS website recommends an absolute minimum of 128 MB of RAM and 2.5 GB of hard drive space to use MEPIS with at least a Pentium II processor, though it cautions that these figures will give very poor results. It also states that MEPIS will give you about the same level of performance you'd get from Windows XP on the same hardware.
- Don't judge by the live CD: The live CD, which allows you to run a live MEPIS session from a CD without actually installing, gives you a great way to get a glimpse of the look and feel of MEPIS and see the kinds of applications you can run on it. But it is not truly representative of an actual install; there are some things that won't work properly from the live CD, and more importantly the performance of the live CD desktop is awful compared to an actual hard drive install, especially on older machines. Remember: in a Live session everything is being run from RAM or by being read from the CD. Since the maximum Data Transmission rate from even a 52x CD-ROM drive can be as little as 10% of the speed of a modern ATA-100 Hard Disk Drive. . .well, bear these things in mind before passing judgment.
- It might not work 100% on your machine: Linux hardware compatibility has come a long way. Most hardware should give at least basic functionality in Linux and be perfectly usable. But there are still problem areas; some hardware requires extra tweaking or configuration, and some hardware doesn't work at all. A lot of that depends on the co-operation of the hardware manufacturer. We'll discuss some of the most common difficulties later on.
- Start with the basics: It's amazing how many new Linux users start out by trying to run Windows software in "Wine" or compiling software from source code to get the latest versions. Start out slow, stick to the preinstalled software or software from the repositories, and try to get a feel for this new OS without trying to modify the system too much. Please —take some time to find out what MEPIS can do well before trying to make it do things it might not do well.
If you want to buy a stereo system, you have two basic options: an integrated system, or a component system. An integrated system comes with everything in one chassis: CD player, tuner, speakers, amplifier, equalizer, etc. It may have additional inputs for things like an mp3 player or turntable, but essentially it's a closed system: you can't swap out the equalizer for one with more bands, you can't trade out the CD player for an MP3 CD player, etc. A component system, on the other hand, allows you to do just that: you can replace components that you don't like, or leave out components that you don't need. You can even add exotic pieces like a DAT player or reel-to-reel if you require them, as long as the right inputs and outputs are present.
Windows is, in many ways, like an integrated stereo system. It comes prepackaged with all the basic parts; while you can add software to it, you can't really mess much with the basic system. You can install Firefox or Mozilla, but you can't really remove Internet Explorer and replace it with one of them; you can't rip out Windows Explorer and replace it with the Windows 3.1 desktop.
Linux, on the other hand, is like a component system. You can add, remove, or replace any piece of software on the system, from the very lowest level operating system components to the desktop environment or core applications. This is why Linux has always been considered ideal for customized solutions or for those who like to tinker. Of course, doing so requires a bit of knowledge, and many people are content to have a system that "just works," with or without the options.
MEPIS gives you the best of both worlds; although it still allows you the option of customizing your system to your heart's content, everything you need to have a complete operating system is preinstalled and configured. As you become a more experienced Linux user, you may find yourself removing parts of the OS you don't use, installing tools that make certain tasks easier, or replacing components to create an environment more suited to your needs or your computer's hardware. In the meantime, it's only important that you understand that MEPIS is simply one combination of components that have been packaged together for convenience; other versions of Linux, or even another user's customized version of MEPIS, may contain very different components.
The command line and the GUI
Command Line Interface (left) and Graphical User Interface (right)
To most Windows users, the command line interface or CLI is a relic of the past that died with DOS; the mere suggestion of interacting with a computer via typed commands tends to inspire everything from revulsion to outrage in many new Linux users. Yet the command line interface remains alive and well. It is a powerful tool with decades of development and user experience behind it, augmented by a wide selection of command line applications and utilities that allow you to do everything from system updates to CD burning. Nearly anything you can do through a graphical user interface or GUI can be done with greater speed and flexibility through the command line, and eventually even average users find ways to exploit its power.
If you remain unconvinced, however, don't despair; MEPIS is made for you. MEPIS has a complete graphical user interface with icons, buttons, menus, windows, and everything else you expect from a modern computer system. You can install, administrate, and use MEPIS without ever touching a command line. The power of the command line is still there if you wish to use it, but it is completely optional.
Just bear in mind, as you interact with more experienced Linux users (especially if you are asking for technical help), you are likely to see a lot of command line usage going on. You may even be expected to run some commands yourself, if someone is helping you troubleshoot a problem. This is not a reflection on MEPIS's capacity to be administrated graphically, but simply a deeply entrenched part of Linux user culture--which, despite criticism, is not going to change anytime soon.
Configuration Files
When you change a setting on your Windows computer, such as the color of your desktop or the network address of your computer, that data is stored in the Windows "registry". The Windows registry is a database that holds almost every bit of configuration data on your Windows operating system. It is made up of binary files that can only be read from or written to by special software such as your control panel applets or regedit.exe.
Linux does not have a "registry". Instead, nearly all the configuration information on your system is stored in discrete, human-readable text files. These files are usually referred to as "config files" or "conf files". In the "old days", administering a Linux system was largely a matter of editing text files; even now, the slick graphical tools we have for administering MEPIS are doing little more than making changes to text files which knowledgeable users could just as well edit directly. As a new user you probably won't be hacking into any configuration files just yet, but it's important to keep this difference in mind as you learn more about Linux.
Like all Linux distributions, MEPIS is case-sensitive. This means that "MEPIS.txt" and "Mepis.TXT" are not the same file, and "FireFox" is not the same command as "firefox". For "point-and-click" users, this generally isn't an issue, but it's important to be aware of, especially if you use the command-line at all.
The filesystem
Basic file system structure
One of the first problems many new Linux users struggle with is how the file system works. If you have been looking around your MEPIS system trying to find the "C:\" drive or "A:\" drive, you are searching in vain. Linux handles storage media very differently.
On your Windows computer, each drive or partition receives a letter, like "C." The toplevel directory on C is C:\ this is called the "root" of C. Under that root directory, there are various subdirectories and subdirectories of subdirectories branching out into a tree structure we call the file system of C. Each device contains its own file system.
On Linux, there is only one file system, and its root is labeled simply "/". When a storage device is added to the system, it is attached to a directory or subdirectory of the file system; this is called mounting a drive or device, just as you might mount a trophy or picture to your wall. When you mount a disk to a folder on the system, every file or folder under that folder is stored on that disk. By default, new devices are usually mounted under the /mnt or /media directories (for instance a floppy drive might be mounted to /media/floppy), but in reality they can be mounted anywhere in the file system.
The advantages of doing things this way may not be immediately apparent, but think about this situation: you have a relatively small hard drive in your system, and you find that it is filling up with pictures and other files. You go out to the store and buy a second hard drive and install it in your system. In Windows, the disk might show up as D:\ or E:\ (whatever the next free letter is, usually), and you're going to have to copy your files over to it and remember to put new files on the new drive from now on. In Linux, you would install the disk, copy your home directory to it, then mount the disk as your home folder. After that, you would carry on just as before, without having to think about the fact that a second hard drive is involved. It's just that suddenly your old home directory will have a lot more room! A schematic representation of such a situation would look like this:
MEPIS has several directories right under the root of the file system. These directories are based on the Unix standard, which you can read about in detail at Filesystem Heirarchy Standard. As a new user, there are only a few you need to keep in mind.
By far the most important to you is the /home directory. Under /home, each user on the system has a sub-directory, called the user's home directory By default this directory is the only one on the system in which you can save or edit files as an ordinary user. Everything about your user account, from your desktop background to your email messages, is saved somewhere in your home folder. This may seem restricting at first, as Windows users are used to being able to put files anywhere on the system they want to. However, keeping all your files, folders and settings in one directory makes it very easy to back up all your data. And if you were to accidentally download a virus or other malware, it is unable to plant itself in a vital file or system directory. Without any antivirus program, it is already, automatically in a semi-quarantine!
The next folders you want to know, which I've already mentioned, are /mnt or /media. Removable devices, such as floppy drives, CD's and USB drives, show up under /media when you attach them to the system. Additional hard drive partitions (such as your Windows partitions, if you are dualbooting) show up under /mnt by default.
Finally, the /etc folder is where all your configuration files are stored. You can think of it as the Linux equivalent of the Windows registry. If a program has global or default settings that can be adjusted, you will find the appropriate file for it under /etc.
By the way, most of your program files are stored in /usr, in the subdirectory /usr/bin.
For more information, see here.
Users and security
Accounts and permissions
Somewhat like Windows NT, which was developed at about the same time in the early 1990's, and the more recent operating systems Windows 2000, XP, and Vista, Linux is an account based operating system. This means that every program that runs on the system does so under the credentials of a specific user account. If a user "Bob" logs in and launches a web browser, the web browser is running on Bob's account. If user "Mary" logs in and launches the same program, it is then running with Mary's credentials. No program can run without an account to run under, and no program running under a given account can do more to the system than what that account has been given permission to do. If Mary's user account does not have permission to save data to one of Bob's folders, no program Mary runs will be able to do so, either.
To simplify the management of multiple user accounts, these systems also have groups. A group is simply a collection of permissions and restrictions that can be applied to a user; for instance, being a member of a "no_internet" group would restrict you from accessing the Internet.
As noted, newer versions of Windows operate on this principle as well (3.1, 95, 98, and ME did not); in theory Linux and Windows operate mostly the same in this respect. However, in practice, there is a big difference. Most people set up their Windows user account as a member of the administrator group, meaning that their regular user account has unlimited privileges on the system (in fact, the user account you create in the setup wizard for Windows XP defaults to an administrator account — with no password!).
On Linux, there is only one administrative account. It is called "root", and it should only be used for doing system administration and special low-level tasks. Do not operate your system as root for normal tasks! Doing so undermines the whole security model of Linux.
Because we do need to run programs with root privileges —for tasks like installing software or editing global configurations, for example— Linux provides us with ways of running programs with root credentials without having to be fully logged in as root. The methods you will encounter in MEPIS include:
- su: This command is used on the command line to switch to another user account within a terminal session. You can specify the user account, or specify no user account to become root, and fill in the root password when prompted..
- kdesu: This command is used for running graphical programs as root in KDE. To run a program with root credentials, you would type "kdesu programname" and fill in the root password when prompted.
- Administrator Mode: In the system configuration tools, you may notice a button at the bottom of the page on some configuration screens that says "Administrator Mode." Typically, if a setting involves global changes to the system, such as adding a printer or setting the network settings, you need to have root privileges to do this. Just press the button and enter your root password.
- Note: Sudo is not used in MEPIS, though it is the preferred means of gaining root privileges in some other Linux distributions, including Ubuntu, which uses sudo exclusively, and not su.
One point that confuses many users: when running a program as root, any user-specific configurations that you do will be configured for the root user. If you later run the program as a normal user, you will no longer have your specific configurations. For example, if you were to run the KDE settings utility as root and changed the desktop settings, the changes would affect root's desktop, not yours.
It's tempting for many new Linux users who are used to Windows to want to try to disable as many of these security measures as they can, and make their user as close to "administrator" as Linux will allow, because this is common practice on Windows. This sort of thing should be avoided as much as possible. There is rarely any good reason to have administrative privileges for regular use in a properly designed system (which we like to think Linux is). And just a little education in Linux will show you how to do anything you need to do, without such carelessness.
Antivirus, firewalls, and other security software
For many people, the switch to Linux is motivated by problems they've had with viruses or malware in Windows. If this is part of your reason, you are probably interested in getting some antivirus, antimalware, and antiintrusion software going on your MEPIS system. Fortunately for you, MEPIS repos have excellent antivirus and firewall applications. There are veritable gigabytes of debate on the web about what the future holds for Linux viruses, and whether the increasing popularity of the platform will prompt more viruses to be written for it. What is beyond debate, however, is the current state of affairs on viruses and malware for Linux: there are virtually none to concern yourself about. There are a handful of known Linux viruses, but many of them are no more than proof-of-concept programs that never left the lab. The remainder largely depend on exploits limited to certain programs or distributions, most of which have now been patched. Malware such as spyware or adware is not known to exist on Linux.
Commercial software companies have made a fortune selling security as a product; but there is an old adage that every security professional knows: "security is not a product, it's a process." In other words, keeping your computer secure is not a question of what antivirus or antimalware products you buy, or even whether you use Linux or Windows; it's a question of using your computer securely. Where Linux excels over Windows is in providing us with tools and environments more conducive to good security practices, i.e., tools that can be scaled to the knowledge and experience of the user.
What are these practices? As mentioned above, user security is vital; making limited use of the root account and password goes a long way toward keeping your computer secure. But here are a few more:
- Use your firewall to block incoming and outgoing programs that you don't use.
- Remove or disable network aware programs that you don't use.
- Download software only from legitimate, trusted sources (the repositories are a good start).
- Keep your computer behind a router (which creates a private subnet), even if it's the only computer in the house.
- Don't follow links in spam emails.
- If someone using your computer doesn't follow good practices, limit their administrative access.
If some of these terms don't make sense to you and you need more help with staying secure, see Getting_Help. Good security on any operating system requires a certain amount of technical knowledge, but fortunately MEPIS is fairly secure by default.
Using software
Applications in MEPIS
Depending on what software you used in Windows, you may or may not see any familiar applications the first time you log in to MEPIS. Although few well known commercial applications are published for Linux, a rich selection of free alternatives are available for easy installation (see the next section). MEPIS even comes with many commonly used applications preinstalled and configured.
The following chart shows some common Windows software and the closest preinstalled MEPIS equivalents; more information is available here. For a more extensive list of open source alternatives, check Open Source as Alternative.
|Windows application
|MEPIS equivalent(s)
|Internet Explorer
|Web browsing
|Firefox, Konqueror
|Windows Explorer
|File browsing
|Outlook Express
|Email client
|Thunderbird, Kmail
|Personal information manager
|Windows Media Player
|Audio/Video player
|Amarok, Kaffeine
|Microsoft Office
|Office suite
|MSN messenger, AIM, YIM
|Instant messaging
|Gaim, Kopete
|Torrent client
|KTorrent, Azureus
Keep in mind that these programs are not "drop-in" replacements for their Windows counterparts; they are equivalent alternatives, so expect to do a little relearning and readjusting of your work flow (remember that woodscrew analogy?).
Windows Applications in MEPIS
Despite the wide array of available free software for Linux, many new and experienced users find that there are Windows programs they simply can't replace with Linux compatible alternatives. There are a few different approaches to dealing with this situation:
- Dual Boot: You can set up Linux and Windows on the same computer, selecting the OS you want to use when you start the computer. The downside of this is that you have to reboot every time you want to go back and forth between your Windows software and your Linux software. For more information, see Dual-Boot System
- Wine and its derivatives: Wine is a program that provides Windows-compatible software with a fake Windows environment to run in. Wine is not very easy to set up, and the results are often disappointing (if you even get results). Still, it typically works great for smaller, older applications that don't need to deal directly with your hardware. Wine is free, but there are several commercial derivatives that add user friendly features and extended compatibility with certain types of Windows Software. Cedega (which is designed for games) and Crossover Office (designed for productivity applications) are two leading products.
- Virtual Computing: One of the newest solutions to the Windows software dilemma is to simply run Windows on a virtual computer inside your Linux install. It requires a relatively powerful computer with lots of memory, but when set up properly you can run Windows in a window on your desktop and have instant access to your old software. For more information see this software list.
Installing software
Using APT/Synaptic
When you install software from the Internet on Windows, you typically go to some download website, download the software, unzip it, run some kind of installer program, go through a wizard, click a bunch of "next" or "OK" or "yes" buttons, then your software is installed. Not so bad, especially if you only have one or two programs downloaded from the web.
But on Linux the vast majority of your software is downloaded from the web, even things like your desktop environment and kernel. So in order to keep track of it all, MEPIS uses a system called APT. With the APT system, you don't have to go to websites or download packages by hand; using either a command line or the graphical application Synaptic, you can find, select, install, and upgrade all the software on your system. Both ways work. Once you get used to it, the command line is faster, but Synaptic tends to be better for general searches and is ofen easier for the beginner. In either case, a kind of background check is made on every package you install, making sure you have all the required support software to run a given program, checking the packages to make sure they haven't been tampered with or corrupted, and ensuring that you are getting the latest versions available for your OS.
Installing software with Synaptic is a simple point-and-click procedure. When you launch Synaptic, you are presented with a massive list of software packages that you can install. All of the software packages listed are located on special Web servers called repositories; you can download the latest list by clicking the "Reload" button. Once you've done this, you can locate software you want to install using the search feature, or by browsing through category sections like games or graphics. When you find a package you want, simply right-click it, select "Mark for installation" and hit "OK". When you are done marking packages, then click the check mark on the main menu. A dialog box comes up with a warning, ignore it and hit "Apply," Synaptic automatically downloads the package and any necessary support packages and installs them. For more information about APT and repositories, see this Wikipedia article.
Other methods
Of course, not every software title you might like to run is in an online APT repository; or you might want a newer version than the one available through Synaptic. There are several other methods of installing software on MEPIS which vary in difficulty; see Installing software for more detail.
- Automatix: Automatix is a tool that automates some of the trickier installs that can't be done through synaptic, or require some non-standard repositories to be added.
- Deb packages: The software packages installed through APT are in a format called "deb" (short for "Debian", the Linux distribution that came up with APT). You can manually install deb packages using the command-line tool dpkg, or the graphical tool Kpackage. Keep in mind that installing deb packages this way does not automatically take care of dependencies like APT does.
- RPM packages: Some distributions of Linux use the RPM packaging system (short for RedHat Package Manager, developed by RedHat Linux, of course). RPM packages are similar to deb packages in many ways, and there is a command-line program available on MEPIS to convert RPM packages to debs called alien.
- Source code: Any open-source program can be compiled from source if there is no other option. In ideal circumstances this is actually a pretty simple operation, but sometimes you can run into errors that require a little more skill to sort through. Source is usually distributed as a tarball.
- Miscellaneous: Many software developers package software in their own custom ways, usually distributed as tarballs or zip files. They may contain setup scripts, ready-to-run binaries, or binary installer programs similar to Windows "setup.exe" programs. In Linux, such programs often end in *.bin.
Synaptic can also be used to upgrade your system. This works similarly to the "Windows Update" system you used in Windows, except that it not only updates your OS but all the software on your system (at least, all the software you installed through Synaptic).
To upgrade, open Synaptic, click "Reload" to get the latest package information from the server, then click "Mark all upgrades". You can also click the "Sections" button at the bottom of the window and check out the software in the "Installed (upgradeable)" section. Sometimes, Synaptic will not automatically mark an upgrade if the upgrade requires additional operations (which you might not want it to do), such as installing or removing other packages. You can manually mark these for upgrade to see what additional changes are required.
Since MEPIS 6.0, most users agree that upgrades are pretty safe and shouldn't cause problems on your system. However, as a general rule, you should be cautious of upgrades that involve the following:
- Kernel or driver upgrades (packages like "linuximage2.6.x.x.", or "modules2.6.x.x")
- Upgrades to the GUI engine (anything that says "xorg" in the name)
- Upgrades to KDE (usually says "kdebase" or "kdelibs")
- Upgrades that involve significant changes in version number (e.g, 4 to 5, or 4.2 to 4.5).
Before doing such upgrades, you may want to consult the MEPIS forums to see if anyone has had problems with them.
Problems to expect
By far the hardest and most problematic part of switching to Linux is getting it installed and set up. Granted, MEPIS has probably the easiest and friendliest installation process in the history of operating systems, but there are still some pitfalls to watch out for. If you have a computer made up of 100% Linux compatible parts and you plan to devote 100% of the hard drive to Linux, you should have no problems. But most Linux installations are complicated by two factors: 1). installing on hardware that is not completely Linux-compatible, and 2). wanting to dualboot with Windows.
Hardware issues
The four big hardware trouble spots are wireless networking, dialup modems, laptop power management, and 3D acceleration for video.
- Wifi: Support for wireless network cards is good in MEPIS 6.5, but because the technology itself is in a rapid state of development, Linux developers have not always been able to keep up or get the information they need to write drivers. Fortunately, if your card doesn't have a Linux driver, MEPIS includes a utility called ndiswrapper which can translate the Windows drivers for use in Linux. MEPIS also has good support for some forms of wireless security. See Adjust the wireless connection for more.
- Modems: Many cheap, onboard or PCI modems are of a variety known as softmodems or winmodems; these are not true hardware modems, as they rely on software to do a lot of the work for them. Unfortunately, the software involved is in some cases proprietary and only works on Windows. MEPIS 6.5 now has good support for a number of these winmodems, but they can still be finicky and not all features may work. If you have trouble with your onboard modem, you might get counseled to get a hardware modem, which usually means a stand-alone serial modem. All stand-alone serial modems communicate using a standardized command set that works with any OS platform; if you must use dialup, they are highly recommended.
- Laptop power management: Due to lack of standardization in laptop hardware, MEPIS may require some additional tweaking to get the hibernate (AKA suspendtodisk) and suspend (AKA suspendtoRAM) features working correctly on your laptop. You can usually find help for your particular laptop model at LInuxonlaptops.
- Video: If you have an Intel or newer S3 graphics card, MEPIS usually provides 3D acceleration "out of the box." If you have an Nvidia or ATI graphics card, MEPIS includes a special tool to install the proprietary drivers for these cards. If you have some other type of card, you can probably get good video for basic operations, but 3D acceleration is probably not going to happen.
Keep in mind, Linux hardware support is in a rapid state of improvement. If you are not running the latest version of MEPIS and having hardware troubles, it is highly recommended that you try a newer version.
Dual booting issues
Generally speaking, installing an operating system on a computer is simply not an easy task; setting up two operating systems on your computer is even less so. It involves knowing a bit about hard drives, file system types, master boot records, and other technical concepts. Setting up your computer to dualboot with Linux typically involves doing some things to Windows that Windows was not designed to sustain. For instance, you will probably have to resize your Windows partition, which in most cases fills the entire hard drive; or, you might have to overwrite the master boot record (MBR), which is the part of your hard drive that tells the computer where to find the operating system.
Fortunately, Linux developers have put a lot of work into simplifying and stabilizing the process; MEPIS boasts one of the most user-friendly installation wizards around. What's more, you can find some excellent guides to help you install Linux in a variety of scenarios at the MEPIS Guides website. Whatever you do, you're strongly recommended to back up all your important data and programs before installing MEPIS, as it could potentially destroy your Windows installation. For more, see Dual-Boot System
Getting help
Built-in documentation
Nearly every command, program, or configuration file in MEPIS has some form of built-in documentation. Just as in Windows, most graphical programs have a Help menu with a link to the program's user manual; this can also be called up by hitting the F1 key (just as in Windows). There are, however, a few other methods of getting help:
- man pages: man pages (short for: manual pages) are the most venerable form of help documentation, dating back to the early days of Unix. They are generally used for documenting command line programs, configuration files, and the command line options of graphical programs. Man pages can be read at the command line using the command "man programname", or in Konqueror by entering the address "man:/programname".
- info pages: "info" is very similar to "man", but is slightly newer and has more features than man. Even so, it is not as commonly used, and generally if a command has an info page the same text will be copied into a man page. You can view info pages at the command line with "info programName", or in Konqueror by entering the address "info:/programName".
- KDE handbooks: The help files for KDE programs are referred to as handbooks; they are usually available from the help menu in the programs, but can also be accessed directly through Konqueror, by entering "help:/programname" in the address bar.
Internet help
For the various sources of help with MEPIS, start with the information on the Community page. Advice on using etiquette and asking effective questions can be found in Getting help.
What next?
Hopefully you have taken in more than enough information to get you started using MEPIS Linux. If you haven't done so already, here are a few recommended steps for getting started with MEPIS:
- Install it! Buy or download the latest MEPIS live CD image from MEPIS home page, and install it on your computer. For directions on how to do this, see Getting and installing MEPIS.
- Read the manualFor the release of MEPIS 7.0, the MEPIS user community got together and produced an excellent, practical guide for installing, configuring, and using MEPIS. You can find a link to it on your MEPIS 7.0 desktop, or point Konqueror to /usr/share/mepis-manual/en/index.html. The manual can also be read online | here.
- Join the community: Pop on over to the Community page and join the MEPIS community. You'll find lots of helpful people ready to answer your questions and help you get productive with your new OS, and lots of ways to help in return.
- Check out the Wiki: Check out the "Getting Started" section on the MEPIS Wiki's main page. Instructions on setting up many common (and some uncommon) devices and services can be found under Quick fixes, as well as general usage information.
- Contribute: MEPIS is free! But if you decide MEPIS is the OS for you, why not make a contribution or purchase at the MEPIS store. Doing so keeps MEPIS development going and helps this great distribution to improve.
- Have fun! Tinker, experiment, and explore! MEPIS is loaded with great software and features, just waiting to be used. See what you can discover!
Thanks for reading, and welcome to MEPIS!
Why open source matters
No introduction to Linux would be complete without a discussion of opensource software and why opensource, free-as-in-speech software is so important.
- Note: The English word "free" has two possible meanings: without cost and without restrictions. In the open-source software community, the usual analogy used to explain the difference is "free as in beer" vs. "free as in speech." The word "freeware" is used to refer to software that is simply without cost, whereas the phrase "free software" typically refers to software which is open source and licensed with some type of open license (such as the GPL).
Many new users discount the open nature of Linux and the programs that run on it, maintaining that there is no practical difference between proprietary freeware and open- source software. In other words, the fact that it costs nothing is all that matters. There are several differences, however, that affect ordinary users in major ways. Granted, most of us (even those with some programming skills) aren't likely to crack open the source code of our office suite or desktop environment and start hacking around. But consider these advantages that are unique to open-source:
- Longevity: An open source application will live on as long as anyone takes interest in it. Even if the company or programmer that started it stops developing it for some reason, anyone else can pick up the project and keep it going.
- Software meets the needs of all users: As applications develop over time, they sometimes go through major evolutionary changes. Sometimes these changes don't rest well with all users, who prefer the old versions. When this happens to an open-source program, the source code can be forked. In this way, the old version continues to be developed along a more conservative vector while the new version can press on more progressively.
- Software works on more platforms: The source code of an application can be compiled to run on a variety of operating system platforms. An opensource application can be ported to any platform that users desire, and an open-source operating system can be ported to run on different hardware platforms (the Linux kernel, for instance, can be run not only on PC and Apple hardware, but on everything from handheld devices to giant mainframes). This means that you never have to worry about your operating system not working with the software you like to use. You don't have to buy a new office suite because you upgraded your OS, and you can run your new OS on your old computer.
- The software will always be free: A piece of proprietary freeware can go commercial any time the copyright holder wants it to. If the rights to the software get bought by a company, or if the author just decides to start charging, there is nothing to stop it. Now, there's nothing wrong with someone charging you for their work, but it's nice to know that your free software will always be free, and nobody can change that.
- Flexibility and modularity: Open source tends to go hand-in-hand with open standards. Interoperability and cooperation between developers is a goal of open source software, and open standards provide a way for developers around the world to create compatible software without having to work in tight collaboration. For you as a user, this means having options; when systems are based on open standards, your files will open up in your choice of programs, your network services will work with your choice of client software, and your hardware will "just work" on any platform without having to install special driver software. This scenario is contrary to the goals of many proprietary developers, however, who would rather snare you into using only their software or hardware.
- Trust: While you may not be scouring the source code of your opensource applications looking for malicious content, rest assured that many others are. It would be very difficult for a malicious software author to sneak some spyware or adware into a piece of opensource software, and it would not go undiscovered for long. Of course, the proprietary freeware world is chock full of malicious software of all types. Games, media players, utilities and screensavers have all served as vehicles for malware. Which kitchen would you rather eat food from: one kept behind locked doors and tinted glass, or one that was out in the open with nothing to hide?
- Security: While it may seem counterintuitive to some, opensource development methods generally produce more secure applications. Source code obscurity is often a crutch to make up for inherent weaknesses in the software's design. After all, if you are assuming that no one will ever look at your source, you may find it tempting to leave a few things less than secure. On the other hand, if you know that your source code will be visible to the world, a watertight design is absolutely necessary.
- A second reason why OSS tends to be more secure is that many programmers can look at the code for flaws and offer fixes. With a closedsource program, only programmers who are working on the code have the ability to make fixes or find flaws in the programming. Suppose there are two teams of architects working on plans for a new building. One team only allows the team members access to the plans. The other team posts its plans on publicly and request comment from their peers. Who is likely to have a sturdier, safer building in the end?
Throughout this article you may have noticed the phrase "distribution" of Linux. This can be a confusing term and concept for those who are not familiar with opensource software, particularly as Linux is often compared directly with products like OSX and Microsoft Windows.
Technically speaking, the only part of the Linux operating system that is truly "Linux" is the kernel. The kernel is the engine of the operating system; it's a small layer of software that works directly with your hardware to perform all the basic operations of your system, such as reading or writing to the hard drive, moving data to and from RAM, or shutting down all your software when you turn off the computer.
Of course, a kernel isn't much use by itself, any more than a car engine is useful without wheels, transmission, or chassis. So to create a usable system, the kernel must be bundled together with other software packages (such as a commandline shell, graphical interface, hardware detection system, networking subsystem, etc) to create a complete operating system. Any such bundle is referred to as a "distribution", or just "distro" for short. MEPIS is one such distribution, and it is based on Ubuntu which, in turn, is based on Debian.
Because the Linux kernel and the software typically bundled with it are free and open-source, any company, organization, or individual is free to create a distribution and distribute it. They are even free to take other existing distributions, modify them, and redistribute the result as a new distribution. The large number of distributions that have resulted from this is often a source of criticism from both computer novices and industry veterans; indeed, the choices can be overwhelming when trying to settle on a distribution to use. But keep in mind that this variety is good for Linux and Linux users in many ways:
- It allows Linux to develop in an evolutionary manner, where the best ideas and approaches garner the most users and interest.
- It allows developers to reuse other good ideas while inventing their own. For instance, by using the Ubuntu distribution as a base, MEPIS developer Warren Woodford only had to add the parts that he felt needed improvement in order to create a whole new distribution.
- It allows distributions to specialize. Unlike Windows, which tries to be everything from a gaming system to a secure server platform in one OS, Linux distributions can be tailored to a specific niche. For instance, MEPIS and PCLinuxOS are tailored towards home desktop users; CentOS and RedHat are geared toward secure servers; Knoppix and Morphix are designed to be useful live CD's; and Musix and Dyne:bolic were designed for multimedia production.
If you want to learn more about the types of Linux distributions available and what sort of features they offer, a good place to start is Distrowatch. Distros related to MEPIS are discussed here.
Back to - - Windows to MEPIS (parent document)
Back to - - Overview (previous page)
Ahead to - Practical steps (next page)


text:
Flying Messenger FAQs
What information will I receive?
For the standard service you'll receive the latest status report for the flight, as well as confirmation of the flight details.
For the PLUS service, you'll receive additional status updates:
- Arrivals: When the flight is on approach, and then when baggage from the flight is on the carousels.
- Departures: Status update four hours before scheduled departure, then a 'gate open' notice when the flight is ready to board.
When can I use the service?
The PLUS service can be requested up to two weeks ahead. If you set it up more than 12 hours in advance, the first alert will arrive 12 hours before arrival/departure.
The standard service must be requested on the day of the flight, not more than 12 hours before the scheduled time or four hours afterwards.
How do I use it?
For the standard arrivals service you need to send 'abz' (for Aberdeen) and the flight number to 82222. For the PLUS service you additionally need to include 'arr' or 'dep' (for arrival or departure) plus the date of the flight (ddmmyy).
So for flight BA1308 arriving on 01 November 2010, you'd send the following SMS text to 82222:
- Flying Messenger: abz ba1308
- Flying Messenger PLUS: abz ba1308 arr 011110
What do I need to use the service?
All you need is an SMS-capable mobile. If you use a pre-pay phone, you'll need to have enough credit to cover the cost of the service.
How quickly do the messages arrive?
Messages typically take 10-15 seconds to arrive, and 99% of messages will arrive within one minute.
How much does it cost?
For the standard Flying Messenger service, each alert costs 25p plus your network's SMS message rate. For Flying Messenger PLUS the charge is 75p per request, plus your network's SMS message rate.
You are not charged for Flying Messenger PLUS confirmation messages, PIN code delivery, "flight not found" or "service temporarily unavailable" messages.
Can the services be used overseas?
These services are designed for use within the UK. It may be possible to use them overseas, but you should check the call charges beforehand with your network operator – they may be expensive.
How am I charged for the services?
Your charges will appear on your mobile phone bill and payment will be collected via your network operator. If you're a pre-pay customer, your balance will be deducted by the network operator.
Where does the flight information come from?
The data comes from the airport's flight information database, the same data source that's used for flight information screens in the terminal. The information is supplied to us by airlines.
Can services be cancelled once ordered?
Once requested, these services cannot be cancelled.
Why don't I receive Flying Messenger alerts, even though I can send and receive normal text messages?
This can happen if you're a pre-pay customer who has run out of credit on your phone, then requested a reverse-charge SMS service. In these circumstances your mobile phone service provider may bar your phone from receiving further reverse-charge alerts, even if you have subsequently topped up your phone. The solution is to call your service provider to have your phone unbarred.
How can I contact you?
If you have a query about our SMS flight information services, please email us at email@example.com.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hi all,
In this thread are some instruction for newbies to just do it. (well it won't let me post url's yet... so here is the last part of the url here: showthread.php?t=7348
I did not go for the whole sha-bang and mess with X. I did just the steps to get a new kernel in place. My reasons were the scrollwheel. I have those M$ Bluetooth kb and mouse. I needed to add the bluez patch to make it work.
It does. My new kernel has almost all of the M$ keyboard buttons firing in xev, the music play, stop, vol+/vol-/mute, etc... even some of the special buttons like Mail Web/Home are firing events now. And of course my wheel works now too! I can't believe how many years I lived without one of these things.
Now the bad news... when I startx I come to a new message...
I did not change the .config before compiling.Code:Sound server informational message: Error while initializing the sound driver:device: default can't be opened for playback (No such device) The sound server will continue, using the null output device.
Here is my question 1.
1. Am I supposed to add sound for my particular card in make menuconfig?
lspci -v | grep audio reports:
00:08.0 Multimedia audio controller: Creative Labs SB Live! EMU10k1 (rev 07)
00:11.5 Multimedia audio controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT8233/A/8235/8237 AC97 Audio Controller (rev 50)
So the kernel sees the hardware.
I didn't really have to setup anything when I did the hd install.
So I go and look in /dev/ for any sound files dsp etc... nothing there.
It's a udev kernel, right? In /dev/.udev/ I find 2 dirs, ./failed/ and ./db/
Okay, maybe I should find a "gotcha" in the failed directory so I go in there and look. Looks like udev has a big list of failed devices with timestamps around when I did the make. But a Google of "/dev/.udev/failed" leads nowhere.
Ok, now this looks serious... back to square one. I did notice at the top of the /usr/src are some other things like alsa and aufs and squashfs.
Here is what I think is my next question.
2. Am I supposed to rebuild those too?
Here is what I did in the rebuild from /usr/src/linux
Ends with this:Code:bt linux # patch -E -p1 < ../patch-2.6.20-mh1 patching file drivers/bluetooth/bcm203x.c patching file drivers/bluetooth/bfusb.c patching file drivers/bluetooth/bt3c_cs.c patching file Makefile Hunk #1 FAILED at 1. 1 out of 1 hunk FAILED -- saving rejects to file Makefile.rej /* This was just expecting a blank EXTRAVERSION = line so the patch could add "-mh1" to it, so I felt I could ignore this error and keep using the makefile already present */ patching file net/bluetooth/hci_core.c patching file net/bluetooth/hidp/core.c patching file net/bluetooth/hidp/hidp.h patching file net/bluetooth/hidp/Kconfig patching file net/bluetooth/hidp/sock.c make oldconfig make dep make clean make bzImage make make modules make modules_dep
if [ -r System.map -a -x /sbin/depmod ]; then /sbin/depmod -ae -F System.map 2.6.20-BT-PwnSauce-NOSMP; fi
Here I wound up with a
/usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/bzImage 3,209,192 bytes
and a /usr/src/linux/System.map 1,099,733 bytes.
Okay, so I copy those to /boot/longAssNamesToShowWhatTheyAre and symlink System.map to the real System.map file.
But wait, there is a file there named just "map". It is alot smaller, and I look inside and it looks nothing like the system.map file so I just leave that there.
It's 204,288 bytes long.
Adjust my grub menu.lst on another drive so I don't have to mess with lilo,
and boot up.
Great my mouse works, but now my sound doesn't. Even when I boot using the old kernel, I get the same error. Bummer.


text:
Steve Wozniak talks about meeting Kanye West
Listen to Kanye West on iHeartRadio
Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak is detailing his recent meeting with Kanye West. Wozniak tells ABC News that Kanye's girlfriend Kim Kardashian arranged the visit as a birthday present for Kanye.
Wozniak explains that Kim K. "wanted to do something nice, outstanding and unusual for her man." Because he believes in "signs of true love," Wozniak accepted Kim's invitation. During the meeting, Kanye and Wozniak chatted for about two-hours before the rapper "got into his grandiose business ideas." Wozniak says he still has comments to give Kanye and that he's been thinking about Kanye's ideas since the meeting.
Kim also recently gave Kanye two Apple Pro Computer mice for Father's Day. One was signed by the late Apple co-founder Steve Jobs. Wozniak says he signed the other mouse in front of Kanye, adding that it's "really rare" to have signatures by the Apple co-founders "in matching form."
Photo Credit Getty Images


text:
Ultra Music Festival security guard seriously injured after being trampled on by crowd
A young female security guard is fighting for her life, after being trampled by a mob at the Ultra Music Festival in Miami this weekend.
The "Miami Herald" says 28-year-old Erica Mack is in "extremely critical" condition, after a group of unruly fans tore down the chain link fence she was standing behind in order to enter the venue without paying for tickets on Friday night.
Police say reinforcements for the area had been called hours before the incident, but didn't arrive in time. Miami's CBS 4 reports that Mayor Tomas Regalado says he will be prompting discussions on the city commission level about whether or not to allow Ultra permits for next year.
The electronic music festival continued on as scheduled despite the tragedy.
Photo Credit Getty Images


text:
I've asked this question in another popular forum (here) and was surprised not to have a single response in 2 weeks, maybe because it was tagged as a "jQuery" issue although fundamentally a CSS & cross-browser issue. I am certain a solution will be useful to the SitePoint community and beyond.
I've been using jQuery and IE filters to create a text shadow in IE<=9, to make up for the missing text-shadow property. This can be seen in the top-of-page h2 headings on the site http://area11aa.ie, which uses jQuery on browsers that don't support the text-shadow property (detected by modernizr) to replicate the text inside the h2 element...
jQuery(".no-textshadow h1, .no-textshadow h2").each(function(){
var text_shadow_markup = jQuery(this).html();
jQuery(this).append(""+text_shadow_markup+"");
...where it is styled with this CSS, as per this IE drop shadow technique:
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
h2 {
text-shadow: #000000 0px 5px 5px;
position: relative;
zoom: 1;
z-index: 1;
h2 span.shadow {
color: #000000;
position: absolute;
left: -7px;
top: -2px;
z-index: -1;
zoom: 1;
filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Glow(Color=#000000,Strength=2) progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.blur(pixelradius=5,enabled='true');
-ms-filter: "progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Glow(Color=#000000,Strength=2) progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.blur(pixelradius=5,enabled='true')";
The problem: Depending upon the screen width, the simulated drop shadows flow independently of the text behind them. You can always see this in IE8 and IE9 by slowly changing the window width until one of the shadows pops away from its text, like this (screenshot from IE9):
I don't understand how this can happen if the shadow span is absolutely positioned in the containing box of the h2 element. Yet they are able to flow as if they were unattached. I realise this may be a browser bug and therefore would be happy with a workaround supporting IE8 & IE9, as I would be if someone can point out any problems with my application above.
I've heard that CSS Sandpaper text-shadow implements a similar technique. In the next few days I'm about to test to see if it has the same problem... if it does, our next design is totally screwed.
I would therefore love to know if 1) if there is a best-practice way of dealing with this problem, and 2) failing a more general approach, if anyone has tested CSS Sandpaper enough to know if it's free from this vulnerability & could be endorsed as a best-practice solution.
Have you tried any of these?
I'd recommend this one: https://github.com/heygrady/textshadow
I've done some reasonably intricate things with it, and it has proven itself to be stable and reliable.
The fix is easy and more or less obvious
You have offset the duplicated text by 7px to the left and therefore it will wrap 7px later than the text it is associated with. The behaviour is consistent in IE and indeed Firefox if you try this manually. The solution is to offset the offset by adding 7px right padding to the span.
This works ok for me in a short example.
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<title>Untitled Document</title>
h2 {
position: relative;
zoom: 1;
z-index: 1;
h2 span.shadow {
position: absolute;
color: #000000;
left: -7px;
top: -2px;
z-index: -1;
filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Glow(Color=#000000, Strength=2) progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.blur(pixelradius=5, enabled='true');
-ms-filter: "progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Glow(Color=#000000,Strength=2) progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.blur(pixelradius=5,enabled='true')";

This is test shadow This is a test This is a-test This is a test This is test shadow This is a test This is a-test This is a test

You'll have to test with your more complicated scenario but the logic seems sound
(If it works you can link back here from Stack overflow to show how its done :))
Paul O'B: I've been hoping for an obvious solution like this too, though prior disappointment suggests it's a browser bug: the ugly MS filters vs. the CSS positioning model. I am still on the lookout for such a workaround, and have added your padding line to the CSS on the live site http://area11aa.ie:
h1 span.shadow { ...
left: -7px;
padding-right: 7px;
top: -2px; ... }
The filter elements are still flowing into the empty space as the window increases in size. As far as I can tell the behaviour is exactly as before, which I think favours the idea that it's a positioning bug rather than the size of the padding box.
thanks, ralph.m: my solution above is an implementation of method #2 (it's the link in my original posting). #1 and #4 are the same method, the code looks well supported and usage is clearly documented with reported problems being fixed on Github for a while. The review from Force Flow is also encouraging. Next time around I would definitely give heygrady/textshadow a go. (The remaining two don't look maintained.)
I was worried about using CSS Sandpaper because of the number of JavaScripts and my difficulty understanding how they all worked together or which ones to use.
I'll report as soon as I can on heygrady/textshadow, and in the meantime I am still looking for an explanation of this problem & an elementary workaround. If there is any feedback from the other forum or practical experience I will summarise here.
It's not a problem with the filters because as I mentioned above Firefox will do exactly the same thing if you give it the same code. The demo I gave above works fine in IE8 so its likely to be the percentage padding and margin you have applied to the h2 that is confusing things again.
I suggest that you sidestep the padding issue and place the appended span into the anchor and then you only have the offset to cater for.
This is a rough version of your code with the span moved and seems to work fine in IE8 right until it gets very small. If you move the span outside the anchor you get the same behaviour as before with the shadow wrapping at different steps.
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<title>Untitled Document</title>


text:
Lyft said it is forming its own autonomous-car development division, hiring hundreds of engineers for it and opening a new office in the heart of Silicon Valley.
Microsoft continued its rebirth as a force in cloud-computing, posting stronger-than-expected gains in its business of selling web-based services to corporate customers. 55
Known for his teasing tweets and ever-expanding list of high-tech ambitions, Elon Musk set observers abuzz again with a vague claim he received "verbal" approval for a high-speed, tunnel-based travel system along one of the busiest corridors in the U.S. 132
Twitter said it has clamped down on harassment on its service, a campaign that is forcing the company to confront tricky questions about how it applies its standards.
Beijing's internet censors are now targeting foreign movies and TV shows that are popular with young Chinese as it tries reinsert Communist ideology into public life.
Samsung's plan to conquer Siri, Alexa and Google Assistant moves talking AIs in an ambitious new direction. Too bad Bixby under-delivers in its debut in the Galaxy S8, writes Geoffrey A. Fowler.
Smartphone out of memory...again? Three free and paid ways to easily copy your photos and videos to the cloud.
App settings that accelerate voices to 5x or more allow impatient listeners to finish hourlong episodes in minutes. 'A presumably insane person.'
Apple's first iPhone was a touch screen wonder in 2007; Joanna Stern reviews it in 2017 and finds it is a reminder of how far mobile technology has come. 56
Amazon.com Inc.'s Echo Show gives a camera and a touch screen to its talking assistant Alexa, increasing her AI capabilities but also making her annoying to live with, Geoffrey A. Fowler finds. 57
Google, Facebook, Amazon and other tech behemoths are transforming the U.S. economy and labor market, with scant public debate or scrutiny. Changing course won't be easy. 247
As auto makers such as GM and tech companies like Google and Apple rush to develop self-driving cars or their software, the world's largest vehicle market—China—is creating roadblocks by limiting who can map its highways.
As he tours America, the Facebook CEO appears at homes and businesses with little notice, asks not to be quoted; not always recognized. 334
The iPhone maker will begin storing all cloud data for its customers in China with a government-owned company—a move that means relinquishing some control over its data.
Google operates a little-known program to harness the brain power of university researchers to help sway opinion and public policy, cultivating financial relationships with professors nationwide. 189
Breaking news, insight and smart analysis of the services you use every day. Subscribe now.


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text:
[Date Index]
[Thread Index]
[Author Index]
Re: Null's not null?
AES wrote:
> Putting Null into one or more slots in a Table and printing the Table
> shows "Null" (without quotes) at the corresponding positions, as also
> does ToString[Null]. I don't think that's what the Help message says:
> "Null is a symbol used to indicate the absence of an
> expression or a result. When it appears as an output
> expression, no output is printed."
> I can use a string with a couple of empty spaces ("__") to represent an
> occupied but not empty slot in a Table, but that just looks clumsy to
> me. Is there a truly non-printing Null symbol?
What about using the \[Null] character [1], character that is not displayed?
Table[If[Random[] < 0.5, 1, \[Null]], {10}]
[1] _The Mathematica Book_, Section 3.10.5 "Structural Elements and
Keyboard Characters"


text:
A tough economy is often tougher on veterans, especially those newly returning from service.
"For the younger veterans, they are coming out of service and a number of them don't feel prepared to work in the private sector," said Steve Peck, executive director of the United States Veterans Initiative, an organization that offers services such as counseling and housing at 11 sites nationwide, including Long Beach. "They went in as young people coming out of high school, did well in the military structure and got used to that. Then they come back and don't yet have a career goal."
Of the initiative's 11 sites, the Long Beach site is the largest, serving 560 veterans annually. Many of them are homeless and dealing with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
"It's important for us that veterans get a whole range of services that they need in order to prepare them to be employed," Peck said.
This week, the United States Veterans Initiative and other like-minded organizations received a financial boost from the U.S. Department of Labor, which announced the awarding of 64 grants totaling more than $15 million to help provide job training to about 8,600 homeless veterans nationwide.
The Long Beach location received a $300,000 grant, given through the department's Homeless Veterans Reintegration Program.
Along with the grants, the Labor Department this year will provide more than $19 million in funding to support continuing HVRP grants, which will be used to help homeless veterans get occupational, classroom and on-the-job training and job placement.
"Today, the Department of Labor is taking an important step to help homeless veterans reintegrate into the American labor force," Secretary of Labor Hilda Solis said in a statement. "This is a complicated challenge that requires an `all hands on deck' response. Our grantees span communities across the country, from the District of Columbia to Puerto Rico, and we salute them for their commitment to assist those who've served."
Nationally, the unemployment rate among younger veterans hovered at 12.7 percent in May, slightly higher than the 12.1 percent the same time last year, according to the U.S. Department of Labor statistics. For veterans overall, the jobless rate is about 7.8percent.
"Veterans are coming back to a difficult economy and some of them are finding difficulty getting into the workplace," Peck said. "We're here to put veterans back to work."
email@example.com, 562-714-2088, twitter.com/KarenMeeksPT


text:
That missing letter stuff never happened to me, maybe you made a typo while testing ?
As for the script using fake ssl, why not ! I'll dig into that and see what I can do, if I like it
Running both KDE and GNOME BT5 flawlessly. Thank you !
World Domination is such an ugly phrase. I prefer the term World Optimization.
what kernel are you running? type "uname -a" that may have something to do with it.
with .38 and .39 i think it gives different format... maybe thats why. I remember trying the same command on 2 different VM's BT5 and BT5R1 and they were a little different. Looks like comaX is running .39
^ Yup, always up to date fellas !
The lines were inverted between BT5 and BT5r1.
Running both KDE and GNOME BT5 flawlessly. Thank you !
great scrip comaX. i use it on BT 5r1 and it work perfect.
i have few questions. have anybody (or you) try it on LAN network? and how to edit log file yamas.txt so it can see only pages visited with while sniffing?
Hmm, by definition, you run it on a lan network... Did you mean WAN ? (in that case, that's a no-go)
And I didn't get that partWhat did you mean ?how to edit log file yamas.txt so it can see only pages visited with while sniffing?
Thanks for your interest !
Running both KDE and GNOME BT5 flawlessly. Thank you !
i mean on local area network like it on school,office building...(more than 10 computers connected in lan).
after sniffing script asks if i wont to keep the whole log file for further use. well how can i use that file further? for example i wont see only pages visited not all other lines like "server header" and blab blab bb....
It will work on any LAN network, let it be home, professional or highschool. But if you're not authorized to do so, don't do it, it's illegal and I won't be responsible for whatever it is that you do.
"for further use" means that my script will only show you credentials, but there are a lot of stuff in the logs that could be useful... It's up to you to know what you want, and what can be found.
And yes you will have a lot of junk in those files, but with a little experience, you'll easily browse through it.
Running both KDE and GNOME BT5 flawlessly. Thank you !
i just watched the youtube , this looks like a realy nice auto script
i really enjoyed the youtube video
i have a problem running it
i am using BT5r1 and i installed yamas successfully
i ran it with the default inputs
BTW ,i am on mikrotik Lan
every time i ran it i got this error meesage in the passwords console
" egrep: invalid back refrence "
and that's not it , immediatly after i got that error , i got disconnected from the mikrotik server and i have been asked to login to MT again
any ideas ?


text:
'The players' association will accept a salary cap, and the league has backed off its demand for a link between revenues and player costs. Now they just have to figure out the money, and time has all but run out.'
Players agree to accept cap, but talks break down
February 15, 2005 Submitted by
Via: AP


text:
Visit our councelor Mr. Mashburn's announcement page, for important testing and college information, and dates for your calendar!
The Roane County School System is an equal opportunity employer and does not discriminate on the basis of race, creed, color, sex, religion, age, national origin, disability or veteran status. If you feel that you have been discriminated against in an employment decision, you may contact Mr. Jody McLoud, Title VI and Title IX Supervisor at 865-376-5592 or by mail, 105 Bluff Road, Kingston, TN 37763.
Copyright © 2017 Harriman High School


text:
How did you installed it?..Did you blacklisted radeon and removed radeon module?...How about posting the xorg.conf created?
Need more info....
Well i tried for the past 2 days to get past this problem but i cant find anything new that i didnt try.
All the grub switches and different Options in the xorg.conf but still they dont make any differense.
And also i tried all the guides to install the drivers to the letter.
My problem is after install ati drivers on my laptop. Lenovo edge 420 which have switchable gpu ati 6600M with intel.
There is not also an option in the bios that force the use of the discreet card only.
BT get stuck after the startx and the only solution is to delete xorg.conf to get into X.
I though to try also another distro just incase. With the same driver version linux Mint boots so its clearly not hardware or driver problem i think.
Any solutions for this?
Thanks alot.
How did you installed it?..Did you blacklisted radeon and removed radeon module?...How about posting the xorg.conf created?
Need more info....
Yes i blacklist radeon. i put radeon.modeset=0 to grub but it seems that these dont really play any role with latest kernels.
Xorg.conf is the default created after aticonfig --initial -f . Also i tried to put every different Options but again nothing works.
And it seems that few people have the same problem with backtrack
Please post the xorg.conf and the output of xrandr
Here it is.. Basic xorg.confSection "ServerLayout"
Identifier "aticonfig Layout"
Screen 0 "aticonfig-Screen[0]-0" 0 0
Section "Module"
Section "Monitor"
Identifier "aticonfig-Monitor[0]-0"
Option "VendorName" "ATI Proprietary Driver"
Option "ModelName" "Generic Autodetecting Monitor"
Option "DPMS" "true"
Section "Device"
Identifier "aticonfig-Device[0]-0"
Driver "fglrx"
BusID "PCI:1:0:0"
Section "Screen"
Identifier "aticonfig-Screen[0]-0"
Device "aticonfig-Device[0]-0"
Monitor "aticonfig-Monitor[0]-0"
DefaultDepth 24
SubSection "Display"
Viewport 0 0
Depth 24
Section "Device"
Identifier "Configured Video Device"
Section "Device"
Identifier "Configured Video Device"
Driver "fglrx"
Section "Screen"
Identifier "Default Screen"
Monitor "Configured Monitor"
DefaultDepth 24
SubSection "Display"
Modes "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480"
Section "Monitor"
Identifier "Configured Monitor"
HorizSync 28-64
VertRefresh 43-60
Try it..I needed the xrandr output to see Frecuency Refresh and Resolutions, but I'll try to set the most common resolutions as well as refresh rate (Frec)...


text:
Foot traffic along Belmont Shore's Second Street has often been brisk.
But the folks at the Long Beach Pedaler Society would like to take visitors off their feet.
They operate taxis, a bicycle with a passenger carriage, known more generally as a rickshaw or pedicab.
"It's a short-distance taxi," emphasized Jesus Chavez, who was serving customers near Legends Sport Bar, along with Joe Bradley and Justin "Congo" Mitchell.
The three operators of bicycle taxis cover mainly Second Street - the main retail and restaurant row - but there is also service to the nearby Peninsula area, Naples, Belmont Heights and the Belmont Veterans Memorial Pier.
Many customers are residents of the Belmont Shore area who want to avoid a long walk, or who want a fun ride about the area without the headaches of looking for a parking space.
Others - after eating too much at a restaurant - decide they don't want to walk home, Chavez said.
"Once they get on, it's repeat business," he added.
The price is modest, the operators said. Anywhere in the Shore is about $3 to $5; on the Peninsula or in Naples, the price range is between $5 and $7, the operators said.
The Long Beach Pedaler Society taxi company hopes to expand its fleet of seven carriages once the economy improves, Chavez said.
However, the company is shifting away from courier service.
"It's not as much as what we do now," Chavez said. "We offer the service, but it's not our primary source of business."
On rainy days, the taxi service is canceled, for safety reasons.
On clear days, riding along Second is smooth going, thanks in part to the sharrow zones for bicyclists.
"For the most part, the Belmont Shore traffic is not that fast," Chavez said, an understatement most drivers in the bumper-to-bumper traffic wouldn't challenge.
For more details about the company, go to www.pedaler
society.com, or call 562-980-1861.
Busy helping water birds
The Wetlands and Wildlife Care Center in Huntington Beach has been flooded lately with sick ducks and starving pelicans and sea gulls.
The center started receiving more than a dozen sick ducks late last month from the Laguna Niguel Regional Park.
At least 60 ducks have died, likely from avian botulism, which is frequently deadly, park officials said.
At the center, the sick ducks are being treated with fluids to wash the poison out of their system.
Avian botulism usually infects birds when there is low oxygen in the water and hot temperatures. It is possible that well-meaning duck lovers feeding the birds could be contributing to the disease.
Throwing bread into the water could be a nutrient base for the potentially deadly bacteria, according to the center staff.
They said bird lovers could better help their feathered friends by making a donation to the wildlife center, which is struggling as it also copes with an influx of starving pelicans.
The center has also treated 250 sea gulls. The lack of fish has starved the gulls.
The center is located at 21900 Pacific Coast Highway, at Newland Avenue, Huntington Beach; the number is 714-374-5587; email
firstname.lastname@example.com, 562-714-2167, http://twitter.com/JoeSeguraPT


text:
Heritage Centre is located in the award winning, beautifully
restored Old Gasworks Building, in Skibbereen, one of
West Cork's most picturesque towns.
exhibition commemorates the tragic
period in the 1840s that is known in Irish History as the Great
Hunger. Skibbereen, along with many areas of the west, was very
badly affected losing up to a third of its population to hunger,
disease and emigration.
Lough Hyne Visitor Centre explores the unique nature of this
salt- water marine lake, Ireland's first Marine Nature Reserve.
features include a walking trail app and book entitled
Skibbereen: The Famine Story,
displays on the Old Gasworks Building and information on the species
living on the River Ilen. See our Genealogy Page
for details of genealogy services. Also visit our online, fully
searchable databases, which include a Graveyard Survey, Loan Fund Records , Tithe Applotment Books, Estate Records and a Townlands Database.
and School Tours welcomed with guided talk and special rates!
Visit us
Facebook for the latest updates.
Heritage Centre
Gas Works, Upper Bridge Street, Skibbereen, Co. Cork, Ireland
(353) 28 40900 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
How does the brain cope with the changes of Parkinson's disease (PD)? According to Christopher W. Hess, M.D., a Research Fellow at PDF's Research Center at Columbia University Medical Center, the answer may help us to understand the movement symptoms of PD and perhaps diagnose PD earlier.
Dr. Hess, who is the first recipient of PDF's Ronald and Isobel Konecky Third-Year Research Fellowship in Movement Disorders, previously completed his residency in neurology at Columbia. During the first two years of his fellowship in movement disorders (funded by PDF), Dr. Hess honed his skills in the care of people with PD under the supervision of Stanley Fahn, M.D., PDF's Scientific Director, and Seth Pullman, M.D. As the Clinical Motor Physiology fellow, he also learned about deep brain stimulation and became interested in researching how the nervous system affects movement in Parkinson's.
His fellowship provides him with the additional training that PDF believes is necessary to practice at the highest level in the field. In his third year, Dr. Hess says, "I now have the opportunity to apply what I've learned to the research questions in which I am interested."
Dr. Hess is investigating the brain's ability to adapt to the changes brought on by Parkinson's, which he thinks may delay its early symptoms.
It turns out that the brain — both its cells and the connections between them — can change and adapt when faced with new experiences, including illness. For example, in PD, the area of the brain known as the basal ganglia — which helps to produce the body's voluntary movements — stops working when it loses dopamineproducing cells. When this happens, Dr. Hess speculates that other parts of the brain may lend a helping hand for a short time. This means that although the basal ganglia are not working properly, other parts of the brain kick in to ensure that a person with PD does not initially experience any symptoms. In fact, those symptoms might not be noticeable to a person with PD until the time when the brain can no longer help out, or compensate.
In the coming year, Dr. Hess will test his theories in 30 volunteers. He will use non-invasive techniques — a magnetic device or direct electrical current over the head — to stimulate the areas of the brain that are suspected of compensating for PD. In theory, this could temporarily stimulate or shut down brain activity in those areas, potentially uncovering or worsening a person's hidden movement symptoms. He will measure his volunteers' movement symptoms with the help of some new tools. These include spiral analysis, which studies the way a person draws a spiral shape, and computerized analysis, which records and analyzes tremors and other movement symptoms.
Dr. Hess will be looking for changes in symptoms that may help him understand which parts of the brain are responsible for compensating in PD. His long-term research aim is "to better understand how the changes that occur in the Parkinsonian brain give rise to the symptoms that people with Parkinson's experience."
He also hopes his studies may pave the way for better objective tests that could help diagnose PD earlier in its course, perhaps before a person notices any symptoms.
"There are very few programs where you can both do research and get in-depth clinical experience," adds Dr. Hess. "With the support of PDF, I'm able to spend a third year putting together everything I've learned."
Dr. Hess' research is funded through PDF's Fellowship and Career Development Awards. In FY2013, the budget for this program is $1.38 million.


text:
PHOTO: Solange looks springtime fine for Harper's Bazaar
Listen to Solange on iHeartRadio
Solange Knowles recently chatted it up with Harper's Bazaar about a little bit about everything – from her chill life with 9 year old son, Julez, in New Orleans to her love-hate relationship with the word "tastemaker" and how well she co-parents with her ex-husband. The singer/songwriter looked amazing in various colorful looks with big hair shot by photographer Julia Noni.
Check out Harper Bazaar's website to read the entire interview and see the full editorial.


text:
Hey great thanks Tom.
This has been one, if not the most, pleasant theme purchases I have ever had!
derekmlacey – Ebor WP Theme
Welcome to Ebor!
Now includes WooCommerce, WPML & Gravity Forms Compatibility
Ebor is a perfect theme for agencies, individuals, freelancers or bloggers looking for something more simple and straight forward, but packing a lot of hidden power. Ebor comes packed with Revolution slider for free ($15 value) as well as loads of other goodies.
Beautiful, Simple and Minimal
Ebor has loads of great features that make it a must have, but its crowning glory is ease of use. Ebor is a look back to simpler WordPress themes, easy to use, beautifully simply to maintain but still fully featured with all the right stuff that you need, and none of what you don't.
Gorgeous Typography
Ebor uses a new custom field in the WordPress Customiser, a google font selector. Instead of offering 500+ fonts that you will never look at, we give you 10 perfectly crafted, hand picked fonts that are just right for Ebor. More will be added over the themes lifetime, but only if they look perfect in the theme. Adding your own fonts is super easy if this isn't enough though. Just see the google fonts link at the bottom of this description.
The Stuff You Need, Without the Bloat
Ebor comes with a built in Coming Soon Page, a built in Maintenance Page, Beautiful fonts to choose from and full support for Contact Form 7. Then you can extend the theme with the included plugins, Ebor-Portfolio to give you a portfolio post type and all the benefits of that. Revolution Slider if you want to spice up your site a little. We even include a short code plugin, but you don't have to use it, if you've already got your own favourite short code plugin, then just use that instead. Ebor is designed to keep things simple for you.
Ebor comes packed with features, here's a few of the key features:
- WP 4.3+ Ready & 4.4+ ready & 4.5+ ready & 4.8+ ready
- WooCommerce Ready
- WPML Ready
- Gravity Forms Ready
- Beautiful, Responsive Lightbox
- Auto lightbox directly from the wp media manager in your blog posts!
- 300+ background textures included
- Custom WP Login Logo with our theme options
- Coming soon page included
- Maintenance page included
- Full theme options, control colours etc.
- 10 hand picked fonts to work perfectly in the theme to choose in our theme options. This will increase over the themes lifetime.
- Portfolio post type plugin inlcuded
- Shortcode generator plugin included
- Revolution Slider included Free ($15 value)
- Fully translatable, .po file included
- 5 Star Support
Just some of the many plugins supported:
- Need SEO Controls? – http://wordpress.org/plugins/wordpress-seo/
- Want to change fonts? – http://wordpress.org/plugins/wp-google-fonts/
- Want full control of Facebook previews? – http://wordpress.org/plugins/wp-facebook-open-graph-protocol/
- Speed up your site – http://wordpress.org/plugins/w3-total-cache/
- Contact Forms – Contact Form 7
- Order posts with drag and drop – http://wordpress.org/plugins/intuitive-custom-post-order/
- Re-order the filter links for the portfolio – http://wordpress.org/plugins/taxonomy-terms-order/
Art in Ebor
Illustrations by A4Man – http://www.a4man.com
photography by UNSplash – http://unsplash.com
January 2014 – v1.0.0 – Initial Release


text: The HTC Titan is a sleek, attractive Windows Phone that still remains to be a favourite among many consumers. Now that both the 8S and 8X are readily available in multiple markets, how does one spice up the Titan to prolong (or refresh) its beauty? A fresh paint job, of course. This is also perfect if you've somehow managed to accumulate a few scratches on the back plate.


text:
Katy Perry Covers Sexuality, Religious Upbringing In HRC Gala Speech (VIDEO)
Earlier this month, it was announced that Katy Perry was going to be honored for her LGBTQ advocacy from the Human Rights Campaign, the United States' largest LGBTQ civil rights organization, and it all went down in Los Angeles on Saturday (March 18).
During her 10-minute speech for the National Equality Award, the pop titan covered a ton of ground, including her Christian upbringing, debut single, "I Kissed A Girl" and how she was able to burst out of her bubble and learn to embrace inclusion for the LGBTQ community.
"I'm just a singer-songwriter, honestly. I speak my truths and I paint my fantasies into these little bite-size pop songs. For instance, I kissed a girl and I liked it. Truth be told, I did more than that," the 32-year-old told the crowd.
"My first words were mama and dada, God and Satan. Right and wrong were taught to me on felt boards and of course through the glamorous Jan Crouch crying diamond teardrops every night on that Vaseline-TBN television screen. When I was growing up, homosexuality was synonymous with the word abomination…and hell. A place of gnashing of teeth, continual burning of skin and probably Mike Pence's ultimate guest list for a barbecue. No way, no way. I wanted the pearly gates and unlimited fro-yo toppings."
Perry admitted that her gift for music is what helped open her mind to other kinds of people and stimulated her heart in ways that she had never experienced before. "Most of my unconscious adolescence, I prayed the gay away at my Jesus camps," she revealed. "But then in the middle of it all, in a twist of events, I found my gift and my gift introduced me to people outside of my bubble. My bubble started to burst. These people were nothing like I had been taught to fear. They were the most free, strong, kind and inclusive people I have ever met. They stimulated my mind and they filled my heart with joy and they freaking danced all the while doing it. These people are actually magic, and they are magic because they are living their truth. Oh my goddess, what a revelation – and not the last chapter of the Bible."
At the end of the speech, Perry dedicated the award to her longtime manager, Bradford Elton Cobb III, whom she described as "one of the greatest champions of my life."
I will never cease to be a champion, an ally, a spotlight and a loving voice for all LGBTQ-identifying people. ❤🌈💪🏻(part 1) https://t.co/Swaz38wUwr— KATY PERRY (@katyperry) March 19, 2017
Photo: YouTube/Human Rights Campaign


text:
Let me tell you about the time I ruined Berlin. Not knowingly, but I've come to see that I probably did chip something out of the greatness of a city I love.
It was cold that day, one of those grey winter afternoons in the German capital when people hunch their shoulders and dig their hands deep into their pockets. Wind whipped bits of paper across the pavement; a cloud darker than the rest rolled slowly over the rooftops.
We needed to get inside, as much to warm up as to avoid the coming downpour. Now wasn't a time to be choosy, so my friends and I ducked into the first little joint that looked like a cafe or a bar. That'd do.
We were in Neukoelln, an "up-and-coming" suburb in an up-and-coming city. While other formerly cool parts of Berlin have been polished and gentrified beyond recognition, awash with prams and strollers instead of punks and ravers, Neukoelln is different.
It's ratty enough to have retained its sense of careless charm. The buildings are strewn with graffiti, badges of times past and the people who have claimed it as their own. The residents shuffling along the streets come in all kinds, from immigrants to pensioners to hipsters to parents. It used to be dangerous here but the area is changing. Now you can walk the streets untroubled.
Neukoelln is the sort of suburb that's made Berlin popular among a certain set of travellers. This is a city that can cater to almost every persuasion and every whim. Frequent visitors long ago discovered that behind the gritty facade of all that graffiti on Eastern bloc architecture lies a warm, welcoming city, a place where it's OK to be whatever it is you are. No pretension. No judgment.
Neukoelln epitomises that. Or at least, so I thought.
This bar we'd stumbled upon was named Freies Neukoelln - or, in English, Free Neukoelln. We didn't stop to consider the name but pushed our way inside, into the warmth, to find a little wooden table next to a radiator.
A waitress called out "Hallo" from the behind the bar. A few regulars looked up, smiled, went back to their beers. We flicked through a menu, looked around.
This is why I love Berlin. Pick a bar at random and it turns out to be perfect. Freies Neukoelln was clearly a local place, but friendly. The shabby walls were plastered with slogans supporting refugee rights; the bar contained a couple of taps for Bavarian beers; and that was it.
We clinked glasses and ordered some food. The plates arrived from below table height as two little hands appeared from out of nowhere, pushing dishes in front of us. "It's my daughter," the waitress explained as a little girl giggled and ran away from our table. "I have decided to give her a job."
We spent the whole afternoon in Freies Neukoelln, chatting to people, making work for one enthusiastic child. As we rose to leave, pulling on coats and scarves, the waitress asked our plans for the week. We shrugged and said we didn't have any.
"Please come back here if you want to," she said. "It would be nice to see you."
And with that we left, fairly certain we'd found the nicest place in the coolest city in the world.
I Googled Freies Neukoelln a few hours later, just to see what everyone else was saying about it, to confirm they all agreed. The second link on the page, however, shattered everything. It was a video made by Matthias Merkle, the bar's owner. I clicked on it. It was bitingly funny and scathing of ... me.
The video is a protest piece, loaded with scorn for the outsiders - the students, the artists, the travellers, the creative types - who are piling into Neukoelln en masse, packing the bars, moving into the flats, driving up rents and changing the suburb from a cosy enclave to the cornerstone of cool. People like my friends and me. Some, such as Matthias, aren't happy.
In his eyes I helped ruin Berlin just by being there, the same as I've changed so many other destinations around the world with my presence as an outsider. It's something you have to accept when you travel, to find a way to make it OK. That's why some people like to think of themselves only as "travellers" instead of "tourists", as a way to deflect the nagging belief that they're as much to blame for all those bumbling holidaymakers changing a destination as anyone.
In Berlin, the phenomenon is writ large. The city is changing rapidly, from an edgy urban enclave to another modern hub with a bit too much graffiti.
I don't regret my part in it, however, because I enjoyed it so much and felt so welcome. Someone should tell the wait staff to stop being nice.


text:
Difference Between Astrology & Astronomy?
Though the two are historically related, astronomy and astrology are quite different by today's standards. Astronomy is a science that studies the matter of outer space and the evolution of it. Ast...
Read More »
What i the difference between mac and normal pc's i want a mac but whats the difference?
PC = GoodMac = Sh!t
What is the difference between XBox and PS3 and what is the thing with the blue ray difference?
Not really a difference at all
What is the difference between between 2g and 3g sim card?
G3 stands for alot of things. you mean 3g but are you sure you meant in prison but in phones it stands for 3rd generation It could be referring to 3rd generation jail style.
Whats difference between 16mm and 35mm and other mm in cameras i mean any performace difference ?
There are two meanings of "mm" in cameras.One is the size of the film in film cameras. The standard compact, SLR and disposable cameras used 35mm film. This had a frame measurement of 24mm x 36mm...
Read More »